The deposition of manure originating from food animal farms in the environment can lead to the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial foodborne pathogens, thereby potentially impacting human health. The objective of our study was to determine the dissemination of multidrug methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri (MDR-MRSS) in the environment after land application of manure on commercial swine farms. A total of 400 environmental samples (40 manure and 360 soil) were collected after repeated sampling from four commercial swine farms located in North Carolina (n = 1) and Iowa (n = 3) in the United States. At each farm, we collected 10 manure and 40 soil samples (20 samples before and after 2 h of manure application) from four plots (five soil samples/plot) on day 0. Subsequently, 20 soil samples were collected on day 7, 14, and 21 from the same plots. A total of 67 (16.75%) MRSS were isolated from the 400 samples. The prevalence in soil and manure was 13.33% (48/360) and 47.5% (19/40), respectively. Prevalence was highest in the soil samples collected after 2 h of manure application on day 0 and decreased subsequently on 7, 14, and 21 days. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done against a panel of 12 antibiotics. A majority of S. sciuri isolates exhibited resistance against ampicillin (AMP; 95.5%), penicillin (PEN; 95.5%), clindamycin (CLI; 95.5%), cefoxitin (FOX; 92.5%), ceftiofur (XNL; 92.5%), tetracycline (TET; 86.56%), and erythromycin (ERY; 50.74%). The MDR pattern AMP FOX CLI PEN TET XNL (n = 24; 35.8%) was the most commonly observed. We detected multiple AMR genes, including mecA, aac(6'), Ie-aph(2″)Ia, tetM, tetK, mphC, ermA, ermB, and ermC. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clustered isolates from different sample collection days from the same farm into one group. Overall, our study identifies swine manure as an important reservoir of MDR-MRSS and highlights its dissemination in the environment upon spreading of manure.


Although SWI3-related gene (SRG3), a chromatin remodeling factor, is critical for various biological processes including early embryogenesis and thymocyte development, it is unclear whether SRG3 is involved in the differentiation of CD4+ T cells, the key mediator of adaptive immune responses. Because it is known that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development is determined by the activation of CD4+ T helper cells, here, we investigated the role of SRG3 in EAE development using SRG3 transgenic mouse models exhibiting two distinct SRG3 expression patterns: SRG3 expression driven by either the CD2 or β-actin promoter. We found that the outcome of EAE development was completely different depending on the expression pattern of SRG3. The specific over-expression of SRG3 using the CD2 promoter facilitated EAE via the induction of Th1 and Th17 cells, whereas the ubiquitous over-expression of SRG3 using the β-actin promoter inhibited EAE by promoting Th2 differentiation and suppressing Th1 and Th17 differentiation. In addition, the ubiquitous over-expression of SRG3 polarized CD4+ T cell differentiation towards the Th2 phenotype by converting dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages to Th2 types. SRG3 over-expression not only reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by DCs but also shifted macrophages from the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing M1 phenotype to the arginase-1-expressing M2 phenotype during EAE. In addition, Th2 differentiation in β-actin-SRG3 Tg mice during EAE was associated with an increase in the basophil and mast cell populations and in IL4 production. Furthermore, the increased frequency of Treg cells in the spinal cord of β-actin-SRG3 Tg mice might induce the suppression of and accelerate the recovery from EAE symptoms. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence supporting the development of a new therapeutic strategy for EAE involving the modulation of SRG3 expression to induce M2 and Th2 polarization, thereby inhibiting inflammatory immune responses.


This report responds to an invitation from the Nordic Council of Ministers to map out Nordic initiatives within textiles as a pre-study to the initiation of a Nordic Roadmap for Sustainable Textiles in 2015. The work has been conducted by:SIFO - National Institute for Consumer Research (Norway)SFA - Sustainable Fashion Academy (Sweden)NFA - Nordic Fashion Association/nicefashion.org (Nordic)IVL - Swedish Environmental Research Institute (Sweden)CRI - Copenhagen Resource Institute (Denmark)Nordic Committee of Senior Officials for Environmental Affairs (EK-M) has been responsible for the funding of this project. The project's steering committee consists of representatives from members from the working groups; Nordic Chemicals Group (NKG), the Nordic Waste Group (NAG) and the Group of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and officers from the Environmental Protection Agency in Denmark. This steering Group is jointly responsible for the direction and decisions regarding the project. NAG has been coordinating the work. Coordinator of project has been Yvonne Augustsson from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.


Climate change and its negative effects on the developing states are a reality of which there is a need to focus on likely mitigation and adaptive strategies to ensure sustainable development. Industrial development back to the 17 th century and natural influence could be said to be responsible for the present environmental crisis the global system is contending with. Because of the need for the polluters not to pay for the damage caused by their economic development path, they contended that anthropogenic effects of climate change could not be substantiated. Small state is dangerous, more so when it is strategically located. Lesotho, a small state within South Africa (SA), but of more importance to the Pretoria government in the era of climate change as the state is a source of water supply for the industrial heart-beat of South Africa which implies that the effects of climate change in the state will have direct influence on the survival of the relatively industrially developed neighbor. As much as solutions to climate change is a global approach, there is a need for Lesotho to put in place domestic policies and parliamentary acts, expectedly in line with South Africa's for sustainable development. Degree of vulnerability and sensitivity of the two states brings about this paper and its linkage to the concept of complex interdependence in the era of globalization.


Appetite and energy balance are regulated by the hypothalamic region of the brain, and considerable progress has been made in defining the underlying neural circuitry. Two studies underscore the emerging idea that these feeding circuits are not firmly "hardwired" but rather exhibit remarkable plasticity, even in adults. Luquet et al. show that specific neurons that are strictly required for the regulation of food intake in adult mice can be removed without detriment in newborn mice, which suggests that the feeding circuitry can readily adapt to change early in life. Kokoeva et al. make the surprising observation that a neurotrophic factor that induces sustained weight loss in adult mice does so by stimulating the proliferation of hypothalamic neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of this neurogenesis compromised the capacity of the neurotrophic factor to induce long-term weight loss. Hypothalamic plasticity thus adds another potentially important layer of complexity to the regulation of body weight. S. Luquet, F. A. Perez, T. S. Hnasko, R. D. Palmiter, NPY/AgRP neurons are essential for feeding in adult mice but can be ablated in neonates. Science 310, 683-685 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. V. Kokoeva, H. Yin, J. S. Flier, Neurogenesis in the hypothalamus of adult mice: Potential role in energy balance. Science 310, 679-683 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In 1930 the French composer Darius Milhaud achieved a major career milestone: his ambitious opera Christophe Colomb received its premiere at Berlin's Staatsoper Unter den Linden. The premiere was the most prestigious of a surprisingly large number of performances of Milhaud's music in Germany in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Even as he found success in Germany, many French critics dismissed Milhaud's music as frivolous or incomprehensible, and in 1930 the Paris Opéra had yet to stage one of Milhaud's works. In the wake of the Berlin premiere, however, the specter of German cultural dominance provoked calls in Paris for reevaluation of Milhaud's work. In response, the director of the Paris Opéra, Jacques Rouché, quickly secured the right to stage Milhaud's next opera, Maximilien, and Milhaud subsequently received a string of state commissions. After years of struggle with French critics and institutions, Milhaud's success abroad finally precipitated official recognition at home.
 Milhaud owed his popularity in Germany and the subsequent transformation in his French reception to his relationship with the Viennese music publisher Universal Edition. Unpublished correspondence and contracts reveal how the firm orchestrated Milhaud's success in Germany through a network of affiliated conductors, composers, and institutions. Universal Edition and its director, Emil Hertzka, played crucial but largely unrecognized roles in advancing Milhaud's early career, and Milhaud's letters demonstrate his keen appreciation for the advantages that working with Universal brought, both to his finances and to his international reputation. The transnational collaboration that enabled Milhaud's German reception and facilitated his path to official recognition ultimately offers a thought-provoking counterexample to the historiography of chauvinism and antipathy that otherwise dominates narratives of interwar Franco-German musical relations.


Many companies are seeking to improve their design process through the application of lean principles. However, to implement lean concepts effectively, companies must first achieve basic design process stability by controlling variability and increasing reliability, which the Last Planner System (LPS) helps to accomplish. This study aims to better understand the application of the LPS in design and to propose an adaptation for the design of prefabricated steel construction systems for fast projects, through a case study carried out in a steel fabricator company. This research work was divided into three main stages. First, LPS was applied with two design teams, and an adaptation of the LPS for the specific context of the company was proposed. Second, the refined LPS was implemented in four additional design teams. Finally, an evaluation of the implementation process, based on a set of design planning and control practices was conducted, and a design planning and control model was proposed. The main impacts of the implementation were an increase in process transparency, stronger commitment in the delivery of packages, and collaborative decision-making. The paper also discusses some of the difficulties in terms of implementing medium-term planning, due to the complexity of the process.


