Due to scarcity and uneven water distribution in many regions of the world, irrigation practices are carried using water with poor chemical and microbiological quality favouring salt accumulation in soil, groundwater contamination and health risks. These impacts can be easily evaluated with small soil columns, considered an equivalent experimental plots, given sufficient information for reuse practice such as plant water needs, water losses by evaporation and percolation, groundwater quality, culture productivity and microbiological contamination of soil and culture. This work describes chemical and microbiological changes in two soils of Paralba State - Northeast Brazil, before and after irrigation with clean water and polluted superficial water. Also investigated are the changes in water quality before and after percolating these soil columns and lettuce (Lactuca sativa, L.) contamination. The analysed parameters in water were: pH, electrical conductivity, ions (calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride and sodium), ammonia, total phosphorus, soluble orthophosphate, BOD fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS). The pH values for both irrigation waters were slightly neutral to alkaline. Electrical conductivity values were high in irrigation and percolating waters (up to 1,753 and 2,367 μmho/cm) due to waters and soil features, not affecting plant growth. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium were considered adequate for irrigation water but not for chloride and sodium, although indirect effects on lettuce growth were observed. The BOD 5 of polluted water ranged from 8 to 15 mgO 2 /L and was reduced to 85% after the percolating soil columns. FCs in polluted water were well above the recommended WHO values of 1,000 CFU/100 mL with soils reducing these values in 98.8% for FC (2 x 10 6 -4 x 10 3 CFU/100 mL) and 98% for FS (2.5×10 4 -4 x 10 2 CFU/100 mL). Soils were highly contaminated with both FC (2.2×10 4 MPN/100 g) and E. coli (8.3 x 10 2 MPN/100 g) and when polluted water was used these numbers either increased or did not change. There was an increase of soil nitrogen and organic matter percentages after polluted water was added to the soils. Lettuces were also contaminated when both waters were used (with polluted water FC up to 2.0 x 10 5 MPN/100 g) and associated with aerosol formation during manual irrigation. Although some inconveniences are shown, water reuse must be considered as an alternative for food production in semi arid regions and will be successful when adequate and continuously technical support is given.


In 2012, South Africa remains faced with the triple developmental challenge of unemployment, poverty and inequality. In addition, the country's current economic growth model is heavily resource and energy-intensive, aggravating pressures on the environment and the threat of climate change. The transition to a green economy, stemming from the concept of sustainable development, has been internationally recognised as a ground-breaking way forward, combining economic development, social welfare and environmental protection.South Africa is in a unique position to exploit the emergence of green economic development in the world. The country's renewable resources abundance (solar and wind predominantly) and biodiversity positions it to play a leading role in the Southern African region and in Africa. In addition, if supported by an enabling environment, green sectors have the potential to foster South African growth and employment, as well as the shift to sustainable development.


IMPORTANCE
The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has rapidly increased during the past several years. However, concern remains about risks associated with their long-term use in older populations.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between the use of PPIs and the risk of death or the combined end point of death or rehospitalization in older patients discharged from acute care hospitals.

DESIGN
We investigated the relationship between PPI use and study outcomes using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression in patients 65 years or older discharged from acute care medical wards from April 1 to June 30, 2007.

SETTING
Eleven acute care medical wards.

PARTICIPANTS
Four hundred ninety-one patients (mean [SD] age, 80.0 [5.9] years).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Mortality and the combined end point of death or rehospitalization. RESULTS The use of PPIs was independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.03-2.77]) but not with the combined end point (1.49 [0.98-2.17]). An increased risk of mortality was observed among patients exposed to high-dose PPIs vs none (hazard ratio, 2.59 [95% CI, 1.22-7.16]).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In older patients discharged from acute care hospitals, the use of high-dose PPIs is associated with increased 1-year mortality. Randomized controlled studies including older frail patients are needed. In the meantime, physicians need to use caution and balance benefits and harms in long-term prescription of high-dose PPIs.


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) exerts economic and humanitarian costs that are unparalleled by any other disease. Of the many etiologies of CVD myocardial infarction accounts for over 50% of the associated mortality and anything that can decrease the extent of infarction could drastically impact the burden of CVD. The purpose of this work was to further our understanding of the role of cardiac mitochondria in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Herein I found that physiologic (exercise) and pharmacologic (Bendavia) interventions that lessen the oxidative burden during ischemia/reperfusion have the potential to limit myocardial infarction. Under conditions of oxidative stress animals who received short term exercise (Ex) were better able to maintain the glutathione couple in a reduced state likely through an increase in glutathione reductase (GR) activity. This phenotypic change was associated with decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and a lower incidence of fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore I found that ROS generated within the cytosol and not the mitochondria during bouts of Ex are important signaling molecules that increase GR activity and this increased activity may be responsible for the cardioprotective effects observed with Ex. Finally I found that treatment with the mitochondrially-targeted peptide Bendavia was successful at lowering infarct size in isolated guinea pig hearts due to an ability to decrease ROS accumulation and maintain mitochondrial energetics. Taken together these studies suggest that therapies aimed at decreasing mitochondrial ROS and/or maintaining mitochondrial energetics during ischemia/reperfusion may have significant clinical impact.


Mosaic 2 is designed for college ESOL students who are at a high-intermediate to low-advanced level of proficiency. It aims to be both flexible and easy to use. The programme contains four separate, yet co-ordinated, texts: a grammar, a reader, a writing book and a listening/speaking book. New to the third edition is a fifth co-ordinated text - a video activities book. The texts in the MOSAIC 2 programme are filled with a variety of skill-building exercises, activities and practical information about life in the United States and Canada. This new edition features new design and a new theme for Chapter 8. Each of the texts in the series can be used by itself or in combination with any of the other books. The programme is designed so that themes, vocabulary and grammar structures are co-ordinated chapter by chapter across all five books. In this way, material in any given chapter of one book corresponds to, and reinforces, the material taught in that same chapter of any of the other texts. All of the books in the series focus on building skills, not just testing comprehension. Skills are introduced with clear instructions, practised with exercises and reinforced where appropriate. The wide range of exercises and activities, including interviews, role-plays and games, are communicative and personalized to encourage students to express themselves in English.


This qualitative study explores the ways in which high school students in Croatia go through the process of making their college decision, and attempts to identify the key factors that influence their decision to choose a certain college. The study used focus group methodology to gain deeper understanding of the thought process students go through from the moment they start thinking about colleges, to the moment they make their final decision. The results of this research show that high school students in Croatia tend to start thinking more seriously about where they will continue their education in the third and, more often in their fourth (last) grade of high school. They are often not proactively searching for options, but relying on what they think they know and what they think they will be good at. In addition to that, there seems to be a lack of professional support in high schools, so students' are making their decisions based on their limited understanding on options and possibilities that they have. The research showed that parents play an important role in the process in most of the cases, either by supporting their children, or by questioning and directing them towards something they believe is a good choice. The results of this research might be beneficial to high school administrators and advisors who would like to better understand their students, to colleges and universities in their efforts to attract new students, but also to the governmental agencies and ministries when trying to develop new education and employment strategies in Croatia. HOW STUDENTS CHOOSE COLLEGE IN CROATIA 4


We show that the temporal distortion and spectral broadening of a pulse generated by the combined effects of group-velocity dispersion and self-phase modulation is removed by reflection of a cw-pumped, broadband, unityreflecting Kerr-like optical phase conjugator followed by retraversal of the nonlinear medium. We also examinenumerically the effects of finite linear loss in the material, of nonunity conjugate reflectivity, and of finite conjugator thickness.


ECN is developing the Flight Leader model, which is based on a concept with which the accumulated mechanical loading of all turbines in an offshore wind farm can be estimated at acceptable costs. This information can be used to optimise and lower the cost of Operation & Maintenance (O&M), for example by prioritising inspections and replacements. In this paper the background and general concept of the Flight Leader model are presented. Key to the application of the Flight Leader concept are the relations between standard (SCADA) signals and load indicators. The more accurate these relations, the more reliable are the calculations of accumulated loading. Using measurements from ECN's EWTW wind farm it will be shown how artificial neural network (ANN) techniques can be used for accurately estimating load indicators using only 10-minute statistics of standard SCADA parameters.


The discovery of biclusters, which denote groups of items that show coherent values across a subset of all the transactions in a data set, is an important type of analysis performed on real-valued data sets in various domains, such as biology. Several algorithms have been proposed to find different types of biclusters in such data sets. However, these algorithms are unable to search the space of all possible biclusters exhaustively. Pattern mining algorithms in association analysis also essentially produce biclusters as their result, since the patterns consist of items that are supported by a subset of all the transactions. However, a major limitation of the numerous techniques developed in association analysis is that they are only able to analyze data sets with binary and/or categorical variables, and their application to real-valued data sets often involves some lossy transformation such as discretization or binarization of the attributes. In this paper, we propose a novel association analysis framework for exhaustively and efficiently mining "range support" patterns from such a data set. On one hand, this framework reduces the loss of information incurred by the binarization- and discretization-based approaches, and on the other, it enables the exhaustive discovery of coherent biclusters. We compared the performance of our framework with two standard biclustering algorithms through the evaluation of the similarity of the cellular functions of the genes constituting the patterns/biclusters derived by these algorithms from microarray data. These experiments show that the real-valued patterns discovered by our framework are better enriched by small biologically interesting functional classes. Also, through specific examples, we demonstrate the ability of the RAP framework to discover functionally enriched patterns that are not found by the commonly used biclustering algorithm ISA. The source code and data sets used in this paper, as well as the supplementary material, are available at http://www.cs.umn.edu/vk/gaurav/rap.


