INTRODUCTION: THE ELECTED,THE ELECTORATE, AND CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERALISM "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution are reserved to the Departmentf] of ... Treasury, except when the states are willing to forsake Federal financing."1 While originally written as a satire, this revision of the Tenth Amendment2 starts to seem disturbingly accurate when one learns that federal grants to the states comprise almost 30% of states' revenues.3 What drives the point home, though, is the nature of these grants: virtually all of them come with conditions requiring that the states change their policies to conform to federal mandates.4 In South Dakota v. Dole,5 the Court articulated a five-pronged test for determining the constitutionality of conditional spending programs.6 But over the years, this test has not presented a meaningful barrier to conditional spending.7 Worse yet, the Dole test, relying on the Court's conclusion that Congress's spending powers8 are quite broad,9 asks only a structural federalism question: Does Congress have the power to impose conditions on its grants of money to the states? Commentators likewise have discussed the Dole test only in terms of federalism.10 To this day, the test remains good law." This Comment aims to shift the analytical model for studying conditional spending programs. It assumes, if only for purposes of argument, that Congress has broad powers under the Spending Clause and that conditional spending programs do not violate federalism.12 But this Comment poses a different (and, surprisingly, unanswered) question: When the states comply with the federal government's conditions and change their policies, what effect does this compliance have on state officials' accountability to their electorates? And if, as I argue, such compliance undermines accountability, does the underlying spending condition violate any constitutional limitation on Congress's legislative power? This Comment will show that the Court's current standard of review for conditional spending cases does not, but should, address accountability concerns and will propose an alternative that does. Meaningful accountability13 received some attention from the Court in New York v. United States.14 While this Comment is not about the Court's decision in New York per se, the decision does provide a useful illustration of accountability run amok. On one hand, the Court sought to protect "the accountability of both state and federal officials" to their electorate.15 Employing this rationale, the Court held unconstitutional a federal statute that commanded the states either to remove radioactive nuclear waste or to take title to it.16 If Congress's scheme were permitted, state and federal officials could engage in a kind of political shell game where each level of government might disclaim responsibility by pointing fingers at the other.17 There was a danger, then, that accountability would wither. On the other hand, accountability concerns did not bother the New York Court when it considered a different provision of the Act. The Act, in a separate section, conditioned federal funds to the states on their compliance with Congress's implementation schedule for waste removal programs.18 Under the Dole test, the Court in New York easily upheld the conditional funding provision.19 One might, and should, wonder why the accountability logic should not apply when Congress conditions federal funds on a state's implementation of a congressionally mandated waste removal schedule. If a state institutes waste removal programs to comply with Congress's schedule, the decision may displease some voters. When pressed by these voters at the next elections to explain the decision to comply, state officials may shift the blame to Congress for imposing conditions on federal funds. But, because federal officials may in turn point fingers at their state counterparts and explain to the upset voters that the state officials always had the option of foregoing federal funding and refusing to comply, the buck would not stop with Congress either. …


This study examined the effects of domain of task and the intrasession verbal descriptions, as promoters of the formulation of a rule. An Experimental design with coupled group was used. The experimental group was exposed to different types of incomplete texts in  three training conditions, to pass from one condition to another, the participants should show domain of task. The participants of coupled group for pass from one condition to another depended of the performance of the paired experimental participant. At the end of the training conditions, all participants were subjected to three transfer tests. Both groups of participants reported the rule at the end of each session. Results showed differences between groups in extrasituational test. A qualitative change was observed along of the conditions in both groups with regard to the rules reported. The results are discussed emphasizing the role played by the descriptions and the domain of the task and their relation with formulating general rules of performance.


It is made a review of the classical techniques and devices used for mapping underground galleries and natural caves. A new method is proposed and realized by the means of modern technologies in the Pepelyankata cave nearby the village of Bosnek, Pernik Province. A GPS receiver is used to determine the coordinates of the starting point. Another device a combination between a laser rangefinder, a compass and an inclinometer, is used to measure the traverse and certain points inside the cave. All of the measurements are transferred wirelessly to a PDA device and represented by a suitable mobile GIS-enabled software. Some other data, including photos made by the PDA's integrated camera, is collected as an additional attribute information. Back in the office, the results are superposed on an old map of the cave, an orthophoto image and topographic map of the region for further analysis.


