The development time, survival and fecundity of Amblyseius californicus (McGregor), a predatory mite in deciduous fruit orchards, were determined at 20,25 and 30 C. Using these values the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), mean generation time (T) and net replacement rate (Ro) were estimated at the respective temperatures. In addition, the data were used to estimate the minimum temperature required for development. The rm increased with increasing temperature from 0.122 at 20 C to 0.251 at 30 DC. The Ro was highest at 25 C (11.18 females/female) and was lower at 20 DC (9.71 females/female) than at 30 DC (10.54 females/female), while T decreased with increasing temperature from 20.11 days at 20 C to 10.20 days at 30 C. The estimated minimum temperature for development was 8.3 DC, which indicates that A. californicus could survive the winter on plants in the covercrop in orchards and should be able to control populations of the phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, at temperatures below 30 C.


The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide an overview of issues critical to understanding the importance of exercise and physical activity in older adult populations. The Position Stand is divided into three sections: Section 1 briefly reviews the structural and functional changes that characterize normal human aging, Section 2 considers the extent to which exercise and physical activity can influence the aging process, and Section 3 summarizes the benefits of both long-term exercise and physical activity and shorter-duration exercise programs on health and functional capacity. Although no amount of physical activity can stop the biological aging process, there is evidence that regular exercise can minimize the physiological effects of an otherwise sedentary lifestyle and increase active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions. There is also emerging evidence for significant psychological and cognitive benefits accruing from regular exercise participation by older adults. Ideally, exercise prescription for older adults should include aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercises, and flexibility exercises. The evidence reviewed in this Position Stand is generally consistent with prior American College of Sports Medicine statements on the types and amounts of physical activity recommended for older adults as well as the recently published 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans . All older adults should engage in regular physical activity and avoid an inactive lifestyle. most deconditioned and physically limited older adults. Muscle strengthening activities and/or balance training may need to precede aerobic training activities among very frail individuals. Older adults should exceed the recommended minimum amounts of physical activity if they desire to improve their fitness. If chronic conditions preclude activity at the recommended minimum amount, older adults should perform physical activities as tolerated so as to avoid being sedentary. of the relationship is poorly understood. There is a strong evidence that high-intensity RET is effective in the treatment of clinical depression. More evidence is needed regarding the intensity and frequency needed elicit specific improvements in other measures of psychological health and well-being.


The armies of the Fourth Crusade that left Western Europe at the beginning of the thirteenth century never reached the Holy Land to fight the Infidel; they stopped instead at Byzantium and sacked that capital of eastern Christendom. Much of what we know today of those events comes from contemporary accounts by secular writers; their perspective is balanced by a document written from a monastic point of view and now available for the first time in English. The Hystoria Constantinopolitana relates the adventures of Martin of Pairis, an abbot of the Cistercian Order who participated in the plunder of the city, as recorded by his monk Gunther. Written to justify the abbot's pious pilferage of scared relics and his transporting them back to his monastery in Alsace, it is a work of Christian metahistory that shows how the sack of Constantinople fits into God's plan for humanity, and that deeds done under divine guidance are themselves holy and righteous. The Hystoria Constantinopolitana is one of the most complex and sophisticated historiographical work of its time, deftly interweaving moods and motifs, themes and scenes. In producing the first English translation and analysis of this work, Alfred Andrea has captured the full flavor of the original with its alternating section of prose and poetry. His introduction to the text provides background on Gunther's life and work and explores the monk's purpose in writing the Hystoria Constantinopolitana-not the least of which was extolling the virtues of Abbott Martin, who was sometimes accuse of laxity by his superiors in the Order. Gunther's work is significant for its effort to deal with problems raised by the participation of monks in the Crusades, making it a valuable contribution to both crusading and monastic history. The Capture of Constantinople adds to our knowledge of the Fourth Crusade and provides unusual insight into the attitudes of the participants and the cultural-intellectual history of the early thirteenth century.


. Palm Oil Research Inst i tute of Malaysia. P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. F iue cDNA clones encoding the oil palm acyl carrier protein (ACP) were A isolated and characterized. Four of the clones, pACP1, pACP3, pACP4 and pACP9, were completely sequenced and the sizes of inserts shown to be 529, 701, 505 and 37Obp, respectively. The clones could be divided into two classes, which probably represent two different isoforms of ACP. pACPI, which was classed separately from the others, is about 92% identical to the other three clones. The clones also had a high similarity to ACPs in other plants 73%. 72% and 70% identical to barley ACPI, castor bean ACP and barley ACPIII, respectively. The similarity of the transitpeptide was lower at about 45% to 52%. Based on the comparison, we predict that pACP3 contains the full length insert of oil palm ACP with an open reading frame of432bp which starts at nucleotide 47 from the 5' end and ends at nucleotide 478. This comprises 144 amino acid residues including 65 residues of a transit peptide.


Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal system, affecting adults and children. Its cause is unknown, and the knowledge of reliable biomarkers is limited, especially for children. That makes the search for new biomarkers and pushing forth the analysis of the available data particularly challenging. We investigate proteomic data from children patients as a promising source, and tackle the problem implementing the recently developed parenclitic network approach to machine learning algorithms that solve classification task for proteomic data from healthy and diseased. We expect our approach to be applicable to other gastrointestinal diseases.


Postpartum Endometritis (PPE) is one of the common causes of postpartum fever. PPE leading to decidual abscess has not been reported previously in the literature. Risk factors for PPE range from invasive fetal monitoring to maternal diabetes mellitus and anemia. Our patient had several risk factors for the development of PPE. Commonly PPE is a polymicrobial infection but in our case it was monobacterial. Ultrasonography, tissue histopathology and culture sensitivity are helpful in diagnosing PPE, as well as tailoring the antimicrobial therapy. PPE is a common etiology for postpartum fever and acute infection of decidua which may progress and lead to decidual abscess formation. Endometritis can be monobacterial from the genital tract organisms. Uterine curettage and endometrial tissue culture and sensitivity will guide in tailoring the antimicrobial therapy.


In this paper, we analyse a real set of data containing high range resolution profiles (HRRP) of unpollinated corollas of Cobaea scandens and of an inflorescence of Rhytidophyllum auriculatum, which are plants typically pollinated by bats. These were collected by transmitting a synthetic wideband linear chirp with an acoustic radar capable of a very high range resolution. Two C. scandens flowers taken at different stage of maturity were measured to investigate if and how the information contained in the flowers' echo acoustic signatures changes as the flower wilts and hence stops producing nectar and loses attractiveness. These were then modified, by manually removing the petals, in order to study feature-specific contributions to the scattering. The acoustic signatures of the C. scandens and the R. auriculatum do not change as a result of pollination by a bat and indeed the same individual flower can be pollinated multiple times as long as it contains nectar. The analysis presented in this chapter is subtly different from investigating pre and post bat fed plants but it demonstrates the acoustic changes as the flower degrades, and hence it is a valid experiment for this bat-pollinated plant species. The signatures are analysed and results are discussed with respect to the task of classification of manmade targets.


Adv Plants Agric Res 2017, 6(5): 00224 as alternatives to intensive tillage methods of moldboard plowing and disking in the late 1970's. As agriculture shifted toward large-scale production of commodity crops on wide expanses of land, major crops were genetically engineered (GE) to resist the herbicidal action of glyphosate so that weed management could be streamlined by using only one herbicide to control all weed species present in fields thereby simplifying production practices for large-scale crop production systems. The first GE crops with glyphosate resistance included soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), maize (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and canola (Brassica rapa L.), which were introduced and commercially planted in the mid-1990's. Subsequently GE varieties were released for sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Meyers et al. [1] describes the continuing increase in use of glyphosate in the United States alone, from an annual usage of 2.72 to 3.62 million kg in 1987 prior to release of GE crops, to 81.6 to 83.9 million kg in 2007 when glyphosate-resistant crops were widely planted. By 2014, annual agricultural usage of glyphosate increased to about more than 108 million kg applied to the environment. Worldwide use is estimated to be 1.35 million metric tons in 2017 [2].


This paper examines the PROGRESA and PROCAMPO cash transfer programs in Mexico and evaluates their impact on household food security and nutrition. These two programs differ in their gender targeting, with PROGRESA aimed at women and PROCAMPO generally at men, and program conditionality, with PROGRESA linked to development of human capital of children in the households and PROCAMPO linked to agricultural production. We try to answer the following questions. First, can a cash transfer program geared to agricultural production have the same impact on food security as a cash transfer program geared to consumption through purchases? Second, do eligibility requirements (gender of the recipient) and conditionality in the provision of cash transfers matter? Our results suggest that, contrary to conventional wisdom, men do not just drink away cash transfers and that monetary payments linked to a productive asset –land- can have as large or larger impact on food security as cash transfers not linked to a productive asset. We show that both programs boost total food consumption and caloric intake in similar proportions. However, PROCAMPO has a larger impact on meat and vegetables consumption and PROGRESA on the other food category. Furthermore, increased food security is achieved through different channels: PROGRESA through purchases while PROCAMPO through investment in home production. We also find that cash transfers linked to information on nutrition and health increase food diversity. PROCAMPO households that also receive PROGRESA, and the information that goes with it, are more likely to be eating a more varied diet than households that get PROCAMPO only. All this suggests that the choice of program design in terms of food security depends on objectives beyond total food consumption and caloric intake, such as consumption from specific food categories, food diversity, investment in agricultural production, and the degree of access to retail food markets.