Diagnosis of the hereditary disorder alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) deficiency is critically dependent on quantification of serum levels of alpha 1AT, a 52-kDa antiprotease that serves to protect the lung from destruction by neutrophil elastase. Although the measurement of serum alpha 1AT levels is not difficult, there is no international standard for alpha 1AT, and investigators in the field recognize that widely used commercially available standards vary by as much as 50 percent. To establish accurate ranges for the common normal and deficient alpha 1AT phenotypes, the present study uses a purified alpha 1AT standard to quantify the alpha 1AT serum levels of 443 individuals with common normal and deficient alpha 1AT phenotypes, including MM, ZZ, SS, MZ, MS, and SZ. Based on the observed values, a statistical model was developed to generate predicted frequency distributions of alpha 1AT serum levels for each of these phenotypes. Based on these studies, the ranges (5th to 95th percentile) for alpha 1AT serum levels of the common phenotypes are: MM, 20 to 53 mumol/L; SS, 20 to 48 mumol/L; ZZ, 3.4 to 7.0 mumol/L; MZ, 15 to 42 mumol/L; MS, 18 to 52 mumol/L; and SZ, 10 to 23 mumol/L. This alpha 1AT standard and these ranges are being used for the National alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry organized under the auspices of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.


Abstract The Hurricane Research Division (HRD) is NOAA/s primary component for research on tropical cyclones. In accomplishing research goals, many staff members have developed analysis procedures and forecast models that not only help improve the understanding of hurricane structure, motion, and intensity change, but also provide operational support for forecasters at the National Hurricane Center (NHC). During the 1993 hurricane season, HRD demonstrated three important real-time capabilities for the first time. These achievements included the successful transmission of a series of color radar reflectivity images from the NOAA research aircraft to NHC, the operational availability of objective mesoscale streamline and isotach analyses of a hurricane surface wind field, and the transition of the experimental dropwindsonde program on the periphery of hurricanes to a technology capable of supporting operational requirements. Examples of these and other real-time capabilities are presented for Hurricane Emily.


This paper analyzes empirically the effect of crude oil price change on the economic growth of Indian-Subcontinent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). We use a multivariate Vector Autoregressive analysis followed by Wald Granger causality test and Impulse Response Function (IRF). Wald Granger causality test results show that only India's economic growth is significantly affected when crude oil price decreases. Impact of crude oil price increase is insignificantly negative for all three countries during first year. In second year, impact is negative but smaller than first year for India, negative but larger for Bangladesh and positive for Pakistan.


Business-process reengineering (BPR) is a generic term covering a variety of perspectives on how to change organizations. There are at least two distinct roles for AI in BPR. One role is as an enabling technology for reengineered processes. A second, less common but potentially important role is in tools to support the change process itself. The Workshop on AI in Business-Process Engineering, held during the national AI conference, allowed participants to learn about projects that are aimed at exploiting insights from AI.


Job satisfaction is complex and is an important component in facilitating high quality nursing care. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) can be clustered into one of five syndromes: psychosis, aggression, psychomotor agitation, depression and apathy, and comprise signs and symptoms of disturbed perception, thought content, mood or behaviour that frequently occur in patients with dementia. BPSD can cause tremendous distress both for the patients and for their caregivers and they have been seen as the most stressful aspect of care giving. Two registered nurses, 16 assistant nurses and two nursing assistants in Sweden talked about their job satisfaction when caring for residents suffering from dementia and BPSD. Thematic content analysis was conducted. The nurses' narrations indicate exposure, insufficiency, not being valued and doubt, as well as respect and importance and devotion towards the residents. One core theme was formulated: "Job satisfaction as a process moving between breaking down and occasionally building up the working person". A positive relationship with colleagues was the primary reason for nurses continuing to work at the group dwellings. The organization and resident behaviours were seen as very negative. Some nurses described insecurity in terms of how long they could continue to take rudeness, being spat at, being scratched or physically hit by residents, without "hitting back". In order to increase the well-being of the nurses, the pressure on them needs to be relieved. The development of leadership, education, supervision and reflection might be one possible way of reducing the prevalence of BPSD-related violence, enhancing job satisfaction and handling moral stress.


This chapter investigated how five-year-old Taiwanese children of three socioeconomic statuses performed personal narratives. The participants comprised 60 children, 40 were from working-class families: half of the children's mothers were foreign brides from Southeast Asia countries (cross-border marriage group) and half were local Taiwanese (typical working-class group). An additional 20 children were recruited from middle-class local families. Children's vocabulary was assessed and they were individually interviewed regarding three past experiences. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed at the clause level according to the rules of the Child Language Data Exchange System. Primary findings include, first, middle-class children outperformed children from the two working-class groups in vocabulary ability. Second, there were no significant between-group differences in narrative length or the use of internal state terms. Third, middle-class children used significantly more temporal conjunctions than children of cross-border marriages. Forth, middle-class children outperformed typical working-class Taiwanese children who, in turn, outperformed children of cross-border marriages in narrative structure.


An urban area of inland Portugal, without severe air pollution problems as yet, was selected for this work, based on the fact that future development could lead to air quality degradation. To evaluate the influence of air pollution on 6 to 10 years old asthmatic children, environment and medical parameters were monitored. Children were selected based on the school health questionnaire validated and widely applied by the ISAAC project (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) and submitted to medical tests at the hospital. At the same time, several field campaigns were realised to characterize the outdoor and indoor air quality of the study area in different seasons (winter and summer time). Measured parameters included meteorological data and ambient air concentrations of ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), measured continuously (3 mobile labs) and using diffusive tubes (indoor and outdoor), and also particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), using high volume and low volume samplers. Preliminary results have shown that, although the study area has no air pollution problems as yet, high levels of some pollutants, like particulate matter, could be registered, especially at night. To understand the influence of dispersion conditions on air quality, mesoscale and local scale models were applied and validated with field campaign data.


Random regression models (RRM) were used to estimate covariance functions for 2,155 first-lactation milk yields of native Brazilian Caracu heifers. The models included contemporary group (defined as year-month of test and paddock) fixed effects, and quadratic effect of age of cow at calving. Genetic and permanent environmental effects were fitted by a random regression model and Legendre polynomials of days in milk (DIM). Schwarz's Bayesian information criteria (BIC) indicated that the best RRM assumed a six coefficient function for both random effects and a sixth order variance function for residual structure. Akaike's information criteria suggested a model with the same number of coefficients for both effects and a residual structure fitted by a step function with 15 variances. Phenotypic, additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual variances were higher at the beginning and declined during lactation. The RRM heritability estimates were 0.09 to 0.26 and generally higher at the beginning and end of lactation. Some unexpected negative genetic correlations emerged when higher order covariance functions were used. A model with four coefficients for additive genetic covariance function explains more parsimoniously the changes in genetic variation with DIM since the genetic parameter was more acceptable and BIC was close to that for a six coefficient covariance function.


In 1956, Miller first reported on a capacity limitation in the amount of information the human brain can process, which was thought to be seven plus or minus two items. The system of memory used to process information for immediate use was coined "working memory" by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram in 1960. In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed their multistore model of memory, which theorized that the memory system was separated into short-term memory, long-term memory, and the sensory register, the latter of which temporarily holds and forwards information from sensory inputs to short term-memory for processing. Baddeley and Hitch built upon the concept of multiple stores, leading to the development of the multicomponent model of working memory in 1974, which described two stores devoted to the processing of visuospatial and auditory information, both coordinated by a central executive system. Later, Cowan's theorizing focused on attentional factors in the effortful and effortless activation and maintenance of information in working memory. In 1988, Cowan published his model—the scope and control of attention model. In contrast, since the early 2000s Engle has investigated working memory capacity through the lens of his individual differences model, which does not seek to quantify capacity in the same way as Miller or Cowan. Instead, this model describes working memory capacity as the interplay between primary memory (working memory), the control of attention, and secondary memory (long-term memory). This affords the opportunity to focus on individual differences in working memory capacity and extend theorizing beyond storage to the manipulation of complex information. These models and advancements have made significant contributions to understandings of learning and cognition, informing educational research and practice in particular. Emerging areas of inquiry include investigating use of gestures to support working memory processing, leveraging working memory measures as a means to target instructional strategies for individual learners, and working memory training. Given that working memory is still debated, and not yet fully understood, researchers continue to investigate its nature, its role in learning and development, and its implications for educational curricula, pedagogy, and practice.


Abstract

During
a pandemic, public transport is strategically important for keeping the country
going and getting people where they need to be. The essential nature of public
transport puts into focus the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in this
sector; rapid and diverse work has been done to attempt to understand how
transmission happens in this context and what factors influence risk.

This
review aimed to provide an overview of the literature assessing transmission,
or potential for transmission, of SARS-CoV-2 on ground-based public transport,
as well as studies assessing the effectiveness of control measures on public
transport.

