The tribological performance of biomaterials used for artificial joints is of much importance, and require low coefficients of friction, resistance to wear and the ability to withstand many millions of cycles under a multitude of loading regimes. Currently used material combinations include Ti6A14V, 316L stainless steel and Co-Cr-Mo articulating against UHMWPE. Although typical wear rates are low (60 mm(^3)/10(^6) cycles), the UHMWPE wear debris produced during articulation has been linked to osteolysis, leading to loosening of prostheses and necessitating revision surgery. This study aimed to characterise the surfaces and quantitatively assess the tribological performance of such biomaterials when surface modified by N(^+) ion implantation. Beyond this, investigation of the physical effects of the N(^+) ion implantations were carried out with a view to determination of an optimum ion implantation protocol. The tribological performance of the materials, were quantitatively assessed using multidirectional pin-on-plate wear testing. Surface characterisation of the materials, were studied using a combination of optical microscopy, AFM, non-contacting interferometry, SEM, and XPS. A significant increase in the surface microhardness of the modified materials was measured post ion implantation. This was attributed to the formation of ion implantation induced lattice disorder and hard phase nitride precipitates on the metallic surfaces, and cross-linking incorporating new formed chemical bonds on the polymeric surfaces. N(^+) ion implantation with 5 x 10(^15) N(^+)ions/cm(^2) significantly enhanced the wear resistance of UHMWPE by ≈ 55 % when articulated against 2 x lO(^17) N(^+) ions/cm(^2) implanted Ti6A14V; by ≈ 48 % when articulated against 2 x lO(^17) N(^+) ions/cm(^2) implanted stainless steel; and by ≈ 48 % when articulated against 2 x 10(^17) N(^+) ions/cm^ implanted Co-Cr-Mo. The technique of ion implantation offers potential as a modification method, to improve wear resistance of these biomaterials for articulating applications such as in total joint replacement.


The ethical development of business graduates is a critical issue. Yet, little empirical evidence exists on the factors affecting business graduate ethical development and behaviour using an Islamic perspective. This study examines the effects of mentoring support, the perceived standard of ethical conduct of peers, and individual ethical attributes of National female (Emirati) business graduates from the United Arab Emirates. Research has shown that formal and informal mentoring relationships benefit new employees by enabling them to further learn and grow within an organisation. On the other hand, some employees have also shown that these relationships can have a negative impact on a new employee's ethical orientation. The aim of this study is to investigate the ethical orientations of Emirati female business graduates as they move from the relative sanctity of home and university into a new multicultural, westernised business environment. The results suggest that the ethical evaluations and behavioural intentions of Emirati graduates are affected by a multiplicity of sources including professional bodies and both mentors and peers in the workplace. It may be prudent at such a significant time in the UAE's development that educators consider introducing ethical education into tertiary curriculum.


Automatic identification of anomalies on network data is a problem of fundamental interest to ISPs to diagnose incipient problems in their networks. ISPs gather diverse data sources from the network for monitoring, diagnostics or provisioning tasks. Finding anomalies in this data is a huge challenge due to the volume of the data collected, the number and diversity of data sources and the diversity of anomalies to be detected. In this paper we introduce a framework for anomaly detection that allows the construction of a black box anomaly detector. This anomaly detector can be used for automatically finding anomalies with minimal human intervention. Our framework also allows us to deal with the different types of data sources collected from the network. We have developed a prototype of this framework, TrafficComber, and we are in the process of evaluating it using the data in the warehouse of a tier-1 ISP.


Abstract Program MARK provides >100 models for the estimation of population parameters from mark–encounter data. The multistate model of Brownie et al. (1993) and Hestbeck et al. (1991) allows animals to move between states with a probability of transition. The simplest multistate model is an extension of the Cormack–Jolly–Seber (CJS) live recapture model. Parameters estimated are state-specific survival rates and encounter probabilities and transition probabilities between states. The multistate model provides a valuable framework to evaluate important ecological questions. For example, estimation of state-specific survival and transition probabilities between the biological states of breeders and nonbreeders allows estimation of the cost of reproduction. Transitions between physical states, such as spatial areas, provide estimates needed for meta-population models. The basic multistate model uses only live recaptures, but 3 extensions are included in MARK. A multistate model with live and dead encounters is available, although the dead encounters are not state specific. Robust-design multistate models are also included in MARK, with both open and closed robust designs. These models assume that animals move between states only between primary sessions of the robust design. For the closed robust design, we can specify 12 different data types for the modeling of encounter probabilities during the primary session, including 6 versions of the closed model likelihood incorporating population size (N) directly in the likelihood, and 6 versions of the Huggins model in which N is estimated as a derived parameter outside the likelihood. One assumption that is generally necessary to estimate state-specific survival rates in the multistate model is that transitions take place immediately before encounter occasions. Otherwise, survival rates over the interval between encounter occasions are a mix of survival rates over multiple states. Advantages of using MARK to estimate the parameters of the various multistate models include flexibility of model specification to include group, time, and individual covariates, estimation of variance components, model averaging of parameter estimates, and Bayesian parameter estimation using Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures on the logit scale.


When Marshall McLUHAN famously stated "the medium is the message," he was echoing Martin HEIDEGGER's assertion that through our use of technology we can become functions of it. Therefore, how does adopting computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software affect our research activities and, more importantly, our conception of research? These questions are explored by examining the influence NVivo had upon an interdisciplinary phenomenological research project in health ethics. We identify the software's effects and situate our decision to use it within the Canadian health sciences research landscape. We also explore the challenges of remaining true to our project's philosophical foundations, as well as how NVivo altered our being-in- the-world as researchers. This case demonstrates McLUHAN's claim that new technologies invariably initiate new practices and modes of being, and urges researchers to attend to how we are both shaping and being shaped by software.


Femicide represents the most extreme form of male violence against women (MVAW) and a growing problem in contemporary Serbian society. Despite the long-term struggle of the feminist movement to turn (lethal) MVAW into a political issue, it has remained in a private domain, out of the public eye. Due to the lack of official statistics on cases of femicide, news reports are the only source of information on this phenomenon. However, media reporting on this topic is problematic. From a feminist standpoint, this paper seeks to show how the maintenance of the patriarchal narrative about MVAW in the Serbian media impacts the audience perceptions of intimate partner femicide (IPF). The study uses critical discourse analysis to explore online readers' comments on articles relating to IPF published in four Serbian daily newspaper web portals in 2013 (when the highest number of IPFs was recorded).


The undraped human form is ubiquitous in Western art and even appears in the art of India and Japan. Only in China, Francois Jullien argues, is the nude completely absent. In this enthralling extended essay, he explores the different conceptions of the human body that underlie this provocative disparity. Contrasting nakedness (which implies a diminished state) with nudity (which represents a complete presence), Jullien explores the traditional European vision of the nude as a fixed point of fusion where form joins truth. He then shows that the absence of the nude in Chinese art evinces an understanding of the human body as changeable and transitory. Viewed in light of each other, these differing concepts allow for a new way of thinking about form, the ideal, and beauty, enabling us to delve deeper into the relationship between art and the ideas that lie at its roots. Beautifully illustrated and gracefully translated into English for the first time, "The Impossible Nude" will fascinate anyone interested in art history, Chinese art, or aesthetics. "


What are the conditions for good governance in Africa, and why do many democracies still struggle with persistent poverty? Drawing on a historical study of Nigeria since independence, this book argues that the structure of the policy-making process explains variations in government performance better than other commonly cited factors, such as oil, colonialism, ethnic diversity, foreign debt, and dictatorships. The author links the political structure of the policy process to patterns of government performance over half a century to show that the key factor is not simply the status of the regime as a dictatorship or a democracy, but rather it is the structure of the policy-making process by which different policy demands are included or excluded. By identifying political actors with the leverage to prevent policy change and extract concessions, empirical tests demonstrate how these 'veto players' systematically affect the performance of two broad categories of public policy. This Madisonian dilemma has important implications for African countries struggling with the institutional trade-offs presented by different regimes.


This article examines how the environmental impact assessment (EIA) pursuant to the EIA Directive and appropriate assessment pursuant to the Habitats Directive are applied to marina development in the newest EU Member State, Croatia. The analysis focuses on the screening procedures to determine whether or not to carry out an EIA and the prior assessment to ascertain whether a marina development is likely to have a significant impact on the Natura 2000 ecological network. The findings of the analysis are evaluated by comparison with the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The article argues in favour of the implementation of the EIA and the appropriate assessment which can bring benefits for the marine environment in Croatia.


The Duntley equations for propagation of unidirectionally incident light through a diffusing medium have been generalized and interpreted to account for the diurnal nature of near-infrared radiation measured in an Ithaca, N. Y. corn canopy. The Duntley optical coefficients associated with the specular component of light were assumed to vary as the secant of the sun's zenith angle. Generalization of the Duntley relations was required in order to predict values of irradiance within the canopy and to account for the effect of background reflectance from the soil. Five independent measurements of canopy irradiance suffice to determine the Duntley parameters. Twenty-four measurements of transmittance within the canopy were used, however, in a least-squares calculation to obtain the best fit of the Duntley equations to irradiance within the corn canopy. The Duntley equations fit the experimental results within a standard deviation of 3.2% for a period from noon to sundown. If the laboratory measurements of optical constants for a single corn leaf are used as constraints, the Duntley equations fit the data to within 3.7%. The best fit to near-ir-transmittance measurements occurs when zero absorptance is assumed for the canopy. The Duntley equations reduce to a three-parameter representation for the special case of no absorptance.


