Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is developing into one of the most significant and versatile analytical techniques for characterizing surface species of inorganic, organic and biological materials. Together with the option of imaging the surface chemistry, SSIMS provides specific chemical information which is complementary to structural data from infrared vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental or chemical shift information from electron spectroscopy (ESCA). Epitaxial ferroelectric PZT (lead zirconium titanate Pb(Zr06Ti04)O3) thin films, that display a second order phase transition, have been produced on (100) SrTi03 substrates. The films, grown by off-axis RF magnetron sputtering, are uniform over large areas. Different x-ray diffraction techniques (0-20, rocking curve and O-scan) reveal the high crystalline quality and strong epitaxial character of the films. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to characterize the roughness of the PZT/SrTi03 interfaces as well as their epitaxial behavior. TEM will also be used to study the ferroelectric domain wall properties close to the Curie point. Oberflächenionisation ist eine in der Raumforschung noch nicht erprobte Methode. Oberflächen mit tiefer Austrittsarbeit vermögen niederenergetische Atome sehr effizient in negative Ionen umzuladen. Abbildende Spektrometer in der Magnetosphärenforschung benötigen eine solch effiziente Ionisation, denn die Flüsse von Neutralteilchen, die es zu messen gilt, sind für die Anwendung anderer Ionisationsmethoden zu gering. Die Messung an verschiedenen Oberflächen mit niedriger Austrittsarbeit zeigen, dass Ionisationseffizienz, Langzeitstabilität, UV-Beständigkeit und Abbildungsvermögen den Anforderungen für den Einsatz in der Raumforschung genügen. Fluorescence excitation spectra of single perylene molecules embedded in the Shpol'skii matrix n-nonane have been investigated at 1.7 K. On a time scale which is considerably larger than the triplet lifetime of the molecule, discrete spectral jumps of the single molecular absorption lines are observed. To investigate this jump behaviour, fluorescence excitation spectra at different applied electric field strengths to the sample have been recorded. From the resulting Stark shifts and the spectral jumps a maximum distance between the molecules and disturbing two-level systems can be estimated. Taking the difference quotient turbulence model into consideration, the production rate of turbulent kinetic energy of a round jet can be calculated. By a Fourier transformation the size of the eddies - which extract energy from the mean velocity field - has been determined. The bounding wave length is almost identical to Prandtl's mixing length. An alternative energy cascade model based on less restrictions than Kolmogorov's model (published in 1941) is presented. The possibility of describing intermittency and a net production or dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy makes it useful for describing observed energy spectra and structure functions - which deviate significantly from Kolmogorov's results - e.g. newly presented measurements performed by Malerud, Mahay and Goldburg. A model is presented in wich the Navier-Stokes equation is extended by introducing an adherence length A a-1. In a linearized approximation solutions for the laminar flow in a channel and in a tube of radius a are discussed; in the limit ao< 1 the classical Hagen-Poiseuille flow is obtained. The friction force upon an infinitely long cylinder is given. For large systems (like oceans) the model provides an alternative to eddy-viscosities. The reduction paradigm of quantum interferometry is reanalyzed. In contrast to widespread opinion it is shown to be amenable to straightforward mathematical treatment within "every-users" simple-minded single particle quantum mechanics (without reduction postulate or the like), exploiting only its probabilistic content. A weakly-onedimensional heterostructure is a quantum wire structure tailored so that the carriers are tightly confined in a direction, weakly confined in another and free to move in the third. The electronic bound states are computed using the envelope function approximation in the frame of the k.p theory and the adiabatic approximation. Transition rates of the electrons from any bound state to any other bound state mediated by the LO-phonons are then evaluated. The lifetimes of excited levels and average energy with respect to time are computed. The determination of muon capture ratios in elements requires a particular attention to the time distribution of the measured muonic X-rays. Different cuts in time distributions allow to explain the discrepancies between the five capture ratios A(Ar,Ne) published in the literature. Isotropic non-crystal fractal systems are generated using the technique of simulated annealing and frozen Lennard- Jones fluids. From all nearest neighbor bonds shorter than 1.15<7, a subset is selected randomly with the probability p ~ pc. Afterwards, bond-percolation clusters are searched for. Applying the box-counting method, the fractal dimension D is 2.58 ± 0.015, and by fitting the slope of the static structure factor S(q), D is 2.40 ± 0.02. Both values are close to that of a fractal system on a three-dimensional lattice. A new ultrasonic method has been proposed for the study of flux pinning properties in high Tc superconducting thin films. The depinned flux lines excited by the ultrasound are detected as the excess flux flow voltage. A maximum of the voltage, which was observed below Tc, is explained qualitatively by considering ultrasonic attenuation due to the thermally assisted flux flow.


We analyse the turnover of fixed income derivatives in seven currencies to test the hypothesis that market participants increasingly use contracts based on private rather than government rates to hedge and to take positions. In the US dollar money market, private benchmarks long ago displaced government benchmarks. In the bond markets, evidence from organised exchanges and the Triennial Central Bank survey on over-the-counter (OTC) markets suggests that the benchmark is tipping from government bond futures to private interest rate swaps. The global financial crisis seems only to have interrupted this process in the US dollar bond market, the European sovereign bond strains may have accelerated it in the euro bond market; and the policy to clear centrally OTC trades does not seem to be impeding it. Cross-sectional analysis of 35 bond markets identifies bond market size and GDP per capita as key determinants of the existence of government bond futures. Based on these results, one may expect uccessful introduction of government bond futures in China and Brazil even as such contracts continue to lose ground in today's major markets.


Further chemical investigation of a marine-derived bacterium of the genus Streptomyces has led to the isolation of ansalactams B-D (1-3) along with the previously reported metabolite ansalactam A (4). Ansalactams B-D are significantly modified ansamycins, representing three new carbon skeletons and further illustrating the biosynthetic plasticity of the ansalactam class. Unlike ansalactam A, ansalactams B and D are penta- and hexacyclic metabolites, while ansalactam C illustrates an open polyene chain with a terminal carboxylic acid.


Pegylated interferon α-2a (PEG-IFN-α-2a) has previously been shown to induce hematologic and molecular responses in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) or essential thrombocythemia (ET). Here we present a follow-up of a phase 2 trial with PEG-IFN-α-2a treatment in 43 PV and 40 ET patients with detailed molecular analysis. After a median follow-up of 42 months, complete hematologic response was achieved in 76% of patients with PV and 77% of those with ET. This was accompanied by complete molecular response (CMR) (ie, undetectable JAK2V617F) in 18% and 17%, of PV and ET patients, respectively. Serial sequencing of TET2, ASXL1, EZH2, DNMT3A, and IDH1/2 revealed that patients failing to achieve CMR had a higher frequency of mutations outside the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway and were more likely to acquire new mutations during therapy. Patients with both JAK2V617F and TET2 mutations at therapy onset had a higher JAK2V617F mutant allele burden and a less significant reduction in JAK2V617F allele burden compared with JAK2 mutant/TET2 wild-type patients. These data demonstrate that PEG-IFN-α-2a induces sustained CMR in a subset of PV or ET patients, and that genotypic context may influence clinical and molecular response to PEG-IFN-α-2a.


In my dream, I saw my uncle's house. My parents used to visit my uncle often and we'd go to his house. It was old, dank, and never seemed to have any light inside. I was always afraid when I had to go to this place. During my first visit to Dreamer's Rock, the memory of this place came to me. In my dream I had sketched this house many, many times. I saw dozens of sketches. When I told my teacher what I saw, she asked me what I thought it meant. I told her. "It is my home, inside. It is how I feel about my own sense of security and love." She nodded in agreement.


Over the past few years both sheet metal process planning and production planning issues received increased attention. For process planning of the laser cutting process, nesting algorithms are developed in order to decrease the waste material. Additionally, algorithms are available for path planning, i.e. determining the best sequence for cutting the different parts. Production planning is mainly performed based on the ability to fill a sheet. For air bending, process planning focuses on bend sequencing and tool selection, while production planning optimization aims at minimizing time consuming setups between the different production layouts at the press brake. However, when integrating both processes, the benefits from individual optimization counteract one another: good nestings at the laser machine can create additional setups at the press brake, hence increasing the makespan. An integrated approach is proposed to verify whether this problem can be solved by already taking into account possible setups at the press brake in the early nesting stage. Integration of both processes aims at an optimal combination of parts on a sheet and minimization of the setups at the press brake. In this paper, an overview of a modeling effort addressing both goals is proposed. When combining parts on a sheet, preference is given to parts requiring the same production layout at the press brake. If this is impossible, production layouts with low changeover times are preferred. Industrial cases are used to verify the applicability of the proposed model. The results are compared to a reference approach where nesting is performed with dedicated software and planning for air bending is based on an operator's experience. Compared to this reference approach, a makespan reduction and a setup time reduction can be observed. The planning is generated almost instantaneously and no additional sheets are required compared to the reference approach. Future research will focus on expanding the model and verifying its applicability on a larger data-set.


