Ludwigite samples from three boron-bearing magnesian skarns in Romania (Ocna de Fier, Masca-Baisoara and Pietroasa) were used to determine the influence of Al on the main physical and crystallographic constants of this mineral. The selected samples form a minor solid solution towards vonsenite (0.74 to 23.87 mol.%) and have X Al = Al/(Al + Fe 3+ ) ratios between 0.004 and 0.300. Other substitutions, such as those involving Mn, Ni, Co, Ti, Sn, Sb or V are of minor importance. Generally speaking, it is proven that ludwigite shows a negative correlation between X Al and the density, indices of refraction, cell volume and c cell parameter. It is not possible to quantify the variations in the physical and crystallographic parameters by advancing the Al-for-Fe 3+ substitution because both Fe 2+ -for-Mg and Al-for-Fe 3+ substitutions are involved. However, it is clear that Al plays a major role in decreasing the cell volume, c cell parameter, density, absorption coefficient, bireflectance and refraction indices of ludwigite. Because of the influence of Al, natural compositional members of the ludwigite-vonsenite series cannot be unambiguously distinguished, neither by their cell dimensions nor by their physical parameters as previously suggested ( e.g., Aleksandrov, 1968; 1982).


Abstract. In July 2017 three research flights circumnavigating the megacity
of London were conducted as a part of the STANCO training school for
students and early career researchers organised by EUFAR (European Facility
for Airborne Research). Measurements were made from the UK's Facility for
Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146-301 atmospheric research
aircraft with the aim to sample, characterise and quantify the impact of
megacity outflow pollution on air quality in the surrounding region.
Conditions were extremely favourable for airborne measurements, and all three
flights were able to observe clear pollution events along the flight path. A
small change in wind direction provided sufficiently different air mass
origins over the 2 d such that a distinct pollution plume from London,
attributable marine emissions and a double-peaked dispersed area of
pollution resulting from a combination of local and transported emissions
were measured. We were able to analyse the effect of London emissions on air
quality in the wider region and the extent to which local sources contribute
to pollution events. The background air upwind of London was relatively clean during both days;
concentrations of CO were 88–95 ppbv, total (measured) volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) were 1.6–1.8 ppbv and NOx was 0.7–0.8 ppbv. Downwind
of London, we encountered elevations in all species with CO>100 ppbv, VOCs 2.8–3.8 ppbv, CH4>2080 ppbv and NOx>4 ppbv, and peak concentrations in individual pollution events were
higher still. Levels of O3 were inversely correlated with NOx
during the first flight, with O3 concentrations of 37 ppbv upwind
falling to ∼26 ppbv in the well-defined London plume. Total
pollutant fluxes from London were estimated through a vertical plane
downwind of the city. Our calculated CO2 fluxes are within the combined
uncertainty of those estimated previously, but there was a greater disparity
in our estimates of CH4 and CO. On the second day, winds were lighter and downwind O3 concentrations
were elevated to ∼39–43 ppbv (from ∼32 to 35 ppbv
upwind), reflecting the contribution of more aged pollution to the regional
background. Elevations in pollutant concentrations were dispersed over a
wider area than the first day, although we also encountered a number of
clear transient enhancements from local sources. This series of flights demonstrated that even in a region of megacity
outflow, such as the south-east of the UK, local fresh emissions and more
distant UK sources of pollution can all contribute substantially to
pollution events. In the highly complex atmosphere around a megacity where a
high background level of pollution mixes with a variety of local sources at
a range of spatial and temporal scales and atmospheric dynamics are further
complicated by the urban heat island, the use of pollutant ratios to track
and determine the ageing of air masses may not be valid. The individual
sources must therefore all be well-characterised and constrained to
understand air quality around megacities such as London. Research aircraft
offer that capability through targeted sampling of specific sources and
longitudinal studies monitoring trends in emission strength and profiles
over time.


The purpose of this study was to describe patients' perceptions of the causes, relief, related symptoms, meaning, and suffering secondary to cancer-related fatigue (CRF). In total, 252 patients with breast, lung, colon, and prostate cancers were enrolled in a quasiexperimental study to test the effects of a clinical intervention on reducing barriers to symptom management in ambulatory care. Analysis of data reported in this article was derived from the Piper Fatigue Scale–Revised. Using qualitative research methods and content analysis, written statements related to the impact of CRF were coded using the following themes: patients' perceptions of CRF, causes, relief, related symptoms, meaning, and suffering. Comments were categorized and reviewed for content. Overall, CRF had a significant impact on physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. CRF limited the ability of participants to function, socialize, and participate in enjoyable activities. Emotional issues as a result of CRF were common. The negative impact of CRF on patients' overall well-being alters the meaning and suffering related to the cancer experience. The assessment of personal meaning and suffering related to CRF is an important component of the multidimensional assessment of CRF and will enable nurses to better understand the suffering related to CRF.


FROM THE OLD TO THE NEW WORLD: THE TRANSFORMATION OF KONGO MINKISI IN AFRICAN AMERICAN ART By Mary Margaret McCurnin, BFA A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010 Major Director: Babatunde Lawal Professor of Art History Minkisi (sing. nkisi) were sacred objects that housed ancestral spirits and were used for divination, healing and social justice by the Kongo people of Central Africa. When the Kongo were brought as slaves to the New World, they contributed significantly to the development of African American artistic and spiritual culture. In the Caribbean, aspects of minkisi have been retained in the creolized spiritual beliefs of Haitian Vodou, Cuban Palo Monte Mayombe and Brazilian Candomble. In North America, evidence of Kongo influence is apparent in examples of folk art and culture, including quilts, mojo hands, Afro-Carolinian face vessels, memory jugs and burial sites. In the twentieth and twentyfirst centuries, artists appear to have recontextualized elements of minkisi within their work, among these James "Son Ford" Thomas, James Van Der Zee, Betye and Alison Saar, Willie Cole and Renee Stout, creating a link between the Kongo past and the American present.


This paper introduces a novel method for modelling the influence of likely autonomous sailing craft failure conditions into the route planning algorithm. The accuracy of the original route planning algorithm is quantified using numerical error estimation techniques. It was found that over the course of a Trans Atlantic voyage a grid size of 36 km produced an error of +/- 2 hours over the course of a $36.5$ day voyage. The implementation of the failure model within the routing algorithm is verified using a control weather scenario. This verification is shown to be significant with respect to the method's numerical error. Future work will involve gathering evidence on failure criteria in order to update the failure model.


China's securities regulator enforces insider trading prohibitions pursuant to non-legal and non-regulatory internal "guidance". Reported agency decisions indicate that enforcement against insider trading is often possible only pursuant to this guidance, as the behavior identified is far outside of the scope of insider trading liability provided for in statute or regulation. I argue that the agency guidance is itself unlawful and unenforceable, because: (i) the guidance is not the regulatory norm required by the statutory delegation of power; and (ii) the guidance is ultra vires because (a) it addresses something substantively different from what is authorized under the statutory delegation, and (b) because the guidance radically transforms the underlying basis for the breach of insider trading under Chinese law -- from a modified "classical"/fiduciary duty plus misappropriation theory to an extremely robust "equal access"/mere possession of inside information theory. I then outline potential Chinese law challenges to the norms and their enforcement, and analyze why there is such marked tolerance for plainly illegal rule-making and enforcement by one of China's best administrative agencies. The identified infirmity underlying the basis for well-governed and investor-attracting capital markets has implications not only for China's securities regulation regime and healthy market development, but also for the entirety of China's legal and administrative law system in the reform era.


Developed in the mid-2000s by the Wi-Fi Alliance, the Wi-Fi Protected (WPS) protocol assists configuration of mobile and wireless networks. Its development grew from the needs of less technology knowledgeable end-users to be able to setup wireless networks, primarily for the home environment. However, the technology is also used by small to medium sized businesses including medical environments and this presents multiple security vulnerabilities. WPS can employ four different types of authentication, with the PIN method the most popular. Consequently, Near Field Communication (NFC), Push Button, and USB are less documented and arguable less understood by users. This research describes in detail the methods and their vulnerabilities, and uses controlled experiments to test the security vulnerabilities of WPS authentication and how they can be exploited. The research suggests that a multi-faceted approach to mitigation and elimination of the vulnerabilities of WPS is warranted. Such an approach includes: education for end-users in the vulnerabilities and what precautions they should use to mitigate these; improvement in lockout policy implementation by vendors; and for the Wi-Fi Alliance to consider review of the vendor certification regarding lockout policy during attack detection. The balance between ease of use and security is a common problem, however the breaches in security in a medical environment can have many detrimental impacts for the healthcare provider organisation as well as for the patient including potential impact on patient safety and the reputation of the medical institution.