Multicast service chaining refers to the orchestration of network services for multicast traffic. Paths of a multicast session that span the source, destinations and required services form a complex structure that we refer to as the multicast distribution graph. In this paper, we propose a new path-based algorithm, called Oktopus, that runs at the control plane of the ISP network to calculate the multicast distribution graph for a given session. Oktopus aims at minimizing the routing cost for each multicast session while satisfying all service chaining requirements. Oktopus consists of two steps. The first one generates a set of segments from the given ISP network topology, and the second step uses these segments to efficiently calculate the multicast distribution graph. Oktopus has a fine-grained control over the selection of links in the distribution graphs that leads to significant improvements. Specifically, Oktopus increases the number of allocated sessions because it can reach ISP locations that have the required services, and thus includes them in the calculated graph. Moreover, Oktopus can reduce the routing cost per session as it carefully chooses links belonging to the graph. We compared Oktopus against the optimal and closest algorithms using real ISP topologies. Our results show that Oktopus has an optimality gap of 5% on average, and it computes the distribution graphs multiple orders of magnitude faster than the optimal algorithm. Moreover, Oktopus outperforms the closest algorithm in the literature in terms of the number of allocated multicast sessions by up to 37%.


Stratospheric and total columns of Arctic O3 (63–90oN) in late March 2011 averaged 320 and 349 DU, respectively, 50–100 DU lower than any of the previous 6 years. We use Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) O3 observations to quantify the roles of chemistry and transport and find there are two major reasons for low O3 in March 2011: heterogeneous chemical loss and a late final warming that delayed the resupply of O3 until April. Daily vortex‐averaged partial columns in the lowermost stratosphere (p > 133 hPa) and middle stratosphere (p < 29 hPa) are largely unaffected by local heterogeneous chemistry, according to model calculations. Very weak transport into the vortex between late January and late March contributes to the observed low ozone. The lower stratospheric (LS) column (133–29 hPa, ~370–550 K) is affected by both heterogeneous chemistry and transport. Because MLS N2O data show strong isolation of the vortex, we estimate the contribution of vertical transport to LS O3 using the descent of vortex N2O profiles. Simulations with the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry and transport model (CTM) with and without heterogeneous chemical reactions show 73 DU vortex averaged O3 loss; the loss derived from MLS O3 is 84 ± 12 DU. The GMI simulation reproduces the observed O3 and N2O with little error and demonstrates credible transport and chemistry. Without heterogeneous chemical loss, March 2011 vortex O3 would have been at least 40 DU lower than climatology due to the late final warming that did not resupply O3 until mid‐April.


The University of Michigan's Scholarly Publishing Office was formed in 2001 with the goal of developing low-cost, scalable mechanisms for electronic publication and distribution of journals, monographs and other digital scholarly content. It currently supports over 40 publications and digital projects, large and small scale. Maria Bonn, Director of SPO, will reflect on the maturing publishing process at SPO as it moves from being an experimental model to an established publisher. The presentation will have a particular focus on defining the roles of a traditional publisher and interrogating how becoming a publisher transforms the nature of publishing.


There are two important rules in a patent race: what an innovator must accomplish to receive the patent and the allocation of the benefits that flow from the innovation. Most patent races end before R&D is completed and the prize to the innovator is often less than the social benefit of the innovation. We study the optimal combination of prize and minimal accomplishment necessary to obtain a patent in a dynamic multistage innovation race. A planner, who cannot distinguish between competing firms, chooses the innovation stage at which the patent is awarded and the magnitude of the prize to the winner. We examine both social surplus and consumer surplus maximizing patent race rules. We show that a key consideration is the efficiency costs of prizes and of monopoly power to the patentholder. Our results indicate that races are undesirable only when efficiency costs are low, firms have similar technologies, and the planner maximizes social surplus. In all other circumstances, the optimal policy spurs innovative effort through a race of nontrivial duration. Races are also used to filter out inferior innovators. JEL: C61, C63, C73, L43, L50