A bond between concrete surfaces and bases may be a disadvantage when water penetrates via joints and from the sides if the bond becomes partially detached at an early stage. Free water may penetrate into the area between the concrete surface and the base and build up in areas where the bond is still intact. The high pressures caused by lorry wheels rolling over the pavement causes hydrodynamic pumping. This creates very high flow speeds with considerable corrosion power. This results in the base course surface being eroded in the areas where heavy vehicles drive over the road and may even lead to water and fine particles from the base courses being expelled through the longitudinal joints between the pavement slab and the lower hard shoulder or first overtaking lane. The erosion of the base leads unavoidably to the bearing conditions deteriorating and increased loading of the concrete surface. Cracks may occur and, later, stepping-off and tilting of the plates and plate components. This significantly deteriorates the evenness and consequently the service value of the road. This finally leads to a reduction in the service life of the concrete surface. To avoid such damage, water which has penetrated must be able to lose pressure and to then seep away. Possible solutions are a thick concrete surface on a base without any binder, nonwoven fabric substances between concrete surface and bound base course. Both construction methods have proved themselves on numerous test road sections and were rightly included in the new Codes of Practice for the Standardisation of the Upper Structure of Traffic-Bearing Surfaces. For the covering abstract see ITRD E109917.


The development of communication studies has been a lively process of adoption and integration of theoretical constructs from Pragmatism, Critical Theory and Cultural Studies. Critical Communication Studies describes the intellectual and professional forces that have shaped research interests and formed alliances in the pursuit of particular goals. Hanno Hardt reflects on the need to come to terms with the role of history in academic work and locates the intellectual history within the context of competing social theories. The book provides a substantive foundation for understanding the field and will be a major text in all courses dealing with communication history and theory.


The Submerged Fermentation of Coconut Kernel Residue to Produce Mannose. The submerged fermentation of coconut kernel residue was carried out to produce the mannose, since the residue contains a lot of the natural mannose. Whereas the mannose is widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic manufactures as the filing substance, in addition to its ability to reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and Salmonella adhering to the intestinal tissue. The coconut kernel residue used in this experiment was the fresh home-made residue, which was washed using hot water to eliminate the coconut milk, dried and grounded to become flour. The Bacillus subtilis was used in the form of cell suspension for the fermentation. The fermentation was carried out in two steps. The first step was to optimize the volume of suspension, and the second step was to optimize the coconuts residue flour used in the fermentation medium. The result of the experiment shown that the fermentation of the residue to produce the mannose was carried out by the submerged fermentation, since the residue of coconut kernel is insoluble in the liquid medium. The optimal suspension of inoculum was 2% (v/v) used in the submerged substrate medium for fermentation of 48 hours fermentation in 37 o C incubator. The optimal percentage of the residue coconut flour was used 0.5% (v/v) resulting 3.18 g mannose in 100 g of the residue fermented in dried matter. Keywords: submerged fermentation, coconut kernel residue, mannose.


The development of complex, multi-user, interactive systems is a difficult process that requires both a rapid iterative approach, and the ability to reason carefully about system designs. This thesis argues that a combination of declarative prototyping and formal specification provides a suitable way of satisfying these requirements. The focus of this thesis is on the development of software tools for prototyping interactive systems. In particular, it uses a declarative approach, based on the functional programming paradigm. This thesis makes two contributions. The most significant contribution is the presentation of FranTk, a new Graphical User Interface language, embedded in the functional language Haskell. It is suitable for prototyping complex, concurrent, multi-user systems. It allows systems to be built in a high level, structured manner. In particular, it provides good support for specifying real-time properties of such systems. The second contribution is a mechanism that allows a formal specification to be derived from a high level FranTk prototype. The approach allows this to be done automatically. This specification can then be checked, with tool support, to verify some safety properties about a system. To avoid the state space explosion problem that would be faced when verifying an entire system, we focus on partial verification. This concentrates on key areas of a design: in particular this means that we only derive a specification from parts of a prototype. To demonstrate the scalability of both the prototyping and verification approaches, this thesis uses a series of case studies including a multi-user design rationale editor and a prototype data-link Air Traffic Control system.


Multiuser interference (MUI) statistical models for impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) systems can be an important in providing an accurate estimate of the channel state. As such, it can have a major impact on the overall system performance. In the literature, MUI in the time domain is often approximated with Middleton class A and Gaussian mixture models. We use measurements from an IR-UWB testbed under office Line of Sight (LOS) environments to assess the validity of these models. We also analysis the statistical properties of MUI in the frequency domain. We expect these findings to form the basis for useful interference models.


A rich literature on family-professional collaboration with families and caregivers of children and youth with disabilities has developed in the United States. This literature identifies key barriers that impede family-professional relationships including deficit-based perceptions of families and children with disabilities, narrow definitions of "family" that limit the participation of some members such as fathers or grandparents, and historical biases that constrain the participation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) families. Principles for building collaborative relationships with families include honoring the strengths of the family, presuming competence in the child and the family, valuing broad definitions of "family," and understanding the ecology of family routines and rituals. Practices that help facilitate family-professional relationships are building reciprocal partnerships with various caregivers in the family including fathers as well as extended family members, adopting a posture of cultural reciprocity, using a variety of modes of communication with families, and involving families in all aspects of the special education process such as assessment, planning, prioritizing of skills, and identification of interventions. Pivotal moments in the family's journey through their child's schooling, including early intervention and transition to post-school environments, provide opportunities to build and strengthen family-professional relationships. Each of these moments has the potential to involve families in a variety of processes including assessment, planning, and articulating the goals and vision for their child/youth. A focus on strengths, collaborative partnerships, and family agency and voice is at the core of strong family-professional relationships.


ABSTRACT
 Laboratory experiments were designed to identify the host strain paternity of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) mated females. In no-choice tests, corn or rice strain females were placed in cages with males of the opposite strain. After 48 h, females were dissected and spermatophores were removed. Molecular markers in the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to identify host strain identity from the spermatophores and results showed the host strain pattern of the mating males. In choice tests, females of either strain were placed in cages with males of both strains. After 48 or 96 h, spermatophores were dissected and were molecularly analyzed to identify the host strain of the mating males. Corn and rice strain females contained spermatophores from males of both strains, indicating that interstrain mating commonly occurs in the laboratory. The analysis of the spermatophores isolated from mated females provides a convenient means of identifying the strain of the mated male. This technique has the promise of being able to directly measure interstrain mating in wild populations.


The post-translational modification of proteins known as adenosine diphosphate ribosylation (ADPr) is involved in a wide variety of important biological processes and is also associated with carcinogenesis and the process of aging. Therefore, a better understanding of the biology of ADP-ribosylation is crucial for the development of novel therapeutics. To facilitate this research, the availability of well-defined fragments of mono- and poly-ADP-ribose is essential. This Thesis describes the development of new synthetic methodologies to achieve this and the successful synthesis of well-defined ADP-ribosylated biomolecules.


The last two decades have seen a resurgence of critical and popular attention to Virginia Woolf's life and work. Such traditional institutions as "The New York Review of Books" now pair her with William Shakespeare in promotional advertisements; her face is used to sell everything from Barnes & Noble books to Bass Ale.Virginia Woolf: Lesbian Readings represents the first book devoted to Woolf's lesbianism. Divided into two sections, Lesbian Intersections and Lesbian Readings of Woolf's Novels, these essays focus on how Woolf's private and public experience and knowledge of same-sex love influences her shorter fiction and novels. Lesbian Intersections includes personal narratives that trace the experience of reading Woolf through the 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s. Lesbian Readings of Woolf's Novels provides lesbian interpretations of the individual novels, including "Orlando, The Waves," and "The Years."Breaking new ground in our understanding of the role Woolf's love for women plays in her major writing, these essays shift the emphasis of lesbian interpretations from Woolf's life to her work.


A large extraterrestrial body hit the Yucatán Peninsula at the end of the Cretaceous period. Models suggest that a substantial amount of thermal radiation was delivered to the Earth's surface by the impact, leading to the suggestion that it was capable of igniting extensive wildfires and contributed to the end-Cretaceous extinctions. We have reproduced in the laboratory the most intense impact-induced heat fluxes estimated to have reached different points on the Earth's surface using a fire propagation apparatus and investigated the ignition potential of forest fuels. The experiments indicate that dry litter can ignite, but live fuels typically do not, suggesting that any ignition caused by impact-induced thermal radiation would have been strongly regional dependent. The intense, but short-lived, pulse downrange and at proximal and intermediate distances from the impact is insufficient to ignite live fuel. However, the less intense but longer-lasting thermal pulse at distal locations may have ignited areas of live fuels. Because plants and ecosystems are generally resistant to single localized fire events, we conclude that any fires ignited by impact-induced thermal radiation cannot be directly responsible for plant extinctions, implying that heat stress is only part of the end-Cretaceous story.


This project focused on the enhancement of a previous battery-less wireless traffic flow sensor so as to enable it to provide weigh-in-motion (WIM) measurements and provide enhanced telemetry distance. The sensor consists of a 6-feet-long device which is embedded in a slot in the road flush with the pavement. As a vehicle travels over the sensor, vibrations are induced in the sensor. Using piezoelectric elements, energy is harvested from the vibrations and used to power the electronics in the sensor for signal measurements and wireless transmission. The sensor's performance was evaluated by embedding it in a slot in concrete pavement and driving various vehicles of known weight over it at a number of different speeds on different days. The sensor was found to meet the specification of 500 feet telemetry distance. It was able to provide WIM measurements with an accuracy of better than ±15% in the absence of vehicle suspension vibrations. However, much of the WIM data during the latter period of sensor testing was obtained in the presence of significant suspension vibrations. The project also evaluated the use of 4 consecutive WIM sensors in the road to remove the influence of suspension vibrations.