An
electronic search was conducted using Web of Science, Ovid, the Cochrane
Library, ProQuest, Pubmed, and the WHO global COVID database.

The
search strategy identified 28 papers for inclusion in the review; 10 papers
assessed transmission of SARS-CoV-2, 11 assessed control measures, and seven
assessed levels of contamination. Eleven papers were based on modelling
approaches; 17 studies were original studies reporting empirical COVID-19 data.

The
literature is heterogeneous, and there are challenges for measurement of
transmission in this setting. There is evidence for transmission in certain
cases, and mixed evidence for the presence of viral RNA in transport settings;
there is also evidence for some reduction of risk through mitigation. However,
the routes of transmission and key factors contributing to transmission of
SARS-CoV-2 on public transport are not yet clear. Research gaps were identified
and discussed and six key questions still to be answered highlighted. Further
exploration of transmission factors and effectiveness of mitigation strategies
is required in order to support decision making in the future.


One of the ways to study spatio-temporal variability of a process is to consider it as a temporal variation of a spatial process. Semivariogram is a measure of spatial variation in a process. If a process is undergoing a linear trend, then semivariogram parameters such as range, sill and nugget are bound to change. In this paper, a mathematical closed form of range, sill, and nugget and in turn semivariogram were expressed for a process under linear trend. The derived semivariogram was used to study the latent heat flux (LHF) over the Indian Ocean. LHF values depend on sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed (WS) over ocean surface. Universal kriging (UK) was used to estimate the LHF with WS and SST as covariables. UK coefficients corresponding to covariables were found out for the years 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050. In similar line, study has been attempted to see how empirical orthogonal function modes of a spatio-temporal process change with time under linear trend.


Alice Aycock (b. 1946) emerged onto the New York art scene in the 1970s and is best known for her large-scale public sculptures that often combine an industrial appearance with references to weightlessness as well as to science and cosmology. Aycock also has embraced the practice of drawing throughout her enormously productive career. Alice Aycock: Drawings is the first exploration of her spectacular drawings, which include elements of mirage, fantasy, and science, and evoke both abstract thinking and bodily sensation. The works on paper featured in this handsome volume highlight the major themes that have governed her artistic practice: the role of architecture as a founding point of reference; the importance of mechanics and structure; and references to nature. As author Jonathan Fineberg demonstrates, Aycock is an artist who thinks on paper. Her works are often equal parts engineering plan and science fiction imagining. Visualizing such contradictions allows us to, in her words, transport ourselves "farther into another place."


To meet the demands of the Exascale era and facilitate Big Data analytics in the cloud while maintaining flexibility, cloud providers will have to offer efficient virtualized High Performance Computing clusters in a pay-as-you-go model. As a consequence, high performance network interconnect solutions, like InfiniBand (IB), will be beneficial. Currently, the only way to provide IB connectivity on Virtual Machines (VMs) is by utilizing direct device assignment. At the same time to be scalable, Single-Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) is used. However, the current SR-IOV model employed by IB adapters is a Shared Port implementation with limited flexibility, as it does not allow transparent virtualization and live-migration of VMs. In this paper, we explore an alternative SR-IOV model for IB, the virtual switch (vSwitch), and propose and analyze two vSwitch implementations with different scalability characteristics. Furthermore, as network reconfiguration time is critical to make live-migration a practical option, we accompany our proposed architecture with a scalable and topology agnostic dynamic reconfiguration method, implemented and tested using OpenSM. Our results show that we are able to significantly reduce the reconfiguration time as route recalculations are no longer needed, and in large IB subnets, for certain scenarios, the number of reconfiguration subnet management packets (SMPs) sent is reduced from several hundred thousand down to a single one.


The current biodiversity crisis requires substantial investment to mitigate the adverse effects of humans on the natural environment. Nonetheless, there are limited resources available for environmental conservation. This lack of resources forces individuals and organisations with responsibilities for environmental protection and recovery to prioritise investments. Conservation planning provides tools and principles that can assist in the identification of priorities for environmental conservation. Recent studies have identified a significant gap between conservation planning and implementation. This gap is partially attributed to the technical focus of most conservation planning initiatives, despite the definition of priorities for environmental conservation being a social issue that involves the competing interests of stakeholders with different levels of power to influence decisions.

Much of the investment in conservation concerns the conservation of threatened species. Species conservation is a contested matter associated with significant political debate. Nonetheless, my analysis of the literature in conservation planning shows that species prioritisation is treated mainly as a technical issue. The literature largely is dominated by accounts of theoretical prioritisation methods aimed at identifying the most important biophysical variables on which to base prioritisation and the development of algorithms to define priorities. This literature is silent on the human dimensions of these processes despite their importance to the success or failure of environmental programs. Although most of the processes outlined in the literature reviewed have been adopted, there has been virtually no evaluation of species prioritisation processes.

This thesis aimed to clarify the influence of social and political factors on the uptake of prioritisation initiatives. I used an exploratory case study of an initiative that aimed to identify priorities for species conservation in Queensland, Australia – the Back on Track program (BoTp). The multi-faceted and innovative nature of this research required an inductive and interdisciplinary approach, which was reflected in my analytical framework, based on the interplay between data, literature and consultations with experts. Data collection included a mix of qualitative and quantitative social sciences methods.

I used a summative evaluation to address my first research question: "when species-based prioritisation methods are adopted by organisations, do the priorities identified by these methods inform decision-making?" My results suggested that the priorities identified by the case study prioritisation tool informed the investments of potential users. The BoTp plans were the main outputs of the program, and they were used as a reference to support funding applications and to inform organisation priorities. Nevertheless, the uptake of BoTp priorities was hindered by socio-political factors.

To answer my second research question, "what factors affect the uptake of the priorities identified via species-based prioritisation as measured by policy or financial investment?", I categorised the factors affecting the uptake of the BoTp into social-structural and agency-related aspects, reflecting the theoretical perspective from the political sciences that I adopted. I also explicitly incorporated such factors into my inductively developed analytical framework.

When governments adopt prioritisation methods, they have the option of using a combination of policy instruments to foster the uptake of resulting priorities by intended users. These instruments include: financial incentives, legislation, and knowledge transfer. I identified social-structural factors that affected: (1) the choice of policy instrument to support the BoTp and (2) the uptake of priorities identified by the BoTp. The Queensland government used knowledge transfer to foster the uptake of the identified priorities. I identified communication channels between the state government and intended users with the potential to assist knowledge transfer. Nevertheless, various structural factors influenced the choice of policy instrument and limited the use of the available communication channels to disseminate priorities. These structural factors included: the relative power of interest groups; political changes; the level of centralisation in decision-making; and the relative strength of alternative priorities.

The use of the BoTp information to prioritise investments was also compromised by agency-related factors. The scientific research literature presents growing evidence that perceptions of stakeholder engagement in conservation planning and implementation can affect the outcomes of planning processes. The literature also presents normative principles that can guide the governance of environmental decision-making. I asked potential users of the BoTp information about their perceptions of normative governance principles in relation to the decision of priorities for biodiversity conservation in Queensland and the BoTp. This process revealed that different stakeholders had different interpretations of species prioritisation: ranging from a deliberative process to define priorities in biodiversity conservation, to a technical, expert-based process. Inclusiveness was perceived as the most important normative principle.

I then identified the perceived limitations of the technical-scientific quality of the BoTp process and its outcomes in terms of credibility and salience. Credibility was affected by concerns related to the use of expert judgement (rather than empirical evidence) to assess species, the lack of involvement of key experts in the planning process and the lack of confidence in the information supporting prioritisation. Importantly, even interviewees' perceptions of the technical aspects of conservation planning were socio-political in nature. For example, perceptions of credibility and salience were related to inclusiveness and the transparency of the decision-making process.

My third research question asked: "how can conservation organisations improve species-based prioritisation to address the barriers to uptake?" I developed a guide to social assessment as part of the development of conservation planning initiatives. Conservation planners can contribute to addressing the biodiversity crisis by designing prioritisation tools that provide transparent and defensible information, with attention to normative and structural factors. Such tools can then be used to inform broader public debates on the definition of priorities for conservation and our inheritance to future generations.


Buildings and infrastructure represent principal assets of any national economy as well as prime sources of environmental degradation. Making them more sustainable represents a key challenge for the construction, planning and design industries and governments at all levels; and the rapid urbanisation of the 21st century has turned this into a global challenge.

This book embodies the results of a major research programme by members of the Australia Co-operative Research Centre for Construction Innovation and its global partners, presented for an international audience of construction researchers, senior professionals and advanced students. It covers four themes, applied to regeneration as well as to new build, and within the overall theme of Innovation:

Sustainable Materials and Manufactures, focusing on building material products, their manufacture and assembly – and the reduction of their ecological 'fingerprints', the extension of their service lives, and their re-use and recyclability. It also explores the prospects for applying the principles of the assembly line.

Virtual Design, Construction and Management, viewed as increasing sustainable development through automation, enhanced collaboration (such as virtual design teams), real time BL performance assessment during design, simulation of the construction process, life-cycle management of project information (zero information loss) risk minimisation, and increased potential for innovation and value adding.

Integrating Design, Construction and Facility Management over the Project Life Cycle, by converging ICT, design science engineering and sustainability science.