Born in 1917, Belgian cytologist and biochemist who in 1974 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of the cellular organelles, the lysosome and the peroxisome. Since the 1980s, De Duve contributed to the theoretical understanding of the origin and evolution of life.

Keywords:

cell fractionation;
cellular organelles;
Claude Albert;
constraints on natural selection;
digestive enzymes;
lysosomes;
origin of life;
Palade George;
peroxisomes;
protometabolism


Development of immunotherapy, especially checkpoint inhibitors, dramatically improved the prognosis of some malignancies. However, problems on the occurrence of severe adverse effects and limited responses to these checkpoint inhibitors remain. Recently, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs)are the predictive markers of immunotherapies based on clinical evidence. The proportion of cytotoxic T cells in the tumor has been reported to affect the antitumor effect. TILs in the tumor are thought to be controlled by the interaction between cancer and tumor microenvironment. As a cause of tumor immunosuppression, cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)play the main role in the tumor microenvironment. We considered the strong involvement of tumor microenvironment, particularly the role of CAFs, and reported the interaction between CAFs and proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and resistance in the conventional therapy. The correlation between CAFs and tumor immunity and the immunosuppression promoted by CAFs were also evaluated. Their effects will be reported in our future studies.


This thesis presents a method for deformations on closed surfaces in 3D over a network, which is suitable for simulation of tissue and organs for training purposes, as well as cloth simulation in collaborative virtual environments (CVE). CVE's are extensively used for training, design and gaming for several years. To demonstrate a deformable object on a CVE, we employ a real-time physical simulation of a uniformtension- membrane, based on linear finite-element-discretization of the surface yielding a sparse linear system of equations, which is solved using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method. The proposed method introduces an architecture that distributes the computational load of physical simulation between clients. As our approach requires a uniform-mesh representation of the simulated structure, we also designed and implemented an algorithm that converts irregularly triangulated genus zero surfaces into a uniform triangular mesh with regular connectivity. This algorithm uses springembedders for stretch optimization of the spherical parameterization step. The strength of our approach comes from the subdivision methodology that enables to use multi-resolution surfaces for graphical representation, physical simulation, and network transmission, without compromising simulation accuracy and visual quality.


Diversity management is not a numbers game. Diversity management is a holistic and strategic intervention aimed at maximizing every individual's potential to contribute towards the realization o f the organization's goals through capitalizing on individual talents and differences within a diverse workforce environment. Managing interpersonal relationships within a diverse workforce environment presents a number of challenges related to changes in the social, legal and economic landscape, individual expectations and values as well as the inevitable change in organizational culture (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2005: 1-7). Whether or not organizations are effective in managing diversity is a function of senior managements' commitment, and the perceived centrality of diversity management by all those who populate the institution's workspace. Above all it should be clear to all employees, irrespective of race, gender, or vocational/professional status, that each and every one of them has something of value to contribute towards the realization of the institution's mission and goals. It is crucial to determine clear and manageable success indicators, focusing not only on compliance with legal obligations to include and/or increase the number of employees from the underrepresented and designated groups, but also on strategic intervention strategies to be used to promote and nurture individual talent and potential toward the realization of both individual aspirations and organizational goals re-quality patient outcomes.


Woven into Dennett's account of consciousness is his belief that certain possibilities are not conceivable. This is manifested in his view that we are not conscious in any sense in which we can imagine that philosophers' 'zombies' might not be conscious, and also in his claims about 'Hindsight', and what possibilities this can coherently suggest to us. If the possibilities Dennett denies none the less seem conceivable to us, then if he does not give us reason to think they are actually incoherent, we ought to reject his theory, since it denies the intelligibility of the very notion we should want a theory of consciousness to discuss. I argue that Dennett does not provide us with convincing reasons of the relevant sort, and I suggest that his difficulty with the concept of consciousness is rooted in questionable epistemological assumptions which he fails to justify.


Online Question and Answer (Q&A) websites have been a part of the Internet for many years, the most well-known being Yahoo! Answers. These websites allow us to ask and answer questions with other Internet users around the world, utilizing one of the Internet's greatest strengths: information sharing. In the past, this sharing was restricted to primarily text-based content, and previous research has been almost solely devoted to these text-based Q&A systems. This research includes topics such as improving text-based question quality, and methods for finding the best text-based answer. Now, new Q&A systems such as Jelly have recently been released that utilize multimedia, including images, audio, or video for questions and/or answers. These new multimedia features were not part of previous textbased research, and the objective of this project is to fill that research void: how does the use of multimedia in a question affect the odds of receiving the correct answer? Our findings will not only affect this previous Q&A research on question quality and forwarding, but also reveal new security and privacy concerns. To perform our research, we created several different types of multimedia questions, spanning many different topics. We then studied how users answered each question, using our custom MultiQuery website to facilitate the experiment. This website is unique to Q&A in that it allows for many different multimedia question types, not simply text. Once the experiment was completed, we analyzed the results and determined if and to what degree multimedia use in a question improves or worsens the quality of answers; both overall and for each specific topic of questions. We found that multimedia did in fact have a beneficial effect, especially with images, showing a higher answer rating and correctness percentage for most multimedia types. We also


Materials management i.e. management or planning of material flows has received an increasing interest for decades. The competitiveness of companies is greatly affected by the companies' ability to respond to market pressures for increased customization and short lead times. The trade-offs for increased product variety and shortened lead times are increased costs for storage and purchasing of materials. GMC is a manufacturing company, which is working actively to fulfill customer demands on product variety and short lead times. This puts pressure on the company's materials management systems to ensure that material flows and inventories are both flexible and cost efficient. GMC therefore created an inventory management process, which aims to reduce tied-up capital in inventory and improve the service level towards customers. GMC are however experiencing some challenges with this process. The process incorporates both the production function and purchasing function and extends across different planning levels, which creates communication barriers. The company furthermore has both MTS and MTO manufacturing strategies for its products and uses several different planning methods to manage the material flows. This makes it important to ensure that the planning methods are used in a suitable context. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the process and provide suggestions for improvements.
The study was based on three research questions relating to the challenges experienced at GMC. The research method has been qualitative with data collection focusing on interviews. The empirical investigation presents a mapping of the process in its current state. The investigation shows that the planning methods kanban, MRP and consignment stock are used in appropriate contexts, but that there is no process that continuously ensures fit between planning methods and individual parts. It was also discovered that the challenges experienced with achieving functional integration in the process to a large degree were caused by ambiguities and uncertainties of the process boundaries and unclear division of responsibilities within the process. The investigation furthermore highlighted the fact that decisions regarding safety stock levels were almost entirely managed on operative level and that there was little transparency of these decisions to higher planning levels.
The recommendations to GMC are: create a process for continuous matching between individual parts and planning methods; improve the functional integration through improved process management and monitoring; and lastly to improve the alignment between operative and strategic planning levels regarding safety stock decisions by implementing documentation routines and an inventory classification system to increase the transparency of decisions behind the safety stock levels.


Over the last decades, the marketization of live-in care for the elderly in Austria has been accompanied by new forms of regulation and the contestation surrounding this type of care provision. The article analyzes this process as a Polanyian double movement – the movement of a market-driven provision of care and organization of care work, and countermovements seeking protection from its effects – and asks to what extent the provision of decent care and decent work are affected. Drawing on policy and media analyses as well as interviews with representatives of brokering agencies and other stakeholders in the field, we show how live-in care is embedded in the Austrian care regime, how its marketization entails contradictions between decent care and poor working conditions and how care disputes and attempts to regulate the model have emerged.


The principal aim of this project was to synthesise a range of functionalised heterocycles using novel transition metal promoted radical cyclisation reactions as an alternative to the well-established tin hydride method. On achieving this we hoped to successfully apply these methods towards the synthesis of natural product templates. In chapter two, a series of copper(l)-amine catalysts were employed to mediate the 5- endo-trig radical cyclisation of trichloroacetamides, which led to the formation of a variety of highly functionalised bicyclic y-Iactams in good to excellent yield. A variety of cyclisation precursors were examined. This work was also extended towards the synthesis of analogues of the heterocyclic ring fragment of non-peptide bradykinin inhibitor, L-755,807. In chapter 3, the reaction of a series of tertiary bromoacetamides with catalytic copper(I) bromide/N,N,N',N',N",N" -hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (Me6-tren) at room 'temperature is described. This reaction furnished regioisomeric mixtures of unsaturated pyrrolidinones via a highly efficient 5-endo-trig radical cyclisation reaction. We also illustrated that a variety of less activated secondary bromoacetamides undergo efficient 5-endo-trig radical cyclisation reactions to give a,l3-unsaturated monoene lactams under atom transfer conditions mediated by copper(l) bromide and tripyridylamine (TP A) in refluxing toluene. Changing the solvent for this reaction to 1,2-dichloroethane caused a,l3-unsaturated diene lactams to be produced instead. This approach was used towards the synthesis of analogues of the sesquiterpenic alkaloid, eremophilene y-Iactam. Chapter 4 describes an alternative route to constrained bicyclic ring systems mediated by ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). In addition, the first reported 5-endo-trig radical cyclisation of l3-amido esters to afford functionalised y-Iactams was developed. This methodology was exploited in the production of analogues of the heterocyclic ring fragments of a' number of biologically active natural products.


The objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate floating tablets of pioglitazone employing crosslinked starch-urea, a modified starch in comparison to HPMC K15 M, a synthetic cellulose derivative. Floating tablets of pioglitazone were prepared employing cross linked starch urea and HPMC K15 M as matrix formers, sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent and bees wax and ethyl cellulose as floating enhancers and the tablets were evaluated for in vitro buoyancy and drug release characteristics. The floating characteristics of the formulations which contained sodium bicarbonate (15%) alone were not satisfactory with both the two polymers and need to be improved. Increasing the strength of sodium bicarbonate from 15% to 20% has not much improved the floating characteristics. Addition of beeswax (15%) and ethyl cellulose (5%) has significantly enhanced the buoyancy of the tablets formulated with both the two polymers. Pioglitazone release from the floating tablets prepared was slow and spread over 24 h and depended on the polymer used and composition of the tablets.Drug release was diffusion controlled and followed zero order kinetics. Non-Fickian diffusion was the drug release mechanism from all the tablets formulated. Pioglitazone release from the tablets containing beeswax and ethyl cellulose along with the matrix forming polymers was slow and spread over more than 24 h. The T90 values were in the range 19 – 24 h with these tablets. These tablets exhibited a floating time of 44 h after a floating lag time in the range 2-6 min. Cross-linked starch-urea is found suitable as matrix former for floating tablets and is comparable to HPMC K15M, a widely used polymer for floating tablets and for controlled release.


Background & Aim: Quranology and medicine necessitate the investigation of the indices of a healthy society in order to promote physical and mental, inner and outer as well as spiritual and material health; in fact the very aim of sending down the Quran was to bring up healthy individuals and consequently materialize a healthy society. A healthy society's indices based on the Quran depend on the evolutionary principles of one's mental health manifesting in their relationship with God and with other people. The present study investigates the strategies and guidelines to promote the all-encompassing health of individuals and families, to promote public health and to realize a healthy society and a utopia based on the Quran, accordingly. Methods: This study has been done via descriptive analysis and is based on religious studies, scientific authorities of the Quran, the Hadith i.e. one of the various reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the Islamic prophet, and through the investigation of reliable Hadith resources in the literature. Results: According to Islam and its teachings 'health' refers to not only bodily health but also spiritual health. According to the Quran and the Hadith, the reality of the Quran is 'Shifa' meaning healing. And this divine law is the guiding light for realization of real health. Faithfulness and its effects make a healthy person in a healthy society. Worship is both the secret to human creation and the guarantee to all- encompassing health of individuals and the society. The meaning and pervasiveness of spiritual health and its symbols are quite clear in the Quran and the Hadith. Recognition of the essence of spiritual health indicates healthy individuals and healthy societies. Imamate – leadership in Shia Islam – is the right path to Hayat-e Tayiba (i.e., noble life) and to thorough, individual, domestic and public health. Conclusion: The Islamic Republic has aimed to make an all-encompassing material and spiritual health for both individuals and societies. Understanding the indices of a healthy person necessitates the proper understanding of a healthy society's guidelines and health promotion. The Islamic Republic of Iran's nursing and medical system should seriously pay attention to the comprehensive meaning and philosophy in Islamic teachings in order to increase the health rate throughout the country.


In this current era of expected increases in student achievement, it is necessary to identify and strengthen factors that contribute to student academic success. This study explored the concepts of collective efficacy, teacher hope, and their correlation to grade level in a selected K-12 setting. The research focused on identifying if a correlation exists between school level collective efficacy and individual teacher's levels of hope. In researching the levels of collective efficacy and levels of hope it was also determined if the levels increase or wane as the grade level increases. At the very core of the study are two emotion-laden aspects of collective efficacy and hope. Upon reading the literature pertaining to both collective efficacy and hope it becomes clear that they both aid in increasing student achievement. Although collective efficacy and hope help to raise student achievement, policy makers are making it more difficult for these two aspects to be fostered in schools. Federally mandated legislation can be successful if its' cognitively-driven measures are combined with collective efficacy and hope to raise student achievement. There have been numerous studies that target student achievement. Why this study is timely pertains directly to the largest intrusion into public schooling by the federal government in its history. The fact the government is mandating an increase in student achievement is not the problem. The problem lies with the process that the government has undertaken. Although this study is not intended to debate No Child Left Behind, it does take direct aim at the processes behind the legislation.


Over 62 percent of the 193,000 metric tons of gold discovered to date is located in four countries and more than 68 percent occurs in four types of mineral deposits. About 55 percent of the 1,740,000 metric tons of silver found is in four countries and 45 percent is in four types of deposits. Fifty-six percent of the 1.52 billion metric tons of discovered copper is from four countries and four types of deposits contain 88 percent of the total. Over 50 percent of both the 713,000,000 metric tons of zinc and 349,000,000 metric tons of lead discovered to date come from four countries and 70 percent of both metals occur in four types of deposits. All discovered gold would fit in a cube with a height of 22 m, silver in a 55-m cube, copper in a 550-m cube, zinc in a 460-m cube, and lead in a 310-m cube. At least 74 percent of gold, silver, zinc, and lead is in deposits having average grades above the respective median grades and 44 percent of copper is in deposits with average grades above the median grade of all deposits. Lower grade deposits contain less total metal than higher grade deposits. Tonnage of mineralized rock is an even better predictor of contained metal with over 96 percent of each metal's total residing in deposits having greater than median size and between 47 and 79 percent of metal contained in the largest 10 percent of deposits. World class deposits, defined as the upper 10 percent of deposits in terms of contained metal, account for over 86 percent of all gold, 79 percent of silver, 84 percent of copper, 71 percent of zinc, and 73 percent of lead. These giant deposits contain at least 100 metric tons (3.2 Moz) gold, 2,400 metric tons (77 Moz) silver, 2 million metric tons copper, 1.7 million metric tons zinc, or 1 million metric tons lead. Mineral deposits occur rarely in the earth's crust and large ones are especially uncommon. This analysis shows that only the unusually large deposits can significantly affect supply.


Objective The treatment of diarrheal diseases is a serious problem in developing countries, where population generally uses medicinal plants. The leaves of Bixa orellana have been reported to be traditionally used in the treatment of diarrhea by local people in the district of Khulna in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. Methods The powder of the leaves of Bixa orellana was macerated in ethanol/water mixture (20/80) for 48 hours and then filtered. The filtrate obtained was lyophilized, and the solutions to be administered to the animals were prepared. To induce diarrhea, animals orally received castor oil (1 mL/100 g bw). To determine the effective doses, each mouse received, 30 minutes after the administration of castor oil, one of the single oral doses of hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves: 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw. The mass, number, and frequency of stool diarrhea were measured and recorded per hour for five hours. The effect of the hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves on the intestinal transit was evaluated by measuring the distance traveled by the charcoal meal in thirty minutes. The effects of the aqueous extract of hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves on intestinal secretion were evaluated by measuring the volume of the intestinal content and by dosing the electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl−) in the intestinal content by the colorimetric method. Results The extract produced significant (P < 0.01) decreases, respectively, 35.52%, 54.47%, 74.80%, and 87.80% in the severity of diarrhea. The extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg bw showed a significant (P < 0.01) decrease of castor oil-induced enteropooling (61.08% and 65.41%), and only the 200 mg/kg bw exhibited significant (P < 0.01) reduction on intestinal transit (24.46%) as compared to standard drug. Conclusions The hydroethanolic extract was found to be effective against castor oil-induced diarrhea in experimental mice at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw which provides evidence that could justify its traditional use.


A series of regionally correlatable unconformity bounded sequences has been identified within the Paleocene interval of the West of Shetland area. These sequences contain a succession of sandstones deposited in deep-water environments within the Early to 'mid' Paleocene (Danian to early Thanetian) with a gradual shallowing upwards to shelf and deltaic deposits in the Late Paleocene. Reservoir properties of these sandstones vary widely, with porosities ranging from >30% to below 10%, and permeabilities from >2D to 20%) and permeabilities (10–100 mD) at below 3 km burial depth. This preservation of reservoir quality is due in part to depositional facies, but mineralogical/diagenetic variability has also allowed the preservation of porosity and permeability. In particular, the presence of grain rimming chlorite in these sandstones is fundamental in preserving porosity. Log and core analyses of these sandstones has shown that interpretation of reservoir potential and fluid saturations is not straightforward. The effect of diagenetic minerals on log responses and in particular the salinity of formation waters (both in water- and hydrocarbon-bearing zones) were poorly known at the start of the study, and had to be accurately quantified. The integration of all available data, including intensive study of core material, allowed the definition of these effects and thus allowed the adequate modelling of hydrocarbon saturations.


Abstract This study explores the feasibility of a novel telehealth system for stroke rehabilitation in a rural area in Sweden. It addresses two major problems of home-based rehabilitation: training motivation and frequent meetings. Three stroke subjects were equipped with 3D computer games workbenches, and were instructed to play with the hemiplegic upper extremity. On-line coaching meetings were performed using bidirectional audiovisual communication. The intervention led to clinical changes for all subjects. On-line coaching is promising, but not yet as effective as desired. However, a distance based approach using 3D games for upper extremity rehabilitation after stroke is feasible.