1. The metabolism of palmitic acid (a saturated fatty acid) and linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated fatty acid) was compared in seven subjects during constant infusions of the radioactive tracers. 2. The studies were repeated in some subjects after the turnover of the free fatty acids and the size of the fatty acid and glyceride pools had been altered with sucrose or polyunsaturated fat diets. 3. The fractional turnover of linoleic acid was nearly always greater than that of palmitic acid, though its total turnover rate was less. 4. A lesser proportion of the turnover of linoleate than of palmitate was incorporated into plasma triglyceride over a range of turnover rates of free fatty acids and glyceride fatty acid pools. This may be a factor in the lowering of plasma triglyceride concentrations with diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.


The goal of this experiment was to find the best level of substitution of maltodextrin for lactose for pre-starter and starter rations, whether simple or complex, fed to piglets weaned at 21 days. One hundred and twenty piglets were used in a randomized block design, according to a 2 x 4 factorial (two diet types: simple or complex; and four levels of maltodextrin as a replacement for lactose: 0.0, 33.5, 66.5 and 100%). The daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC) were measured. No interaction between maltodextrin levels and diet type was observed. The piglets fed the complex diets showed higher DWG from 0 to 15 days post-weaning; better FC. No effect of maltodextrin levels on DWG and DFI was observed from 0 to 15 days or from 0 to 30 days; and FC from 0 to 15 days. Maltodextrin showed a quadratic effect (p = 0.006, Ŷ = 1.53 + 0.002287X + 0.000022X 2 ) on FC from 0 to 30 days. Diets containing only maltodextrin in it composition provided the lowest cost of feed. The maltodextrin can fully replace lactose in diets, not affecting the performance of piglets weaned at 21 days.


The regulation of financial markets has for years been the domain of lawyers, legislators, and lobbyists. In this unique volume, experts in industrial organization, finance, and law, as well as members of regulatory agencies and the securities industry, examine the securities industry from an economic viewpoint. Ten original essays address topics including electronic trading and the "virtual"stock exchange; trading costs and liquidity on the London and Tokyo Stock Exchanges and in the German and Japanese government bond markets; international coordination among regulatory agencies; and the impact of changing margin requirements on stock prices, volatility, and liquidity. This clear presentation of groundbreaking research will appeal to economists, lawyers, and legislators who seek a refreshingly new perspective on policy issues in the securities industry.


The clinical features of relapses and progression largely define multiple sclerosis phenotypes. A relapsing course is followed by chronic progression in some 80% of cases within 2 decades. The relationship between these phases and long-term outcome remains uncertain. We have analysed these clinical features within a well-studied natural history cohort with mean follow-up of 25 years. For the entire cohort, median times to reach Disability Status Scale (DSS) 6, 8 and 10 were 12.7, 20.6 and 43.9 years, respectively. Among 824 attack-onset patients, the great majority entered a progressive phase with a mean time to progression of 10.4 years. The effects of relapses often cloud the clinical onset of progression. However, there are circumstances where onset of progression is early, relatively discrete and identifiable at DSS of 2 or less. Three subgroups allow for clarity of outcome comparison and they are (i) cases of primary progressive (PP) disease, (ii) attack-onset disease where only a single attack has occurred before onset of progression (SAP) and (iii) secondary progressive (SP) disease where recovery from relapses allows recognition of the earliest clinical stages when progression begins. Here we compare survival curves in these three groups. Among cohorts of SAP (n = 140), PP (n = 219) and SP (n = 146) where progression was stratified by DSS at its onset, there was no difference in time to DSS 6, 8 and 10. These findings demonstrate that the progressive course is independent of relapses either preceding the onset of relapse-free progression or subsequent to it. Among SAP patients, the degree of recovery from the single defining exacerbation had no significant effect on outcome. The site of the original attack was not usually where progression began. The relatively stereotyped nature of the progressive phase seen in all progressive phenotypes suggests regional and/or functional differential susceptibility to a process that appears degenerative in nature. The highly prevalent distal corticospinal tract dysfunction in progressive disease and the pathologically demonstrated selective axonal loss seen in this tract raises the possibility of a dying back central axonopathy, at least in part independent of plaque location or burden. Despite considerable individual variation, the progressive course of disability seen in groups of PP, SAP and SP-DSS2 is similarly stereotyped in quality and pace and may entail mechanisms common to all forms of progressive multiple sclerosis. The possibility that this is the primary process in some cases must be considered.


Star-to-star dispersion of r-process elements has been observed in a significant number of old, metal-poor globular clusters (GCs). We investigate early-time neutron-star mergers as the mechanism for this enrichment. Through both numerical modeling and analytical arguments, we show that neutron-star mergers cannot be induced through dynamical interactions early in the history of the cluster, even when the most liberal assumptions about neutron-star segregation are assumed. Therefore, if neutron-star mergers are the primary mechanism for r-process dispersion in GCs, they likely result from the evolution of isolated, primordial binaries in the clusters. Through population modeling of double neutron-star progenitors, we find that most enrichment candidates are fast-merging systems that undergo a phase of mass transfer involving a naked He-star donor. Only models where a significant number of double neutron-star progenitors proceed through this evolutionary phase give rise to moderate fractions of GCs with enrichment; under various assumptions for the initial properties of GCs, a neutron-star merger with the potential for enrichment will occur in ∼15%–60% (∼30%–90%) of GCs if this phase of mass transfer proceeds stably (unstably). The strong anti-correlation between the pre-supernova orbital separation and post-supernova systemic velocity due to mass loss in the supernova leads to efficient ejection of most enrichment candidates from their host clusters. Thus, most enrichment events occur shortly after the double neutron stars are born. This Requires star-forming gas that can absorb the r-process ejecta to be present in the globular cluster 30–50 Myr after the initial burst of star formation. If scenarios for redistributing gas in GCs cannot act on these timescales, the number of neutron-star merger enrichment candidates drops severely, and it is likely that another mechanism, such as r-process enrichment from collapsars, is at play.


This paper describes the Cyber Security Game (CSG). Cyber Security Game is a method that has been implemented in software that quantitatively identifies cyber security risks and uses this metric to determine the optimal employment of security methods for any given investment level. Cyber Security Game maximizes a system's ability to operate in today's contested cyber environment by minimizing its mission risk. The risk score is calculated by using a mission impact model to compute the consequences of cyber incidents and combining that with the likelihood that attacks will succeed. The likelihood of attacks succeeding is computed by applying a threat model to a system topology model and defender model. Cyber Security Game takes into account the widespread interconnectedness of cyber systems, where defenders must defend all multi-step attack paths and an attacker only needs one to succeed. It employs a game theoretic solution using a game formulation that identifies defense strategies to minimize the maximum cyber risk (MiniMax). This paper discusses the methods and models that compose Cyber Security Game . A limited example of a Point of Sale system is used to provide specific demonstrations of Cyber Security Game models and analyses.


Low-value tests, treatments, and procedures are an important health care quality problem in Canada and across the world because they provide little clinical benefit, may be harmful for patients, and waste limited resources.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, health care systems face increased challenges of limited resources, reduced capacity, and a growing backlog of surgeries and other procedures. The pandemic has compelled health care professionals to make challenging decisions to prioritize health care services while coping with increased demand.
As Canada emerges from the pandemic and health care systems rebuild and begin to address the backlog of delayed or cancelled services, there is an imperative to introduce lasting changes to reduce low-value care and ensure high-quality care is available to everyone.
To help inform efforts for using health care resources wisely and to support decision-making, CADTH and Choosing Wisely Canada convened a 10-member multi-disciplinary panel of clinicians, patient representatives, and health policy experts to review areas of low-value care that can be reduced or limited. This panel reviewed, deliberated, and prioritized 19 recommendations of the more than 400 Choosing Wisely Canada recommendations, the implementation of which can help ensure high-value care after the pandemic.

Examples of the 19 recommendations include:

Avoiding unnecessary transfers for patients in long-term care to hospitals unless there is an urgent medical need.
Limiting blood tests and imaging unless required to answer a specific clinical question or guide treatment.
Not transfusing red blood cells for hemodynamically stable patients in the intensive care unit.
Not delaying palliative care for patients with serious illness because they are pursuing disease-directed treatment.

Moreover, the panel's discussion highlighted how the selected recommendations can advance key priorities, including improving health equity and access to care, appropriately using limited resources, emphasizing patient-focused care, and addressing challenges the pandemic has presented for long-term care.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to estimate the general knowledge, attitude and practice of Emergency Contraceptive pills (ECs) among tertiary level students in Trinidad.

METHOD
A 32-item questionnaire was constructed to assess knowledge, attitudes and practice of EC. There were 76 medical and 160 non-medical students who volunteered to fill-up the questionnaire. This survey was conducted by graduate students under supervision of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, UWI, St Augustine.