Field observations and flume experiments investigated whether subsurface migration and selection by adult Polygordius jouinae for sediment enriched with organic flocs could help explain small‐scale patchiness of this deposit‐feeding polychaete in rippled, sandy sediments on the inner continental shelf off New Jersey. Paired ripple crest‐trough samples taken from stations located kilometers apart in several months in 1994, 1995, and in May 2006 found higher but more variable densities of P. jouinae in troughs compared with crests. Sedimentary particulate organic matter was also patchily distributed at similar spatial scales. In a racetrack flume under realistic flow (shear velocity = 0.32 cm s‐1) and flatbed conditions, arrays of alternating, fresh ambient sediment (including natural levels of particulate organic material) and freshly sieved sediment (reduced in particulate organic content) showed significant subsurface movement of P. jouinae to sediment patches containing higher amounts of particulate organic matter in 48 h. Subsequent experiments showed that locating organic patches was not the consequence of a directed search. However, worms that located richer patches remained there and fed. Rate of movement in sediments indicated that P. jouniae could potentially travel the wavelength of a typical ripple (14‐30 cm) at the Long‐term Ecosystem Observatory in 15‐m water depth in 35‐75 min. Thus in a dynamic environment where food concentrations are low and patchy, the affinity of P. jouinae for particulate organic matter and its undirected, high rate of subsurface movement is a plausible mechanism to account for the similar spatial distributions of P. jouinae and its food resources in continental shelf sediments.


This thesis explored the potential that analysis of gesture may have in helping to understand better the difficulties of children with specific language impairment and children with autism.

An initial review of the literature in this area focused on differences between children with specific language impairment and children with autism in terms of verbal and then non-verbal communication skills. These were then drawn together and potential areas for future research examining the use of gesture in children with developmental difficulties were identified.

An investigation was then carried out comparing typically developing children, children with autistic spectrum disorders and children with specific language impairments with regards to their gesture use. Significant group differences in the type and frequency of gesture use were observed. Implications of these findings were discussed and areas for future research were identified.

Group differences were also investigated using the Children's Communication Checklist, (Bishop, 1998) a questionnaire originally designed to assess pragmatic abilities in children with language difficulties. Children with autistic spectrum disorders were shown to have a different profile of results to those with specific language impairment. These results were compared to those from similar study carried out previously and the implications were discussed.

Finally, methodological and ethical considerations along with personal and professional reflections were considered in the reflective research review.


ABSTRACT Sea-surface temperatures off southern California from Scripps Pier and from Koko Head, Hawai'i, were examined to determine what impact regime shifts that occurred in 1976–1977 and 1988–1989 had on environmental conditions at each location. Cumulative sums were employed to enhance the detection process. The cumulative sum time histories revealed major turning points at both locations at the time of the 1976–1977 event. At both locations, increases in temperature were indicated, consistent with the phase change in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that took place at that time. The cumulative sums also indicated major turning points at both locations during the 1988–1989 event. A new procedure called the method of expanding means was employed to determine the long-term impact of these events. By comparing means before and after a given event it is possible to observe the magnitude of the change and to what extent it is sustained. For the 1976–1977 regime shift, temperatures increased rapidly and remained consistently higher, by ∼1°C for 2–3 yr at Scripps Pier. This increase occurred over a period of approximately 7 months and accounts for more than half of the total warming that has occurred at that location since 1920. At Koko Head, a similar response was observed with a sustained increase of approximately +0.5°C. The oceanic response to the 1988–1989 event was quite different. At Scripps Pier, temperatures before and after this event did not show any tendency to converge to significantly different values out to periods of 2–3 yr. At Koko Head, mean temperatures did converge to slightly different values after 1 yr, with mean values being consistently lower after this event (∼−0.4°C). It was shown that in some cases changes associated with these events could be identified in the original data, but without the help of cumulative sums, it is usually not possible to make a clear distinction between changes of interest and other sources of variability. Finally, decorrelation time scales for the records at both locations were estimated and found to be on the order of a year, implying spatial scales that are at least synoptic (tens to hundreds of kilometers).


A number of planar normal faults displace Tertiary basaltic intrusions in the Traill Ø region of East Greenland. This 'post-magmatic' extension occurs over an along-strike length of >350 km and over an across-strike width of >100 km with fault displacements and fault-block rotations indicating that (3 increases in magnitude eastwards from near unity to β ≈ 1.1. The stretching direction was approximately E-W, orthogonal to the strike of major faults in the region, most of which are reactivated Mesozoic structures. Two periods of Tertiary basaltic magmatism are recognized in the area. 40Ar–39Ar step heating suggests that the first event, which gave rise to tholeiitic sills with a composite exposed thickness of c. 1 km, occurred at c. 54 Ma, and the second, which formed smaller volumes of alkaline dykes and two large syenite complexes, occurred at c. 36 Ma. Field observations indicate that 'post-magmatic' extension occurred after 54 Ma and possibly continued after 36 Ma. The tholeiitic intrusions are probably related to a stretching event (β ≤ 1.1) prior to the onset of sea-floor spreading in the Norway Basin, whilst the alkaline basalts and 'post-magmatic' rifting are associated with the separation of the Jan Mayen continental block from the East Greenland margin during the Eocene-Oligocene. Both tholeiitic and alkaline basalts formed by the partial melting of garnet-spinel peridotite with greater degrees of partial melting (8–16%) for the earlier tholeiitic group. Rifting in East Greenland ceased with the development of an oceanic ridge between Jan Mayen and East Greenland in late Oligocene time. Subsequent minor compression, probably the result of ridge-push, is suggested by the development of broad wavelength, low amplitude folds in the Traill Ø region.


Activated protein C (APC) is a signaling protease with anticoagulant activity. Here, we have used mice expressing a mutation in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) that is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to show that administration of APC or APC analogs with reduced anticoagulant activity after disease onset slows disease progression and extends survival. A proteolytically inactive form of APC with reduced anticoagulant activity provided no benefit. APC crossed the blood-spinal cord barrier in mice via endothelial protein C receptor. When administered after disease onset, APC eliminated leakage of hemoglobin-derived products across the blood-spinal cord barrier and delayed microglial activation. In microvessels, motor neurons, and microglial cells from SOD1-mutant mice and in cultured neuronal cells, APC transcriptionally downregulated SOD1. Inhibition of SOD1 synthesis in neuronal cells by APC required protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and PAR3, which inhibited nuclear transport of the Sp1 transcription factor. Diminished mutant SOD1 synthesis by selective gene excision within endothelial cells did not alter disease progression, which suggests that diminished mutant SOD1 synthesis in other cells, including motor neurons and microglia, caused the APC-mediated slowing of disease. The delayed disease progression in mice after APC administration suggests that this approach may be of benefit to patients with familial, and possibly sporadic, ALS.


Copyright and Copying Copyright © 2018 by Association for Information Science and Technology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. Authorization to copy items for internal and personal use is granted by the copyright holder for libraries and other users registered with their local Reproduction Rights Organisation (RRO), e.g. Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA (www. copyright.com), provided the appropriate fee is paid directly to the RRO. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for republication, for creating new collective works or for resale. Permissions for such reuse can be obtained using the RightsLink "Request Permissions" link on Wiley Online Library. Special requests should be addressed to: email@example.com


In this paper we present a robust parsing algorithm based on the link grammar formalism for parsing natural languages. Our algorithm is a natural extension of the original dynamic programming recognition algorithm which recursively counts the number of linkages between two words in the input sentence. The modified algorithm uses the notion of a null link in order to allow a connection between any pair of adjacent words, regardless of their dictionary definitions. The algorithm proceeds by making three dynamic programming passes. In the first pass, the input is parsed using the original algorithm which enforces the constraints on links to ensure grammaticality. In the second pass, the total cost of each substring of words is computed, where cost is determined by the number of null links necessary to parse the substring. The final pass counts the total number of parses with minimal cost. All of the original pruning techniques have natural counterparts in the robust algorithm. When used together with memoization, these techniques enable the algorithm to run efficiently with cubic worst-case complexity. We have implemented these ideas and tested them by parsing the Switchboard corpus of conversational English. This corpus is comprised of approximately three million words of text, corresponding to more than 150 hours of transcribed speech collected from telephone conversations restricted to 70 different topics. Although only a small fraction of the sentences in this corpus are "grammatical" by standard criteria, the robust link grammar parser is able to extract relevant structure for a large portion of the sentences. We present the results of our experiments using this system, including the analyses of selected and random sentences from the corpus. We placed a version of the robust parser on the Word Wide Web for experimentation. It can be reached at URL http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/es.emu.edu/project/link/www/robust.html. In this version there are some limitations such as the maximum length of a sentence in words and the maximum amount of memory the parser can use.


This paper presents a decision support technique to help decision makers study the influencing factors in the design of a hybrid solar-wind power system (HSWPS) for grid-linked applications. These factors relate mainly to political and social conditions, and to technical advances and economics. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to quantify the various divergencies of opinions, practices and events that lead to confusion and uncertainties in planning HSWPS. The trade-off/risk method is used to generate multiple plans under 16 different futures and obtain the corresponding trade-off curves. Unlike the traditional 2-D simulation, a novel modeling of a trade-off surface in 3-D space is presented where the knee set is determined using the minimum distance approach. Robust and inferior plans are segregated based on their frequent occurrence in the conditional decision set of each future and hedging analysis to reduce risk is performed in order to assign alternative options in case risky futures occur.


