This play was originally published in the Communist Review, February 1939, 110–114. It was subsequently reprinted in Australian Dramatical Studies, 1986, 74–9. Betty Roland (1903–1996) was an Australian journalist, and author of books, plays, radio and movie scripts. She was a founding member of the Australian Society of Authors. During the late 1930s she was a leading contributor to the radical New Theatre in Sydney. Part of her literary output comprised short, topical, agitprop scripts which she regarded as a form of political cartooning. These scripts were regularly published in the organ of the Communist Party of Australia (CPA), Communist Review, edited by her partner of the time, Guido Baracchi, a founder of the CPA. War on the Waterfront was one of these agitprop pieces. It was intended for performance without props, utilising informal venues like the backs of trucks, factory canteens, footpaths. Hastily written early in December 1938, during the heat of the Pig-Iron dispute, it was eventually staged at the New Theatre (Sydney), and in Port Kembla. However plans to premiere the play to an audience of 2000 in Sydney's Domain on December 11 created drama. The performance was closed by a police contingent after the first few lines had been delivered, and the actors each fined five pounds. Undeterred, the performers decamped to Watson's Bay and gave a public openair performance there. Official permission from the NSW Ministry of Agriculture, which controlled the Domain, was sought for a December 15 Domain performance, but this was refused; no reasons were given. Hence reference to this being a banned play in the Communist Review title. This journal article is available in Illawarra Unity Journal of the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History: http://ro.uow.edu.au/unity/vol7/iss1/9


In deregulated electricity sector climates, such as in Ontario, the production of clean or renewable energy by small power producers through distributed generation (DG) is encouraged. This paper examines the policies that can be used to encourage DG investment and incorporates them into a mathematical model. This model is then used to create scenarios for examining the economic and environmental supply-side effects of policies to a distribution system over a ten-year period. The policies analyzed include a combination of feed-in-tariffs, CO2 tax, and cap-and-trade schemes. The results are discussed in the context of the Ontario market and its Standard Offer Program, implemented on a 32-bus radial distribution system.


Activation of the parasympathetic pathway leads to negative chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic changes of heart function. The ability to selectively stimulate certain superficial compartments of peripheral nerves has been demonstrated previously. The aim of the present study was to find a clinically acceptable selective biphasic vagus nerve stimulation technique, which could allow gradual regulation of heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. In two patients, the left vagus nerve was stimulated with a combination of quasi-trapezoidal cathodic and rectangular anodic current pulses with different stimulation frequencies (10Hz, 20Hz, 30Hz) and increasing current. The heart rate and systemic arterial pressure decreased with increasing current at all different stimulation frequencies (p<0.05). The heart rate and arterial pressure response was more gradual with 10Hz compared to 20Hz/30Hz vagus nerve stimulation (p<0.05). In conclusion, selective vagus nerve stimulation, with a combination of quasi-trapezoidal cathodic and rectangular anodic current pulses at 10Hz, offers gradual heart rate and systolic arterial pressure control.


A key design goal of erasure-coded storage clusters is to minimize reconstruction time, which in turn leads to high reliability by reducing vulnerability window size. PULL-Rep and PULL-Sur are two existing reconstruction schemes based on PULL-type transmission, where a rebuilding node initiates reconstruction by sending a set of read requests to surviving nodes to retrieve surviving blocks. To eliminate the transmission bottleneck of replacement nodes in PULL-Rep and mitigate the extra overhead caused by noncontiguous disk access in PULL-Sur, we incorporate PUSH-type transmissions to node reconstruction, where the reconstruction procedure is divided into multiple tasks accomplished by surviving nodes in a pipelining manner. We also propose two PUSH-based reconstruction schemes (i.e., PUSH-Rep and PUSH-Sur), which can not only exploit the I/O parallelism of PULL-Sur, but also maintain sequential I/O accesses inherited from PULL-Rep. We build four reconstruction-time models to study the reconstruction process and estimate the reconstruction time of the four schemes in large-scale storage clusters. We implement a proof-of-concept prototype where the four reconstruction schemes are deployed and quantitatively evaluated. Experimental results show that the PUSH-based reconstruction schemes outperform the PULL-based counterparts. In a real-world (9,6)RS-coded storage cluster, PUSH-Rep speeds up the reconstruction time by a factor of 5.76 compared with PULL-Rep; PUSH-Sur accelerates the reconstruction by a factor of 1.85 relative to PULL-Sur.


For reluctant Internet users, the technologically challenged, and educators with limited time and computer expertise, this book is a must. Kyker offers dozens of simple reproducible activities based on educationally oriented World Wide Web sites. Designed to reinforce curriculum content, these activities emphasize the informational and educational values of the World Wide Web and give students entry-level Internet experience, encouraging them to spend time on each Web page. For all projects there are complete Web addresses, guidelines for instructors, step-by-step instructions for students, and 10 to 15 related questions. Advanced activities (Super Surfer and Kowabunga, Dude!) are available for those who wish to practice more sophisticated Web skills and further develop them outside the classroom setting. Additional chapters address hardware and software needs, Internet service providers, and Web site evaluative criteria, and give tips for working with students on the Web. Grades 3 and up.


This paper develops parametric methods to detect network anomalies using only aggregate traffic statistics, in contrast to other works requiring flow separation, even when the anomaly is a small fraction of the total traffic. By adopting simple statistical models for anomalous and background traffic in the time domain, one can estimate model parameters in real time, thus obviating the need for a long training phase or manual parameter tuning. The proposed bivariate parametric detection mechanism (bPDM) uses a sequential probability ratio test, allowing for control over the false positive rate while examining the tradeoff between detection time and the strength of an anomaly. Additionally, it uses both traffic-rate and packet-size statistics, yielding a bivariate model that eliminates most false positives. The method is analyzed using the bit-rate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) metric, which is shown to be an effective metric for anomaly detection. The performance of the bPDM is evaluated in three ways. First, synthetically generated traffic provides for a controlled comparison of detection time as a function of the anomalous level of traffic. Second, the approach is shown to be able to detect controlled artificial attacks over the University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, campus network in varying real traffic mixes. Third, the proposed algorithm achieves rapid detection of real denial-of-service attacks as determined by the replay of previously captured network traces. The method developed in this paper is able to detect all attacks in these scenarios in a few seconds or less.


Background: At present, economic evaluation studies are pivotal in decisions on apportion of resources in health care. Vietnam is a country undergoing a healthcare reform requiring health economic information. This study is designed as a systematic review to explore the trend and situation of economic evaluation studies in Vietnam. In order to aid the development of this study, databases of numerous sources, namely PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library. Results: From 1356 records found, twenty-three articles met selection criteria. Average number of articles by years is 0-5 papers except in 2012 (7 papers). There is 95.7 percent used cost effectiveness analysis, only one study conducted cost benefit analysis. Out of these studies, the number of articles was mentioned in prevention interventions (11), diagnostic procedures (3), curative procedures (7), and services delivery (2). Eleven studies did not report clearly the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and also 11 publications did not disclose funding sources. Conclusions: This review shows clearly the current situation and an urgent need for an increase of both quality and quantity of health economic studies in Vietnam. Basically, national methodological guidelines for conducting and reporting economic evaluation in Vietnam should be developed as soon as possible.


The vulnerabihty of the agricultural sector in any region to future possible climate-change scenarios is determined to a great extent by the vulnerability of the sector to current climatic, economic and policy scenarios. Agricultural systems which are currently subject to extreme climatic interannual variability (drought, flood, storms, etc.) are likely to become even more vulnerable under the most commonly expected scenarios of climate change (i.e. increased temperatures, increased rainfall variability). Similarly, agricultural systems which are currently subject to drastic changes in economic and policy scenarios are also prone to become more vulnerable under expected climate-change conditions. The agricultural sector of Latin America has been subject to important variations in economical conditions and policies. These conditions have affected the structure of agricultural production, and resulted in a large reduction of the number of small farmers, who have migrated to poor metropolitan areas. Even for larger, commercial farmers, unstable and often inconsistent agricultural policies have increased the vulnerability of the sector. Additionally, large areas of Latin America are already affected by current interannual cllrnatic variabil~ty related to the length of rainy seasons and the occurrence of extreme events (droughts, floods, etc.). The few stud~es conducted In the region to specifically assess the impact of climate change on agriculture have revealed expected reductions and increased variability in crop productivity. Similar results should be expected in the vast regions devoted to livestock production, since the systems are based on a fragile balance of nutrients, available water, stocking rates and pasture species. The characteristics of the current situation described in this article demonstrate the vulnerability of Latin American agriculture to climate change. Preparing the agricultural sector to mitigate the potential negative effects of climate change will require strong and consistent efforts in both the scientific and policy sectors of the region.


Introducing proprietary parts to gain a competitive edge is a well-known, yet poorly understood strategy original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) adopt. In this paper, we consider an OEM who sells new products and competes with an independent remanufacturer (IR) selling remanufactured products. The OEM contemplates proprietary parts to manage the secondary market for remanufactured products. Thereby, the OEM designs its product to balance the trade-off between the cost of proprietariness and the extra income from selling the proprietary spare parts to the IR. Deterring market entry by the IR through prohibitively pricing the proprietary spare parts, an OEM strategy observed in several industries, is only optimal when the willingness-to-pay for remanufactured products is low. Otherwise, the OEM benefits more from sharing the secondary market profits with the IR through the use of proprietary parts. Finally, we find that the OEM can also use proprietary parts to strategically deter entry by the IR, discouraging her from collecting cores. This can support the OEM's decisions to engage in remanufacturing even in the case of a collection cost disadvantage. While the introduction of proprietary parts is detrimental to both IRs and consumers, we show that for consumers such loss is reduced when the OEM engages in product remanufacturing.


