The unstart phenomena in a model scramjet with a free stream Mach number of 4.5 were investigated at an arc-heated hypersonic wind tunnel. High-speed schlieren imaging and high resonance frequency pressure measurements were used to capture the flow features during the unstart process. Three unstart conditions were tested: (i) a low-enthalpy free stream with mass loading, (ii) a high-enthalpy free stream with mass loading and (iii) a high-enthalpy free stream with mass loading and heat release. It was revealed that the unstart threshold and the time from the onset to the completion of unstart depended strongly on the mass loading rate and the heat exchange. The negative heat addition (cooling) significantly increased the threshold of mass flow rate triggering unstart. The decrement of the mass flow rate threshold for unstart was observed in the presence of heat release by combustion. The observed transient and quasi-steady behaviours of the unstart shockwave system and the jet motion were similar in all of the test conditions. On the other hand, at the lip of inlet model, the unstart shockwave under the cold free stream condition exhibited a relatively steady behaviour while severe oscillatory flow motions of the jet and the unstart shockwave were observed in the combustion-driven unstart process. The different unstarted flow behaviours between the three flow conditions were explained using a simplified one-dimensional flow choking analysis and use of the Korkegi criterion.


Within the large and comprehensive group of oxide minerals (class 4 in the Strunz classification; Strunz and Nickel 2001), the most relevant subgroup in the frame of microporous materials is that of the so-called "tunnel oxides." This rather generic term historically refers to a number of minerals which, from a chemical point of view, are (mainly) manganese oxides. In nature manganese occurs in three different oxidation states—Mn2+, Mn3+ and Mn4+—with the latter being the dominant form in tunnel oxides. Tetravalent manganese typically has octahedral coordination, and using only [Mn4+O6] building modules linked together via corner- and edge-sharing it is feasible to construct many framework structures. Besides, a set of titanate minerals display the same feature, as might be expected due to the similar crystal-chemical behaviour of Mn4+ and Ti4+ cations. Therefore, this note is devoted to describing the structural principles and arrangements of minerals—and a number of synthetic compounds as well—in which the dominant cations are Mn4+ and Ti4+.

Starting from the basic formula of manganese dioxide, Mn4+O2, incorporation of mono- and divalent cations (primarily alkali and alkali earths) within the tunnels of the structures, can be accommodated by partial reduction of manganese. Until recently, there was a considerable uncertainty and lively debate (e.g., Burns et al. 1983; Burns et al. 1985; Giovanoli 1985) concerning the valence of the reduced species and whether Mn2+ or Mn3+ was present. It is now commonly accepted on the basis of several high-quality structural studies that Mn3+ replaces Mn4+. In titaniferous phases, charge balance accompanying the inclusion of tunnel cations is not adjusted by reduction to Ti3+, but through incorporation of Fe3+, V3+ or …


Environmental conditions in form of light intensity, phosphorus and nitrogen
limitation were used to manipulate the biochemical composition of continuous cultures of
Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros muelleri, Rhinomonas reticulata and Pavlova
lutheri. Crude protein, carbohydrate and chlorophyll content as well as the fatty acid
profile was determined in the combinations of two light intensities (high and low light,
HL and LL) and three nutrient conditions (no nutrient limitation, f/2, phosphorus
limitation, P, and nitrogen limitation, N). They were fed to Mytilus edulis larvae over a
two week period and the larval size and mortality were assessed; the larval fatty acid
profile of various batches of eggs as well as after the end of the feeding trial was also
determined. A novel computer aided image analysis technique was used for measuring
the length ofthe larvae. All monospecific diets supported good growth, sometimes equal
or better to a control diet which was a mixture of species (R. reticulata and P. lutheri). In
general survival was not affected by the diets and was found to be related more with the
specific batch of larvae used. On the contrary growth was correlated with the diet.
Ranking of the S. costatum diets was: LL N =LL f/2 =LL P =HL N >Control >HL f/2
=HL P. The C. muelleri diets were ranked as: LL N =LL f/2 >Control >HL f/2 =HL P
=HL N >LL P. The R. reticulata diets are ranked, again in decreasing quality order as:
HL N =LL f/2 =Control >LL N >HL f/2 =HL P =LL P. The P. lutheri ranking order
was: HL N =HL f/2 =HL P =LL P >LL N =LL f/2 >Control. The larvae were
analyzed for their fatty acid profile and relative content and some fatty acids were
significantly correlated with growth thus enabling the usage of certain fatty acids as an
index of growth for M. edulis larvae. Larval 20:5(0:3 and Polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) were a positive index of growth while 15:0 and Saturated Fatty acids (SaFA)
were a negative index. A multidimensional model was used in an effort to correlate algal
biochemical components with larval growth. Some fatty acids were found to be the main
factors in determining the algal biochemical composition with protein and carbohydrate
playing a secondary "modifying" role. In the case of P. lutheri the 16:0 and SaFA were
positively correlated with larval growth in an almost linear fashion while omega: 3 fatty
acids were negatively correlated with larval growth. A positive correlation concerning the
16:0 and a negative one for the PUFA was also established in S. costatum and R.
rcticulata .


Type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension are coronary risk factors that are becoming increasingly prevalent among urban black South African communities. To determine whether both disorders generate equivalent dyslipidaemia, we evaluated the serum lipoprotein profile of 50 black obese patients with long-standing hypertension who were receiving low-dose thiazide diuretics and a similar number of black obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Compared to subjects with diabetes, hypertensive patients on diuretics showed significantly higher mean total (5.40 i?½ 1.19 v. 4.93 i?½ 1.08 mmol/l; P < 0.05) and low-density-lipoprotein (3.43 i?½ 1.06 v. 2.90 i?½ 0,79 mmol/l; P < 0.01) cholesterol, although their triglyceride levels were lower (1.23 i?½ 0.55 v. 1.76 i?½ 1.07 mmol/l; P < 0.01). These cholesterol profiles were generally the reverse of trends found in white patients with the same two clinical conditions. Our findings have potential therapeutic implications and suggest that the so-called 'metabolic syndrome' requires different interpretation in an African context.


Several studies have documented benefits of prefabrication system (prefab) compared to the traditional building system (TBS). However, the documented benefits have been anecdotal or fragmented with reports of isolated case study projects. Few studies have looked at the objectively quantified benefits from statistical significance point of view and across building types in New Zealand. This study contributes to filling this knowledge gap by analyzing cost and time-savings, and productivity improvement achievable by the use of prefab in place of the TBS. Records of completion times and final contract values of 66 building projects implemented using prefab in Auckland were collected. The building types included commercial, houses, apartments, educational, and community buildings. The project details included final contract sums, completion dates, gross floor areas, and number of floors. Based on these details, the equivalent completion times and the final cost estimates for similar buildings implemented using the TBS were obtained from the Rawlinsons construction data handbook and feedback from some designers and contractors. Marginal productivity outcome for each building project was computed as the product of the cost and time-savings achieved using the prefab. Results showed that the use of prefab in place of TBS resulted in 34% and 19% average reductions in the completion times and costs, respectively. This also translated to overall 7% average improvement in the productivity outcomes in the building projects. Univariate ANOVA-based hypothesis test results showed that 'building type' had no significant effects on the cost and productivity improvement outcomes, but had significant effect on the time savings analyzed in the case study projects. The greatest productivity gain of 11% was achieved in house projects. These evidence-based results could guide optimized use of prefab for specific building application. The hypothesis-testing outcome provides insights on one of several potential influences on prefab improvements, which will be analyzed in subsequent research.


Introduction The bosom of America is open to receive not only the opulent and respectable stranger, but the oppressed and persecuted of all Nations and Religions; whom we shall welcome to a participation of all our rights and privileges. George Washington (1) Some uniculturalists worry about the current wave of immigration, thinking that today's immigrants are too different from Americans. Uniculturalists fear that the immigrants will not adapt to American customs; as a consequence, the character of American society will be transformed in ways that are unfamiliar and incompatible to today's residents. John Isbister (2) The discourse over the U.S. immigration policy in recent times like other "wedge" issues such as unemployment, racism, and crime, evokes cultural, racial and socio-economic disquietudes. The immigration issue at the end of the twentieth century has gained a centripetal position in policy debates because the number of foreign-born, non-European persons has reached the highest apogee in the United States' history. Nonetheless the characterization of black and brown people from Latin America, Africa and Asia as depriving United States citizens of jobs, and tainting the American national ethos, culture, and norms is at best unfounded and at worst uniculturalists agenda against new sojourners and multiculturalists. It is indubitable that newer immigrants are coming" to America in numbers which are rivaled only by that of the beginning of the century. It is also a truism that the immigrants that arrived in this country at the beginning of the century were white Europeans and now the majority of immigrants are non-white, black and brown persons from mostly Third World countries. The new immigration wave is generating a backlash of antagonism for reasons that are racial, ethnic, cultural, political and partially economic. For all these reasons, indeed, there is an eminent need to reexamine the United States' immigration and naturalization policy. Nevertheless, the urgency to reevaluate this policy is submerged in an unclear debate between advocates of laissez entre (free entry) and those who support strict scrutiny in immigration policy. In the balance of this paper, we will argue that the immigration problem has not reached epidemic proportions yet, and the economic deprivation thesis is a facade developed by uniculturalists to reinvent the failed and unworkable "melting pot" idea in order to derail the efforts of multiculturalists in giving value, meaning and respect to American diversity. Also, we will present the argument that even though most of the recent immigrants possess low skills and are far less educated than native-born Americans, neo-sojourners are assets to the underground economy and continue to take jobs in areas that native- born refuse to accept. Neo-sojourners, for the purpose of this chapter, are immigrants who arrived in the United States from 1990 onward. This part of the immigration argument is even more confusing because it transcends the limit of the liberal/conservative debate, where liberals are pro-multicultural and open door policy advocates, and conservatives, uniculturalists who want severe restriction on immigration. In this aspect, there are liberal trade unionists who believe that immigrants are used as instruments for lowering wage levels. Interestingly, conservative free-marketers and corporatists remain some of the strongest supporters of increased immigration because they benefit from cheap labor the most. The immigration issue therefore is a mixed bag of labor economics, racism, ethnicity, nationality, multiculturalism, uniculturalism, facts/policy dichotomy, and the future of America's national ethos. One cannot limit it to economic questions alone. All the other variables must be examined in order to fully comprehend the United States' immigration policy and why some analysts claim it is a failed policy. …


OBJECTIVE
To study the impact on measles case incidence of a nationwide measles immunization campaign in Viet Nam, while considering differences in disease surveillance before and after the campaign.