Among the archival records pertaining to the Berlin Head Office of the National Socialist Reich's Chamber of Fine Arts a list of forty-four art dealers' names for registration with the new Chamber can be found. The focus of this article is on events surrounding this archival record, dealing exclusively with the trade section within the Reich's Chamber of Fine Art and focusing on individuals rather than firms. The Reich's Chamber of Culture was established in order to standardise "cultural creation", with its jurisdiction ultimately empowered to cover activities of art production, reception and distribution. As the Weimar Republic was transformed into a totalitarian state, the Reich's Chamber of Culture was created by evoking the nomenclature of Chambers of Commerce and trading regulations but intending direct control of individuals as well as activities. As a consequence, its influence was felt throughout the entire art market and initiated a market disturbance which reverberates to the present time, necessitating ongoing market research and price analysis. The dealers whose professional activities were controlled by the new licensing regulation developed different strategies to mitigate its effects, ultimately demonstrating a limited measure of agency under a totalitarian regime.


Multiple periodic factor prediction (MPFP) problems exist widely in multisensor data fusion applications. Development of an effective prediction method should integrate information for multiple periodically changing factors. Because the uncertainty and periodicity coexist in the information used, the prediction method should be able to handle them simultaneously. In this study, complex fuzzy sets are used to represent the information with uncertainty and periodicity. A product-sum aggregation operator (PSAO) is developed for a set of complex fuzzy sets, which is used to integrate information with uncertainty and periodicity, and a PSAO-based prediction (PSAOP) method is then proposed to generate a solution of MPFP problems. This study illustrates the details of the PSAOP method through two real applications in annual sunspot number prediction and bushfire danger rating prediction. Experiments indicate that the proposed PSAOP method effectively handles the uncertainty and periodicity in the information of multiple periodic factors simultaneously and can generate accurate predictions for MPFP problems.


Appearance of bubbles in the rubber has been observed in real time by using X-ray imaging method in SPring-8. The behavior of diameter and quantity of bubbles has been measured for the samples which have the various contents of cure agent and moisture. The babbles appear after 30 to 50 sec from releasing curing pressure at the place where there are no any feature in the X-ray images pixel size is 0.5μm. The diameter of bubbles increases linearly with time at first, and then it grows up to be closer to the limit diameter finally. This final diameter changes with cure time and amount of cure agent. And the quantity of bubbles changes with amount of moisture. The result shows the one of ori-gin of bubble is moisture, and even if the moisture content changes, the size of moisture particles does not change, the quantity of particles changes. The crosslink density participates in whether this particle changes to a bubble or keeps that state. That also participates in the final diameter of bubble. X-Ray experiments were performed at BL19B2, BL46XU in the SPring-8 with approval of the Japan Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) (Proposal No. 2014A1571,2014A1572).


The French surgeon Rene Jacques Croissant de Garengeot first described the presence of an appendix in a femoral hernia sac in 1731. We present the case of a 75-year-old lady with an incarcerated right femoral hernia which contained an appendix vermiformis. The treatment of choice of this rare disease entity is emergency surgery with simultaneous appendicectomy and repair of the femoral hernia. Suture repair or mesh repair can be used, the choice of which depends on surgeon preference, the age of the patient and the intra-operative findings (size of the hernia and the macroscopic appearance of the appendix). J Med Cases. 2016;7(6):213-215 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2499w


The most contentious issues in news coverage of scandals concern issues of proportion and prevalence. In New South Wales, the issue of police corruption has been on political and media agendas for more than three decades. The media reporting has included some landmark pieces of investigative reporting and dramatic revelations in trials and royal commissions but also sensationalism and rhetorical extravagance. Despite the prolonged attention and prolific coverage, serious questions remain about how well the extent and nature of corruption were reported and whether the media has conveyed the degree of reform in police practices.


This study explores the significance of place and sense of place as sociological concepts. It does this by testing the usefulness of Thomas Gieryn's (2000) framework for defining and understanding place as a fact that underscores all social life. Place is defined as having the 'three necessary and sufficient' features of location, materiality and meaning, and its sociological significance is investigated in terms of how places are made and what places do. A review of the literature identified a paucity of large-scale empirical sociological studies that have an intentional focus on place and sense of place. The purpose of this study was to help fill that gap by using a structurational perspective, to examine how individuals and society make places, and how places simultaneously impact upon them. It brings these processes into focus by examining relationships with places over time, through an autoethnographic family history. Places and people's relationships with places are mediated by society; the impact of modernity and globalization are testament to this. However, this process is no less than the sum of individual lives that travel through time and space and inhabit particular localities. A family history provided the opportunity to examine not only macro processes that impact upon place, but also the phenomenological experience of place and the significant meanings attached to particular places. Following Gieryn's (2000) typology the study identifies the power of top-down forces in place making, the influence of professional place makers and the perceptions and attributions of ordinary people. It also demonstrates the other part of the dialectic: how places themselves have a social impact, particularly in regard to their important relationship to memory and identity. These themes are investigated through a history of my own family, the Glovers. The case study explores the role of this family in the processes of place making, firstly, in Ireland where they were part of the plantation of Ulster. The focus is then upon the transformation in the family's sense of place resulting from their migration to Australia in 1860. The colonization of Gippsland is discussed, including the impact upon the indigenous people, the Gunai/Kurnai, and the Glovers' role in this process of place making when they selected land at Clydebank, near Sale. Finally, having discussed the processes by which the family later became well established in the town of Sale, the thesis reflects upon the links between memory, heritage and sense of place. The purpose of the study therefore is to exemplify how a family history can highlight the usually taken for granted concepts of place and sense of place as significant social facts. It provides empirical evidential support to Gieryn's (2000 argument for their incorporation into mainstream sociology as important analytical concepts.


A communication satellite payload consists of receiving and transmitting antennas and all the electronic equipment which supports the transmission of the carriers. The overall satellite payload bandwidth is split into several sub-bands. The amplifying chain associated with each sub-band is called a satellite channel, or transponder. A typical satellite communication transponder comprises of wide band receivers followed by an analog channelization assembly, power amplifier and an output combiner. In order to characterize the performance of the transponder given only the measured results such as magnitude and phase response, the transponder subsystems can be modelled in a suitable software or hardware. A satellite emalator consists of many sub-systems but the paper would focus on filters imelemented in a setellite payload. These include Preselect Filter (PSF), Input Multiplexer (IMUX) and Output Multiplexer (OMUX) and Harmonic Reject Filter (HRF). This paper illustrates the emulation of characteristics of diffprent band pass filters implemented in the communication payload using digital filters. A generic fixed pole FIR filter was designed which was further tested for PSF, IMUX, OMUX and HRF filter response.


Small-scale fisheries provide food security, livelihoods and income to millions of people but their management still presents a challenge to managers and other stakeholders due to problems in gathering suitable information and its incorporation in fisheries policy. Fishers are a key source of knowledge for assessment of both extractive capacity and value in small-scale fisheries, in addition to providing a broad array of cultural knowledge. The increasing recognition of the value of incorporating traditional fishing knowledge in freshwater, riverine, lacustrine and coastal and marine fisheries management is now evident in international conventions and published literature. The purpose of these guidelines is to make it easier for users to recognise and include fishers' knowledge as an important data stream in resource management. The report includes details on the breadth of knowledge that can be gathered, how it can be gathered, and how this information can be applied to support sustainable fisheries policy and broader applications in society. It contains case studies from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the Pacific.


Regulation is the abstract concept when a state regulates her subjects with the legal imperatives then it shapes a material body. It is may prescribe conduct, calibrate incentives, or change preferences through which an institution can control her subjects in a formal manner and a state runs through the same practice. The instrument of regulation include controls on market entries, prices, wages, development approvals, pollution effects, employment for certain people in certain industries, standards of production for certain goods, the military forces and services.it has two standard theories namely: the public interest theory and capture theory but the theories consider as the normative in character. Here we suggest another type of theory of the regulation of the state systems namely theory of regulation for legitimacy, which is primarily calculated as the realist theory in nature because the state fills she is the just another institution of the great society in terms of regulation and we incorporates three types of models of regulation of the state systems. The research article has been addressed with the qualitative and quantitative methodologies.


INTRODUCTION For almost a century following the Civil War, the principal resources for educating Blacks at the college level were what have come to be known as the nation's historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) that were established in 19 states, mostly in the South. Although a majority of these more than one hundred institutions were founded as "normal schools" (teachers' colleges), 18 were initially established as state land-grant colleges or were later given this status to conform with federal requirements that the benefits of land-grant programs in the U.S. be available to both Blacks and Whites (Ploski & Williams, 1989). American educational policy, as iterated in the 10th Amendment to the Constitution, designates the states as having the authority to exercise primary responsibility for education at every level. However, for more than 130 years, America's federal land-grant legislation has been at the center of this country's higher education policy debates. Nowhere have these debates been more evident than in the public policy arena of mission and resource allocation between the two types of land-grant universities: those chartered by the 1862 Morrill Act, which were originally and presently predominantly White; and those chartered by the 1890 Morrill Act, or the nation's public HBCUs (Nelson, 1985; Sink, 1982). This debate continues to generate serious policy conflicts between national needs, state control, and institutional aspirations ("Desegregation Case," 1992). West Virginia has become the center of a truly unique policy controversy, one without precedent in the entire history of America's land-grant movement ("West Virginia State's Land-Grant Status Reinstated," 1991). THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Federal View As early as 1857, Congressman Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont recognized that federal intervention was necessary to remedy the systematic exclusion of the less-advantaged "common man" from the benefits of higher education. To redress this situation, Morrill put forth legislation aiming "to donate public lands to the several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts" (Morrill Act of 1862, 12 Stat. 503). Morrill's bill was vetoed by President James Buchanan in 1859 on the grounds that it violated the traditional policy of the federal government, which had, up to that time, left the control of education to the states. On July 2, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law this landmark piece of educational policy, which provided the foundation for further development of America's major public postsecondary institutions. During the time since their establishment, the land-grant colleges and universities of the United States have grown to represent to the world a unique system of higher education (Brunner, 1962). Each state accepting the benefits of the 1862 Morrill Act was obligated to establish "at least one college where the leading objective shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts...in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life" (12 Stat. 503). Currently, 51 such institutions exist in the 50 states. Similar institutions were established in Puerto Rico in 1908, in the District of Columbia in 1969, in Guam and the Virgin Islands in 1973, and in American Samoa and Micronesia (also known as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) in 1981, and in the Northern Mariana Islands in 1986. Ten years after the first Morrill act was passed, the Senator from Vermont introduced a bill to provide for the further endowment of the land-grant colleges. Though this bill was defeated in 1873, Senator Morrill was not easily discouraged. He garnered the assistance of two astute 1862 college presidents, Pennsylvania State University's George W. …