This research project - that is part of a broader research project, carried out in collaboration with the University of Turin (Department of Vegetal Biology, Dr. Cristina Varese and financed by the "Compagnia di S. Paolo") - aims at developing bio-systems for the treatment of industrial coloured wastewaters, based on microbial and enzymatic catalysts. In the present research program two kind of biosystems have been specifically analysed: Streptomyces spp. bacteria and laccase isoenzymes produced by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Their effectiveness was tested on four textile wastewater models (Acid Bath, Optional Acid, Direct, Reactive) and single dyes composing them, by assessing and comparing their performances in terms of decolourisation ability of the treated effluent. In particular, the decolourization ability of eleven Streptomyces spp. strains has been tested towards single dyes and the four wastewater models. Since the analysed strains originate from soil contaminated by gasoil their expanded metabolic capabilities can be considered a promising starting point for the selection of new dye degraders. The best performing Streptomyces spp. strains have shown good decolourization abilities (percentage up to 50%), although the process is mainly ascribable to absorption processes instead of degradation ones. However, according to the obtained data, these biomasses may stand out as good candidates for biosorption treatment of industrial wastewaters. As far as the enzymatic system, decolouration ability of recombinant laccases from Pleurotus ostreatus has been analyzed. In order to ascertain the contribution of single laccase isoenzyme to the decolourization process, and to identify the most efficient laccase based biosystem, the decolourization ability of the single P. ostraetus laccase isoenzymes POXA1b, POXC and POXA3, heterologously expressed in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, has been tested towards the four wastewater models. The data indicate laccases preference in decolourizing anthraquinonic type dye and aniline mono-azo dye, characteristics of Acid wastewater models. In particular recombinant POXC laccase displays a slightly higher decolourization ability against Acid Bath, reaching up to 22% decolourization after 24h, in comparison with POXA3 and POXA1b. The differences in decolourization efficiency can be ascribed to structural differences of the dyes and to substrate specificity of the laccase isoenzymes. A parallel aspect of this section has been focused on selecting laccase variants that are better suited to the conditions of industrial wastewaters (high pHs, heterogeneous composition), i.e able to operate on a wider range of substrates, or stable, and especially active, in extreme conditions of pH. For this reason, seven POXA1b variants, previously selected from a collection of mutants on the basis of different criteria (increased activity toward different substrates and higher stability at pHs and temperature), have been tested for their decolourization ability towards the four wastewater models. Selected POXA1b variants show an increased decolourization ability than POXA1b wild-type toward the Acid Bath model. As a fact, for all the mutants, a two-fold increase in decolourization percentage compared to that of POXA1b has been obtained. Another section of the work has been focused on the understanding of the structure/function relationships of laccases with the aim to characterize molecular determinants of the activity of these enzymes, and to develop and characterize new laccases obtained from rational design using POXA1b P. ostreatus isoenzyme. Rational mutants of POXA1b laccase allowed to demonstrate a role of the C-terminal tail of POXA1b in affecting its catalytic and stability properties. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis experiments allowed to demonstrate that introducing Arg205 mutation, instead of Asp 205, in a highly conserved region perturbs the structural local environment in POXA1b, leading to a large rearrangement of the enzyme structure. Hence, a single substitution in the binding site introduces a local conformational change that not only leads to very different catalytic properties, but can also significantly destabilize the protein. Finally, in order to improve industrially useful enzymatic biosystems, suitable for decolourization processes of coloured wastewaters, the last session of the project was aimed at producing new P. ostreatus dikaryotic strains with improved efficiencies in laccase expression, by classical breeding approach. In particular, starting from two different P. ostreatus variants, three laccase higher-producing dikaryotic strains have been obtained by crossing compatible characterized monokaryons. The three selected strains reached expression levels of 100,000 U/L, increasing the trite of parental strains up to four folds. Moreover, a new laccase isoenzyme, POX1, has been produced and identified in these culture conditions.


The key to providing sustainable water and sanitation services to communities lies in the proper understanding by all the parties involved of their roles, responsibilities and what the outcomes will be. The extent to which engineers and communities were able to communicate and understand one another was investigated in a number of case studies in South Africa. The findings of the study showed the importance of understanding the nature of communication, the real needs of the community, the explanation of the roles of the participants, the identification of the appropriate level of service and the definition of capacity building.


Histoplasmosis is a global deep mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) , a dimorphic fungus. It exists on two main varieties Hc capsulatum and Hc duboisii that could be distinguished by their epidemiology, their clinical presentation, and the morphological aspect of the fungus at direct examination of the sample. Laboratory diagnosis of Hc remains a real challenge as it required experience and equipment. Through a general review of literature, the different diagnosis tools for Histoplasma sp. are analyzed, and strengths and weaknesses are pointed according to the context-based value. Isolation of Hc on culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. However, it remains less sensitive (sensitiv-ity: up to 77%) and implies long time to result, which can be inappropriate or in adapted for an emergency diagnosis. So, nonculture methods as antigen testing, serology, and molecular biology become available and allow a rapid diagnosis. However, the optimal diagnostic method depends on many parameters as the very wide range of symptomatology, the immune status. Indeed, Ag detection is the best diagnosis tool for PHD (sensitivity: 92–95%) and SCN histoplasmosis (sen-sitivity: 66%) and serology for the subacute/chronic form (sensitivity: 85–93%). Thus, the clinico-biological dialog is essential, and histoplasmosis management includes an integrated medical approach.


We consider the problem of optimal asymptotically faithful compression for ensembles of mixed quantum states. Although the optimal rate is unknown, we prove upper and lower bounds and describe a series of illustrative examples of compression of mixed states. We also discuss a classical analogue of the problem.


Background: Process evaluations are essential to understand the contextual, relational, and organizational and system factors of complex interventions. The guidance for developing process evaluations for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has until recently however, been fairly limited. Method/Design: A nested process evaluation (NPE) was designed and embedded across all stages of a stepped wedge cluster RCT called the CORE study. The aim of the CORE study is to test the effectiveness of an experience-based codesign methodology for improving psychosocial recovery outcomes for people living with severe mental illness (service users). Process evaluation data collection combines qualitative and quantitative methods with four aims: (1) to describe organizational characteristics, service models, policy contexts, and government reforms and examine the interaction of these with the intervention; (2) to understand how the codesign intervention works, the cluster variability in implementation, and if the intervention is or is not sustained in different settings; (3) to assist in the interpretation of the primary and secondary outcomes and determine if the causal assumptions underpinning the codesign interventions are accurate; and (4) to determine the impact of a purposefully designed engagement model on the broader study retention and knowledge transfer in the trial. Discussion: Process evaluations require prespecified study protocols but finding a balance between their iterative nature and the structure offered by protocol development is an important step forward. Taking this step will advance the role of qualitative research within trials research and enable more focused data collection to occur at strategic points within studies.


This in-depth investigation of Peoples Temple and its tragic end at Jonestown corrects sensationalized misunderstandings of the group and places its individual members within the broader context of religion in America.
Most people understand Peoples Temple through its violent disbanding following events in Jonestown, Guyana, where more than 900 Americans committed murder and suicide in a jungle commune. Media coverage of the event sensationalized the group and obscured the background of those who died. The view that emerged thirty years ago continues to dominate understanding of Jonestown today, despite the dozens of books, articles, and documentaries that have appeared.
 This book provides a fresh perspective on Peoples Temple, locating the group within the context of religion in America and offering a contemporary history that corrects the inaccuracies often associated with the group and its demise. Although Peoples Temple had some of the characteristics many associate with cults, it also shared many characteristics of black religion in America. Moreover, it is crucial to understand how the organization fits into the social and political movements of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s: race, class, colonialism, gender, and other issues dominated the times and so dominated the consciousness of the members of Peoples Temple. Here, Rebecca Moore, who lost three family members in the events in Guyana, offers a framework for U.S. social, cultural, and political history that helps readers to better understand Peoples Temple and its members.


We infer conditional swap rate moments model independently from swaption cubes. Conditional volatility and skewness exhibit systematic variation across swap maturities and option expiries (conditional kurtosis less so), with conditional skewness sometimes changing sign. Conditional skewness displays some relation to the level and volatility of swap rates but is most consistently related to the conditional correlation between swap rates and swap rate variances. From realized excess returns on synthetic variance and skewness swap contracts, we infer that variance and (to a lesser extent) skewness risk premia are negative and time varying. For the most part, results hold true in both the USD and EUR markets and in both precrisis and crisis subsamples. We design and estimate a dynamic term structure model that captures much of the dynamics of conditional swap rate moments.


Background Physical activity can be tracked using mobile devices and is recommended in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) management. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 150 min per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Objective The objectives of this study were to assess and compare physical activity and its patterns in patients with RA and axSpA using an activity tracker and to assess the feasibility of mobile devices in this population. Methods This multicentric prospective observational study (ActConnect) included patients who had definite RA or axSpA, and a smartphone. Physical activity was assessed over 3 months using a mobile activity tracker, recording the number of steps per minute. The number of patients reaching the WHO recommendations was calculated. RA and axSpA were compared, using linear mixed models, for number of steps, proportion of morning steps, duration of total activity, and MVPA. Physical activity trajectories were identified using the K-means method, and factors related to the low activity trajectory were explored by logistic regression. Acceptability was assessed by the mean number of days the tracker was worn over the 3 months (ie, adherence), the percentage of wearing time, and by an acceptability questionnaire. Results A total of 157 patients (83 RA and 74 axSpA) were analyzed; 36.3% (57/157) patients were males, and their mean age was 46 (standard deviation [SD] 12) years and mean disease duration was 11 (SD 9) years. RA and axSpA patients had similar physical activity levels of 16 (SD 11) and 15 (SD 12) min per day of MVPA (P=.80), respectively. Only 27.4% (43/157) patients reached the recommendations with a mean MVPA of 106 (SD 77) min per week. The following three trajectories were identified with constant activity: low (54.1% [85/157] of patients), moderate (42.7% [67/157] of patients), and high (3.2% [5/157] of patients) levels of MVPA. A higher body mass index was significantly related to less physical activity (odds ratio 1.12, 95% CI 1.11-1.14). The activity trackers were worn during a mean of 79 (SD 17) days over the 90 days follow-up. Overall, patients considered the use of the tracker very acceptable, with a mean score of 8 out 10. Conclusions Patients with RA and axSpA performed insufficient physical activity with similar levels in both groups, despite the differences between the 2 diseases. Activity trackers allow longitudinal assessment of physical activity in these patients. The good adherence to this study and the good acceptability of wearing activity trackers confirmed the feasibility of the use of a mobile activity tracker in patients with rheumatic diseases.