METHODS
A nationwide mass immunization campaign was conducted in the north and south of Viet Nam in 2002 and 2003, respectively. During the campaign, a second vaccination dose was given to children aged 9 months to 9 years, and the reported coverage reached 99% in both zones. National measles case-based surveillance data collected during 2001-2006 were reviewed and analysed. Surveillance performance was assessed in terms of case investigation and specimen collection rates and reporting sensitivity for febrile rash cases. Fisher's exact test was used to test for differences in indicator values before and after the campaign at the national and regional levels; the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used at the provincial level.

FINDINGS
Despite significant improvements in disease surveillance, a dramatic reduction in observed measles incidence was noted nationwide after the immunization campaign, with a drop in the national incidence of confirmed measles cases per 100 000 population from 5.44 in 2001 to 0.14 after the campaign (i.e. 2003 in the north and 2004 in the south; P < 0.001). Rapid measles resurgence was observed in 2005 and 2006 only in the north-western mountainous region of the country. The north did not show a statistically significant age shift for new cases (median age: 9 years in 2001 versus 8 years in 2003; P = 0.113), whereas the south did (median age: 7 years versus 12 years; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
A campaign approach for controlling measles in developing parts of Asia can prove effective. The swift re-emergence of disease in the north-western region was probably due to suboptimal coverage by the campaign and by the subsequent routine expanded programme on immunization in the north-western mountainous region.


OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting exposure to rat and mouse urinary allergens.

METHODS
Ambient and personal air sampling was performed on a large scale in 7 laboratory animal facilities.

RESULTS
Allergens were mainly present as large particles (>5.8 microm). The higher the number of animals in a room, the higher the allergen concentrations. Allergen levels were twice as high on Mondays as on other days due to the tasks performed on Mondays. Filter tops on animal cages were associated with 6-17 times lower ambient allergen levels. An inverse day-night rhythm for rats produced > or = 10 times higher rat urinary allergen levels. Personal exposure to rat and mouse urinary allergens differed between job titles but especially between facilities, probably because of differences in task performance and technology. Task-specific sampling revealed that the highest personal exposure levels occurred when contaminated bedding and high numbers of conscious animals were handled. The proportion of time spent on these tasks determined the degree of allergen exposure to a large extent.

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that the number of animals present in the room, use of filter top cages, and an inverse day-night rhythm were important determinants of rat and mouse urinary allergens in ambient air. Personal exposure to rat and mouse urinary allergens was predominantly determined by the task and site and, to a limited extent, by ambient exposure levels. The presented determinants can be used to develop exposure reduction strategies and also to aid epidemiologic studies of laboratory animal allergy.


With the turning globalization to become a "spirit of the age" with its free trade and the movement of capital and investments, the trend has been to the marginalization of certain economic and social rights for the benefit of other rights, especially that some consider that the civil and political rights of the individual Chariat state intervention in the face of mean understanding inversely to the economic and social rights, which means that State intervention, and community rights is the first of basic human rights, and that he could not work the other rights only to those rights, although that practice indicate that violations of human rights "fundamental" - in relation to economic and socio-due to government policies certain economic and social or failure in providing support for those affected. In spite of the serious and persistent attempts to strengthen and protect human rights and establish their values and disseminating awareness and ensure the practice, but the Arab society and suffer significantly from the weak state of human rights, particularly economic sanctions, notes the growing rates of unemployment and poverty in the Arab States, and accumulate their negative impact on the community of the proliferation of crimes social, and the high dependency ratio and a late age of marriage, as well as the security and psychological. . Which proves that the Arab society still has many of the major challenges that must be addressed quickly in the area of economic rights of citizens. The research aims to shed light on the situation of economic Fialdol Arab view to recommending the most important policies that will help to further the enjoyment of economic rights of Arab citizens.


BACKGROUND
Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare but severe form of the adult onset disorder. While structural brain imaging studies show robust, widespread, and progressive gray matter loss in COS during adolescence, there have been no longitudinal studies of sufficient duration to examine comparability with the more common adult onset illness.

METHODS
Neuro-anatomic magnetic resonance scans were obtained prospectively from ages 7 through 26 in 70 children diagnosed with COS and age and sex matched healthy controls. Cortical thickness was measured at 40,962 points across the cerebral hemispheres using a novel, fully automated, validated method. Patterns of patient-control differences in cortical development were compared over a 19-year period.

RESULTS
Throughout the age range, the COS group had significantly smaller mean cortical thickness compared to controls. However, the COS brain developmental trajectory appeared to normalize in posterior (parietal) regions, and remained divergent in the anterior regions (frontal and temporal) regions, and the pattern of loss became more like that seen in adults.

CONCLUSIONS
Cortical thickness loss in COS appears to localize with age to prefrontal and temporal regions that are seen for both medication naïve and medicated adult onset patients.


The study aimed the development and assessment of features of corrective action of a medical complex on a lipid imbalance at patients with obesity. Material and methods. For an assessment of features of corrective action of a medical complex on a lipid imbalance at patients with obesity in research I was 50 male patients with obesity and frustration of the reproductive sphere aged from 24 to 68 years were included, middle age was 38,5±6,1 years and 7 healthy persons, men of comparable age without any pathological states, results of which all researches were accepted to values of norm. To all patients included in research, except all-clinical inspection calculation of an index of body weight and the relation of a circle of a waist to a circle of hips, measurement of arterial pressure were applied questioning concerning food and food behavior, anthropometry (growth the body weight, a circle of a waist and hips). Besides all patients conducted laboratory methods the researches including definition of atherogenic fractions of lipids (the general cholesterol, triglycerides, LPNPand LPVP). Researches were conducted before treatment and after a course of treatment. Results. The effective complex program for restoration of reproductive function at patients with obesity is developed. Conclusion. Application of the developed comprehensive program more than its separate components caused the expressed reduction of body weight, mainly due to reduction of fatty tissue and manifestations of visceral obesity in patients with obesity and violation of reproductive function, including due to elimination of metabolic imbalance.


In this paper we model absolute price changes of an option on the XETRA DAX index based on quote-by-quote data from the EUREX exchange. In contrast to other authors, we focus on a parameter-driven model for this purpose and use a Poisson Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with a latent AR(1) process in the mean, which accounts for autocorrelation and overdispersion in the data. Parameter estimation is carried out by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods using the WinBUGS software. In a Bayesian context, we prove the superiority of this modelling approach compared to an ordinary Poisson-GLM and to a complex Poisson-GLM with heterogeneous variance structure (but without taking into account any autocorrelations) by using the deviance information criterion (DIC) as proposed by Spiegelhalter et al. (2002). We include a broad range of explanatory variables into our regression modelling for which we also consider interaction effects: While, according to our modelling results, the price development of the underlying, the intrinsic value of the option at the time of the trade, the number of new quotations between two price changes, the time between two price changes and the BidAsk spread have significant effects on the size of the price changes, this is not the case for the remaining time to maturity of the option. By giving possible interpretations of our modelling results we also provide an empirical contribution to the understanding of the microstructure of option markets.


Economic interest in innovation policy largely arises from the fundamental importance of innovation to social welfare and from inefficiencies in innovation in a competitive market environment. As a result, a wide variety of public innovation policies are used in practice. This study reviews the economic justifications for public innovation policies and compares the existing policy tools, paying particular attention to the Finnish innovation policy environment.


We investigate the performance of hydrogenated indium oxide as a transparent front electrode for micromorph thin-film silicon solar cells on glass. Light trapping is achieved by replicating the morphology of state-of-the-art zinc oxide electrodes, known for their outstanding light trapping properties, via ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography. As a result of the high electron mobility and excellent near-infrared transparency of hydrogenated indium oxide, the short-circuit current density of the cells is improved with respect to indium tin oxide and zinc oxide electrodes. We assess the potential for further current gains by identifying remaining sources of parasitic absorption and evaluate the light trapping capacity of each electrode. We further present a method, based on nonabsorbing insulating silicon nitride electrodes, allowing one to directly relate the optical reflectance to the external quantum efficiency. Our method provides a useful experimental tool to evaluate the light trapping potential of novel photonic nanostructures by a simple optical reflectance measurement, avoiding complications with electrical cell performance.