ABSTRACT A novel archaeal lytic virus targeting species of the genus Methanosarcina was isolated using Methanosarcina mazei strain Gö1 as the host. Due to its spherical morphology, the virus was designated Methanosarcina spherical virus (MetSV). Molecular analysis demonstrated that MetSV contains double-stranded linear DNA with a genome size of 10,567 bp containing 22 open reading frames (ORFs), all oriented in the same direction. Functions were predicted for some of these ORFs, i.e., such as DNA polymerase, ATPase, and DNA-binding protein as well as envelope (structural) protein. MetSV-derived spacers in CRISPR loci were detected in several published Methanosarcina draft genomes using bioinformatic tools, revealing a potential protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) motif (TTA/T). Transcription and expression of several predicted viral ORFs were validated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), PAGE analysis, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based proteomics. Analysis of core lipids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry showed that MetSV and Methanosarcina mazei both contain archaeol and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether without a cyclopentane moiety (GDGT-0). The MetSV host range is limited to Methanosarcina strains growing as single cells (M. mazei, Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanosarcina soligelidi). In contrast, strains growing as sarcina-like aggregates were apparently protected from infection. Heterogeneity related to morphology phases in M. mazei cultures allowed acquisition of resistance to MetSV after challenge by growing cultures as sarcina-like aggregates. CRISPR/Cas-mediated resistance was excluded since neither of the two CRISPR arrays showed MetSV-derived spacer acquisition. Based on these findings, we propose that changing the morphology from single cells to sarcina-like aggregates upon rearrangement of the envelope structure prevents infection and subsequent lysis by MetSV. IMPORTANCE Methanoarchaea are among the most abundant organisms on the planet since they are present in high numbers in major anaerobic environments. They convert various carbon sources, e.g., acetate, methylamines, or methanol, to methane and carbon dioxide; thus, they have a significant impact on the emission of major greenhouse gases. Today, very little is known about viruses specifically infecting methanoarchaea that most probably impact the abundance of methanoarchaea in microbial consortia. Here, we characterize the first identified Methanosarcina-infecting virus (MetSV) and show a mechanism for acquiring resistance against MetSV. Based on our results, we propose that growth as sarcina-like aggregates prevents infection and subsequent lysis. These findings allow new insights into the virus-host relationship in methanogenic community structures, their dynamics, and their phase heterogeneity. Moreover, the availability of a specific virus provides new possibilities to deepen our knowledge of the defense mechanisms of potential hosts and offers tools for genetic manipulation.


Background and Objective: A phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that interferon beta-la (IFNβ-1a) (Avonex, Biogen) significantly delayed progression of disability in relapsing MS patients. The primary clinical outcome was time from study entry until disability progression, defined as≥1.0 point worsening from baseline Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score persisting for at least two consecutive scheduled visits separated by 6 months. The objective of this study was to examine the magnitude of benefit on EDSS and its clinical significance. Methods: Post hoc analyses related to disability outcomes using data collected during the double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. Results: (1) Clinical efficacy related to disability did not depend on the definition of disability progression. A significant benefit in favor of IFNβ-1a was observed when ≥2.0 point worsening from baseline EDSS was required or when worsening was required to persist for ≥1.0 year. (2) Placebo recipients who reached the primary clinical outcome worsened by a larger amount from baseline EDSS than did IFNβ-1a recipients who reached the primary study outcome. (3) Significantly fewer IFNβ-1a recipients progressed to EDSS milestones of 4.0 (relatively severe impairment) or 6.0(unilateral assistance needed to walk). (4) Cox proportional hazards models demonstrated that the only baseline characteristic strongly correlated with longer time to disability progression was IFNβ-1a treatment. Conclusions: The primary clinical outcome for the IFNβ-1a clinical trial underestimated clinical benefits of treatment. Results in this report demonstrate that IFNβ-1a treatment is associated with robust, clinically important beneficial effects on disability progression in relapsing MS patients.


The Jameson Raid of December 1895 estranged the two white groups in South Africa and contributed to the outbreak of the South African War of 1899-1902. With the rise of Afrikaner nationalism in the twentieth century the perception that L.S. Jameson (1853-1917) was the cause of all tension and rivalry between the two white groups became entrenched. And yet, Jameson as leader of the Unionist Party between 1910 and 1912 did his utmost to atone for the damage done by his reckless Raid. He publicly lauded Botha's ability and integrity and this played a crucial role in diluting the anti-Afrikaner attitude of many English-speakers, convincing them to accept an Afrikaner dominated government. In addition his encouragement of a South African identity within the Empire, and his restraint on the anger and opposition to bilingualism by English-speakers supported Botha's conciliation and nation building policies. Jameson helped to lay the foundation of a South African nation within the British Empire.


Fractal analysis has been widely used in computer vision, especially in texture image processing and texture analysis. The key concept of fractal-based image model is the fractal dimension, which is invariant to bi-Lipschitz transformation of image, and thus capable of representing intrinsic structural information of image robustly. However, the invariance of fractal dimension generally does not hold after filtering, which limits the application of fractal-based image model. In this paper, we propose a novel fractal dimension invariant filtering (FDIF) method, extending the invariance of fractal dimension to filtering operations. Utilizing the notion of local self-similarity, we first develop a local fractal model for images. By adding a nonlinear post-processing step behind anisotropic filter banks, we demonstrate that the proposed filtering method is capable of preserving the local invariance of the fractal dimension of image. Meanwhile, we show that the FDIF method can be re-instantiated approximately via a CNN-based architecture, where the convolution layer extracts anisotropic structure of image and the nonlinear layer enhances the structure via preserving local fractal dimension of image. The proposed filtering method provides us with a novel geometric interpretation of CNN-based image model. Focusing on a challenging image processing task — detecting complicated curves from the texture-like images, the proposed method obtains superior results to the state-of-art approaches.


A ZnFe2O4/γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposite (theoretical specific capacity: 1002 mA h g−1) was successfully synthesized by laser pyrolysis, a very attractive nanosynthesis technique characterized by high versatility and flexibility. The obtained nanopowder was thoroughly characterized by XRD, XPS, Mossbauer spectroscopy and HRTEM, which confirmed the presence of two phases. A bimodal size distribution with small particles (tens of nanometers) and large ones (above 500 nm) was revealed by SEM and TEM. The ZnFe2O4/Fe2O3 nanocomposite was tested as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, showing significantly improved lithium storage properties with a high reversible capacity and rate capability compared to a pure ZnFe2O4 electrode. A capacity exceeding 1200 mA h g−1 is sustained after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1, with a gradual increase of the capacity during cycling. At 500 mA g−1 current rate, a reversible and stable capacity of 360 mA h g−1 is observed after 300 cycles. Electrochemical measurements with several electrolytes and electrode formulations were also conducted in order to explore the origin of the extra capacity and its increase with cycling.


OBJECTIVE
Cardiac valvular pathologies are frequently encountered as mechanical and functional disorders due to the calcification of the valves whatever the etiologies are. This pathophysiologic table usually ends up with valvular replacement. In this study, we aimed to decrease/eliminate the calcium in the excised calcified human heart valves by using citric acid in vitro hence bringing about the question for possible oral treatment of calcification of the valves by citric acid ingestion.

METHODS
Fourteen pieces of mitral and/or aortic valves excised from 12 patients undergoing valve replacement were placed in a freshly prepared phosphate buffered saline solution containing 0.625% glutaraldehyde at +4 0C for 48 h. They were rinsed with 0.9% NaCl and divided into two groups; study and control. Control tissues were further treated in a freshly prepared solution with identical properties for another 5 days. Study tissues were placed into a solution containing 3.8% citric acid (pH 7.4) and kept for 48 h at +37 degrees C, then rinsed with 0.9% NaCl and transferred into a fresh solution containing 0.625% glutaraldehyde with phosphate buffer at 37 0C for 3 more days. Specimens were biochemically and histopathologically evaluated and compared using Mann Whitney U test.

RESULTS
Calcium and phosphate levels in the study group were lower than in the control group (852.5+/-913.41 microg g-1 vs 413.05+/-519.53 microg g-1, p=0.001 and 207.6+/-321.86 microg g-1 vs 124.4+/-289.48 microg g-1, p=0.035, respectively). Malondialdehyde and protein level values were changed insignificantly in the control and study groups. Histopathologic evaluation showed that collagen and elastin fibers were similar in both groups. In the study group, irregular and fusiform calcific formations around the collagen fibers were significantly decreased.

CONCLUSIONS
Decalcifying human heart valves in vitro conditions with citric acid without an adverse change to the morphology of the valvular tissue specimens is meaningful. We believe that forwarding and looking for the answer to the question "whether systemic application of citric acid could lead to the decalcification and/or reduction of calcification in the native human heart valves" would be expressive.


