This study focuses on the seasonal changes in the Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea, in nitrite concentration and their relationship with phytoplankton activity, which is mainly controlled by an alternation of water-column stratification with vertical mixing. Within the euphotic zone, during ther- mal summer stratification, nutrient depletion was severe, and no nitrite could be detected in the upper 70 m. However, during stratification, nitrite was always associated with the nutriclines and formed a deep maximum at the bottom of the euphotic zone. In contrast, nitrite accumulated in the mixed water column during winter, closely paralleling the development of phytoplankton biomass. In the Gulf of Aqaba, maximum nitrite accumulation occurred when winter mixing reached its greatest depth, which in turn was coincident with the height of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Thus, our field data suggest that accumulation of nitrite is associated with nutrient-stimulated phytoplankton growth. This hypothesis was supported by nutrient-enrichment bioassays performed concomitantly: only when phytoplankton growth was stimulated by nutrient additions, did nitrite accumulate in the water. In the bioassays, the time-course of nitrite accumulation closely paralleled the development of phytoplankton biomass during the incubation period. We therefore suggest that the accumulation of nitrite in the mixed water column during winter is due to excretion by algal cells. Our field and exper- imental data show that between 10 and 15% of the total amount of nitrogen entering the mixed-water column is released as nitrite by phytoplankton. Further, our field and experimental data support the hypothesis that nitrite excretion by phytoplankton has a significant role in the formation of the deep nitrite maximum (DNM) during stratification in summer. In the bioassays, phytoplankton cells excreted nitrite even when ammonia was the nitrogen source. This indicates a so far unrecognised physiological pathway involved in nitrite excretion by phytoplankton cells.


Wildfire disasters are one of the many consequences of increasing wildfire activities globally, and much effort has been made to identify strategies and actions for reducing human vulnerability to wildfire. While many individual homeowners and communities have enacted such strategies, the number subjected to a subsequent wildfire is considerably lower. Furthermore, there has been limited documentation on how mitigation strategies impact wildfire outcomes across the socio-ecological spectrum. Here we present a case report documenting wildfire vulnerability mitigation strategies undertaken by the community of Montecito, California, and how such strategies addressed exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. We utilize geospatial data, recorded interviews, and program documentation to synthesize how those strategies subsequently impacted the advance of the 2017 Thomas Fire on the community of Montecito under extreme fire danger conditions. Despite the extreme wind conditions and interviewee estimates of potentially hundreds of homes being consumed, only seven primary residences were destroyed by the Thomas Fire, and firefighters indicated that pre-fire mitigation activities played a clear, central role in the outcomes observed. This supports prior findings that community partnerships between agencies and citizens are critical for identifying and implementing place-based solutions to reducing wildfire vulnerability.


Madagascar is one of the most biologically diverse places on the planet; more than 80% of its species are not found anywhere else on Earth. However, this highly diverse flora and fauna is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation and the island has been classified one of the world's highest conservation priorities. Drawing on insights from geography, anthropology, sustainable development, political science and ecology, this book provides a comprehensive assessment of the status of conservation and environmental management in Madagascar. It describes how conservation organisations have been experimenting with new forms of protected areas, community-based resource management, ecotourism, and payments for ecosystem services. But the country must also deal with pressing human needs. The problems of poverty, development, environmental justice, natural resource use and biodiversity conservation are shown to be interlinked in complex ways. Authors address key questions, such as who are the winners and losers in attempts to conserve biodiversity? And what are the implications of new forms of conservation for rural livelihoods and environmental justice?


Mr.
 Burchell had scarce taken leave, and Sophia consented to dance with the chaplain, when my little ones came running out to tell us that the 'Squire was come, with a crowd of company. Upon our return, we found our landlord, with a couple of under gentlemen and two young ladies richly drest, whom he introduced as women of very great distinction and fashion from town. We happened not to have chairs enough for the whole company; but Mr. Thornhill immediately proposed that every gentleman should sit in a lady's lap. This I positively objected to, notwithstanding a look of disapprobation from my wife. Moses was therefore dispatched to borrow a couple of chairs; and as we were in want of ladies to make up a set at country dances, the two gentlemen went with him in quest of a couple of partners. Chairs and partners were soon provided. The gentlemen returned with my neighbour Flamborough's rosy daughters, flaunting with red top-knots,* but an unlucky circumstance was not adverted to; though the Miss Flamboroughs were reckoned the very best dancers in the parish, and understood the jig and the roundabout to perfection; yet they were totally unacquainted with country dances.* This at first discomposed us: however, after a little shoving and dragging, they at last went merrily on. Our music consisted of two fiddles, with a pipe and tabor. The moon shone bright, Mr. Thornhill and my eldest daughter led up the ball, to the great delight of the spectators; for the neighbours hearing what was going forward, came flocking about us. My girl moved with so much grace and vivacity, that my wife could not avoid discovering the pride of her heart, by assuring me, that though the little chit* did it so cleverly, all the steps were stolen from herself. The ladies of the town strove hard to be equally easy, but without success. They swam, sprawled, languished, and frisked; but all would not do: the gazers indeed owned that it was fine; but neighbour Flamborough observed, that Miss Livy's feet seemed as pat to the music as its echo. After the dance had continued about an hour, the two ladies, who were apprehensive of catching cold, moved to break up the ball. One of them, I thought, expressed her sentiments upon this occasion in a very coarse manner, when she observed, that by the living jingo, she was all of a muck of sweat.* Upon our return to the house, we found a very elegant cold supper, which Mr. Thornhill had ordered to be brought with him. The conversation at this time was more reserved than before. The two ladies threw my girls quite into the shade; for they would talk of nothing but high life, and high lived company; with other fashionable topics, such as pictures, taste, Shakespear, and the musical glasses.* 'Tis true they once or twice mortified us sensibly by slipping out an oath; but that appeared to me as the surest symptom of their distinction, (tho' I am since informed that swearing is perfectly unfashionable.) Their finery, however, threw a veil over any grossness in their conversation. My daughters seemed to regard their superior accomplishments with envy; and what appeared amiss was ascribed to tip-top quality breeding. But the condescension of the ladies was still superior to their other accomplishments. One of them observed, that had miss Olivia seen a little more of the world, it would greatly improve her. To which the other added, that a single winter in town* would make her little Sophia quite another thing. My wife warmly assented to both; adding, that there was nothing she more ardently wished than to give her girls a single winter's polishing. To this I could not help replying, that their breeding was already superior to their fortune; and that greater refinement would only serve to make their poverty ridiculous, and give them a taste for pleasures they had no right to possess.—'And what pleasures,' cried Mr. Thornhill, 'do they not deserve to possess, who have so much in their power to bestow? As for my part,' continued he, 'my fortune is pretty large, love, liberty, and pleasure, are my maxims; but curse me if a settlement of half my estate could give my charming Olivia pleasure, it should be hers; and the only favour I would ask in return would be to add myself to the benefit.' I was not such a stranger to the world as to be ignorant that this was the fashionable cant to disguise the insolence of the basest proposal; but I made an effort to suppress my resentment. 'Sir,' cried I, 'the family which you now condescend to favour with your company, has been bred with as nice a sense of honour as you. Any attempts to injure that, may be attended with very dangerous consequences. Honour, Sir, is our only possession at present, and of that last treasure we must be particularly careful.'—I was soon sorry for the warmth with which I had spoken this, when the young gentleman, grasping my hand, swore he commended my spirit, though he disapproved my suspicions. 'As to your present hint,' continued he, 'I protest nothing was farther from my heart than such a thought. No, by all that's tempting, the virtue that will stand a regular siege was never to my taste; for all my amours are carried by a coup de main.'*


The word Suicide or suicidal are used in everyday life to refer to self behaviour. Suicide Potential refer's to cognitious that can vary from fleeting thoughts that life is not worth living, via very concrete well thoughts out Plaris for killing one self to an intense delusional Preoccupation with self destruction (Goldney. 1989). According to Dr. Anjli Sharma Suicide Potential refer's to any deliberate act with non Latal outcome that might cause or actually causes self harm. That consists of ingesting a substance in excess of its generally recognised or prescribed therapeutic dose. Suicide is a style of death that is the direct or indirect result of a positive or negative Act by the victim. Knowing the act will produce this result (Maris, 1991). In the most of cases a warning is given before committing suicide. Often the warning had been given to more than one Person (Robins, 1959) about one in Six people committing suicide, Leaves notes (Barrac Lough 1974).