This paper is based on relatively newer approach for query optimization in object databases, which uses query decomposition and cached query results to improve execution a query. Issues that are focused here is fast retrieval and high reuse of cached queries, Decompose Query into Sub query, Decomposition of complex queries into smaller for fast retrieval of result. Here we try to address another open area of query caching like handling wider queries. By using some parts of cached results helpful for answering other queries (wider Queries) and combining many cached queries while producing the result. Multiple experiments were performed to prove the productivity of this newer way of optimizing a query. The limitation of this technique is that it's useful especially in scenarios where data manipulation rate is very low as compared to data retrieval rate. Keywords— Query Caching, Query Decomposition, Query Optimization, Stack Based Approach (SBA), Stack-Based Query Language (SBQL), Object Databases, Query Performance, Query Evaluation.


The cost of deriving actionable knowledge from large datasets has been decreasing thanks to a convergence of positive factors: low cost data generation, inexpensively scalable storage and processing infrastructure (cloud), software frameworks and tools for massively distributed data processing, and parallelisable data analytics algorithms. One observation that is often overlooked, however, is that each of these elements is not immutable, rather they all evolve over time. This suggests that the value of such derivative knowledge may decay over time, unless it is preserved by reacting to those changes. Our broad research goal is to develop models, methods, and tools for selectively reacting to changes by balancing costs and benefits, i.e. through complete or partial re-computation of some of the underlying processes. In this paper we present an initial model for reasoning about change and re-computations, and show how analysis of detailed provenance of derived knowledge informs re-computation decisions. We illustrate the main ideas through a real-world case study in genomics, namely on the interpretation of human variants in support of genetic diagnosis.


The present paper presents the supply and demand trends of rice, wheat, total cereals, pulses, edible oil/oilseeds and sugar/sugarcane. It provides the demand and supply projections for food items during 2011, 2021 and 2026. These projections have been based on change in productivity levels, changes in price, growth of population and income growth. A comparison with projections provided by other scholars has also been made in the paper. Subsequently, the future supply-demand gap has been discussed in the light of policy requirements. It is concluded that an increase in total demand is mainly due to growth in population and per capita income. A diversification in consumption basket significantly away from cereals has been observed. On the supply side, production is constrained by low yield growths. This is more specific in context of total cereals and sugarcane. While in the short and medium term, there might be surplus of cereals in the country, these prospects are likely to diminish in the years to come. This situation is even more alarming for edible oil, sugarcane and pulses. To meet the future food requirements, the country shall have to either increase agricultural production, or depend on imports. In this light, the paper suggests that the policy focus needs to be laid, towards productivity enhancement in agriculture, through public investment in irrigation, development of roads, research and extension.


Urban drainage networks contain a large number of structures; the most common of which is a manhole. Previous studies investigating solute transport through manholes identified a threshold level of surcharge at which the hydraulic conditions in the manholes sharply altered. At high levels of surcharge, a dead zone formed above the main jet, potentially retaining solute for later discharge. This phenomenon could have significant impacts on the results obtained from 1D urban drainage network models which only consider pure advection. Previous research (including other CFD based studies) concentrated on steady flow conditions through these structures which are not thought to be representative of the dynamic flow conditions experienced in practice.

During large storm events, the capacity of combined sewer networks may be exceeded. This leads to the discharge of untreated sewage to receiving watercourses. Discharges such as these are governed by legislation and, therefore, an understanding of pollutant transfer through urban drainage networks is required.

Using existing laboratory and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) data, this study produced a primary and secondary validated methodology for meshing and modelling manholes using CFD. This was then extended to free-surface multiphase modelling allowing for more realistic unsteady conditions to be considered. This included an in-depth comparison of suitable turbulence models and solute-modelling options.
It was found that, whilst it was possible to model multiphase free-surface flow within such a structure, it was unnecessarily computationally expensive as temporal changes in the flow field are rapid when compared with a practical time-step for use with 1D models.

The validated modelling methodology was then used to recreate the original study that identified the hydraulic threshold. This included a selection of manholes with a range of inlet to manhole diameter ratios. However, this was extended further to include manholes with a ratio less than five (commonly found in UK sewer systems). It was shown that the hydraulic threshold broke down below this limit, removing the need for this to be modelled in 1D systems.


In light of ongoing attempts to dismantle affirmative action programs nationwide, the results of recent research into designing a model journalism program for minority students could prove to be both enlightening and helpful. The panel of experts who designed the model strongly favored components that foster integration and growth for all students, and were least supportive of set-asides and minority-only programming. Even so, as the data show, few of the experts were comfortable with eliminating minority-only programming. The experts gave their strongest approval to those elements and activities that: * help to create a less hostile university climate and promote a multicultural environment * better integrate minority students into university life * increase involvement of minority and white faculty with minority students inside and outside of the classroom * concentrate on practical experience for all students on campus media, while improving the climate and content of those media * facilitate the financial and personal participation of professional media. Perhaps as important, the panelists agreed that: * minority-only components should not be emphasized because they tend to segregate students * racial/ethnic criteria for participation in special activities should be eliminated * there can be negative results for minority students from minority-only programming. As a result, the finished model fails to show strong support for set-asides except in the critical area of financial support. Background In 1965, when Watts erupted in rioting, the Los Angeles Times briefly "promoted" a classified ad messenger to reporter because there wasn't a single black journalist in the newsroom (Letofsky, 1990). In 1968, when a murder suspect escaped into Mexico, a Los Angeles Times switchboard operator translated a telephone conversation with Mexican police because there were no bilingual journalists (Rawitch, 1985).(1) These were not isolated instances. In that same year (1968), the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission) castigated the American news media for their contributions to the violence in Newark, NJ and Detroit, noting that "the media report and write from a standpoint of a white man's world" (p. 366). Among the conclusions in the Commission's chapter on the media: "The journalistic profession has been shockingly backward in seeking out, hiring, training, and promoting Negroes" (p. 384). A decade after the Kerner report, in 1978, the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) announced a goal: By the year 2000, the employment of minorities in newsrooms should "be equivalent to the percentage of minority persons within the national population"--at that time, about 17 percent. What ASNE called for--and described as fair and attainable--was a 13 percent increase over 22 years (ASNE, 1984). That goal remains remote. While minority employment on daily newspapers has increased 6.9 percent, from 4 percent in 1978 to 10.9 percent in 1994 (Jennings, 1995; Garneau, 1990; Rosenfeld, 1988), minorities now constitute approximately 25 percent of the U.S. population. In addition, 45.8 percent of the 1,492 daily newspapers have no minorities in their newsrooms (Jennings, 1995). Data from broadcast journalism and public relations reflect similar findings. The media look to find minority staff members among journalism school graduates, but the picture in journalism education is not encouraging. An annual survey, taken primarily to count the number and distribution of all journalism students, shows that minorities represented 22 percent of the total number of journalism majors reported in 1993 (15,415 minority undergraduates in a total enrollment of 71,250), at the 241 programs that responded with racial/ethnic data. Of those, 13.5 percent were African American, 5.5 percent Hispanic-American, 2. …


This book explores the hopeful possibility that emerging geographies of postsecularity are able to contribute significantly to the understanding of how common life may be shared, and how caring for the common goods of social justice, well-being, equality, solidarity and respect for difference may be imagined and practiced. Drawing on recent geographic theory to recalibrate ideas of the postsecular public sphere, the authors develop the case for postsecularity as a condition of being that is characterised by practices of receptive generosity, rapprochement between religious and secular ethics, and a hopeful re-enchantment and re-shaping of desire towards common life. The authors highlight the contested formation of ethical subjectivity under neoliberalism and the emergence of postsecularity within this process as an ethically-attuned politics which changes relations between religion and secularity and animates novel, hopeful imaginations, subjectivities, and praxes as alternatives to neoliberal norms. The spaces and subjectivities of emergent postsecularity are examined through a series of innovative case studies, including food banks, drug and alcohol treatment, refugee humanitarian activism in Calais, homeless participatory art projects, community responses to the Christchurch earthquakes in New Zealand, amongst others. The book also traces the global conditions for postsecularity beyond the Western and predominantly Christian-secular nexus of engagement.


AIM: Plant communities typically exhibit lagged responses to climate change due to poorly understood effects of colonization and local extinction. Here, we quantify rates of change in mean cold tolerances, and contributions of colonization and local extinction to those rates, recorded in plant macrofossil assemblages from North American hot deserts over the last 30,000 years. LOCATION: Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. TIME PERIOD: 30–0 thousand years before present (kybp). MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: Vascular plants. METHODS: Colonization and local extinction dates for 269 plant species were approximated from macrofossils in 15 packrat (Neotoma) midden series. Cold tolerances estimated from contemporary climate were used to quantify assemblage‐mean cold tolerances through time. Rates of colonization and local extinction, and their effects on rates of change in assemblage‐mean cold tolerances, were estimated for 30–20 kybp (Late Pleistocene, no directional warming), 20–10 kybp (deglaciation, rapid warming) and 10–0 kybp (Holocene, no directional warming). RESULTS: Rates of change in all metrics were negligible during the Late Pleistocene. Rates of change in assemblage‐mean cold tolerances (mean 1.0°C × 10⁻⁴/yr) lagged behind warming during deglaciation, and continued at similar rates (1.2°C × 10⁻⁴/yr) throughout the Holocene. Colonization and local extinction contributed equally to delayed responses to warming, but their dynamics differed through time: Colonization by warm‐adapted species predominated during deglaciation, while the most heat‐adapted species exhibited long delays in colonization. Only the most cold‐adapted species went locally extinct during deglaciation, followed by slow repayment of the extinction debt of cool‐adapted species during the Holocene. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Responses to rapid warming can persist for millennia, even after cessation of warming. Consistent patterns from different midden series across the region support a metacommunity model in which dispersal interacts with environmental filters and buffers against local extinction to drive community–climate disequilibrium during and after periods of warming.


Ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide are physiological measures of breathing efficiency, and are known to be affected by the intensity and mode of exercise. We examined the effect of level running (gradient 0%) and muscle-damaging downhill running (−12%), matched for oxygen uptake, on the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen () and carbon dioxide (). Nine men (27 ± 9 years, 179 ± 7 cm, 75 ± 12 kg, : 52.0 ± 7.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed two 40-min running bouts (5 × 8-min with 2-min inter-bout rest), one level and one downhill. Running intensity was matched at 60% of maximal metabolic equivalent. Maximal isometric force of m.quadriceps femoris was measured before and after the running bouts. Data was analyzed with 2-way ANOVA or paired samples t-tests. Running speed (downhill: 13.5 ± 3.2, level: 9.6 ± 2.2 km·h−1) and isometric force deficits (downhill: 17.2 ± 7.6%, level: 2.0 ± 6.9%) were higher for downhill running. Running bouts for level and downhill gradients had , heart rates and respiratory exchange ratio values that were not different indicating matched intensity and metabolic demands. During downhill running, the , (downhill: 29.7 ± 3.3, level: 27.2 ± 1.6) and (downhill: 33.3 ± 2.7, level: 30.4 ± 1.9) were 7.1% and 8.3% higher (p < 0.05) than level running. In conclusion, breathing efficiency appears lower during downhill running (i.e., muscle-damaging exercise) compared to level running at a similar moderate intensity.


A HISTORICAL EVALUATION OF THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DEATH OF THE APOSTLES AS MARTYRS FOR THEIR FAITH Sean Joslin McDowell, Ph.D. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2014 Chair: Dr. James Parker III A commonly used argument for the reliability of the first witnesses to the resurrection is that the apostles willingly died as martyrs for their faith. It is often claimed that all the apostles, except John, faced martyrdom. And yet until now, there has been no thorough scholarly evaluation of this claim. This dissertation demonstrates that (1) all the apostles were willing to die for their faith, and (2) a number of them actually did experience martyrdom. Their willingness to face persecution and martyrdom indicates more than any other conceivable course their sincere conviction that, after rising from the dead, Jesus indeed appeared to them. This dissertation takes a historical approach, which involves studying various sources that include the New Testament, the Apostolic Fathers, secular writers, and pseudepigraphical texts, such as the Acts of the Apostles, and Gnostic sources. The evidence for each apostle is examined with a scale that ranges from not possibly true (certainly not historical) to the highest possible probability (nearly historically certain). There are a few key steps to be established in this research. First, Christianity was a resurrection movement since its inception. The belief of the apostles was rooted in their conviction that Jesus rose from the dead. Second, the apostles were the closest followers of Jesus during his life and then were eyewitnesses of the resurrection. Paul and James are included along with the Twelve. Third, Christians really suffered and died for their faith beginning at the end of the first century. These three points provide the context and likelihood the apostles were martyred for proclaiming the name of Jesus. Fourth, the evidence for each apostle is examined and compared with a historical grid. Fifth, objections are considered and rebutted. While there is considerable evidence for the martyrdoms of apostles such as Peter, Paul and James the son of Zebedee, much less evidence exists for many of the others, such as Matthias and James the son of Alphaeus. Still, it is clear the apostles were all willing to die for reporting what they believed to be true and that many in fact did.


Obese hypertensive patients with cardiovascular risk factor clustering and increased risk for atherosclerotic disease have increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels, including oleic acid (OA), and a more active renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation participate in the development of atherosclerotic plaque. OA and angiotensin (Ang) II induce synergistic mitogenic responses in VSMCs through sequential signaling pathways dependent on the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), oxidants (reactive oxygen species, ROS), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. We tested the hypotheses that (1) OA and Ang II have additive or synergistic effects on VSMC migration and (2) PKC, ROS, and mitogen-activated protein kinase are critical signaling molecules. OA at 100 mmol/L increases VSMC migration 60610% over control (P,0.001). Ang II (10 29 mol/L) increases VSMC migration by 6213% and 73% over control, respectively (P,0.01). Coincubation of cells with OA and Ang II produces a nearly additive increase in VSMC cell migration at 107620% (P,0.01). Increases in VSMC migration induced by OA alone and combined with Ang II were reduced by PKC inhibition and downregulation. VSMC migration in response to OA alone and with Ang II was also inhibited by N-acetyl-cysteine, MEK inhibition, and ERK antisense. VSMC migration in response to OA alone or combined with Ang II is dependent on activation of PKC, ROS, and ERK activation, further raising the possibility that increased plasma nonesterified fatty acids and an activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in subjects with the risk factor cluster contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis through a PKC, ROS, and ERK-dependent signaling pathway. (Hypertension. 2001;37:308-312.)


A source-modulation microwave spectrograph was utilized to measure line width parameters for several spectral lines in the pure rotational spectrum of formaldehyde (H₂CO). The spectrograph featured high-gain ac amplification and phase-sensitive detection, and was capable of measuring microwave lines having absorption coefficients as small as 10⁻⁷ cm⁻¹ with a frequency resolution on the order of 30 kHz. Center frequencies of the measured lines varied from 4,830 MHz to 72,838 MHz; hence, most of the observations were made on transitions between K-doublets in the rotational spectrum. Corrections were applied to the measured line width parameters to account for Doppler broadening and, where possible, for deviations due to magnetic hyperfine structure in some of the K-doubled lines. Low modulation voltages and low microwave power levels were used to minimize modulation and saturation broadenings; other extraneous broadenings were found to be insignificant. The primary broadening mechanism at low gas pressure is pressure broadening, and a review of this topic is included. Line width parameters for the several observed transitions were determined by graphing half-widths versus pressure for each spectral line, and performing a linear least-squares fit to the data points. Repeatability measurements indicated the accuracy of the line width parameters to be better than ±10 percent. The reasons for this repeatability spread are discussed, Broadening of each line was measured for self- and foreign-gas broadening by atomic helium and diatomic hydrogen. Effective collision diameters were calculated for each broadening interaction, based on the observed rates of broadening.


Abstract: Civil society played a vital role in the colored revolutions of Georgia and Ukraine, exemplified by the activism of the youth groups Kmara and Pora. As democratic reform has stalled, however, these groups have found themselves increasingly marginalized because of the reemergence of authoritarian practices and elites. Only the renewed inclusion of civil society can restore the democratization process. Keywords: civil society, colored revolutions, democratization, protest, public sphere, social movements ********** Since the collape of the Soviet Union, popular mobilization has played a key part in effecting change in the post-Soviet states. The first instances were seen during the collapse of Soviet power in Eastern Europe, epitomized by the activism of Solidarity in Poland, but as post-Soviet states disappointed expectations of democratic change, such activism has been redirected at the successor regimes, often to great effect. The most recent events that fit this description have been generally referred to as the "colored revolutions," arguably inaugurated with the electoral revolutions in Bulgaria (1996-97), Slovakia and Croatia (1998-99), and the nonviolent ouster of Slobodan Milosevic in Serbia in 2000. (1) Partly inspired by the Serbian example, nonviolent regime changes occurred in Georgia in 2003 (the Rose Revolution), Ukraine in 2004-05 (the Orange Revolution), and Kyrgyzstan in 2005 (the Tulip Revolution). There were also unsuccessful attempts in Uzbekistan and Belarus in 2005 and 2006. These events have captured the attention and imagination of many international observers, who have speculated that the colored revolutions might represent the beginning of a new wave of democratization. This article's purpose is twofold. First, I examine the role of social movements and civil society in sparking the colored revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine, focusing specifically on the activities of the youth groups Kmara ("Enough") and Pora ("It's Time"). Most conventional accounts of the two revolutions focus primarily on the proximate causes (fraud, corruption, etc.) or the nature of the organized political opposition, spending less time on the strategies and tactics employed by civil society and social-movement actors. I will use new social movement theory to explore how these groups took advantage of political opportunities, acquired and used repertoires of contention, and interacted with conventional actors and the media. This requires examining how the post-Soviet period shaped the revolutions' political context. Second, I look at each revolution's aftermath to determine how successful each has been in promoting effective change. Both Georgia and Ukraine experienced problems with democratization because of the new regime's actions while in office (Georgia) or the resurgence of the previous authoritarian elites (Ukraine). It is important to account for these difficulties, and determine what role (if any) civil society has played in the post-colored revolution political environment. If accounts of the revolutions rely too heavily on analysis of the regime and the opposition, this interpretation is even more prevalent in postrevolution political developments. Does this empirical silence mean civil society is no longer seeking an active role in the political process or does it mean that the state is actively excluding civil society from playing such a role? Could it indicate that the revolutionary governments have effectively coopted civil society, absorbing it into political society? I aim to answer these questions to create a more complex picture of the type of change that has resulted from the colored revolutions. Theoretical Framework This article, and the theoretical framework that undergirds it, is divided into two parts--prerevolution and postrevolution. Examining the prerevolution situations in Georgia and Ukraine, I use the new social movement theory, as characterized by Sidney Tarrow's book Power in Movement, to provide a framework for understanding popular and political mobilization and how such mobilization can effect political change. …