Proper cell size is essential for cellular function (Hall et al., 2004). Nonetheless, despite more than 100 years of work on the subject, the mechanisms that maintain cell size homeostasis are largely mysterious (Marshall et al., 2012). Cells in growing populations maintain cell size within a narrow range by coordinating growth and division. Bacterial and eukaryotic cells both demonstrate homeostatic size control, which maintains population-level variation in cell size within a certain range, and returns the population average to that range if it is perturbed (Marshall et al., 2012; Turner et al., 2012; Amodeo and Skotheim, 2015). Recent progress has revealed two different strategies for size control: budding yeast uses an inhibitor-dilution strategy to regulate size at the G1/S transition (Schmoller et al., 2015), while bacteria appear to use an adder strategy, in which a fixed amount of growth each generation causes cell size to converge on a stable average (Campos et al., 2014; Jun and Taheri-Araghi, 2015; Taheri-Araghi et al., 2015; Tanouchi et al., 2015). Here we present evidence that cell size in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is regulated by a third strategy: the size dependent accumulation of the mitotic activator Cdc25. Cdc25 is transcriptionally regulated such that smaller cells accumulate less Cdc25 and larger cells accumulate more Cdc25, creating an increasing concentration of Cdc25 as cell grow and providing a mechanism for cells to trigger cell division when they reach a threshold concentration of Cdc25. Since regulation of mitotic entry by Cdc25 is well conserved, this mechanism may provide a wide spread solution to the problem of size control in eukaryotes. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/078592 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Oct. 5, 2016;


Survivability and performance constitute crucial quality of service (QoS) issues in future optical packet switched (OPS) networks. I take an integrated view on survivability and performance in OPS networks by presenting the extended shared packet redundancy scheme (ESPRS). The ESPRS combines shared packet redundancy with 1+1 path protection functionality. I focus on the performance of the ESPRS in different failure situations and show how the packet loss rate is influenced by the number of node- and link-disjoint paths between a node pair, the loss probability on the paths, number of failures, the relative amount of redundancy, and the size of the packet set. An analytical model of the ESPRS is provided.


In order to encourage corn production, several herbicides such as nicosulfuron and topramezone are used. Though they offer great advantages, they may affect crop productivity and may even induce DNA damage. This study evaluated genotoxic activity at two nicosulfuron concentrations (40,000 and 80, 000 ppm) and at four topramezone concentrations (1480, 148, 14.8 and 1.48 ppm) in sweet corn and hybrid populations from Mexico and South America. NCMAMD were used in 113 variety accessions from Mexico and South America and on 5 commercial hybrids for nicosulfuron and 9 accessions and a hybrid for topramezone. Both nicosulfuron concentrations induced significant genetic damage (P < 0.01) on sweet corn and on normal hybrids. Topramezone showed significant genotoxic activity (P < 0.01) on both sweet corns and normal hybrids. On both sweet corns and normal hybrids, the original situation did not provide protection from genetic damage caused by herbicides and all showed significant genetic damage (P < 0.01) compared to their corresponding negative controls. This paper clearly shows nicosulfuron and topramezone genotoxicity and the study with comet assay in SCAMCN indicated that corn can be used as an excellent biomonitor for genotoxicity assessment.


In order to keep the power system equilibrium, system supply needs to be equal to the load demand continually. The existing synchronous generators are mostly capable to keep the system balance in traditional power system. However, in power systems with wind power penetration, due to random nature of wind energy, keeping electricity supply-demand balancing has been got more difficult. Such systems may be faced with many difficulties in dealing with transient phenomena. In this study, Energy Storage System is utilized with wind farm to modulate the wind farm power output fluctuations, and also to improve the response of synchronous generators to transient variations such as sudden load changes. Energy storage system has been utilized to reduce the transient effects in power systems. As it is shown, with applying a suitable coordination control method to energy storage systems, the transient effects will be reduced and wind farm power output fluctuations will be compensated as well. The simulations are performed using PSCAD software, with a 9 bus system.


Grafting of vinyl monomers onto cellulose is an important tool for the modification of cellulose. Depending on the monomer grafted onto cellulose, it gains new properties. The grafting can be performed in heterogeneous or homogeneous medium. In the grafting performed in heterogeneous medium, the reaction is carried out in aqueous medium using a suitable initiator. As initiator, the radiation or chemical initiators such as ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), various persulfates, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), and Fenton reagent (Fe(II)–H2O2) are mostly used. In case of CAN initiator, the grafting should be performed in acidic medium in order to prevent its hydrolysis. In the homogeneous grafting reactions, either a water-soluble cellulose derivative is used in the grafting or cellulose is dissolved in a suitable solvent, and then the grafting is performed. Higher number of grafts per cellulose chain is obtained in homogeneous grafting than those in heterogeneous medium.


To learn reliable rules that can generalize to novel situations, the brain must be capable of imposing some form of regularization. Here we suggest, through theoretical and computational arguments, that the combination of noise with synchronization provides a plausible mechanism for regularization in the nervous system. The functional role of regularization is considered in a general context in which coupled computational systems receive inputs corrupted by correlated noise. Noise on the inputs is shown to impose regularization, and when synchronization upstream induces time-varying correlations across noise variables, the degree of regularization can be calibrated over time. The resulting qualitative behavior matches experimental data from visual cortex.


As the public interest in low-cost, self-installed solutions to shoreline erosion continues to grow, the involvement of private enterprise in developing solutions intensifies. Now that low-cost devices are identified as a salable commodity as goods or services, the number of inventors, creative engineers, agronomists, and foresighted planners producing potential designs are rapidly growing. Over two hundred devices, both proven and untested devices, have been cataloged as a part of the National Shoreline Erosion Demonstration Program. This program calls for the Corps of Engineers to plan, establish, and conduct for a period of five years a shoreline erosion control development and demonstration program including physical and vegetative devices.


Sugarcane is important commercial crop of India. It is a major source of raw material for not only sugar industry but also other allied group of industries. Sugarcane plays a vital role for the overall socio-economic development of farming community. Uttar Pradesh is one of the leading producers of sugarcane in India. Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh has been selected as study area which is famous for sugarcane production. The main objectives of present paper are to assess the trends and patterns of sugarcane production in the district and explain the reasons behind the changes in the sugarcane production. The study is based on secondary sources of data. The study reveals that there is uneven trend of area under sugarcane as well as production of sugarcane in the district and it is found that government policies were important determinants for such trends. Jatipur and Dadrol blocks of the district show high concentration of sugarcane crop. The study further reflects that this area is experiencing an ongoing agricultural development pertaining to the sugarcane cultivation.


THE POST-INVASION PHASE of the Iraq mission has been the least well-planned American military mission since Somalia in 1993, if not Lebanon in 1983, and its consequences for the nation have been far worse than any set of military mistakes since Vietnam. The U.S. armed forces simply were not prepared for the core task that the United States needed to perform when it destroyed Iraq's existing government--to provide security, always the first responsibility of any sovereign government or occupier. The standard explanation for this lack of preparedness among most defense and foreign policy specialists, and the U.S. military as well, is that Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and much of the rest of the Bush administration insisted on fighting the war with too few troops and too Polyannaish a view of what would happen inside Iraq once Saddam was overthrown. This explanation is largely right. Taken to an extreme, however, it is dangerously wrong. It blames the mistakes of one civilian leader of the Department of Defense, and one particular administration, for a debacle that was foreseeable and indeed foreseen by most experts in the field. Under these circumstances, planners and high-ranking officers of the U.S. armed forces were not fulfilling their responsibilities to the Constitution or their own brave fighting men and women by quietly and subserviently deferring to the civilian leadership. Congress might have been expected to do more as well, but in fact it did a considerable amount of work to highlight the issue of post-invasion planning--and in any case, it was not well positioned to critique or improve or even know the intricacies of war plans. On this issue, the country's primary hope for an effective system of checks and balances on the mistakes of executive branch officials was the U.S. armed forces. The broad argument of this essay is that the tragedy of Iraq--that one of the most brilliant invasion successes in modern military history was followed almost immediately by one of the most incompetently planned occupations--holds a critical lesson for civil-military relations in the United States. The country's Constitution makes the president commander in chief and requires military leaders to follow his orders. It does not, however, require them to remain mute when poor plans are being prepared. Nor does it require them to remain in uniform when they are asked to undertake actions they know to be unwise or ill-planned. This argument is not intended to suggest that military leaders are always right on matters of war simply because they are professionals in that arena. Often they are wrong. Eliot Cohen's book Supreme Command (Free Press, 2002), dramatizing several periods in history in which civilian leaders have usefully challenged their military establishments not just on military strategy but on operations and tactics, was convincing in its main thesis. Reportedly the book was read before the Iraq war by President Bush and received a good hearing elsewhere in the administration as well. But if military affairs are too important to be left to the generals, they are also too important for key decisions to be left just to the civilians. In the ongoing debate over the proper roles of uniformed personnel and their constitutionally superior civilian bosses in American national security decision-making, it is probably now time for a correction in favor of an enhanced role for the military voice. It is of critical importance to the United States that civilians and military personnel share responsibilities. They must not pretend that their jobs can be neatly separated into two broad and distinct bins--high strategy, the primary province of civilians, and military operations, where the uniformed services possess the nation's principal expertise. There are usually no clear red lines separating strategy from operations. Clausewitz depicted war as a continuation of policy by other means; Sun Tze wrote that the greatest form of military victory was the one that required the least battlefield action. …


In the new media environment, the two different media types, game and film, fused to each other to create a qualitative change to form a new media type. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the background of the convergence of virtual technology and media. Therefore, movies based on the game were produced. In this heat, it is necessary to analyze the gains and losses of the reorganization in a cool way, to review the current state of filming of the game, and to examine the new convergence of games and films in the rapid environment of new media technology. In addition, it is necessary to consider the problems presented in the fusion process of the two mediators and how to develop them in the future.