This article describes some aspects of Spanish as the weak language of German-Spanish bilingual children growing up in Germany, which is officially a monolingual country. Weak domains are mainly found in the phonetics, but can also be found in the lexicon and in the morphosyntax. The article also describes teaching materials that have been created to promote those weak areas that are vulnerable to the influence of the strong language of the bilingual child. The materials were tried out during nine weeks with children that attended the Spanish complementary school. The analyses show that the percentages of target-like production of children that participated in the trial increased, whereas the percentages of target-like production of the control group, which attended the school without using the materials, decreased.


Socio-economic rights are of special significance in a developing country such as Malawi. The framers of the Malawian Constitution included the right to development in the country's Bill of Rights. The right to development is not only included as a self-standing right, but is also a conduit for the guarantee of equal access to a range of other socio-economic rights. Regrettably, the record of judicial enforcement of these rights subsequent to 1994 is disappointing. Only in a few cases, largely focusing on a narrow range of rights such as property, work, economic activity and, to a lesser extent, education, have courts directly and significantly dealt with socio-economic rights. Such consideration has also been deficient as courts have failed to develop the content of the rights and to define the nature of the obligations of both the state as well as non-state actors in relation to socio-economic rights. There has been little or no attempt to apply norms of international human rights law and comparable foreign case law. Worse still, in some related cases, courts have stated that they will not deal with any issues that raise policy considerations as such matters are outside the province of judicial competence. This is a problematic approach that could stultify the development of socio-economic rights jurisprudence. The Masangano case, however, offers some hope as it represents the first real attempt to address key socio-economic rights issues such as access to food, clothing, adequate housing and healthcare, albeit in relation to prisoners. While the final decision ultimately turned on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, the High Court of Malawi made some definitive affirmations of the guarantee of a number of these key rights and presented a first real attempt to fashion a time-bound remedy, that also required the state to take positive steps in allocating sufficient resources for the realisation of socio-economic rights for prisoners. The Masangano case represents a good stepping stone upon which courts can stand in developing more systematic and sophisticated jurisprudence on socio-economic rights in Malawi.


We present a rather thorough investigation of the use of kernel-based nonparametric estimators of the binary regression function in the case of a single covariate. We consider various versions of Nadaraya–Watson and local linear estimators, some involving a single bandwidth and others involving two bandwidths. The locally linear logistic estimator proves to be a good single-bandwidth estimator, although the basic Nadaraya–Watson estimator also fares quite well. Two-bandwidth methods show great potential when bandwidths are selected with knowledge of the target function, but much of their potential vanishes when data-based bandwidths are used. Likelihood cross-validation and plug-in approaches are the data-based bandwidth selection methods tested; both prove quite useful, with a preference for the latter. Adaptive two-bandwidth methods retain particularly good performance only in certain special situations (and separate estimation of the two bandwidths as for optimal density estimation is never recommended). We therefore propose a hybrid estimation procedure in which the local linear logistic estimator is used unless the ratio of (robust) variances of the covariate in the success and failure groups is greater than 2, in which case we switch to a two-bandwidth Nadaraya–Watson-type estimator, each using plug-in bandwidth selection.


This paper presents a novel framework for designing and simulating the decentralized control of Building Management Systems (BMS) in an object-orientated way. The proposed approach follows physical structure of building as a starting point for its automation software development. The architecture proposed enables simulation in the loop with plant model that can be created without extra development efforts. The decentralized control logics of the BMS subsystems can be developed independently from the deployment configurations thanks to the properties of IEC 61499 reference architecture.


In the first chapter, a formal total synthesis of pseudopteroxazole is presented, highlightening an E-selective Horner-Emmons reaction, a Buchwald-Hartwig coupling, and a diastereoselective intramolecular Michael addition. In the second chapter, the effort toward synthesizing anti-viral natural product hamigeran B is summarized. Several routes to the core structure were shown separately, including those unexpected discoveries when pursuing those routes. Tius-Nazarov cyclization was first applied in synthesizing natural product; an efficient palladiumcatalyzed oxidative intramolecular carbocyclization was realized on an α-hydroxy enone for the first time; an interrupted Nazarov cyclization of a hydrolysis intermediate of dithiane was achieved.


The international economic and business environment continues to develop at a rapid rate. Increasing interactions between economies, particularly between Europe and Asia, has raised many important issues regarding transport infrastructure, logistics and broader supply chain management. The potential exists to further stimulate trade provided that these issues are addressed in a logical and systematic manner. However, if this potential is to be realised in practice there is a need to re-evaluate current supply chain configurations. A mismatch currently exists between the technological capability and the supply chain or logistical reality. This mismatch has sharpened the focus on the need for robust approaches to supply chain re-engineering. Traditional approaches to business re-engineering have been based on manufacturing systems engineering and business process management. A recognition that all companies exist as part of bigger supply chains has fundamentally changed the focus of re-engineering. Inefficiencies anywhere in a supply chain result in the chain as a whole being unable to reach its true competitive potential. This reality, combined with the potentially radical impact on business and supply chain architectures of the technologies associated with electronic business, requires organisations to adopt innovative approaches to supply chain analysis and re-design. This paper introduces a systems approach to supply chain re-engineering which is aimed at addressing the challenges which the evolving business environment brings with it. The approach, which is based on work with a variety of both conventional and electronic supply chains, comprises underpinning principles, a methodology and guidelines on good working practice, as well as a suite of tools and techniques. The adoption of approaches such as that outlined in this paper helps to ensure that robust supply chains are designed and implemented in practice. This facilitates an integrated approach, with involvement of all key stakeholders throughout the design process.


The armed struggle waged by the ANC's military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), was the longest sustained insurgency in South African history. This book offers the first full account of the rebellion in its entirety, from its early days in the 1950s to the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as South African president in 1994. Vast in scope, this story traverses every corner of South Africa and extends throughout southern Africa, where MK's largest campaigns and heaviest engagements occurred, as well as to the solidarity networks that the rebellion mobilised around the world. Drawing principally from previously unpublished writings and testimonies by the men and women who fought the armed struggle, this book recreates the drama, heroism and tragedy of their experiences. It tells the story of leaders like Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Joe Slovo and Chris Hani, whose reputations were forged in the crucible of the armed struggle, but it is also a tale of martyrs such as Looksmart Ngudle, Ashley Kriel and Phila Ndwandwe, as well as of MK cadres such as Leonard Nkosi and Glory Sedibe, who would ultimately turn against the ANC and collaborate with the state in hunting down their former comrades. Written in a fresh, immediate style, Umkhonto we Sizwe is an honest account of the armed struggle and a fascinating chronicle of events that changed South African history.


Extracted from text ... AFRICA
The eighth
wonder of
the world
by Nicholas McDiarmid
The Great Man-Made River (GMR) project in Libya - often referred to as
the 'eighth wonder of
the world' - is an enormous water scheme consisting of a network of buried pipes, four metres in diameter, that extend for a distance of 4 000 kilometers. Underground water is pumped from 270 wells into reservoirs that feed
the network. Estimates of
the water reserves that lie beneath
the desert equate to
the flow of 200 years of water in
the ..


Abstract. A total of 834 individual aerosol particles were collected during October and November 2010 in urban Shanghai, China. Particles were sampled under different weather and air quality conditions. Morphologies, compositions and mixing states of carbonaceous aerosols were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Structures of some particles were verified using selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). Among the aerosol particles observed, carbonaceous aerosols were mainly categorized into four types: polymeric organic compound (POC), soot, tar ball, and biogenic particle. Based on the detailed TEM-EDX analysis, most of the particles were coated with secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which commonly formed through condensation or heterogeneous reactions of precursor gases on pre-existing particles. Aged particles were associated with days with low wind velocities, showed complex structures, and were bigger in size. The internally mixed particles of sulphates, organics and soot were encountered frequently. Such internally mixed particles may be preferentially formed during a stagnated air mass during serious pollution events, such as on 13 November. Although relative number counts varied with different species, sulphates (38–71%) and soot (11–22%) constituted the most dominant species observed in the samples. However, soil-derived particles (68%) were relatively more frequently observed on the sample collected on 12 November during a dust storm.


In this paper, we present preliminary results on the use of deep learning techniques to integrate the user's self-body and other participants into a head-mounted video see-through augmented virtuality scenario. It has been previously shown that seeing user's bodies in such simulations may improve the feeling of both self and social presence in the virtual environment, as well as user performance. We propose to use a convolutional neural network for real time semantic segmentation of users' bodies in the stereoscopic RGB video streams acquired from the perspective of the user. We describe design issues as well as implementation details of the system and demonstrate the feasibility of using such neural networks for merging users' bodies in an augmented virtuality simulation.