Integration across spatial scales, enabling building–infrastructure synergies (such as water and energy efficiency). Convergences between IT and design and operational processes are also viewed as a key platform increased sustainability.


The existing literature on philanthropic effort during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has taken a number of different approaches to the subject. These include general works charting the development of the charitable sector, the exploration of voluntary organisations as a subsidiary topic to broader themes and regional studies adopting a range of perspectives. Most research in this latter category has been conducted on large towns and cities that generally have copious amounts of source material. In contrast, lesser provincial towns have received relatively little scholarly attention, despite the more manageable nature of their documentation. The aim of this thesis is to explore the growth of charitable organisations within Macclesfield, an East Cheshire industrial town that was dominated by the silk industry. This study concentrates on the period from 1750 to 1900, when the silk industry was dominant within the town and philanthropic activity was at its height. The town's silk manufacturers were renowned for their charitable work and thus this research focuses on the extent to which this occupational group was critical in the development of Macclesfield's voluntary institutions, the motives that lay behind their contributions, and their achievements. In order to see whether their involvement was typical of other businessmen, comparisons are drawn throughout with the charitable activities of contemporary entrepreneurs in a variety of urban settings. This study investigates the silk manufacturers' participation in Macclesfield's voluntary institutions in the fields of religion, education, public services and public amenities, together with any additional charitable acts. The evidence from all these areas suggests that in most cases the silk manufacturers were heavily involved in funding and managing these institutions. Their obvious motives reflected altruistic, religious and educational beliefs, but there were also a variety of other concerns that could have been contributory in determining their support for particular institutions. The primary achievement of Macclesfield's voluntary sector was to provide a network of services that, in conjunction with later state initiatives, improved living standards for inhabitants by the end of the nineteenth century. This thesis gives an insight into the development of charitable institutions in a medium sized industrial town and demonstrates how one group of businessmen were able to dominate this field. Many silk manufacturers were generous in their support of charitable causes in Macclesfield, but the scale of their support did not match that of some other notable philanthropic families, such as the Crossleys of Halifax. The charitable work of the silk manufacturers appeared to be broadly similar to that of entrepreneurs in other small and medium sized industrial towns where they could form a dominant occupational group in public life. In larger towns and cities, this strong manufacturer influence was less evident and a greater range of other people contributed significantly to philanthropic institutions. This type of approach supplements the existing material on philanthropic effort during the long nineteenth century and overlaps a number of related subject areas, such as urban élite activity and the growth of the welfare state.


Rules for fatigue evaluation of nuclear pressure vessels and piping components are provided in Subsection NB of Section III of the ASME code. The code prescribed fatigue procedure requires the comparison of an alternating stress amplitude with fatigue allowables (design fatigue curves), usually derived through uniaxial specimen testing. For elastic assessments of multiaxial loading, typical from thermal shocks, a Tresca stress is used to characterise the stress field into a single effective stress measure for comparison with ASME fatigue allowables. For nonlinear elastic-plastic assessments, Appendix XIII-3440(b) of Section III specifies that "the numerically maximum principal total strain range" (interpreted as Maximum Total Principal (MTP) strain range) should be used for comparison with fatigue allowables.
 Two alternative methods for the characterisation of multiaxial strain fields are presented in the ASME code. Section VIII Division 2 provides alternative rules for the construction of pressure vessels, with Part 5 specifying the use of a Von Mises based Effective Strain Range (ESR) for elastic-plastic analysis. Section III Division 5 Subsection NBB provides rules for the assessment of components at elevated temperatures, also specifying the use of a Von Mises based Equivalent Total Strain Range (ETSR) measure. The two alternative strain measures are differentiated by their treatment of the elastic strain contribution. In the ESR method an equivalent elastic strain is calculated and summated with the plastic strain component. In the ETSR method the total strain (elastic plus plastic) is used thus evaluating the elastic and plastic contributions simultaneously. More complex critical plane approaches have also been proposed in recent years to better characterise multiaxial loading conditions.
 This paper presents a comparison of the various ASME specified strain measures and simplified critical plane approaches for fatigue evaluation of complex multiaxial loading. In support of this comparison, predictions of initiation lives to 0.254 mm defect in the stepped pipe specimen reported in PVP2004-2748 are provided to quantify the additional conservatism contained in elastic-plastic fatigue assessments of nuclear components. Predictions use the methodology presented in the companion paper PVP2019-93847 for the generation of short crack fatigue curves and the associated modification to environmental enhancement factors.
 It is concluded that use of the ASME specified strain measures, in conjunction with lower bound stress-strain data, conservatively underestimate the initiation life to a 0.254 mm defect by a factor of four for the example considered. However, use of more complex critical plane strain measures were observed to provide significant improvement in prediction accuracy of elastic-plastic fatigue evaluations.


This paper examines the influence of the grammar of Australian Aboriginal languages on Central Australian Aboriginal English (CAAE). CAAE is considered to be a partially anglicised version of a former Central Australian Aboriginal Pidgin (CAAP). This CAAP was one of the local varieties of the general Australian Pidgin (AP) that developed out of New South Wales Pidgin (NSWP), the earliest of the PC varieties that developed in Australia. The paper discusses data from three areas of the grammar of CAAE and compares it with Kaytetye, one of the substrate languages. It shows how two relatively exotic grammatical categories found in Kaytetye (and other Arandic languages – dyadic" in kinship nouns and "Associated Motion" in verbs – were replicated in CAAE using formal material derived from English. The usage of CAAE prepositions, whose forms are from English, is also compared to Kaytetye case functions. We find that the organisation of the semantic "functions" of the cases is replicated in considerable detail in the use of the CAAE prepositions.


South Africa boasts a vibrant higher education sector, with more than a million students enrolled in its higher education institutions. These institutions constitute highly complex organisations, with many and varied stakeholders and with budgets running into hundreds of millions of rands. Sound management and strict adherence to corporate governance principles and practices are essential to the success of these institutions. This will include the establishment of a well-balanced, independent and diligent council, as well as properly constituted and effective sub-committees of council. Of these sub-committees, the audit and finance committees are sure to play a pivotal part in ensuring financial discipline and adherence to sound corporate governance principles and practices. The principal aim of this paper will be to focus on the basic governance-regulatory requirements of higher education institutions in South Africa, and to benchmark these requirements against the corporate governance principles and practices required by King II.


In this report, IOzSeF, a search factory for Mozart/Oz, is presented. Search plays an important role in constraint programming. In Mozart/Oz, search is done by library procedures or the Explorer, a graphical search tool. All these have some shortcomings, mainly that features like recomputation, best solution search and visualisation cannot be combined with freely. IOzSeF aims at combining the advantages of the currently available tools into one library, enabling the user to build custom-made search engines.


We give a three-player game whose non-signaling value is constant (2/3) under any number of parallel repetitions. This is the first known setting where parallel repetition completely fails to reduce the maximum winning probability of computationally unbounded players. We also show that the best known results on non-signaling parallel repetition apply to a relatively limited class of games. In particular, these games cannot yield log-prover MIPs for languages beyond PSPACE.


Services for elders with severe mental illness (SMI) have major deficiencies, among them a lack of adequate psychosocial services. Some analysts have attributed this situation to "double stigmatization" targeting both ageing and mental illness in our societies. Using qualitative methods (23 semi-directed interviews, theme-based content analysis), our exploratory research aims to understand better the perceptions of psychosocial practitioners working in community and institutional settings about the elderly with SMI and their living situations. Our informants evoke living situations marked by a lack of support (isolation), of resources (financial precariousness/poverty) and of power (learned passivity), traits that are related not only to mental illness per se, but also to long term psychiatric institutionalization. For them, the current situation of elders with SMI is the end product of biographies in which life-course, illness-course and life in services and/or institutions join and, sometimes, become indistinguishable. Implications for psychosocial practices are discussed.


The sudden reversal in the lodging industry's fortunes from 2008 to 2009 has brought a renewed focus on revenue and profitability for revenue managers. In a survey conducted in 2009, 291 revenue managers cited concerns about customer rate resistance, contract renegotiations, competition, and price wars as their top considerations. This contrasts with a 2008 study, where human resources and technology issues were ahead of economic concerns. Participants in the 2009 Revenue Management Roundtable, produced by the CornellNanyang Institute of Hospitality Management, concurred with the study's findings. In particular, the meeting participants pointed to the difficulty in maintaining pricing positioning, because the drop in demand has shifted considerable pricing power to the customer. Although many hotels can compete effectively on price (and others may have little choice), revenue managers may also draw on numerous non-price competitive techniques, including adding value. One pricing approach might be to create a set of targeted rate promotions that are protected by rate fences and designed to attract price-conscious guests. Another technique is to bundle services into packages that disguise room rates. Non-price techniques include competing on the basis of quality, creating strategic partnerships, taking advantage of your loyalty program, developing additional revenue sources, and developing additional market segments.