We study a reaction diffusion model recently proposed in [5] to
describe the spatiotemporal evolution of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis on
agar plates containing nutrient. An interesting mathematical feature of the
model, which is a coupled pair of partial differential equations, is that the bacterial density satisfies a degenerate nonlinear diffusion equation. It was shown
numerically that this model can exhibit quasi-one-dimensional constant speed
travelling wave solutions. We present an analytic study of the existence and
uniqueness problem for constant speed travelling wave solutions. We find that
such solutions exist only for speeds greater than some threshold speed giving
minimum speed waves which have a sharp profile. For speeds greater than
this minimum speed the waves are smooth. We also characterise the dependence of the wave profile on the decay of the front of the initial perturbation
in bacterial density. An investigation of the partial differential equation problem establishes, via a global existence and uniqueness argument, that these
waves are the only long time solutions supported by the problem. Numerical
solutions of the partial differential equation problem are presented and they
confirm the results of the analysis.


The idea of the 'digital natives', a generation of tech-savvy young people immersed in digital technologies for which current education systems cannot cater, has gained widespread popularity on the basis of claims rather than evidence. Recent research has shown flaws in the argument that there is an identifiable generation or even a single type of highly adept technology user. For educators, the diversity revealed by these studies provides valuable insights into students' experiences of technology inside and outside formal education. While this body of work provides a preliminary understanding, it also highlights subtleties and complexities that require further investigation. It suggests, for example, that we must go beyond simple dichotomies evident in the digital natives debate to develop a more sophisticated understanding of our students' experiences of technology. Using a review of recent research findings as a starting point, this paper identifies some key issues for educational researchers, offers new ways of conceptualizing key ideas using theoretical constructs from Castells, Bourdieu and Bernstein, and makes a case for how we need to develop the debate in order to advance our understanding.


The silent information regulator (SIR) genes (sirtuins) comprise a highly conserved family of proteins, with one or more sirtuins present in virtually all species from bacteria to mammals. In mammals seven sirtuin genes - SIRT1 to SIRT7 - have been identified. Emerging from research on the sirtuins is a growing appreciation that the sirtuins are a very complicated biological response system that influences many other regulator molecules and pathways in complex manners. Responses of this system to environmental factors, as well as its role in health and disease, are currently incompletely characterized and at most partially understood. This article reviews the mammalian sirtuin system, discusses the dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors that influence sirtuin activity, and summarizes research on the importance of vitamin B3 in supporting sirtuin enzyme activity, as well as the role specifically of the amide form of this vitamin - nicotinamide - to inhibit sirtuin enzyme activity. Polyphenols, especially resveratrol, influence sirtuins. Existing evidence on these nutritional compounds, as they relate to the sirtuin system, is reviewed. In Part 2 of this review, clinical situations where sirtuins might play a significant role, including longevity, obesity, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular health, neurological disease, and cancer, are discussed.


Background It is not known why the ameloblasts responsible for dental enamel formation are uniquely sensitive to fluoride (F−). Herein, we present a novel theory with supporting data to show that the low pH environment of maturating stage ameloblasts enhances their sensitivity to a given dose of F−. Enamel formation is initiated in a neutral pH environment (secretory stage); however, the pH can fall to below 6.0 as most of the mineral precipitates (maturation stage). Low pH can facilitate entry of F− into cells. Here, we asked if F− was more toxic at low pH, as measured by increased cell stress and decreased cell function. Methodology/Principal Findings Treatment of ameloblast-derived LS8 cells with F− at low pH reduced the threshold dose of F− required to phosphorylate stress-related proteins, PERK, eIF2α, JNK and c-jun. To assess protein secretion, LS8 cells were stably transduced with a secreted reporter, Gaussia luciferase, and secretion was quantified as a function of F− dose and pH. Luciferase secretion significantly decreased within 2 hr of F− treatment at low pH versus neutral pH, indicating increased functional toxicity. Rats given 100 ppm F− in their drinking water exhibited increased stress-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α in maturation stage ameloblasts (pH<6.0) as compared to secretory stage ameloblasts (pH∼7.2). Intriguingly, F−-treated rats demonstrated a striking decrease in transcripts expressed during the maturation stage of enamel development (Klk4 and Amtn). In contrast, the expression of secretory stage genes, AmelX, Ambn, Enam and Mmp20, was unaffected. Conclusions The low pH environment of maturation stage ameloblasts facilitates the uptake of F−, causing increased cell stress that compromises ameloblast function, resulting in dental fluorosis.


Abstract The definition of the self is a complex process which unfolds in everyday life though the use of objects and the performance of practices. Among others, food and culinary objects and practices contribute to the material foundation of subjectivation. Starting from De Certeau's analysis of everyday life (1984) and adopting Warnier's praxeological approach to subjectivation, our article aims at studying how two Moroccan women living in Milan's suburbs make themselves through the materiality of food and related practices in a migration context. They move in peculiar ways among the constraints imposed both by the new local context and the country of origin food cultures. Through everyday food practices, women define a proper Moroccan "style" (Gell, 1998) made of diverse life stories as well as of an embodied collective memory anchored to materiality; they witness of different manners of being Moroccan, and of being it abroad.


the requirement for a sensitive failure detection and isolation (FDI) capability for the space shuttle orbiter IMU system has been an important aspect of the development of the IMU for some time. In an earlier ION paper, a method for performing these functions for soft instrument failures in a 2-IMU environment was presented1, along with preliminary results. Additional studies of the performance capabilities of the technique for realistic shuttle trajectories followed and were published.2 The current paper addresses two areas which these earlier efforts showed to be potentially fruitful in improving the performance of the 2-IMU soft FDI approach. It is shown that improvement of the sensitivity of the skewed IMU FDI mechanization can be accomplished by (1) more accurate knowledge of cluster to cluster attitude and (2) appropriate selection of isolation geometry. Reduction of relative azimuth uncertainty due to gyro-compassing is shown to be possible by the use of the high accuracy gimbal angle readout devices to be used on the Space Shuttle IMU. Accelerometer FDI is shown in this paper to be significantly improved by the reduction of this error source. Additional improvement of the FDI capability is shown to be possible by careful selection of isolation geometry. It is shown that testing of the error vector against geometric spaces of various shapes changes the isolation probability, and that a very simply mechanized space has the attendant advantage of providing very high true isolation probabilities. Finally, data collected from Monte Carlo simulations of the FDI mechanization, applied to a Space Shuttle boost trajectory, are presented to demonstrate typical improvements which can be obtained through the application of these techniques.


Photonic networks on chip have been proposed to reduce latency and power consumption of on-chip communication in chip multiprocessors. However, in switched photonic networks, the path setup latency can create a high overhead, particularly for the short messages generated by shared memory chip multiprocessors (CMP). This has led to proposals for networks which avoid switching using all-to-all or single writer multiple reader (SWMR) networks which dramatically increase optical component counts and hence power consumption. In this work we propose a predictor which uses information from the coherence protocol and previously transmitted messages to predict future messages and hence hide the path setup latency by speculatively setup photonic paths. We show that a directly mapped predictor can achieve prediction hit rates of up to 85% for PARSEC benchmarks in a 16-core x86 system using the MESI coherence protocol whereas a more resource efficient set associative predictor can still achieve prediction rates up to 75%.


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of anovulation in women during reproduction years. In this syndrome the first choice for ovulation induction is clomiphene citrate. Approximately 15-25% of patients have been shown to be resistant to even high levels clomiphene and fail to ovulate. To assess the relationship between ovarian unresponsiveness to clomiphene and some clinical and paraclinical factors in PCOS, a prospective, randomized clinical trial was performed on patients referring to the Royan Institute between May 1998 to May 2000. Fifty three PCOS patients with at least 5 successive years of infertility and an age range of 25-35 years were randomly selected. All patients suffered from oligomenorrhea, hirsutism and in all patients baseline concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, FBS, fasting insulin, androstandione, 17-α-hydroxy progesterone and DHEAs were determined. In all patients the body mass index (BMI), ovarian volume and the number of follicles in each ovary were measured. After transvaginal sonography on 3 day of menstrual cycle, the patients were treated with clomiphene citrate in 2 cycles. In the first cycle 100 mg/day clomiphene citrate was administered from day 5 to day 9 of the cyle and if no response, the second cycle included 150 mg/day clomiphene citrate and the rate of ovulation was studied. With respect to ovulation the patients were divided in 2 groups, group 1 with ovulation and group 2 without ovulation Usingt student test, the two groups were statistically compared. The ovarian volumes were 8.6±4.3ml (Mean±SD) and 8.74±3.7ml in groups 1 and 2, respectively.The BMI in the 2 groups were 28.0±3.8 and 29.72±4.36 (mean±SD), respectively. No siginficant difference were observed between the 2 groups in these cases. However, 72.4% of patients in group 1 and 45.8% in group 2 had <10 follicles in each ovary (p<0.05). There results suggest no correlation between ovarian volume or BMI and response to clomiphene. However, our findings are highly suggestive of a correlation between number of primary follicles in each ovary and responsiveness to clomiphene, and thus measurement of primary follicle number in ovaries may be a predictive factor for clomiphene responsiveness.