We measured titanium-in-quartz (TitaniQ) temperatures by ion microprobe for three deformed rocks having different quartz microstructure to assess the possibility of constrain- ing the temperature of mylonitization directly from dynamically recrystallized quartz grains. Calibration via ion microprobe indicates analytical precisions and accuracies of ~±2 °C and ±10 °C, respectively (2σ). High- versus low-temperature mylonites yield high versus low Ti concentrations and temperatures that are consistent with other fi eld studies of mylonites that have similar microstructures; these observations imply that TitaniQ accurately measures dynamic recrystallization temperatures. Variations in temperature in a single domain exceed analytical errors, implying that one microstructure in a rock can refl ect different tempera- tures and, presumably, strain rates. Combined with paleopiezometric and phase-equilibrium estimates of differential stress and water fugacity, strain rates may be estimated.


Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, has been a major contributor to the loss of young trout in numerous streams within the Intermountain West (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming). Currently there are no effective management procedures for mitigating the effects of this disease because it is not fully known why the parasite has severe effects in some trout populations while remaining fairly benign in others. Characteristics of the parasite, hosts, environment, and their interactions, may partially explain varying responses of wild rainbow trout populations to whirling disease. The goal of this study was to examine possible contributors to, and indicators of, stream degradation and their relationship to whirling disease risk. Specifically, the objectives were to quantify relationships between whirling disease risk and 1) land use 2) biological stream integrity and 3) physicochemical parameters within four major drainages in western Montana. The hypothesis was that whirling disease risk is influenced by anthropogenic land use practices that create favorable habitat for the oligochaete worm host, Tubifex tubifex, which is reflected in the biological integrity and physicochemical features of the stream. Whirling disease risk was quantified by the severity and prevalence of infection in caged sentinel trout. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to model land use (e.g., agriculture, mines) within drainages. Bioassessment metrics specific to Montana (e.g., total taxa richness, sensitive taxa richness) and those directly related to whirling disease (e.g., density of T. tubifex) were used to assess biological stream integrity. Physicochemical characteristics included those associated with favorable T. tubifex habitat (e.g., substrate), and those that have been associated with an increased incidence of whirling disease (e.g., temperature). Importance of predictor variables was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation and regression tree analyses. Final regression trees identified the proportion of riparian forest, road density, oligochaete density, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri density, Plecoptera taxa richness, and the proportion of Plecoptera as the most important predictors of whirling disease risk among drainages. A greater understanding of the linkage between land use, biological stream integrity, physicochemical features and whirling disease risk is needed before effective management techniques can be implemented in Montana watersheds and elsewhere.


In domains of limited resources, problem solving and execution of solutions may require the satisfaction of resource use constraints among a group of collaborating agents. One way for the agents to agree to the distribution of limited resources is through negotiation. In this paper we present how an agent that decides it must negotiate for the use of resources that it needs to reason or execute a task can use case-based reasoning (CBR) and utility to learn, select, and apply negotiation strategies. The negotiation process is situated in the current world description, self state, and also dynamically changing evaluation criteria and constraints. Consequently, the negotiation strategies that an agent uses vary greatly. To determine the negotiation strategy an agent uses CBR to compare the new situation to old cases (from its situated case base) and learns from its previous experiences how it should negotiate. This unique synergy allows u s to address real-time resource allocation and efficient knowledge management: (1) the use of negotiation reduces communication traffic since knowledge updates and exchanges are performed only when necessary, and (2) the use of CBR and utility streamlines the decision process so that an agent can obtain a "good-enough, soon-enough" negotiation strategy effectively.


The Resident Evil and the Silent Hill series both were among the most famous and successful franchises of video game culture until the film adaptations appeared, which initiated a slow but unstoppable decline. The films remained artistically independent, but the game experience of the following parts of the game series increasingly converged with the movies. The Resident Evil series put the focus on more action instead of horror and puzzles and the Silent Hill series adapted itself to the narrative design and dramaturgy of the cinematic franchise. This resulted in both game worlds no longer being able to replicate their earlier artistic and economic successes—the most recent parts, Resident Evil 6 (2012) and Silent Hill. Downpour (2012), were considered the low points of the series. In this article, reasons for this loss are discussed by describing the processes in both transmedial franchises with the related concepts of intermediality and intertextuality. A starting point of this article is the assumption that each storyworld includes a specific set of general rules (characters, settings, conflicts, etc.), which can be varied to a certain degree in a transmedial adaptation. Nevertheless, video games seem to include media-specific rules whose violation within the same medium is Martin Hennig: Why Some Worlds Fail IMAGE | Issue 21 | Special Issue Media Convergence and Transmedial Worlds (Part 2) | 01/2015 18 perceived as a break in the structural coherence of the storyworld. A closer look at the Resident Evil and Silent Hill series indicates that, in these cases, new releases are considered to stand in an intermedial or intertextual, but no longer in a transmedial relationship to the original texts.


The research represented in this thesis pertains to applying digital control to that of a Quadruple-Tank Process via implementation of State-Space theory. Having arranged the tank apparatus into the desired configurations of both the Coupled and Quadruple-Tank Processes, a mathematical model was applied that properly represented each systems' dynamics. From these dynamical equations linearized state-space models were formed, which would be the basis for computer aided control and simulation. Through software application of a linear state feedback tracking system both tank processes were able to be successfully controlled. Complex control issues regarding plant saturation and integrator wind-up are addressed giving way to a more responsive system that is stable under a larger range of unanticipated modeling errors. Analysis of the systems performance has shown good results in both simulation and experimental application to the Quanser Lab Tank Systems.


Circadian rhythms optimise health by ensuring that the internal rhythms of metabolism and cardiovascular physiology are synchronised to daily variations in the light/dark cycle and other recurrent environmental challenges. Disruption in in the light/dark cycle (photoperiod disruption; PD) which occurs during shift work has been associated with changes in metabolism or physiology, (e.g. hypertension, hyperglycaemia) that may influence outcome after stroke. Evidence from pre-clinical studies indicates that hyperglycaemia and hypertension are associated with increased lesion growth and final infarct after focal cerebral ischaemia. Therefore, it was hypothesised that PD would impact on physiological parameters and increase sensitivity to focal cerebral ischaemia.

Investigating the effect of chronic photoperiod disruption on outcome following permanent focal cerebral ischaemia

For this purpose, a PD protocol was employed to simulate shift work patterns of light/dark (LD) exposure. Male Wistar rats were exposed to either a 12:12 LD cycle or a 6-hour phase advance protocol for 9 weeks. This was done by switching the lights on 6 hours earlier than the previous photoperiod every 3 days. T2-weighted MRI was performed at 48 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Chronic PD for 9 weeks did not significantly affect food intake, body weight and key physiological parameters such as blood glucose and blood pressure and did not increase sensitivity to ischaemic damage in young, normotensive rats. This suggests that light alone is not a single factor to induce circadian disruption. The potentially adverse impact of shift work on stroke outcome may require additional factors such as high fat/high sugar diet or pre-existing co-morbidities.

Characterisation and optimisation of animal model for transient focal cerebral ischaemia

Results from the previous study of permanent ischaemia raised the question as to on how PD impacts on stroke outcome in the presence of reperfusion. In addition, since the majority of stroke patients present with co-morbid factors, subsequent studies aimed to determine the impact of PD in the presence of pre-existing hypertension following transient focal ischaemia. Prior to this a pilot study was conducted to optimise the time of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and to characterise the associated neurological and functional outcomes. The following information was used to inform the subsequent studies; 1) the optimal MCA occlusion time in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was 30 min and 2) transient MCA occlusion resulted in reproducible functional impairments in both neurological score and the adhesive label test assessed at 7-days.

Impact of photoperiod disruption on sensitivity to focal cerebral ischaemia and microglia activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Adult male SHR underwent 30 min transient MCAO following the 9-week PD protocol. Reperfusion resulted in significant tissue salvage. However, PD in the presence of pre-existing hypertension did not exacerbate ischaemic lesion evolution assessed by diffusion-weighted MRI, and by measuring the final infarct volume. Furthermore, PD alone did not induce significant changes in microglia activation in the brains of SHR that were not subjected to ischaemia. Poor collaterals and pre-existing hypertension in SHR may explained to lesser effect of PD on lesion evolution, as there may have been less penumbral tissue available for PD to exert its detrimental effect.

Conclusion

The studies presented in this thesis demonstrated that PD did not increase sensitivity to focal cerebral ischaemia in normotensive rats. Similarly, PD in the context of major stroke co-morbidity/risk factor did not exacerbate ischaemic damage. This suggest that the primary mechanism of cardiometabolic disturbances among shift workers may not primarily mediated by shifting in the light/dark cycle.


We examine a sample of 674 SEOs from 1999-2010 where reduced R&D spending is significantly associated with the lowering of insider ownership proportions. With this association established, we derive an R&D manipulation variable measuring underinvestment in R&D. We add to the SEO-R&D literature by examining the relation between R&D underinvestment and common stock valuation around SEOs. In contrast to the IPO research, we do not find that underinvestment in R&D leads to greater SEO stock valuations during the offer price setting process. Like the IPO research, we find that underinvestment in R&D leads to lower stock valuations for short-run post-offering tests. In contrast to the long-run IPO results, we find a significant association between R&D manipulation and stock valuation for long-run post-offering tests where underinvestment in R&D is associated with lower stock valuations. We also find the five % owner group for SEOs is important in explaining R&D manipulation and discover that underpricing for SEOs is not related to R&D manipulation. These latter two findings are different from IPOs. In conclusion, SEOs can be quite different from IPOs when examining the association between the insider manipulation of R&D and stock valuation.