Purpose: The objective was to examine outcomes associated with a large cohort of revision metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthroplasties. Methods: A review of 128 revision MCP arthroplasties performed in 64 patients was performed. The mean age at surgery was 62 years. Fifty nonconstrained (31 pyrocarbon and 19 surface-replacing arthroplasty) and 78 constrained silicone implants were used for revisions. Results: At a follow-up of 6 years (2 to 16), 20 (16%) implants required a secondary revision surgery. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 81% and 79%, respectively. Postoperative dislocation occurred in 17 (13%) MCP joints. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a 5-year survival rate of 67% in surface-replacing arthroplasties, compared with 83% for both pyrocarbon and silicone implants (hazard ratio, 2.60; P = 0.09). Clinical improvements in pain and MCP range of motion were noted in most patients postoperatively. Conclusions: Revision MCP arthroplasty is a challenging procedure with one in five patients requiring a revision procedure at 5 years and a relatively high rate of postoperative dislocations. However, most patients who did not undergo a secondary revision surgery experienced improvements in pain and range of motion. Worse outcomes are seen in patients with a history of MCP dislocations. Level of Evidence: Level IV


Due to recent revival of interest on industrial policy, there have been many attempts to design policy tools to facilitate the successful emergence of new industry, which in turn may help developing countries to transform structurally to a developmental path. Often, however, the existing policy framework lacks the systemic and dynamic perspective of industry. In this context we consider the 'function of innovation system' to be a useful policy tool and have therefore adapted the framework to analyse two cases from developing countries. We investigate the Ethiopian flower industry and the Chilean salmon industry, both of which are successful cases of non-traditional agricultural exports. This comparison enables us to identify the emerging sequence and content of functions at the 'formative' and 'growth' phases of industry for developing countries. These are significantly different from those of developed countries. The identification of such characteristics, based on the 'functions of innovation system' framework, should support effective policy interventions in other developing countries.


A boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia experienced progressive global motor decline, cerebellar syndrome, and epilepsy. All standard polymerase chain reactions for neurotropic viruses were negative on cerebrospinal fluid and brain biopsy. Next-generation sequencing allowed fast identification of a new astrovirus strain (HAstV-VA1/HMO-C-PA), which led to tailor the patient's treatment, with encouraging clinical monitoring over 1 year.


From church conversations with teenagers (born between 1974 and 1994), publications in recent times appeared worldwide and the qualitative investigation in the article is utilized. It seems there are problems in the practice of the faith formation of teenagers in the evening service. The aim of an evening service must always be that God receives all the glory and honour; therefore, the teenager's faith may be enriched. The article chooses for the use of the communicative approach to communicate the gospel to teenagers. The article attempts to use the empirical research method to determine which evening worship needs are experienced by teenagers. The article aims to provide the basis of an adjusted practice theory to propose an improved praxis. The article would provide guidelines for all stakeholders that are involved in the planning and execution of the liturgy of the evening worship service. The purpose of this article is to inspire new thinking and doing. The evening service liturgy should be arranged so that every teenager attending the evening service will be aware of the presence of God.


Richard Holmes, prize-winning biographer of Coleridge and Shelley, explores the scientific ferment that swept across Britain at the end of 18th century in his ground-breaking new biography 'The Age of Wonder'. 'The Age of Wonder' is Richard Holmes's first major work of biography in over a decade. It has been inspired by the scientific ferment that swept through Britain at the end of the eighteenth century, 'The Age of Wonder' and which Holmes now radically redefines as 'the revolution of Romantic Science'. The book opens with Joseph Banks, botanist on Captain Cook's first Endeavour voyage, stepping onto a Tahitian beach in 1769, hoping to discover Paradise. Many other voyages of discovery swiftly follow, while Banks, now President of the Royal Society in London, becomes our narrative guide to what truly emerges as an Age of Wonder. Banks introduces us to the two scientific figures that dominate the book: astronomer William Herschel and chemist Humphry Davy.Herschel's tireless dedication to the stars, assisted (and perhaps rivalled) by his comet-finding sister Caroline, changed forever the public conception of the solar system, the Milky Way galaxy and the meaning of the universe itself. Davy first shocked the scientific community with his near-suicidal gas experiments in Bristol, then went on to save thousands of lives with his Safety Lamp and established British chemistry as the leading professional science in Europe. But at the cost, perhaps, of his own heart. Holmes proposes a radical vision of science before Darwin, exploring the earliest ideas of deep time and deep space, the creative rivalry with the French scientific establishment, and the startling impact of discovery on great writers and poets such as Mary Shelley, Coleridge, Byron and Keats. With his trademark sense of the human drama, he shows how great ideas and experiments are born out of lonely passion, how scientific discoveries (and errors) are made, how intense relationships are forged and broken by research, and how religious faith and scientific truth collide.The result is breathtaking in its originality, its story-telling energy, and not least, in its intellectual significance.


Three dimensional computer reconstruction provides us with a means of visualising past environments, allowing us a glimpse of the past that might otherwise be difficult to appreciate. Many of the images generated for this purpose are photorealistic, but no attempt has been made to ensure they are physically and perceptually valid. We are attempting to rectify these inadequacies through the use of accurate lighting simulation. By determining the appropriate spectral data of the original light sources and using them to illuminate a scene, the viewer can perceive a site and its artefacts in close approximation to the original environment. The richly decorated and well-preserved frescoes of the House of the Vettii in Pompeii have been chosen as a subject for the implementation of this study. This paper describes how, by using photographic records, modelling packages and luminaire values from a spectroradiometer, a three dimensional model can be created and then rendered in a lighting visualisation system to provide us with images that go beyond photorealistic, accurately simulating light behaviour and allowing us a physically and perceptually valid view of the reconstructed site. A method for capturing real flame and incorporating it in a virtual scene is also discussed, with the intention of recreating the movement of a flame in an animated scene.


A recent article in Restoration Ecology by Philip Seddon aims at unraveling the definitions of various types of species translocations—from reintroductions to assisted colonization—and points out the slippery slope of misused words. I argue here that defining reintroduction is not as straightforward as Seddon presents it. Commonly used definitions of what constitutes a reintroduction all include some reference to "historical" conditions, but what exactly that encompasses is left open. I examine two parts of the reintroduction confusion: first, how the guidance documents and laws define reintroduction and second, how these definitions might be interpreted when reintroductions are presented in public forums. Rather than moving away from reintroductions toward interventions of other names, I encourage scientists to use a broad definition of reintroduction presented by the IUCN to open up reintroduction as a viable label for bringing a species back to an area regardless of when it was previously there or why it became extinct.


The Elizabethans took from the Middle Ages the modified view of the universe which, Platonic and biblical in origin, radically differed from our own. For them all creation was ranged in an unalterable order from the angels down to man - for whom the world existed - and thence to the beasts and plants. In this short study Dr Tillyard not only elucidates such fairly familiar - though often mystifying - concepts as the four elements, the celestial harmony of 'nine enfolded Sphears', or macrocosm and microcosm; he also shows how this world picture was variously regarded as a chain of being, a network of correspondences, and a cosmic dance. Such concepts were commonplace to the Elizabethans. By expounding them the author has rendered plain, and not merely picturesque, the literature and thinking of an age.


As a point of departure for exploring the challenges of reading and interpreting digital texts, this chapter provides an analysis of the use of the French second-person pronouns tu and vous in French-language hypertext. The results of this study suggest that fundamental differences (e.g., traditional linearity versus multilinearity; frequency and ease of editing) between traditional, printed text and hypertext create an environment susceptible to producing conflicting uses of these pronouns. Pedagogical applications for examining second-person pronoun use and critical framing of various featurs of French-language hypertext are provided as means for promoting electronic literacy and language awareness.


ABSTRACT: We tested the hypothesis that administering polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) either before global cerebral ischemia or at the time of reperfusion would alter recovery of cerebral blood flow (CBF; microspheres) response to alteration in arterial Pco2 in pentobarbital-anesthetized, mechanically ventilated piglets (1 to 2-wk old). CBF was measured at an arterial Pco2 of approximately 3.3, 5.3, and 8.7 kPa before and 2 h after ischemia (10 min aortic cross clamp). To determine the effect of preischemic versus postischemic treatment with PEG-SOD, each piglet received two i. v. drug injections of either 30 000 U PEG-SOD or an equal volume of PEG diluent in a randomized, blinded fashion before ischemia and just before reperfusion. Cerebral oxygen consumption and somatosensory evoked potentials were measured during reperfusion as an assessment of brain function. During reperfusion, no group demonstrated delayed hypoperfusion. Hypercapnic CBF was less during reperfusion (48 ± 6 mL/min/100 g) compared with preischemia (69 ± 10 mL/min/100 g) in PEG/PEG-treated piglets. However, hypercapnic CBF during reperfusion was not different from preischemic values with either preischemic or postischemic PEG-SOD treatment. Improved return of hypercapnic CBF in PEG-SOD-treated piglets was not attributable to improved postischemic cerebral oxygen consumption. Somatosensory evoked potential amplitude was decreased similarly during reperfusion (approximately 25% of preischemic values) in all groups. We conclude that PEG-SOD alters CBF response to hypercapnia after transient global cerebral ischemia in piglets via a mechanism that is not related to altered oxygen consumption or electrical activity.