In the modern industrialized society, a long commuting time is becoming more and more common. However, commuting results in a number of different costs, for example, external costs such as congestion and pollution as well as internal costs such as individual time consumption. On the other hand, increased commuting opportunities offer welfare gains, for example via larger local labor markets. The length of the commute that is acceptable to the workers is determined by the workers' preferences and the compensation opportunities in the labor market. In this thesis the value of travel time or commuting time changes, has been empirically analyzed in four self-contained essays. First, a large set of register data on the Swedish labor market is used to analyze the commuting time changes that follow residential relocations and job relocations. The average commuting time is longer after relocation than before, regardless of the type of relocation. The commuting time change after relocation is found to differ substantially with socio-economic characteristics and these effects also depend on where the distribution of commuting time changes is evaluated. The same data set is used in the second essay to estimate the value of commuting time (VOCT). Here, VOCT is estimated as the trade-off between wage and commuting time, based on the effects wage and commuting time have on the probability of changing jobs. The estimated VOCT is found to be relatively large, in fact about 1.8 times the net wage rate. In the third essay, the VOCT is estimated on a different type of data, namely data from a stated preference survey. Spouses of two-earner households are asked to individually make trade-offs between commuting time and wage. The subjects are making choices both with regard to their own commuting time and wage only, as well as when both their own commuting time and wage and their spouse's commuting time and wage are simultaneously changed. The results show relatively high VOCT compared to other studies. Also, there is a tendency for both spouses to value the commuting time of the wife highest. Finally, the presence of hypothetical bias in a value of time experiment without scheduling constraints is tested. The results show a positive but not significant hypothetical bias. By taking preference certainty into account, positive hypothetical bias is found for the non-certain subjects.


Blind image deconvolution/deblurring (BID) is a challenging task due to lack of prior information about the blurring process and image. Noise and ringing artefacts resulted during the restoration process further deter fine restoration of the pristine image. These artefacts mainly arise from using a poorly estimated point spread function (PSF) combined with an ineffective restoration filter. This paper presents a BID scheme based on the steepest descent in kurtosis maximization. Assuming uniform blur, the PSF can be modelled by a parametric form. The scheme tries to estimate the blur parameters by maximizing kurtosis of the deblurred image. The scheme is devised to handle any type of blur that can be framed into a parametric form such as Gaussian, motion and out-of-focus. Gradients for the blur parameters are computed and optimized in the direction of increasing kurtosis value using a steepest descent scheme. The algorithms for several common blurs are derived and the effectiveness has been corroborated through a set of experiments. Validation has also been carried out on various real examples. It is shown that the scheme optimizes on the parameters in a close vicinity of the true parameters. Results of both benchmark and real images are presented. Both full-reference and non-reference image quality measures have been used in quantifying the deblurring performance. The results show that the proposed method offers marked improvements over the existing methods.


In this wide-ranging account, Robert DuPlessis examines globally sourced textiles that by dramatically altering consumer behaviour, helped create new economies and societies in the early modern world. This deeply researched history of cloth and clothing offers new insights into trade patterns, consumer demand and sartorial cultures that emerged across the Atlantic world between the mid-seventeenth and late-eighteenth centuries. As a result of European settlement and the construction of commercial networks stretching across much of the planet, men and women across a wide spectrum of ethnicities, social standings and occupations fashioned their garments from materials old and new, familiar and strange, and novel meanings came to be attached to different fabrics and modes of dress. The Material Atlantic illuminates crucial developments that characterised early modernity, from colonialism and slavery to economic innovation and new forms of social identity.