This study investigated the biological basis of visual processing disabilities in adults with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. The study involved 61 adults with symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome who were screened for visual processing problems (Irlen Syndrome) and divided into two groups according to the severity of symptoms of Irlen Syndrome. Significant variations were identified in blood lipids and urine amino and organic acids of the two groups, which may be indicative of activation of the immune system due to some infective agent. It was suggested that metabolic profiling may help the development of more valid diagnostic categories and allow more investigation of immune system dysfunction as a possible causal factor in a range of learning and behaviour disorders.


Neurons extend processes (neurites) that can reach more than 1 meter in length. Formation of neurites requires both cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane transport. Shirane and Nakayama have now identified a protein, protrudin, that is essential for neurite extension triggered by nerve growth factor. Protrudin binds to and inhibits the activity of the protein Rab11, which functions as a molecular switch in membrane transport to the cell surface. M. Shirane, K. I. Nakayama, Protrudin induces neurite formation by directional membrane trafficking. Science 314, 818-821 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


OBJECTIVES--To assess women's preferences for, and the acceptability of, medical abortion and vacuum aspiration in the early first trimester. DESIGN--Patient centred, partially randomised trial. Medical abortion was performed with mifepristone 600 mg followed 48 hours later by gemeprost 1 mg vaginal pessary. Vacuum aspiration was performed under general anaesthesia. SETTING--Teaching hospital in Scotland. PATIENTS--363 women undergoing legal induced abortion at less than nine weeks' gestation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Women's preferences for method of abortion before abortion; acceptability judged two weeks after abortion by recording the method women would opt to undergo in future and by semantic differential rating technique. RESULTS--73 (20%) women preferred to undergo medical abortion, and 95 (26%) vacuum aspiration; 195 (54%) were willing to undergo either method, and were allocated at random. Both procedures were highly acceptable to women with preferences. Gestation had a definite effect on acceptability in randomised women; at less than 50 days there were no differences, but between 50 and 63 days vacuum aspiration was significantly more acceptable. CONCLUSIONS--Women who wish to use a particular method should be allowed their choice, regardless of gestation. Women of 50-63 days' gestation without preferences for a particular method are likely to find vacuum aspiration more acceptable. A patient centred, partially randomised trial design may be a useful tool in pragmatic research.


Research in the present thesis is focused on the norms, strategies,and approaches which translators employ when translating humour in Children's Literature from English into Greek. It is based on process-oriented descriptive translation studies, since the focus is on investigating the process of translation. Viewing translation as a cognitive process and a problem soling activity, this thesis Think-aloud protocols (TAPs) in order to investigate translator's minds. As it is not possible to directly observe the human mind at work, an attempt is made to ask the translators themselves to reveal their mental processes in real time by verbalising their thoughts while carrying out a translation task involving humour. In this study, thirty participants at three different levels of expertise in translation competence, i.e. tn beginner, ten competent, and ten experts translators, were requested to translate two humourous extracts from the fictional diary novel The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13 ¾ by Sue Townsend (1982) from English into Greek. As they translated, they were asked to verbalise their thoughts and reason them, whenever possible, so that their strategies and approaches could be detected, and that subsequently, the norms that govern these strategies and approaches could be revealed. The thesis consists of four parts: the introduction, the literature review, the study, and the conclusion, and is developed in eleven chapters. the introduction contextualises the study within translation studies (TS) and presents its rationale, research questions, aims, and significance. Chapters 1 to 7 present an extensive and inclusive literature review identifying the principles axioms that guide and inform the study. In these seven chapters the following areas are critically introduced: Children's literature (Chapter 1), Children's Literature Translation (Chapter 2), Norms in Children's Literature (Chapter 3), Strategies in Children's Literature (Chapter 4), Humour in Children's Literature Translation (Chapter 5), Development of Translation Competence (Chapter 6), and Translation Process Research (Chapter 7). In Chapters 8 - 11 the fieldwork is described in detail. the piolot and the man study are described with a reference to he environments and setting, the participants, the research -observer, the data and its analysis, and limitations of the study. The findings of the study are presented and analysed in Chapter 9. Three models are then suggested for systematising translators' norms, strategies, and approaches, thus, filling the existing gap in the field. Pedagogical norms (e.g. appropriateness/correctness, famililarity, simplicity, comprehensibility, and toning down), literary norms (e.g. sound of language and fluency). and source-text norms (e.g. equivalence) were revealed to b the most prominent general and specific norms governing the translators'  strategies and approaches in the process of translating humour in ChL. The data also revealed that monitoring and communication strategies (e.g. additions, omissions, and exoticism) were the prevalent strategies employed by translators. In Chapter 10 the main findings and outcomes of a potential secondary benefit (beneficial outcomes) are discussed on the basis of the research questions and aims of the study, and implications of the study are tackled in Chapter 11. In the conclusion, suggestions for future directions are given and final remarks noted.


The present work aims to clarify the discursive practices of Brazilian scientific literature on chemical pesticides in order to understand, from a historical perspective, which repertoires are available to give meaning to the use of pesticides in Brazil. It further draws a picture of the positions taken in the technical area, from the creation of the "Agrochemicals Law" in 1989 until the present day. A total of 78 articles from ten journals were reviewed using the analysis of the discourses method as well as an overview of the database according to years, authors, and titles. The results show that scientific production is concentered in the south and southeast Brazilian institutions where the authors mostly come from. Their articles analyze presented repertoires that were categorized into three types: "required use of pesticides", "use of pesticides integrated with biological control", and "no use of pesticides". The results suggest that there is no consensus in the discursive practices of Brazilian scientific literature on agrochemicals. It was concluded that there is in literature the suggestion that integrated pest control could improve the quality of production and lessen impacts on health and the environment. The dominant discourse is still linked to the paradigm that in order to have a high level of food production it is still necessary to use pesticides.


We apply a Keeling mixing model commonly used in atmospheric sciences to oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 14C and concentrations to demonstrate that DOC distribution across spatial transects or depth profiles can be modeled as two‐component mixtures; one component consists of an old refractory pool to which a newly synthesized component pool is added. We then use the Keeling approach to determine the Δ14C signature of excess DOC added to background concentrations in nearshore and open ocean systems. Our analysis indicates enrichment in 14C of excess DOC in coastal waters relative to offshore waters, particularly in spring when river discharge increases. These findings are consistent with the export of 14C‐enriched terrestrial DOC to the ocean and inconsistent with the idea of selective degradation of young terrestrial DOC in estuaries, resulting in export of old refractory component to the ocean. In the middle Atlantic Bight region, during the spring, excess DOC has a 14C signature similar to that of DOC in the major rivers, whereas during the peak primary productivity of the summer season, excess DOC has a signature more similar to that of dissolved inorganic carbon. Variability in the Δ14C of excess DOC in the open ocean was lower than that of the coastal ocean. Minima in Δ14C values of excess DOC in the open ocean were measured during periods of high particulate organic matter (POC) flux, indicating that POC can interact with DOC and selectively remove 14C‐enriched components from the surface ocean. The Keeling plot provides a powerful approach for determining the isotopic composition of excess DOC from an entire DOC profile or transect.


Extending choice in health care is currently popular among English, and other, politicians. Those promoting choice make an appeal to a simple economic argument. Competitive pressure helps make private firms more efficient and consumer choice acts as a major driver for efficiency. Giving service users the ability to choose applies competitive pressure to health care providers and, analogously with private markets, they will raise their game to attract business. The article subjects this assumption to the scrutiny provided by a review of the theoretical and empirical economic evidence on choice in health care. The review considers several interlocking aspects of the current English choice policy: competition between hospitals, the responsiveness of patients to greater choice, the provision of information, and the use of fixed prices. The article concludes that there is neither strong theoretical nor empirical support for competition, but that there are cases where competition has improved outcomes. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of this literature for policies to promote competition in the English NHS.


As a usage-based language theory, cognitive linguistics is predestined to have an impact on applied research in such areas as language in society, ideology, language acquisition, language pedagogy. The present volumes are a first systematic attempt to carve out pathways from the links between language and cognition to the fields of language acquisition and language pedagogy and to deal with them in one coherent framework: applied cognitive linguistics.


Providing therapy to deaf clients raises important ethical considerations for psychologists related to competence; multiple relationships and boundary issues; confidentiality; assessment, diagnosis, and evaluation; and communication and using interpreters. In evaluating and addressing these, psychologists must consider the American Psychological Association's Ethics Code and other relevant issues (e.g., Americans with Disabilities Act) necessary to provide ethical treatment. The current article provides background, ethical considerations, principles and standards relevant to the treatment of deaf clients, and recommendations to support psychologists, training programs, and the field. Psychologists have the responsibility to guarantee that the benefits of mental health treatment are fairly and justly provided to this traditionally underserved population.


Around the world, policymakers and news reports have warned that domestic violence (DV) could increase as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the attendant restrictions on individual mobility and commercial activity. However, both anecdotal accounts and academic research have found inconsistent effects of the pandemic on DV across measures and cities. We use high-frequency, real-time data from Los Angeles on 911 calls, crime incidents, arrests, and calls to a DV hotline to study the effects of COVID-19 shutdowns on DV. We find conflicting effects within that single city and even across measures from the same source. We also find varying effects between the initial shutdown period and the one following the initial re-opening. DV calls to police and to the hotline increased during the initial shutdown, but DV crimes decreased, as did arrests for those crimes. The period following re-opening showed a continued decrease in DV crimes and arrests, as well as decreases in calls to the police and to the hotline. Our results highlight the heterogeneous effects of the pandemic across DV measures and caution against relying on a single data type or source.