RESULTS
Eighty-four per cent of the students were less than 25 years of age, 64% were Christians and 92% were single. Sixty-three per cent were female and there were more females in the non-medical group than the medical students group but the numbers were not significant. Eighty-one per cent used condoms as the main type of contraception. Only 63% had heard of ECs before and only 9% had heard of ECs from medical sources. Among the factors that related to attitude towards EC, only two factors were significant. Sixty-two per cent of students felt that increased EC use would increase promiscuity (p = 0.013) but 59% also felt that ECs should be made more easily available (p = 0.014).

CONCLUSION
The general level of their knowledge about ECs was poor. The general attitude of students towards ECs was positive. This study will help policy-makers by providing evidence-based knowledge to promote EC use among university students.


In polar regions, highly adapted social behavior is crucial for the survival
of several species. One prominent example is the huddling behavior
of Emperor penguins. To understand how Emperor penguins
solve the physical problem of movement in densely packed huddles, we
observed an Emperor penguin colony (Atka Bay) with time-lapse imaging
and tracked the positions of more than 1400 huddling penguins.
The trajectories revealed that Emperor penguins move collectively in
a highly coordinated manner to ensure mobility while at the same time
keeping the huddle tightly packed. Every 30 - 60 seconds, all penguins
make small steps, which travel as a wave through the entire huddle.
Over time, these small movements lead to large-scale reorganization
of the huddle. Our data show that the dynamics of penguin huddling
is governed by intermittency and approach to kinetic arrest in striking
analogy with inert non-equilibrium systems. We will also present
observations from a different Emperor penguin colony (Adelie Land),
an Adelie penguin colony (Adelie Land), and a King penguin colony
(Crozet Island).


The transition from a relatively federal to a relatively centralized constitutional structure in the United States has often been identified with the shift from classical to welfare liberalism as a matter of public philosophy. This article argues against that distinction. The liberal argument for federalism is a contingent one, built on approximations, counterbalancing, and political power. A more federalist constitution is not automatically a freer one on classical liberal understandings of freedom. Neither is a more centralized constitution automatically a better match with the ideals of welfare liberalism. The article sketches a constitutional history of federalism from the founding, through an era in which centralization was aligned with skepticism about liberal constitutionalism (for both meanings of liberal), to an era in which centralization was aligned with increases in liberal freedom (for both meanings of liberal).


This chapter focuses on conflicts of development from the point of view of the entanglement between development, labour legislation, and labour conflicts during the time of decolonisation. It describes the origins of the trade union movement in Sudan, created after the Second World War, and covers the history of that movement up until 1952, the year in which its curve of radicalisation was stopped and it turned towards more conciliatory labour relations. Dwelling on internal sources emanating from the colonial government and the various labour attaches sent to Khartoum, the chapter aims to shed light on the reciprocal influences and feedback effect between the three main actors of these conflicts: the British government, whose agenda set colonial labour welfare as a top priority; a reluctant Sudanese government accustomed to decades of laissez-faire in matters of labour; and the workers, who quite suddenly discovered that they had the power to compel the government to listen to their demands.


A novel radiometric compensation algorithm is proposed to correct the color distortions of the projection display on patterned surface. Two choices of the objective image are investigated in this algorithm. A linear compression followed by a sigmoid-function transformation based on the statistical parameters of the compensating radiance map is performed to reduce the clippings of the compensating color and expected to properly reproduce the dynamic range and the visibility of the image content. Three types of projection displays are produced for each test image. The parameter analysis indicates that the compensated displays could well conceal the surface pattern and tend to exhibit higher lightness or lightness contrast in the camera. The comparison results in a psychophysical experiment demonstrate that all the compensated displays outperform the uncompensated ones. The original input images seem more appropriate to be selected as the objective images, and the predicted objectives on the white screen are just proper for the bright and low-contrast input images displayed on the faint surface.


I Introduction INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL has been a subject of considerable interest to economists. The returns to education have a bearing on the quantity of investment undertaken in this area. Productivity and social justice are involved. This article identifies three levels of educational attainment, high-school, some college, and college or higher, and estimates the percentage gain in earnings at each level (relative to a fourth group consisting of those who did not complete high school) for black and white workers separately. Unlike previous research, this study also tracks the trend in these returns over a twenty year period, 1967-86. The racial gap in these returns highlights the differential incentive members of each race have to invest in schooling, and from a policy point of view sheds light on where governmental efforts in education should be most concentrated. II Previous Studies STUDIES computing the rate of return to education in general are plentiful. A number of studies have estimated the returns to education for a number of different countries. In one of the more comprehensive studies, Psacharopoulos (1985) calculated the returns for 61 countries. Grouping countries by their level of economic development, he confirmed the earlier well-documented declining rate of return pattern by level of education. Psacharopoulos found that the most profitable educational investment opportunity was primary education, and secondary education was second. He attributed this to the low cost of primary education, and the high productivity differential between primary school graduates and those who are illiterate. He found that the returns to any level of education were highest in the least-developed countries, and lowest in the advanced countries of the West. For the United States, Psacharopoulos reported a return of 11% for secondary school graduates, and 5.3% for those with a higher level of education in 1976. More recently, Pencavel (1991) showed that college graduates earned 65% more than those with high school diplomas. However, this differential was sensitive to age, with the college high-school earnings gap ranging from 46% for younger workers, to 69% for workers aged 45 to 54. Although Pencavel examined earnings differentials by gender, he did not compute them by race. Lydon (1989) examined earnings premiums arising from the completion of a college education. His data included the 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970 and 1980 censuses as well as the 1988 Current Population Survey. Lydon limited his focus to whites, and found that a college education led to earnings premiums ranging from 30% in 1950 to 64% in 1988 (relative to a high school education). But this recent work has neglected the effects of education across racial lines. Little has been done since Freeman's (1976) excellent work. III Data and Methodology ALL RESULTS COMPUTED for this article are based on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Waves (I-XX) covering the period 1967 to 1986. The data were drawn from households that had at least one member of the non-institutionalized population of the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. A subsample of the PSID data was drawn from low-income non-elderly households sampled by the Census Bureau. These households, drawn with unequal probabilities of selection that depended on geographic location, age, race, and income, were added to the sample to insure that there would be a sufficient number of low income and, especially, black low-income households to permit separate analyses of these populations. The sample is a combination of a representative cross-section of nearly 3,000 families selected from the Survey Research Center's master sampling frame, and a subsample of about 1,900 low-income families previously interviewed by the Census Bureau for the Office of Economic Opportunity. The combined sample is appropriately weighted to be representative of all people in the United States. …


Abstract Postwar Japanese history is often analyzed from the perspective of peace and democracy. Both ideas represented an interpretation of the war experience on the part of postwar progressive thinkers that saw postwar pacifist activism assume an anti-State character. But another important part of this intellectual context was its pro-society inclination. Social agency and autonomy became the main objectives of postwar progressive thinking, and it was this that drove the intellectual activism and advocacy of postwar pacifist movements. But how did intellectuals conceptualize society, and what were the consequences of this conceptualization for the actual development of pacifist movements? Through examining the intellectual leadership of postwar pacifist movements we can begin to appreciate how the peace-democ-racy paradigm actually worked. A pioneering thinker in this respect was Shimizu Ikutarō, who was a central figure in Japanese pacifism in the 1950s, and a leading activist in the first anti-base movement at the village of Uchinada in 1953–54. It was in the context of this movement that Shimizu developed and articulated his ideas about society and peace. In the process, he revealed the dissonance in his thinking concerning "commoners," and commenced his own intellectual disintegration as a progressive thinker. The consequences of the Uchinada protest for postwar popular and intellectual movements for peace would be formative, eventually leading to the cataclysm of the failed anti-security treaty movement of 1960.


SUMMARY Nonsense mutations that result in the expression of truncated, N-terminal, fragments of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor protein are found in most sporadic and some hereditary colorectal cancers. These mutations can cause tumorigenesis by eliminating β-catenin-binding sites from APC, which leads to upregulation of β-catenin and thereby results in the induction of oncogenes such as MYC. Here we show that, in three distinct experimental model systems, expression of an N-terminal fragment of APC (N-APC) results in loss of directionality, but not speed, of cell motility independently of changes in β-catenin regulation. We developed a system to culture and fluorescently label live pieces of gut tissue to record high-resolution three-dimensional time-lapse movies of cells in situ. This revealed an unexpected complexity of normal gut cell migration, a key process in gut epithelial maintenance, with cells moving with spatial and temporal discontinuity. Quantitative comparison of gut tissue from wild-type mice and APC heterozygotes (APCMin/+; multiple intestinal neoplasia model) demonstrated that cells in precancerous epithelia lack directional preference when moving along the crypt-villus axis. This effect was reproduced in diverse experimental systems: in developing chicken embryos, mesoderm cells expressing N-APC failed to migrate normally; in amoeboid Dictyostelium, which lack endogenous APC, expressing an N-APC fragment maintained cell motility, but the cells failed to perform directional chemotaxis; and multicellular Dictyostelium slug aggregates similarly failed to perform phototaxis. We propose that N-terminal fragments of APC represent a gain-of-function mutation that causes cells within tissue to fail to migrate directionally in response to relevant guidance cues. Consistent with this idea, crypts in histologically normal tissues of APCMin/+ intestines are overpopulated with cells, suggesting that a lack of migration might cause cell accumulation in a precancerous state.