In this paper, we report bright, efficient Alq3-based [tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum] organic light-emitting diode (OLED) structures that incorporate hemispherical lenses for increased output power efficiency. The 6-layer hybrid (polymer/small molecule) OLED structure contains two spin-coated polymer layers and four thermally evaporated small molecule layers. This structure results in balanced charge injection, thus leading to a more efficient device. The use of index-matched transparent lenses resulted in luminous and external quantum efficiency of 7.5 lm/W and 8%, respectively. The size and shape of the lens was used to control the angular power distribution. Lenses incorporating color conversion media were used to achieve high OLED efficiency in various colors. Saturated yellow, orange, and red devices with external quantum efficiencies as high ~4% were obtained from this approach


"Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures, Seventh Edition" gives you a complete print and multimedia package consisting of the established 'gold-standard' three-volume reference on fractures, plus access to an integrated content website. In its thoroughly revised, updated Seventh Edition, "Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures" is written by the world's foremost authorities. It provides comprehensive coverage of all bone and joint injuries, thorough discussion of alternative methods for treating each injury, and coverage of the authors' preferred methods. Volumes I and II cover fractures in adults; Volume III covers fractures in children. This edition has a more international group of contributors and 45 new chapter authors. "The Fractures in Adults" volumes have new chapters on principles of nerve injury and complex regional pain syndrome; psychological aspects of trauma; gunshot and wartime injuries; principles of mangled extremity management; amputations; limb salvage reconstruction; principles of post-traumatic infections; principles of nonunions; and, principles of malunions. "The Fractures in Children" volume has new chapters on casting, remodeling and what is unique about children's fractures; principles of physical examination of children with fractures; and, treacherous children's fractures. More tips and pearls have been added to the authors' preferred method presentations, and coverage of complications has been expanded. There is a companion website that contains the fully searchable text, an image bank, and videos of 25 surgical procedures for adults and the 10 most difficult procedures for children.


In this paper a theorem of combinatorial geometry will be applied to prove results about actions of compact Lie groups on manifolds. In order to understand actions on differentiable manifolds, the weights of the tangential representations at fixed points of a maximal torus can be taken as basic data. Those weights are related by the structure of the equivariant cohomology ring of the manifold. The weights can also be considered as just a finite set of vectors or as a finite set of points in a projective space. From this point of view, theorems of combinatorial geometry can be used. Hence representation theory, equivariant cohomology theory, and combinatorial geometry can be used to understand differentiable actions. We will use the following result of combinatorial geometry which has been generalized by Sten Hansen [11], It was conjectured by Sylvester[16] in 1893 and proved by Gallai in 1933.


Introduction: Newborn children conceived before 32 weeks of incubation are genuinely immune deficient with cord blood centralization of IgG being not as much as half contrasted with those found in infants conceived at full term. Furthermore, exceptionally preterm newborn children have lessened supplement components, polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and are obligated to debilitate their capacity pools. Aims and Objectives: This planned study has been attempted with the accompanying targets, to concentrate on the administration of IVIG in addition with antibiotics to improves the therapeutic consequence of sepsis in preterm neonates. Materials and Methods: Sixty preterm neonates with sepsis were randomly assigned into study and control groups at a tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit, Princess Esra Hospital and Owaisi Hospital & Research Centre, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Study-group was given IVIG in addition to standard treatment. Results: Total 60 patients were enrolled, 30 in study and 30 in control group. There were no gender differences (male 50%, female 50%) of neonates enrolled, which is also evident in the study (males 47.7%, females 52.3%) and control group (males 52.3%, females 47.7%). Conclusion: Low levels of immunity in preterm neonates results in increased morbidity and mortality in severe infection. Use of IVIG along with the antibiotics and other supportive therapy can improve the outcome.


This article explores critical theory's relations to German idealism by clarifying how Adorno's thought relates to Hegel's. Adorno's apparently mixed responses to Hegel centre on the dialectic and actually form a coherent whole. In his Logic, Hegel outlines the dialectical process by which categories – fundamental forms of thought and reality – necessarily follow one another in three stages: abstraction, dialectic proper, and the speculative (famously simplified as 'thesis, antithesis, synthesis'). Adorno's allegiance to Hegel's dialectic emerges when he traces the dialectical process whereby enlightenment reverts to myth and human domination over nature reverts into our domination by nature. However, Adorno criticizes Hegel's dialectic as the ultimate form of 'identity thinking', subsuming unique, material objects under universal concepts by using dialectical reason to expand those concepts to cover objects utterly. These two responses cohere because Adorno shares Hegel's view that dialectical contradictions require reconciliation, but differs from Hegel on the nature of reconciliation. For Hegel, reconciliation unites differences into a whole; for Adorno, reconciled differences co-exist as differences. Finally, against Habermas who holds that Adorno cannot consistently criticize the enlightenment practice of critique, I show that Adorno can do so consistently because of how he reshapes Hegelian dialectic.


Administrative detention occurs where a state arrests and detains an individual outside the criminal law context. A key example of this is immigration detention. Different groups are susceptible to immigration detention in different countries. For example, in some, asylum seekers are held while their claims are verified. In some, refused asylum seekers are held while deportation is arranged. Some states categorize irregular border crossing as itself a criminal offense, so that immigration detention becomes, at least in practice, a form of criminal detention. Others merely hold irregular border crossers while they arrange deportation. For stateless persons, this is particularly problematic. Without citizenship, stateless persons may be difficult to deport. As a result, they can find themselves in immigration detention for long periods of time or even indefinitely while they wait for a deportation that will in all likelihood not take place. This situation runs counter to International Law.


Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been popular in the industrial field, and both have undergone dramatic development. RFID and WSNs are well known for their abilities in identity identification and data transmission, respectively, and hence widely used in applications for environmental and health monitoring. Though the integration of a sensor and an RFID tag was proposed to gather both RFID tag and sensed information, few previous research efforts explore the integration of data transmission modes in the RFID and WSN systems to enhance the performance of the applications. In this paper, we propose a hybrid RFID and WSN system (HRW) that synergistically integrates the traditional RFID system and WSN system for efficient data collection. HRW has hybrid smart nodes that combine the function of RFID tags, the reduced function of RFID readers, and wireless sensors. Therefore, nodes can read each other's sensed data in tags, and all data can be quickly transmitted to an RFID reader through the node that first reaches it. The RFID readers transmit the collected data to the back-end servers for data processing and management. We also propose methods to improve data transmission efficiency and to protect data privacy and avoid malicious data selective forwarding in data transmission. Comprehensive simulation and trace-driven experimental results show the high performance of HRW in terms of the cost of deployment, transmission delay and capability, and tag capacity requirement.


The deployment of wireless applications or protocols in the context of Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs), often requires to step through a simulation phase. For the results of the simulation to be meaningful, it is important that the model on which is based the simulator matches as closely as possible the reality. In this paper we present the simulation results of a straightforward algorithm using several popular simulators (OPNET Modeler, NS-2, GloMoSim). The results tend to show that significant divergences exist between the simulators. This can be explained partly by the mismatching of the modelisation of each simulator and also by the different levels of detail provided to implement and configure the simulated scenarios.


A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for melamine was prepared by suspension polymerization, using melamine as a template, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker. The optimal template/monomer and monomer/cross-linker ratios were obtained, being defined as 1/15 and 1/12, respectively. Molecular recognition properties and binding capacity toward melamine were evaluated by adsorption tests. Compared with the nonimprinted polymer, the imprinted polymer showed higher affinity for melamine with a dissociation constant (Kd) and a maximum binding concentration of 568.4 ± 7.4 μmol/L and 96.8 ± 2.3 μmol/g, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the imprinted polymer was used as a dispersive extraction sorbent to extract melamine from different milk samples, before high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The validated method presented a limit of detection of 0.6 mg/kg. From the analysis of six different milks, melamine was detected in two of the considered samples at a maximum concentration of 9.3 ± 0.3 mg/kg.