Magnetic nanoparticles with superparamagnetic properties have attracted increased attention for applications in biomedicine, as they exhibit a strong magnetization only when an external magnetic field is applied. Magnetoliposomes (MLs) are the combination of liposomes with encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles. These hybrid nanocarriers have been showing significant biomedical application possibilities. However, it is essential that nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetism, this causes nanoparticles to become susceptible to strong magnetization. When the magnetic field is applied, they orient toward this field, but do not retain permanent magnetization in the absence of magnetic field. The magnetic properties of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)-based magnetoliposomes allow for alternative therapies through magnetically controlled drug delivery and hyperthermia. In this way they can be viewed as trigger-responsive carriers as they have the potential to act as "remote switch" that can turn on or off the effects of the therapeutics, based on the presence or absence of the stimulus. Recently, a pilot study has demonstrated the feasibility of smart controlled delivery through a magnetic field with intensity significantly lower than the ones usually reported in literature. In this way, a controlled release has been obtained through a magneto-nanomechanical approach without any macroscopic temperature increase. Specifically, signals generated by non-thermal alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) or non-thermal pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) were applied to high-transition temperature magnetoliposomes (high-Tm MLs) entrapping hydrophilic SPIONs, proving to be interesting and promising stimuli-controlled drug delivery systems.


Aim:  The purpose of this study was to prepare scales to assess the difficulties, coping, and adaptation experienced by nurses involved with cancer care in order to extract the constructing factors of each scale and to investigate the correlations between the scales and sociodemographic-related factors.

Methods:  The subjects were 155 full-time staff nurses who provided care to cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy at outpatient, day-care or short-stay wards in 14 oncology and general hospitals throughout Japan. The participants completed a questionnaire that consisted of questions relating to demographic information and three item lists: the difficulties, coping, and adaptation associated with providing care to patients undergoing cancer therapy.

Results:  Based on the results of the factor analysis for each scale, four factors of the Difficulties scale, three factors of the Coping scale, and five factors of the Adaptation scale were identified. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed by using the Adaptation scale score as a criterion variable and the Difficulties and Coping scale scores, and demographic factors as independent variables. The standardized partial regression coefficient was significant for coping and age in descending order.

Conclusion:  The results of this study suggested that coping plays a significant role as a predictor of adaptation.


Hegel's philosophy has often been misunderstood. This volume offers a new interpretation of Hegel's thought, challenging traditional readings and reconsidering Hegel in terms of his understanding of his own philosophy. Robert Bruce Ware shows why Hegel believed that in grasping the essence of its age, a philosophy also indicates the direction of subsequent intellectual development. Contrary to received interpretations, Ware argues that the significance of Hegel's philosophy could not have been fully appreciated prior to the dramatic intellectual developments that have characterised the twentieth century. This interpretation involves a hermeneutic reciprocity, whereby Hegel on the one hand provides a philosophical foundaton for contemporary developments, while at the same time the latter assist in the clarification of Hegel's philosophy. The result is not only a clearer understanding of Hegel, but a deeper insight into the intellectual revolutions of our day. This book is unique in connecting Hegel to the tradition of analytic philosophy though the foundations of mathematical logic. Though these would seem to be unlikely companions, the author show that they serve to illuminate one another. Ware's application of set theory does much to clarify some of Hegel's more difficult claims, while remaining fully accessible to the non-specialised reader and engaging to a broad philosophical audience.


We study the performance of hop-limited broadcasting of a message in dynamic graphs where links between nodes switch between active and inactive states. We analyze the performance with respect to the completion time, defined as the time for the message to reach a given portion of nodes, and the communication complexity, defined as the number of message forwarding per node. We analyze two natural flooding algorithms. First is a lazy algorithm where the message can be forwarded by a node only if it was first received by this node through a path shorter than the hop limit count. Second is a more complex protocol where each node forwards the message at a given time, if it could have been received by this node through a path shorter than the hop limit count. We derive exact asymptotics for the completion time and the communication complexity for large network size which reveal the effect of the hop limit count. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that both flooding algorithms perform near optimum and that the simpler (lazy) algorithm is only slightly worse than the other, more complicated algorithm. The results provide insights into performance of networked systems that use hop limits, for example, in the contexts of peer-to-peer systems and mobile ad-hoc networks.


Insulin stimulates glucose transport in fat cells by inducing the movement of glucose transporters (Glucose transporter-4) from specialised storage vesicles to the plasma membrane. Insulin resistant individuals and those with Type II Diabetes exhibit impairment in the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose transport. The molecular mechanisms of glucose transporter-4 trafficking in adipocytes are an important focus in understanding the underlying etiology of this disease.

Glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) recycles between the plasma membrane and intracellular stores in the absence of insulin using a complex intracellular pathway. This involves two intracellular cycles: one is the prototypical endosomal system, the other a specialised cycle involving the trans-Golgi network and a sub-set of intracellular vesicles called GSVs (the slow cycle). Understanding the control of the entry into this second cycle is the subject of this thesis. In particular, the work in this thesis will examine the role of Syntaxin 16 and its cognate Sec1/Munc18 protein mammalian Vps45 (mVps45).

The regulation of Syntaxin 16 has not been fully elucidated and understanding the role of Syntaxin 16 in SNARE complex regulation and subsequent control of GLUT4 traffic into the slow cycle requires an understanding of its cognate binding partner Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein, mammalian Vps45 (mVps45).

The absolute levels of both Syntaxin 16 and mVps45 were quantified and found to be present in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in roughly stoichiomeric amounts. IP experiments also showed the ability of mVps45 to interact with Syntaxin 16 in the absence of insulin.

Using the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that mVps45 could complement for the deletion of Vps45p. Assays for CPY secretion showed that mVps45 is able to complement for the loss of Vps45p function in the trafficking of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY). Additionally, mVps45 mutants were made that correspond to yeast mutants made previously in the lab and were tested for homology of function.

Depleting 3T3-L1 adipocytes of mVps45 showed alterations in the levels of GLUT4 protein as well as the protein levels of Syntaxin 16, IRAP, and Rabenosyn. Insulin-stimulated deoxyglucose uptake was also profoundly decreased upon depletion of mVps45. Further experiments using mVps45 depleted cells show that these cells lose their sensitivity to insulin and that the loss of mVps45 in these cells causes GLUT4 to have the inability to enter the slow cycle.

Taken together, these findings demonstrate that mVps45 has a role in allowing GLUT4 entry into the slow cycle.


This essay examines postfeminist or third-wave ideologies in postmillenial breast cancer narratives by women under forty. Exploring the ways in which younger women are negotiating the project of embodying breast cancer, it engages the narratives and subjectivities that have been made available by—and since—second-wave feminism. While acknowledging the problematic and oft-misunderstood implementation of Audre Lorde's untenable legacy, this essay critiques and resists the postfeminist backlash against "victim feminism" exemplified by projects like Kris Carr's Crazy Sexy Cancer franchise. Ultimately, it aims to claim a space for the third wave to respond to breast cancer, seeking alternatives to the individual subjectivity of "survival" by championing cyberfeminist initiatives and community-based advocacy.


As a result of the Internet's rapid growth, a number of private sector companies have found themselves thrust from the role of scrappy start-up to prominent global institution in a very short period of time. These new global institutions have had to work to advance accountability and trust without relying entirely on traditional democratic governance mechanisms offered by national organizations. In the past several years, the private, civil and public sectors have worked together to advance an explosion of institutional innovations, each an experiment in building accountability mechanisms and trust for this still-young ecosystem. For the long-term health of the Internet, it is imperative that these experiments continue, and that resources be poured into making the most promising of them a success.


The authors wished to assess medical students' attitudes towards communication skills learning, and to validate the use of the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) in a different population. This cross-sectional study of Years 1–3 MBChB students, University of Aberdeen, in 2002–03 (overall response rate = 86.2%) identified significant differences in attitudes to communication skills teaching by year of study and gender. PAS (positive attitudes scores) for Year 1 were significantly higher than those for Years 2 and 3. NAS (negative attitudes scores) for Year 1 were significantly lower than the scores for Year 2 but not Year 3. The scores for Years 2 and 3 were not significantly different. Female students had a significantly higher mean PAS score and lower mean NAS score than males, and were more likely to disagree that their communication and clinical skills were competent. While cohort effects may be present, it seems that attitudes towards communication skills learning are positive initially, becoming less so until students experience interacting with patients. Differences between male and female students reflect those seen in previous studies. The findings presented support the use of the CSAS as an appropriate tool to measure attitudes in a wide population of medical students.