This paper presents a model-based hierarchical particle filtering algorithm to estimate the pose and anthropometric parameters of humans in multi-view environments. Our method incorporates a novel likelihood measurement approach consisting of an approximate partitioning of observations. Provided that a partitioning of the human body model has been defined and associates body parts to state space variables, the proposed method estimates image regions that are relevant to that body part and thus to the state space variables of interest. The proposed regions are bounding boxes and consequently can be efficiently processed in a GPU. The algorithm is tested in a challenging dataset involving people playing tennis (TennisSense) and also in the well-known HumanEva dataset. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


In Richard Marsh's 1897 thriller The Beetle, dandified London scientist Sydney Atherton tests his own Weapon of Mass Destruction--Atherton's Magic Vapour, which is capable of decimating enemy soldiers en masse--on what he imagines is the cat of Paul Lessingham. A reformist liberal MP who, in his youth, was a dilatory traveler in the Middle East (specifically Cairo), Lessingham is not merely the target of Atherton's ostensible jealousy over Marjorie Lindon, the MP's fiancee, but also the object of Atherton's strong homosocial admiration, even homoerotic attraction. Marsh's novel, most critics seem to agree, documents British imperialism's attempts to imagine as Other the queer, the female, and the nonwhite in order to rationalize their extermination or education (that is, subjugation). Yet the novel's imperialistic impulses toward those ends work both to justify and to undermine themselves: violence directed at the nonnormative only reveals the queer underpinnings of the dominant culture (urban, male, heterosexual, white/British, positivistic). A monstrous and mesmeric insect-like creature of ambiguous gender and indeterminate though definitively non-Western race, the Beetle is a priestess of the atavistic Egyptian cult of Isis who travels to London, as a number of critics have noted, on a project of reverse colonization. (1) The Beetle's motives are personal as well as political. Seeking to seduce and abscond with white British women as a method of "possessing" and subverting British power, the Beetle also wants recompense for a personal injury: her own attempted murder at the hands of Paul Lessingham, whom the Beetle had seduced and held prisoner in Cairo twenty years earlier, as well as Lessingham's double rejection--of the priestess/Beetle as desired sexual object and of the Oriental power of mesmerism. Near the end of the novel, the Beetle, who repeatedly dominates, probes, and penetrates male characters physically and mentally, apparently dies in a massive train wreck. The evidence (blotches of liquid that seem to be blood from "some creature of the cat species" [319]) might seem inconclusive. Still, the explosion that occurs some time later in the Sudan--turning up debris from an ancient temple dedicated to Isis along with "fragments of what seemed bodies [...] neither of men nor women, but of creatures of some monstrous growth" (319)--appears to imply the Beetle's demise, if not necessarily her eternal extinction. Whereas a number of critics read this climax as indeterminate, we read the Beetle's extinction as being pretty final (as final as others read its escape). (2) Likewise, the novel seems unable, despite its best efforts, to disconnect destruction of the female and the filthy from the homosocial/homoerotic relationships underwritten by those very abject categories. The sublimated (or not so sublimated) homoerotic energies circulating between the male characters (politicians, dandies, and scientists) continually return to the pursuit and/or destruction of the feminine, the nonhuman, and the queer (nonheterosexual, nonnormative). Using London as the stage on which to set these acts of violence a setting mirrored in late-1870s Cairo, where Paul Lessingham first falls under the spell of the Oriental "Other" the novel's panic about the danger posed by the Other, the female, and the homoerotic renders it a consummately relevant text for understanding how these same anxieties circulate through our own era and culture. In fine, our argument investigates three interconnected aspects of the novel, some of which have been critically examined, others not. First, to what extent does Marjorie Lindon represent the New Woman? How much anxiety does she sincerely generate in the novel's male characters and, by extension, Victorian hegemonic culture? Are there other female characters--Dora Grayling, for instance--who might be more or equally threatening in terms of agency? Might Marjorie and Dora in fact be seen as somewhat traditional, or at least figures whose threatening valences are safely neutralized by the end of the novel? …


The purpose of this research was to determine if evening meal patterns and meal management decisions are related to the marital and employment status of mothers. Two hundred eighty-two usable questionnaires were completed by mothers who attended elementary school parent-teacher meetings in a suburban city in North Texas. The questionnaire gathered data about family demographics, family evening meal patterns, and factors affecting meal management decisions. Little difference was found between meal patterns of employed and nonemployed mothers in single and two-parent households. Factors found to affect meal pattern decisions were values, traditions, time, energy, nutrition, and family influence. A traditional family evening meal was important to the families studied.


Copyright industries represent an important part of the developed economies. The effective protection of copyright fulfills an important role in the advancement of innovation and economic development. However, in the digital economy, the protection of copyrighted works poses numerous and very difficult challenges. The protected works usually targeted by criminals are computer programs, motion pictures, video games, and musical compositions. The estimated or actual harm to copyright owners can amount to billions of dollars. Moreover, these offenses are sometimes perpetrated in connection with other crimes, such as conspiracy to commit racketeering or money laundering. This paper argues that criminal enforcement of copyright can be an important safeguard of economic and information security interests. The paper discusses essential aspects regarding the criminal protection of copyright in the United States. Based on a theoretically-informed, yet empirically-driven approach, which takes into account a large corpus of data, consisting mostly of cases brought to courts of law, the paper discusses the main aspects of the phenomenon. Finally, the paper proposes a number of measures that would improve the protection copyrighted works. Keywords: Copyright, Economic Development, Cybercrime, Infringement, Security, Loss


This thesis is a case study of suicide reporting which investigates the contribution of the British national press to the construction of the Bridgend problem. It aims to provide an insight into journalists' role in the 'social problems game' by assessing the level to which their post-2008 extensive Bridgend coverage rose concern over the issue and compelled an official response to it. To this end, the content of 451 relevant news reports was qualitatively analysed and in-depth interviews with 13 key claims-makers were conducted.
The thesis documents the evolution of the Bridgend problem over time. The elements that added to the newsworthiness of the story and resulted in its transition from the local to the national press are identified and closely examined. The analysis of the national news coverage reveals the central role of 'causality' and 'morality' in the Bridgend narrative as well as four main frames through which the local suicide problem has been made sense of: 'Internet Suicide' raises questions about online memorials glamorising suicide, pro-suicide websites and the 'dark side' of the Internet in general. 'Suicide Contagion' considers the risk of imitative suicides posed by new or traditional media. 'Breakdown Britain' attributes the Bridgend phenomenon to local deprivation and a deeper social malaise. Finally, 'Mental Health' underlines the emotional vulnerability of young people, the stigmatisation of mental illness and the deficiencies in mental health care.
Underlining the status of the Bridgend case as a point of reference, the final part of this project assesses its aftermath in terms of the immediate policy responses to it and its long-term implications. It is argued that, despite its commercial and ideological exploitation, the Bridgend situation has, even if belatedly, brought attention to the alarmingly high occurrence of youth suicides in the area, while highlighting the importance of responsible suicide coverage. The thesis concludes by suggesting that the links between suicide reporting, awareness and prevention need to be strengthened and considers the means through which this goal could be attained in the post-Leveson era.


Terminological knowledge representation systems (TKRSs) are tools for designing and using knowledge bases that make use of terminological languages (or concept languages). We analyze from a theoretical point of view a TKRS whose capabilities go beyond the ones of presently available TKRSs. The new features studied, often required in practical applications, can be summarized in three main points. First, we consider a highly expressive terminological language, called ALCNR, including general complements of concepts, number restrictions and role conjunction. Second, we allow to express inclusion statements between general concepts, and terminological cycles as a particular case. Third, we prove the decidability of a number of desirable TKRS-deduction services (like satisfiability, subsumption and instance checking) through a sound, complete and terminating calculus for reasoning in ALCNR-knowledge bases. Our calculus extends the general technique of constraint systems. As a byproduct of the proof, we get also the result that inclusion statements in ALCNR can be simulated by terminological cycles, if descriptive semantics is adopted.


Local authorities play a significant role in the development of the tourism industry for a region, including the provision of various services and infrastructure. Local government has a role in partnership with the tourism industry to ensure the economic viability of their communities. Tourism offers to small and rural communities are significant opportunities for social and economic development, such as increasing income and employment. The aim of the study is to explore the involvement of local authorities in the field of tourism, their activities for the development of tourism in the region of Saranda and to issue suggestions for further development of tourism in the region. The study period is: 2007-2015. Data taken from the Statistical Yearbook of the District of Saranda. Sarande local governments cannot ignore tourism as an economic sector after the increase in tourist visitors has exceeded the average number of visitors who have visited Albania. The results show that despite the current actions undertaken by local authorities in the region, there is still need for more efforts to promote tourism and to provide more opportunities for encouraging the development of tourism.