Periodontal diseases result from a complex interaction between a biofilm containing commensal and periopathogenic bacteria and the host innate and acquired defense systems. The interaction of oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria and their effect on ' cell behaviour, particularly the synthesis of antibacterial and inflammatory molecules, has been the focus of this project. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of human beta-defensin and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in the gingiva of patients suffering from the periodontal diseases was also determined. Patients suffering periodontal diseases showed increased mRNA expression of human beta-defensins and cytokines compared to controls, however, there was no difference in human beta-defensin protein expression between diseased and control tissue samples. Further studies were then carried out to determine the effect of oral commensal and periopathogenic bacteria and their surface components on oral epithelial cells (OECs). An oral squamous carcinoma cell line was found to produce IL-8 protein and express mRNA for human beta-defensin 2 (hpD-2), both of which were induced by several oral bacterial cell surface components, including LPS. The stimulatory effect of LPS was subsequently found to involve the LPS receptor, CD 14. The presence of toll-like receptor mRNA was also demonstrated and results showed that their expression may be regulated by bacteria associated molecular patterns. Both live- and heat-killed oral bacterial pathogens, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis induced production of IL-8 protein and hpD-2 mRNA from OECs. Exposure to the oral commensals S. sanguis and S. gordonii resulted in a decrease in the production of IL-8 mRNA from OECs, whilst heat-killed S. sanguis upregulated hpD-2 mRNA. A highly invasive strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans was shown to adhere to OECs to a greater degree, and also led to a greater induction of hpD-2 mRNA and IL-8 protein compared to a non-invasive strain. Further, isogenic mutants of the oral commensal S. gordonii DL1 Challis, deficient in the production of antigen I/II-family proteins SspA and SspB and the fibrillar cell surface proteins CshA and CshB, showed reduced adhesion to OECs. All strains had comparable effects on IL-8 protein and hpD-2 mRNA expression in OECs. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the expression profile of human beta- defensins and cytokines in healthy and diseased gingival tissue. hpD-2 has been shown to be upregulated in oral epithelial cells by a range of oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria and their products. It has also been shown that the invasive nature of oral bacteria may contribute to increased expression of hpD-2 messenger RNA in oral epithelial cells. The upregulation of hpD-2 mRNA by a wide variety of components, bacterial or otherwise in oral epithelial cells may have therapeutic potential, however further studies would need to be carried out to determine the correlation between mRNA and protein expression of hpD-2.


A large-scale recruitment study of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the central Bahamas identified (1 ) strong spatial coherence in settlement to inshore nursery habitats, (2) temporal variability due in part to stochastic wind forcing, and (3) lunar and seasonal periodicity in settlement. First, we quantified lunar variation in settlement on standardized artificial substrates to determine whether or not intraand inter-annual variability In recruitment could be adequately described by measuring influx of postlarvae during the first quarter of each new moon, as suggested by previous studies. Next, we compared settlement data obtained from artificial surface substrates to concentrations of postlarvae In the water column and benthic settlement. Long-term (6 yr) spatiotemporal variation in postlarval settlement was then quantified at 8 sites spanning a longitudmal and onshore distance of 43 km and 11 km, respectively. Lastly, we examined the relationship between postlarval settlement and environmental variables with time-series analyses. The key findings were that: (1) signlficant lunar (first quarter of lunar phase) and seasonal (fall peak) periodicities in settlement were consistent across sites; (2) postlarval settlement varied more across sites (-600%) than between years at a single site (-50%), and inter-site differences were consistent across time (i.e. some sites always had higher settlement than others); (3) settlement was correlated with along-shore winds blowing towards the southeast, but not with cross-shelf winds or water temperature; (4) floating. 'Witham-type' artificial settlement substrates yielded an accurate index of postlarval concentration and flux past a given point; and (5) floating substrates were a relatively poor indicator of benthic settlement, though the relationship between surface and benthic settlement may depend upon benth~c habitat availability and postlarval supply. These results indicate that artificial settlement substrates provide a reliable index of postlarval supply to inshore nursery habitats, and that a combination of stochastic and deterministic forces influence recruitment over various scales of time and space.


Measurements of oxygen uptake and blood lactate content are central to methods for assessment of physical fitness and endurance capabilities in athletes. Two important parameters extracted from such data of incremental exercise tests are the maximal oxygen uptake and the critical power. A commonly accepted model of the dynamics of oxygen uptake during exercise at constant work rate comprises a constant baseline oxygen uptake, an exponential fast component, and another exponential slow component for heavy and severe work rates. We generalized this model to variable load protocols by differential equations that naturally correspond to the standard model for constant work rate. This provides the means for prediction of oxygen uptake response to variable load profiles including phases of recovery. The model parameters were fitted for individual subjects from a cycle ergometer test. The model predictions were validated by data collected in separate tests. Our findings indicate that oxygen kinetics for variable exercise load can be predicted using the generalized mathematical standard model, however, with an overestimation of the slow component. Such models allow for applications in the field where the constant work rate assumption generally is not valid.


This paper presents a high resolution Digital Pulse Width Modulation "DPWM" for the voltage regulator application. The PWM signal is generated by using two fast clock counters. In this approach, the pulse width is combined from two parts depending on two counter schemes. MSBs of the DPWM generates first part of pulse that achieved by a first counter-phase comparator scheme, and the LSBs of the DPWM generates second part of pulse that obtained through a second counter- phase comparator scheme. The resolution of present pulse width depends on the resolution of second counter. The developed pulse width modulator has high precision, good linearity, and wide duty cycle range. Further, it can be flexibly reconfigured for multi-phase PWM operation with no restriction on duty cycle range. In this work, a 714 kHz switching frequency DPWM module with 9- bit resolution is tested by simulation program.


ABSTRACT The consumption of sugars, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs; beverages or drinks that contain added caloric sweeteners (ie, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice concentrates), in European children and adolescents exceeds current recommendations. This is of concern because there is no nutritional requirement for free sugars, and infants have an innate preference for sweet taste, which may be modified and reinforced by pre- and postnatal exposures. Sugar-containing beverages/free sugars increase the risk for overweight/obesity and dental caries, can result in poor nutrient supply and reduced dietary diversity, and may be associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, and other health effects. The term "free sugars," includes all monosaccharides/disaccharides added to foods/beverages by the manufacturer/cook/consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey/syrups/unsweetened fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates. Sugar naturally present in intact fruits and lactose in amounts naturally present in human milk or infant formula, cow/goat milk, and unsweetened milk products is not free sugar. Intake of free sugars should be reduced and minimised with a desirable goal of <5% energy intake in children and adolescents aged ≥2 to 18 years. Intake should probably be even lower in infants and toddlers <2 years. Healthy approaches to beverage and dietary consumption should be established in infancy, with the aim of preventing negative health effects in later childhood and adulthood. Sugar should preferably be consumed as part of a main meal and in a natural form as human milk, milk, unsweetened dairy products, and fresh fruits, rather than as SSBs, fruit juices, smoothies, and/or sweetened milk products. Free sugars in liquid form should be replaced by water or unsweetened milk drinks. National Authorities should adopt policies aimed at reducing the intake of free sugars in infants, children and adolescents. This may include education, improved labelling, restriction of advertising, introducing standards for kindergarten and school meals, and fiscal measures, depending on local circumstances.


This study examines the ways in which the moral community is "talked into being" in relation to crime, and the objects of concern that typically occupy its attention. It maps the imagined moral universe of the virtuous and the criminal and charts the relations between these two groups in the "history of the present." It examines the calls to action which symbolically endow the moral community with power. And it looks at the character and content of collective moralizing.
The source materials are commentaries about crime and criminal justice appearing in selected newspapers across the Americas. The moral "talk" found there is stylized, routine, trivial and occasionally dramatic. It looks nothing like the weightier renderings of morality that derive from the reconstruction of a particular "ethic" or from the systematic probing of values and moral reasoning. And its fuzzy, offhand, unexceptional and frequently unsystematic nature makes it a difficult candidate for explaining either stability or change in crime policies. But moral talk has intrinsic importance as the creator and sustainer of an imagined moral community, a community that symbolizes the existence and vigor of morality itself and confers a crucially important identity on its self-proclaimed members. And moral talk reveals inherent intersections between normative, empirical and technical discourses, highlighting the relationships between morality, science and social engineering. Thus, a prosaic, instrumental, model of morality is particularly strong in North America, but only found in a more abstract form in Latin America, where it sits alongside a stirring vision of morality, more directly anchored in virtue.
Research on social problems, moral panics and the sociology of morality has largely overlooked the type of moral discourse studied here. While emphasizing the culturally contingent nature of the findings, the conclusion reflects on their significance for understanding the nature of moralizing, the artifacts of talk and the construction of identity.


In what may be a slightly premature obituary, this Bulletin response to a forthcoming paper by Matthew Tokson argues that the Fourth Amendment third party doctrine "has at least taken ill, and it can be hoped it is an illness from which it will never recover." It is increasingly unpopular as a matter of state constitutional law, has long been assailed in scholarship but now thoughtful alternatives are percolating, and it cannot – or at least should not – withstand the pressures which technology and social norms are placing upon it. Even the Supreme Court seems loath to defend or invoke it, and lower courts seem to be responding to that shift. In the relatively short space allotted, I place Tokson''s thoughtful argument in this greater context, and briefly reply to related arguments of Professor Kerr and Judge Posner.