The Cullera Estany is a coastal lagoon located in a highly intensified agriculture and tourist area in Valencia. This coastal lagoon has connections with the sea that produce marine intrusion and generate a freshwater interface. Four sampling campaigns were carried out during 2010 in order to analyse the phytoplankton composition and its relation to nutrient content through a Redundancy Analysis. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite and salinity are the main factors controlling the dynamics of phytoplankton community. During July and October, there is water column stratification; meanwhile in March, there is a well‐mixed water column. In addition, in May and July campaigns, hypoxia/anoxia conditions are detected at the bottom. The most abundant phytoplankton groups are Diatoms and Cryptophyceae. Diatoms and Cyanophyceae respond positively to temperature while Cryptophyceae, Prasinophyceae and Dinophyceae respond to high salinity and dissolved oxygen values. Furthermore, picoplankton is correlated inversely with nutrient concentrations.


The society has a multi-layered structure, where the layers represent the different contexts. To model this structure we begin with a single-layer weighted social network (WSN) model showing the Granovetterian structure. We find that when merging such WSN models, a sufficient amount of inter-layer correlation is needed to maintain the relationship between topology and link weights, while these correlations destroy the enhancement in the community overlap due to multiple layers. To resolve this, we devise a geographic multi-layer WSN model, where the indirect inter-layer correlations due to the geographic constraints of individuals enhance the overlaps between the communities and, at the same time, the Granovetterian structure is preserved. Furthermore, the network of social interactions can be considered as a multiplex from another point of view too: each layer corresponds to one communication channel and the aggregate of all them constitutes the entire social network. However, usually one has information only about one of the channels, which should be considered as a sample of the whole. Here we show by simulations and analytical methods that this sampling may lead to bias. For example, while it is expected that the degree distribution of the whole social network has a maximum at a value larger than one, we get with reasonable assumptions about the sampling process a monotonously decreasing distribution as observed in empirical studies of single channel data. We analyse the far-reaching consequences of our findings.


It is well known that the ionosphere can be highly disturbed in the auroral and polar cap regions. However, efforts to quantify ionospheric effects on high-frequency communications have concentrated mainly on lower-latitude regions. The Doppler and multipath sounding network (DAMSON) has been used in an extensive campaign to measure the channel characteristics on four paths in the auroral region of northern Scandinavia. The conditions observed indicate that robust data modems, used when less-robust, higher-rate modems fail, are required up to 90%, of the time. A detailed analysis of the propagation parameters indicates that these modems, designed to operate in these regions, should be able to operate when the Doppler spread exceeds 40 Hz and the multipath spread is greater than 11.5 ms. Multiple propagation modes are common, especially between the lowest and maximum usable frequencies. The distribution of the received signal power in these cases is examined, and it is concluded that laboratory simulations used for robust-modem evaluation should include channel models with dominant modes.


Working set selection is an important step in decomposition methods for training support vector machines (SVMs). This paper develops a new technique for working set selection in SMO-type decomposition methods. It uses second order information to achieve fast convergence. Theoretical properties such as linear convergence are established. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is faster than existing selection methods using first order information.


A cost effective, portable particulate management system was developed, prototyped, and evaluated for further application and commercialization, which could remove and dispose particulate matter suspended in air efficiently and safely. A prototype of the present system was built for experimental assessment and validation. The experimental data showed that the developed particulate management system can effectively clean the air by capturing the particles inside it. Effects of viscosity of filter medium on the performance of the developed system were also discussed. The present system is very flexible, whose size and shape can be scaled and changed to be fit for different applications. Its manufacturing cost is less than $10. Based on the experimental validation results, it was found that the present system can be further developed, commercialized, and applied for a variety of industries. The experiments and experimental data were simulated and validated using computer fluent dynamics. A relatively good agreement was achieved between the experimental and computational results.


The potential of perpendicular magnetic recording using a single-pole head and a double-layered medium has been investigated theoretically by computer analysis and compared with that of longitudinal magnetic recording. In conventional longitudinal recording, a recording demagnetizing loss due to the change of magnetization mode from semicircular to circular shapes occurs with increasing recording level at high bit density. In perpendicular magnetic recording, the perpendicular magnetization mode is maintained regardless of recording level even at an extremely high bit density of 571 kFRPI. This indicates that the perpendicular recording medium has a very high recording resolution, where a single bit size approaches several diameters of the microcrystalline particles of the Co-Cr layer. An ultrahigh density at which the recording area for 1 bit will reach 1 mu /sup 2/ at present and 500 AA/sub 2/ in future should be possible. >


Consideration of the origin of alluvial deposits and their paleoenvironmental interpretation has traditionally involved two schools of thought: that they are either the result of processes that, on average, have acted uniformly through time, or that they are related to exceptional events that occur infrequently. Despite the long-running debate of gradualism versus catastrophism within the Earth Sciences, there are surprisingly few quantitative data to assess the magnitude of events that produce alluvial sedimentary successions. This paper reports on a unique 'natural experiment' where surface (digital elevation model, DEM) and subsurface (ground penetrating radar, GPR) data were taken immediately prior to, and after, a large (1-in-40 yr) flood event on the sandy, braided, South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Results show that although this high-magnitude flood reworked the entire braidplain, the scale of scour and style of deposition was similar to that associated with lower-magnitude, annual, floods. The absence of a distinct imprint of this large flood within the deposits is related to the fact that as river discharge rises, and begins to flow overbank, channel width increases at a much faster rate than flow depth, and thus the rate of increase in channel bed shear stress declines. Hence, rather than being a product of either frequent or rare events, alluvial deposits will likely be created by a range of different magnitude floods, but discriminating between these different scale events in the rock record may be extremely difficult.


After decades of negligible outbound foreign direct investment (FDI), Chinese firms' outbound investment has reached significant levels in recent years, challenging international investment norms and affecting international relations. But China's outflows are poorly understood. Seen in context, China is a laggard in global investment, and the country faces numerous internal impediments to overcoming this disadvantaged position. Daniel H. Rosen and Thilo Hanemann review the data behind China's growing outbound investment, consider the commercial and political forces driving this growth, and analyze both foreign and domestic obstacles for Chinese overseas investors. While extensive media coverage has provoked worries that Chinese firms are buying up the world, China remains a relatively minor global investor compared with OECD countries. China's net FDI position remains negative, with $5 of FDI assets under foreign ownership in China for every $1 of Chinese direct investment assets abroad. But China's efforts to rebalance its economic growth and make the shift toward higher value-added economic activity will increasingly force Chinese firms to invest abroad. Government policy has evolved in recent years to encourage and support China's firms to look abroad. Investment regimes in host countries are one obstacle to Chinese outbound FDI, but China's firms are even more impeded by home-made problems, including the parochial executive leadership and a dearth of key management skills needed to operate successfully overseas. Rosen and Hanemann argue that the growing volume and changing nature of China's outbound investment have important implications for policymakers in host countries. Host country governments must clarify their policies and draw a clearer line between legitimate national security reviews and protectionist economic competitiveness impulses disguised as security concerns. The lack of data transparency contributes to the poor understanding of China's outbound investment, and these inadequacies must be corrected if China and investment incumbents are to work together optimally. In addition, given its disadvantaged FDI starting position China should be expected to pull considerable weight to preserve and promote an open international investment environment, including by maintaining openness at home. If China converges upward to OECD outbound investment levels rather than incumbent leaders trimming down to historic Chinese levels due to protectionism, then future flows coming from China can contribute positively to a range of international issues, from financial crisis recovery to mitigating climate change.


The rapid advancement of technology has led to an explosion of speculative theories about what the future of humankind may look like. These "technological futurisms" have arisen from significant advances in the fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and information technology and are drawing growing scrutiny from the philosophical and theological communities. This text seeks to contextualize the growing literature on the cultural, philosophical, and religious implications of technological growth by considering technological futurisms (such as transhumanism) in the context of the long historical tradition of technological dreaming. Burdett traces the latent religious sources of our contemporary technological imagination by looking at visionary approaches to technology and the future in seminal technological utopias and science fiction, and draws on past theological responses to the technological future with Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Jacques Ellul. Burdett's argument arrives at a contemporary Christian response to transhumanism based on the themes of possibility and promise by turning to the works of Richard Kearney, Eberhard Jüngel, and Jürgen Moltmann. Throughout, the author highlights points of correspondence and divergence between technological futurisms and Judeo-Christian understandings of the future.


The concept of 'working with natural processes' has wide currency in coastal zone management. It is one of eight principles for integrated coastal zone management listed in a recent EU Recommendation. From a geomorphological perspective, the concept, however, has a range of imparted meanings that range from (1) direct human intervention in coastal processes using 'hard engineering' structures that causes alteration of wave patterns, through (2) a variety of 'soft engineering' approaches to (3) non-intervention and proactively taking steps to enable the coastline to fluctuate freely in response to natural processes. These different views take variable temporal perspectives and only the long-term approach is likely to be sustainable and in sympathy with the meaning implied in the EU Recommendation. A number of case studies from Ireland are presented through which we show that several factors (administrative, legislative, societal and political) impede adoption of the principle in practical coastal management. Major changes in perception of 'coastal protection' coupled with changes in attitudes to property will be required if this principle is to become an integral part of coastal protection strategies.