Streambed Thermal Property Instrument by James Alwel Dayie, Master of Science Utah State University, 2012 Major Professor: Dr. Heng Ban Department: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The purpose of this research, the Streambed thermal Property Instrument (SPI) is to determine the applicability of this instrument for in situ thermal (conductivity and diffusivity) and porous flow (magnitude and direction) measurements. Currently, no such thermal instrument exists for such in situ measurements and the reason for developing this unique instrument, the SPI to fill the technology gap in sediment thermal property measurement devices. Prior to testing the instrument under controlled laboratory conditions to determine its functionality through a series of static and flow tests, the instrument was designed and built. A lab-sized version of an actual river called a flow cell with a gravity-driven flow was also built, making it possible for testing the SPI under controlled lab conditions .The instrument was tested in the flow case by fixing the instrument in two orientations in the saturated porous media (glass particles). Results from the static tests indicated that these bulk thermal measurements (diffusivity and conductivity) can be off the expected value by as much as 15% while the porous flow measurements (magnitude and direction) displayed more variability in results for the two orientations of the probe for the flow rate range considered. This variability in flow measurements has been partly attributed to the movement of the offset probes during insertion and rotation and the large size of the center probe of the SPI. The findings from this research has made it possible for more advanced research in this field by using computer simulations to make possible, accurate porous flow measurements using a large scale thermal probe such as the SPI.


textabstractMaterial Abstract: Against a background of processes of rural change that are on the brink of unfolding in the
Lao PDR and triggered by capitalist expansion and agendas of regional integration, the
rural population has become increasingly mobile. Studies have shown that it is primarily
the young population that is involved in migration, and a considerable proportion of these
young migrants is below the age of 18 and, therefore, technically of child-age.
Through the theoretical lens of rural change these young migrants are depicted as actors of
social change who through their involvement in migration rework their own social position
but also contribute to wider processes of change. However, young people's involvement is
mostly presented as an issue of human trafficking in which the young migrants are
depicted as the victims of processes of capitalist expansion.
This study has broken down the binary representation of young migrants as either victims
of change or agents of change. Detailed ethnographic accounts have revealed the various
structuring relations shaping different forms of migration in which young Lao are
involved. It has further illuminated how young villagers, as social actors, subtly negotiate
the process of becoming and not becoming a young migrant, and, once at migration
destination, exercise agency in the workplace, although often in a constrained manner.
These constraints, it is argued, are in part produced by the indigenisation of the modern
notion of childhood and global migration discourses. The institutionalisation of a modern
childhood contributes to bringing the young population within state spaces, allowing the
state to impose itself on this politically important segment of the population for an
increasing number of years. However, young people's involvement in migration
undermines these efforts, thereby, contributing to making the political space for addressing
the urgent issue of harm in migration, other than by removing minors from migration, a
very narrow one.


What is the maximum number of pizza slices one can get by making four straight cuts through a circular pizza? How does a computer determine the best set of pixels to represent a straight line on a computer screen? How many people at a minimum does it take to guard an art gallery? Discrete mathematics has the answer to these-and many other-questions of picking, choosing, and shuffling. T. S. Michael's gem of a book brings this vital but tough-to-teach subject to life using examples from real life and popular culture. Each chapter uses one problem-such as slicing a pizza-to detail key concepts about counting numbers and arranging finite sets. Michael takes a different perspective in tackling each of eight problems and explains them in differing degrees of generality, showing in the process how the same mathematical concepts appear in varied guises and contexts. In doing so, he imparts a broader understanding of the ideas underlying discrete mathematics and helps readers appreciate and understand mathematical thinking and discovery. This book explains the basic concepts of discrete mathematics and demonstrates how to apply them in largely nontechnical language. The explanations and formulas can be grasped with a basic understanding of linear equations.


We consider the problem of discovering $K$ related Gaussian directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), where the involved graph structures share a consistent causal order and sparse unions of supports. Under the multi-task learning setting, we propose a $l_1/l_2$-regularized maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for learning $K$ linear structural equation models. We theoretically show that the joint estimator, by leveraging data across related tasks, can achieve a better sample complexity for recovering the causal order (or topological order) than separate estimations. Moreover, the joint estimator is able to recover non-identifiable DAGs, by estimating them together with some identifiable DAGs. Lastly, our analysis also shows the consistency of union support recovery of the structures. To allow practical implementation, we design a continuous optimization problem whose optimizer is the same as the joint estimator and can be approximated efficiently by an iterative algorithm. We validate the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the joint estimator in experiments.


Skip connections are an essential component of current state-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) such as ResNet, WideResNet, DenseNet, and ResNeXt. Despite their huge success in building deeper and more powerful DNNs, we identify a surprising \emph{security weakness} of skip connections in this paper. Use of skip connections \textit{allows easier generation of highly transferable adversarial examples}. Specifically, in ResNet-like (with skip connections) neural networks, gradients can backpropagate through either skip connections or residual modules. We find that using more gradients from the skip connections rather than the residual modules according to a decay factor, allows one to craft adversarial examples with high transferability. Our method is termed \emph{Skip Gradient Method} (SGM). We conduct comprehensive transfer attacks against state-of-the-art DNNs including ResNets, DenseNets, Inceptions, Inception-ResNet, Squeeze-and-Excitation Network (SENet) and robustly trained DNNs. We show that employing SGM on the gradient flow can greatly improve the transferability of crafted attacks in almost all cases. Furthermore, SGM can be easily combined with existing black-box attack techniques, and obtain high improvements over state-of-the-art transferability methods. Our findings not only motivate new research into the architectural vulnerability of DNNs, but also open up further challenges for the design of secure DNN architectures.


John Singleton's Boyz n the Hood debuted over 25 years ago to critical acclaim and compelling cultural relevance. Underscored by several social justice principles, the film highlights the socioeconomic challenges that ravaged low-income, Black communities during the 80s and early 90s. As a critical examination of Boyz n the Hood, this film review explores the movie's representation of ineffective policing in black communities; the school-to-prison pipeline for students of color; the shortage of basic necessities for underprivileged children; and the importance of intentional parenting in child development. The article then discusses the implications of these social issues on the Black adolescent males featured in the film and closes with hypothetical solutions for minimizing their marginalized experiences.


Create and develop exciting games from start to finish using SFMLAbout This BookFamiliarize yourself with the SFML library and explore additional game development techniquesCraft, shape, and improve your games with SFML and common game design elementsA practical guide that will teach you how to use utilize the SFML library to build your own, fully functional applicationsWho This Book Is ForThis book is intended for game development enthusiasts with at least decent knowledge of the C++ programming language and an optional background in game design.What You Will LearnCreate and open a window by using SFMLUtilize, manage, and apply all of the features and properties of the SFML libraryEmploy some basic game development techniques to make your game tickBuild your own code base to make your game more robust and flexibleApply common game development and programming patterns to solve design problemsHandle your visual and auditory resources properlyConstruct a robust system for user input and interfacingDevelop and provide networking capabilities to your gameIn DetailSimple and Fast Multimedia Library (SFML) is a simple interface comprising five modules, namely, the audio, graphics, network, system, and window modules, which help to develop cross-platform media applications. By utilizing the SFML library, you are provided with the ability to craft games quickly and easily, without going through an extensive learning curve. This effectively serves as a confidence booster, as well as a way to delve into the game development process itself, before having to worry about more advanced topics such as "rendering pipelines" or "shaders."With just an investment of moderate C++ knowledge, this book will guide you all the way through the journey of game development.The book starts by building a clone of the classical snake game where you will learn how to open a window and render a basic sprite, write well-structured code to implement the design of the game, and use the AABB bounding box collision concept.The next game is a simple platformer with enemies, obstacles and a few different stages. Here, we will be creating states that will provide custom application flow and explore the most common yet often overlooked design patterns used in game development.Last but not the least, we will create a small RPG game where we will be using common game design patterns, multiple GUI. elements, advanced graphical features, and sounds and music features. We will also be implementing networking features that will allow other players to join and play together.By the end of the book, you will be an expert in using the SFML library to its full potential.Style and approach An elaborate take on the game development process in a way that compliments the reader's existing knowledge, this book provides plenty of examples and is kind to the uninitiated. Each chapter builds upon the knowledge gained from the previous one and offers clarifications on common issues while still remaining within the scope of its own subject and retaining clarity.


A fundamental problem in the analysis of structured relational data like graphs, networks, databases, and matrices is to extract a summary of the common structure underlying relations between individual entities. Relational data are typically encoded in the form of arrays; invariance to the ordering of rows and columns corresponds to exchangeable arrays. Results in probability theory due to Aldous, Hoover and Kallenberg show that exchangeable arrays can be represented in terms of a random measurable function which constitutes the natural model parameter in a Bayesian model. We obtain a flexible yet simple Bayesian nonparametric model by placing a Gaussian process prior on the parameter function. Efficient inference utilises elliptical slice sampling combined with a random sparse approximation to the Gaussian process. We demonstrate applications of the model to network data and clarify its relation to models in the literature, several of which emerge as special cases.


In Greek mythology the impenetrability of creativity led to the portrayal of creative minds as divine or satanic creatures. Creative achievements were seen as the result of supernatural powers. Although contemporary appreciation of creativity has not diminished, nowadays the explanation for exceptional creativity is commonly sought in the mind of individuals. The general belief is that creative minds distinghuish themselves because they are gifted with particular mental or cognitive abilities. This book about exceptional creativity in science challenges the latter view. It is argued that in order to understand the accomplishments of men like Copernicus, Einstein, or Freud it is not sufficient to study only the person deemed creative. In this book it is contended that other people are of essential importance to 'creative minds'. ... Zie: Summary


The paper gives a global view on the historical development of electrical cars. It is a history described in five major waves; the first one starting about 1835 and the last one ending about 2000. With two cases, important aspects of the two last waves are described in detail. The cases are the French VEL car and the Norwegian Think car. They have had their more specific setbacks. Problems in electrochemistry have caused important limitations, as they have through the whole history of electrical cars. This is the background for the paper title: The Battle of Batteries.