This paper evaluates the trade, business and investment climate currently in place within the island states of the Western Indian Ocean. Operating on the premise that trade-based globalization poses a considerable challenge to island states' economic stability and prospects for equitable development, this report argues that both state institutions and exporting firms in the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles must aggressively seek to put in place policies and practices that are conducive to attracting foreign investment, encouraging private sector growth and expanding export capabilities. As part of this analysis, this paper provides a politico-economic overview of the Western Indian Ocean island states as well as a theoretical outline of academic perspectives relating to island states' prospects for growth in a globalizing world economy. This is followed by an examination of trade and investment-related trends in these four countries (informed by primary interview research) and the presentation of potential policy options these countries can pursue to improve their competitiveness and overall trade performances.


The hydrodynamic forces acting on a submarine pipeline subjected to transverse horizontal currents have been, in some cases, completely overlooked or grossly underestimated. The paper describes the obtaining of experimental data and the interweaving of theoretical and experience for establishment of these forces. The forces of drag and lift were determined by measuring the differential pressure around the periphery of the pipe. This was accomplished by installing pressure-sensing stations in one transverse plane of the pipe and recording the differential pressures along with the properties of the flowing media. Velocity measurements were obtained by use of a pitot tube and a static pressure tube set in the stream flow. A glass tube was set on an incline and calibrated for direct visual velocity readout in inches of water and in feet per second. The pressure differential data velocity and flowing media properties were recorded by a Polaroid camera and transferred to worksheets used for determining the drag and lift for a 1-ft-long pipe increment. These differential forces were subdivided into 12 segments around the periphery of the pipe; resolved into their horizontal and vertical components, which were summed up into drag and lift forces.


Protected areas in Egypt suffer from severe negligence with regards to sustainable development. One of the reasons is the absence of the role of the planner, designer and evaluator, capable of evaluating protected lands, and convincing its residents and responsible organisations to draw up sustainable development plans, using the economic and environmental values of the land. This is because the residents prefer the economic value of the land only, as it achieves quick revenue by selling or by destructive exploitation of the environment. Often, this leads to encroachment on the land and natural areas of the reserve. Consequently, it affects the environmental systems present through the loss of the natural resources that should be protected. Examples of this include the clear encroachment of touristic activities in Sharm el Sheikh on the lower border of the Nabaq Reserve, the presence of a large commercial mall in the city of Shalatin to trade with the Sudan, in the center of Elba Reserve, the exploitation of the Nile Islands Reserve with residents building on the land, in addition to the attempt by the Housing Ministry to sell parts of the Petrified Forest Reserve to residents.The aim of this research is to show methods of evaluating land in general, and to find a method for evaluating protected areas both environmentally and economically, by creating a theoretical framework for the main elements used to evaluate protected areas. This is done through examining the profits resulting from a sustainable system that includes environmental, economic, social, and urban views, as well as those related to planning in one general framework, that provides the steps that all evaluators should follow when evaluating protected lands.The study shall apply this system to the Petrified Forest Reserve in New Cairo in Egypt to determine the aspects of negligence and the problems, from which this area suffers; in addition, the principles of guidance are applied to prevent its deterioration in order to solve the problem of sustainability in this reserve.


User resistance to the implementation of new information systems (IS) is a well-established feature of the IS literature. Much of this work takes a managerialist perspective, seeing user resistance as simply dysfunctional, seeking effective ways for system implementers to overcome resistance or concerned to understanding the roots of user resistance. Occasionally, user resistance is seen as having positive qualities. In this paper, however, we want to explore the wider, deeper, and subtler uses of user resistance for systems implementers. We have adopted Clegg's "circuits of power" framework within a broader political process approach to change. Using this framework and the results of a small pilot study, we make a number of propositions that can be tested in forthcoming fieldwork. This paper forms part of a wider study of the institutionalization of the power of "internal consultants" in a higher education institution in Saudi Arabia.


The research studies the tax risks theoretical fundament, identifies the causes of their occurrence and looks for possible ways to minimize them. The purpose of the work is to economically justify the use of state regulation tools to eliminate a risky event in practice, as well as the ability to cope with the situation when tax risks occur.Theoretical analysis based on various scientific methods allows the authors to conclude that the constant tax legislation changes, the introduction of new taxes and fees increasing tax burden, the tax payments cuts are main sources of tax risks.The authors identify the following tax risks types: seizure of property in the amount of unpaid taxes, tax sanctions and penalties and others. The article focuses on efficient measures to eliminate tax risks: development of an unambiguous tax legislation and its timely implementation; introduction of deep tax control to reveal all unaccounted objects of taxation and thereby exclude non-taxable objects; do not raise the level of the tax burden, minimize tax payments.The authors introduce the novel concept of tax risk meaning the likely possibility of unplanned losses occurrence in the performance of a state, region or a business entity within the framework of tax relations in connection with financial resources.The obtained results will serve for practical improvement of tax relations for both sides: the tax and customs authorities on the one side and organizations, individual entrepreneurs, individuals on the other side.


Inflammation is a central mechanism underlying numerous diseases and incorporates multiple known and potential future therapeutic targets. However, progress in developing novel immunomodulatory therapies has been slowed by a need for improvement in noninvasive biomarkers to accurately monitor the initiation, development and resolution of immune responses as well as their response to therapies. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging molecular imaging technique with the potential to assess immune cell responses by exploiting characteristic metabolic reprogramming in activated immune cells to support their function. Using specific metabolic tracers, hyperpolarized MRI can be used to produce detailed images of tissues producing lactate, a key metabolic signature in activated immune cells. This method has the potential to further our understanding of inflammatory processes across different diseases in human subjects as well as in preclinical models. This review discusses the application of hyperpolarized MRI to the imaging of inflammation, as well as the progress made towards the clinical translation of this emerging technique.


In the post-9/11 world, the European Union has been trying to define its international presence in a way which corresponds to its economic power and enlarged membership. In an effort to assert its identity on the international scene, it has developed a very wide range of economic relations with third countries and international organisations. It has also developed a Common Foreign and Security Policy in the context of which it is gradually shaping its Security and Defence Policy. These policies are carried out on the basis of distinct, albeit interrelated sets of legal rules. This book provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of these economic, political and security aspects of the relations of the European Union with the rest of the world. It examines their genesis, development and interactions and places them in the specific context of the establishment of the internal market and the broader context of the increasingly interdependent international economic and geopolitical environment. Issues covered include the coexistence of Community and national competence in external relations, the approach of the Court of Justice to international law, the negotiation, conclusion and implementation of international agreements, the relationship between EC and WTO law and the development of the political and security policies of the Union. The book will be of interest to academics, practitioners and students of EU law.


As the global community becomes increasingly connected, it gets more and more common to express thoughts and opinions through social networking websites. Twitter, currently the largest microblog website in the world, is heavily used for this purpose. Well known politicians, comedians and trending persons use this medium to express their minds through 140-character messages. This makes Twitter one of the platforms being most influential on the global web communities' way of thinking. This thesis combines topic modeling and sentiment analysis in order to obtain information from tweets. While sentiment analysis seeks to find out what opinions people have, topic modeling tries to find out what they talk about. Convential topic modeling schemes, such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation, are known to perform inadequately when applied to tweets, due to the sparsity of short documents. To alleviate these disadvantages, we apply several pooling techniques, aggregating similar tweets into individual documents. We specifically study the aggregation of tweets sharing authors or hashtags. Our Twitter Sentiment Analysis system is comprised of seven di erent machine learning classifiers. These aim to predict whether a message's polarity is of neutral, negative or positive sentiment. Four machine learning algorithms, Maximum Entropy, Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machines and Stochastic Gradient Descent, have been proposed for performing sentiment classification in this thesis. The classifiers were trained through experiments of extensive grid searches on a parameter space and preprocessing methods in order to achieve optimal classification scores. To combine topic modeling with sentiment analysis, a visualization application called TweetMoods was built. TweetMoods simultaneously examines the topics contained in a Twitter corpus retrieved by a search query, and the sentiments expressed in these tweets. Our topic modeling results show that aggregating similar tweets into individual documents increases the topic coherence significantly. On performing message polarity classification on tweets, the Maximum Entropy classifier yielded results outperforming most earlier submitted work to the International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation of 2015. This proves the importance of our extensive grid searches on optimizing the parameter space of the classifiers.


Researchers in discourse have long hypothesized that the nuclei of a rhetorical structure tree provide a good summary of the text for which that tree was built. In this paper, I discuss a psychohnguistic experiment that validates this hypothesis, but that also shows that the distinction between nuclei and satelhtes is not sufficient if we want to build summaries of very high quality. I empirically compare various techniques for mapping discourse trees into partial orders that reflect the importance of the elementary textual units in texts and I discuss both their strengths and weaknesses.