INTRODUCTION
For the past thirty years I have, from time to time, come across bird material and literature records which have added localities and in a few instances have added new species, to Van Bemmel's (1948) list of birds of the Moluccan Islands and its supplement, published five years later (Van Bemmel & Voous, 1953). I have kept notes of these additions with the vague idea of perhaps, some time in the future, publishing a revised edition of the list of the avifauna of the Moluccas, zoogeographically one of the most interesting regions of the world. The sum total of my notes to date would hardly have justified publication, were it not for the fact that a new list of Moluccan birds was in the course of preparation by the late C. M. N. White, and is to be posthumously completed and published (cf.
Benson, 1979; Cranbrook, 1980). This made it desirable to have my notes published, so that they will be available for inclusion in the new list.
Ornithological activity in the Moluccas since the publication of Van BemmePs list has been limited. Many of De Haan's results were already incorporated in the paper by Van Bemmel & Voous (1953); subsequently two new subspecies from his collections were described by Jany (1955). In 1953, an expedition of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense under the leadership of Mr. A. M. R.
Wegner, worked for six weeks on Batjan (9.VI-21.VII), a much longer period on Obi (22.VII-3.XI) and one day on Majau (7.XI). Results were published by Jany (1954, 1955). In 1954, Dr. S. D. Ripley spent several months on the Island of Batjan and a few days on Halmahera (Ripley, 1959a, 1959b, 1960). Towards the end of 1961, Mr. P. Pfeffer made a small collection of birds on Ambon, an island that had been neglected ornithologically (Berlioz & Pfeffer, 1966). In 1971 (19.IV-22.V) a party of students from the Australian National University,


Ecological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of multiple chemical elements in ecological interactions. This paper reviews recent findings in this area and seeks to broaden the stoichiometric concept for use in evolutionary studies, in integrating ecological dynamics with cellular and genetic mechanisms, and in developing a unified means for studying diverse organisms in diverse habitats. This broader approach would then be considered "biological stoichiometry". Evidence supporting a hypothesised connection between the C:N:P stoichiometry of an organism and its growth rate (the "growth rate hypothesis") is reviewed. Various data indicate that rapidly growing organisms commonly have low biomass C:P and N:P ratios. Evidence is then discussed suggesting that low C:P and N:P ratios in rapidly growing organisms reflect increased allocation to P-rich ribosomal RNA (rRNA), as rapid protein synthesis by ribosomes is required to support fast growth. Indeed, diverse organisms (bacteria, copepods, fishes, others) exhibit increased RNA levels when growing actively. This implies that evolutionary processes that generate, directly or indirectly, variation in a major life history trait (specific growth rate) have consequences for ecological dynamics due to their effects on organismal elemental composition. Genetic mechanisms by which organisms generate high RNA, high growth rate phenotypes are discussed next, focusing on the structure and organisation of the ribosomal RNA genes (the "rDNA"). In particular, published studies of a variety of taxa suggest an association between growth rate and variation in the length and content of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the rDNA tandem repeat unit. In particular, under conditions favouring increased growth or yield, the number of repeat units ("enhancers") increases (and the IGS increases in length), and transcription rates of rRNA increase. In addition, there is evidence in the literature that increased numbers of copies of rDNA genes are associated with increased growth and production. Thus, a combination of genetic mechanisms may be responsible for establishing the growth potential, and thus the RNA allocation and C:N:P composition, of an organism. Furthermore, various processes, during both sexual and asexual reproduction, can generate variation in the rDNA to provide the raw material for selection and to generate ecologically significant variation in C:N:P stoichiometry. This leads us to hypothesize that the continuous generation of such variation may also play a role in how species interactions develop in ecosystems under different conditions of energy input and nutrient supply.


BACKGROUND: Frailty is associated with worse health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adults and worse clinical outcomes in adults of all ages with end stage renal disease (ESRD). It is unclear whether frail adults of all ages with ESRD are more likely to experience worse HRQOL. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with worsening HRQOL in this population. DESIGN, SETTING AND MEASUREMENTS: We studied 233 adults of all ages with ESRD enrolled (11/2009-11/2013) in a longitudinal cohort study. Frailty status was measured at enrollment and HRQOL was reported (Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair or Poor) at the initial assessment and follow-up (median follow-up 9.4 months). We studied factors associated with Fair/Poor HRQOL at follow-up using logistic regression and factors associated with HRQOL change using multinomial regression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, BMI, diabetes status, history of a previous transplant, type of dialysis and time between assessments. RESULTS: Fair/Poor HRQOL was reported by 28% at initial assessment and 33% at follow-up. 47.2% of participants had stable HRQOL, 22.8% better HRQOL, and 30.0% worse HRQOL at follow-up (P<0.001). In adjusted models, only frailty was associated with Fair/Poor HRQOL at follow-up (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.32-5.90) and worsening HRQOL at follow-up (RR: 2.91, 95%CI: 1.08-7.80). CONCLUSIONS: Frail adults of all ages with ESRD are more likely to experience fair/poor HRQOL and worsening HRQOL over time. Frailty represents a state of decreased physiologic reserve that impacts not only clinical outcomes but also the patient-centered outcome of HRQOL.


The purpose with this paper is to critically examine a content model of attractive work, based on a theoretical overview of attraction research in the fields of recruitment, of retention, and of employee commitment. Theories used within attraction research are reviewed and summarized with emphasis on what can be learned from each theory, and on factors or aspects that have received empirical support. A content model of attractive work, aiming at providing an overall picture of the dimensions and qualities contributing to attraction is examined against the factors or aspects identified in the theories. The examination focuses on the level of correspondence between the model and the theories, but also on aspects or processes presented in the theories that are not included in the content model, and therefore provide opportunities for improvement of the model. A conclusion is that the content model of attractive work gives an overall picture of dimensions and qualities that contribute to make a work attractive, but, there are still factors relevant for work attraction that the model does not explicitly describe.


About the future trade of that scarce resource -- wood -- the same general pattern in the future is foreseen as in the past for the grades pulpwood and chips. This means that Japan and Western Europe will be the main importing regions and the major exporting regions will be the US, the USSR and Canada. For these grades the price is expected 'to rise for the period up to the year 2000. In general , the price of pulpwood is expected to rise more than the general inflation rate in low wood cost regions and at the same rate in high wood costs regions. In these low cost regions the expected increase of wood costs will be 20-35% in constant dollars.

For the grade softwood sawlogs a declining trade is foreseen for the future. More and more of this grade will be used domestically. A shift in the trade pattern is also foreseen. The shares of the US will decline and the shares of the USSR and New Zealand will expand. Also for the grade softwood sawlogs there is an expectation that prices will rise more than the general inflation in low wood cost regions and at the same rate in high wood cost regions.

For the grade hardwood sawlogs dramatic structural changes are foreseen both in production and trade. The major supply regions in the past will stabilize at current cutting levels or at a lower level in the future. Another structural change will be the future trade policies of the main supplying regions. In the future hardwood sawlogs will increasingly be used in the domestic production of hardwood lumber. One result of these conditions will be that the international trade in hardwood sawlogs will decline. The situation that hardwood sawlogs represent a scarce resource will push the price upwards dramatically.

Major shifts in the trade pattern for the grade softwood lumber are not foreseen in the future. Western Europe will remain the world's largest importer of softwood lumber. The main supplying region for this area will be Scandinavia. In the future major supplying regions on the world market will also be Canada and Scandinavia. The general conclusion about softwood lumber prices is that prices will rise approximately to reach the level of inflation.

For the grade hardwood lumber a decline in consumption is foreseen in the developed countries. On the other hand the consumption in Asia will grow rapidly. South and East Asia are expected to remain the major hardwood lumber exporting regions in the future. These conditions lead to upward pressures on hardwood lumber prices in Asia and a slow growth of prices in developed countries.

Demand for the grade softwood plywood will stabilize in the future which will lead to significant structural changes in the entire world. On the other hand, the demand of hardwood plywood will increase in Asia but will, as for softwood plywood, decrease in developed countries. The real price of hardwood plywood is projected to increase.

A substantial growth in production of white chemical pulp is needed in the future to provide the world's paper producers. Canada will be the main supplying region of high pulp quality. Scandinavia will continue to expand the value-added exports of finished products at the expense of a reduction in pulp exports. Canada is in a position to remain the price leader for white chemical pulp. In general there will be strong, upward pressures on pulp prices in the future.

For the grade paper and board in general a slow or even negative growth is foreseen for the grades newsprint, sack, wrapping papers, carton boards and other kraft papers. The most rapid growth in consumption is foreseen for printing and writing and packaging grades. The greatest potentials for investments in production of paper and board is in North America.


Graph contrastive learning attracts/disperses node representations for similar/dissimilar node pairs under some notion of similarity. It may be combined with a low-dimensional embedding of nodes to preserve intrinsic and structural properties of a graph. In this paper, we extend the celebrated Laplacian Eigenmaps with contrastive learning, and call them COntrastive Laplacian EigenmapS (COLES). Starting from a GAN-inspired contrastive formulation, we show that the Jensen-Shannon divergence underlying many contrastive graph embedding models fails under disjoint positive and negative distributions, which may naturally emerge during sampling in the contrastive setting. In contrast, we demonstrate analytically that COLES essentially minimizes a surrogate of Wasserstein distance, which is known to cope well under disjoint distributions. Moreover, we show that the loss of COLES belongs to the family of so-called block-contrastive losses, previously shown to be superior compared to pair-wise losses typically used by contrastive methods. We show on popular benchmarks/backbones that COLES offers favourable accuracy/scalability compared to DeepWalk, GCN, Graph2Gauss, DGI and GRACE baselines.