The term 'state of exception' has been used by Italian political theorist Giorgio Agamben to explain the ways in which emergencies, crises and disasters are used by governments to suspend legal processes. In this paper, we innovatively apply Agamben's theory to the way in which countries prepare and educate the population for various types of emergencies. We focus on two main aspects of Agamben's work: first, the paradoxical nature of the state of exception, as both a transient and a permanent part of governance. Second, it is a 'liminal' concept expressing the limits of law and where 'law' meets 'not-law'. We consider the relationship between laws related to disasters and emergencies, and case studies of the ways in which three countries (England, Germany and Japan) educate their populations for crisis and disaster. In England, we consider how emergency powers have been orientated around the protection of the Critical National Infrastructure and how this has produced localised 'states of exception' and, relatedly, pedagogical anomalies. In Germany, we consider the way in which laws related to disaster and civil protection, and the nature of volunteering for civil protection, produce exceptional spaces for non-German bodies. In Japan, we consider the debate around the absence of emergency powers and relate this to Japanese non-exceptional disaster education for natural disasters. Applying Agamben's work, we conclude by developing a new, multilevel empirical framework for analysing disaster education with implications for social justice.


Buhalis, D., Tjoa A.M. and Jafari, J. 1998,Information and Communication Technologies in tourism ENTER'98 Springer-Verlag, Wien, ISBN 321183088X. http://goo.gl/t0p0SF

Information and Telecommunication Technologies increasingly propel the tourism industry and have become one of the most important determinants of the competitiveness for both the public and the private sectors. It is quite evident that tourism organisations which fail to take advantage of the emergent opportunities introduced by technology will lose considerable market share and suffer strategic disadvantages. Business processes re-engineering is essential therefore throughout the tourism industry. Encouragingly tourism organisations respond to the challenges and a large number of principals use technology in both operational and strategic functions. However, technology threatens traditional distribution channels with disintermediation. Non-tourism organisations also take advantage of the technological developments and launch services for tourism consumers and suppliers, increasing the competition for traditional operators. The tourism industry, therefore, emerges as a very dynamic one and prospects are really exciting for professionals and researchers. Ultimately virtual enterprises will dominate the tourism industry. They will produce cost-effective, instantaneous, mass-customised goods and services; develop dynamic interfaces with suppliers and consumers; and constantly reform their structures in order to satisfy consumer needs. They will also take advantage of lean and flexible organisational frameworks; advanced technology; interactive and innovative marketing and management; rapid reaction to market requests; as well as effective networking and partnerships in order to provide more benefits for all stakeholders. ENTER adopted a consistent scientific approach to the study of tourism and technology. Over the last five years it brought together practitioners and researchers of both tourism and information technology.


While several international organisations have argued that income gaps between countries have increased during the last decades, the opposite conclusion is obtained if countries are weighted according to their population size, and if price-level-adjusted income data are applied. Inequality measures that give higher weight to the poorest countries also support this conclusion. Due to falling incomes in a number of poor countries, however, the gap between the richest and poorest countries has widened, and unambiguous conclusions about welfare are difficult to draw.


Care-dependent people need assistance to carry out the normal daily activities. A situation that many of these people have to face up is going to the doctor in order to obtain the needed drugs' prescriptions. This work presents a proposal to enable patients getting prescriptions from home, avoiding going to the health-care center. With the aim of achieving a natural user interaction, something necessary because of the physical and mental limitations of care-dependent people, we have adapted Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. Using a NFC-enabled mobile phone, the user interacts with different tags to obtain the required services in an easy way.


We measure households' willingness-to-pay for changes in key home broadband Internet connection features using data from two nationally administered, discrete choice surveys. Both surveys include price, data caps, and download and upload bandwidth, but only one includes latency. Together, these surveys allow us to measure tradeoffs between bandwidth and other connectivity features such as price and data caps, and perhaps most notably, provide the only empirical evidence to date of tradeoffs between bandwidth and latency. We find that households' valuation of bandwidth is highly concave, with relatively little added value beyond 100 Mbps. For example, households are willing to pay about $2.34 per Mbps ($14 total) monthly to increase bandwidth from 4 Mbps to 10 Mbps, $1.57 per Mbps ($24) to increase from 10 to 25 Mbps, and only $0.02 per Mbps ($19) for an increase from 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps. We also find households willing to pay about $8.66 per month to reduce latency from levels obtained with satellite Internet service to levels more common to wired service. Household valuation of increased data caps is also concave as caps increase from 300 GB to 1000 GB, although consumers place a significant premium on unlimited service. Our findings provide the first relative valuation of bandwidth and latency and suggest that current U.S. policy may be over-penalizing latency relative to reductions in bandwidth and data caps. For example, we find that in its CAF Phase II Auction, the FCC is imposing a bidding penalty for latency that is about five times higher than what our WTP estimates suggest it should be relative to bandwidth offered.


A look ahead to some of the things happening in business, accountancy and politics this week - 13 May 2019


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which utilise IEEE 802.15.4 technology operate primarily in the 2.4 GHz globally compatible ISM band. However, the wireless propagation channel in this crowded band is notoriously variable and unpredictable, and it has a significant impact on the coverage range and quality of the radio links between the wireless nodes. Therefore, the use of Frequency Diversity (FD) has potential to ameliorate this situation. In this paper, the possible benefits of using FD in a tunnel environment have been quantified by performing accurate propagation measurements using modified and calibrated off-the-shelf 802.15.4 based sensor motes in the disused Aldwych underground railway tunnel. The objective of this investigation is to characterise the performance of FD in this confined environment. Cross correlation coefficients are calculated from samples of the received power on a number of frequency channels gathered during the field measurements. The low measured values of the cross correlation coefficients indicate that applying FD at 2.4 GHz will improve link performance in a WSN deployed in a tunnel. This finding closely matches results obtained by running a computational simulation of the tunnel radio propagation using a 2D Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method.


We conceived a unique fully parametric source based on two independent cylindrical OPOs simultaneously pumped by the same Nd:YAG laser. Each OPO delivers more than 2 mJ and is continuously tunable between 1.41 µm and 4.3 µm. This source is of particular interest for the study of the generation of infrared parametric light in nonlinear crystals. It was validated by performing difference frequency generation experiments in CdSe crystals with output in the range 8 - 10 µm.


Self-training of Kyudo, i.e. Japanese archery, is difficult for novices but learning from experts is costly. We aim to develop a self-training support system for Kyudo that evaluates shooting forms for trainees. The shooting form of Kyudo, called Shaho-Hassetsu, consists of eight steps. To realize the evaluation function, we plan to build a recognition system on Shaho-Hassetsu that splits the shooting form into the eight steps. To make training data for the Shaho-Hassetsu recognition, we collected shooting form data of Kyudo experts by using the Kinect motion tracker and implemented a tagging support system to identify the eight parts. This paper explains how to collect and process the data for the recognition system.


Cerebral Palsy is the most common chronic motor disorder of childhood, that affecting approximately 3 infants per 1000 live-births. The risk of brain injuries that potentially cause Cerebral Palsy has amplified with increasing in survival rates for preterm infants. In addition Cerebral Palsy has a huge economic impact, to immeasurable health, social, and psychological problems that affected children and their families suffer. Cerebral Palsy, among 18 common congenital disorders, has the highest lifetime costs per new case. Thus, efforts to prevent its occurrence, minimize the morbidity, and improve the patient outcomes are important at both the individual and societal levels. In each trimester, different patterns of brain damage or abnormal insults can represent times and etiology of injuries. Knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of abnormal brain growth during antenatal, perinatal and neonatal damages can be helping us for prevention. Also Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies of subjects with multiple forms of cerebral palsy reported significantly more overall abnormalities, malformations, and white matter damage but in this review study we discuss in what extent MRI is useful in detecting cerebral palsy pathogenesis.


A method for the preparation of pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyridines, pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine and triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidines from aminopyrazoles and amino triazoles was developed. 5-Amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl pyrazole when reacted with benzaldehyde give the Schiff base which on reaction with acetophenone gives the corresponding pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyrimidines (i). The reaction of 3-amino-4-cyanopyrazole under similar conditions gave nitrogen bridgehead [1,5-a] in the form of pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidines (ii) while 3-amino-triazole and 3-amino-5-phenyl-triazole also undergo cycliation to give the condensed systems, prazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidines (ii) and triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidines (iii) in good yields. II and III were isolated as their dihydroproducts. The mechanism for the formation of these products is also proposed. The reaction products were characterized through their IR, PMR and mass spectra or elemental analysis. The products obtained from these reactions were also tested for antibacterial activity.


The forecasting literature has come to mistrust the predictions made by experts who forecast political events in mass media. Distinguishing between judgements made by one or few individuals ('oracles') and assessments made by larger groups ('crowds'), we contrast journalistic predictions with forecasts stemming from the financial industry. These two competing views were evaluated in a quantitative analysis of the ex ante success of 24 ceasefire agreements in various conflicts which took place in the Levant from 1993 to 2014. Our analysis compares the forecasts appearing in press commentaries (Haaretz, Jerusalem Post and New York Times) with the expectations that the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange had about the stability of these cooperative efforts. To evaluate the predictions of these very dissimilar sources, the effectiveness of the ceasefires was analysed through the number of violent events following the official start of the truce. The analysis shows that the financial industry performs better than the media industry in the comparative evaluation of ceasefire forecasts, but that neither source provides sufficiently accurate predictions. The partial support for the crowd thesis is discussed in light of recent literature that resuscitates the usage of well-trained experts for forecasting purposes, but warns against the dramatizing predictions of media pundits.