Three algorithms for unsupervised per-field classifications of ERTS data are discussed~ a hierarchical technique, an iterative technique, and a chain technique. The feature set used comprised the grayscale histograms for all four spectral bands, reduced to 32 classes per band, and evaluated for fields contain~ng 50 by 50, 100 X 100, and 200 X 200 pixels, yielding respectively 2816, 704 and 176 fields to an ERTS frame. Although it yielded excellent results, it was possible to use the hierarchical technique only on the smallest of these data sets. An iterative technique proved rapid for small data set, but uSed excessive amounts of computer time to achieve convergence for large data sets. However, an acceptable but non-convergent solution could be achieved within reason~ble computation times. The chain algorithm proved to be the most efficient in operation, handling large data sets very rapidly, but yielding the least acceptable classifications. The results indicate that depending upon the scale and purposes of the investigation, a particular classification algorithm is appropriate. 4B-15 REMOTE SENSING DATA PROCESSING


Any real surface is rough at some length scale. Surface roughness plays an important role in various physical properties including light scattering phenomenon. In first part of the work, we have chosen electrospun nanofibers mat first time to the best of our knowledge, as a model polymer surface of varying roughness. We have varied the surface roughness by electrospinning cellulose acetate based nanomaterials, like only beads to fibers. Spin coated thin film was considered as a reference sample. Cellulose acetate was an obvious choice for selection of polymer due to its low refractive index, 1.47. Surface morphology and roughness of prepared samples was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3-D non contact optical profiler. Optical properties were characterized using by measuring specular reflectance/transmittance in the visible spectral range by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. These results showed that cellulose acetate surfaces with only beads morphology show near zero reflection (< 0.1%) for a wide range of wavelength. For only beads as well as only fibers morphology, cellulose acetate surfaces showed <0.16% reflection while varying the angle of incidence of light from 30o to 75o while transmittance was also reduced to less than 5%.
Further we have chosen PS-b-PMMA block copolymer (BCP) and fabricated rough and porous surfaces by inducing phase separation using solvent/non-solvent exchange. We have shown that by choosing different combinations of solvent/non-solvents, we can vary the surface roughness at nanoscale. These rough BCP surfaces were further tested for their optical properties and results confirmed broadband and omnidirectional near-zero reflection behavior for these surfaces as well.
Finally nano and micro scale rough surfaces as fabricated in this work due to their anti-reflective nature may find potential applications in solar panels, marines, optical displays etc.


This study sought to examine the views of students, teachers and teacher librarians on students' attitudes to, use of, and reflections on, information retrieval, when completing curricular assignments. A second element of the research was to investigate the views of students, teachers and teacher librarians on the extent to which students might transfer information retrieval skills across time and across subjects. The research was carried out in three rural Australian schools. A constructivist grounded theory approach was taken in the study, and data was collected in the form of student diaries and questionnaires, and interviews with students and staff. Constructivist grounded analysis was used to analyse and interpret data. Findings from the study indicated that a minority of students both valued and would transfer information retrieval skills; the majority of students valued information retrieval skills but were unlikely to transfer skills without prompting; and a very small minority of students could not understand the concepts of information retrieval and transfer. The study also found that the schools lacked a culture of transfer.


Improving the track friendliness of a railway vehicle can benefit the railway industry significantly. Rail surface damage in curves can be reduced by using vehicles with a lower Primary Yaw Stiffness (PYS); however, this can reduce high-speed stability and worsen ride comfort. Previous studies have shown that this trade-off between track friendliness and passenger comfort can be successfully combated by using an inerter in the primary suspension; however, these utilise simplified vehicle models, contact models, and track inputs. Considering a realistic four-axle passenger vehicle model, this paper investigates the extent to which the PYS can be reduced with inertance-integrated primary lateral suspensions without increasing root-mean-square (RMS) carbody lateral accelerations. The vehicle model, with these enhanced suspensions, has been created in VAMPIRE , with the dynamics being captured over a range of vehicle velocities and equivalent conicities. Based on systematic optimisations using network-synthesis theory, several beneficial inertance-integrated configurations are identified, and the PYS can be reduced by up to 47% compared to the default vehicle (a potential Network Rail Variable Usage Charge saving of 26%), without increasing RMS carbody lateral accelerations. Further simulations are performed to investigate the vehicle's performance in curve transitions and when subject to one-off peak lateral track irregularities.