Man has been seeking an ideal existence for a very long time. In this existence, justice, love, and peace are no longer words, but actual experiences. How ever, with the American preemptive invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq and the subsequent prisoner abuse, such an existence seems to be farther and farther away from reality. The purpose of this work is to stop this dangerous trend by promoting justice, love, and peace through a change of the paradigm that is inconsistent with justice, love, and peace. The strong paradigm that created the strong nation like the U.S. and the strong man like George W. Bush have been the culprit, rather than the contributor, of the above three universal ideals. Thus, rather than justice, love, and peace, the strong paradigm resulted in in justice, hatred, and violence. In order to remove these three and related evils, what the world needs in the beginning of the third millenium is the weak paradigm. Through the acceptance of the latter paradigm, the golden mean or middle paradigm can be formulated, which is a synergy of the weak and the strong paradigm. In order to understand properly the meaning of these paradigms, however, some digression appears necessary.


The purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of the critical friend. It is practically used in self-study research, which is a kind of qualitative study. Self-study as a systematic inquiry helps teachers and teacher candidates to explore and analyze their practices. Self-study as a qualitative research methodology is largely recognized in western countries yet considered relatively new in Turkey. In this article, the history of self-study research methodology is briefly introduced and how it differs from other qualitative research methods is explained. Then, the concept and importance of critical friendship, which is one of the key characteristics of self-study methodology because of its collaborative nature, is explicated. Critical friends are reliable colleagues who systematically provide data to the researcher and at the same time are those who help increase the validity and reliability of the research. Since it is hard for the researchers to reframe their experiences and verify assumptions objectively, critical friends provide pivotal support by asking challenging questions and presenting constructive criticism. For this reason, choosing a critical friend considerably affects the whole research. This article attempts to specify attributes and qualities of a critical friend and answer the question "What kind of a critical friend is needed in a self-study?"


The change in subsistence at the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition in Denmark is often characterized as rapid, with a dramatic shift from a marine diet in the Mesolithic to a terrestrial-based diet in the Neolithic. This view has been largely based on the work of Tauber (1981), who observed this dietary shift in stable carbon isotope values for human bone from various coastal sites. Crucial to Tauber's argument are the radiocarbon dates he obtained for each of the isotope samples, for the ages are used to categorize samples as Mesolithic or Neolithic. In this reassessment of his pioneering work, we report on new carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values and radiocarbon dates for Danish Mesolithic and Neolithic humans, including some obtained by remeasuring a number of Tauber's samples. We first briefly describe the Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in Denmark and the major characteristics of the transition. We next consider the work by Tauber that has been seminal in studies of the transition. In subsequent sections we present new radiocarbon dates and stable isotope measurements from human skeletal material from the Mesolithic and Neolithic. The concluding discussion summarizes our results and emphasizes the need for more analyses of radio- and stable isotopes from this important transition period.


[Extract] The Southern Gulf region is situated in the far north-west of Queensland and covers all catchments that drain into the southern Gulf of Carpentaria between Karumba and just west of the Northern Territory border.

Land systems of the region are mostly extensive plains and dissected uplands in the south-west, around Mount Isa.

Only around 5% of the native vegetation of the region has been cleared, mostly for urban and agricultural development. The remaining native vegetation, mostly comprising tropical savannahs, grasslands and extensive coastal wetlands remains largely intact although disturbed by grazing and land degradation, in particular weed invasion.

The dominant land use in the region is cattle grazing undertaken on freehold land (chiefly in the south east of the region) or leasehold land (the remainder). The Boodjamulla National Park is a significant feature of the north west of the region. Land reserved for nature conservation has increased in recent years with the addition of new nature refuges and Indigenous Protected Areas.


We propose a method of simultaneously calibrating the radial distortion function of a camera and the other internal calibration parameters. The method relies on the use of a planar (or, alternatively, nonplanar) calibration grid which is captured in several images. In this way, the determination of the radial distortion is an easy add-on to the popular calibration method proposed. The method is entirely noniterative and, hence, is extremely rapid and immune to the problem of local minima. Our method determines the radial distortion in a parameter-free way, not relying on any particular radial distortion model. This makes it applicable to a large range of cameras from narrow-angle to fish-eye lenses. The method also computes the center of radial distortion, which, we argue, is important in obtaining optimal results. Experiments show that this point may be significantly displaced from the center of the image or the principal point of the camera.


Muscle regeneration is a complex process requiring the coordinated interaction between the myogenic progenitor cells or satellite cells, growth factors, cytokines, inflammatory components, vascular components and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous studies have elegantly described the physiological modulation of the regenerative process in response to muscle injury, but the molecular response that characterizes stages of the repair process remains ill-defined. The recent completion of the Human and Mouse Genome Projects and the advent of technologies such as high-density oligonucleotide array analysis facilitate an expanded analysis of complex processes such as muscle regeneration. In the present study, we define cellular and molecular events that characterize stages of muscle injury and regeneration. Utilization of transcriptional profiling strategies revealed coordinated expression of growth factors [i.e., Tgfb1, Igf1, Egf, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 and 7], the fetal myogenic program (Myod1, Myf5, Myf6), and the biomatrix (procollagen genes, Mmp3, Mmp9, biglycan, periostin) during muscle regeneration. Corroboration of the transcriptional profiling analysis included quantitative real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization analyses of selected candidate genes. In situ hybridization studies for periostin [osteoblast-specific factor 2 (fasciclin I-like)] and biglycan revealed that these genes are restricted to mesenchymal derivatives during embryogenesis and are significantly regulated during regeneration of the injured hindlimb skeletal muscle. We conclude that muscle regeneration is a complex process that requires the coordinated modulation of the inflammatory response, myogenic progenitor cells, growth factors, and ECM for complete restoration of muscle architecture.


The literature of the Hydrophis nigrocinctus group, including Hydrophis nigrocinctus, H. hendersoni and H. walli, is reviewed. Based on internal and external morphological data from the literature and own examination of museum specimens, we recognize two valid species in the complex: Hydrophis nigrocinctus and H. hendersoni. Hydrophis walli is synonymised with H. nigrocinctus.


Effective January 1, 2012, Texas law requires that all new, entering, and transfer college students age 21 and younger must receive a vaccination or booster against bacterial meningitis. An entering student also includes a student who has had a break of enrollment of one or more fall or spring semesters. For more information, please visit the Meningitis Vaccination Requirement website (https://www.twu.edu/student-health-services/ immunization-compliance).


South Africa has one of the highest incidences of road accidents in the world. Most accidents are avoidable and are caused by driver behaviour and errors. The purpose of this article was to identify the riskiest driver behaviours in commercial fleets in South Africa, to determine the business impact of such behaviour, to establish a framework for the management of risky driver behaviour and to test the framework by applying a leading commercial driver behaviour management system as a case study. The case study comprised three South African commercial fleets. Using data from these fleets, critical incident triangles were used to determine the ratio data of risky driver behaviour to near-collisions and collisions. Based on managing the riskiest driver behaviours as causes of more serious incidents and accidents, the results indicated that through the implementation of an effective driver risk management system, risky incidents were significantly reduced.


Abstract This article analyses Swiss media coverage of 24 hours care between 2003 and 2013. Based on a discourse analysis we observe that the dominant media discourse speaks of a booming market that criticises agencies, victimises carers and idealises home care. In our discussion we analyse these results with a focus on the so-called blind spots of this media discourse. In particular, we challenge the claim of a boom in 24h care, shed light on the negative aspects of home care, and address the ignored responsibility of the family as employer.


Not so many years ago, the term "open innovation" was unknown to the intellectual property community. While the concept existed, there was little evidence that it existed, or that it was likely to gain any currency at all, before the publication in 2003 of Henry Chesburgh's Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Since then, the term has gained momentum in common parlance. However it is only in the past year or two that open innovation is becoming something that is more widely and positively spoken of as something which a business might participate in, rather than as something rather strange and risky, to be indulged in by others — preferably in North America and the Asia-Pacific. What exactly is open innovation? According to Henry Chesburgh, it is a paradigm that assumes that businesses both can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, when seeking to advance their technology. Since the boundaries between a business and its environment have become more permeable, it is increasingly for innovations to flow both inwards and outwards. In a world of widely distributed knowledge, no-one can afford to rely entirely on their own research: it makes better sense to buy or take a licence from other companies. In terms of outward flow, internal innovations which a business owns but doesn't use should be licensed out or shared through joint ventures or spin-offs. As a way of doing things, this is not exactly rocket science and has been around for a long time. However, in the past this approach has generally been Plan B, when the preferred option of growing, protecting and monopolising one's own innovation needs to the point of self-sufficiency could not be achieved. The importance of Chesburgh's contribution is in the paradigm shift in corporate thinking: open innovation is portrayed as Plan A, the ideal option which both reduces R&D costs and focuses them more efficiently, which leads to improved quality and more consumer choice, and which is not merely open in the inward-outward sense but which encourages greater transparency of licensed technology itself. It seems to me that one of the most interesting potential effects of open innovation is to shift the balance of importance as between different intellectual property rights. A closed innovation model places the greatest emphasis upon control of intellectual assets by a single proprietor: the exclusionary role of patents for inventions and, to a lesser extent, statutory design monopolies, are valuable tools for achieving this end, as is the role played by contract and general legal principles regarding the protection of trade secrets such as manufacturing know-how. With control of a market secured by such means, the role of the trade mark is relatively small. This is because a trade mark is not generally capable of excluding a product or a technology from the market: all it can do is to prevent its commercial exploitation under a particular name or origin-identifier. Once open innovation is practised, the inevitable consensual sharing of technology diminishes the importance of the most exclusionary monopoly rights. Given the typical effects of open innovation such as the development of products and processes for an entire market rather than for a specific manufacturer, competing products will increasingly use the same parts and accessories, will operate in the same manner and will therefore decreasingly compete in terms of proprietary features which are difficult for the consumer to compare. At this point, the trade mark assumes a far greater importance since it is the one statutory right over which a business—even if it chooses to share its use through licensing or franchising—cannot afford to lose control. It is also the one intellectual property right which is capable of both storing and growing any goodwill which its owner attracts, thus enhancing a business's value. If open innovation hasn't reached you yet, there's a good chance that it soon will. And when it does, be sure to keep an open mind when you assess its benefits. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2012, Vol. 7, No. 1 EDITORIAL 1