We demonstrate the necessity of functional and structural a priori information for quantitative fluorescence tomography (FT) with phantom studies. Here the functional a priori information is defined as the optical properties of the heterogeneous background that can be measured by a diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system. A CCD-based noncontact hybrid FT/DOT system that could take measurements at multiple views was built. Multimodality phantoms with multiple compartments were constructed and used in the experiments to mimic a heterogeneous optical background. A 3.6 mm diameter object deeply embedded in a heterogeneous optical background could be localized without any a priori information, but the recovered fluorophore concentration only reached one tenth of the true concentration. On the other hand, the true fluorophore concentration could be recovered when both functional and structural a priori information is utilized to guide and constrain the FT reconstruction algorithm.


The paper intends to find the more probable age of proto-human, which in turn could help in finding the timeline of proto-language. In the hominid line of evolution, the rise of modern humans plays a significant role and its role is also owing to the fact of their uniqueness due to language. Different disciplines are put together to solve the mystery of language of human. In an attempt to understand how old, language could be, the paper makes an attempt to find it by first locating the timeline of the proto-human, using the Minimalist program of Chomsky. The search goes with Cartesian discontinuity notion and uses paleoanthropology and genetics to find the age of proto-human.


For Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, one of the greatest discrepancies between theory and system is the scan order - while most theoretical development on the mixing time analysis deals with random updates, real-world systems are implemented with systematic scans. We bridge this gap for models that exhibit a bipartite structure, including, most notably, the Restricted/Deep Boltzmann Machine. The de facto implementation for these models scans variables in a layerwise fashion. We show that the Gibbs sampler with a layerwise alternating scan order has its relaxation time (in terms of epochs) no larger than that of a random-update Gibbs sampler (in terms of variable updates). We also construct examples to show that this bound is asymptotically tight. Through standard inequalities, our result also implies a comparison on the mixing times.


In 1595, in a contentious procedure, in which the executors mentioned below were the defendants, papal judges decided that the monastic vows taken by Loijsa Haller von Hallerstein, a Cistercian nun, were null and void. Accordingly, she was capable of entering into matrimony and taking the half to which she was entitled of the goods of her deceased parents. These goods were located in Brussels and Nuremberg, the Hallers' home. Loijsa applied to the Council of Brabant in Brussels to compel the testamentary executors in the estate of her deceased brother Carl, who were the same executors who had administered the parents' estates, to cooperate in complying with the order. The Council requested legal assistance from the Municipal Council of Nuremberg, which had jurisdiction in the matter, but the Council neglected to carry out the order. It allowed the executors to summon Loijsa under the lex diffamari and, subsequently, to appeal to the Imperial Chamber Court against the Court's sentence. Loijsa - by now married to Alberto Struzzi, counselor of Archdukes Albert and Isabella - successfully complained about this injustice to Emperor Rudolph II. As from August 1598, imperial warrants were issued against the Council of Nuremberg, in order to make it take action, but without result. Only when Loijsa and Alberto challenged another delaying measure from Nuremberg before the Aulic Council, was there progress. The Nuremberg opponents reached an agreement with Loijsa, which the Emperor approved in March 1603. Consequently the former nun from Brussels eventually obtained her money, although the dispute with her relatives was never resolved in a secular court. The outcome corresponded to the traditions of the Council of Brabant. For centuries, the Council tried to settle lawsuits between residents of the duchy of Brabant and non-Brabantine 'foreigners' completely within the borders of the duchy. The judges pursued a policy of circumventing the application of the rule actor sequitur forum rei and, until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the German Emperors tolerated this breach of the rights of neighbouring principalities and imperial cities inside the Empire.


In this paper, we describe an operational methodology for characterising the architecture of complex technical systems and demonstrate its application to a large sample of software releases. Our methodology is based upon directed network graphs, which allows us to identify all of the direct and indirect linkages between the components in a system. We use this approach to define three fundamental architectural patterns, which we label core-periphery, multi-core, and hierarchical. Applying our methodology to a sample of 1,286 software releases from 17 applications, we find that the majority of releases possess a "core-periphery" structure. This architecture is characterized by a single dominant cyclic group of components (the "Core") that is large relative to the system as a whole as well as to other cyclic groups in the system. We show that the size of the Core varies widely, even for systems that perform the same function. These differences appear to be associated with different models of development—open, distributed organizations develop systems with smaller Cores, while closed, co-located organizations develop systems with larger Cores. Our findings establish some "stylized facts" about the fine-grained structure of large, real-world technical systems, serving as a point of departure for future empirical work.


Background. Few data are available regarding the impact of improved depression treatment on daily functioning and disability. Methods. In two studies of more intensive depression treatment in primary care, patients initiating antidepressant treatment were randomly assigned to either usual care or to a collaborative management programme including patient education, on-site mental health treatment, adjustment of antidepressant medication, behavioural activation and monitoring of medication adherence. Assessments at baseline as well as 4 and 7 months included several measures of impairment, daily functioning and disability[ratio ]self-rated overall health, number of bodily pains, number of somatization symptoms, changes in work due to health, reduction in leisure activities due to health, number of disability days and number of restricted activity days. Results. Average data from the 4- and 7-month assessments in both studies, intervention patients reported fewer somatic symptoms (OR 0·68, 95% CI 0·46, 0·99) and more favourable overall health (OR 0·50, 95% CI 0·28, 0·91). While intervention patients fared better on other measures of functional impairment and disability, none of these differences reached statistical significance. Conclusions. More effective acute-phase depression treatment reduced somatic distress and improved self-rated overall health. The absence of a significant intervention effect on other disability measures may reflect the brief treatment and follow-up period and the influence of other individual and environmental factors on disability.


In and around the Makgadikgadi Pans there are several archaeological sites that have been interpreted as places were initiation rites took place in ancient times. But how can one tell they were initiation sites? This paper attempts to answer this by looking at modem initiation ceremonies among the Bakgatla of Mochudi and the "sites" they produce. Identifying ancient initiation sites ~ not be as simple as it seems.


ABSTRACT Arcantipsocus courvillei n. gen., n. sp. is described from the Cretaceous amber of Archingeay (France). It is placed within the suborder Psocomorpha, and in the Mesozoic extinct family Arcantipsocidae n. fam. characterized by 14-segmented antenna; legs with tarsi 3-segmented; forewing setose with evanescent veins; pterostigma dark, thickened and setose; M 2-branched; areola postica free; nodulus present; hind wing with M bifurcated, without basi-radial cell; claws with a preapical tooth. A cladistic phylogeny for Psocomorpha is given including the new fossil taxon. The discovery of this new taxon demonstrates the necessity of a deep phylogenetic redefinition of the currently admitted major subdivisions of this suborder.


Puerto Rico has incurred debt well beyond its ability to repay. It attempted to address its fiscal woes through legislation allowing the restructuring of some its debt. The Supreme Court put a stop to this effort, holding that Congress in the Bankruptcy Code barred the Commonwealth from enacting its own restructuring regime. Yet all agreed that the Bankruptcy Code did not provide anything in its place. While Congress quickly enacted PROMESA in an attempt to address the Puerto Rico's fiscal ills, we explore in this paper whether Congress has the power to bar Puerto Rico from enacting a restructuring mechanism and not offer an alternative. We submit that the answer is no. When it comes to a state, the Supreme Court has held that the power to issue debt necessarily implies the power to restructure that debt. Congress can preempt that power, so long as it puts something in its place. To preempt and leave nothing, however, runs afoul of our federal system. The same reasoning, with greater force, applies to Puerto Rico. The federal government entered into a compact with the citizens of Puerto Rico, granting them, among other things, the power to issue debt. Puerto Rico implicitly received the power to restructure this debt. Congress could offer a substitute to any regime that Puerto Rico might enact, but it cannot leave the Commonwealth without any means to address its fiscal affairs.


This project focused on understanding the mechanisms involved in CNS integration. The anatomy and physiology of mammalian olfactory system was investigated in order to develop an organotypic in vitro sensory system to increase our understanding of sensory processing at a neural network level. The olfactory network cultures grown on multielectrode arrays (MEAs) were found to only rarely exhibit electrical activity and it was decided this was an unsuitable preparation for the purposes of this study. The spinal cord was chosen as a secondary sensory system, initially in co-culture with dorsal root ganglia and then alone, with special interest in gap junction function.
Gap junctions have received increasing attention as contributors to pattern generation in neuronal ensembles, including the generation or modification of highly coordinated, intense bursting states. The main result section of this study explored the effects of four gap junction blockers (carbenoxolone (CBX), halothane, I-octanol and oleamide) on the spontaneous activity of mouse and rat frontal cortex and spinal cord cultures grown on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). It was our hypothesis that the characteristic coordinated bursting seen in most frontal cortex and in some higher density spinal cord cultures would be influenced via gap junction communication.
The four compounds tested generated interesting, and in one case paradoxical effects. Frontal cortex cultures were all inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, which included total cessation of activity by halothane, CBX, I-octanol, or oleamide (at concentrations 250 muM, 100 muM, 20 muM, 20 muM, respectively). All cultures showed spontaneous recovery at lower concentrations and reversibility after culture medium changes at higher concentrations. In addition, measurements of network burst rates and coefficients of variation of burst period indicate that burst coordination among channels was reduced by these compounds. These responses were generally mirrored in the spinal cord, except for CBX, which produced a paradoxical transient intense increase in network spike and burst production.
The results of this study show the effect of the gap junction blockers to be not only tissue specific, but also to differ from species to species. It is still unclear whether these differences seen really are through the blockade of gap junctions, or due to the secondary effects of the blockers used. Further studies showed that strychnine (1 muM) prevented this transient activity increase in spinal cord networks, implying that CBX may temporarily block glycine inhibition. Blocking intracellular calcium mobility with thapsigargin (up to 5 muM) did not affect the effects of gap junction blockers used.