Two families were studied because of a hemorrhagic tendency. The presumptive diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease was suggested by low factor VIII levels (7.5%-33%), prolonged template Ivy bleeding time (9.5-17 min), low platelet adhesiveness (0%-8%), normal platelet factor 3, and normal clot retraction. Further studies, however, showed abnormal platelet aggregation with ADP, epinephrine, and collagen, and deficient release of platelet antiheparin activity and 14C serotonin. Patients' platelets, rendered free of plasma by gel filtration, continued to show abnormal aggregation when resuspended in normal plasma. Plasma from the patients contained greater than 200% factor VIII by immunologic assay. The patients' coagulant factor VIII level returned to base line within 24 hr after plasma or cryoprecipitate transfusions. Unlike von Willebrand's disease, management of these patients required both platelets and cryoprecipitate to prevent bleeding.


Biologists have long been fascinated by the exceptionally high diversity displayed by some evolutionary groups. Adaptive radiation in such clades is not only spectacular, but is also an extremely complex process influenced by a variety of ecological, genetic, and developmental factors and strongly dependent on historical contingencies. Using modeling approaches, we identify 10 general patterns concerning the temporal, spatial, and genetic/morphological properties of adaptive radiation. Some of these are strongly supported by empirical work, whereas for others, empirical support is more tentative. In almost all cases, more data are needed. Future progress in our understanding of adaptive radiation will be most successful if theoretical and empirical approaches are integrated, as has happened in other areas of evolutionary biology.


Adult volunteer involvement in 4-H programming is essential for the growth and stability of a community-based 4-H program. Adult volunteer's needs must be met and quality training must be provided for both their comfort and ability to properly lead a Community 4-H Club and/or short term 4-H program. The matching of youth needs to volunteer skills is crucial for sustainable mentorship opportunities on behalf of the adult volunteer. The project reported here aims to train 4-H adult volunteers through a four-session program to ensure both the comfort level of the adult to lead a 4-H Club or short term program as well as properly facilitate such a program with the skills already obtained from life and career experiences. Research affirms that volunteers need to be both passionate about their involvement with a program for long-standing support and sustainability as well as properly trained in 4-H policy and risk management to ensure a safe, hands-on learning experience for the youth involved. The facilitator will utilize data from pre and post surveys administered during the training sessions to determine the effectiveness of the training and where future gaps may lie. Additionally, as adult volunteers become comfortable in their particular leadership area and training received, Bath County 4-H community programs will show growth and continual support for years to come.


In the age of the so-called fourth industrial revolution, the social sciences and organizational studies are called to a very demanding challenge: overcoming technological determinism to understand the dynamics and perspectives of a transformation not at all automatic. The contributions collected in this book address, starting from different disciplinary perspectives, some of the most relevant questions posed by technological transformation: which are the dominant actors of this transformation? What is the relationship between technological transformation and organizational action? What is the role of workers in the technological transition? The element common to all contributions is the reasoned removal of a deterministic interpretation of technological transformation, the methodological rejection of the idea of self-development of technology.


This article follows the alchemical political economy of Edward Gibbon Wakefield for whom Kāi Tahu whenua served as a laboratory. Wakefield's clever formula for the transubstantiation of an incendiary social situation in Britain into new terrain for capital was designed to secure the transplantation of English economic and social relations to the colonies to ensure the persistence of a landless class compelled to sell their labour for wages. Ingeniously, the transport of that labour to the colonies was to be paid for by the market in land in the new colony: Kāi Tahu would be made to fund their own colonisation. I track the fate of capital's settler dream for ready land and labour as it was brought into being by the New Zealand Company, subsequently taken over by the Crown, and as it continues into our present. The argument is divided into two parts. The first is the classical moment of primitive accumulation, clearing people from the land to provide a market in land and labour, 'legal' dispossession, and commodification. The second is the more recent continuation of the initial processes of dispossession and commodification as these assert themselves in processes of redress and as they are expressed in the corporatisation of Ngāi Tahu.


While environmental biofilms have recently been implicated as a potential major sink for nanoparticles (NPs), the mechanisms of interactions remain largely unknown. Polysaccharides are a common component of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and an initial point of contact for NPs in early NP–biofilm interactions. In this study, the significance of polysaccharide coatings on the deposition of hematite and silica NPs was examined by quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) and in-depth characterization of surface properties. NP deposition was shown to be largely governed by electrostatic forces. However, bulk surface zeta potential values of the tested polysaccharide-coated surfaces were not sufficient in describing the varying extent of NP deposition. Surface charge density and distribution both appeared to contribute to different NP deposition behaviors. These results suggest that nanometer to micrometer spatial characterization of biofilm surface properties, including chemical composition and charge, is necessary to improve our understanding of NP–biofilm interactions.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues surrounding the classification of cyber "uses of force" and the inherent problem of cyber attribution. These two issues form a two-pronged dilemma in terms of applying jus ad bellum legal justifications for self-defence when a nation has been the victim of hybrid cyber operations. In particular, this two-pronged dilemma will highlight how hybrid cyber operations undermine the traditional deterrent value of conventional military power. Once this is made clear, it will become evident how the perpetrators of hybrid cyber operations are able to exploit loopholes within contemporary international law and operate with seeming impunity.


When initial treatment and rehabilitation are inappropriate, it may leave severe dysfunction in hand infection. We experienced rehabilitation with postoperative hand based splint therapy and obtained good results. Case 1: A 59-yearold male stuck chopsticks in the right-hand metacarpus, the middle of the left volar hand was painful. The postoperative rehabilitation conducted blocking exercise and adductor stretching. There are not the pain and excursion restrictions. Case 2: A 64-year old male was operated for purulent flexor tendon tenosynovitis. The postoperative rehabilitation was done in the same method and there are not the pain and excursion as Case 1. Enforcement of careful exercise therapy depending on an episode of care is important.


For a population to undergo evolution by natural selection, it is assumed that the constituents of the population form parent-offspring lineages, that is, that they must reproduce. I challenge this assumption by dividing the notion of reproduction into two subprocesses, that is, multiplication and inheritance, that produce parent-offspring lineages between the parts of a population, and I show that their population-level roles, generation and memory, respectively, can be effected by processes that do not rely on such local-level lineages. I further argue that these two population-level processes, not local parent-offspring lineages, are necessary conditions for a population to undergo Darwinian evolution.


This paper represents the unique feature which is very useful to ambulance drivers to take an alternate route in case of congestion. The various performance evaluation criteria are average waiting time, average distance traveled by vehicles, switching frequency of green light at a junction, efficient emergency mode operation and satisfactory operation of SMS using GSM Mobile. The performance of the Intelligent Traffic Light Controller is compared with the Fixed Mode Traffic Light Controller. It is observed that the proposed Intelligent Traffic Light Controller is more efficient than the conventional controller in respect of less waiting time, more distance traveled by average vehicles and efficient operation during emergency mode and GSM interface. Moreover, the designed system has simple architecture, fast response time, user friendliness and scope for further expansion.


Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that presents with cardio-cutaneous-craniofacial defects. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) represents the major life-threatening presentation in NSML. Mutations in the PTPN11 gene that encodes for the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), SHP2, represents the predominant cause of HCM in NSML. NSML-associated PTPN11 mutations renders SHP2 catalytically inactive with an "open" conformation. NSML-associated PTPN11 mutations cause hypertyrosyl phosphorylation of the transmembrane glycoprotein, protein zero-related (PZR) resulting in increased SHP2 binding. Here we show that NSML mice harboring a tyrosyl phosphorylation-defective mutant of PZR (NSML/PZRY242F) that is defective for SHP2 binding fail to develop HCM. Enhanced AKT/S6K signaling in heart lysates of NSML mice was reversed in NSML/PZRY242F mice demonstrating that PZR/SHP2 interactions promote aberrant AKT/S6K activity in NSML. Enhanced PZR tyrosyl phosphorylation in the hearts of NSML mice was found to drive myocardial fibrosis by engaging a Src/NFkB pathway resulting in increased activation of interleukin-6 (IL6). Increased expression of IL6 in the hearts of NSML mice was reversed in NSML/PZRY242F mice and PZRY242F mutant fibroblasts were defective for IL6 secretion and STAT3-mediated fibrogenesis. These results demonstrate that NSML-associated PTPN11 mutations that induce PZR hypertyrosyl phosphorylation trigger pathophysiological signaling that promotes HCM and cardiac fibrosis.


The Doha Development Agenda (Doha Round) of multilateral trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO) may fail unless a solution to the establishment of a multilateral register for geographical indications on wines and spirits (GIs) foreseen in the TRIPS Agreement is found. Failure of the Doha Round would entail serious intended and unintended consequences for the world trading system. Europe's insistence on a Doha deal on GIs in now accompanied by demands from several developing countries for an extension of GI protection to products other than wines and spirits. Those demanders consider the current emphasis on alcoholic beverages to be both culturally discriminatory and a commercial impediment to the ability to collect the potential additional rents associated with GIs on various products (coffee, tea, cocoa, textiles, etc.). They argue that international GI protection would support their rural and traditional products, which in turn would lead to "development form within," a development strategy that prioritizes local autonomy and broad, community-wide development goals. The GI issue has direct implications for future global food consumption patterns. As such, GIs have environmental significance and form an increasingly relevant part of global agricultural and food policy discussions.In spite of their importance in the Doha Round, negotiations on the establishment of a GI register and its possible extension beyond wines and spirits at the WTO have been at an impasse for several years. This Article is an attempt to move the discussions, and the Doha Round, forward. My focus is on the establishment of the TRIPS GI register and is relationship with the 1958 Lisbon Agreement and its register for "appellations of origin." My suggestion is that the Lisbon register offers the best substrate to establish the TRIPS register, with or without an extension to products other than wines and spirits. Real or perceived Lisbon deficiencies could be handled appropriately by adopting a protocol to the Lisbon Agreement. After an examination of differences between the Lisbon and TRIPS Agreements, and the Compatibility of a GI register with US trade practices, the Article provides a detailed strategy to achieve a protocol to the Lisbon system functioning as the TRIPS register.