Mass customisation (MC) refers to the provision of customised products while striving to maintain the efficiencies of mass-production. Such concept has emerged in the manufacturing sector but can also be deployed by the construction industry to add more value to products. This paper analysis the customisation strategies developed by four organisations of the house-building sector using a conceptual framework. Such organisations have differences in terms of the scale of the product provided, the amount of years they have been operating, and the stage in the product development process that they are at. Two organisations are located in Brazil and the other two are located in the UK. This paper aims to explore how customisation strategies based on the MC approach can be pursued under different organisational contexts. An underlying proposition of this paper is that MC can add value to housing products and that it can be adapted and tailored to be used in different organisational contexts. The case studies with the four organisations aim to illustrate that. Such studies also provide an initial step in exploring how MC can be tailored to particular organisational contexts within the construction industry.


Faced with scarce employment opportunities in Paris, a number of the women who migrate from northern China to earn money and counter the effects of a status fall in their native country start looking for alternative solutions. Some turn to prostitution, while others try to find a Chinese intimate partner or a French husband. The article discusses the strategies open to these women for accomplishing the goals they set for themselves in migrating. It examines a heterogeneous set of sexual-economic exchanges that reveal the porosity of the boundary between prostitution and other intimate relationships and suggest that marriage and prostitution may be seen as the endpoints of a continuum, two different ways of making a sexual-economic "arrangement." In the precarious socio-economic situation these women migrants find themselves in once in Paris, sex and emotion-based relations become a genuine resource.


In organic electro-optic (EO) materials, strong dipole–dipole interactions hinder the highly efficient poling of nonlinear optical chromophores. Supramolecular self-assembly through π–π stacking of fluoroaromatics was proved to be one of the most effective strategies to simultaneously achieve high chromophore loading density and highly efficient poling. Herein, we demonstrated a new strategy of supramolecular homodimerization to self-assemble EO dendritic films, in which two dendritic units with semifluorinated dipolar 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene (TFB) moieties were attached to the donor end and the π-bridge centre of push–pull tetraene chromophores. In these new dendrimers, the use of monolithic and semifluorinated TFB rings to replace the heterodimers of phenyl and pentafluorophenyl moieties has greatly simplified the synthesis of dendrimers and their intermixing, and can further potentially enable more efficient and rapid intermixing of interacting moieties in the solid states than those in binary and ternary systems. Photophysical property analysis and DFT calculations were carried out to understand the macroscopic supramolecular self-assembly and microscopic polarizability of new TFB-based EO dendrimers. The poled films of these self-assembled dendritic EO films exhibited very large EO coefficients up to 248 pm V−1 at a wavelength of 1310 nm and excellent temporal stability at room temperature with a very minimal change of ∼5% for over 1000 hours. Our study therefore illustrates that homodimer stacking of TFB rings through dipole–dipole coupling provides stabilization energy similar to that of quadrupolar interaction of phenyl and pentafluorophenyl heterodimeric pairs. Due to the highly efficient poling and excellent temporal EO stability, TFB self-assembled EO dendrimers show great potential for application in photonic devices.


Firm insiders a manager and a board face moral hazard in relation to their outside shareholders in a repeated game with asymmetric information and stochastic market outcomes. The manager determines whether or not outsiders are cheated; the board, whose objectives differ from those of outside shareholders, attempts to control the manager through compensation contracts and dismissal threats Since compensation determines the managers incentive to cheat, firms competing for outside capital publicly announce their managerial contracts. However, secret renegotiation between firm and manager is still possible : so outsiders guard against being cheated by limiting their total stake in any firm. This imposes a credibility constraint on firm size, providing a rationale for the shape of long-run cost curves. Given this limit on outside funds, the minimum size requirement for enterprises to become operational and the ability to pay managers enough to ensure honesty both set a floor to the personal wealth required to enter entrepreneurship. Thus, we endogenize entry into industry, establish a unique equilibrium for any distribution of wealth, and characterize different equilibria. We also explain features of poor countries like dominance of family firms, moral hazard induced vicious circles that retard industrialization and the stimulus that inequality may provide to industrial development.


The volume, value and distribution of the nontimber forest product (NTFP) trade in the United States are largely unknown. This is due to the lack of systematic, periodic and comprehensive market tracking programs. Trade measurement and mapping would allow market actors and stakeholders to improve market conditions, manage NTFP resources, and increase the sustainable production of raw material. This is especially true in the heavily forested and mountainous regions of the eastern United States. This study hypothesized that the tendency to purchase medicinal NTFPs in this region can be predicted using socioeconomic and environmental variables associated with habitat and trade, and those same variables can be used to build more robust estimates of trade volume. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) dealers were surveyed (n = 700), because by law they must acquire a license to legally trade in this species, and therefore report a business address. They also record purchase data. Similar data are not reported for other medicinal species sold to the same buyers, known colloquially as 'off-roots'. Ginseng buyers were queried about trade activity in eleven commonly-harvested and previously untracked medicinal NTFP species in 15 states. Multinomial logistic regression comprised of socioeconomic and environmental predictors tied to business location was used to determine the probability that a respondent purchased off-roots. Significant predictors included location in a particular subregion, population and percentage of employment in related industries. These variables were used in a two-step cluster analysis to group respondents and nonrespondents. Modeled probabilities for off-root purchasing among respondents in each cluster were used to impute average off-root volumes for a proportion of nonrespondents in the same cluster. Respondent observations and nonrespondent estimations were summed and used to map off-root trade volume and value. Model functionality and estimates of the total volume, value and spatial distribution are discussed. The total value of the species surveyed to harvesters was 4.3 million USD. We also find that 77 percent of the trade value and 73 percent of the trade volume were represented by two species: black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canqdensis L.)


Involvement of fronto‐parietal structures within the right hemisphere in bodily self recognition has gained convergent support from behavioural, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies. Increases in corticospinal excitability via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) also testify to right hemisphere self‐related processing. However, evidence for self‐dependent modulations of motor excitability is limited to the processing of face‐related information that, by definition, conveys someone's identity. Here we tested the hypothesis that vision of one's own hand, as compared with vision of somebody else's hand, would also engage specific self‐hand processing in the right hemisphere. Healthy participants were submitted to a classic TMS paradigm to assess changes in corticospinal excitability of the right (Experiment 1) and left (Experiment 2) motor cortex, while viewing pictures of a (contralateral) still hand, which could either be their own (Self) or not (Other). As a control for body selectivity, subjects were also presented with pictures of a hand‐related, but non‐corporeal object, i.e. a mobile phone, which could similarly be their own or not. Results showed a selective right hemisphere increase in corticospinal excitability with self‐hand and self‐phone stimuli with respect to Other stimuli. Such a Self vs. Other modulation of primary motor cortex appeared at 600 ms and was maintained at 900 ms, but was not present at earlier timings (100 and 300 ms) and was completely absent following stimulation of the left hemisphere. A similar pattern observed for self‐hand and self‐phone stimuli suggests that owned hands and objects may undergo similar self‐processing, possibly via a different cortical network from that responsible for self‐face processing.


Title of Document: INDIAN MUSLIM WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERNIZATION, RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION AND DISADVANTAGE, AND THE RISE OF HINDU FUNDAMENTALISM AND MUSLIM IDENTITY POLITICS Sonya Rastogi, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Directed By: Associate Professor, Sonalde Desai, Department of Sociology Research on Muslim women in India has increased in recent years, but remains sparse. The few existing studies rarely examine the interplay of religion and gender on Muslim women, nor do they investigate the historical influences shaping Muslim women's lives. Using the National Sample Survey (NSS), this dissertation seeks to make a unique contribution to the literature by examining Muslim women's educational enrollment and wage employment in the context of three historical forces: modernization, religious discrimination and disadvantage, and the rise of Hindu fundamentalism and Muslim identity politics. We find that modernization has played an important role in increasing school enrollment for children ages 12 to 15. Modernizing forces have also influenced employment in India, modestly increasing wage employment. While Muslims have benefited from modernizing forces, they continue to face discrimination and disadvantage in the educational system and labor market; therefore they have lower levels of school enrollment and slightly lower engagement in wage employment compared to non-scheduled caste Hindus. There is also evidence that the rise of Hindu fundamentalism has had a negative impact on Muslim enrollment and wage employment over time, however these effects appear greater for Muslim enrollment compared to Muslim wage employment. Evidence suggests that enrollment for Muslims above the poverty line may have been more affected by Hindu fundamentalism relative to poorer Muslims from 1983 to 1987; however, wealthier and poorer Muslims appear similarly affected by Hindu fundamentalism after 1987. Contrary to expectations, results suggest that poorer Muslim's wage employment is more affected by the rise of Hindu fundamentalism relative to wealthier Muslims. As expected, the interplay of religion and gender has affected Muslim women's enrollment and wage employment. Specifically, they experience lower levels of enrollment and wage employment compared to Muslim men and Hindu men and women. Muslim women have been further affected by the rise of Hindu fundamentalism and Muslim identity politics in both enrollment and wage employment. However, it appears that these factors have been relatively more detrimental to Muslim women's wage employment compared to their enrollment. INDIAN MUSLIM WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERNIZATION, RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION AND DISADVANTAGE, AND THE RISE OF HINDU FUNDAMENTALISM AND MUSLIM IDENTITY POLITICS


This article suggests that in most semi-democracies, the same solution might not be that favourable to minorities. Many semi-democratic countries either restrict party competition or limit parties of ethnic minorities, including: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Cameron, Equatorial Guinea, Tanzania, Gabon, Kenya, Mauritania, and Congo (Brazzaville). This article highlights the impact of the electoral system and the importance of political plurality and electoral district design in such contexts. The article argues that the interests of minorities are best protected if they can elect their representatives in small, ethnically homogeneous electoral districts. Plurality or majority voting systems offer minorities the possibility to run with independent candidates. The case study in this article elections to municipal councils in Georgia in 2006 under a mixed electoral system seem to reflect the hypothesized pattern.