In this article, we present empirical evidence to show that a commonly held belief is likely false. Specifically, we examine the claim that three widely used dairy technologies and management practices complement the use of rbST in the sense that they increase the marginal return of rbST. Using the definition described in Milgrom and Roberts (1990) that the presence of supermodular profit or total output functions is evidence of complementarity, our results show that the use of a computerized feeding system or total mixed ration feed balance system is complementary with the use of rbST, but that this complementarity only exists for when considering the effects on feed costs per cow. We are unable to detect any complementary relationships for operating margins per hundredweight of milk, operating margins per cow, or feed costs per hundredweight of milk. These results show that having a TMR feed balance system, being a member in a DHIA, or using a computerized feed system do not necessarily increase the marginal productivity or profitability of using rbST. This paper is the first to our knowledge that uses the production function approach to estimate econometrically whether complementarities among dairy technologies exist.


Since knowledge bases (KBs) are usually incomplete, they should be able to provide information regarding their own incompleteness, which requires them to introspect on what they know and do not know. An important area of research is to devise models of introspective reasoning that take into account resource limitations. Under the view that a KB is completely characterized by the set of beliefs it represents (its epistemic state), it seems natural to model KBs in terms of belief Reasoning can then be understood as the problem of computing membership in the epistemic state of a KB. The best understood models of belief are based on possible-world semantics. However, their computational properties are unacceptable. In particular, they render reasoning in firstorder KBs undecidable. In this paper, we propose a novel model of belief, which preserves many of the advantages of possible-world semantics yet, at the same time, guarantees reasoning to be decidable, where a KB may contain sentences in full first-order logic. Moreover, such KBs have perfect knowledge about their own beliefs even though their beliefs about the world are limited.


Breast cancer is one of the top cancer-death causes and specifically accounts for 10.4% of all cancer incidences among women. The prediction of breast cancer recurrence has been a challenging research problem for many researchers. Data mining techniques have recently received considerable attention, especially when used for the construction of prognosis models from survival data. However, existing data mining techniques may not be effective to handle censored data. Censored instances are often discarded when applying classification techniques to prognosis. In this paper, we propose a cost-sensitive learning approach to involve the censored data in prognostic assessment with better recurrence prediction capability. The proposed approach employs an outcome inference mechanism to infer the possible probabilistic outcome of each censored instance and adopt the cost-proportionate rejection sampling and a committee machine strategy to take into account these instances with probabilistic outcomes during the classification model learning process. We empirically evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed approach for breast cancer recurrence prediction and include a censored-data-discarding method (i.e., building the recurrence prediction model by only using uncensored data) and the Kaplan-Meier method (a common prognosis method) as performance benchmarks. Overall, our evaluation results suggest that the proposed approach outperforms its benchmark techniques, measured by precision, recall and F1 score.


Throughout the history of the United States most immigrants have arrived speaking only their native language. When population concentrations who spoke the same language arose, foreign-language newspapers often appeared to serve them. Typically, these newspapers terminated publication once the group gained command of the English language and when the influx of additional group members in the area subsided (Fishman 1966; Monmonier 1986; Emery and Emery 1988). The Spanish-language press, however, is different from other foreign-language publications. Spanish-language newspapers were published in New Orleans as early as 1808, and their presence in the Southwest predated the United States' territorial acquisition in the wake of the 1848 Mexican-American War. Over the following decades the Spanish-language press prospered in the Southwest, for the continuing influx of Mexican immigrants provided the critical impetus. By 1900 the first Spanish-language newspapers had appeared in the East. In 1990 Spanish-language newspapers in Chicago, New York, and Miami were commonplace. The historical and journalistic development of the Spanish-language press and Latin American national-origin presses and newspapers has been documented by historians and journalists for the United States and several of its regions. No attempt has been made to examine the historical geography of Spanish-language newspaper publication, however. In this note we fill that void. We focus on a series of maps that correspond to the periods 1848-1876, 1877-1899, 1900-1929, 1930-1959, and 1960-1992. These periods reflect, to some degree, historical events and immigration trends related to the Spanish-speaking population of the United States: the end of the Mexican-American War, the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the annexation of nearly half of Mexico in 1848; the conclusion of the Spanish-American War and the subsequent annexation of Puerto Rico in 1898; the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929 and the later repatriation of thousands of Mexican nationals to Mexico; and the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and the subsequent migration of thousands of Cubans to the United States. The maps portray the regional patterns of newspaper establishment for the 582 Spanish-language newspapers - including daily, weekly, monthly, and irregularly issued newspapers - published in the United States since 1848. Only the location and the time period during which they were founded are portrayed; no distinctions are made for frequency of publication. In fact, however, weeklies have dominated, representing 62 percent of all Spanish-language newspapers; the balance is divided among those irregularly issued, 26 percent; dailies, 7 percent; and monthlies, 5 percent. Our study is limited to the states and territories of the continental United States. The data are drawn from a variety of sources. The bibliographies of the Mexican American press published by Rios and Castillo (1970; 1972) provided critical data on the Spanish-language press in the Southwest. In addition, we used standard print-media reference sources, notably N. W. Ayer and Sons Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals (1933-1992); Editor and Publisher International Yearbook (1959 - 1992); Encyclopedia Directory of Ethnic Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States (1976); and Hispanic Media and Markets (1988 - 1992). EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHWEST, 1848 - 1876 Three initial regional concentrations of Spanish-language newspapers can be identified - California, the Upper Rio Grande Valley, and South Texas [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED]. All three were territories gained in 1848, and much of the population was Mexican or Hispano. Thirty-one newspapers were founded during this period, but no more than ten were ever published in any given year. San Francisco was the center for Spanish-language publishing between 1848 and 1876, for ten newspapers were published there. …


Abstract In today's China, public memory of the War of Resistance against Japan, 1937–1945, is more visible than ever. Museums, movies, television programmes, and commemorations focus heavily on the victimization of the Chinese people at the hands of the Japanese invaders. Japanese atrocities, particularly the Nanjing Massacre, are at the centre of much of this remembering. But what of the wartime period? How did journalists and writers discuss Japanese atrocities? This paper finds that most wartime writing stressed the theme of 'heroic resistance' by the Chinese rather than China's victimization at the hands of Japanese. Exceptions to this approach included efforts to publicize Japan's action to Western audiences in the hope of gaining support for China's cause, and a related focus on the bombing of the civilian population by the Japanese. This paper suggests major differences between the current approach to remembering the war and to writing during the war itself.


Abstract. A method to estimate the size and liquid water content of drizzle drops using lidar measurements at two wavelengths is described. The method exploits the differential absorption of infrared light by liquid water at 905 nm and 1.5 μm, which leads to a different backscatter cross section for water drops larger than ≈50 μm. The ratio of backscatter measured from drizzle samples below cloud base at these two wavelengths (the colour ratio) provides a measure of the median volume drop diameter D0. This is a strong effect: for D0=200 μm, a colour ratio of ≈6 dB is predicted. Once D0 is known, the measured backscatter at 905 nm can be used to calculate the liquid water content (LWC) and other moments of the drizzle drop distribution. The method is applied to observations of drizzle falling from stratocumulus and stratus clouds. High resolution (32 s, 36 m) profiles of D0, LWC and precipitation rate R are derived. The main sources of error in the technique are the need to assume a value for the dispersion parameter μ in the drop size spectrum (leading to at most a 35% error in R) and the influence of aerosol returns on the retrieval (≈10% error in R for the cases considered here). Radar reflectivities are also computed from the lidar data, and compared to independent measurements from a colocated cloud radar, offering independent validation of the derived drop size distributions.


Although successful in reducing urea levels, the use of oral microcapsules containing a urease-silica adduct and a zirconium phosphate ion exchanger result in a number of problems, including a negative calcium balance. In this study, it is demonstrated that the use of microcapsules containing a urease-zeolite preparation may be a potential route to urea removal. The use of zeolite ion exchangers, and zeolite W in particular, can alleviate the problems encountered with zirconium phosphate. Unlike zirconium phosphate, zeolite W is nonselective toward calcium ions and is stable at the high pH found in the intestinal tract. Zeolite W, when present in the sodium form, has a high ammonium capacity of 3.6 mEq NH4+/g zeolite under simulated intestinal conditions; its reactivity to ammonium is also higher. The application of enzyme envelopes to zeolite particles is a novel immobilization procedure that does not involve the use of colloidal silica and can reduce the amount of ingested material by as much as 25%. The current in vitro study shows that cellulose acetate butyrate microcapsules, containing a urease-zeolite preparation, remove up to 80% of urea in less than 1 hour. These microcapsules can be dried and retain activity when sealed in a jar at 4 degrees C.


Limited empirical data on the roles associated with boards of directors in nonprofit organizations are available, yet understanding the work of boards is vital to ensure the roles desired by organizational members and the roles required by the organization are being fulfilled. The roles or functions of boards in nonprofit organizations, as found in the management literature, were used to explore the roles associated with a sample of nonprofit amateur sport organizations. Data were generated from a survey of executive directors, volunteer presidents, and volunteer board members of sport organizations housed at Ontario's Provincial Sport Centre in Toronto. The survey data yielded a 4-factor subscale providing support for a theoretical perspective in assessing roles of the board in mission, planning, executive director, and community relations areas. Similarities and differences of respondents by gender and position on ratings of importance and performance for the board roles were explored with implications ...