Background Lifestyle changes are notoriously difficult. Since women who intend to become pregnant are more susceptible to lifestyle advice, interventions during this time window might be more effective than interventions during any other period in life. We here report the effects of the first large preconception lifestyle intervention RCT on diet and physical activity in obese infertile women. Methods In total, 577 women were randomized between a six-month lifestyle intervention program (intervention group; N = 290) or prompt infertility treatment (control group; N = 287). Self-reported dietary behaviors and physical activity were assessed at baseline, three, six and twelve months after randomization. Mixed models were used to analyze differences between groups. Results Compared to the control group, the intervention group reduced their intake of sugary drinks at three months (-0.5 glasses/day [95% C.I. = -0.9;-0.2]), of savory snacks at three (-2.4 handful/week [-3.4;-1.4]) and at six months (-1.4 handful/week [-2.6;-0.2]), and of sweet snacks at three (-2.2 portion/week [-3.3;-1.0]) and twelve months after randomization (-1.9 portion/week [-3.5;-0.4]). Also, the intervention group was more moderate to vigorous physically active at three months after randomization compared to the control group (169.0 minutes/week [6.0; 332.1]). Conclusion Our study showed that obese infertile women who followed a six-month preconception lifestyle intervention program decreased their intake of high caloric snacks and beverages, and increased their physical activity. These changes in lifestyle may not only improve women's health but their offspring's health too.


Following six rounds of national parliamentary elections disputed under a closed-list PR system, in 2008 Romania adopted an electoral reform. The new system is triple-layered and combines proportional representation with voting in single-member districts. Its first use reveals discrepancies between the logic of proportional representation, for which it was chosen, and the produced results. By focusing on the system's functioning mechanisms, this article highlights some of the immediate consequences. The most important are the seat allocation procedures and the impact on the dynamics of political competition both at the inter-party and intra-party levels.


SUMMARY: Most invasive strains of Escherichia coli from man and domestic animals were lethal for chickens and mice. The lethal characteristic was not, in general, transferred when invasive strains were grown in mixed culture with non-pathogenic strains of E. coli, although two transmissible plasmids coding for pathogenic properties were discovered.
One plasmid, designated Vir, was found in an E. coli strain causing bacteraemia in a lamb. It transferred at high rate to several strains of E. coli, including a rec A-KI2 strain, to Salmonella typhi, Salm. typhimurium and Shigella sonnei. Culture filtrates and, especially, bacterial ultrasonicates of Vir+ strains were toxic for chickens, mice and rabbits. The toxin was heat-sensitive, acid-sensitive and non-diffusible. Organisms producing it were agglutinated by specific Vir+ antisera; their toxic activity was not neutralized. The transfer factor of the Vir plasmid was fi+ and could transfer antibiotic-resistance determinants in addition to the Vir determinant.
The other plasmid was first discovered in an E. coli strain F120, isolated from an outbreak of bacteraemia in chickens. Organisms of E. coli K12 and of other E. coli strains acquiring this plasmid during mixed culture with FI20 were increased in lethality for chickens and mice; this was associated not with toxic activity but with greater ability to survive in blood and peritoneal fluids. Strain FI20 possessed transmissible ColV and Collb plasmids; increased lethality was closely associated with the ColV plasmid. When the ColV plasmids of another six wild strains of E. coli of varied origin were transferred to organisms of E. coli KI2, the lethality increase was similar to that for ColV transfer from FI20. No lethality change accompanied transfer of other Col plasmids. It was concluded that colicine V itself might be responsible for the increased lethality.
Strains of E. coli associated with bacteraemia in man and animals commonly produced colicine V.


Objective Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter region includes a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) associated with antisocial behaviour in adverse environment. We have examined the effect of the MAOA-uVNTR on mental health and academic success by using a population representative sample and a longitudinal design. Methods The data of the older cohort (n = 593, aged 15 years at the original sampling) of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study (ECPBHS) were used. Follow-ups were conducted at ages 18 and 25 years. Aggressiveness, inattention and hyperactivity were reported by class teachers or, at older age, self-reported. Stressful life events, psychological environment in the family and interactions between family members were self-reported. Data of general mental abilities and education were obtained at the age of 25, and lifetime psychiatric disorder assessment was carried out with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) interview. Results MAOA-uVNTR genotype had no independent effect on aggressiveness, hyperactive and inattentive symptoms, and neither was there a genotype interaction with adverse life events. Interestingly, the proportion of male subjects with higher education by the age of 25 was significantly larger among those with MAOA low-activity alleles (χ2 = 7.13; p = 0.008). Logistic regression revealed that MAOA low-activity alleles, higher mental abilities, occurrence of anxiety disorders and absence of substance-use disorder were significant independent predictors for higher education in male subjects. Conclusions In a population representative sample of young subjects, the MAOA-uVNTR 'risk genotype' predicted better life outcomes as expressed in higher level of education.


We study the effects of a finite density of negative-U centers (NUCs) on the surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator. The surface Dirac fermions mediate a power-law interaction among the local Cooper pairs at the NUCs, and the interaction remains long-ranged for weak disorder. Superconductivity can be generated in the presence of a random distribution of NUCs. The NUCs play dual roles as both pair creators and pair breakers, and the competition of the two effects results in a nonmonotonic dependence of the mean-field superconducting transition temperature on the density of NUCs. Global phase coherence is established through coupling the locally superconducting puddles via Josephson coupling. Rare fluctuations play important roles, and a globally superconducting phase can only be achieved at large enough concentration of NUCs. The p-wave component of the superconducting order parameter gives rise to frustration among the superconducting grains, which is captured by a Potts-XY type model. New phases with chiral order, glass order, and, possibly, topological order can then emerge in the system of superconducting grains.


Method factors represent variance common to indicators from the same data source. Detecting method factors can help uncover systematic bias in data sources. This article employs confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to detect method factors in 23 democracy indicators from four popular data sources: The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Freedom House, Polity IV, and the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project. Using three different multi-dimensional concepts of democracy as starting points, we find strong evidence for method factors in all sources. Method-specific factors are strongest when yearly changes in the scores are assessed. The sources find it easier to agree on long-term average scores. We discuss the implications for applied researchers.


Entry biases determine whether free entry is desirable. This study examines entry biases in a Cournot market by comparing the number of free entry equilibrium firms to the number of social optimum firms. First, a homogeneous good market with linear demand is studied. Second, non-linear demand is introduced to the homogeneous good market. Third, non-homogeneous good market is examined under the assumption of identical firms, and lastly the study is extended to nonhomogeneous good market with non-identical firms. It is established that there are two kinds of entry biases in the homogeneous goods market. First, free entry may lead to excess entry relative to the socially optimal level. Second, free entry may lead to the wrong type of firms in the market compared to the socially optimal type. In non-homogenous goods market with identical firms, free entry equilibrium number of type one firms is equal to free entry equilibrium number of type two firms. Moreover, it is found that social optimum number of type one firms is equal to social optimum number of type two firms. When it comes to entry biases, the entry is again found to be excessive. When non-identical firms are introduced to non-homogeneous goods market, non-corner solutions start to appear as the degree of product differentiation increases. In other words, when the degree of product differentiation is close to zero the goods become independent goods and both type of firms can survive in the market due to the maximum degree of product differentiation.


Objectives We sought to determine the prevalence, pattern of causative organisms, and mortality of newborns with culture-proven late-onset sepsis (LOS) and to determine and compare the risk factors linked to late-onset gram-positive and late-onset gram-negative sepsis in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study of data obtained between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2014 (eight years) from infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at SQUH. Infants born in SQUH (inborn) and other institutions (outborn) with positive blood cultures were included in the study. Results The total number of live births and admissions during the study period were 26 289 and 3559, respectively. The total number of infants identified with LOS were 125 of whom 69 (55.2%) were gram-positive, 52 (41.6%) were gram-negative, and four (3.2%) were due to Candida species (spp.). The majority of infants (n = 113, 90.4%) were inborn; 69 (55.2%) were males and 56 (44.8%) were females. The prevalence of LOS among inborn admissions was 4.3 per 1000 live births. Most infections occurred in very low birth weight infants (n = 81, 64.8%). Eleven (8.8%) infants died due to gram-negative sepsis. Klebsiella pneumoniae followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the leading cause of death. Maternal intrapartum antibiotics were the only independent risk factor correlating with gram-negative organisms in multivariate analysis (p = 0.003). Conclusions LOS poses a burden in the NICU, which could be due to the increasing survival of premature babies. The main contributing organisms to LOS are gram-positive bacteria. Klebsiella spp. is a major cause of mortality in LOS. The use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in mothers might explain the positive correlation of maternal antibiotics as a risk factor with gram-negative infections.