Abstract Two diagnostic, dynamic/thermodynamic ice-shelf models are applied to the Brunt Ice Shelf/Stancomb-Wills Ice Tongue system, located off Caird Coast, Coats Land, Antarctica. The Brunt Ice Shelf/Stancomb-Wills Ice Tongue system is characterized as a thin, unbounded ice shelf with an atypical and highly heterogeneous structure. In contrast to other ice shelves, a composite mass of icebergs that calved at the grounding line and were then locked within fast (sea) ice exists between the fast-moving Stancomb-Wills Ice Stream and the slow-moving Brunt Ice Shelf. We simulate the present flow regime of the ice shelf that results from the ice-thickness distribution and the inflow at the grounding line with two different models, and compare the model results with feature tracking and InSAR flow velocities. We then incorporate two observed features, a rift and a shear margin, into the models with two different approaches, and demonstrate the effects of variations in numerical values for the shear strength and viscosity in these zones on the simulated velocity field. A major result is that both kinds of implementation of the rifts lead to similar effects on the entire velocity field, while there are discrepancies in the vicinity of the rifts.


Bonnie B. Spanier's Im/partial Science is an eye-opening introduction to the way philosophical views influence biology. This topic is both intrinsically interesting and significant for the practice of medicine. Spanier's thesis is that assumptions about proper social relationships can color all our enterprises, even apparently neutral ones like molecular biology. Thus, if we see sex differences as fundamental, our theory construction— even our perception of data—will tend to be compatible with that assumption. And if we embrace social hierarchy rather than egalitarianism, our theories will also reflect that view. Spanier believes these patterns of thought have led to the adoption of paradigms without sufficient consideration of possible alternatives, and to the failure to notice data inconsistent with those paradigms. Consequently, potentially fruitful paths of inquiry are ignored. So allegedly "objective" knowledge is incomplete or even erroneous, and this "knowledge" reinforces the questionable assumptions that informed it initially. Thus, for example,


Abstract Reusing one's previously published work without alerting the reader of its prior publication constitutes self-plagiarism and it is a practice that is strictly forbidden by most scientific and scholarly journals. There are circumstances that may justify the publication of an entire article or of portions of an article that had been previously published in another journal. Guidance on these matters is readily available and specifies the conditions under which secondary publication can take place. However, the mission of most scholarly journals is to publish original research. With some exceptions (e.g., translation into another language), few journals seem willing to grant the right to publish their material elsewhere or exercise the option to publish an article that had been previously published in another periodical. One area of contention for which little guidance is available is the practice of reusing verbatim portions of text from authors' previously published articles. I argue that such a practice should be avoided because it is not consistent with the high standards expected of scholars and scientists. Keywords: self-plagiarism, ethics in research What is self-plagiarism? The mission of the vast majority of peer-reviewed journals is the dissemination of original research. As such, when authors submit a manuscript to a journal for consideration, it is assumed that the contribution is original, that it has not been published in whole or in part elsewhere, nor that it is under consideration by another periodical (Fischer & Zigmond, 1998). If the manuscript is identical or near identical to one that the authors had already published, or if it contains significant portions of material from their earlier published version, then the authors' actions may be classified as an instance of self-plagiarism. The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), an organization concerned with publication ethics in science journals, discusses self-plagiarism in its Guidelines on Good Publication Practice (COPE, 2003). Under the heading redundant publication; COPE defines this transgression as occurring "... when two or more papers, without full cross reference, share the same hypothesis, data, discussion points, or conclusions" (p. 70). Indeed, a growing number of journals' Instructions to Authors in biomedical disciplines (Scheetz, 2002), as well as in the field of psychology (Roig & Marks, 2004), now caution against various responsible conduct of research (RCR) issues, including certain types of selfplagiarism such as redundant publication. In spite of these precautions, and to the consternation of many journal editors, evidence suggests that some authors misinterpret these instructions or are not aware of them, whereas others seem to ignore them outright. For example, a perusal of discussion themes on the World Association for Medical Editors' (WAME) electronic forum (http://www.wame.org/) will reveal editors' continuing concern over incidents of self-plagiarism. In addition, a number of editorials have appeared in recent years stressing the importance of authorship issues such as declaration of authors' conflicts of interest, compliance with various regulatory guidelines regarding the treatment of subjects, plagiarism and, of course, self-plagiarism (e.g., Baggs, 2008; Neill, 2008; Rogers, 2008). Although much of the discussion on self-plagiarism has occurred in the biomedical literature, some professional associations in the social sciences, such as the American Psychological Association (APA), and the Australian Psychological Society have also included guidance concerning this type of malpractice (Roig, 2006a). In view of these and related developments, it should not be surprising that research attempting to establish the parameters of selfplagiarism has already been undertaken by the RCR community (e.g., Bretag, & Carapiet, 2007; Errami, Hicks, Fisher, Trusty, Wren, Long, & Garner, 2007; Roig, 2005; von Elm, Poglia, Walder, & Tramer, 2004). …


Community forestry aims to recognise the dependence of rural communities on forests by giving local people who use the forests the responsibility to manage them. By doing this a sustainable supply of forest products for rural communities can be achieved. However, community forestry is not simple to implement. Field workers must be able to fulfill the roles of facilitator and adviser and must undergo a fundamental shift in attitude and a learn a completely new set of skills. This manual and training program seeks to address the first part of the challenge, training field workers. In using a workshop approach which encourages participants to learn through discussion, reflection and group field exercsises, the hope is that other initiatives will flow from the field workers' changed behaviour and attitude. The purpose of this manual is to provide a structured learning program through which forestry field workers can come to appreciate the new imperatives of community forestry and help to make it a reality.


Abstract. In the spirit of the Special Issue of HESS to which it contributes, this paper documents the origin and development of the science of natural evaporation from land surfaces over the last 30–35 years, since the symposium A View from the Watershed was held to commemorate the opening of the new Institute of Hydrology (IH) building in 1973. Important subsequent technical progress includes the ability to measure routinely the diurnal cycle of near-surface meteorological variables using automatic weather stations, and of surface energy and momentum exchanges using automated implementations of the Bowen Ratio/Energy Budget technique and the Eddy Correlation technique, along with the capability to estimate the "fetch" for which these measurements apply. These improvements have been complemented by new methods to measure the separate components of evaporation, including: the interception process using randomly relocated below-canopy gauges, transpiration fluxes from individual leaves/shoots using porometers and from plants/plant components using stem-flow gauges and soil evaporation using micro-lysimeters and soil moisture depletion methods. In recent years progress has been made in making theory-based area-average estimates of evaporation using scintillometers, and model-based area-average estimates by assembling many streams of relevant data into Land Data Assimilation Systems. Theoretical progress has been made in extending near-surface turbulence theory to accommodate the effect of the "excess" boundary layer resistance to leaf-to-air transfer of energy and mass fluxes relative to that for momentum, and to allow for observed shortcoming in stability factors in the transition layer immediately above vegetation. Controversy regarding the relative merits of multi-layer model and "big leaf" representations of whole-canopy exchanges has been resolved in favour of the latter approach. Important gaps in the theory of canopy-atmosphere interactions have been filled, including recognising the need, separately, to represent dry-canopy and wet-canopy evaporation in models and the capability to describe wet-to-dry canopy transitions as well as the ability to describe sparse vegetation canopies which only partly cover the underlying soil. There is progress in methods of estimating crop water requirements, but an important recommendation of this paper is that this progress should continue by introducing use of an effective stomatal resistance rather than crop factors. The paper draws attention to relevant theoretical insight on this issue. Progress in theoretical understanding of evaporation processes has been used in the creation of numerous Land Surface Parameterisations (LSPs), the models used to represent land-surface interaction in climate and weather forecast models, and there have been important advances in describing the behaviour of plant stomata in LSPs. A major investment over the last 25 years in conducting Large-Scale Field Experiments, the better to measure, understand and model coupled land-surface/atmosphere interactions, has resulted in improvements in the capabilities of global climate models and the ability of mesoscale meteorological models to describe the enhanced circulation resulting from different forms of land-surface heterogeneity. Progress in understanding why early equations for potential evapotranspiration can be adequate in certain conditions is reviewed. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.


Structural equation modeling (SEM) has become one of the most important statistical procedures in the social and behavioral sciences. This easy-to-understand guide makes SEM accessible to all users even those whose training in statistics is limited or who have never used SAS. It gently guides users through the basics of using SAS and shows how to perform some of the most sophisticated data-analysis procedures used by researchers: exploratory factor analysis, path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. It shows how to perform analyses with user-friendly PROC CALIS, and offers solutions for problems often encountered in real-world research. This second edition contains new material on sample-size estimation for path analysis and structural equation modeling. In a single user-friendly volume, students and researchers will find all the information they need in order to master SAS basics before moving on to factor analysis, path analysis, and other advanced statistical procedures.


The structural arrangement of peat constituents controls the hydrological and thermal properties of peat. However, the importance of these structural characteristics on other physical processes within a peatland has not been fully assessed. Here, we evaluate the importance of peat structure on its ability to entrain biogenic gas bubbles and control ebullition, an important transport mechanism for methane. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was applied to characterize the structure of a range of peats at varying levels of decomposition. The structural properties of the peat were quantified from a vector representation of the CT images, and the potential of each sample to entrain biogenic gas bubbles was quantified using a rule-based Monte Carlo model that calculates the tortuosity of bubbles pathways through the peat. Sixty-six percent of the variability in the trapping potential of the peat results from porosity variations and 34% from structural variations between samples. A metric that represents this structural control was not identified for all peat types because of difficulties adequately representing some peats as a vector network. However, for S. magellanicum peat we were able to establish that the influence of peat structure on the entrainment of gas bubbles is characterized by (L) over bar (v), the average vector length of the stems and branches. Peat characterized by longer structural components (larger (L) over bar (v)) enhances the entrainment of gas bubbles. Our findings demonstrate the need to incorporate some representation of the peat structure in numerical models of biogenic gas transport in peat.