Objectives—To describe the patterns of protective equipment use by in-line skaters in Winnipeg, Manitoba and nearby rural communities. Methods—In-line skaters were observed for three months in 1996 at 190 urban and 30 rural sites selected using a formal sampling scheme. Age, gender, protective equipment use, skating companions, correct helmet use, and use of headphones were recorded. Results—Altogether 123 in-line skaters were observed at 61 sites, including one rural site. No skaters were observed at the remaining sites. There were 37 adults and 86 children; 56% were male. Helmet use was 12.2% (95% confidence interval (CI ) = 6.4% to 18.0%), wrist guard use was 16.3% (95% CI = 9.7% to 22.8%), knee pad use was 9.8% (95% CI = 5.2% to 16.4%), and elbow pad use was 7.3% (95% CI = 3.4% to 13.4%). Children were more likely to wear a helmet than teens 12–19 years of age (relative risk (RR) = 30, 95% CI = 4.01 to 225). Adults were more likely to wear wrist guards than children (RR = 4.32, 95% CI = 1.87 to 9.94). No gender differences were found. Incorrect helmet use was documented in four skaters; three skaters were wearing headphones. Conclusions—Low rates of protective equipment use were documented in our region, significantly lower than those reported in the literature. Barriers to equipment use are not known, and should be examined by further study. In-line skating safety programs should be developed, promoted, and evaluated. Teens should be targeted for future preventive efforts.


The in situ production of necromass and its role as a power source in sustaining heterotrophic microorganisms in marine sediments has never been quantified. Here we quantify the power availability from necromass oxidation to living microorganisms buried in marine sediments over millions of years, first in the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG) and second on a global scale. We calculate that power from autochthonously produced necromass in the upper meter of sediment underlying SPG provides only a small fraction (~0.02%) of the maintenance power demand of the living community (1.9 × 10−19 W cell−1). Power from necromass oxidation diminishes considerably with increasing sediment depth (and thus sediment age). Alternatively, the oxidation of allochthonous organic matter, and of radiolytic H2, provides power equivalent to or in excess of the maintenance demands of living microorganisms at SPG. On a global scale, necromass may support the maintenance power demand of 2 to 13% of the microbial community in relatively young sediments (<10,000 years) when it is oxidized with SO42− and O2, respectively. However, in older sediments, the power supplied by necromass is negligible (<0.01%). Nevertheless, the oxidation of a single dead cell per year provides sufficient power to support the maintenance demands of dozens to thousands of cells in low‐energy marine sediments. This raises the possibility that the production and oxidation of necromass may provide a mechanism for non‐growing microorganisms to endure unfavorable, low‐energy settings over geological timescales.


The Taricco II judgement handed down by the CJEU on 5 December 2017 is a telling and worrying example of a weakly reasoned court decision and the high price at which such weakness comes. It is a judgement that disregards legally problematic questions, seemingly subordinating argumentative consistency to the constraints of legal policy in a climate increasingly critical towards EU law and institutions. The (potential) collateral damage of this approach is considerable.


Abstract. We applied an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) data assimilation method in the BCC_CSM1.1 to investigate the impact of ocean data assimilations on seasonal forecasts in an idealized twin-experiment framework. Pseudo-observations of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), sea surface salinity (SSS), temperature and salinity (T/S) profiles were first generated in a free model run. Then, a series of sensitivity tests initialized with predefined bias were conducted for a one-year period; this involved a free run (CTR) and seven assimilation runs. These tests allowed us to check the analysis field accuracy against the truth . As expected, data assimilation improved all investigated quantities; the joint assimilation of all variables gave more improved results than assimilating them separately. One-year predictions initialized from the seven runs and CTR were then conducted and compared. The forecasts initialized from joint assimilation of surface data produced comparable SST root mean square errors to that from assimilation of T/S profiles, but the assimilation of T/S profiles is crucial to reduce subsurface deficiencies. The ocean surface currents in the tropics were better predicted when initial conditions produced by assimilating T/S profiles, while surface data assimilation became more important at higher latitudes, particularly near the western boundary currents. The predictions of ocean heat content and mixed layer depth are significantly improved initialized from the joint assimilation of all the variables. Finally, a central Pacific El Nino was well predicted from the joint assimilation of surface data, indicating the importance of joint assimilation of SST, SSH, and SSS for ENSO predictions.


Background Inference on population health is commonly derived from health survey data, based on the assumption that they are representative of the target communities. Departure from representativeness may weaken external validity leading to biased estimates, with important implications for public health evidence, particularly in relation to prevalence and quantity estimates such as population alcohol consumption. A key aspect determining the extent to which surveys are representative is the level of participant response. Inverse probability weights based on a limited range of demographic variables are usually applied in an attempt to correct for non-response. We aimed to investigate whether weighted estimates of all-cause mortality and mortality from alcohol-related conditions derived from the 2003 Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) – with household response of 67% – reflect those in the population of Scotland. Methods Baseline observations from SHeS were individually record-linked to mortality data for the 91% of respondents consenting to linkage, and directly age-standardised survey-weighted mortality rates were calculated for the 3117 men and 3980 women aged 20 years and older at interview. Equivalent mortality rates were calculated for the whole of Scotland in the same age group using population estimates and mortality data contemporaneous with the linked survey data. Results There were 201 (6.4%) male deaths and 215 (5.4%) female deaths in the 2003 SHeS by the end of 2008. Among men, all-cause mortality was markedly lower in the SHeS sample (918 per 100,000 person-years [95% CI:850–987]) than in the Scottish population (1361 [95% CI:1357–1365]). Figures for women were also highly significantly different (739 [95% CI:682–795] for the SHeS and 928 [95% CI:925–931] for the Scottish population). Alcohol-related mortality was lower in the SHeS sample (38 [95% CI:18–57] in men and 11 [95% CI:0–22] in women) relative to the Scottish population (57 [95% CI:56–58] in men [non-significant] and 25 [95% CI:24–25] in women [significant]). Conclusion Respondents to the 2003 SHeS differ from the population they are intended to represent, with much lower than expected all-cause mortality in both sexes; alcohol-related mortality rates were somewhat lower than expected suggesting lower alcohol consumption among survey respondents which, if genuine, would lead to inherent underestimation of population consumption levels. Importantly, differences existed despite the application of conventional weighting and age-standardisation methods. Consideration should be given to the levels of resource allocated for increasing survey response and the further development of survey methodology to address the resultant systematic bias in health survey data arising from non-response.


Summary
1 The published literature on the effects of flipper-bands on penguin ecology is reviewed. Six published studies show the following.
2 In Adelie Penguins Pygoscelis adeliae, flipper-bands directly damaged flippers, increased swimming costs by 24%, decreased survival in the first year after banding by 28%, and may have accelerated decline of a dwindling colony by 3%.
3 Adult return rates to colonies among flipper-banded Adelie, Chinstrap P. antarctica and Gentoo P. papua Penguins decreased by 8%, 12% and 25%, respectively, between single- and double-banded penguins. Juvenile return rates among Gentoo Penguins were reduced by 10·5%. Return rates to the colony among double-banded King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus were 31·3% and 6·7% lower than among single-banded birds in the first and second years after banding, respectively, and single flipper-banded birds showed annual survival rates 21·1% lower than those of birds fitted with subcutaneous transponders.
4 Among Royal Penguins Eudyptes schlegeli, there were no differences between chick growth, adult over-winter survival and fledging success between flipper-banded birds and birds fitted with transponders.
5 Adelie Penguin adult annual survival rates were lower among flipper-banded birds than among unbanded birds.
6 On the basis of dive profiles for Adelie Penguins, it is estimated that increased swimming costs of 5% reduce prey contact time by 10%, and of 24% reduce prey contact time by 48%. These estimated 'knock-on' or cumulative costs coupled with the survival and breeding costs shown by the majority of published field studies suggest that data collected on some flipper-banded populations are biased.
7The advantages and disadvantages of an alternative long-term marking technique, subcutaneously implanted passively interrogated transponder tags, are discussed. Research projects currently testing transponders and flipper-bands worldwide are listed.


South Korean President Moon Jae-in is in the middle of a trip to India and Singapore. This visits fits within Seoul's 'New Southern Policy', an effort by the Moon government to strengthen economic and diplomatic links with ASEAN and India. On the economic front, President Moon seeks to increase trade and investment between South Korea and its southern neighbours. Previous South Korean governments signed free trade agreements with both ASEAN and India, but increasing protectionism in the US and trade sanctions from China in 2017 convinced Seoul that it should further diversify its economic links. As for diplomacy, South Korea sees ASEAN, especially, and India as key partners to bring North Korea in from the cold. They can provide diplomatic support for President Moon's engagement efforts, and Vietnam can serve as a model if and as North Korea continues to implement economic reform.