Reducing systemic liquidity risk related to seasonal swings in loan demand was one reason for the founding of the Federal Reserve System. Existing evidence on the post-Federal Reserve increase in the seasonal volatility of aggregate lending and the decrease in seasonal interest rate swings suggests that it succeeded in that mission. Nevertheless, less than 8 percent of state-chartered banks joined the Federal Reserve in its first decade. Some have speculated that nonmembers could avoid higher costs of the Federal Reserve's reserve requirements while still obtaining access indirectly to the Federal Reserve discount window through contacts with Federal Reserve members. We find that individual bank attributes related to the extent of banks' ability to mitigate seasonal loan demand variation predict banks' decisions to join the Federal Reserve. Consistent with the notion that banks could obtain indirect access to the discount window through interbank transfers, we find that a bank's position within the interbank network (as a user or provider of liquidity) predicts the timing of its entry into the Federal Reserve System and the effect of Federal Reserve membership on its lending behavior. We also find that indirect access to the Federal Reserve was not as good as direct access. Federal Reserve member banks saw a greater increase in lending than nonmember banks.


In 1915, the Union of South Africa was requested to administrate South West Africa (SWA) (today Namibia) on behalf of the British Crown and approved the South West Africa Mandate.  The policies of the Union strongly influenced the administration of SWA, and the administration met with indigenous opposition discontent with the maltreatment.  An attitude of master and servant was prevalent in the mandated territory and the maltreatment of the indigenous people in the mandated territory, racial prejudice, double standards in executing branding laws, enforced indentured labour, dog and hut tax were some of the grievances that the Bondelswarts, the Rehoboth Basters and the Ukuambi had against the SWA Administration.  The Administration perceived these actions as internal unrest and subdued it using police and military resources. Suppressing unrest through force was part of the military policing tradition prevalent in Southern Africa and abroad during the colonial era.  The tactical deployment of ground forces in conjunction with aircraft was an innovation that transformed future operations in SWA between the suppression of the Bondelswarts and the actions against Chief Ipumbu. This article discusses the utilisation of the Union Defence Force (UDF) and South West Africa Forces against indigenous people of South West Africa between the two world wars focusing on three incidents over the period 1922 to 1932.  Tactical deployments of ground forces and the application of air power in support of ground forces to suppress internal unrest are explained and discussed.  These discussions provide the military historian with salient facts on physical conditions encountered, the tactics employed and the role of a new weapon system, aircraft, yet to be fully understood in its role as a force multiplier.


Abstract The damaging effect of mid-ultraviolet (UVB, 280–315 nm) radiation on a marine copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato was investigated. Copepods were collected from tidal pools on rocky shores, Yeosu, on the south coast of Korea, and were cultured under constant conditions (temperature: 20°C, salinity: 20 psu, L : D = 12 : 12 h) in the laboratory. Each stage of nauplius (N1–N6) and copepodite (CI–CVI) was harvested from the culture and exposed to one of eight irradiation doses (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 kJ m−2) of UVB. No deleterious effect was induced by UVA or PAR. Extensive morphological deformities were observed, i.e., shrunken body (in groups 5 kJ m−2 at N4; 1 and 15 kJ m−2 at CI), in the urosome and caudal rami (5 and 15 kJ m−2 at N6; 10 kJ m−2 at CI), in the swimming legs (5, 10, and 15 kJ m−2 at CI; 10 kJ m−2 CIV), and in the antennule (5 kJ m−2 at CIII; 1 kJ m−2 at CIV). The types of deformity observed depended on the developmental stages of copepods that were exposed to UVB radiation. UVB radiation had a damaging effect on the morphology of T. japonicus s. l. Exposure of earlier larval stages to mid-ultraviolet affected the shape of the entire body, and the prosome shape was abnormal. Exposure of later larval stages to mid-ultraviolet resulted in abnormalities at the appendage level, i.e., in the antennules and swimming legs.


In the United States, men who have sex with men (MSM) remain as the demographic group with the highest HIV incidence rates and account for 53% of new HIV infections in 2006 (Rajasingham, Mimiaga, White, Pinkston, Baden, & Mitty, 2012). One of the reasons accounting for such high rates of HIV transmission between gay, bisexual and MSM (GBM) can be attributed to poly-substance use and the use of crystal methamphetamine (Solomon, Halkitis, Moeller, & Pappas, 2012; Rajasingham et al., 2012). The U.S. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2007) reported methamphetamine use in the MSM community is of particular concern due to the high prevalence of HIV and the use of the stimulant. Meanwhile, researchers have found methamphetamine use is closely corrleated to sexual risk taking among GBM and such intimate link between risky sexual behaviour and methamphetamine use have led to a possible double epidemic (Halkitis, Green, & Carragher, 2006). In particular, the use of methamphetamine has been found to be correlated to the frequency of unprotected insertive anal intercourse (UIAI) and unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) among HIV positive and persons with unknown serostatus causal partners over time (Halkitis, Mukherjee, & Palamar, 2009). As an effort to better understand this social pheonemon, this paper focuses on the exploration and identification of the psycho-social and socio-cultural factors of crystal methamphetamine use among the GBM population.


The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the largest reef system in the world; it covers an area of approximately 2,225,000 km² in the northern Queensland continental shelf. There are approximately 750 reefs that exist within 40 km of the Queensland coast. Recent research has identified that poor water quality is having negative impacts on the GBR (Haynes et al. 2007). The Fitzroy Basin covers 143,000 km² and is the largest catchment draining into the GBR as well as being one of the largest catchments in Australia (Karfs et al. 2009). The Burdekin Catchment is the second largest catchment entering into the GBR and covers 133,432 km².The prime determinant for the changes in water quality entering into the GBR have been attributed to grazing, with beef production the largest single land use industry comprising 90% of the land area (Karfs et al. 2009). Extensive beef production contributes over $1 billion dollars to the national economy annually and employs over 9000 people, many in rural communities (Gordon 2007).

'Economic modelling of grazing systems in the Fitzroy and Burdekin catchments' was a joint project with the Fitzroy Basin Association and the Queensland Department of Employment Economic Development and Innovation. The project was formed under the federally funded Caring For Our Country and the Reef Rescue programs. The project objectives were as follows;

* Quantifying the costs of over-utilising available pasture and the resulting sediment leaving a representative farm for four of the major land systems in the Burdekin or Fitzroy catchments and identifying economically optimal pasture utilisation rates

* Estimating the cost of reducing pasture utilisation rates below the determined optimal

* Using this information, guide the selection of appropriate tools to achieve reduced utilisation rates e.g. extension process versus incentive payments or a combination of both

* Model the biophysical and economic impacts of altering grazing systems to restore land condition e.g. from C condition to B condition for four land systems in the Burdekin or Fitzroy catchments.


On Caribbean coral reefs, many sponges produce chemical defenses that deter fish
predation. Sponge species that constitute most of the diet of sponge-eating fishes lack
chemical defenses and live exposed on the reef. It has been hypothesized that these
chemically undefended species may compensate for fish grazing by growing faster or
rapidly healing wounds. Wound healing experiments were conducted to determine if
differences exist in the healing rates of chemically defended and undefended species of
tubular and vase-shaped sponges. Experiments were conducted on patch reefs in the
Florida Keys and the Bahamas in 2002. A scalpel was used to cut circular holes in each
sponge approximately 2 cm2 in area and 3 cm from the lip of the sponge. Photographs of
each wound were taken after the wound was cut and 12 days later. Photographs of the
wounds of several individuals of each sponge species were taken on multiple days during
the experiment. A digitizing software program was used to measure the area of wound
healing. Healing rates were significantly faster during the first few days of the
experiment, with rates leveling off after the third day. Undefended sponges healed
wounds at significantly faster rates than sponges with chemical defenses. Undefended
sponges were Callyspongia plicifera (8% wound area regenerated per day), Callyspongia
vaginalis (6%), Niphates digitalis (6%), and Xestospongia muta (6.5%). Chemically
defended sponges were Cribrochalina vasculum (2%), Ircinia campana (2%), and
Verongula gigantea (0%). Orientation of wounds relative to the tidal current had no
influence on healing rates. Niphates digitalis individuals growing in tubular form had
faster healing rates than individuals with vasiform shapes. This study suggests that Caribbean reef sponges may have followed two different evolutionary trajectories with
regard to fish predation: chemically defended species deter predation and have slow
healing rates, while chemically undefended species allocate resources to rapid wound
healing in response to frequent grazing.


Cold strip rolling under dry and lubricated conditions was conducted on a new developed mini-mill, which was installed in the Gleeble 3500 Thermo-mechanical Simulator. The surface roughness and Power Spectrum Density (PSD) features of the rolls were analysed. Results show that the lubrication significantly reduces surface roughness of the 4%Cr roll, but has less effect on surface roughness of the 4%Cr with Ti-added roll. The surface deterioration of 4%Cr with Ti-added roll varies significantly with an increase of rolling passes. Asperities on roll surface experience inhomogeneous variation, which indicates the deterioration of surface roughness is different for both roll materials.


This research reports the development and validation of the Self-Defeating Interpersonal Style Scale (SELF-DISS), a measure for the assessment of the propensity to engage in the chronic tolerance of mistreatment in relationships. Studies 1 and 2 followed a strategical 7-step process for developing valid and reliable measures. Study 1 proposed a theoretical model and developed a reliable measure to tap the three proposed factors on three scales: Insecure Attachment, Undeserving Self-Image, and Self-Sacrificing Nature. Study 2 replicated Study 1 as well as refined the SELF-DISS model to 35 items that indicated an excellent fit. Study 2 tested construct validity via correlational and modelling analyses using the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), the Hogan Development Survey (HDS), and the Motives, Values, Preferences Inventory (MVPI). Results showed strong support for the reliability and validity of the SELF-DISS as a second-order construct with three distinct factors.