E.S. Khovanskaya5 The article presents the results on land ownership transformation and its impact on the reproductive process in the agricultural sector of the Volga Region Federal District in conditions of the existing model. The analysis of the consequences of the land reform, of which 115,4 million hectares of agricultural lands were transferred into common share ownership in the form of land shares without defining the boundaries on the ground, was carried out. Availability of land shares which are not transformed into the land, fouls up and causes chaos and uncertainty in land relations, leading to the criminalization of the land market, speculative land transactions, hinders the development of the land turnover. The position of the Volga Region Federal District and its individual regions in regard to the national indexes that characterize agricultural production, factors of reproduction, is established. The conclusion concerning the low level of production profitability is made, and it hampers the extended reproduction and, consequently, the high demand for land for agricultural purposes in the future.


The piezoresistive effect on poly(propylene) (PP)–carbon nanofibre (CNF) composites fabricated by twin-screw extrusion and compression moulding has been investigated. The electrical and mechanical properties of PP/CNF composites have been obtained as a function of CNF concentration. Electrical conductivity exhibited low thresholds and values close to the required levels for EMI shielding applications at 2.4 vol%. Meanwhile the elastic modulus showed an enhancement with a maximum up to 130% for one of the composites at 0.9 vol% loading. Further, the piezoresistive response has been evaluated in four-point bending. Positive gauge factors between 2 and 2.5 have been obtained. The highest gauge factors are found within the percolation threshold. The characteristics of the materials and the production technique make them suitable for large scale applications.


In this paper we investigate the impact of institutional differences as a determinant of Turkish FDI inflows from OECD economies. We focus on the corruption distance between the home and host countries as a crucial part of institutional quality. Our results confirm that FDI flows are higher when they come from countries with low differences in corruption with Turkey. Conversely, FDI flows are negatively affected when there exists a large difference in corruption between the investing country and Turkey. This is explained by the ability of firms to obtain a higher return from their resources and capabilities in those environments with a similar idiosyncrasy to the one of their home country.


Four of Katz' photographs from a new series entitled 'Within' were selected to represent the genre of still life in the Association of Photographers Awards 2007 where she won a Bronze award for merit. The Awards, launched in 1983, annually attract over 4000 images submitted annually by AOP members; the work is judged rigorously by a panel of esteemed professionals
composed of curators, commissioners from advertising agencies, art directors from design groups and magazines. The 15 judges for 2007 included Louise Shannon Curator of Photographs at the VandA Museum, Jo Casey: art director Saatchi and Saatchi, and Ben Cole: Art Buyer VCCP. The Awards exhibition was held at the Association of Photographers Gallery, London from 8-18 May 2007. Katz's constructed and layered images have been produced as hand printed C type photographs sized 16" x 12". Inspired by Gaston Bachelard's chapters on nests shells, miniatures and intimate immensity in the Poetics of Space, Katz's research sets out to re-evaluate still life as representation, depicting an enclosed world, an intimate view of a limited domain
(see also Katz,1). Representing a fugitive, disordered beauty within an airless, humid enclosure her images systematically analyse the complex, tangled inter-relationships between decomposing plants in the process of dying through the suffocating heat and intense lack of moisture. The symbiotically intertwined desiccated roots and twigs allude metaphorically to an inner
state of regret and loss, which is a consistent theme throughout all of her work.

The four images selected for the Awards appear in a two-page spread in the Association of Photography Awards book (APO, 2007,) Image magazine (no. 379, April 2007) also devoting two pages to her work.


The primary driver for development of organic photovoltaic (OPV) technologies is the prospect of very low cost module manufacture leading to affordable solar electricity. This paper presents an economic assessment of OPV based on an existing pre-industrial manufacturing process and the associated detailed material inventory. Using life cycle costing techniques, the life cycle investment cost for a 1kWp, grid-connected OPV system is calculated, taking into account the materials, direct process energy, labour, balance of system components, design and maintenance costs. Assuming values for the performance ratio of the PV system, insolation level, inflation and interest rates, the levelised electricity cost (LEC) is calculated. Under an average solar irradiance of 1700 kWh/m2/year, typical of southern Europe, a LEC of between 0.19 €/kWh and 0.50 €/kWh was calculated for a 1kWp system, based on modules containing 7% efficient cells and assuming a 5 year module lifetime. The OPV module is found to make up the majority of the system cost while the material costs constitute the largest contribution to the cost of the OPV module. The influence of OPV module lifetime is studied using sensitivity. This paper demonstrates that competitive solar electricity from OPV is within reach if efficiencies of ca. 7% already demonstrated in lab scale devices can be achieved in large area modules and if lifetimes of at least 5 years can be achieved.


Timely detection of pest or disease infections is extremely important for controlling the spread of disease and preventing crop productivity losses. A specifically designed radio-controlled helicopter mounted low altitude remote sensing (LARS) platform can offer near-real-time results upon user demand. The acquired LARS images were processed to estimate vegetative-indices and thereby detecting upper stem rot (Phellinus Noxius) disease in both young and mature oil palm plants. The indices helped discriminate healthy and infested plants by visualization, analysis and presentation of digital imagery software, which were validated with ground truth data. Good correlations and clear data clusters were obtained in characteristic plots of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)LARS and green normalized difference vegetation indexLARS against NDVISpectro and chlorophyll content, by which infested plants were discriminated from healthy plants in both young and mature crops. The chlorophyll content values (μmol m−2) showed notable differences among clusters for healthy young (972 to 1100), for infested young (253 to 400), for healthy mature (1210 to 1500), and for infested mature (440 to 550) oil palm. The correlation coefficients (R2) were in a reasonably acceptable range (0.62 to 0.88). The vegetation indices based on LARS images, provided satisfactory results when compared to other approaches. The developed technology showed promising scope for medium and large plantations.


Some know Oklahoma's Black towns as historic communities that thrived during the Jim Crow era—this is only part of the story. In this book, Karla Slocum shows that the appeal of these towns is more than their past. Drawing on interviews and observations of town life spanning several years, Slocum reveals that people from diverse backgrounds are still attracted to the communities because of the towns' remarkable history as well as their racial identity and rurality. But that attraction cuts both ways. Tourists visit to see living examples of Black success in America, while informal predatory lenders flock to exploit the rural Black economies. In Black towns, there are developers, return migrants, rodeo spectators, and gentrifiers, too. Giving us a complex window into Black town and rural life, Slocum ultimately makes the case that these communities are places for affirming, building, and dreaming of Black community success even as they contend with the sometimes marginality of Black and rural America.


To the dismay of her ambitious mother, Bolanle marries into a polygamous family, where she is the fourth wife of a rich, rotund patriarch, Baba Segi. She is a graduate and therefore a great prize, but even graduates must produce children and her husband's persistent bellyache is a sign that things are not as they should be. Bolanle is too educated for the 'white garment conmen' Baba Segi would usually go to for fertility advice, so he takes her to hospital to discover the cause of her barrenness. Weaving the voices of Baba Segi and his four competing wives into a portrait of a clamorous household of twelve, Lola Shoneyin evokes an extraordinary Nigerian family in splashes of vibrant colour.


People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Sub-Saharan Africa face stigma and discrimination including significant health challenges. Social, religious and cultural contexts most often contribute to various forms of stigma and discrimination among PLHWA. They pose extra challenges for HIV-infected Men having Sex with Men (MSM) by hindering early interventions among these groups. Although the MSM population affected with HIV are not considered to be a high HIV infection risk group in Sub-Saharan Africa, recent studies have revealed the widespread existence of MSM groups across the region and high rates of HIV infection and HIV risk behaviour among MSM population. This paper provides a systematic literature review about the stigma and discrimination faced by the MSM population in Sub-Saharan Africa. The literature review was conducted through the systematic search of several online databases including Pub Med, Medline and Google.com. The review found that there have been few strategic interventions that specifically address stigma and discrimination among MSM population despite their high HIV positive serostatus. Men having sex with Men are illegal in 31 Sub-Saharan African countries, potentially attracting the death penalty in four. There has been a disproportionately small amount of governmental funding allocated for targeted interventions among these populations in the region. The MSM populations usually have no access to relevant HIV/AIDS information and services, and many countries have not begun to recognise or address the needs of these men in the context of national HIV/AIDS prevention and control programmes. We propose that the national governments may consider prioritising context-specific and culturally appropriate strategies and allocate budgets in their National AIDS Policies to address stigma & discrimination faced by the MSM population and protect their rights in Sub-Saharan Africa.


We study the dynamic pricing implications of a new, behaviorally motivated reference price mechanism based on the peak-end memory mode. This model suggests that consumers anchor on a reference price that is a weighted average of the lowest and most recent prices. Loss-averse consumers are more sensitive to perceived losses than gains relative to this reference price. We find that a range of constant pricing policies is optimal for the corresponding dynamic pricing problem. This range is wider the more consumers anchor on lowest prices, and it persists when buyers are loss neutral, in contrast with previous literature. In a transient regime, the optimal pricing policy is monotone and converges to a steady-state price, which is lower the more extreme and salient the low-price anchor is. Our results suggest that behavioral regularities, such as peak-end anchoring and loss aversion, limit the benefits of varying prices, and caution that the adverse effects of deep discounts on the firm's optimal prices and profits might be more enduring than previous models predict.