High mobility p-type transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are critical to current and future optoelectronic devices such as displays, transparent transistors or solar cells. Typical oxides have flat oxygen-based valence bands leading to high hole effective masses and low mobilities. This makes the discovery of high hole mobility oxides very challenging. Sn2+ oxides are known to form Sn-s/O-p mixtures and dispersive valence bands (low hole effective mass). However, not all Sn2+ oxides exhibit low hole effective mass, pointing to the importance of structural factors. Here, we analyze the electronic structure and chemical bonding of three Sn2+ oxides of interest as p-type oxides: SnO and the two K2Sn2O3 polymorphs. We rationalize the differences in their hole effective masses by their Sn–O–Sn angles. As band dispersion is governed by the orbital overlap, Sn–O–Sn angles near 180° maximize the overlap and minimize the hole effective mass. We show that this principle is generalizable to a larger set of Sn2+ oxides. Our work leads to simple structural design principles for the development of low hole effective mass oxides based on Sn2+ (but also other reduced main group cations) offering a new avenue for the ongoing search for high mobility p-type TCOs.


This paper contains concept of ontologies on the basis of user behaviour being analysed. Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in artificial intelligence, the Semantic Web, systems engineering, software engineering, biomedical informatics, library science, enterprise bookmarking, and information architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it. The creation of domain ontologies is also fundamental to the definition and use of an enterprise architecture framework. This paper also describes creation of ontological user profiles for web information gathering and How the ontology is useful in Web Personalization.


To read the work of Ron Rash is to run one's hands across the scars, wounds, and callouses of the Appalachian region, and to become immersed in a collection of authentic, traumatic, and complex narratives that settle themselves along the ridges and foothills of the Appalachian mountains. This paper places Rash's short stories within the context of this vulnerable, yet resilient Appalachian landscape and culture he is writing within: one traumatized by extractive industry, cultural exploitation, economic disadvantage, and widespread public misperception. Focusing specifically on Rash's use of traumatized characters, this thesis analyzes the ways in which Rash humanizes the plight of Appalachia and its people by embodying its trauma within the vulnerable bodies, minds, and lives of such characters. By establishing the lens of Rash's Appalachia as another kind of traumatized body, this project examines the social impact of Rash's stories, interrogating how and why readers come to feel empathy for his vulnerable bodies, and whether this empathy provides a pathway towards healing for the Appalachian region. This paper contends that, through shifting perceptions surrounding Appalachia and providing an authentically human Appalachian narrative, Rash promotes a more intimate understanding of the Appalachian experience, combating the sentimentalization and oversimplification of the region's trauma and history.


Objectives: To analyze trends in the LSCS rate and to analyze the indications of LSCS in modern day practice.
Place and duration: The study was carried out over a period of seven months (from June 2013 to December 2013) at
GMERS medical college, sola, Ahmedabad.
Methodology: Total no of patients delivered were counted and total no. of LSCS done was found. For the LSCS patients,
parameters like elective or emergency, parity status, indications of LSCS, were noted and analyzed.
Result: Frequency of LSCS in the study period was 25.18%. The indications of LSCS in order of frequency were previous
one LSCS in 173 (42.09%) patients, followed by fetal distress in 45 (10.94%). failure to progress in 45 (10.94%),previous 2
LSCS in 28(6.81%),CPD and Breech in 26 cases(6.32%)each, mal-presentation & PIH in 8(1.94%) cases each, antepartum
haemorrhage in 10 (2.43%). twin in 7 (1.7%) and oligoamnios and/or IUGR in 16(3.89%).
Conclusion: LSCS rate is higher than advised by WHO and previous LSCS is the commonest indication followed by fetal
distress. Obstetrical audit will help us a lot in reducing the rate.


Over the last couple of decades, there have been a large variety of approaches towards modeling student knowledge within intelligent tutoring systems. With the booming development of deep learning and large-scale artificial neural networks, there have been empirical successes in a number of machine learning and data mining applications, including student knowledge modeling. Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a pioneer algorithm that utilizes recurrent neural networks to model student learning, reports substantial improvements in prediction performance. To help the EDM community better understand the promising techniques of deep learning, we examine DKT alongside two well-studied models for knowledge modeling, PFA and BKT. In addition to sharing a primer on the internal computational structures of DKT, we also report on potential issues that arise from data formatting. We take steps to reproduce the experiments of Deep Knowledge Tracing by implementing a DKT algorithm using Google's TensorFlow framework; we also reproduce similar results on new datasets. We determine that the DKT findings don't hold an overall edge when compared to the PFA model, when applied to properly prepared datasets that are limited to main (i.e. nonscaffolding) questions. More importantly, during the investigation of DKT, we not only discovered a data quality issue in a public available data set, but we also detected a vulnerability of DKT at how it handles multiple skill sequences.


Abstract Research on Rational Emotive Education (REE) is not as prolific as in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), on which it is based. No quantitative meta-analytic studies of REE were found in the literature; in fact, we found only 6 reviews on REE. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of REE through a quantitative meta-analitical study. Twenty-six (26) published articles, which fit the inclusion criteria, were examined. Results demonstrated that REE had a powerful effect on lessening irrational beliefs and dysfunctional behaviors, plus a moderate effect concerning positive inference making and decreasing negative emotions. The efficiency of REE appeared to not be affected by the length of applied REE. Rather, the REE effect was strong when participants were concerned with their problems. Types of psychometric measure used for irrational beliefs evaluation affected the results. Effect sizes increased from medium to large when the subjects were children and adolescents compared to young adults. Key words: Rational Emotive Education, quantitative meta-analysis, effectiveness. INTRODUCTION Compared to research on Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), the research concerning Rational-Emotive Education (REE) seemed not to be nearly so ubiquitous. Searches of ERIC, EBSCO, and PsychInfo based on the key words rational emotive education enabled the writers to discern the following: 1) for the 1970s, twenty-one (21) published articles, 2 books and 10 dissertations were located; 2) in the 1980s, Rational-Emotive Education (REE) was the topic for thirteen (13) published articles, 2 book chapters, and eighteen (18) dissertations; 3) between 1990-2006, the search revealed thirty-one (31) published articles, 2 book chapters, and fourteen (14) dissertations. No quantitative meta-analytic studies of REE were found in the literature. Only 6 reviews were found as qualitative meta-analytic studies (DiGiuseppe, Miller, & Trexler, 1977; DiGiuseppe & Bernard, 1990; Gossette & O'Brien, 1989; Gossette & O'Brien, 1993; Hajzler & Bernard, 1991; Watter, 1988). Four of them presented data (percentages) about the efficiency of REE. The review studies by Gossette and O'Brien (1993) were the most critical and their advice was that it seemed fruitless for anyone to undertake REE research. DiGiuseppe, Miller, and Trexler (1977) reviewed Maultsby and his other studies (Maultsby, 1974; Maultsby, Knipping & Carpenter, 1974; Maultsby, Costello & Carpenter) that argued that Rational-Emotive Education was an efficient prophylactic against mental deterioration among non-clinical populations of children and adolescents. Other studies reviewed by them asserted that the children involved in an REE program were able to learn the REBT assumptions, to modify their irrational beliefs, and to have more functional emotions and behavior than they had before REE. Watter (1988) analyzed the research that had been done after the dates of those cited in the previous paragraph on Rational-Emotive Education. Watter concluded that elementary school pupils who attended REE had modified their anxiety levels, increased self-esteem, and raised low frustration tolerance (LFT) toward high frustration tolerance (HFT). Generally, such students became more skilled at coping with emotionally loaded situations. Compared to an educational program based on elements of Freudian theory as well as with a sex education program, REE was helpful for students to decrease irrational beliefs and dysfunctional emotions. Gossette and O'Brien (1989; followed by Gossette & O'Brien, 1993) judged that the studies that had been conducted on REE did not offer enough data to support the possibility of efficiency with school populations. The major effect of REE was on irrational beliefs, as was expected. Their judgments were not surprising because the content of irrational beliefs measuring scales was identical with the content of the REE curriculum. …


Construction is a process, which involves diverse parties having different
professional skills and interest. At present, the co-operation and information exchange
between parties involved in any construction has not yet been attained. During a project
life cycle, the amount of information generated and exchanged is enormous even for a
small-size construction project. Current process of managing information flow in
construction still lags behind other industries such as manufacturing.
In the era of information age, information technology (IT) becomes a vital tool for
managing information. It allows a user/manager to store and retrieve information
easily, quickly, produce complete and accurate response, and be better informed of the
relevant issues. However, the progress of IT in the construction industry relies on the
ability of the project participants to exchange and share information among themselves.
Inevitably, there is a need for common standards and approaches due to the lack of
compatibility of the information exchange.
The complexity and vast amount of information involved in any construction
project and the lack of standards have made the process of producing an integrated
environment very difficult. A framework for establishing an Integrated Construction
Environment (ICE) has been proposed with the aim of co-ordinating the integration
process between the various construction applications. SPACE (Simultaneous
Prototyping in An integrated Construction Environment) has been developed which
aims to integrate design and construction throughout the project's life cycle via a single
database. The implementation of this framework has led to the development of a modularised
central core whereby each application has its own data module. CAPE (Construction
Application Protocol for data transfEr) is a design application, which has been
developed as part of data module in SPACE. It represents a building elements data
module and the object interpreter engine. It aims is to improve the flow of information
between project's participants, particularly those related to the design stage.
The development of CAPE data module has resulted in the implementation of a
system, which capture most of the design elements in CAD (AutoCAD/AEC Tm), the
study of their properties such as co-ordination and dimension and populates it into the
object-oriented database systems to serve other application modules in the project
model, i.e. SPACE. CAPE data module also provides several benefits. It provides
essential support for the integration of design and construction, a generic set of building
element classes, defines building elements with the necessary information at run-time,
and a dynamic and an independent environment for all graphical packages such as
CAD and YR.