This article investigates the determinants of entry and exit in the Austrian manufacturing sector based on 1981 to 1994 data. We study the response of entry, exit and other indicators of firm dynamics to changes in average plant size, size heterogeneity, concentration, incentives and vertical integration. By applying Bayesian simulation methods we estimate random coefficient models and study the symmetry of the determinants of entry and exit. Our empirical analysis shows that entry and exit rates are driven by the same determinants. The impacts of these determinates are nearly homogeneous for both, entry rates and exits rates, respectively. Moreover, we find (i) that changes in average plant size, size heterogeneity and concentration are not symmetric with respect to entry and exit, (ii) that changes in the growth of sales is weakly symmetric and (iii) that the growth rate of employment is strongly asymmetric across industries in Austrian manufacturing. Furthermore, we infer from the data that the turnover of firms influences the changes in the number of competitors. Low entry rates go hand in hand with low net entryrates and a low turnover.


The present study shows how spectroscopic methods are implemented during the identification of diamonds. Specifically, this article presents the characteristic spectroscopic features and criteria of identification for different types of yellow diamonds, including varieties of naturally occurring yellow color and varieties of artificially produced yellow color. Due to the numerous causes of yellow color in diamonds, yellow diamonds are ideal for illustrating the value of spectroscopic methods for identification. The spectroscopic techniques discussed include infrared (IR) spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, and most importantly laser-induced photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.


This thesis examines assumptions about state and identity in constructivist IR theory and the analysis of Russian foreign policy through the looking glass of Russian representations of "state identity" - representations of the Russian state as "Russia" - in the political discourse of the Russian elite since the end of the Soviet Union, Drawing on empirical research into the discursive representation of the new Russian state, it shows that categories of statehood and identity are more variable in meaning and indeed more ambiguous than allowed for by current dominant conceptions of state identity in IR, which revolve around the categories of the Westphalian system. This becomes evident when studying Russia - a country which is at the same time outsider and insider, a constitutive part of the Westphalian system, defining the state in strongly Westphalian terms, and yet excluded from the West. In the case of Russia, instead of the clear-cut categories and binary distinctions of the Westphalian system there emerges a conceptual field in which inside and outside, identity and difference are inherently ambiguous and diffuse. It is argued that constructivist assumptions about identity face a problem of the relationship between theory and substantive research, insofar as theoretical commitments may obscure actual representations of identity in Russia, neglecting where and why categories of identity are actually produced, and equating categories of identity with identifications. They also face a normative problem, given that IR constructivism reinforces a problematic account of subjectivity inherent in the Westphalian narrative and is in danger of reifying a binary choice between identity and difference as the only possible relationship between the West and the non- Western world. The thesis develops a conceptualization of identity drawing on Gadamerian hermeneutics and a framework for empirical research based on conceptual history that allows for an investigation of the context-dependent meaning of categories of statehood and identity and can go some way to escaping the logic of binary oppositions that has characterized conceptions of identity in IR.


Deep learning has received much attention as of the most powerful approaches for multimodal representation learning in recent years. An ideal model for multimodal data can reason about missing modalities using the available ones, and usually provides more information when multiple modalities are being considered. All the previous deep models contain separate modality-specific networks and find a shared representation on top of those networks. Therefore, they only consider high level interactions between modalities to find a joint representation for them. In this paper, we propose a multimodal deep learning framework (MDLCW) that exploits the cross weights between representation of modalities, and try to gradually learn interactions of the modalities in a deep network manner (from low to high level interactions). Moreover, we theoretically show that considering these interactions provide more intra-modality information, and introduce a multi-stage pre-training method that is based on the properties of multi-modal data. In the proposed framework, as opposed to the existing deep methods for multi-modal data, we try to reconstruct the representation of each modality at a given level, with representation of other modalities in the previous layer. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art information retrieval methods for both image and text queries on the PASCAL-sentence and SUN-Attribute databases.


Abstract. In this paper, the potential of using free-of-charge Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for land cover mapping in urban areas is investigated. To this aim, we use dual-pol (VV+VH) Interferometric Wide swath mode (IW) data collected on September 16th 2015 along descending orbit over Istanbul megacity, Turkey. Data have been calibrated, terrain corrected, and filtered by a 5x5 kernel using gamma map approach. During terrain correction by using a 25m resolution SRTM DEM, SAR data has been resampled resulting into a pixel spacing of 20m. Support Vector Machines (SVM) method has been implemented as a supervised pixel based image classification to classify the dataset. During the classification, different scenarios have been applied to find out the performance of Sentinel-1 data. The training and test data have been collected from high resolution image of Google Earth. Different combinations of VV and VH polarizations have been analysed and the resulting classified images have been assessed using overall classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient. Results demonstrate that, combining opportunely dual polarization data, the overall accuracy increases up to 93.28% against 73.85% and 70.74% of using individual polarization VV and VH, respectively. Our preliminary analysis points out that dual polarimetric Sentinel-1SAR data can be effectively exploited for producing accurate land cover maps, with relevant advantages for urban planning and management of large cities.


Introduction The role of preschool education and its influence on a child's ability to cope at school is considered important in many countries. Questions related to children's school readiness have become especially topical in the Nordic countries where compulsory school education begins later compared to many other countries. In some Nordic countries (Iceland, Norway) compulsory school education begins at age six, whereas in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Estonia children go to school at age seven. The aim of the present article is to compare the views of teachers living in Estonia and Finland, countries that have similar cultural space but different socio-political backgrounds, about the teaching and development of a child going to school. The comparison is based on the principles of child-centred pedagogy. The authors of the present article view school readiness as a consistent process, taking place in the preschool period, which continues uninterruptedly in the context of school. Proceeding from this, it is extremely important for a kindergarten as well as a primary school teacher to become aware of the objectives of preschool education and the ways of achieving them. The term preschool training in the present context means education given a year before the beginning of compulsory school education. There is no uniform understanding of school readiness and the methods of testing it. Shepard & Graue (1993:304) have noted that tests should not be applied to forbid a child entrance to school, to leave a child in kindergarten for a longer period or to send the child to a special class for risk-group children which has been separated from mainstream classes. The studies on testing school readiness by Shepard & Graue demonstrate that there exists a conceptual confusion while defining children in need of special training and those at risk because of their living environment. The various tests used do not allow differentiation because of their ambiguous objectives. Parents, teachers and educational administrators may give different content to the 'readiness' and look at it from different perspectives. Different visions of school readiness may give rise to different courses of action, which mainly complicate the situation of the children who belong to the so-called risk group and need special measures to support their learning. Postponing the beginning of school is no longer considered the main way of achieving school readiness. Measuring school readiness helps class teachers to compile individual programmes for children based on their results, which will help to prevent further academic problems. At the same time, the results of the tests do not allow adequate assessment of the real school readiness of a child or whether the child is in fact ready to go to school. In both Estonia and Finland the most essential requirements for the qualification of kindergarten teachers, teacher training and educational activity at kindergartens have been taken under state supervision and regulation. The article gives an overview of the general pedagogical basis of the study, of state regulations and objectives related to preschool education, and the methods of research, as well as presenting a comparative analysis of research data. Theoretical background The objectives of preschool training include teachers' views of the ways children learn and of educational theories. The theoretical basis of the present article relies on the principles of child-centred pedagogy where compiling the curriculum and planning the activities proceed from the child and his/her character traits. Child-centred education has a long tradition (Hytonen 2001, Hytonen 2002), which relies on respecting individuality and the idea of the equality of individuals: each child is considered good the way he/she is. Learning is viewed as an active process where cooperation with and learning from each other has an important role. …


Extracting discriminative image features for similarity search in nowadays large-scale databases becomes an imperative issue of paramount importance. To address the so called task of Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) search in large visual dataset, deep hashing methods (i.e. approaches that make use of the recent deep learning paradigm in computer vision) have recently been introduced. In this paper, a novel approach to deep hashing is proposed, which incorporates local-level information, in the form of image semantic segmentation masks, during the hash code learning step. The proposed framework makes use of pixel-level classification labels, i.e. following a point-wise supervised learning methodology. Experimental evaluation in the significantly challenging domain of on-line terrorist propaganda video analysis, i.e. a highly diverse and heterogeneous application case, demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed approach.