In evaluating the existing theory and evidence on Ricardian equivalence, it is essential to distinguish between the short-run effects of government borrowing (primarily the potential for stimulating aggregate demand) and the long-run effects (primarily the potential for depressing capital accumulation). I argue that the theoretical case for long-run neutrality is extremely weak, in that it depends upon improbable assumptions that are either directly or indirectly falsified through empirical observation. In contrast, the approximate validity of short-run neutrality depends primarily upon assumptions that have at least an aura of plausibility. Nevertheless, even in this case behavioral evidence weighs heavily against the Ricardian view. Efforts to measure the economic effects of deficits directly through aggregate data confront a number of problems which, taken together, may well be insuperable. It is therefore not at all surprising that this evidence has, by itself, proven inconclusive. Taken together, the existing body of theory and evidence establishes a significant likelihood that deficits have large effects on current consumption, and there is good reason to believe that this would drive up interest rates. In addition, I find a complete lack of either evidence or coherent theoretical argument to dispute the view that sustained deficits significantly depress capital accumulation in the long run.


In this paper, we first explore the main drivers of the differences in RWAs across European banks. We also assess the impact of RWA-based capital regulation on bank's asset allocation in 2008-2014. We find that risk weights are affected by bank size, business models, and asset mix. We also find that the adoption of internal ratings-based approaches is an important driver of bank risk-weighted assets and that national segmentations explain a significant (albeit decreasing) share of the variability in risk weights. As for the impact on internal rating on banks' asset allocation, we uncover that banks using IRB approaches more extensively have reduced more (or increased less) their corporate loan portfolio. Such effect is somehow stronger for banks located in Euro periphery countries during the 2010-12 sovereign crisis. We do not find evidence, however, of a reallocation from corporate loans to government exposures, pointing to the fact that other motives prevail in explaining the banks' shift towards government bonds during the Euro sovereign crisis, including the "financial repression" channel.


ABSTRACT The 174-kb virulence plasmid pMUM001 in Mycobacterium ulcerans epidemic strain Agy99 harbors three very large and homologous genes that encode giant polyketide synthases (PKS) responsible for the synthesis of the lipid toxin mycolactone. Deeper investigation of M. ulcerans Agy99 resulted in identification of two types of spontaneous deletion variants of pMUM001 within a population of cells that also contained the intact plasmid. These variants arose from recombination between two 8-kb sections of the same plasmid sequence, resulting in the loss of a 65-kb region bearing two of the three mycolactone PKS genes. Investigation of nine diverse M. ulcerans strains by using PCR and Southern hybridization for eight pMUM001 gene sequences confirmed the presence of pMUM001-like elements (collectively called pMUM) in all M. ulcerans strains. Physical mapping of these plasmids revealed that like M. ulcerans Agy99, three strains had undergone major deletions in their mycolactone PKS loci. Online liquid chromatography-sequential mass spectrometry analysis of lipid extracts confirmed that strains with PKS deletions were unable to produce mycolactone or any related cometabolites. Interstrain comparisons of the plasmid gene sequences revealed greater than 98% nucleotide identity, and the phylogeny inferred from these sequences closely mimicked the phylogeny from a previous multilocus sequence typing study in which chromosomally encoded loci were used, a result that is consistent with the hypothesis that M. ulcerans diverged from the closely related organism Mycobacterium marinum by acquiring pMUM. Our results suggest that pMUM is a defining characteristic of M. ulcerans but that in the absence of purifying selection, deletion of plasmid sequences and a corresponding loss of mycolactone production readily arise.