In plants, the gaseous hormone ethylene has a wide range of effects. It acts through members of a family of receptors, the most well characterized of which is ETR1. ETR1 has histidine kinase activity, but precisely how it signals is not known. Ethylene is soluble in aqueous or lipid environments and can diffuse anywhere in the cell. Nevertheless, its receptors are transmembrane proteins that actually bind ethylene in the transmembrane domain. Chen et al. used aqueous two-phase partitioning, sucrose density gradient fractionation, and immunoelectron microscopy to explore distribution of ETR1 and conclude that it is predominantly localized in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The authors note that ABP1, a soluble binding protein for another plant hormone, auxin, is also localized in the ER, suggesting that the ER may be a particularly important location for plant cell signaling. Y.-F. Chen, M. D. Randlett, J. L. Findell, G. E. Schaller, Localization of the ethylene receptor ETR1 to the endoplasmic reticulum of Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 19861-19866 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Background. There is an ongoing debate about the best way to classify eating disorders. This study examined potential subtypes of bulimia nervosa. Method. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subtypes of bulimic symptomatology, utilizing data from 234 respondents in a cohort of black and white young women (n=2054). Participants were administered gated screening questions from the Eating Disorders Examination to determine DSM-IV diagnoses of eating disorders. Results. A 3-class solution was judged best. Class 1, the 'purger subtype' (n=116), was characterized by vomiting, the use of fasting/diet pills, and relatively little bingeing. Class 2, the 'binger subtype' (n=97) comprised women who engaged in bingeing but minimal compensatory behaviors. Class 3, the 'binge-purger subtype' (n=21) had relatively high rates of all symptoms. Findings of differences between the three subtypes on validator variables and differences between the three subtypes compared to non-eating disorder groups suggest validity of the three bulimic subtypes identified in our analyses. Ethnicity and class membership were associated [χ2(3)=21·89, p<0·0001], reflecting a greater percentage of white women than black women in Class 1 and a greater percentage of black women than white women in Class 2. Conclusions. LCA revealed one subtype that was similar to bulimia nervosa and two subtypes of bulimic symptomatology that did not meet criteria for bulimia nervosa yet appear to be clinically significant. Further study of the psychological correlates, course, and treatment response of these classes would be of clinical interest.


A positive productivity shock in the host country tends typically to increase the volume of the desired FDI flows to the host country, through the standard marginal profitability effect. But, at the same time, such a shock may lower the likelihood of making any new FDI flows by the source country, through a total profitability effect, derived from the a general-equilibrium increase in domestic input prices. This is the gist of the theory that we develop in the paper. For a sample of 62 OECD and Non-OECD countries over the period 1987-2000, we provide supporting evidence for the existence of such conflicting effects of productivity change on bilateral FDI flows. We also uncover sizeable threshold barriers in our data set and link the analysis to the Lucas Paradox.


Restoring homeostasis following tissue damage requires a dynamic and tightly orchestrated sequence of molecular and cellular events that ensure repair and healing. It is well established that nutrition directly affects skin homeostasis, while malnutrition causes impaired tissue healing. In this study, we utilized fish sidestream-derived protein hydrolysates including fish collagen as dietary supplements, and investigated their effect on the skin repair process using a murine model of cutaneous wound healing. We explored potential differences in wound closure and histological morphology between diet groups, and analyzed the expression and production of factors that participate in different stages of the repair process. Dietary supplementation with fish sidestream-derived collagen alone (Collagen), or in combination with a protein hydrolysate derived from salmon heads (HSH), resulted in accelerated healing. Chemical analysis of the tested extracts revealed that Collagen had the highest protein content and that HSH contained the great amount of zinc, known to support immune responses. Indeed, tissues from mice fed with collagen-containing supplements exhibited an increase in the expression levels of chemokines, important for the recruitment of immune cells into the damaged wound region. Moreover, expression of a potent angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), was elevated followed by enhanced collagen deposition. Our findings suggest that a 5%-supplemented diet with marine collagen-enriched supplements promotes tissue repair in the model of cutaneous wound healing, proposing a novel health-promoting use of fish sidestreams.


The Law of Requisite Variety is a mathematical theorem relating the number of control states of a system to the number of variations in control that is necessary for effective response. The Law of Requisite Variety does not consider the components of a system and how they must act together to respond effectively. Here we consider the additional requirement of scale of response and the effect of coordinated versus uncoordinated response as a key attribute of complex systems. The components of a system perform a task, with a number of such components needed to act in concert to perform subtasks. We apply the resulting generalization—a Multiscale Law of Requisite Variety—to understanding effective function of complex biological and social systems. This allows us to formalize an understanding of the limitations of hierarchical control structures and the inadequacy of central control and planning in the solution of many complex social problems and the functioning of complex social organizations, e.g., the military, healthcare, and education systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 37–45, 2004


Motion blending is widely accepted as a standard technique in computer animation, allowing the generation of new motions by interpolation and/or transition between motion capture sequences. To ensure smooth and seamless results, an important property has to be taken into account: similar constraints sequences have to be time aligned. But traditional blending approaches let the user choose manually the transition time and duration. In addition, according to the animation context, blending operations should not be performed immediately. They can only occur during a precise period of time, while preserving specific physical properties. We present in this paper an improved blending technique allowing automatic controlled transition between motion patterns whose parameters are not known in advance. This approach ensures coherent movements over the parameter space of the original input motions. To illustrate our approach, we focus on walking and running motions blended with jumps, where animators may vary the jump length and style. The proposed method specifies automatically the support phases of the input motions, and controls on the fly a correct transition time. Moreover the current locomotion type and speed are smoothly adapted given a specific jump type and length.


The long-term recurrence patterns of past earthquakes are of considerable consequence for hazard assessments, and have implications for earthquake physics. We introduce a rigorously dated record of earthquakes from an extensive number of well-preserved pre- seismic and postseismic precipitates from caves located off the Dead Sea transform. We dated events directly at the paleoseismic contact by means of a novel correlation method with the oxygen isotope record of the speleothems recovered in one of the caves. Within the 185 k.y. covered, we dated 38 seismite samples. These stem from 13-18 earthquakes with a mean recurrence interval of ;10-14 k.y. We show that the deformational events dated in the study caves complement independent near-fault paleoseismic records by tem- poral correlation with the earthquakes recorded therein. This opens up a significant new avenue of earthquake research that will provide precise dating and observational con- straints on large infrequent earthquakes.


Current formant measurement studies of vowel sounds generally use a Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) algorithm and rely on an interactive method of formant estimation which includes a comparison of measured formant tracks and characteristics of the spectrogram. Thereby, the selection of LPC parameters is based on the assumption that the number of poles for the analysis of a given frequency range is age- and gender-specific. However, when crosschecking measured formant tracks with the spectrogram, mismatches occur in a significant number of cases. In these cases, the investigators try to minimize these mismatches by modifying the number of poles of LPC. Such an interaction is based on phonetic knowledge, analytical experience and related expectations. Several authors have pointed towards the lack of objectivity and the inherent circularity as well as the fact that similar formant estimations performed by different researchers may yield different results. As of yet, the issue of an improvement and objectification of formant estimation procedure is still a matter of debate. The present paper describes such a corresponding approach: basing the LPC pole-number selection on objective criteria by introducing Euclidean distance measure and formant frequency conditions as references for interactive formant frequency estimation. The paper further presents and discusses the results of a pilot evaluation using the method proposed on 224 long Standard German vowel sounds /i-y-e-o-ɛ-a-o-u/ produced by eight children, ten women and ten men on fundamental frequencies of 262 Hz (children), 220 Hz (women) and 131 Hz (men), respectively.


Abstract The role that private actors play in accelerating or preventing progressive climate policy and true decarbonization is a core research interest of global environmental politics. Yet scholars have struggled to measure the political behavior of multinational firms due to lack of transparency about their activities and inconsistency in reporting requirements across jurisdictions. In this research note, we present a new data source—firms' earnings calls—that scholars might use to better understand the political behavior of major multinational polluters. To illustrate the value of earnings calls as a data source, we construct an original data set of all earnings calls made between 2005 and 2019 by major oil and gas firms. We then code these transcripts, demonstrating that although firms can be classified as more or less pro-climate, there is little evidence of the industry's public acceptance of decarbonization. These unique data could permit researchers to explore important questions about climate politics, the evolution of private governance, and the relationship between policy and firms' political behavior. Moreover, we suggest extensions of our approach, including other multinational industries that are amenable to this type of analysis.


Introduction Increasing numbers of US residents rely on informal caregiving from friends and family members. Caregiving can have substantial health and financial impacts on caregivers. This study addressed whether those impacts include adverse nutritional states. Specifically, we examined household food insecurity, individual hunger, and obesity among caregivers compared with noncaregivers. Methods We analyzed 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from Oregon. The Caregiving Module was administered to a random subset of 2,872 respondents. Module respondents included 2,278 noncaregivers and 594 caregivers providing care or assistance to a friend or family member with a health problem or disability. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between caregiving status and each of our dependent variables. Results Caregivers had significantly greater odds of reporting household food insecurity (odds ratio [OR] = 2.10, P = .003) and personal hunger (OR = 2.89, P = .002), even after controlling for income and other correlates of food insecurity. There were no significant differences in obesity between caregivers and noncaregivers. Conclusion Caregiving is associated with increased risk of food insecurity and hunger in Oregon, suggesting that careful attention to the nutritional profile of households with family caregivers is needed in this population.