The American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa and its Arden House Conference: Politicizing & Institutionalizing the Relationship with AfricaWe believe the 19 million American Negro citizens must assume a greater responsibility for the formation of United States policy in sub-Saharan Africa...We believe that a meeting of Negroes in positions of leadership in organizations that are active in, and a part of the Negro community would be fruitful in terms of supplying information, crystallizing opinion, developing a program to activate the masses of Negro citizens, and in providing a continuing channel through which our voices can be heard by our own government.James Farmer, Dorothy Height, Martin Luther King, Jr., A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, Whitney Young, August 1962(2)In November 1962 a group of approximately one hundred African American leaders met at the Arden House campus of Columbia University. The major civil rights leadership called for the meeting: James Farmer, Dorothy Height, Martin Luther King, A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, and Whitney Young. The topic focus was on the relationship of African Americans to Africa, and the ways to most effectively influence U.S. policy toward Africa. These leaders recognized that they had no organized political link to Africa, and had no institutional voice on U.S. policy toward Africa.The formation of the American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA) indicates just how important contemporary Africa and its freedom struggles had become to the civil rights leadership and to the struggle in America. Even as voter registration drives, demonstrations in Albany, Georgia, and confrontations over James Meredith entering the University of Mississippi occupied the attention of African Americans, African American leaders cleared their schedules to take part in the ANLCA's efforts. The civil rights leadership, witnessing events in Africa and concerned with U.S. policy toward it, had adopted a broader, pan-African perspective. They believed that U.S. policy could better support African peoples and nations, and that black Americans needed to exert their influence to bring about such a position. "We intend to activize American Negro participation in every phase of our government's many African programs," declared Ted Brown, ANLCA Director, after the first ANLCA conference. "We intend to stimulate increased interest in every segment of Negro life so that American Negroes will be not only informed, but alert to every influencing force - political or economic - that has some impact on the shaping of U.S. policy in Africa."(3)The formation of the ANLCA, and the holding of its major Arden House Conference, marks a politicization and institutionalization of the African American relationship with Africa. It also shows that the civil rights leadership, along with other elements of the black community, had expanded their concepts of identity to readily include contemporary Africa.BACKGROUND TO THE ANLCAFor many years, African Americans had realized that they had no organization which fully reflected their desires and ambitions in regards to Africa. The most prominent African American organization focused on Africa in the 1940s and early 1950s, the Council on African Affairs (CAA), never had held widespread support. The leftist nature of the CAA had caused some black Americans to shy away from it, and many others had felt wary about allying with the CAA during the Cold War years.People throughout the 1940s and 1950s worked to convince the NAACP to institutionalize an organizational framework for black American interest in Africa. When W.E.B. Du Bois returned to the NAACP in 1944, he viewed his Department of Special Research as "a sort of foreign affairs department of the NAACP reviving and carrying on the work of the Pan-African Congresses."(4) Du Bois never felt satisfied that the NAACP leadership properly appreciated or supported his work, and he felt that the NAACP particularly neglected issues concerning Africa. …


OBJECTIVES
We used nuanced measures of sexual minority status to examine disparities in victimization and their variations by gender, age, and race/ethnicity.

METHODS
We conducted multivariate analyses of pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys.

RESULTS
Although all sexual minorities reported more fighting, skipping school because they felt unsafe, and having property stolen or damaged at school than did heterosexuals, rates were highest among youths who identified as bisexual or who reported both male and female sexual partners. Gender differences among sexual minorities appeared to be concentrated among bisexuals and respondents who reported sexual partners of both genders. Sexual minority youths reported more fighting than heterosexual youths, especially at younger ages, and more nonphysical school victimization that persisted through adolescence. White and Hispanic sexual minority youths reported more indicators of victimization than did heterosexuals; we found few sexual minority differences among African American and Asian American youths.

CONCLUSIONS
Victimization carries health consequences, and sexual minorities are at increased risk. Surveys should include measures that allow tracking of disparities in victimization by sexual minority status.


Residential gas furnaces contain blowers to distribute warm air. Currently, furnace blowers use either a Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) or a Brushless Permanent Magnet (BPM) motor. Blowers account for the majority of furnace electricity consumption. Therefore, accurate determination of the blower electricity consumption is important for understanding electricity consumption of furnaces. The electricity consumption of blower motors depends on the static pressure across the blower. This paper examines both types of blower motors in non-condensing non-weatherized gas furnaces at a range of static pressures. Fan performance data is based on manufacturer product literature and laboratory tests. We use field-measured static pressure in ducts to get typical system curves to calculate how furnaces would operate in the field. We contrast this with the electricity consumption of a furnace blower operating under the DOE test procedure and manufacturer rated conditions. Furnace electricity use is also affected by operating modes that happen at the beginning and end of each furnace firing cycle. These operating modes are the pre-purge and post-purge by the draft inducer, the on-delay and off-delay of the blower, and the hot surface ignitor operation. To accurately calculate this effect, we use the number of firing cycles in a typical California house in the Central Valley of California. Cooling hours are not considered in the DOE test procedure. We also account for furnace blower use by the air conditioner and stand-by power. Overall BPM motors outperform PSC motors, but the total electricity savings are significantly less than projected using the DOE test procedure conditions. The performance gains depend on the static pressure of the household ducts, which are typically much higher than in the test procedures.


Early sensor-based infrastructures were often developed by experts with a thorough knowledge of base technology for sensing information, for processing the captured data, and for adapting the system's behaviour accordingly. In this paper we argue that also end-users should be able to configure Ubiquitous Computing environments. We introduce the CollaborationBus application: a graphical editor that provides abstractions from base technology and thereby allows multifarious users to configure Ubiquitous Computing environments. By composing pipelines users can easily specify the information flows from selected sensors via optional filters for processing the sensor data to actuators changing the system behaviour according to the users' wishes. Users can compose pipelines for both home and work environments. An integrated sharing mechanism allows them to share their own compositions, and to reuse and build upon others' compositions. Real-time visualisations help them understand how the information flows through their pipelines. In this paper we present the concept, implementation, and early user feedback of the CollaborationBus application.


This paper proposes an application of information theoretic approach for finding the most informative subset of eigen-features to be used for audio-visual speech recognition tasks. The state-of-the-art visual feature extraction methods in the area of speechreading rely on either pixel or geometric based methods or their combination. However, there is no common rule defining how these features have to be selected with respect to the chosen set of audio cues and how well they represent the classes of the uttered speech. Our main objective is to exploit the complementarity of audio and visual sources and select meaningful visual descriptors by the means of mutual information. We focus on the principal components projections of the mouth region images and apply the proposed method such that only those cues having the highest mutual information with word classes are retained. The algorithm is tested by performing various speech recognition experiments on a chosen audio-visual dataset. The obtained recognition rates are compared to those acquired using a conventional principal component analysis and promising results are shown.


BACKGROUND Recent years have seen increased levels of production and consumption of seafood, leading to more frequent reporting of allergic reactions in occupational and domestic settings. This review focuses on occupational allergy in the fishing and seafood processing industry. REVIEW Workers involved in either manual or automated processing of crabs, prawns, mussels, fish, and fishmeal production are commonly exposed to various constituents of seafood. Aerosolisation of seafood and cooking fluid during processing are potential occupational situations that could result in sensitisation through inhalation. There is great variability of aerosol exposure within and among various jobs with reported allergen concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 5.061(μg/m3). Occupational dermal exposure occurs as a result of unprotected handling of seafood and its byproducts. Occupational allergies have been reported in workers exposed to arthropods (crustaceans), molluscs, pisces (bony fish) and other agents derived from seafood. The prevalence of occupational asthma ranges from 7% to 36%, and for occupational protein contact dermatitis, from 3% to 11%. These health outcomes are mainly due to high molecular weight proteins in seafood causing an IgE mediated response. Cross reactivity between various species within a major seafood grouping also occurs. Limited evidence from dose-response relations indicate that development of symptoms is related to duration or intensity of exposure. The evidence for atopy as a risk factor for occupational sensitisation and asthma is supportive, whereas evidence for cigarette smoking is limited. Disruption of the intact skin barrier seems to be an important added risk factor for occupational protein contact dermatitis. CONCLUSION The range of allergic disease associated with occupational exposure to crab is well characterised, whereas for other seafood agents the evidence is somewhat limited. There is a need for further epidemiological studies to better characterise this risk. More detailed characterisation of specific protein antigens in aerosols and associated establishment of dose-response relations for acute and chronic exposure to seafood; the respective roles of skin contact and inhalational exposure in allergic sensitisation and cross reactivity; and the contribution of host associated factors in the development of occupational seafood allergies are important areas for future research.


This thesis aims to reassess one of the principal concepts used by archaeologists in their attempts to explain how 'Roman Britain' became 'early medieval England': the Anglo-Saxon migrations (i.e. the movement of people(s) from northern Europe or southern Scandinavia to southern and eastern England in the fifth century AD). This reassessment involves examining two inter-related themes. The first is largely historiographical, the aim being to highlight the socio-political and intellectual contexts in which 'the Anglo-Saxon migrations' became an important discourse. This is achieved by contextualizing both the beginnings of Anglo-Saxon archaeology and the archaeological investigation of 'the migrations' as well as the early historical sources that appear to describe those migrations (why and how were they written and by whom?).The second theme concerns material used by archaeologists to address questions such as: who were the people that migrated; where did they come from and travel to; when did this happen? A reassessment of the theoretical underpinnings of those archaeolological approaches is presented. Building on that, an analysis of several brooches types - material that has often been said to be significant for the above questions - is described. This analysis focuses on the contexts in which those brooches were deposited/found and thus highlights how people in the past used them as part of specific social practices. The results demonstrate that the pattern of material culture usually thought to prove that the Anglo-Saxon migrations did take place is actually quite varied and migrations may not be the best explanation for such diversity. Having critiqued the discourse of the Anglo-Saxon migrations, a number of alternative ways in which the Roman-Medieval transition in England might be understood are suggested. These alternatives focus on theories of material culture appropriation and how this relates to changing personal and/or collective identities.