The article is a survey of the Slovene intellectuals emigrating - from second half of the 17 th Century up to 1848 - to Hungary within which Croatia was a separate unit. One of the crucial reasons for the Slovenes to leave their homeland was a severe shortage of schools, either secondary or higher and high schools. Apart from the fact that for many Slovenes, living nearer to Croatian lands, such as those from Lower Steyr, Bela krajina, Haloze, Bizeljsko, Gorjanci, Croatia was the nearest destination, it was also linguistically the closest destination to study.. There they could attend grammary schools, enroled to higher and high schools, after 1874 also to the University of Zagreb. These Slovenes came voluntarily, especially after when successful Illirian movement began in Croatia; others were sent there by the state and church authorities, for example the priests, doctors and, after the reforms of educational system, also teachers and professors. Many Slovenes who have settled there, i.e. emigrated permanently, became honorable members of Croatian society; working there many of them participated a significant contribution to the rise of Croatian national concsiousness, working on the development of Croatian language, literature, or general education. Many of them assimilated, particularly those who created their families there. Although many of them intimately remained Slovenes, yet they worked in accordance with the demands, expectations and interests of the then Croatian society


Anna Z, Handaka AA, Maulina I, Rizal A, Hindayani P. 2017. Biological parameters of fish stock estimation in Cirata Reservoir (West Java, Indonesia): A comparative analysis of bio-economic models. Biodiversitas 18: 1468-1474. Fish resources in reservoirs such as Cirata have a strategic value, especially for the surrounding community in terms of fulfilling the need for nutricious food, subsistence, and economic purposes. Unfortunately, until now there has been no serious attention from the government to develop and manage fish resources in these waters. From time series data it can be seen that there is a decrease in fish production, which is an indication of a decrease of fish stock, which has a negative impact on the wellfare of surrounding commmunity, as well as the sustainability of fish resources and their ecosystems. To meet the food safety and economic needs of the community, a healthy and sustainable fish resource is a must, characterized by sustainable inputs and outputs, so that the stock of fish resources will be maintained. In order to fulfill this need, a basic understanding of the biological and economic conditions of the dynamics of fish resources in these waters as a basis for sustainable management is needed. Research was conducted to calculate the biological parameters of fish resources through Fox, CYP, Walters Hilborn and Schnute algorithms, using quarterly catch and effort data from 2011 to 2015, collected from secondary and cross checking data. Furthermore, using price and cost data series, adjusted by consumer price index, the variable of input, output and economic rent of sustainable, optimal and open access management regimes were analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the most statistically appropriate model for estimating biological parameters in Cirata are the Fox and CYP models, and fisheries management using the optimal regime provides the most efficient results, where fewer inputs will result in the maximum profit. The research suggests the need for immediate enforcement of management rules based on sustainable management regimes through input or output restrictions on capture fisheries in Cirata Reservoirs.


In an attempt to elucidate potential time-dependent oxidative stress mechanisms associated with Brachiaria decumbens toxicity in sheep, selected blood malondialdehyde (MD), as peroxidation tissue function biomarker and tissue morphology, were assessed. Six young adult Wiltshire cross bred ram were acclimatized for 3 weeks, where ivermectin injection and liver and kidney function tests were done. Blood samples were collected during the pre-treatment, namely on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th days of continuous feeding of Brachiaria. Meanwhile, clinical signs were monitored and sheep were euthanised on the 7th, 9th, and 11th day, where a post-mortem was performed and relevant tissues were sampled. Results revealed that plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), serum (bilirubin total and conjugated, AST, GGT, urea, and creatinine) were significantly (p<0.05) increased, whereas total antioxidant potential was decreased (p<0.05) in a time dependant manner. Continuous B. decumbens feeding induced a time dependent appearance of jaundice, photosensitization, and subcutaneous oedema. Unique intracytoplasmic accumulation of Schmorl's positive greenish lipofuscin granules were observed primarily within the centrilobular hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. This may serve as a histochemical oxidative biomarker in the liver, kidney, brain, and skin. Taken together, this study shows that oxidative stress plays a major role in B. decumbens toxicity.


We propose a novel framework to register sports-fields as they appear in broadcast sports videos. Unlike previous approaches, we particularly address the challenge of field- registration when: (a) there are not enough distinguishable features on the field, and (b) no prior knowledge is available about the camera. To this end, we detect a grid of key- points distributed uniformly on the entire field instead of using only sparse local corners and line intersections, thereby extending the keypoint coverage to the texture-less parts of the field as well. To further improve keypoint based homography estimate, we differentialbly warp and align it with a set of dense field-features defined as normalized distance- map of pixels to their nearest lines and key-regions. We predict the keypoints and dense field-features simultaneously using a multi-task deep network to achieve computational efficiency. To have a comprehensive evaluation, we have compiled a new dataset called SportsFields which is collected from 192 video-clips from 5 different sports covering large environmental and camera variations. We empirically demonstrate that our algorithm not only achieves state of the art field-registration accuracy but also runs in real-time for HD resolution videos using commodity hardware.


The constant development of cheap depth cameras, together with the ongoing integration of them on mobile devices, offers the potential of many new and exciting applications covering various of different fields. This includes personal everyday use, commercial objectives and medical solutions. In our project we propose a system which allows the user to easily create a colored 3D facial model of its own. The objective of this project is to build a user-friendly system for generating a 3D colored facial model. The solution we offer combines open source techniques for face detection in an image and a 3D reconstruction algorithm. We integrate these techniques to create a common algorithm which produces our goal. The system we have built uses depth camera stream to capture a subject's face on each frame, and uses this information to generate a high quality colored 3D facial model. We demonstrate our results and optimizations to the solution, and offer possible future opportunities to continue our work.


The study was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs. This Study analyses the socio-legal status of the Mail-Order Bride industry in the EU, in terms of regulation, protection of rights, and the consequences of Mail-Order Bride relationships for women, men and children involved. It focuses on the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Ireland; defines the Mail-Order Bride (MOB) phenomenon. The report uses a combination of sociological and legal research methods including desk research, expert interviews and a mapping of International Marriage Broker (IMB) websites. It finds that it is difficult to distinguish between MOB and other groups of female marriage migrants. The report identifies three main legal gaps, namely the lack of regulation of IMB activities, the lack of a harmonized regime for family reunification, and the lack of harmonized protective measures for women in case of relationship break up. There is a need for additional prevention and protection measures, since female marriage migrants are considered particularly vulnerable to domestic violence.


The perfect accompaniment to any torts casebook, this text covers all the major cases and issues in the standard torts course. This text addresses cases and analyzes their implications, presenting the law of torts within a curricular context and covering the materials that law students are likely to encounter in a variety of courses. The straightforward, readable text addresses both rules and policy and presents topics in a way that helps students effectively grapple with issues. Since each chapter stands on its own, the book is ideal as a classroom text as well as for self-directed reading by students.


Despite soil's vital ecological importance, its significance as a
belowground tridimensional living world remains under-theorized in social
and cultural research. Drawing on the reading of scientific literature and a
series of interviews with scientists working at the juncture of soil and climate
research, this article pursues a picture that highlights soil's capacities to shape
future climates, including by fostering major planetary tipping points; we
elaborate on the cultural and ethical significance of that picture for opening
up alternative stories in which agency and change are not human-only prerogatives.
We develop a critical stance on the growing expectations of storing
more carbon into soils and argue for a better consideration of the situated,
heterogeneous, and volatile dynamics of carbon within soils. We eventually
call for more responsible ways of thinking about, and caring for, the myriad
conglomerates of living, decaying, and dead matter that basically make up
the stuff of soil.


Combined observations by meridian-scanning photometers and the EISCAT radar show that the "midday-auroral breakup" phenomenon is associated with major increases in ionospheric flow. A sequence of nine events is observed in the early afternoon MLT sector during a period when the IMF is strongly southward with a large positive By component. Each auroral structure is seen at both 630 and 557.7nm and initially moves westward, accompanied by an increase in potential of 30-60kV across the north-south dimension of the EISCAT field-of-view. After a few minutes the arc (or arc fragment) moves into the polar cap and fades, and the velocities observed by the radar swing from westward toward northward. We conclude that dayside auroral breakup is closely associated with momentum transfer across the magnetopause which occurs in a series of events 5-15 minutes apart. The largest of the observed events has dimensions of about 300km (in the direction of westward motion) by 700km, is bounded on its poleward edge by a 5kR arc and is associated with a potential of at least 80kV.


: Segmental instability, secondary to spinal degeneration, is a controversial topic. Based on current clinical, radiographic, and biomechanical considerations, this condition is classified as axial rotational, translational, retrolisthetic, and postsurgical instability syndromes. Each of these conditions would be expected, if untreated, to progress to a fixed deformity in which the clinical symptoms of spinal stenosis would predominate. The classification of these four types of instability suggests a need for specifically tailored fusion techniques in those patients who fail to respond to conservative treatment. Antitorsion facet fusion is suggested for axial rotatory instabilities; anterior (or posterior) interbody fusion for translational instabilities; and fusion in flexion (Knodt rods or facet fusion) for retrolisthetic instabilities. Post-surgical instability syndromes require carefully selected approaches based on the overall pathology. Application of specific fusion techniques, in carefully selected patients, may improve the currently unacceptable low rate of success from such operations.


These works were made to mark the Tercentenary of the birth of Samuel Johnson, and in response to the house where he compiled one of the first English Dictionaries.

Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784, was hard on books, capable of tearing the heart out of them and leaving them – as if discarded – on table or floor as soon as they had served his immediate purpose. But these specimens, with their pages precisely laser-cut, are clearly not the result of careless treatment.