In this paper, we provide some insight into the us- age of fast, iterative, method-of-moments (MoM) solution of integral equations (IE) describing antennas and other metal- lic structures immersed in a planar multilayered environ- ment. Based on the form of multilayered media Green's functions, we extract free-space terms, associated with direct rays within the analyzed structure, reducing the number of significant interactions required to describe the rest of MoM matrix. Next, we show that it is possible to construct a hybrid algorithm, where the fast multipole method (FMM) is used to thefree-spacematrixpart,whilethereducedrankincomplete QR (iQR) decomposition is applied to the remaining portion of the MoM matrix. This HM-iQR (hybrid multipole - incomplete QR) method is applied to a relatively large (in terms o f the number of un- knowns) problem of plane wave scattering by a finite array of rectangular microstrip patches printed on a grounded di- electric slab. Computation results from the new algorithm are compared to literature data and to the results of the pure low rank IE-QR method.


This thesis is concerned with the development of efficient concrete recycling technology. Concrete is the most used manufactured material on the planet and as a consequence uses more natural resources than any other industry and is responsible for 7% of the world's carbon dioxide production, 50% of that originating from the decarbonisation of limestone. Given the magnitude of materials used and the waste produced the recycling of concrete would be a major environmental boon and should be made a priority. The main obstacle to the development and implementation of a concrete recycling process is the necessity of separating concrete components, aggregate and cement paste before recycling. Microwave heating stands as an ideal candidate due to its capacity to selectively heat different phases in a multiphase material, thus producing phase boundary fracture and increasing the liberation of the component phases. The effects of microwave heating on concrete samples were investigated with the intent of concluding on the possibility of deriving a microwave-based recycling process for concrete. The effects were measured using standard macroscopic techniques and found a strong correlation between heating, increased porosity and decreased mechanical strength for concrete. In order to better understand the changes measured at the macroscopic scale, a dedicated image analysis technique was developed using electron microscopy to investigate local microscopic changes in concrete texture. Local investigation of the changes of heat treated concrete identified the presence of fracture porosity, which has significant explanatory power for observed changes in concrete properties most relevant to recycling. Textural analysis of concrete subjected to microwave heating showed the growth of two different networks of fractures throughout the cement paste matrix, whose development is associated with the microwave settings. These textural fracture properties correspond directly to the observed changes in mechanical properties as well as the observed liberation of aggregate particles. Textural analysis shows that phase boundary fracture growth occurs rapidly in the early stages of microwave treatment and that the absolute value of textural liberation is significantly higher than that of physical liberation. This highlights the importance of choosing an appropriate comminution method to make efficient use of phase boundary fracture. Moreover, the work established causal relationships between variations in fracture porosity and changes in properties of concrete most relevant to recycling, revealing the possibility of designing a concrete waste beneficiation process through manipulating concrete texture. Since microwave heating was found to be able to manipulate the form taken by the fracture porosity, this work concludes that microwave heating of concrete is a promising technology for designing a concrete recycling scheme. Moreover, through demonstration of causal links between textural properties and processing performance criteria, this work opens the possibility of an alternative approach for analysing and designing comminution process for minerals.


Vision transformer (ViT) has recently shown its strong capability in achieving comparable results to convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on image classification. However, vanilla ViT simply inherits the same architecture from the natural language processing directly, which is often not optimized for vision applications. Motivated by this, in this paper, we propose a new architecture that adopts the pyramid structure and employ a novel regional-to-local attention rather than global self-attention in vision transformers. More specifically, our model first generates regional tokens and local tokens from an image with different patch sizes, where each regional token is associated with a set of local tokens based on the spatial location. The regional-to-local attention includes two steps: first, the regional self-attention extract global information among all regional tokens and then the local self-attention exchanges the information among one regional token and the associated local tokens via self-attention. Therefore, even though local self-attention confines the scope in a local region but it can still receive global information. Extensive experiments on four vision tasks, including image classification, object and keypoint detection, semantics segmentation and action recognition, show that our approach outperforms or is on par with state-of-the-art ViT variants including many concurrent works. Our source codes and models are available at https://github.com/ibm/regionvit.


A feeding trial was conducted in 2008 by the American Soybean Association International Marketing (ASA-IM) program in cooperation with the Beijing Municipal Fishery Extension Center to demonstrate the feasibility of replacing fishmeal with soy protein concentrate (SPC) in the ASA-IM 36/7 fingerling feed for tilapia. The trial was conducted to demonstrate to fish farmers and feed millers in southern China that an allplant protein fingerling feed would yield equivalent tilapia production and performance as a high fishmeal inclusion feed. The ability to use all-plant protein feeds at the fingerling stage provides feed millers with an option to formulate without fishmeal, which is limited in availability, as well as a means to improve industry sustainability by providing a fingerling feed in which the majority of protein is supplied from renewable plant sources.


Urinary anastomotic complications following renal transplantation cause significant patient morbidity. In ureteric reconstruction, different techniques are used to reduce complications (such as leakage or obstruction). In this study, we suggested two aspects of management of the complications of ureteral anastamosis: ureteral spatulation more than 10 mm for prevention and percutaneous nephrostomy and balloon dilatation as the first steps of treatment. A sequential double-blind random trial with 170 kidney transplant recipients was performed, dividing the patients into two groups: group 1 patients had ureteral spatulation length ≤ 10 mm (70 recipients) and group 2 patients had ureteral spatulation ≥ 10 mm (100 recipients). In patients with ureteral stenosis, percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) and balloon dilatation were used as the first step of treatment. The mean age was 44 ± 4.2 years. Before and after removing the double J stent, ureteral complications that needed surgical intervention occurred in 16/70 recipients in group 1 (20.3%) and in eight/100 recipients in group 2 (8%). There is a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). PCN and balloon dilatation were performed in 24 patients with ureteral stenosis. Eleven patients had a good response and 13 patients underwent surgical procedures (in four of theses patients, ileal interposition was used for repairing the ureteral defects). In conclusion, ureteral spatulation more than 10 mm in prevention of ureteral stenosis and use of PCN and balloon dilatation in the first step of treatment of ureteral obstruction should be the management choice for these patients.


Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru once said: "If you educate a man you educate an individual, however, if you educate a woman you educate a whole family. Women empowered means mother India empowered". When women who contribute almost half of the population are empowered it will strengthen the national economy. Education is considered as a milestone for women empowerment because it enables them to respond to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their lives. Increasing access to education notwithstanding, gender discrimination still persists in India and lot more needs to be done in the field of women's education in India. Women have so much unexplored potential which has never been tapped. As education is both an input and input of human development, educational equity will ensure enabling and entrepreneurial development. Today, the female literacy levels according to the Literacy Rate 2011 census are 65.46% where the male literacy rate is over 80%. Even beyond literacy there is much that education can do for women's rights, dignity and security. Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom for development. Eileen Malone Beach sees education, health care, and income as a blessed trinity because they are so closely related. This paper discusses the impact of education on empowerment of women as well as the challenges and changes that we must have to deal with during the process. We call for a renewed emphasis on relevant, quality and holistic education to ensure the desired results.


The genomic diversity of maize is reflected by a large number of SNPs and substantial structural variation. Here, we report the de novo assembly of two European Flint maize lines to remedy the scarcity of sequence resources for the Flint pool. EP1 and F7 are important founder lines of European hybrid breeding programs. The lines were sequenced on an Illumina platform at 320X and 225X coverage. Using NRGene´s DeNovoMAGIC 2.0 technology, pseudochromosomes were assembled encompassing a total of 2,463 Mb for EP1 and 2,405 Mb for F7. Structural and functional annotation of the two genomes is currently in progress. The two high-quality de novo assemblies complement the existing maize pan-genome and will pave the way for future functional and comparative studies.


This document presents the object-oriented information model for representing policy information developed jointly in the IETF Policy Framework WG and as extensions to the Common Information Model (CIM) activity in the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF). This model defines two hierarchies of object classes: structural classes representing policy information and control of policies, and association classes that indicate how instances of the structural classes are related to each other. Subsequent documents will define mappings of this information model to various concrete implementations, for example, to a directory that uses LDAPv3 as its access protocol.