Representational momentum is the tendency to misremember the stopping point of a moving object as further forward in the direction of movement. Results of several studies suggest that this effect is typical for changes in position (e.g., translation) and not for changes in object shape (transformation). Additionally, the effect seems to be stronger in motor tasks than in perceptual tasks. Here, participants judged the final distance between two spheres after this distance had been increasing or decreasing. The spheres were two separately translating objects or were connected to form a single transforming object (a dumbbell). Participants also performed a motor task in which they grasped virtual versions of the final objects. We found representational momentum for the visual judgment task for both stimulus types. As predicted, it was stronger for the spheres than for the dumbbells. In contrast, for grasping, only the dumbbells produced representational momentum (larger maximum grip aperture when the dumbbells had been growing compared to when they had been shrinking). Because type of stimulus change had these different effects on representational momentum for perception and action, we conclude that different sources of information are used in the two tasks or that they are governed by different mechanisms.


The early eighties saw Italy become a landing bay for thousands of immigrants who abandoned their homes in search of a better life. Almost immediately, Italian academics highlighted the importance of this new phenomenon but tended to emphasize the superficial aspects that all immigrants in Italy had in common, aspects linked to the way of life of the newly arrived immigrants which in essence was very different from the Italian way of life. Soon however, the need for the migrants to be heard grew and La Letteratura della Migrazione was born. This world-wide literary phenomenon manifested itself at a much later date in Italy, compared to other European countries, largely due to the fact that a cultural tradition imposed by colonialism did not exist. Paradoxically, it is this very lack of colonial history that has given Italian migrant writers the freedom to express themselves in a style of literature that is original and primarily spontaneous and in many ways different to other Italian writers. It is against this background that Kossi Komla-Ebri writes in Italian, the language he embraces by choice. Although this dissertation focuses initially on the first African migrant writers, it is primarily a detailed study of the characters in Komla-Ebri's novel Neyla (2002) and in his collection of short stories All'incrocio dei sentieri (2003). In the broader sense, it explores those themes in his narrative common to migrant literature in general, such as the journey, alienation, otherness, loss of identity and the return home. While it is true that these themes represent universal archetypes present in literature since Homer, the study looks predominantly at how Komla-Ebri's thematic exposition differs from other works in the same general categories. The study shows how in exploring and expounding the constant divide between two continents and two cultures, Komla-Ebri succeeds with great compassion and humanity not only to bridge the gap between diverse identities, but also to break away from the African/migrant writer category.


This study presents an experimental and nonlinear finite element analysis of creating square openings in existing RC beams and strengthening with CFRP laminate. Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams is now becoming more and more important in the field of structural maintenance and retrofitting. In the experimental programming, three RC beams were cast. Two beams were tested in the un-strengthened condition the first act as the solid Control beam, and the other have openings, the third one have opening and strengthening with CFRP laminate. The beams were also modeled using a FEM packaged (ANSYS 11). The results indicate that the strengthened beam recorded the highest failure load and its mode of failure was ductile. The numerical results seemed to be able to predict the behavior of the beams.


Interview in three sessions, October 1996, with Terry Cole, senior faculty associate in the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and senior member of the technical staff of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Cole earned his BS in chemistry from the University of Minnesota in 1954 and his PhD from Caltech in 1958 under Don Yost, on magnetic resonance. The following year he moved to the Ford Scientific Research Laboratory, in Dearborn, Michigan, where he rose to head the departments of chemistry and chemical engineering. In 1980 he joined JPL's Energy & Technology Applications branch; in 1982 he became JPL's chief technologist, and he was instrumental in establishing JPL's Microdevices Laboratory and its Center for Space Microelectronic Technology. Interview includes recollections of Lew Allen's directorship of JPL and a discussion of the origins of the SURF (Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship) program.


ABSTRACT High-temperature Fourier transform infrared (HT-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the deprotonation process of synthetic potassic-ferro-richterite of composition A(K0.90Na0.07)B(Ca0.54Na1.46) c F e 4.22 2 + F e 0.78 3 + T S i 8 O 22 W O H 1.70 O 0.30 2 − $ ^{\rm{c}}{\left( {{\rm{Fe}}_{4.22}^{2 + }{\rm{Fe}}_{0.78}^{3 + }} \right)^{\rm{T}}}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{i}}_8}{{\rm{O}}_{22}}^{\rm{W}}\left( {{\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}_{1.70}}{\rm{O}}_{0.30}^{2 - }} \right)$. Unpolarized single-crystal spectra were collected both in situ and on quenched samples, and heating experiments were conducted in air, at a rate of 10 °C/min. The room-T spectrum measured before annealing shows a main band at 3678 cm-1 and a minor band at 3622 cm-1; these are assigned to local configurations involving Fe2+ at M(1)M(1)M(3) and facing a filled and an empty alkali-site, respectively. At 400 °C, a new band grows at 3656 cm-1; this is the most intense feature in the pattern at 450 °C. At T ≥ 500 °C, all peaks decrease drastically in intensity, and finally disappear at T > 600 °C. The total absorbance measured in situ increases significantly in the 25 < T < 450 °C range, although the spectra collected on quenched samples show no OH loss in the same T range. This feature is consistent with an increase of the absorption coefficient (ε) with T, the reason for which is still unclear. However, this feature has significant implications for the quantitative use of FTIR data in HT experiments. Examination of the relevant OH-stretching bands shows that iron oxidation occurs preferentially at the M(1,3) sites associated with occupied A sites. The deprotonation temperature indicated by FTIR for single-crystals is around 100 °C higher that that obtained by HT-X-ray diffraction (XRD) on single crystal by Oberti et al. (2016), whereas that obtained by HT-XRD on powders is intermediate. This unexpected observation can be explained by considering that: (1) the iron oxidation process, which is coupled to deprotonation and is probed by XRD, occurs preferentially at the crystal surface where it is triggered by the availability of atmospheric oxygen; (2) the proton diffusion, probed by FTIR, is slower that the electron diffusion probed by XRD; thus, the temperature shift may be explained by a much longer escape path for H in single-crystals than in powders. These results suggest that possible effects due to crystals size should be carefully considered in HT experiments done on Fe-rich silicates.


Abstract From Permian to Jurassic times the northern Viking Graben and adjacent platform areas experienced multiple rifting, the Permian-early Triassic and middle-late Jurassic rift episodes, separated by an intervening middle Triassic-middle Jurassic inter-rift period dominated by relative tectonic quiescence. The associated syn- and inter-rift strata show large variations in sedimentary architecture as a result of temporal and spatial variations in tectonic deformation and subsidence, sediment supply, climate and accommodation creation. The Permian-early Triassic syn-rift succession is believed to consist predominantly of non-marine, arid to semiarid, aeolian, sabkha, alluvial and lacustrine strata, probably interbedded with marine strata on the Horda Platform and in the Viking Graben. The middle Triassic-middle Jurassic experienced several subsidence stages which, together with climatic variations, exerted a major control on the periodic outbuilding and retreat of rift marginal, alluvial and shallow marine clastic wedges. Evidence for fault block rotation suggests that the subsidence was caused partly by minor extensional stages. As such, the middle Triassic-middle Jurassic does not fit the type of development assumed to be typical for either post- or pre-rift basins. Hence, the notation inter-rift is assigned to this period and the associated succession. The middle-late Jurassic rift episode was characterized by multiple rift phases separated by intervening stages of relative tectonic quiescence. The syn-rift infill is mixed non-marine and marine and consists of fluvial through shallow marine and shelfal deposits to deeper marine sediment gravity flow and (hemi-)pelagic strata. At the larger scale, related to the entire middle-late Jurassic rift episode, the syn-rift infill in general shows a two-fold sandstone-mudstone lithology motif, typical of underfilled rift basins. At the intermediate scale, related to single rift phases, threefold sandstone-mudstone-sandstone, twofold sandstone-mudstone and single mudstone lithology motifs are present, typical of sediment overfilled/sediment balanced, sediment underfilled and sediment starved rift basins, respectively. The spatial and temporal variations in the syn-rift infill reflect relative distance to the rift basin hinterland areas (which had a large sediment yield potential) and overall increased tectonic subsidence and enhanced rift topography as the rift basin evolved. This suggest that the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the northern North Sea rift basin can be viewed at several scales: at the largest scale the rift basin evolved through multiple rift episodes, which commonly had a duration of several tens of Ma. The rift episodes are separated by inter-rift periods. Rift episodes are subdivided into intervals representing distinct rift phases. These rift phases were separated by tectonic relatively quieter intervals, here referred to as tectonic quiescence stages. Inter-rift periods are subdivided into prolonged tectonic quiescence intervals separated by short-lived rift stages or minor rift phases. Distinct rift phases and inter-rift tectonic quiescence intervals commonly represent periods of a few to 10+ Ma, and correspond to second-order sequences or 'megasequences'. At the smaller scale, syn-rift successions can be subdivided into packages related to distinct rotational tilt event or faulting events (deformation spans), representing hundreds of ka to few Ma and corresponding to third-order sequences. Solitary, large-magnitude faulting events (deformation clines) are likely to exert a major control on high frequency base- or sea-level fluctuations and thus on the development of higher-order sequences. However, such a control is difficult to prove and can probably only be recognized in sub-basins with abundant wells and a dense well spacing.