The world's foremost memory expert -- and mega-bestselling author -- proves that memory CAN get better with age! Diet and exercise are great, but what good is a healthy body if you don't have the mental capabilities to go with it? Harry Lorayne, who is now 83 years old, has been honing and teaching his foolproof system for sharpening the mind, improving concentration, and attaining a truly "superpower" memory for more than 40 years. Ageless Memory is the culmination of this memory expert's life's work. Specifically geared to our needs as we age, his unique memory system can be put into practice immediately -- for a better memory the very same day you open the book and start to read! Completely practical and easy to use, readers learn to: Recall names and faces, even years laterNever miss an appointment or misplace keys, glasses, valuables, etc. Give speeches without notes and learn foreign words and phrases easily Memorize long lists of items, quotations, long numbers, Bible verses, and all kinds of facts and figures Excel at cards and other games Regain (or maintain!) the confidence that comes with having a sharp, active mind.It's not necessary to accept poor or waning memory or "senior moments" as inevitable results of growing older? and Harry Lorayne proves it in "Ageless Memory"!


We present here a system of self-propelled particles that follow a very simple motion law in continuous space in a deterministic and asynchronous way. This system of particles is capable of producing, depending on the particle density in the habitat, several spatio-temporal patterns emerging from an initial randomized spatial configuration. We found that those structures show specific population dynamics which arise from death (decay) and growth (self-replication) of those structures, thus we call the system Primordial Particle System (PPS), as the model can be interpreted as a simplistic model of emergence of self-replicating chemical structures from initially chaotic mixed components in the "primordial soup" at the beginning of life. We describe the observed dynamics, show the emerging spatio-temporal structures and present a macroscopic top-down model as well as a probabilistic microscopic bottom-up model of the system.


Recent research on community detection focuses on learning representations of nodes using different network embedding methods, and then feeding them as normal features to clustering algorithms. However, we find that though one may have good results by direct clustering based on such network embedding features, there is ample room for improvement. More seriously, in many real networks, some statisticallysignificant nodes which play pivotal roles are often divided into incorrect communities using network embedding methods. This is because while some distance measures are used to capture the spatial relationship between nodes by embedding, the nodes after mapping to feature vectors are essentially not coupled any more, losing important structural information. To address this problem, we propose a general Markov Random Field (MRF) framework to incorporate coupling in network embedding which allows better detecting network communities. By smartly utilizing properties of MRF, the new framework not only preserves the advantages of network embedding (e.g. low complexity, high parallelizability and applicability for traditional machine learning), but also alleviates its core drawback of inadequate representations of dependencies via making up the missing coupling relationships. Experiments on real networks show that our new approach improves the accuracy of existing embedding methods (e.g. Node2Vec, DeepWalk and MNMF), and corrects most wrongly-divided statistically-significant nodes, which makes network embedding essentially suitable for real community detection applications. The new approach also outperforms other state-of-the-art conventional community detection methods.


Feature Issue on Optical Interconnection Networks (OIN). A system of slotted interconnected rings employing a combination of wavelength-division multiple access (WDMA) with time-division multiple access (TDMA) can serve a metropolitan area without electro-optical conversion and buffering of payload except at system entry points. The multiple rings overcome the power budget limitations of the single ring extending the reach of the system to even the largest metropolitan areas, the WDM dimension provides flexibility and ease of evolution, and the TDMA dimension offers the efficiency of multiplexing gain particularly under bursty traffic. The system control information is transferred on a dedicated wavelength and is processed in the electrical domain at the ring nodes and the hub, which interconnects the rings. The algorithms control the access to each ring and the scheduling of slots among the rings, based on explicit reservations, to adapt efficiently to the fluctuating offered load. We present the design and hardware implementation of the access control algorithms for such a system built in the framework of the Information Society Technologies (IST) project DAVID (data and voice over DWDM).


In recent constructional approaches to language change, the distinction between constructionalization and constructional changes has been made (cf. e.g. Rostila 2004; Noel 2007; Traugott & Trousdale 2013; Traugott this volume). The term constructionalization generally refers to the formation of new constructions, while diverse changes in existing constructions are labeled as constructional changes . This chapter focuses on the impact of context in the development of new constructions. It proposes to model constructionalization as a gradual accumulation of contextual restrictions followed by a structural reorganization of language material, whereby pieces of relevant contextual information are integrated into a new construction type. Two case studies and some further examples from the literature will demonstrate how the proposed model accounts for the development of new constructions from different domains of grammar.