The article investigates the ways in which the celebration of the name day ( imeniny ) of Russian princes or their entourages was presented in the Russian chronicles. The custom of celebrating the name day was firmly rooted in the Russian princely environment. For a chronicle narrative, the very rootedness of this custom and the number of its associated actions plays an important role—it is this rootedness that makes stories told in the chronicles quite opaque to the modern reader. A prince's Christian name and the day of his patron saint were considered to be important background knowledge for the audience of the medieval compiler. There were, apparently, clear ideas about appropriate behavior for prince or a person from his environment on his name day or on the eve of this day but, on the other hand, such assumptions explain why this kind of "normal" behavior rarely forms the subject of special reflection in the chronicles. It is not only a description of the celebration itself that might be very informative, whether it be a church service, a ceremonial feast with various relatives, or an exchange of gifts, but also the description of acts and deeds that were undertaken specifically on a prince's name day. Therefore, particular attention is given here to stories about undue or inappropriate behavior on this special day. The paper deals with the function and nature of such episodes in the broader context of historiographical narrative.


The cyber domain is undergoing extraordinary changes that present both exceptional opportunities to and major challenges for users of cyberspace. The challenges arise from the malevolent actors who use cyberspace and the many security vulnerabilities that plague this sphere. Exploiting opportunities and overcoming challenges will require a balanced body of knowledge on the cyber domain. Cyberpower and National Security assembles a group of experts and discusses pertinent issues in five areas.The first section provides a broad foundation and overview of the subject by identifying key policy issues, establishing a common vocabulary, and proposing an initial version of a theory of cyberpower. The second section identifies and explores possible changes in cyberspace over the next fifteen years by assessing cyber infrastructure and security challenges. The third section analyzes the potential impact of changes in cyberspace on the military and informational levers of power. The fourth section addresses the extent to which changes in cyberspace serve to empower key entities such as transnational criminals, terrorists, and nation-states. The final section examines key institutional factors, which include issues concerning governance, legal dimensions, critical infrastructure protection, and organization.Cyberpower and National Security frames the key issues concerned and identifies the important questions involved in building the human capacity to address cyber issues, balancing civil liberties with national security considerations, and developing the international partnerships needed to address cyber challenges. With more than two dozen contributors, Cyberpower and National Security covers it all.


The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the collection of psalms containing the superscription "of Asaph"(Pss 50; 73–83), to understand the messages communicated through it, and to explore the unique contribution the collection makes to the Psalter as a whole. In light of my canonical approach, I will pay attention to issues of placement and arrangement, both of the psalms within the collection and the collection within the Psalter. I also give attention to the influence that the placement of psalms and presence of thematic links between psalms has upon the careful reader of the text. The study begins with a history of scholarship that includes the works of Franz Delitzsch, Harry Nasuti, and Michael Goulder, among others, as they pertain to the study of the Asaph collection and the works of Gerald Wilson and Clint McCann who espouse a canonical reading of the Psalter. I next examine the collection itself with an exegetical reading of each psalm of the collection. In addition, I examine the placement of Psalm 50, which is the only Asaphite psalm outside of the collection. The fact that the psalms within the collection are also within the group of psalms called the Elohistic Psalter deserves attention and is addressed in the discussion of Psalm 50. I then discuss the numerous linguistic and thematic links that occur throughout the collection in an effort to better understand the message of the collection. Lastly, I move toward understanding the role of the collection in the Psalter. My research tests the thesis that the Psalms of Asaph as a collection guide the reader through the turmoil experienced by the people as a result of the exile.


The response of animals to anthropogenic noise can be aggravated by lack of familiarity with its auditory pattern and also by nervousness characteristic of particular phases of their life cycle. Both conditions apply in the Arctic where human activity is highly localised and field operations, being largely restricted to summer, coincide with the period when animals produce and nurse offspring and, in the case of some birds, are rendered flightless by wing moult. We measured behavioural responses in moulting barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) in Svalbard to a low flying helicopter and compared these with their responses to the presence of Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). The pattern of the responses of the birds was independent of stimulus type but the radius of the effect (response distances) was small (≈50 m) for foxes but large (>3 km) for the helicopter. The geese displayed remarkable auditory discrimination: they responded to the sound of the helicopter at 3.2 km even though engine sound level exceeded background only at ≤2 km from source. We attribute their sensitivity to the fact that fundamental frequencies of calls and absolute auditory sensitivities of Anatidae fall close to the peak noise energy output of small helicopters. The specific instantaneous time and energy costs of the responses observed here were very small. Simple time and energy models indicate that the impact of these natural (fox) and anthropogenic (helicopter) disturbances is likely to depend chiefly on their frequency of occurrence. Correspondence: Dr. N. J. C. Tyler, Centre for Sami Studies, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com CWBM 2016: Volume 5, Number 1 Original Research ISSN: 1929–3100


This paper studies gradient routing with two-hop information for industrial wireless sensor network to enhance real-time performance with energy efficiency. The two-hop information routing is adopted as that in two-hop velocity based routing and the proposed routing algorithm is based on the number of hops to sink instead of distance. Furthermore, an acknowledgement control scheme reduces energy consumption and computational complexity. The simulation results show performance enhancements regarding to delay and energy efficiency.


BACKGROUND
Patient awareness of chronic diseases is low. Unawareness may represent poor understanding of chronic illness and may be associated with poor outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

STUDY DESIGN
Concurrent prospective national cohort study.

SETTING & PARTICIPANTS
Incident hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients enrolled in the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for ESRD Study and followed up until 2004.

PREDICTOR
Inaccurate patient self-report of 8 comorbid diseases compared with the medical record.

OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS
All-cause mortality was the primary outcome. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the contribution of demographics and clinical measures in the relation of inaccurate self-report to mortality.

RESULTS
In 965 patients, the proportion of inaccurate self-reporters ranged from 3% for diabetes mellitus to 35% for congestive heart failure. Generally, inaccurate self-reporters were older and had more chronic diseases. Greater risk of death was found for inaccurate self-reporters of ischemic heart disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.59; P = 0.001), coronary intervention (HR, 1.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.97; P = 0.01), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.70; P = 0.001). The greater risk of death remained significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.66; P = 0.003) after adjustment for age, sex, and race. In patients receiving peritoneal dialysis, greater risk of death (HR, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 3.15; P = 0.001) was found for inaccurate self-reporters of ischemic heart disease.

LIMITATIONS
Includes potential for residual confounding, medical record error, misclassification of patient accuracy of self-report, and low inaccurate self-report of some chronic diseases, reducing the power to measure associations.

CONCLUSIONS
Accuracy of self-report depends on the specific comorbid disease. Patients with ESRD, especially those receiving peritoneal dialysis, who inaccurately report heart disease may be less aware of their chronic comorbid disease and may be at greater risk of mortality compared with those who accurately report their comorbid disease.


Internet and Multimedia technologies have become our daily needs. Hence it has become a common practice to create copy, transmit and distribute digital data. Obviously, it leads to unauthorized replication problem. Digital image watermarking provides copyright protection to image by hiding appropriate information in original image to declare rightful ownership. Aim of this paper is to provide complete overview of Digital Image watermarking. The study focuses on quality factors essential for good quality watermarking, Performance evaluation metrics (PSNR and Correlation Factors) and possible attacks. Overview of several methods with spatial and Transform Domain watermarking is done with detail mathematical formulae, their implementations, strengths and weaknesses. The generalized algorithms are presented for DWT, CDMA based, DCT-DWT combined approach. The Ridgelet Transform is also introduced. Comparative results of Digital Image Watermarking using LSB, DCT and DWT are also presented. The paper recommends DWT based techniques for achieving Robustness in Digital Image Watermarking.


The number of countries that grant intellectual property rights (IPRs) to agricultural products and processes is growing. Such a move has been prompted by the adoption of two major international treaties, i.e. the UPOV Convention and the TRIPs Agreement. However, the use of IPRs in crop breeding raises important issues, such as food security and biodiversity conservation, smallholders' access to technology, the possible monopolization of genetic resources, the relevance and admissibility of follow-on research and the growth of the domestic private seed sector.