Prophet is interested in the way familiar objects can be adopted as symbols, for example, the use of the oak tree as shorthand for Englishness. With these works she has transformed standard dictionaries by designing computer fonts to facilitate the laser cutting of shapes, of words and objects that evoke ideas of Johnson's life and work. Collectively the books symbolize his achievements as the leading literary figure of his time and the incisive intelligence he brought to his undertakings as a poet, biographer, lexicographer, essayist, editor and reviewer.

A commemorative Jasperware medallion of Johnson was issued by Wedgwood in 1784 and is thought to have been modeled by the celebrated sculptor John Flaxman shortly before Johnson's death the same year. Jane Prophet's Portrait of Samuel Johnson, a dictionary in which a profile of Samuel Johnson is cut through the pages (produced in an edition of 10) offers a comparable, though perhaps more apposite, memento.


New morphological, sedimentological, and radiocarbon data of Quaternary deposits from the northern Baikal Rift document at least three extensive late Pleistocene glaciations at >50 ka, 40–35 ka, and 26–13 ka, respectively. During these periods valley glaciers advanced from the high rift shoulders (>2500 m) down to the present-day coast of Lake Baikal (456 m); in places, the glaciers advanced beyond the present-day shoreline into the lake basin as indicated by large moraines exposed in steep cliffs along the lakeshore. Furthermore, stratigraphic relations between lacustrine sequences and glacial deposits, as well as 14C-ages of two palaeo-shorelines 10 and 4 m above the present lake level, show that the last and the penultimate glaciations were followed by relative lake highstands. These land-based observations document a significant influence of late Pleistocene glaciations on the sedimentary development of this lacustrine rift basin. The northern Baikal Rift is characterized by an asymmetric half-graben geometry that controls river drainage and sedimentation. This asymmetry greatly influenced the development and spatial distribution of Pleistocene glaciers on both rift margins. On the western flank, tilted fault blocks parallel to the rift served as topographic barriers for valley glaciers advancing toward the lake basin; only in two locations glaciers could reach the present-day coast. On the eastern rift flank, in contrast, structure and drainage conditions allowed the development of numerous consequent streams providing thoroughfares and space for recurrent valley glaciations. Thus, the glaciers on the eastern flank could advance beyond the present-day lakeshore into the lake basin in numerous locations. These observations indicate that asymmetric rift structure in combination with the effects of global cooling were the important controls on the Pleistocene glacial development of the Baikal Rift.


The paper covers presentation of ways of international cooperation of Danube
 region on the territory of Republic of Serbia and its spatial integration
 levels of the immediate and wider environment (cross-border or trans-border
 aspect of cooperation, transnational cooperation and interregional
 cooperation). Danube region is space with the most active current integration
 processes, which take place under the initiative of the European Union and
 the definition of European instruments supporting cooperation of states along
 the Danube River flow, as well as more specific territorial entities that are
 directly related to the river. In addition to European strategies and
 programs, the cooperation includes cross-border cooperation activities of
 Serbia based on resolving socio-economic problems, issues related to
 infrastructure, environmental protection and other areas of cooperation that
 include spaces Euroregional Association. The grounds for the implementation
 of planned measures for further Danube region development also include
 functional connections on regional and local level within the territory of
 the Republic of Serbia.


OBJECTIVE
Arsenic concentrations in 25% of tube wells in Bangladesh exceed 50 microg/L, a level known to be hazardous. Levels in individual wells vary widely. We gathered data on arsenic exposure levels and skin lesion prevalence to address the lack of knowledge about risks where the average arsenic concentrations was lower.

METHODS
The nongovernmental organization Gonoshasthaya Kendra did three related studies of keratotic skin lesions since 2004: (1) an ecological prevalence survey among 13 705 women aged > 18 in a random sample of 53 villages; (2) a case-control study of 176 cases and age- and village-matched referents; and (3) a prevalence survey of the entire population of 11,670 in two additional villages. We calculated prevalence as a function of average arsenic concentrations as reported in the National Hydrochemical Survey, and measured arsenic concentrations in wells used by subjects in the case-control study.

FINDINGS
The prevalence of skin lesions was 0.37% in people exposed to arsenic concentrations below 5 microg/L, 0.63% at 6-50 microg/L, and 6.84% at 81 microg/L. In the case-control analysis, relative risk of skin lesions increased threefold at concentrations above 50 microg/L (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Little serious skin disease is likely to occur if the arsenic concentration in drinking water is kept below 50 microg/L, but ensuring this water quality will require systematic surveillance and reliable testing of all wells, which may be impractical. More research is needed on feasible prevention of toxic effects from arsenic exposure in Bangladesh.


In this work we present an experiment for enriching a Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) phrase table with automatically created bilingual word pairs. The bilingual lexicon is induced with a supervised classifier trained using a joint representation of word embeddings (WE) and Brown clusters (BC) of translation equivalent word pairs as features. The classifier reaches a 0.94 F-score and the MT experiment results show an improvement of up to +0.70 BLEU over a low resource Chinese-Spanish phrase-based SMT baseline, demonstrating that bad entries delivered by the classifier are well handled.


Recent legislation has led to removal of more than 374,000 individuals from the Social Security disability rolls. After a study indicated that a significant percentage of beneficiaries were not actually entitled to Social Security disability payments, the Act was amended to provide for mandatory and frequent review of nearly all individuals on disability, resulting in the rise in removals. Removing large numbers of disabled individuals from the disability rolls shifts the responsibility for their care from the federal to the municipal level. While circuits do not have a unified view of the burden of proof in disability benefit termination proceedings, there is a growing trend toward a presumption of ongoing disability. This Note suggests that this trend should be followed as it is consistent with the purposes of the Social Security Act. Straying from such a presumption puts an unjustified burden of proof on the disabled.


The objective of this paper is to document the evolution of cross-border music trade patterns in this transition period and to explain what drives digital music trade patterns. The shift from analogue to digital music distribution has substantially reduced trade costs and has enlarged the choice sets of music consumers around the world. Using comprehensive data on digital track sales in the US, Canada, and 16 European countries, 2006-2011, we document patterns of music trade in the digital era and contrast it with what's known from elsewhere about trade in popular music for the past half century. While home bias in music consumption among the top 100 songs had grown in the pre-digital distribution period prior to 2006, home bias has declined since then. We find that the share of imported songs in music consumption has grown in all countries except in the US. Moreover, although the number of European songs available has risen faster than the number of US songs, the market share of the US in digital music sales has increased while the market shares of European repertoires have fallen. US repertoire holds the largest market share in almost every country. Home bias is lower in the long tail than at the top end of the distribution. We consider four candidate explanations for the shift away from domestic music: a) that growth in availability of particular repertoires explains their growth in total sales and market shares, b) that changes in the effect of distance-related trade costs on trade made possible by digitization explain changed patterns of trade, c) that changed preferences toward particular origin repertoires explains changed patterns, and d) that recent vintages of particular repertoires have grown more appealing to world consumers. We conclude that a combination of c) and d) offers the most credible explanation for the observed patterns.


PurposeThis longitudinal study assesses whether higher education has the same impact on the entrepreneurial intentions of women and men with regard to their propensity to risk-taking in particular.Design/methodology/approachA self-administrated survey instrument was used to collect data from students studying business and engineering at five selected universities in Turkey. The survey was carried out in two intervals: first year and fourth year of studies. A total of 215 student participated in both waves.FindingsThe findings indicate that the impact of education is stronger for women than for men as the relationship between gender and entrepreneurial intention is moderated by education and risk-taking propensity in that the entrepreneurial intention of women with high or low risk-taking propensity increases when they acquire higher education. In particular, the boost is more noticeable for women with low risk-taking propensity. On the contrary, the effect of education is negative for men with both high risk-taking propensity and low risk-taking propensity.Practical implicationsThis study has identified that the impact of education is different for women and men. Based on these findings, Turkey could offer gender-specific entrepreneurship education in higher education for individuals who could then exploit their entrepreneurial capacity and thus contribute to the social and economic well-being of the country.Originality/valueThis paper makes two distinct contributions. First, this is one of the few longitudinal studies in the literature which demonstrates the differences between females and males in terms of their entrepreneurial intention and shows how risk-taking and education influence entrepreneurial intention. Second, it offers new insights into entrepreneurship research from a developing-country but emerging-economy context.


This book reinterprets more than 200 years of American political history as the interplay between the public's dread of government power and its yearning for communal democracy. James Morone argues that Americans will never solve their collective problems as long as they instinctively fear all public power as a threat to liberty. This revised edition includes a new final chapter about contemporary populism, government bashing, and democratic wishes.


The media provide strong and persuasive messages about the intersection of culture and gender roles. Given the power of the media to influence and "educate" the public, understanding its images of girls and women is critical. Featuring Females analyzes the portrayals of women in a variety of outlets including reality television shows, films, print and electronic news programming, magazines, video games, and commercial advertising. A highly esteemed group of scholars and researchers provides informed original psychological study, and their thought-provoking findings address the ways in which aging, race/ethnicity, body image, gender roles, sexual orientation and relationships, and violence are treated in the media. Featuring Females is a diverse and provocative volume, exploring images and characterizations of women young and old, and inspiring discussion of the effects that these representations have on girls, women, and society at large.