Most educational research examines school outcomes at certain stages or at the final stage of the school career. This article looks at the entire school career and the transition to the labour market. It focuses on key transitions to identify the educational institutional arrangements that either help or hinder school and labour market success among the most disadvantaged groups in the Netherlands: young people of Moroccan and Turkish descent. The Dutch educational system is one of the most complicated school systems in Europe. Consequently, parents and children have to make many 'choices' when navigating it. Many of these key 'choice' moments are selection points, either because they are not real choices but dependent upon a teacher's recommendation or because parents and pupils need a great deal of information about the school system in order to make a choice. This usually results in inequalities for the most disadvantaged groups. Because selection is disguised as 'choices', the structural inequalities of the Dutch school system are not usually perceived as blocking mechanisms for disadvantaged students.


Traditionally the term 'friendship' in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) research has been avoided. Yet descriptions of close affiliative bonds similar to those described in human friendships have been well documented. The present study aimed to prove the existence of chimpanzee friendship, by considering whether there are similar mechanisms to those which have been implicated in the formation of human friendships, kinship and the residual effects of two kin recognition mechanisms; familiarity and phenotype matching. Eleven chimpanzees (6 males and 5 females) from Edinburgh Zoo were studied to investigate the influence of kinship, proximity and personality trait similarity on duration and number of affiliative behaviours. Results indicated that kinship between mother and offspring, and measures of proximity within arm's length, were good indicators of time spent in affiliative interactions. Personality trait similarity had no effect on affiliative interactions. We concluded that chimpanzees show friendships, and similar kinship and kin recognition mechanisms operate in their formation and maintenance as those in human friendships. The existence of friendship in chimpanzee societies provides an insight into chimpanzee social complexity, that previous research may have overlooked. Chimpanzee Friendship 4


ming letter delivering system of tax income trough Drop Box in the office of
tax serving (KPP) Pratama-Karanganyar was suitable to the in regulation wich in
force and was effective.
The method of the research which was used to determine the scope of
research in order to obtain a sample to be raised to a problem. Furthermore,
descriptively approach was done appropriate with situation and condition of KPP
Pratama Karanganyar through data collection techniques include: interviews,
observation, library research, and data processing.
From the research wich is perfomed by author, is gained that the
implementation of annual informing letter system letter delivering system of tax
income trough Drop Box in the office of tax serving (KPP) Pratama-Karanganyar
have run according to the regulation which is in force, namely the tax regulation
of general directorate PER No. 19/PJ/2009. It is based on the rule No.28, 2007.
The system have been effective done by private tax obligator. The Effectiveness
of Drop Box is viewed from the development of the amount increasing for annual
informing letter delivering before using DropBox and after using Drop Box.


Methods for structural characterization of particle films have been developed. Monodisperse silica particles with alkoxy chains grafted on the surface formed dense colloidal films at the air−liquid interface. The positions of the partly immersed particles were determined by light microscopy and image analysis. The average size of the ordered domains could be estimated from the pair distribution function. We were also able to determine the distribution of pores and defects in the colloidal film using Delaunay triangulation. The two methods were used to study the effect of interparticle bond strength on the film structure. We found that the size of the ordered domains decreased exponentially when the bond strength increased, while the pore density increased. The effect of drying on structural changes of the colloidal film was also discussed.