CHARACTERIZATION OF LARGE STRUCTURAL VARIATION USING LINKED-READS Fatih Karaoğlanoğlu M.S. in Computer Engineering Advisor: Can Alkan Aug 2018 Many algorithms aimed at characterizing genomic structural variation (SV) have been developed since the inception of high-throughput sequencing. However, the full spectrum of SVs in the human genome is not yet assessed. Most of the existing methods focus on discovery and genotyping of deletions, insertions, and mobile elements. Detection of balanced SVs with no gain or loss of genomic segments (e.g. inversions) is particularly a challenging task. Long read sequencing has been leveraged to find short inversions but there is still a need to develop methods to detect large genomic inversions. Furthermore, currently there are no algorithms to predict the insertion locus of large interspersed segmental duplications. Here we propose novel algorithms to characterize large (>40Kbp) interspersed segmental duplications and (>80Kbp) inversions using Linked-Read sequencing data. Linked-Read sequencing provides long range information, where Illumina reads are tagged with barcodes that can be used to assign short reads to pools of larger (30-50 Kbp) molecules. Our methods rely on split molecule sequence signature that we have previously described. Similar to the split read, split molecules refer to large segments of DNA that span an SV breakpoint. Therefore, when mapped to the reference genome, the mapping of these segments would be discontinuous. We redesign our earlier algorithm, VALOR, to specifically leverage Linked-Read sequencing data to discover large inversions and characterize interspersed segmental duplications. We implement our new algorithms in a new software package, called VALOR2.


Background: Rhabdomyolysis, which can be defined as a CPK level greater than five times the upper limit of normal, is related to muscle breakdown and hypovolemia in heat stroke patients.1 CPK levels will likely be higher because of increased muscle breakdown in exertional heat stroke when compared with classic heat stroke. Methods: We reviewed 50 patients who came into the Emergency Department of Hamad General Hospital during the months of July to September 2015, and who were diagnosed with exertional heat stroke. Results: In 44 out of 50 heat stroke patients, the level of serum CPK was markedly elevated (mean 20,300 ± 25,500 U/l) compared with the elevated levels of other lab values (serum myoglobin 2500 ± 3000 ng/ml, creatinine 1.8 ± 2.4 mg/dL, BUN 90 ± 104 mg/dL, potassium 2.6 ± 3.6 mEq/L, sodium 135 ± 155 mEq/L) on admission. The repeated lab values after the 12th hour showed that the CPK rose further (28,500 ± 32,500 U/L) while the others (serum myoglobin 800 ± 1,200 ng/ml, creatinine 1.1 ± 1.4 mg/dl, BUN 35 ± 60 mg/dL, potassium 2.2 ± 3.4 mEq/L, sodium 110 ± 130 mEq/L) recorded a decrease. Conclusion: In our cohort of patients, CPK levels were significantly high in the setting of exertional heat stroke. A possible relation to renal failure need to be explored in a prospective research design. Keywords: exertional heat stroke, rhabdomyolysis, creatinine phosphokinase REFERENCE: [1] Santelli J, Sullivan J. An evidence based approach on emergency medicine. Emerg Med Prac. 2014;16:6–15.


A high body-mass index has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased mortality not only from cardiovascular disease but also from certain cancers.1 An impressive body of evidence further indicates that the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer is increased in subjects with obesity and related metabolic syndrome.2 Obesity has indeed a direct and independent relationship with colorectal cancer, although the strength of the association with general obesity seems to be smaller than previously reported.3 A recent French study suggests that obesity and weight gain are associated with early colorectal carcinogenesis in women especially regarding the distal colon.4 Several other studies identified an increased risk of developing also other gastrointestinal cancers such as oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the obese population. The association between obesity and other gastrointestinal malignancies, however, has been less robust. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has arisen as one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide and usually develops in obese subjects. Pathophysiological insights into this disorder have improved substantially in recent years and, in addition, various clinical associations, such as insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, have been well recognised. …


Children are less blameworthy for their beliefs and actions because they are young. But the relationship between development and responsibility is complex. What exactly grounds the excuses we rightly give to young agents? This article presents three distinct arguments for children's diminished responsibility. Drawing on significant resources from developmental psychology, it rejects views which base the normative adult/child distinction on children's inability to participate in certain kinds of moral communication or to form principled self-conceptions which guide their actions. The article then argues that children's responsibility ought to be diminished because (and to the degree that) they are less competent at using features of their moral agency to meet social demands. This 'normative competence' view is philosophically defensible, supported by research in developmental psychology, and provides us with a method to evaluate whether things like peer pressure are relevant to responsibility.


This study offers a definition, description, analytical theorisation and critical discussion concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation. ?Internal conversation? refers to the inner dialogues that individuals have with themselves about themselves and the social environment, while ?external conversation? refers to those parts of internal conversation that the individual shares with others. The central question of this research, concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation, derives from a common observation which remains unanswered: why do people produce different external conversations or different actions or responses when they face similar social situations? In other words, why do people react in different ways to analogous stimuli or circumstances? The individual constantly interacts in a specific way with both her external environment and herself; this process links the inner and outer cosmos of each person. This relationship is formed according to specific phases and operations, and it constitutes an ?agential filter? comprised of certain stages that enable the individual to relate her internal and external conversations. The individual uses a specific process in order to decide which part of her internal conversation she will externalise. This process is defined as ?mediation? and operates differently for each individual. It does, however, have a common aim: the main objective of mediation is to achieve a subjectively-defined degree of ?inner balance? between her inner and external world which is satisfactory to her.


Recent introduction of HB 4780 and its companion pieces of legislation (HB 4781-4788) has raised a number of questions about the appropriate level of government to deliver services to Michigan residents. Essentially, under provisions contained in the bill, elections, tax collections, and assessment functions would be transferred from "rural" townships to the county where the township is located. The bill defines a rural township as a township or charter township unit with population less than 10 thousand, or population between 10 and 20 thousand but does not provide police and fire on a 24-hour basis and sewer and water services to more than 50% of its residents. The Michigan Township Association (MTA) expects that 95% of Michigan townships would be subject to this legislation.


The ability to make sound decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas lies at the heart of being a professional accountant. Yet many of the recent corporate reporting disasters demonstrate that, despite being over a century old, the accounting profession has yet to find a way of dealing effectively with ethics. This is reflected in the ethical training of accountants which tends to follow a rules-based approach to instruction, thereby producing accountants who are often criticized for being rules-followers at a time when many are calling for a more principles-based approach. Within a qualitative framework, the study explored the difficulties trainee accountants confront in constructing a decision-making process whilst seeking to maintain the stance expected of them by, inter alia, professional codes. This is in contrast to mainstream, mainly positivist, research efforts which measure those factors influencing accountants? and accounting trainees? decision-making. Rule-following and deference to one?s profession is regarded as symptomatic of low-level ethical awareness and impedes ethical development (Harris and Brown 1990). The study will therefore be of interest to educators and the profession alike, both of whom seek to have graduates enter the profession with high-level ethical awareness. This study adopts a social constructivist and interpretive research approach informed by structuration theory and uses vignettes to explore accounting trainees? decision-making processes. Semi-structured interviews were held with 12 BA (Honours) Accounting students in their final year of study. Field notes and participant feedback augmented interview data. Thematic analysis, coding and categorization applied through template analysis was used to explore both students? decision-making inclinations and the structural elements reported as impacting on decisions at a particular point in time. A cross-case comparison showed that, contrary to much of the literature, students adopted a principles-based approach to decision-making. This finding, in itself, may have far-reaching implications for the way in which ethics is taught, whether by business schools or by in-house organizational programmes.


Linear regression is a widely used technique to fit linear models and finds widespread applications across different areas such as machine learning and statistics. In most real-world scenarios, however, linear regression problems are often ill-posed or the underlying model suffers from overfitting, leading to erroneous or trivial solutions. This is often dealt with by adding extra constraints, known as regularization. In this paper, we use the frameworks of block-encoding and quantum singular value transformation (QSVT) to design the first quantum algorithms for quantum least squares with general ℓ2-regularization. These include regularized versions of quantum ordinary least squares, quantum weighted least squares, and quantum generalized least squares. Our quantum algorithms substantially improve upon prior results on quantum ridge regression (polynomial improvement in the condition number and an exponential improvement in accuracy), which is a particular case of our result.To this end, we assume approximate block-encodings of the underlying matrices as input and use robust QSVT algorithms for various linear algebra operations. In particular, we develop a variable-time quantum algorithm for matrix inversion using QSVT, where we use quantum eigenvalue discrimination as a subroutine instead of gapped phase estimation. This ensures that substantially fewer ancilla qubits are required for this procedure than prior results. Owing to the generality of the block-encoding framework, our algorithms are applicable to a variety of input models and can also be seen as improved and generalized versions of prior results on standard (non-regularized) quantum least squares algorithms.


Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that has a global impact on the health and survival of millions of people and animals worldwide. The resistant oocyst stage of the organism's life cycle is excreted in the faeces of infected animals and humans and can contaminate sources of drinking water. Cryptosporidium currently represents the major public health concern of water utilities in developed nations as the oocysts produced by Cryptosporidium are extremely hardy, easily spread via water, resistant to chlorine and are difficult to inactivate or remove from water intended for consumption without the use of filtration.