After a consensus emerged about the biasedness of the forward rate in predicting the future spot rate, the focus of relevant analysis has turned to whether the forward exchange rate biasedness is more pronounced for emerging market currencies than for the developed countries, or vice versa. The most referenced study of Frankel and Poonawala (2010) resulted with the surprising finding that the unbiasedness in the forward rates of the developing country currencies is more severe. Contrarily, the findings of Lorey and Lucey (2012) is that forward rate biasedness is less pronounced for the developed country currencies than for developing country currencies and they attributed this conflict to the period-specific factors. In this study, the similar tests are realized on the data set consisting of the daily forward quotations of both of the group of currencies in a broader time period beginning in 2000 ending in November 2012. The results of the study are not supportive for both of the previous studies and revealed the fact that there exist no considerable differences between the biasedness of the forward rates of the currencies of the developing and developed countries.


The probability P of getting a lucky short-exposure image through the atmosphere has been measured. This measurement was made by photographing two point sources separated by a length Δ corresponding to the resolution limit of the imaging system with an aperture D. r0 was measured simultaneously. The distance between the imaging system and the point sources was 6000 m. Six observers independently determined whether the sources were resolved. By changing D, a plot of P versus D/r0 was obtained. It is shown that ln P ~ (D/r0)2, as predicted by Fried [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.68, 1651 ( 1978)].


Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of quality grade and time after cooking on the instrumental color of steaks cooked to varying degrees of doneness. Study Description: Beef strip loins (n = 24) from 12 animals representing five quality treatments [Prime, Top Choice, Low Choice, Select, Select Enhanced (108%)] were collected. Each steak was cooked to a peak internal temperature of very-rare (130°F), rare (140°F), medium-rare (145°F), medium (160°F), welldone (170°F), or very well-done (180°F). Each cooked steak was cut in half, perpendicular to the long axis of the steak, and lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) was evaluated on the internal face of the medial side at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 minutes post-cutting using a Hunter Lab Miniscan spectrophotometer. The Bottom Line: The impact of time on internal cooked color was dependent on degree of doneness, with steaks cooked to lower degrees of doneness becoming lighter and more red in color with time and steaks cooked to higher degrees of doneness becoming darker. Additionally, quality treatment had no impact on cooked color measures of non-enhanced steaks. These results provide insight into cooked beef color changes related to time and how this might impact degree of doneness perceptions by consumers.


This thesis proposes an extension to the Random Walks assisted segmentation algorithm that allows it to operate on a scale-space. Scale-space is a multi-resolution signal analysis method that retains all of the structures in an image through progressive blurring with a Gaussian kernel. The input of the algorithm is setup so that Random Walks will operate on the scale-space, rather than the image itself. The result is that the finer scales retain the detail in the image and the coarser scales filter out the noise. This augmented algorithm is referred to as "Scale-Space Random Walks" (SSRW) and it is shown in both artifical and natural images to be superior to Random Walks when an image has been corrupted by noise. It is also shown that SSRW can impove the segmentation when texture, such as the artifical edges created by JPEG compression, has made the segmentation boundary less accurate.

This thesis also presents a practical application of the SSRW in an assisted rotoscoping tool. The tool is implemented as a plugin for a popular commerical compositing application that leverages the power of a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to improve the algorithm's performance so that it is near-realtime. Issues such as memory handling, user input and performing vector-matrix algebra are addressed.


Suffix trees are incredibly useful structures for computational genomics and combinatorial pattern matching. Due to the small alphabet sizes used in computational genomics, specialised hard-disk based suffix trees have been designed, but the problem of creating an efficient hard-disk based suffix tree for large and unbounded alphabet sizes remains essentially unsolved. We have designed a hard-disk based hybrid suffix tree, residing on hard-disk and in RAM, which takes advantage of memory mapping, a method for treating data on a hard-disk transparently as though it was in memory. Memory mapping is provided by many modern operating systems. Through the use of memory mapping the implementation only loads a small amount of the suffix tree into working memory, which allows it to load faster and maintains a fairly efficient query speed. The implementation is based on Ukkonen's suffix tree construction algorithm.


We describe a variant muscular layer covering the superficial layer of the posterior sacrococcygeal membrane over the sacral hiatus, with longitudinally oriented muscular fibers, that in our opinion belongs to the multifidus muscle. We had the privilege to discover it in twelve patients while performing an open surgical approach of the sacral hiatus, which gives a prevalence of 11.11% among all cases treated with this intervention. Knowledge of this anatomical variant is important because it may render difficult any caudal approach to the sacral canal and might explain some failures of caudal epidural blocks. Significantly, our report is based on direct surgical visualization of an area until now described only indirectly, by magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography or cadaver sacral bone examination.


Seasonal data for pCO2 and the concentrations of CO2 and nutrients in high-latitude surface oceans obtained by the Lamont-Doherty CO2 group and Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, are presented and analyzed. The seasonal progression and relationships between these properties are described, and their inter-ocean variation is compared. Spring phytoplankton blooms in the surface water of the North Atlantic Ocean and Iceland Sea caused a precipitous reduction of surface water pCO2 and the concentrations of CO2 and nutrients within two weeks, and proceeded until the nutrient salts were exhausted. This type of seasonal behavior is limited to the high-latitude (north of approximately 40°N) North Atlantic Ocean and adjoining seas. In contrast, seasonal changes in CO2 and nutrients were more gradual in the North Pacific and the nutrients were only partially consumed in the surface waters of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean. The magnitude of seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations in the North Pacific and Southern Oceans was similar to that observed in the North Atlantic and adjoining seas. In the subpolar and polar waters of the North and South Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, pCO2 and the concentrations Of CO2 and nutrients were much higher during winter than summer. During winter, the high latitude areas of the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Weddell Sea were sources for atmospheric CO2; during summer, they became CO2 sinks. This is attributed to the upwelling of deep waters rich in CO2 and nutrients during winter, and the intense photosynthesis occurring in strongly stratified upper layers during summer. On the other hand, subtropical waters were a CO2 source in summer and a sink in winter. Since these waters were depleted of nutrients and could only sustain low levels of primary production, the seasonal variation of pCO2 in subtropical waters and the CO2 sink/source condition were governed primarily by temperature. An intense CO2 sink zone was found along the confluence of the subtropical and subpolar waters (or the subtropical convergence). Its formation is attributed to the combined effects of cooling in subtropical waters and photosynthetic drawdown of CO2 in subpolar waters.


Objective To study the associations between physically demanding work and occupational exposure to chemicals and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy within a large birth cohort study, the Generation R Study. Methods Associations between occupational characteristics and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy were studied in 4465 pregnant woman participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards in the Netherlands (2002–2006). Mothers who filled out a questionnaire during mid-pregnancy (response 77% of enrolment), were included if they conducted paid employment, had a spontaneously conceived singleton live born pregnancy, and did not suffer from pre-existing hypertension (n = 4465). Questions on physical demanding work were obtained from the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and concerned questions on manually handling loads of 25 kg or more, long periods of standing or walking, night shifts, and working hours. To assess occupational exposure to chemicals, job titles and task descriptions were linked to a job-exposure-matrix (JEM), an expert judgment on exposure to chemicals at the workplace. Information on hypertensive disorders during pregnancy was obtained from medical records. Results We observed no consistent associations between any of the work related risk factors, such as long periods of standing or walking, heavy lifting, night shifts, and working hours, nor exposure to chemicals with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Conclusion This prospective birth cohort study suggests that there is no association of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy with physically demanding work or exposure to chemicals. However, the low prevalence of PIH and PE, combined with the low prevalence of occupational risk factors limit the power for inference and larger studies are needed to corroborate or refute these findings.


In fundamental studies of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and similar energy storage systems, the main focus is on the capacity, rate capability, and cyclability. The efficiency is usually judged by the coulombic efficiency indicating the electrochemical reversibility. As practical measures, power and energy densities are calculated for discharging, but less attention (if any) is paid to the energy efficiency. Although in the past the energy efficiency was almost close to unity for all electrode materials of LIBs, this factor is critically important for new high-density materials (e.g., based on conversion mechanism) since the energy density can be way below the requirements for the practical development. In fact, a low energy density is due to high overpotentials and is an essential part of the basic research for the material design because it cannot be improved during commercialisation. In large-scale energy storage devices such as batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) or household energy storage systems, the cost of energy consumed to charge the battery is a significant factor and is directly translated into the cost of the energy supplied by the storage device. The present paper clarifies how neglecting the energy efficiency has caused a fraction of research on LIBs to go astray in developing new electrode materials, which are not of practical interest because of huge overpotentials. Particular attention is given to conversion-based electrode materials, which are the common candidates for anode materials of lithium-ion batteries and cathode materials of lithium–sulphur (Li–S) and similar batteries. Furthermore, the impact of nanostructures is considered.


The Nature of Doctrine, originally published in 1984, is one of the most influential works of academic theology in the past fifty years. A true classic, this book sets forth the central tenets of a post-liberal approach to theology, emphasizing a cultural-linguistic approach to religion and a rule theory of doctrine. In addition to his account of the nature of religion, George Lindbeck also addresses the relationship between Christianity and other religions, the resolution of historic doctrinal conflict among Christian communities, and the nature and task of theology itself. This is a work that all theologians and advanced students should know. This twenty-fifth anniversary edition includes an English translation of the foreword to the German edition and a complete bibliography of Lindbeck's work.