Lifestyle is a way used by people, groups and nations and is formed in specific geographical, economic, political, cultural and religious text. Lifestyle is referred to the characteristics of inhabitants of a region in special time and place. It includes day to day behaviors and functions of individuals in job, activities, fun and diet.

In recent decades, life style as an important factor of health is more interested by researchers. According to WHO, 60% of related factors to individual health and quality of life are correlated to lifestyle (1). Millions of people follow an unhealthy lifestyle. Hence, they encounter illness, disability and even death. Problems like metabolic diseases, joint and skeletal problems, cardio-vascular diseases, hypertension, overweight, violence and so on, can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. The relationship of lifestyle and health should be highly considered.

Today, wide changes have occurred in life of all people. Malnutrition, unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol consuming, drug abuse, stress and so on, are the presentations of unhealthy life style that they are used as dominant form of lifestyle. Besides, the lives of citizens face with new challenges. For instance, emerging new technologies within IT such as the internet and virtual communication networks, lead our world to a major challenge that threatens the physical and mental health of individuals. The challenge is the overuse and misuse of the technology.

Therefore, according to the existing studies, it can be said that: lifestyle has a significant influence on physical and mental health of human being. There are different forms of such influences. Consanguinity in some ethnicity is a dominant form of life style that it leads to the genetic disorders. Reformation of this unhealthy life style is a preventing factor for decreasing the rate of genetic diseases (2). In some countries, the overuse of drugs is a major unhealthy life style. Iran is one of the 20 countries using the most medications. They prefer medication to other intervention. Furthermore, in 15–40% of cases they use medications about without prescription (3). Pain relievers, eye drops and antibiotics have the most usage in Iran. While self-medications such as antibiotics have a negative effect on the immune system, if the individual would be affected by infection, antibiotics will not be effective in treatment. Overall, 10 percent of those who are self-medicated will experience severe complications such as drug resistance. Sometimes drug allergy is so severe that it can cause death (4).

Finally, variables of lifestyle that influence on health can be categorized in some items:

Diet and Body Mass Index (BMI): Diet is the greatest factor in lifestyle and has a direct and positive relation with health. Poor diet and its consequences like obesity is the common healthy problem in urban societies. Unhealthy lifestyle can be measured by BMI. Urban lifestyle leads to the nutrition problems like using fast foods and poor foods, increasing problems like cardiovascular (5).

Exercise: For treating general health problems, the exercise is included in life style (6). The continuous exercise along with a healthy diet increases the health. Some studies stress on the relation of active life style with happiness (7, 8).

Sleep: One of the bases of healthy life is the sleep. Sleep cannot be apart from life. Sleep disorders have several social, psychological, economical and healthy consequences. Lifestyle may effect on sleep and sleep has a clear influence on mental and physical health (9).

Sexual behavior: Normal sex relation is necessary in healthy life. Dysfunction of sex relation is the problem of most of societies and it has a significant effect on mental and physical health. It can be said that dysfunctional sex relation may result in various family problems or sex related illnesses like; AIDS

Substance abuse: Addiction is considered as an unhealthy life style. Smoking and using other substance may result in various problems; cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancer, brain injury. According to the resent studies in Iran, 43% of females and 64% of males experience the use of hubble-bubble (10). A longitudinal study shows that 30% of people between 18–65 years old smoke cigarette permanently (11).

Medication abuse: It is a common form of using medication in Iran and it is considered as an unhealthy life style. Unhealthy behaviors in using medication are as followed: self-treatment, sharing medication, using medications without prescription, prescribing too many drugs, prescribing the large number of each drug, unnecessary drugs, bad handwriting in prescription, disregard to the contradictory drugs, disregard to harmful effects of drugs, not explaining the effects of drugs.

Application of modern technologies: Advanced technology facilitates the life of human beings. Misuse of technology may result in unpleasant consequences. For example, using of computer and other devices up to midnight, may effect on the pattern of sleep and it may disturb sleep. Addiction to use mobile phone is related to depression symptoms (12).

Recreation: Leisure pass time is a sub factor of life style. Neglecting leisure can bring negative consequences. With disorganized planning and unhealthy leisure, people endanger their health.

Study: Study is the exercise of soul. Placing study as a factor in lifestyle may lead to more physical and mental health. For example, prevalence of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease is lowerin educated people. Study could slow process of dementia.


This study compared the results of modelling vinyl chloride emissions from a renewable energy generation plant, located in the City of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, Canada, using American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) and California Puff (CALPUFF). The plant utilizes landfill gas emissions from the existing Lindsay/Ops landfill to fuel an on-site generator, and thus generate electricity. The modelling was performed for July 20, 2013 and November 17, 2013, from 00h00 local standard time (LST) to 23h00 LST for both days. The results showed that modelling contaminant dispersion using CALPUFF resulted in significantly higher concentrations than when modelling with AERMOD. This may be due to the several limitations of AERMOD, including its assumptions of straight line trajectory, steady-state and a uniform atmosphere, its inaccuracy when determining long-range transport, and its inability to retain the memory of the previous hours' emissions. The CALPUFF modelling results also showed that the contaminant concentration may, in some instances, be higher farther away from the source than closer to it. The results also show that the concentration of vinyl chloride on July 20, 2013, as modelled by CALPUFF, exceeds the applicable regulatory limit. Thus, it is recommended to use CALPUFF instead of AERMOD to assess the dispersion of emissions from a facility more conservatively. Using CALPUFF will also ensure that the dispersion is assessed further away from the emissions sources as well as nearer to them. The appropriate selection of dispersion models is especially important when the results of one of the models may deem the facility's emissions non-compliant with the applicable regulatory limits.


The sudden event of the spread of dengue fever (or break-bone fever) that appeared for the first time in Cape Verde in 2009 revealed that inappropriate management of waste can be considered a major cause of the spread of this disease. Dengue fever is a tropical infectious disease that is caused by the dengue virus. Its vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti, found an optimal environment for its life cycle in the context of Cape Verde, with the persistence of water in abandoned waste objects. The connection between the topics of Earth sciences and the spread of this disease is not obvious, but it was explored and illustrated in a school partnership. Activities with pupils and students provided an opportunity to investigate how some global phenomena, like climate change (with an increase in local rainfall and higher temperatures), are related to local events, such as the spread of dengue fever. Preventive strategies are conditioned by the geomorphology of the territory and by the complex relationships that connect the geosphere and the biosphere. For this reason, it is important to be aware of the risk of breaking these delicate balances, and hence activating unexpected consequences. The roles played by both partners linked knowledge about the natural dynamics of our planet with the development of appropriate behavior, thus contributing to the formation of responsible citizenship, to preserve and protect the environment. The partnership encouraged students to develop sustainable management strategies against dengue fever, and consequently against waste, actively involving them at school, at home, and in their community. In this study, we present a case study of the role of a school partnership in a complex problem, such as the spread of dengue fever and environmental pollution.


Seabirds inhabiting vast water masses provide numerous examples where opposing phenomena, such as natal and breeding philopatry vs. vagility have dug cryptic taxonomic boundaries among closely related taxa. The taxonomy of little shearwaters of the North Atlantic Ocean (Little–Audubon's shearwater complex, Puffinus assimilis–lherminieri) still remains unclear, and complementary information on non-breeding distributions and at-sea behaviour becomes essential to unravel divergent local adaptations to specific habitats. Using miniaturized light-level geolocators from seven study areas in the North Atlantic, we evaluate the spatial and habitat segregation, estimate the timing of their key life-cycle events and describe the at-sea behaviour of three taxa of these little shearwaters year-round to distinguish ecological patterns and specializations that could ultimately unravel potential lineage divergences. We also assess morphometric data from birds that were breeding at each study area to further discuss potential adaptations to specific habitats. Our results show that, while birds from different taxa segregated in space and habitats, they share ecological plasticity, similar annual phenology and diel foraging behaviour. These ecological inconsistencies, while defining the evolutionary stressors faced by these taxa, do not suggest the existence of three Evolutionary Significant Units. However, they confirm the recent evolutionary divergence among the three little shearwaters of the North Atlantic.


Significant differences exist in the rates of capital adjustment in the four major sectors of the U.S. economy: agriculture, food, manufacturing, and services. A multioutput adjustment cost model is specified to compute the rates of capital adjustment. This specification allows us to derive dynamic output supply and investment demand functions for the four sectors, which are then fitted to time-series data. Our estimates show that capital in agriculture and manufacturing is almost fixed and adjusts toward respective long-run equilibrium at a rate of about 2% per year. The food processing and services sectors are more flexible in that their capital stocks fully adjust in less than five years. Thus, the rate of adjustment of agricultural capital is lower than that of other sectors in the U.S. economy.