The release of Loretta Lynn"s 2004 album Van Leer Rose welcomed back after 33 years one of the premier feminist voices in recorded music. The songs that Loretta wrote in 60s and early 70s were some of the most controversial and politically charged to hit the airwaves. They encompassed a microcosm of issues that rural women were facing including the changing sexual roles of women, ideas on marriage, the ravages of war and substance abuse. This textual analysis looks at the 94 songs that Loretta wrote and co-wrote between the years 1960 to 1972 (the year which she stopped writing), as well as the music of Van Leer Rose. By looking at Lynn"s writing, we begin to understand the viewpoints of this trailblazing artist and how she reflected her life and the social times in her music. It is a testament to her that these works remain as timely and as politically charged today as they did 40 years ago.


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Obstetrics & Gynaecology Forum - 6
Elective caesarean section on request -
the scientific evidence is lacking
Caesarean section is a vital tool in modern obstetrics. It can
be a life-saving procedure when performed for indications such
as placenta praevia, abruptio placentae, fetal distress or transverse
lie. However, these are relatively rare complications of
pregnancy and the WHO previously stated that there were no
added advantages if the caesarean section rate increased above
10% in low risk populations and 15% in high risk populations.
1 Although these recommendations were based on the
caesarean section rates in countries ..


Abstract Previous studies have shown that the impacts of climate change on the hydrologic response of the Skagit River are likely to be substantial under natural (i.e. unregulated) conditions. To assess the combined effects of changing natural flow and dam operations that determine impacts to regulated flow, a new integrated daily-time-step reservoir operations model was constructed for the Skagit River Basin. The model was used to simulate current reservoir operating policies for historical flow conditions and for projected flows for the 2040s (2030–2059) and 2080s (2070–2099). The results show that climate change is likely to cause substantial seasonal changes in both natural and regulated flow, with more flow in the winter and spring, and less in summer. Hydropower generation in the basin follows these trends, increasing (+ 19%) in the winter/ spring, and decreasing (- 29%) in the summer by the 2080s. The regulated 100-year flood is projected to increase by 23% by the 2040s and 49% by the 2080s. Peak winter sediment loading in December is projected to increase by 335% by the 2080s in response to increasing winter flows, and average annual sediment loading increases from 2.3 to 5.8 teragrams (+ 149%) per year by the 2080s. Regulated extreme low flows (7Q10) are projected to decrease by about 30% by the 2080s, but remain well above natural low flows. Both current and proposed alternative flood control operations are shown to be largely ineffective in mitigating increasing flood risks in the lower Skagit due to the distribution of flow in the basin during floods.


We explore the effects of earthquake frequency and sedimentation rate on submarine slope stability by extracting correlations between morphological and geological parameters in 10 continental margins. Slope stability increases with increasing frequency of earthquakes and decreasing sedimentation rate. This increase in stability is nonlinear (power law with b < 0.5), accelerating with decreasing interseismic sediment accumulation. The correlation is interpreted as evidence for sediment densification and associated shear strength gain induced by repeated seismic shaking. Outliers to this correlation likely identify margins where tectonic activity leads to relatively rapid oversteepening of the slope.


Our teaching of narrative inquiry, shaped by a conceptualization of narrative inquiry grounded in a Deweyan theory of experience, works from a view of experience as embodied, always in motion, and shaped and reshaped by continuous interaction among personal, social, institutional and cultural environments. Given this experiential grounding, narrative inquiry is much more than telling or analyzing stories. Our focus is on learning to think narratively, that is, on learning to think with stories. Learning to think with stories highlights the relational, multiperspectival processes in which participants and narrative inquirers inquire into their lived and told stories attentive to the dimensions of temporality, sociality and place and with a focus on retelling and reliving lived and told stories in more thoughtful and responsive ways in the future. Through a series of storied moments, we show ways in which we intentionally create small responsive communities of sustained conversation enabling students to tell aspects of their lives through engaging in diverse narrative inquiry activities. We then illuminate the transformational power of response as lives meet within the three-dimensional narrative inquiry space and each teller is supported in retelling his/her stories in more attentive ways. As students learn to attend to their experiences in narrative ways each teller awakens to new ways of knowing and becoming a narrative inquirer.


Objective: To assess the effect of duloxetine and escitalopram on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced memory impairment in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were used. Group-I (control) and Group-II (toxic control) received 2% gum acacia, 10 mL/kg and AlCl3, 175 mg/kg, respectively. Group-III (standard), Group-IV, and Group-V (test drug groups) received rivastigmine (1 mg/kg), duloxetine (10 mg/kg), and escitalopram (10 mg/kg), respectively, along with AlCl3, 175 mg/kg. All drugs and AlCl3 were administered orally daily for 2 months. The effect on cognition was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM). Brain acetylcholinesterase levels, oxidative stress parameters, and histology of the hippocampus were also evaluated. Results: Rats treated with only AlCl3 showed significant (P < 0.001) increase in latency during acquisition trials of day-3 and day-4 and decrease in percentage of both time spent and distance traveled in target zone during probe trial in MWM. Malondialdehyde was increased and glutathione decreased in the brain. Histopathology of the hippocampus showed unhealthy cellular architecture with a large number of degenerated cells. All these changes were significantly reversed in rivastigmine and test drug groups. Chronic administration of AlCl3 resulted in lowering of brain cholinesterase levels (P < 0.001) versus control. Cholinesterase levels were further significantly (P < 0.05) lowered in rats who received AlCl3 along with either rivastigmine or escitalopram. Conclusion: Escitalopram and duloxetine exerted a protective effect against AlCl3-induced memory impairment in rats.


A contact language called Broken Slavey or Slavey Jargon flourished among the Gwich'in in the nineteenth century. Slavey Jargon absorbed elements of at least five source languages: French, Gwich'in, South Slavey (Dene-Tha'), Chipewyan, and English. Analyzing historical sources and recorded ethnographic texts from fluent speakers of Gwich'in, I offer an explanation of how the lexicon and grammar of this kaleidoscopic language converged regionally in the small subarctic communities of Fort McPherson, La Pierre's House, and Fort Yukon. I also conclude that there is no internal textual evidence that Slavey Jargon was used as a trading pidgin. The polyglot form of most Slavey Jargon texts represents a curious inseam of linguistic democracy, suggesting that a measure of social equality was negotiated between the speakers of its diverse component tongues.


The rise of mobile phones has brought about a new era of technological attachment as an increasing number of people rely on their personal mobile devices to conduct their daily activities. Due to the ubiquitous nature of mobile phones, the impact of these devices on human behavior, interaction, and cognition has become a widely studied topic.The Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior is an authoritative source for scholarly research on the use of mobile phones and how these devices are revolutionizing the way individuals learn, work, and interact with one another. Featuring exhaustive coverage on a variety of topics relating to mobile phone use, behavior, and the impact of mobile devices on society and human interaction, this multi-volume encyclopedia is an essential reference source for students, researchers, IT specialists, and professionals seeking current research on the use and impact of mobile technologies on contemporary culture.


This special issue of Computacion y Sistemaspresents a selection of papers on natural language processing and computational linguistics, along with two regular papers. Natural language processing is an area of artificial intelligence and its applications devoted to analysis and generation of data streams involved in human communication using language, such as English or Spanish, typically in the form of text or speech, as well as, in multimodal setting, associated facial expressions and body language. It embraces natural language processing and computational linguistics in a wider context of their real-life applications in a wide range of disciplines.


Tomato fruits are sensitive to handling and its quality is determined by the crop system and the post-harvest conservation practices. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of high dilution preparations in the post-harvest attributes of tomato fruits. The research consisted of one field experiment in the 2009/2010 crop cycle and laboratory assay in post-harvest. The high dilution preparations studied under field conditions were nosodes of tomato plant and Solanum aculeatissimum at 12 and 24DH (decimal hahnemanian dilutions) and the homeopathies Arnica montana and Sulphur at 12 and 24DH. In the post-harvest treatments, Calcarea carbonica was evaluated at 6, 12, and 24CH (centesimal hahnemanian dilution) fruits being deaped into the respective treatment. The nosode of S. aculeatissimum at 12 and 24DH increased the total content of soluble solids (Brix degree) which attribute enhances the flavor and quality for industrialization. Calcarea carbonica treatment in post-harvest did not interfere on the chemical and physical attributes of tomato fruits, although Calcarea carbonica 24CH delayed the fruit softening.