This article examines the dynamics of constructing current migration from the so-called Global South in 'risk', 'crisis' and 'fear' terms that translate into xenophobic, racialised and gendered processes of 'othering' people who are displaced. This is done within the framework of a 'coloniality of power' (Quijano 2000b) perspective, understood as the 'colonial power matrix' (Grosfoguel 2011. This is how the location from which the current racialised and gendered politics of fear is being constructed. The notion of racialised security leads to racialised masculinity of the 'Other', while stigmatising migrant men. These colonial narratives that have created 'knowledge' about other masculinities have been invoked and re-articulated within the current racialised processes of securitisation of migration. They have supported construction of the sexual assault of 'our' women as the public security concern. Consequently, racially marked rape becomes an important part of State security, linked to national territory and border control.


Nezara viridula is a pest that can reduce soybean production both in quality and quantity. Currently efforts in controlling N. v iridula still use synthetic chemical insecticides that can have negative impacts. One solution to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical insecticide is the use of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana . The purpose of this study was to test the ability of several concentrations of entomopathogenic fungi Be a uveria bassiana Vuillemin Riau local green ladybugs for pest control N. viridula on soybean plants. Research prepared using completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment used is some concentration of B. bassiana consists of 6 treatments are: 0 g/ l of water, the concentration of B. bassiana 70 g / l of aquades, the concentration of B. bassiana 75 g / l of aquades, the concentration of B. bassiana 80 g / l of aquades , the concentration of B. bassiana 85 g / l of aquades, the concentration of B. bassiana 90 g / l of aquades. The results showed concentrations of B. bassiana 90 g / l of aquades is more effective in controlling N. viridula , but to fulfill the concept of integrated pest control concentration of 80 g / l of aquades (17.42 x 10 7 kon / ml) are considered better because it can lead to early N. viridula death for 64.25 hours, l ethal time 50 (LT 50 ) for 135.75 hours, and caused total mortality 85% for 9 days (209 hours). Keyword : Beauveria bassiana , Nezara viridula , Soy bean, biological control


The research in this thesis is intended to aid caregivers' supervision of toddlers to prevent accidental injuries, especially injuries due to falls in the home environment. There have been very few attempts to develop an automatic system to tackle young children's accidents despite the fact that they are particularly vulnerable to home accidents and a caregiver cannot give continuous supervision. Vision-based analysis methods have been developed to recognise toddlers' fall risk factors related to changes in their behaviour or environment. First of all, suggestions to prevent fall events of young children at home were collected from well-known organisations for child safety. A large number of fall records of toddlers who had sought treatment at a hospital were analysed to identify a toddler's fall risk factors. The factors include clutter being a tripping or slipping hazard on the floor and a toddler moving around or climbing furniture or room structures. The major technical problem in detecting the risk factors is to classify foreground objects into human and non-human, and novel approaches have been proposed for the classification. Unlike most existing studies, which focus on human appearance such as skin colour for human detection, the approaches addressed in this thesis use cues related to dynamic motions. The first cue is based on the fact that there is relative motion between human body parts while typical indoor clutter does not have such parts with diverse motions. In addition, other motion cues are employed to differentiate a human from a pet since a pet also moves its parts diversely. They are angle changes of ellipse fitted to each object and history of its actual heights to capture the various posture changes and different body size of pets. The methods work well as long as foreground regions are correctly segmented.


There is a strong link between software quality and software reliability. By decreasing the probability of imperfection in the software, we can augment its reliability guarantees. At one extreme, software with one unknown bug is not reliable. At the other extreme, perfect software is fully reliable. Formal verification with SPARK has been used for years to get as close as possible to zero-defect software. We present the wellestablished processes surrounding the use of SPARK at Altran UK, as well as the deployment experiments performed at Thales to fine-tune the gradual insertion of formal verification techniques in existing processes. Experience of both long-term and new users helped us define adoption and usage guidelines for SPARK based on five levels of increasing assurance that map well with industrial needs in practice.


Traditionally, clustering algorithms focus on partitioning the data into groups of similar instances. The similarity objective, however, is not sufficient in applications where a fair-representation of the groups in terms of protected attributes like gender or race, is required for each cluster. Moreover, in many applications, to make the clusters useful for the end-user, a balanced cardinality among the clusters is required. Our motivation comes from the education domain where studies indicate that students might learn better in diverse student groups and of course groups of similar cardinality are more practical e.g., for group assignments. To this end, we introduce the fair-capacitated clustering problem that partitions the data into clusters of similar instances while ensuring cluster fairness and balancing cluster cardinalities. We propose a two-step solution to the problem: i) we rely on fairlets to generate minimal sets that satisfy the fair constraint and ii) we propose two approaches, namely hierarchical clustering and partitioning-based clustering, to obtain the fair-capacitated clustering. The hierarchical approach embeds the additional cardinality requirements during the merging step while the partitioning-based one alters the assignment step using a knapsack problem formulation to satisfy the additional requirements. Our experiments on four educational datasets show that our approaches deliver well-balanced clusters in terms of both fairness and cardinality while maintaining a good clustering quality.


Abstract There is currently a lack of knowledge about how elites rule post-civil war societies without strong state institutions. This paper argues that elites oftentimes overcome such institutional deficiencies by engaging in governance through brokerage. According to this perspective, elites outsource central state functions to influential broker figures. This is particularly true when dealing with war-affected groups that possess much violent agency. By functioning as social membranes, brokers can help elites and war-affected groups to redefine a new social contract. Liberia is employed as an example to illustrate the paper's central arguments.


Abstract. Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton) is currently widely distributed in West and Central Asia and Eastern Europe, but has not been found in Australia, Western Europe or North America. Climate warming is known to promote the expansion of its range of distribution, and it is expected that the insect could spread into new territories. Varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum) carrying resistance remain an important component of managing the biosecurity risk of any potential incursion. Previous studies have identified sources of Sunn pest resistance in wheat, but there is little information on the genes that confer the resistance. This research used field-based, artificial infestation cages to evaluate 204 elite wheat varieties for Sunn pest resistance, at Terbol, Lebanon. A significant (P < 0.001) difference in resistance was observed among the wheat germplasm, with 19 varieties rated as resistant to moderately resistant and 17 as highly susceptible. Three of the elite varieties showed very little damage, a status similar to that of the resistant check, ICBW-209273. In parallel, the research carried out a genome-wide scan with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to identify chromosome regions and putative genes associated with resistance. Association mapping identified SNP markers with significant associations on chromosomes 2D, 4B and 5B. When these markers were projected onto the wheat population sequencing-based (POPSEQ) reference map, they tended to map close to the location of wheat height-reducing genes. The phenotypic variation explained by the identified markers ranged from 7% to 11%, and collectively, they explained 23.9% of the variation or 45% of the generalised heritability. Marker-trait association was confirmed in two independent, doubled-haploid wheat populations, derived from crosses involving wheat landraces from Afghanistan, where Sunn pest is recognised as an endemic problem. In the two wheat populations, the analyses validated the strong association between wsnp_BF483640B_Ta_2_2 and resistance to Sunn pest damage at the vegetative stage. This study demonstrates existence of genetic resistance to Sunn pest feeding at the vegetative stage in elite wheat germplasm. The study also identified and validated SNP markers that could be useful tools for transfer of resistance into new wheat cultivars.


Abstract Drawing on current biology, we argue that the phase space of economic evolution is not stable. Thus, there are no entailing laws of economic dynamics. In this sense, economic dynamics are creative and the economy is not a causal system. Because economic dynamics are creative, the implicit frame of analysis for the econosphere changes in unprestatable and non-algorithmic ways. New-venture, social, and political entrepreneurs solve the frame problem of the econosphere. Economic evolution is unpredictable, not entailed, and the number of things traded ('cambiodiversity') increases over time. Our metatheoretic framework points out how institutions, entrepreneurs, and disparate actors enable what we call 'novelty intermediation'. We provide examples of novelty intermediation from Rennaissance Italy to Silicon Valley. Our framework does not automatically provide clear policy prescriptions in part because our main result is negative. It may nevertheless provide a useful prolegomenon to a future economics fit for a creative world.


Of the approximately seven million Palestinian refugees around the world, more than 650,000 are living in camps along the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Having been forced from their homes, either through violence or the threat of it, those living in these camps, Rich Wiles asserts, suffer greatly from Israeli Army incursions, violence, poverty, and desperation-often even more severely than in the surrounding cities or villages. Although much media attention has been drawn to the area's political climate, the stories of its dispossessed people have gone largely underreported. Having spent much of his time in Palestine since 2003, Wiles offers a glimpse inside the West Bank's refugee camps between 2006 and 2007 through a collection of oral histories, vignettes, and photographic portraits. In these pieces, Wiles recounts conversations with Palestinians of all ages, including survivors of al-Nakba, released child and female prisoners, parents trying to rear their children amid the violence of military occupation, and exiles struggling for the right of return to their original villages. These intimate portrayals not only offer clues to understanding the physical and psychological effects of exile, colonization, and occupation, they also reveal the true Palestinian psyche, one that is at once full of life, love, and strength. Through both written word and photographic image, Behind the Wall allows Palestinians to speak for themselves.