The Australian species of the ant genus Diacamma (subfamily Ponerinae) are revised. Four species occur in Australia: Diacamma australe (FABRICIUS, 1775), D. colosseense FOREL, 1915, D. leve CRAWLEY, 1915, and D. schoedli sp.n. They are limited to northern Queensland and the Top End of the Northern Territory. Diacamma colosseense and D. leve are removed from synonymy with D. australe, and a lectotype designation is proposed for D. colosseense.


Background: Little is known about the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among cancer survivors. We sought to determine the prevalence, trends, and correlates of SHSe among nonsmoking adult cancer survivors in the United States. Methods: Interview and serum cotinine data for nonsmoking adults, age 20 years and older, with a history of cancer (N = 686) were obtained from consecutive two-year cross-sectional cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2012. SHSe was defined as serum cotinine 0.05–10 ng/mL among nonsmokers. We calculated and trended the prevalence of SHSe among nonsmoking cancer survivors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations of SHSe with sociodemographic, smoking, and clinical characteristics. Survey weights were applied in estimating prevalence rates, adjusted ORs, and confidence intervals (CI). Results: The weighted aggregate SHSe and self-reported indoor SHSe prevalence rates over the study period were 28.26% (95% CI: 24.97%–31.55%) and 4.53% (95% CI: 3.48%–5.57%), respectively. SHS exposure declined from 39.61% (95% CI: 27.88%–51.34%) in 1999/2000 to 15.68% (95% CI: 9.38%–21.98%) in 2011/2012 (Ptrend < 0.001). Age ≥ 60 years was protective against SHSe, while being black, having less than high school education, poverty, and a smoking-related cancer history were associated with higher odds of SHSe. Conclusions: Fortunately, SHSe among nonsmoking cancer survivors in the United States is on the decline, although certain subgroups remain disproportionately burdened. Impact: These findings highlight clinical and public health imperatives to target socioeconomically disadvantaged nonsmoking cancer survivors to reduce their SHSe. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1296–305. ©2017 AACR.


Energy demand in India is increasing continuously due to sharp growth in population and industrial development. Major demand of electricity is fulfilled by conventional energy resources like coal, oil, gas etc. About 13% of installed capacity in India is obtained from renewable energy sources. India being an agricultural rich country has a huge stockpile of biomass which can be used as a potential source to obtain renewable energy in the future for providing energy access to all. Biomass comprises of agricultural waste like woody waste, rice husk, cotton straw, industrial waste, household waste and human & animal waste. Present research work has been put forward to discuss about potential of biomass based power generation in India, different processes to obtain energy from biomass, future prospectus of biomass based power generation systems. Different slurry based and gasification system designs existing today are elaborated in this paper. These systems are energy efficient and environmentally & economically clean to generate heat and electricity. If used on a large scale these systems can solve cooking problems and may provide energy access in rural areas of India through distributed systems.


The need for teak wood processing in Indonesia is still high both for domestic demand and export wood demand. But the shortage of teak wood demand can give opportunities for people to cultivate teak on their privately land. The purpose of this research is to examine the main plant growth of teak (Tectona grandis Linn F.) in small scale private forest and compare it with teak's growth from monoculture forest at Perum Perhutani KPH Sumedang in same ages. The main data of plant dimensional were taken with census method from teak plants in each of the selected land such as height, canopy diameter and canopy projection. In this research, soil parameter observed consist of physical and chemical content of soil  samples  from  each  selected  land  then  analyzed  in  laboratory.  Crown  closure  data  taken  by  using  a  spiracle     densiometer. The history of land management known by interview with farmers in each selected land. Those data were analyzed descriptively.  The results showed that the observed forest have 3 (three) different age classes of teak plantation. They are teak plant with  class  age  of  3  years,  6  years,  and  12  years  whom  the  growth  of  teak  are  different  in  those  parameter  such  as diameter, height, crown closure and basal area. Growth of teak plantation in the village of Babakan Asem is a plant with  the best teak growth among the other villages. Their growth maybe influenced by several factors, that is  the condition of the site or soil condition factors and cultivation activities. The result of crown closure show that the majority of sunlight blocked  by  the  crop  canopy  of  teak,  so  less  than  40%  of  sunlight  can  reach  the  soil  surface.  That  condition  maybe affected by size crop of teak and the distance between teak plantation it self. The result of soil analysis indicated that  physical and chemical soil content in Conggeang District are impact on teak growth which bulk density, water storage, KTK, pH, and other chemical substance are related to teak diameter's  growth.   Growth  of  teak  plantation  between  small  scale  private forest  and  Perum  Perhutani  were  significantly different  in class  ages of  3 and 12 years  and didn't  different  at  class ages of  6 years  in diameter.  The difference in  teak growth between  small  scale  private  forest  and  Perum  Perhutani  are  caused  by  a  factor  of  using  teak  seed  and  the  forest management.


Research links air pollution mostly to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. The effects of air pollution on the central nervous system (CNS) are not broadly recognized. Urban outdoor pollution is a global public health problem particularly severe in megacities and in underdeveloped countries, but large and small cities in the United States and the United Kingom are not spared. Fine and ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) defined by aerodynamic diameter (<2.5-μm fine particles, PM2.5, and <100-nm UFPM) pose a special interest for the brain effects given the capability of very small particles to reach the brain. In adults, ambient pollution is associated to stroke and depression, whereas the emerging picture in children show significant systemic inflammation, immunodysregulation at systemic, intratechal and brain levels, neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress, along with the main hallmarks of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases: hyperphosphorilated tau, amyloid plaques and misfolded α-synuclein. Animal models exposed to particulate matter components show markers of both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Epidemiological, cognitive, behavioral and mechanistic studies into the association between air pollution exposures and the development of CNS damage particularly in children are of pressing importance for public health and quality of life. Primary health providers have to include a complete prenatal and postnatal environmental and occupational history to indoor and outdoor toxic hazards and measures should be taken to prevent or reduce further exposures.


Focusing on grid computing and asynchronism, Parallel Iterative Algorithms explores the theoretical and practical aspects of parallel numerical algorithms. Each chapter contains a theoretical discussion of the topic, an algorithmic section that fully details implementation examples and specific algorithms, and an evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of the algorithms. Several exercises also appear at the end of most chapters. The first two chapters introduce the general features of sequential iterative algorithms and their applications to numerical problems. The book then describes different kinds of parallel systems and parallel iterative algorithms. It goes on to address both linear and nonlinear parallel synchronous and asynchronous iterative algorithms for numerical computation, with an emphasis on the multisplitting approach. The final chapter discusses the features required for efficient implementation of asynchronous iterative algorithms. Providing the theoretical and practical knowledge needed to design and implement efficient parallel iterative algorithms, this book illustrates how to apply these algorithms to solve linear and nonlinear numerical problems in parallel environments, including local, distant, homogeneous, and heterogeneous clusters.


The paper discuses the basic characteristics of the causative connectors based on the Albanian scholars. The Albania scholar Floqi has divided in seven types the causative sentence characteristic's based on its semantic-structure: a) direct causative sentences; b) argumentative causative sentences of conclusion; c) argumentative causative sentences of order; d) causative sentences of conditional saying; e) additional and middle causative sentences; f) evaluative causative sentences; g) feelings (emotional) causative sentences. The causative sentences are grouped based on the connector that connects the two sentences, one of the sentences is the main one and the other is the subordinate one. 1- Causal sentences linked with the connector se (that, but) 2- Causal connectors pse (wherefore) less used nowadays 3- The causal connector qe (that) can be substituted with se (that) 4- The causal connector sepse (because) can give all the nuances of the cause 5- The connectors: se, sepse, qe (that, because, that…) in the spoken language are parallel. The second part of the article analyses the type of the given connectors taken in an artistic book.