Recent developments in the in vitro cultivation have revealed that C. parvum can complete its life cycle in media devoid of host cells, which highlights the paucity of knowledge about the developmental biology of this parasite. This finding supports other biological and phylogenetic analysis suggesting that Cryptosporidium has a closer affinity with gregarines than with the coccidia. This thesis investigates the growth and propagation of Cryptosporidium in cell free environments.

A current limitation of host cell-free cultivation is the difficulty involved in visualising the life-cycle stages as they are very small in size and morphologically difficult to identify and dispersed throughout the media. This is in contrast to conventional cell culture methods for Cryptosporidium, where it is possible to focus on the host cells and view the foci of infection on the host cells. Three specific and three non-specific techniques for visualising C. parvum life-cycle stages in cell-free culture were compared; antibody staining using anti-sporozoite and anti-oocyst wall antibodies (Sporo-Glo™ and Crypto Cel), fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) using a Cryptosporidium specific rRNA oligonucleotide probe and the non-specific dyes; texas red, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and 4,6' diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). Results revealed that a combination of Sporo-Glo™ and Crypto Cel staining resulted in easy and reliable identification of all life cycle stages.

This thesis reports for the first time the completion of the life cycle of C. hominis in cell-free culture and multiplication of the parasite via qPCR. Individual life cycle stages were characterised using Cryptosporidium-specific antibody staining (Sporo-GloTM) and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) staining on cultures inoculated with excysted oocysts and purified sporozoites. In both cultures, C. hominis successfully proliferated and completed its life cycle, however development in cultures inoculated with purified sporozoites lagged behind cultures inoculated with excysted oocysts. Some novel findings of the study include the visualisation of pairing and multiple associations between various developmental stages in a process similar to syzygy and the formation of Cryptosporidium stages (trophozoites and meronts) inside the oocysts without excystation. qPCR analysis revealed a 5-6-fold amplification of parasite DNA. Future studies are required to improve the amplification of the parasite.

Chapter 5 describes the complete development of all life cycle stages of Cryptosporidium parvum (cattle genotype) in water. This is the first report in which Cryptosporidium is shown to develop and complete its life cycle in water. Amplification of parasite numbers in water was quantified using oocyst counts and quantitative PCR (q-PCR). Daily monitoring by microscopy revealed that some oocysts, when placed in tap or rain water and incubated at 4, 15, 24 and 37°C, would excyst, releasing sporozoites resulting in continuation of the life cycle and production of new oocysts. Manual oocyst counts and qPCR analysis at days 0, 3, 6, 9 and12, when compared with the initial inoculum, showed a small but significant increase in oocyst numbers and oocyst equivalents, respectively.

A study was also conducted to determine if meront and merozoite life cycle stages derived from C. parvum oocysts incubated in rain water at 24°C were infective to neonatal ARC/Swiss mice. Each mouse was inoculated with approximately 25,000 meronts and merozoites, meronts were counted as '1' stage. An estimated 1.1 x106 oocysts were recovered from 6 mice, therefore on average of 183,333 oocysts per mouse was recovered. This represents a 7.3 fold increase from the number of stages, which were inoculated into the mice. This study provided some evidence that meront and merozoite life cycle stages are capable of causing infection in neonatal mice. This is the first report of life cycle stages of Cryptosporidium other than the oocyst causing infection, however further research is required to confirm this.

The finding of this thesis will greatly assist in our understanding of the developmental biology of Cryptosporidium, its position within the Apicomplexa and its relationship to gregarine protozoa.


De l'usage de l'autochtonie chez les Gabori, Roms de Transylvanie. "Dis moi d'ou tu viens, Je te dirai qui tu es" - The paper shows in which ways the Gabori, Rom of Transylvania, constitute the product and the producers of an autochthony they act in the everyday life, at the interior of the community as well as in their relation with the Others. The Gabor social organization, based on kinship relations, seems in fact to be inseparable from regional geography and history. These "traditional Gypsies" should be thus considered as "natives" even if "natives of a special kind".


The Nippers Harbour Ophiolite is a southwesterly extension of the lower Ordovician Betts Cove Ophiolite. Extensive sheeted dyke and gabbro members, as well as minor ultramafic components, characterize the Nippers Harbour Ophiolite. The ophiolite is unconformably overlain by the Silurian Cape St. John Group, which consists of subaerial conglomerates, cross-bedded sandstones, basic pyroclastics and andesitic to rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs. The ophiolite also is intruded by the Late Silurian to Early Devonian Cape Brule quartz-feldspar Porphyry. The mafic members of the Nippers Harbour Ophiolite show similarities to Betts Cove boninite-type lavas in that they contain unusually low TiO₂ and high SiO₂, MgO, Cr and Ni contents. -- Mineralization is located commonly in shear or fault zones in mafic ophiolitic rocks. The Hill showing has characteristics resembling those of massive sulphide stockwork zones, with pyrite-chalcopyrite-quartz-chlorite breccia and sheared rock, surrounded by fragments of hydrothermally altered quartz-chlorite-albite rock. Relatively unaltered diabase dykes intrude these assemblages. The altered rocks have been enriched in FeOt, Cu and Zn, and depleted in Na₂O, CaO, Sr and LREE. Mineralization is believed to have been formed by the mixing of upwelling, hot, Fe-, Cu-, Zn-enriched seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids with cold seawater at the diabase-pillow basalt interface. -- Anomalous gold contents have been documented at Burtons Pond, Gull Pond and Showing Number 2. The gold is spatially related to sulphides, mainly chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite, which have precipitated with quartz-calcite, quartz-albite and quartz in veins in altered host rocks. Three alteration assemblages are recognized: (1) quartz-chlorite+/-albite, (2) quartz-chlorite-sericite and (3) quartz-sericite-calcite. Only the Burtons Pond showing displays all three assemblages, whilst the others are associated with assemblage (2). The alteration is expressed chemically by the addition of FeOt, S, K₂O, CO₂, Au, Ag, As, Ba, Co, Cu, Se and Zn, and variable depletions of CaO, Sr and Na₂O. Fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope data (ranging from 4.5 to 6.7 per mil) suggest that the fluids were seawater-derived and had the following characteristics: temperature ~ 250°C, pH 5, total reduced sulphur < 10⁻³M, aO₂ < 10⁻⁴² and aS₂ < 10⁻¹³.⁵. Gold probably was carried predominantly as a thio-complex, but it also may have been a chloride- or thio-arsenide complex. Mineralization is believed to have formed by movement of seawater-derived fluids along shallow thrust planes, depositing sulphides and gold with associated chlorite and sericite, in splays. -- Other sulphide showings include Pb-Zn and Cu-bearing quartz veins at Welshs Bight and Rogues Harbour respectively. Field evidence and sulphur and lead isotope data (-0.4 to 2.9 per mil, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.659, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.464, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.562 respectively) suggest that these showings are related to the intrusion of the Cape Brule Porphyry.


This study investigated the effects on student scientific efficacy after participation in the Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope {GA VR1) project. In the GA VRT program,
students use computers to record extremely faint radio waves collected by the telescope and analyze real data. Scientific efficacy is a type of self-knowledge a person uses to determine his or her ability to understand and work within the scientific community. An attitudinal survey was administered to all students nationwide who participated in the GAVRT program during the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 school years and had 480 and 562 respondents respectively. The students completed a pre-survey prior to beginning the
GAVRT program and then completed a follow-up survey immediately after working on the Jupiter Quest program. Between the pre- and post-surveys, students received instruction in the GAVRT curriculum and participated in operation of the radio telescope. During the 2000-2001 school year, increases in students' scientific efficacy occurred in their feelings of efficacy associated with the value they placed on the work they produced in science. During the 2001-2002 school year, the following areas of efficacy increased: students' perceived abilities to use scientific equipment, students' feelings about how
other people valued their work, and students' abilities to think scientifically.


ONLINE MINIMAX OPTIMAL DENSITY ESTIMATION AND ANOMALY DETECTION IN NONSTATIONARY ENVIRONMENTS Kaan Gökcesu M.S. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Advisor: Süleyman Serdar Kozat July 2017 Online anomaly detection has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its applications in network monitoring, cybersecurity, surveillance and sensor failure. To this end, we introduce an algorithm that sequentially processes data to detect anomalies in time series. Our algorithm consists of two stages: density estimation and anomaly detection. First, we construct a probability density function to model the normal data. Then, we threshold the density of the newly observed data to detect anomalies. We approach this problem from an information theoretic perspective and, for the first time in the literature, propose minimax optimal schemes for both stages to create an optimal anomaly detection algorithm in a strong deterministic sense. For the first stage, we introduce an online density estimator that is minimax optimal for general nonstationary exponential-family of distributions without any assumptions on the observation sequence. Our algorithm does not require a priori knowledge of the time horizon, the drift of the underlying distribution or the time instances the parameters of the source changes. Our results are guaranteed to hold in an individual sequence manner. For the second stage, we propose an online threshold selection scheme that has logarithmic performance bounds against the best threshold chosen in hindsight. Our complete algorithm adaptively updates its parameters in a truly sequential manner to achieve log-linear regrets in both stages. Because of its universal prediction perspective on its density estimation, our anomaly detection algorithm can be used in unsupervised, semi-supervised and supervised manner. Through synthetic and real life experiments, we demonstrate substantial performance gains with respect to the state-of-the-art.