One of the main reasons why workers' enterprises (WE) still represent a relevant chunk of the economy may lie in some affinities with conventional profit maximizing firms. To prove this, we compare the entry policies of WEs and conventional firms when they can decide size at entry while having to stick to it afterwards. Even though short run differences remain, a long run coincidence appears besides that under certainty. Endogenizing size and time of entry in an uncertain dynamic environment we see that WEs enter at the same trigger and size of conventional firms. Both of them wait less and choose a dimension larger than the minimum efficient scale. This may be another way to explain why WE are still an important share of the economy (Hesse and Cihak, 2007) despite the ongoing mantra of their imminent demise.


PURPOSE
Concurrent activation potentiation (CAP) is purported to enhance the force capabilities of muscles via the contraction of muscles remote to the prime mover. This phenomenon has been described as remote voluntary contractions (RVC). The objective of this study was to assess a variety of RVC and their effect on isometric knee extensor torque to evaluate the existence of CAP.

METHODS
Twelve males who regularly participated in lower body resistance training served as subjects. Subjects performed maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the knee extensors without RVC, as well as in a variety of conditions that included RVC, in a randomized order. The RVC conditions included jaw clenching, bilateral gripping, jaw clenching combined with contralateral gripping and the Valsalva maneuver, and the combination of jaw clenching, bilateral gripping, and the Valsalva maneuver.

RESULTS
A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects (P = 0.001) for RVC condition. Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc analysis identified several differences in RVC compared with the NO-RVC condition (P < 0.05). The RVC condition including jaw clenching, bilateral gripping, and the Valsalva maneuver resulted in approximately 14.6% and 14.8% greater average and peak torque, respectively, compared with the NO-RVC condition.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that RVC augment torque, which may be useful during the performance of resistance training as well as athletic tasks that require acute maximal strength. These findings support the existence of the CAP phenomenon.


Writing scientific biographies evokes the problem of representativeness or of integrating the single case into more general questions of scholarly interest. The establishment of a link between micro and macrolevels inspired the present paper, which attempts to conceptualize the link between the individual biographical case and more general questions via the concept of microhistory. Microhistory does not present an easy solution to this problem, but it can generate sensitivity for the epistemological problems and narrative pitfalls of the biographical genre

After presenting a brief overview of the methodological foundations of microhistory, I evaluate publications on German sweets manufacturer Gebruder Stollwerck AG as examples of microhistories of globalization and of kinship in entrepreneurial families. In a third step, I examine the specifics of entrepreneur biographies, paying particular attention to their narrative structure, as they tend to explain developments from within the black box of the entrepreneur or his family. There exists a broad spectrum of research questions that may go way beyond the chronological sequence of a biographical subject's life course.

I suggest avoiding the pitfalls of the biographical method by linking the life of the subject to a reference value, to a research question that, in the best case, provides an experimental cardinal point outside of the object of study. In this sense, biographies — as well as case studies on companies — can be understood as microhistories of X.


The Mozambique Ridge (MozR), a prominent basement high in the southwestern Indian Ocean, consists of four major geomorphological units associated with numerous phases of volcanic activity between 140 Ma and 122 Ma. Over the last decades nature and origin of the Mozambique Ridge have been intensely debated with one hypothesis suggesting a Large Igneous Province (LIP) origin. This would have had immense influence on climate during the early Cretaceous with the emission of gases and heat into atmosphere and ocean but also implications on the development of the South African gateway with the formation of obstacles for surface and deep circulation.

An extensive seismic survey was conducted over the Mozambique Ridge with the aim of solving the questions about its origin and evolution. High-resolution seismic reflection data reveals a number of magmatic centers with a random distribution. Intra-basement reflections can be identified up to several hundred ms TWT below top of basement. The internal reflections generally dip away from their magmatic centers and individual reflections can typically be traced for 5-15 km. These are interpreted to represent massive lava flow units, which are characteristic of oceanic plateau eruptions. Additionally to primary volcanic features associated with the initial emplacement of the individual segments of the Mozambique Ridge we identify secondary volcanic features indicating magmatic reactivation after its initial build-up. The total volume of the southern Mozambique Ridge is estimated to be 2.2 x 106 km3. We use this estimation to obtain a more precise reconstruction for the emplacement of the Mozambique Ridge. Based on our results we propose an oceanic LIP origin of the southern Mozambique Ridge and show that our data points toward a sequential development of its segments.


SUMMARY Intermediaries are seen as important actors in facilitating payments for environmental services (PES). However, few data exist on the adequacy of the services provided by intermediaries and the impacts of their interventions. Using four PES case studies in Vietnam, this paper analyses the roles of government agencies, non-government organizations, international agencies, local organizations and professional consulting firms as PES intermediaries. The findings indicate that these intermediaries are essential in supporting PES establishment. Their roles are as service and information providers, mediators, arbitrators, equalizers, representatives, watchdogs, developers of standards and bridge builders. Concerns have been raised about the quality of intermediaries' participatory work, political influence on intermediaries' activities and the neutral status of intermediaries. Although local organizations are strongly driven by the government, they are important channels for the poor to express their opinions. However, to act as environmental services (ES) sellers, local organizations need to overcome numerous challenges, particularly related to capacity for monitoring ES and enforcement of contracts. Relationships amongst intermediaries are complex and should be carefully examined by PES stakeholders to avoid negative impact on the poor. Each of the intermediaries may operate at a different level and can have different functions but a multi-sector approach is required for an effective PES implementation.


Asymmetric stepped quantum wells (QWs) have been used in many optoelectronic devices. This paper proposes a modulation doping position at the edge of the stepped well to minimize the potential distortion caused by the doping. As a result, parasitic potential wells are eliminated, and the sensitivity of the energy levels to dopant concentrations is substantially reduced. We also suggest a stacked design to juxtapose two QW slabs in order to improve the waveguide mode overlap in optically pumped terahertz lasers using the structure. The percentage of overlap between the active QWs layers and the laser mode increases from 9.8% for a thinned substrate single slab scheme to 68.4% for the stacked double slabs, respectively, with two highly doped layers acting as plasma waveguide. A diffraction integral model is established to simulate the laser cavity tolerance to possible misalignment in the stacked design. Our modelling result shows that the diffraction loss due to small (few micrometre) misalignment or difference in slab length is negligible compared to other losses in the laser system.


The prevailing global counter-terrorism strategies and initiatives continue to have a profound effect on many parts of the world. Whether the measures that have been adopted and in some cases implemented will succeed in eliminating or reducing terrorist activities depends in part on whether they are based on a comprehensive appreciation of the causes and catalysts of terrorism. It has been suggested that in combating terrorism, the impact of organised crime and war is often overlooked.
This paper presents an overview of key chara1cteristics of organised crime in Southern Africa and highlights the features that might predispose the sub-region to terrorism. Drawing on lessons from other regions, it analyses the relationship between different phases of terrorism and typologies of organised crime.


Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are showing significant promise for procedural content generation (PCG) of game levels. GAN models generate game levels by mapping a low dimensional latent space to game levels in the game space. An intriguing challenge in GAN-based PCG is enabling GANs to produce game levels for multiple distinct games with similar gameplay characteristics using a common underlying low-dimensional representation. In this paper, we present a method for training a novel GAN-based PCG architecture that generates levels in multiple distinct games, starting from a common gameplay action sequence. We evaluate the solvability of the generated games using an automated playing agent and show how the generated game levels are separate representations of the same gameplay by quantifying the similarity between the solution action sequences for the game levels. By probing the common latent space, we show how our approach provides control over the levels generated in distinct games for the presence of desired gameplay patterns in the generated game levels. Results also demonstrate that the GAN-based PCG approach creates novel game levels in multiple distinct games, as indicated by the distance between the action sequences required to solve the game levels.


Human arythrocytes were used as a model system for an investigation of the mechanism of action of the antiproliferative drug Adriamycin. Erythrocytes were induced to undergo a change in morphology by elevation of intracellular calcium. It was revealed that the widely used media employed for the study of morphological change were unsuitable; a new incubation medium was developed so that cells were metabolically replete. In this medium echinocytosis took place both in a calcium concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with Adriamycin (10 M for 10 mins) protected the erythrocytes against calcium-induced echinocytosis at calcium concentrations < 150M. SDS-PAGE analysis of the cytoskeletal proteins prepared from erythrocytes revealed the calcium-induced proteolysis of two main cytoskeletal proteins: band 2:1 and band 4:1. Only the rate of the proteolysis of band 2.1 correlated with the onset of echinocytosis. Adriamycin inhibited the breakdown of band 2.1 even when the cells formed echinocytes; this raises doubts concerning the importance of band 2.1 in the maintenance of discocyte morphology. Adriamycin only marginally inhibited the purified calcium-activated thio protease (calpain). Calcium-loading of human erythrocytes increased the phosphorylation of several major cytoskeletal proteins including pp120, band 3, band 4.1 and band 4.9. The pattern of increase resembled that induced by 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Pre-treatment with Adriamycin prior to calcium loading caused a general lowering of basal phosphorylation. Adriamycin had no effect on the activity of the calcium-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). A hypothesis is put forward that the morphological transition of erythrocytes might be dependent upon the activity of a contractile system.