Mineral carbonation used for CO2 sequestration faces three main challenges: increasing the overall carbonation rate, handle large amounts of feedstock and products, and developing a practical process with commercially acceptable energy consumption. High intensity milling, also called mechanical activation, has been found to increase the extraction rate of metals in the metallurgical industry. The focus of this PhD study has been the use of mechanical activation as a pre-treatment method within mineral carbonation as applied to CO2 sequestration. Olivine was chosen due to the availability of this mineral in Norway. Experiments were conducted to determine how mechanical activation changed the specific surface area, particle size distribution and the crystallinity; and to explore how milling conditions and material characteristics were correlated with increased dissolution rates and increased extent of carbonation. A planetary mill was used in all experiments in addition to a laboratory ball mill, a pilot scale Hicom mill and a pilot scale Szegvari attritor when mechanical activation was evaluated for implementation within mineral carbonation. Finally the energy consumption during milling was evaluated in the context of CO2 sequestration. Over 60 olivine samples were prepared by milling including duplicates. Two dissolution experiments were performed, one at room conditions with 0.01 M HCl and one at 128 °C and 150 bar of CO2. The specific dissolution rates of mechanically activated samples increased up to three orders of magnitude compared to an unactivated reference sample. Crystallinity as calculated from X-ray diffractograms was the material parameter with the best correlation with the measured dissolution rates. Specific surface area was only correlated to dissolution rates for samples with relatively high crystallinity. The particle size distribution was not correlated with the measured dissolution rates. Neither the dissolution rates nor the material characteristics were directly correlated with the extent of carbonation observed in the direct carbonation experiments at 185 °C and 115 bar of CO2. The dissolution rates and crystallinity were partially correlated with the extent of carbonation obtained in the direct IV carbonation experiments performed at 128 °C and 150 bar of CO2. The interpretation was that in the 185 °C and 115 bar experiments, the extent of carbonation was mainly limited by precipitation kinetics of magnesite and silica, and was probably not limited by either the dissolution rate or olivine material properties. The recognition of the importance of magnesite precipitation kinetics as an important factor of direct olivine carbonation has implications for the choice of pre-treatment methods and the design of the carbonation process used for CO2 sequestration. To optimize the direct carbonation reaction the dissolution rate can only be increased to a certain level. Then the magnesite precipitation rate has to be increased by manipulating the saturation indices, the reaction conditions and the precipitation mechanisms. At conditions where the precipitation kinetics are important, the least energy consuming milling alternative can be used since the additional energy does not contribute to the carbonation rate. The ball mill was shown to be a good option. To take advantage of the observed increase in the dissolution rates, the carbonation process can be divided into two or more steps in an indirect carbonation process. The first step is dissolution and the second, and possibly subsequent steps, are precipitation of secondary minerals. Dividing dissolution and precipitation into two process steps introduces increased requirements for equipment, and the optimization of mass flows and saturation indices has to take into account unwanted precipitation and equilibrium restrictions. Indirect carbonation using mechanically activated samples with a high dissolution rate can be a viable option within CO2 sequestration, but the challenges of precipitation kinetics and energy consumption have yet to be solved.


Types of xylem histology in vines, rather than types of cambial activity and xylem conformation, form the focus of this survey. Scandent plants are high in conductive capability, but therefore have highly vulnerable hydrosystems; this survey attempts to see what kinds of adaptations exist for safety and in which taxa. A review of scandent dicotyledons reveals that a high proportion possesses vasicentric tracheids (22 families) or true tracheids (24 families); the majority of scandent families falls in these categories. Other features for which listings are given include vascular tracheids, fibriform vessel elements, helical sculpture in vessels, starch-rich parenchyma adjacent to vessels, and other parenchyma distributions. The high vulnerability of wide vessels is held to be countered by various mechanisms. True tracheids and vasicentric tracheids potentially safeguard the hydrosystem by serving when large vessels are embolized. Many vines and lianas have many narrow vessel elements (often fibriform vessel elements) in addition to wide vessel elements. The narrow vessel elements are held to increase safety. In comparing scandent with nonscandent genera within a family, one finds in some cases that tracheids occur in the scandent species, whereas fiber-tracheids or libriform fibers occur in the nonscandent ones. The same is true of vasicentric tracheids in vining species as compared to nonvining relatives; vasicentric tracheids are so abundant in some families (Passifloraceae) that libriform fibers have been lost partially or wholly. New familial records for presence of vasicentric tracheids include Cucurbitaceae and Polygonaceae, and new generic records include Antigonon, Lycopersicon, and Mandevilla. Various xylem features suggest presence of auxiliary conductive capabilities when main vessels fail. Parenchyma distributions in vines, especially those in which parenchyma surrounds fiber-sheathed vessels, may offer mechanical flexibility in vines, just as presence of wide rays does. However, starch-rich axial parenchyma adjacent to vessels may provide not merely a means of storing to facilitate growth events but, additionally, a way in which hydrolysis of starch could result in movement of sugar into vessels, permitting osmotic entry of water into given areas. Adaptations which seem to lend safety to the hydrosystem are much less in vines and lianas of perpetually moist tropical regions than they are in taxa subject to periods of drought or frost.


The question addressed in this study is: Does involvement in garden based learning positively impact the food choices of second grade students? This study was conducted in a suburban elementary school in Western New York State. Two-second grade classrooms participated for a total of 34 students. Students were divided into groups of gardening (G) and non-gardening (NG) students. Taste tests were administered to students in the G group to determine vegetable preference; this method was modeled after a study conducted by Birch and Sullivan (1991). The food choices of students in both groups were monitored during lunch periods using a method modeled after Swanson's (2008) study. Still digital photographs of students' lunch trays were taken before and after eating. Using the photographs a score was calculated relating to established food categories for each lunch. The results of the study indicate that garden based learning alone -did not appear to have an influence on student's food choice. Additional findings also indicated that students in both the G and NG groups consumed large amounts of food with little or no nutritional value during the school lunch period. The data in this study shows that students generally lacked options of healthy choices in both home and cafeteria lunches; therefore they were often unable to choose items of high nutritional value.


In booms, households substitute luxuries for necessities, e.g., food away from home for food at home. Ignoring this cyclical pattern of composition changes in the consumption basket makes the labor-market wedge- a measure of inefficiency that reflects the gap between the marginal rate of substitution and the real wage- appear to be more volatile than it actually is. Based on the household expenditure pattern across 10 consumption categories in the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we show that taking into account these composition changes can explain 6-15% of the cyclicality in the measured labor-market wedge.


Abstract When a concrete structure is exposed to fire and cooling, some deterioration in its chemical resistivity and mechanical properties takes place. This deterioration can reach a level at which the structure may have to be thoroughly renovated or completely replaced. In this investigation, four types of cement mortars, ground clay bricks (GCB)/sand namely 0/3, 1/2, 2/1 and 3/0, were used. Three different cement contents were used: 350, 400 and 450 kg/m3. All the mortars were prepared and cured in tap water for 3 months and then kept in laboratory atmospheric conditions up to 6 months. The specimens were subjected to elevated temperatures up to 700°C for 3h and then cooled by three different conditions: water, furnace, and air cooling. The results show that all the mortars subjected to fire, irrespective of cooling mode, suffered a significant reduction in compressive strength. However, the mortars cooled in air exhibited a relativity higher reduction in compressive strength rather than those water or furnace cooled. The mortars containing GCB/sand (3/0) and GCB/sand (1/2) exhibited a relatively higher thermal stability than the others.


The massive use of synthetic, petroleum-based polymeric composites has disturbed the fragile environmental equilibrium of our planet. Composites made solely from polysaccharides can offer unique intrinsic properties such as renewability, biodegrad- ability, easy availability, eco-friendliness, facile processing, flexibility, and exciting physico-mechanical characteristics. The development of green processing of lignocel- lulosic materials and bio-based polymers such as cellulose, starch, chitin, and chitosan, the most abundant biorenewable materials on earth, is urgent from the perspectives of both environmental protection and sustainability in materials industries. Recently, the enormous potential of ionic liquids (ILs) as an alternative to ecologically harmful conventional organic solvents has been well recognized. Presently, a wide range of pronounced approaches have been explored to further improve the performance of ionic liquid-based processing of polysaccharides for green composite manufacturing. This review presents recent technological developments in which the advantages of ionic liquids as a dissolution medium for polysaccharides for production of plethora of green composites have been gradually realized.


The 5×5, 6√3×6√3-R30°, and graphene-covered 6√3×6√3-R30° reconstructions of the SiC(0001) surface are studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. For the 5×5 structure a rich spectrum of surface states is obtained, with one state in particular found to be localized on top of structural protrusions (adatoms) observed on the surface. Similar spectra are observed on the bare 6√3×6√3-R30° reconstruction, and in both cases the spectra display nearly zero conductivity at the Fermi-level. When graphene covers the 6√3×6√3-R30° surface the conductivity at the Fermi-level shows a marked increase, and additionally the various surface state peaks seen in the spectrum shift in energy and fall in intensity. The influence of the overlying graphene on the electronic properties of the interface is discussed, as are possible models for the interface structure.


The purpose of the article is to present a method for virtual team performance evaluation based on intelligent team member collaboration data analysis. The motivation for the research is based on the ability to create an evaluation method that is similar to ambiguous expert evaluations. The concept of the hierarchical fuzzy rule based method aims to evaluate the data from virtual team interaction instances related to implementation of project tasks. The suggested method is designed for project managers or virtual team leaders to help in virtual teamwork evaluation that is based on captured data analysis. The main point of the method is the ability to repeat human thinking and expert valuation process for data analysis by applying fuzzy logic: fuzzy sets, fuzzy signatures and fuzzy rules. The fuzzy set principle used in the method allows evaluation criteria numerical values to transform into linguistic terms and use it in constructing fuzzy rules. Using a fuzzy signature is possible in constructing a hierarchical criteria structure. This structure helps to solve the problem of exponential increase of fuzzy rules including more input variables. The suggested method is aimed to be applied in the virtual collaboration software as a real time teamwork evaluation tool. The research shows that by applying fuzzy logic for team collaboration data analysis it is possible to get evaluations equal to expert insights. The method includes virtual team, project task and team collaboration data analysis. The advantage of the suggested method is the possibility to use variables gained from virtual collaboration systems as fuzzy rules inputs. Information on fuzzy logic based virtual teamwork collaboration evaluation has evidence that can be investigated in the future. Also the method can be seen as the next virtual collaboration software development step.