The timely delivery of addressed software issues (i.e., bug fixes, enhancements, and
new features) is what drives software development. Previous research has investigated
what impacts the time to triage and address (or fix) issues. Nevertheless, even though
an issue is addressed, i.e., a solution is coded and tested, such an issue may still suffer
delay before being delivered to end users. Such delays are frustrating, since end
users care most about when an addressed issue is available in the software system
(i.e, released). In this matter, there is a lack of empirical studies that investigate why
addressed issues take longer to be delivered compared to other issues. In this thesis,
we perform empirical studies to understand which factors are associated with the
delayed delivery of addressed issues. In our studies, we find that 34% to 98% of the
addressed issues of the ArgoUML, Eclipse and Firefox projects have their integration
delayed by at least one release. Our explanatory models achieve ROC areas above 0.74
when explaining delivery delay.We also find that the workload of integrators and the
moment at which an issue is addressed are the factors with the strongest association
with delivery delay.We also investigate the impact of rapid release cycles on the delivery
delay of addressed issues. Interestingly, we find that rapid release cycles of Firefox
are not related to faster delivery of addressed issues. Indeed, although rapid release
cycles address issues faster than traditional ones, such addressed issues take longer
to be delivered.Moreover, we find that rapid releases deliver addressed issues more
consistently than traditional ones. Finally, we survey 37 developers of the ArgoUML,
Eclipse, and Firefox projects to understand why delivery delays occur. We find that
the allure of delivering addressed issues more quickly to users is the most recurrent
motivator of switching to a rapid release cycle.Moreover, the possibility of improving
the flexibility and quality of addressed issues is another advantage that are perceived by
our participants. Additionally, the perceived reasons for the delivery delay of addressed
issues are related to decision making, team collaboration, and risk management activities.
Moreover, delivery delay likely leads to user/developer frustration according
to our participants. Our thesis is the first work to study such an important topic in
modern software development. Our studies highlight the complexity of delivering
issues in a timely fashion (for instance, simply switching to a rapid release cycle is not
a silver bullet that would guarantee the quicker delivery of addressed issues).


MUCH OF LONDON-BASED SCULPTOR Daniel Silver's work occupies an in-between state—between complete and incomplete, between handmade and mass-produced, between artistic object and castoff. For an exhibition at Ibid Projects in London this past winter, for example, Silver acquired several discarded marble copies of Roman and Greek statuary, recently carved in Carrara, Italy, that had been tossed aside by local artisans because the sculptures were cracked, chipped, or rendered crooked during their making. Whereas the Italian craftspeople had deemed the work too crummy to bother finishing, Silver took these fragments in idiosyncratic directions, pursuing the "failures" further, in fact, and often to antiquarian effect: A limb might be amputated under Silver's hands, or a semi-polished surface chipped and rendered rougher. In turn, the status of these rejected sculptures, presented by the artist in a gallery exhibition, demanded some reassessment. As Silver's title for the show, "Making Something Your Own," implies, these objects were no longer unfinished copies but rather works existing in an ambiguous, liminal zone between quarry reject, antique simulation, and Daniel Silver original.


The problem faced by traders in the market, in general, is the lack of capital, so they cannot increase their income. In addition to capital, product quality can cause a lack of customers to buy. Although the increasing fashion trend does not guarantee the public's interest in buying. Therefore, traders in the Market should need to increase capital and improve the quality of their production in order to increase income. One solution to increase the capital of traders in the Market, of course, there must be assistance from financial institutions. And, a good Islamic bank or cooperative financial institution is needed.


The Echo of Things is a compelling ethnographic study of what photography means to the people of Roviana Lagoon in the western Solomon Islands. Christopher Wright examines the contemporary uses of photography and expectations of the medium in Roviana, as well as people's reactions to photographs made by colonial powers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For Roviana people, photographs are unique objects; they are not reproducible, as they are in Euro-American understandings of the medium. Their status as singular objects contributes to their ability to channel ancestral power, and that ability is a key to understanding the links between photography, memory, and history in Roviana. Filled with the voices of Roviana people, The Echo of Things is both a nuanced study of the lives of photographs in a particular cultural setting and a provocative inquiry into our own understandings of photography.


Reactive astrogliosis has been implicated in the failure of axonal regeneration in adult mammalian Central Nervous System (CNS).
It is our hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines act upon astrocytes to alter
their biochemical and physical properties, which may in turn be responsible for
the failure of neuronal regeneration. We have therefore examined the effect
of tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on the ability of astrocytes to support the
survival of the cortical neurons and the growth of the neurites. Mouse astrocytes
and cortical neuronal cultures were prepared. It was observed that when neurons
were cultured in absence of astrocytes only a few of them grew and survived
only for 5-6 days. These neurons had small cell bodies and few, short
neurites. However, when the same numbers of neurons were cultured on the top of
astrocytes, more neurons grew and survived up to 16-18 days. They had
bigger cell bodies and many long branched neurites that formed anestamosing networks. The neurons then coalesced and the neurites formed thick bundles. When
the same numbers of neurons were grown on the top of astrocytes pre-treated
with TNF-α,
few neurons survived up to 13 days. The neurites of the survived neurons were
shorter than neurites of neurons grown on normal astrocytes and did not form
bundles. In addition, TNF-α stimulated the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by
astrocytes. These results support that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α modulates the gliosis and that the
astrocytic cell supports neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth.


When insider trading prohibitions limit the ability of insiders (or of a corporation itself) to use material non-public information to trade a particular firm's stock, there may be incentive to use the information to trade instead on the stock of that firm's rivals, suppliers, customers, or the manufacturers of complementary products. We refer to this form of trading as trading in stock substitutes. Stock substitute trading by a firm is legal. In many circumstance, substitute trading by employees is also legal. Trading in stock substitutes may be quite profitable, and there is anecdotal evidence that employees often engage in such trading. Our analysis suggests that substitute trading is less socially desirable than traditional insider trading. We recommend a set of disclosure rules designed to clarify existing law and provide information on the extent of stock substitute trading. We also discuss possible changes in the law that might limit inefficient trading in stock substitutes.


Problem Statement: A literature analysis revealed that contact disturbances, self-esteem and life satisfaction have been examined in different studies separately. In particular, the researchers observed that the studies conducted on Gestalt contact disturbances are limited in number. In this study, the variables of contact disturbances, self-esteem and life satisfaction have been examined all together, and their correlations with one another will be examined though path analysis in the structural equality model. Purpose of Study: The aim of the study is to test the model developed in order to determine whether there is a causal relationship among contact disturbances, self-esteem and life satisfaction of university students. Method: This study utilised a qualitative and relational model to examine the correlations among variables. Data for the study was collected through the Gestalt Contact Disturbances Scale, the Short Form of Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory and the Life Satisfaction Scale. The data were analysed using SPSS and LISREL programs. Students in the research group were composed of a total of 414 students (290 females and 124 males) studying in various departments of the faculty of education of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. Findings: The standardised path values were found to be 0.18 and 0.75 between the contact disturbances potential variables and self-esteem, and 0.61 between the self-esteem potential variable and the life satisfaction potential variable. When the model was tested it was observed that statistically significant correlations were present between contact level and self-esteem (t = -3.42, p<.05), full contact level and self-esteem (t = -8.96, p<.05), dependent contact level and self-esteem (t = 3.14, p<.05), post-  contact level and self-esteem (t = 2.35, p<.05), and self-esteem and life satisfaction (t = 8.81, p<.05). Conclusion and Suggestions: The structural model developed based on the causal correlations between contact disturbances, self-esteem and life satisfaction was verified. The researcher also observed that the fit indices of the structural model developed generally met the acceptance value conditions; t values of correlations among all values were significant. Researchers can develop models by using Gestalt contact disturbances and different concepts and can carry out comparative studies by examining Gestalt contact disturbances of different ages and professional groups. Furthermore, psychological counsellors who apply Gestalt therapy can use the Gestalt contact disturbances scale in their studies. Key Words: Gestalt, contact disturbances, self-esteem, life satisfaction.


Since January 1st the European Union has launched an EU-internal emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) for emission-intensive installations as the central pillar to comply with the Kyoto Protocol. The EU ETS may be linked at some time to a Kyoto emissions market where greenhouse gas emission allowances of signatory Kyoto countries can be traded. In this paper we investigate the implications of Russian market power for environmental effectiveness and regional compliance costs to the Kyoto Protocol taking into account potential linkages between the Kyoto emissions market and the EU ETS. We find that Russia may have incentives to join the EU ETS as long as the latter remains separated from the Kyoto international emissions market. In this case, Russia can exert monopolistic price discrimination between two separated markets thereby maximizing revenues from hot air sales. The EU will be able to substantially reduce compliance costs when it does not restrain itself to EU-internal emission regulation schemes. However, part of the gains from extra-EU emissions trading will come at the expense of environmental effectiveness as (more) hot air will be drawn in.


This paper focuses on the stereotypical elements in the 'canonic five' Greek novels to argue how individual writers achieve their individuality. It examines such elements as crowd scenes, storms, pirates and similar standard features, noting how they are varied in order to avoid a sense of predictability. Xenophon of Ephesus offers a series of banal situations which more sophisticated novelists manage to avoid, but otherwise it is difficult to rank examples in terms of their artistry. Graham Anderson is Emeritus Professor of Classics in the University of Kent. He has written a number of treatments of fiction in Antiquity, including  Eros Sophistes  (1982),  Fairytale in the Ancient  World  (2000), and  King Arthur in Antiquity  (2004).