West Nile (WN) virus causes fatal meningoencephalitis in laboratory mice, and γδ T cells are involved in the protective immune response against viral challenge. We have now examined whether γδ T cells contribute to the development of adaptive immune responses that help control WN virus infection. Approximately 15% of TCRδ−/− mice survived primary infection with WN virus compared with 80–85% of the wild-type mice. These mice were more susceptible to secondary challenge with WN virus than the wild-type mice that survived primary challenge with the virus. Depletion of γδ T cells in wild-type mice that survived the primary infection, however, does not affect host susceptibility during secondary challenge with WN virus. Furthermore, γδ T cells do not influence the development of Ab responses during primary and at the early stages of secondary infection with WN virus. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from wild-type mice that survived primary infection with WN virus to naive mice afforded partial protection from lethal infection. In contrast, transfer of CD8+ T cells from TCRδ−/− mice that survived primary challenge with WN virus failed to alter infection in naive mice. This difference in survival correlated with the numeric and functional reduction of CD8 memory T cells in these mice. These data demonstrate that γδ T cells directly link innate and adaptive immunity during WN virus infection.


Introduction: Constipation is relatively common, especially among women, but little is known about the experience of livingwith constipation. Aim: To explore the experiences of middle-aged women living with constipation. Design: A qualitative,descriptive design. Method: Six women in middle age (50-64 years) with constipation were interviewed in 2005-2007 about their experiences ofliving with constipation. The interviews were transcribed and the data were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Result: The women described being constipated as being alone in an excruciating condition where life alternated betweenfeeling tormented and feeling released, and this condition evoked feelings of stress and anxiety. Difficulties in discussingconstipation and a lack of support meant that they were alone in their struggle and they felt humiliated when seeking healthcareservices. Life was seen as an endless struggle between being mastered by the bowel and mastering the bowel. Conclusion: Even though data has been collected more than five years ago, the experiences described by the women are deemedto be highly valid for today. It is essential that fundamental needs like elimination are satisfied, but constipation problems seemsto be neglected in the healthcare system. It is important, therefore, that patients' complaints are taken seriously.


The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics introduces readers to the major facets of research on Arabic and of the linguistic situation in the Arabic-speaking world. The edited collection includes chapters from prominent experts on various fields of Arabic linguistics. The contributors provide overviews of the state of the art in their field and specifically focus on ideas and issues. Not simply an overview of the field, this handbook explores subjects in great depth and from multiple perspectives. In addition to the traditional areas of Arabic linguistics, the handbook covers computational approaches to Arabic, Arabic in the diaspora, neurolinguistic approaches to Arabic, and Arabic as a global language. The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics is a much-needed resource for researchers on Arabic and comparative linguistics, syntax, morphology, computational linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and applied linguistics, and also for undergraduate and graduate students studying Arabic or linguistics.


BACKGROUND: Postoperative analgesic methods are suggested to have an impact on long-term prognosis after cancer surgery through opioid-induced immune suppression. We hypothesized that regional analgesia that reduces the systemic opioid requirement would be related to lower cancer recurrence and higher overall survival compared to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for lung cancer surgery. METHODS: Records for all patients who underwent open thoracotomy for curative resection of primary lung cancer between 2009 and 2013 in a tertiary care hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided by postoperative analgesic methods: PCA (n = 574), thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA, n = 619), or paravertebral block (PVB, n = 536). Overall and recurrence-free survivals were compared among 3 analgesic methods via a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model and a log-rank test after adjusting confounding factors using propensity score matching (PSM). RESULTS: Analgesic method was associated with overall survival (P= .0015; hazard ratio against TEA [95% confidence intervals]: 0.58 [0.39–0.87] for PCA, 0.60 [0.45–0.79] for PVB). After confounder adjustment using PSM, PVB showed higher overall survival than PCA (log-rank P= .0229) and TEA (log-rank P= .0063) while PCA and TEA showed no difference (log-rank P= .6). Hazard ratio for PVB was 0.66 [0.46–0.94] against PCA and 0.65 [0.48–0.89] against TEA after PSM. However, there was no significant association between the analgesic methods and recurrence-free survival (P= .5; log-rank P with PSM = .5 between PCA and TEA, .5 between PCA and PVB, .1 between TEA and PVB). CONCLUSIONS: Pain-control methods are not related to cancer recurrence. However, PVB may have a beneficial effect on overall survival of patients with lung cancer.


Differentiation of microbial versus thermogenic methane in coalbed and black shale accumulations can affect strategies for exploration and may influence the total gas content in a given area. Early identification of these processes from crushed core materials, even before formation fluids and produced gas samples are available, could permit a more efficient and cost-effective exploration. Total gas contents and compositional and isotopic data from New Albany Shale core materials are presented, which delineate regional occurrence of microbial, thermogenic, and mixed gas generation in the Illinois Basin. These trends are consistent with those identified from detailed prior studies of produced gas and water chemistry from the same locations. The most useful markers for microbial gas in crushed core gases are elevated CO2 contents characterized by high values (5). Core gas analyses from wells in which microbial gas is identified commonly have significantly more total gas absorbed than do core samples from wells producing gases solely of thermogenic origin. These observations are independent of variations in sample depth and organic carbon content in a given core. Thus, this integrated case study of core and produced gases in the Illinois Basin illustrates that the areas containing microbial gas, in addition to early thermogenic gas, may be more productive than pure thermogenic zones for these early to immature unconventional gas deposits.


Introduction: National Security and Civil-Military Relations PART I MILITARY INSTITUTIONS AND THE STATE: THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 1. Officership as a Profession Professionalism and the Military The Concept of Profession The Military Profession 2. The Rise of the Military Profession in Western Society A New Social Type Mercenary and Aristocratic Officership Eighteenth-Century Aristocratic Institutions Preprofessional Meals: The Military Craft and the Natural Genius The Origins of Professionalism The Emergence of Professional Institutions, 1800-1875 European Professionalism: General Upton's Summary, 1875 Formulation of the Professional Ethic: The Autonomy and Sub-Ordination of War In Clausewitz's Vom Kriege 3. The Military Mind: Conservative Realism of the Professional Military Ethic The Meaning of the Military Mind The Professional Military Ethic 4. Power, Professionalism, and Ideology: Civil-Military Relations In Theory The Varieties of Civilian Control The Two Levels of Civil-Military Relations The Equilibrium of Objective Civilian Control The Patterns of Civil-Military Relations 5. Germany and Japan: Civil-Military Relations In Practice The German and Japanese Patterns Germany: The Tragedy of Professional Militarism Japan: The Continuity of Political Militarism PART II MILITARY POWER IN AMERICA: THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE, 1789-1940 6. The Ideological Constant: The Liberal Society Versus Military Professionalism The Historical Constants of American Civil-Military Relations The Prevalence of Liberalism in the United States The Liberal Approach to Military Affairs The Military Hero in Liberal Politics 7. The Structural Constant: The Conservative Constitution Versus Civilian Control The Constitutional Absence of Objective Civilian Control The Framers and Civilian Control The Militia Clauses and Military Federalism: The Empire Within an Empire The Separation of Powers: Dual Control Over the National Forces The Commander in Chief Clause: The Political-Military Hierarchy Civilian Control and Constitutional Government 8. The Roots of the American Military Tradition Before the Civil War The Three Strands of American Militarism The Failure of Federalism: Hamilton's Abortive Professionalism Technicism Popularism Professionalism 9. The Creation of the American Military Profession The Dominance of Business Pacifism: Industrialism Versus Militarism Years of Isolation: The Dark and the Bright The Creative Core: Sherman, Upton, Luce The Institutions of Professionalism The Making of the American Military Mind 10. The Failure of the Neo-Hamiltonian Compromise, 1890-1920 The Nature of Neo-Hamiltonianism Mahan And Wood: The Tragedy of the Military Publicist The Abortive Identification With Society, 1918-1925 11. The Constancy of Interwar Civil-Military Relations Business-Reform Hostility and Military Professionalism Reform Liberalism: The Pragmatic Usages of Militarism Military Institutions The American Military Ethic, 1920-1941 PART III THE CRISIS OF AMERICAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, 1940-1955 12. World War II: The Alchemy of Power Civil-Military Relations in Total War Military Authority and Influence in Grand Strategy The Military Adjustment to Wartime Power Civil-Military Relations in Economic Mobilization The Fruits of Harmony and Acrimony 13. Civil-Military Relations in the Postwar Decade The Alternatives of Civil-Military Relations Postwar Perspectives on Civil-Military Relations Military Influence in American Society 14. The Political Roles of the Joint Chiefs Political Roles: Substantive and Advocatory The Joint Chiefs in the Truman Administration The Korean War: the Generals, the Troops, and the Public The Joint Chiefs in the First Two Years of the Eisenhower Administration Conclusion 15. The Separation of Powers and Cold War Defense The Impact of the Separation of Powers The Separation of Powers Versus the Separation of Functions The Separation of Powers Versus Military Professionalism The Separation of Powers Versus Strategic Monism 16. Departmental Structure of Civil-Military Relations The Organization Problems of the Postwar Decade The Joint Chiefs of Staff: Legal Form and Political Reality The Comptroller: Superego of the Department of Defense The Role of the Secretary The Needs of the Office 17. Toward a New Equilibrium The Requisite For Security Changes in the Ideological Environment Conservatism and Security The Worth of the Military Ideal Notes Index