Cognitive function is markedly impaired in most patients with schizophrenia. Antecedents of this impairment are evident in childhood. The cognitive disability is nearly fully developed at the first episode of psychosis in most patients. The contribution of cognitive impairment to outcome in schizophrenia, especially work function, has been established. Preliminary results indicate that cognitive function, along with disorganization symptoms, discriminate schizophrenia patients who are able to work full-time from those who are not. Typical neuroleptic drugs lack the ability to improve the various domains of cognitive function impaired in schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs pharmacologically related to clozapine-quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, and ziprasidone--share the ability to produce fewer extrapyramidal symptoms than typical neuroleptic drugs and more potent antagonism of serotonin2a relative to dopamine2 receptors. However, they have a number of different clinical effects. We have identified all the studies of clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone that provide data on their effects on cognition in schizophrenia. Data for each drug are reviewed separately in order to identify differences among them in their effects on cognition. Twelve studies that report cognitive effects of clozapine are reviewed. These studies provide (1) strong evidence that clozapine improves attention and verbal fluency and (2) moderate evidence that clozapine improves some types of executive function. However, results of the effects of clozapine on working memory and secondary verbal and spatial memory were inconclusive. Risperidone has relatively consistent positive effects on working memory, executive functioning, and attention, whereas improvement in verbal learning and memory was inconsistent. Preliminary evidence presented here suggests that olanzapine improves verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency, and executive function, but not attention, working memory, or visual learning and memory. Thus, atypical antipsychotic drugs as a group appear to be superior to typical neuroleptics with regard to cognitive function. However, available data suggest that these drugs produce significant differences in specific cognitive functions. These differences may be valuable adjunctive guides for their use in clinical practice if cognitive improvements reach clinical significance. The effects of the atypical antipsychotic drugs on cholinergic and 5-HT2a-mediated neurotransmission as the possible basis for their ability to improve cognition are discussed. It is suggested that the development of drugs for schizophrenia should focus on improving the key cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: executive function, verbal fluency, working memory, verbal and visual learning and memory, and attention.


Research, School of Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism Administration, College of Applied Professional Sciences, 108 Coliseum, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208. $30 annual subscription. In an effort to increase tourism revenues in Texas, an in-depth training program called Texas Hospitality Training (THT) was developed, implemented, and evaluated. THT is targeted to those individuals who serve the traveler/tourist in Texas. This unique program has three components: instructor training, management training, and employee training. Citizens are selected within the community to participate in the instructor training and utilize the program materials with persons who are &dquo;front line&dquo; to tourists visiting within the state and specifically within their community. The training


Recent policy debates on closing the education gender gap in developing countries have focused on cash transfers, but standard models of intrahousehold allocation imply that reducing the opportunity cost of girls' schooling might also be effective. I test this prediction using quasi-experimental variation from a national vaccination campaign targeting under-five children in Turkey. I find gains in health and human capital among age-eligible children of both sexes. However, educational spillover effects accrue exclusively to their adolescent, ineligible sisters. These spillover effects are increasing if the mother works outside the home and in the number of young children in the household, and are absent if an elder sister is present. My results suggest reducing morbidity among preschool children may have the added benefit of improving educational outcomes for their adolescent sisters in the developing world


The representation of the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) in 13 different Chemistry Climate Models (CCMs) designed to represent the stratosphere is analyzed. Simulations for 1960–2005 and 1980–2100 are analyzed. Simulations for 1960–2005 are compared to reanalysis model output. CCMs are able to reproduce the basic structure of the TTL. There is a large (10 K) spread in annual mean tropical cold point tropopause temperatures. CCMs are able to reproduce historical trends in tropopause pressure obtained from reanalysis products. Simulated historical trends in cold point tropopause temperatures are not consistent across models or reanalyses. The pressure of both the tropical tropopause and the level of main convective outflow appear to have decreased (increased altitude) in historical runs as well as in reanalyses. Decreasing pressure trends in the tropical tropopause and level of main convective outflow are also seen in the future. Models consistently predict decreasing tropopause and convective outflow pressure, by several hPa/decade. Tropical cold point temperatures are projected to increase by 0.09 K/decade. Tropopause anomalies are highly correlated with tropical surface temperature anomalies and with tropopause level ozone anomalies, less so with stratospheric temperature anomalies. Simulated stratospheric water vapor at 90 hPa increases by up to 0.5–1 ppmv by 2100. The result is consistent with the simulated increase in temperature, highlighting the correlation of tropopause temperatures with stratospheric water vapor.


Background Open surgery and the retrograde endovascular approach via the distal left common carotid artery (LCCA) have some limitations in LCCA ostial stenosis treatment. The 'no touch' technique used in the renal artery was modified for this situation. Methods Fifteen selective LCCA stenosis patients were treated by the modified 'no touch' technique in the antegrade endovascular approach from March 2013 to March 2016. Thirteen underwent the transfemoral approach and the other two had the transbrachial approach due to a 'bovine aortic arch'. Distal embolic protection devices were used in all cases. Follow-up included a neurological examination, carotid duplex scan, and office interview. Mean follow-up time was 18.2±11.5 months. Results The initial technical success rate was 100%. The average procedure time was 84.0±16.3 min. There were no procedure-related deaths. No clinical neurological complications occurred during the in-hospital stay. No incidence of death or major stroke occurred during the follow-up period; 6.7% (1/15) of patients had a contralateral minor stroke, 66.7% (4/6) of symptomatic patients were relieved of initial symptoms, and the rest showed improvement. No patient developed new ipsilateral neurological symptoms and no in-stent restenosis occurred during the follow-up period. These results were confirmed by ultrasound. Conclusions The modified 'no touch' antegrade endovascular technique is a feasible method for treating LCCA ostial lesions with a satisfactory initial success rate, acceptable procedure time, and comparable mid- and long-term results. This technique could be considered as a complementary option for LCCA ostial stenosis in addition to open surgery and the retrograde endovascular approach.


A companys intellectual capital consists of a set of various non-physical sources of value, such as employee competencies, stakeholder relationships and patents. This paper examines the relationship between intellectual capital and productivity at company-level. It is based on a conceptual study aiming to understand the relationship as well as two statistical studies aiming to describe it empirically. The empirical examination is based on information gathered from the financial statements of Finnish companies between 2001 and 2003. Altogether around 20.000 companies are included in the analysis, in which the results of intellectual capital measures and productivity measures are examined. The conceptual study suggests that the company-level relationship between IC and productivity is a complex and case-specific phenomenon. The biggest problems in studying the relationship are related to IC measurement. Valid and comparable IC measures are missing, and due to the case-specific nature of IC, measures that would be generic and still relevant in different companies may be very difficult to create. Although it seems most probable that there is a strong relationship between IC and productivity it is difficult to ascertain the relationship empirically. Also in this paper, the empirical relationship was not clearly shown. However, instead of discussing about the generic relationship between IC and productivity it might be more useful to focus on various interrelated relationships between different IC-factors and productivity.


When studying presidencies and the success or failure of a presidential administration in the United States, it is essential to study the presidential transition. By studying this process, a better understanding of why certain events occurred or how exactly different accomplishments were achieved can be explained. Generally, outgoing administrations, regardless of party, are interested in aiding in the peaceful and professional transition of power onto their successor. This transfer of power is a vulnerable time for the United States government so it is of great interest of any political party to make sure that the incoming administration is ready for anything on day one. My focus of research is on how the presidential transition process impacts the effectiveness of the president. The hypothesis I am testing is that President Trump had an ineffective transition that, as a result, led to an ineffective initial presidency. By conducting a qualitative analysis of President Donald Trump's presidential transition and initial term of his presidency, evidence is provided as to the scarcity of staff and its effect on the lack of communication within the administration in addition to the power center and chain of command that is dysfunctional and has been largely nonexistent for part of the first year. This, in addition to other factors, has led to an ineffective initial Trump Administration. However, lessons can be learned from the missteps made and the Administration can begin to take steps in the right direction to become a productive and efficient White House for the remainder of President Trump's term.


During the early twentieth century, administrators at Sherman Institute, a federal Indian boarding school in Riverside, California, sent hundreds of students to work at Fontana Farms, a Southern California mega-ranch. Such work, they argued, would inculcate students with values of thrift and hard work, making them more like white, Protestant Americans. At Fontana, students faced low pay, racial discrimination, and difficult working conditions. Yet, when wage labor proved scarce on home reservations, many engaged the outing system with alacrity. In doing so, they moved beyond the spatial boundaries of the boarding school as historians have imagined it, and they used a program designed to erase native identities in order to carry their cultures forward into the twentieth century.


In response to the overwhelming amount of attention to human trafficking, the debates surrounding its definition, and its focus on the sex industry, the purpose of this study was to understand the motivations behind the formation of the Trafficking in Victims Protection Act (TVPA). Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as a model, data was collected and analyzed in order to examine the coalition identities of key players and their positions. Through the presentation of in-depth interview data with key policy players involved in the making of the TVPA, this article illustrates how and why the TVPA was formulated, the implications of its development, and the necessity for critical analysis of its effects. The use of alternative frameworks of labor and migration for understanding trafficking is proposed. Further consideration is given to legislative changes to eliminate anti-prostitution ideology and to support anti-oppressive approaches to addressing forced or deceptive working conditions.