In theory, food handling in collaborative housing systems could have a number of environmental advantages compared with households and food service institutions. This paper explores to what extent some of these theoretical advantages are realised in two collaborative housing units in a major Swedish city. Food-related energy use and waste flows were measured and compared with results from food service institutions and some data relevant for households. Results show that energy use for cooking decreases in collaborative houses compared with households but energy use for food storage increases. Plate and food preparation wastes are low in the studied collaborative houses but food leftovers may be abundant. The latter result depends on how the dining system is organised. A bottleneck for improving the environmental efficiency in collaborative housing is the static view of apartment design held by many architects and real estate owners. Another bottleneck may be the unwillingness of households to make advance commitments to daily dining.


The Chinese group is the fastest growing ethnic group in the UK; this group is ageing fast, with the number of older Chinese doubling in 8 years. The majority of older Chinese immigrants in the UK have low education levels and limited English proficiency, and were reported to have low service use rate, lack of social support, and poor emotional status.

This suggests that they may have difficult ageing experiences. This research set out to understand the UK older Chinese immigrants' ageing experiences and coping strategies with the challenges of ageing, with a focus on the formal service use in their later life.
The research adopted grounded theory as methodology, and used semi-structured interviews for data collection. The research had two phases. The first phase was exploratory using, mainly, focus groups to investigate perceptions of ageing, and for orientation to the field. Based on the contextual data provided by the phase one study, the phase two study was more focused on the support network and its influences on services use. Here individual interviews with follow-ups were used to gain in-depth understanding.
Together, 58 participants, including older Chinese immigrants (n=44), family members of older Chinese (n=9), staff from organizations that work with Chinese people (n=3), and acquaintance who provided support for older Chinese (n=2), were interviewed.

During phase two of the study, a group of key support providers who facilitated access to formal services for older Chinese were identified, and named as Bridge People. The outcomes of this research revealed that older Chinese immigrants used Bridge People, consisting of people from family, public sectors, Chinese community, and personal social network, to communicate with formal service providers. Older Chinese immigrants also rely on Bridge People to bridge other gaps in service delivery, such as lack of transportation, informational support, emotional support, and other cultural issues. In return, Bridge People gained trust and incurred power with older Chinese immigrants. Properties of Bridge People were identified as bilingual, bicultural, accessible, costless, and no social debt. Within the concept of Bridge People, each category provides a different combination of support, and older Chinese immigrants used this range of support in different combinations.

In this study new theory and knowledge were generated about older Chinese and their key support providers. The Bridge People network model highlights the importance of interactions between Bridge People and older Chinese immigrants in accessing and using formal services. As many factors, including limited information resources, availability, role, emotional attachment, confined the performance of Bridge People, there are implications for policy makers; namely the role and importance of Bridge People should be recognized across health, social care and housing provision for older people. To promote engagement and optimise service use by older Chinese, relevant support should also be provided to Bridge People.


The article gives a quantitative assessment of losses of Kyrgyzstan and its key trading partner China as a result of increasing of import duties on textiles and clothing because of joining of Kyrgyzstan to the Customs union of Eurasian Economic Union, as well as evaluation and justification of the amounts of possible compensations to Kyrgyzstan and China from the Russian Federation. The following methodology is used: the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS6) of 2007 and the least squares method. The Author›s model combines the parameters of the domestic production, domestic consumption, import and export of textile raw materials, semi-finished and finished products of Kyrgyzstan, and also it involves the calculation of the weighted average customs tariff and a corresponding change in import duties. The possible losses of Kyrgyzstan and China are estimated at 560 million USD annually. The arguments in favor of reducing the compensation from the Russian Federation are offered. The article consists of two related parts


With the advent of next generation high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies, omics experiments have become the mainstay for studying diverse biological effects on a genome wide scale. ChIP-seq is the omics technique that enables genome wide localization of transcription factor binding or epigenetic modification events. Since the inception of ChIP-seq in 2007, many methods have been developed to infer ChIP target binding loci from the resultant reads after mapping them to a reference genome. However, interpreting these data has proven challenging, and as such these algorithms have several shortcomings, including susceptibility to false positives due to artifactual peaks, poor localization of binding sites, and the requirement for a total DNA input control which increases the cost of performing these experiments. We present Ritornello, a new approach with roots in digital signal processing (DSP) that addresses all of these problems. We show that Ritornello generally performs equally or better than the peak callers tested and recommended by the ENCODE consortium, but in contrast, Ritornello does not require a matched total DNA input control to avoid false positives, effectively decreasing the sequencing cost to perform ChIP-seq.


Abstract Background: There is a critical need for speech therapy services for people born with cleft lip and/or palate in developing countries. Objective: Assess the effectiveness of a speech camp and follow-up session for children with cleft lip and/or palate. Methods: A Community-Based Model for Speech therapy was implemented at Suwanaphum Hospital District, Roiet, Thailand. Thirteen children with cleft lip and/or palate (3; 6-13 years) attended a four-day speech camp and a one-day follow-up session (six months later) for remediation of their articulation disorders. Paraprofessional training was also provided. Pre- and post-tests were administered to the participants, caregivers, and paraprofessionals to determine the effectiveness of the program. A pre- and post-articulation test, as well as an audiological evaluation were administered. Five speech and language pathologists provided speech therapy, both individual and group, for a total of 18 hours during the four-day speech camp and six hours in the one-day follow-up session. The median difference of the number of articulation errors was determined by results of the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results: There was a significant decrease in articulation errors following both the main speech camp and the follow-up session (z = 3.11, p < 0.01; z = 2.87, p<0.01, respectively). Caregivers' and health care providers' satisfaction ratings for participation in the speech camps ranged from good to excellent. Conclusion: A Community-Based Model of both a speech camp and follow-up session provided an effective speech therapy treatment for children with cleft lip and/or palate.


This paper explores a research strategy for a uniform and rational reconstruction of AI planning techniques. The strategy relies on two assumptions: (1) classical planners like STRIPS or SNLP are restricted variants of temporal planners like DEVISER, and (2) temporal planners may be best constructed atop a time map manager (TMM). The strategy aims at a reconstruction of timeless, classical as well as temporal systems in a TMM-based architectural framework. However, this paper shows that assumed restricted variants of DEVISER cannot be adequately recast in the TMM framework: this result is shown to hold for classical nonlinear planners like SNLP, and one reasonable extension by possibly simultaneous actions. Hence, in accordance with recent complexity results, this paper calls the intutively appealing research strategy into question.


The design of dies for the light-metal extrusion process is based primarily on the experience of the die designer. The performance of the die is only known after the die is manufactured and tested on the extrusion press. It is still a major challenge for the die designer to get the die the first time right without the need of correction. To achieve this, the die designer needs a powerful tool that can provide an insight into the metal flow through the die at the design stage. Computer simulation based on the finite element (FE) method can be such a tool, if the software, material model, material data, boundary conditions and simulation parameters are all appropriate to represent the light-metal extrusion process in reality. Many of the commercial FE codes are based on the updated Lagrangian approach and using them to deal with the industrial extrusion problems with large billet and tooling sizes is quite time-consuming. HyperXtrude is an FE code based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach and needs far less time to simulate the process in the steady state. The present study was aimed at assessing the capabilities of HyperXtrude (version 7.0) to simulate the extrusion process (i) in its simplest form, through a solid die to produce a bar, and (ii) in a complex form, through a porthole die to produce a rectangular tube. The results showed that simulation was indeed highly efficient in the case of extruding a round bar. After 25 iterations, the process entered the steady state within 0.5 h with a Windows XP PC. Interesting features of the extrudate could be captured, including the exit velocity distribution, temperature distribution and die deflection. In addition, it was found that when the friction coefficient in the Coulomb friction model was larger than 0.2, its effect on extrusion pressure and exit temperature became negligible as the critical friction stress was larger than the shear yield strength of the billet material at the extrusion temperature. In the case of simulating extrusion through a porthole die for a rectangular tube, simulation revealed many features in the steady state, when the billet material flew out of the die bearing, including the velocity distribution, strain rate distribution and temperature distribution. Of more interest was the observation of the displacement of the mandrel of the die, as a result of the deformation of the die core under high compressive stresses. The effects of boundary conditions such as heat transfer type and local heat transfer parameters on temperature distributions across the billet and extrusion tooling were analyzed.


In this Essay I first review the standard law-and-economics model of how rational potential criminals decide whether to commit a crime, and how rational criminals might be deterred from committing crime by raising the expected costs of crime. I also show how that model has had a deep impact on criminal-justice-system policy in the United States since at least 1980. I then express deep skepticism about the continued effectiveness of this model and its policy implications. First, I show how modern empirical research on deterrence argues that we have gone much too far in our use of incarceration; in brief, we incarcerate far too many criminals and for too long with no discernible social benefit and substantial social costs. Second, I cite evidence from behavioral law and economics to demonstrate that the rationality that the standard deterrence model assumes is highly unlikely to characterize the behavior of those who are committing crimes. Finally, I consider some recent developments in human genome studies to suggest that human behavior generally, and criminal behavior specifically, are likely to be far more complex than the standard deterrence model contemplates.