Closing keynote to the Scribani International Conference in Madrid, and European premiere of the documentary "Harvest of Loneliness," a critical reexamination of the bilateral US-Mexico contract labor program instituted in 1942 ostensibly to meet temporary labor shortages in the U.S. during World War II. But the program did not end when the war ended in 1945; at the behest of the corporate growers, it kept being extended by the U.S. Congress until 1964, becoming the largest such "guest worker" program of its kind to date — and one of the largest mass movements of workers in history. The program was presented to the public via newscasts, newspapers, journals and government publications as an ideal program that uplifted the economy of Mexico and satisfied the need for workers in the United States. The reality was much different. The Bracero Program was implemented to ensure accessible, cheap, controlled and disposable labor with little regard for the adverse and irreversible impact it had on Mexican families. During its 22 years no agricultural labor union succeeded in organizing or carrying out a strike — it was not until the end of the Bracero Program, which cut off of the supply of Mexican workers, that saw the emergence of the United Farm Workers. Still, after the Bracero Program ended formally in 1964 it was de facto maintained informally by growing streams of undocumented immigrant labor, leading to the present moment. Practically all of Mexico has been affected: fewer than 4% of Mexico's 2,443 municipalities have no migrants living and working in the U.S. Mexican-born immigrants in the U.S. today number nearly 12 million; over half of them are undocumented. In the U.S. the political vacuum left by the failure of the federal government to pass "comprehensive immigration reform" — given the irreconcilable conflict between those who sought "enforcement" solutions to the presence of millions of migrant workers (from their criminalization and deportation to fencing the southern border) to those who sought to forge paths to their eventual legalization and integration (denigrated as "amnesty" by opponents) — has been filled by hundreds of attempts by state and local governments to assume federal immigration control functions in a growing climate of fear and enforced opprobrium. Yet it is not an American problem but a worldwide issue of vast consequence that will grow in magnitude in the years to come. In looking to the future it is wise to reexamine the experience and lessons of the past — especially given Europe's parallel needs for manual laborers. These new braceros have been dubbed "outcasts of modernity," "irregular" labor migrants, "illegal aliens" — terms which describe an unequal master status affecting every aspect of the life of a subclass of people without rights. They are products of a globalized political and economic system that creates illegality by displacing people and then denying them equal rights to do what they have to do to survive: move to find work. As migration pressures continue to mount as a result of global inequality, so will fear of the foreigner — the xenophobia of what has been called a "society of contempt."


Can International Relations (IR) as it is taught in the Arab world be said to be an "American social science" or is it taught differently in different places? The forum addresses this question through an exploration of what and how scholars at Arab universities are teaching IR and how institutional, historical, and linguistic, as well as political and individual factors shape classroom dynamics in the Arab world. This forum attempts to bring the classroom into the Global/Post-Western debate by showing how IR can be taught differently in different places with a focus on a region under-represented in IR debates: the Arab world. The essays, exhibiting diversity in pedagogical strategies and theoretical perspectives, provide a window into how the "international" is perceived and taught locally by teachers and students in various Arab contexts. While the influence from the American "core" of the discipline is obvious, the forum documents how the theoretical and conceptual foundations of IR based on Western perspectives and history do not travel intact. The essays collectively provide evidence of different kinds of IRs not just across but also within regions and show that studying pedagogy can become a way to study how disciplinary IR varies contextually.


In the past, many static analyses have been created in academia, but only a few of them have found widespread use in industry. Those analyses which are adopted by developers usually have IDE support in the form of plugins, without which developers have no convenient mechanism to use the analysis. Hence, the key to making static analyses more accessible to developers is to integrate the analyses into IDEs and editors. However, integrating static analyses into IDEs is non-trivial: different IDEs have different UI workflows and APIs, expertise in those matters is required to write such plugins, and analysis experts are not typically familiar with doing this. As a result, especially in academia, most analysis tools are headless and only have command-line interfaces. To make static analyses more usable, we propose MagpieBridge - a general approach to integrating static analyses into IDEs and editors. MagpieBridge reduces the mxn complexity problem of integrating m analyses into n IDEs to m+n complexity because each analysis and type of plugin need be done just once for MagpieBridge itself. We demonstrate our approach by integrating two existing analyses, Ariadne and CogniCrypt, into IDEs; these two analyses illustrate the generality of MagpieBridge, as they are based on different program analysis frameworks - WALA and Soot respectively - for different application areas - machine learning and security - and different programming languages - Python and Java. We show further generality of MagpieBridge by using multiple popular IDEs and editors, such as Eclipse, IntelliJ, PyCharm, Jupyter, Sublime Text and even Emacs and Vim.


Cidanau watershed in West of Java has 22,620 ha; it provides water for other basin in the largest industrial city of Cilegon. To have future condition of water supply and demand for Cidanau and Cilegon region model was developed expressing water supply from Cidanau built by tank model with some land uses related parameters. Water supply from Cidanau watershed depends on land use and water system in the watershed. The rest of water flow to the downstream and be utilized to the Cilegon city by Cinangka pump station and calculated based on the water use of industrial and domestic. To maintain and increase the availability of water, it is necessary to change some land uses into forest and install better water supply system with higher efficiencies. Water availability of runoff under existing condition as Scenario 1 is only sufficient until before the year 2018. Scenario 2 with the land use to be change as 50% of the mixed agricultural dry land system into forest area and 50% garden into rice field, water availability will be sufficient until more than 2018. If Scenario 2 was used together with Scenario 3 having better efficient technology, water supply will be sufficient until more than the year 2025.


This document defines extensions to the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) for enhanced support of link-specific Point to Point Protocol (PPP) options. PPP endpoints typically have direct access to the common physical media connecting them and thus have detailed knowledge about the media that is in use. When the L2TP is used, the two PPP peers are no longer directly connected over the same physical media. Instead, L2TP inserts a virtual connection over some or all of the PPP connection by tunneling PPP frames over a packet switched network such as IP. Under some conditions, an L2TP endpoint may need to negotiate PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) options at a location which may not have access to all of the media information necessary for proper participation in the LCP negotiation. This document provides a mechanism for communicating desired LCP options between L2TP endpoints in advance of PPP LCP negotiation at the far end of an L2TP tunnel, as well as a mechanism for communicating the negotiated LCP options back to where the native PPP link resides.


This research is type research of case study by using descriptive research method, that is depicting and description problems of subject the research systematically, factual and accurate regarding/ hit facts pursuant to accepted by erudite concept of public. Title of this research is ?Evaluation Internal Control of System and Procedure Management Card of Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) at PT. Bank Jatim of Malang Branch?. Intention of this research is to know How mechanism work management of card of ATM in Bank, How internal control system and handling of problem faced by client concerning usage of card of ATM in company operational as an specified policy. From this research to be analyzed is organization chart, authority system and record-keeping procedure, healthy practice, and also quality of employees matching with important elements in good internal control system and gratify and also handling effectivity of mechanism work management of card of ATM in company. From writer analysis and research, hence can be pulled conclusion that PT. Bank Jatim of Malang Branch in Management Of Card of Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) have according to good internal control and gratify. This matter can be seen from service current given by Bank party/ side to fulfill requirement of society, specially for transactions using card of ATM. But in authority system and procedure record-keeping of company need system design and labor which is have competence to in system area and procedure management of ATM, to be able to more again in some cases regarding/ hit cards of ATM so that/ to be more effective. This matter is caused by there is still his of geminating of and duty of responsibility in handling problems related to card of ATM. Applying of internal control in company aim to evaluate performance chronically to reach to repair as positive output which expected, with give fair guarantee is not definitive guarantee to mistake faced. From above conclusion and analysis hence writer of implication that handling better regarding/ hit management of card of ATM shall no longer be done/conducted with geminating of and duty of responsibility, when needed company give or training of basic training concerning service activities of banking as knowledge to become the personal of more employees have competence to and area professional of in improving company performance efficiency and effectiveness. So that enable problems faced can overcome accurately and justified more optimal. Keyword : Internal Control, Card of ATM. Link Terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/230/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2007-hennyapril-11456-1.+PENDA-N.pdf


Objectivity is a hallmark of good journalism. Objective news writing is particularly important when covering agricultural issues. In this study, researchers used the Hayakawa-Lowry news bias categories to examine the objectivity of news coverage of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak that occurred December 23, 2003, in the United States. The study looked at 149 articles published in USA Today, The Washington Post, and The Seattle Times, dating from the day of the outbreak to February 10, 2004, when the USDA concluded its investigation of the outbreak. Based on the findings, the three newspapers studied were more objective than judgmental in their coverage of the outbreak. Although judgment statements were relatively uncommon, the majority of the judgment statements found were negative toward agriculture. Analysis of the level of objectivity for each newspaper revealed that USA Today was the least objective in its coverage; The Seattle Times was the most objective. This study recommends that reporters be encouraged to include more objective sentences in their writing, that journalism and agricultural communications students be educated about the Hayakawa-Lowry news bias categories, that additional research be conducted on media coverage of other agricultural issues, and that the agricultural literacy level of journalists be examined. This research is available in Journal of Applied Communications: https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol90/iss3/6