Purpose To investigate the relationship between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and abnormalities in ganglion cell complex (GCC) (focal loss volume (GCC FLV) and global loss volume (GCC GLV) Methods One hundred and ninety three individuals (84 with type 1 diabetes, 67 with type 2 diabetes and 42 healthy controls) underwent GCC evaluation using optical coherence tomography. The probability of FLV and GLV being abnormal (borderline or outside normal loss in comparison to population norms) was determined for all participants. Forty four individuals had diabetic neuropathy based on a modified neuropathy disability score (NDS) (expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed in individuals with diabetes, to investigate the relationship of diabetic neuropathy with (i) abnormal FLV and (ii) abnormal GLV, in separate regression models, taking into account, the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), type of diabetes, age, sex, duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels Results Twenty five per cent of individuals with diabetic neuropathy had significantly abnormal FLV compared to 11% of those without neuropathy and 5% in the control group (p = 0.011). Fourteen per cent of individuals with diabetic neuropathy, 10% of those without neuropathy and 2% in the control group had abnormal GLV; these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.185). For every unit increase in NDS, the odds of having an abnormal FLV increased by a multiplicative factor of 1.25 (p = 0.007), when controlled for DR, type of diabetes, age, sex, duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels. For every year increase in age, the odds of having an abnormal GLV increased by a multiplicative factor of 1.07 (p = 0.026), when controlled for NDS, DR, type of diabetes, sex, duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels Conclusions Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is associated with macular focal ganglion cell volume loss, independent of diabetic retinopathy, type of diabetes, age, sex, duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels. The study demonstrated a significant relationship between focal neuronal damage in the retina and in the peripheral nervous system in diabetes. As the macular region subserves the central visual field, a compromise to this region can pose a threat to the visual integrity and therefore necessitates further investigation.


This chapter reviews the origin and fate of sulfur (S) in silicate melts in the solar system, experiments bearing on the role of S in element partitioning among melts and solids in planets, and finally our current understanding of silicate melts and the role of sulfur in planetary evolution. Sulfur is an important component of undifferentiated meteorites that are precursors to planets. When planetary bodies differentiated into cores and mantles, metal and/or sulfides were removed from silicates. This process can be traced. Then, iron-sulfide cores differentiated into metal and metal-sulfide fractions, some of which are preserved as iron meteorites. The iron meteorites probably fractionated from silicate mantles at much lower pressures than the cores of Earth or Mars. Understanding the role of sulfur in silicate melts is critical to unraveling the history of Earth, the terrestrial planets, and the differentiated asteroids that were once parts of early planetesimals.

### Silicate melts and sulfur in primitive source materials

Primitive extraterrestrial samples available for laboratory study include 1–20 μm cometary grains collected by the United States' (NASA) Stardust mission, asteroidal material collected by the Japanese (JAXA) Hyabusa mission, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected from the stratosphere by airplanes, micrometeorites from various collection sites, and meteorites that fall to Earth and are recovered. Sources of primitive meteorites are parent bodies, primarily asteroids, that did not differentiate into silicate mantles and metal-rich cores. The oldest dated solar system rocks are not bulk meteorites, but are the high-temperature, melted components of undifferentiated meteorites, which are a kind of cosmic sedimentary rock. These "chondritic" meteorites are slightly younger than the components that accreted to form them. They have atomic ratios of rock-forming elements (e.g., Fe/Si) that are very similar to those measured in the solar photosphere using spectroscopy. The "primitive" nature of meteorites is established by their radiometric ages, and their lack of aqueous and …


CONTEXT
Only about 60% of adolescents with depression will show an adequate clinical response to an initial treatment trial with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). There are no data to guide clinicians on subsequent treatment strategy.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relative efficacy of 4 treatment strategies in adolescents who continued to have depression despite adequate initial treatment with an SSRI.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Randomized controlled trial of a clinical sample of 334 patients aged 12 to 18 years with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder that had not responded to a 2-month initial treatment with an SSRI, conducted at 6 US academic and community clinics from 2000-2006.

INTERVENTIONS
Twelve weeks of: (1) switch to a second, different SSRI (paroxetine, citalopram, or fluoxetine, 20-40 mg); (2) switch to a different SSRI plus cognitive behavioral therapy; (3) switch to venlafaxine (150-225 mg); or (4) switch to venlafaxine plus cognitive behavioral therapy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement score of 2 or less (much or very much improved) and a decrease of at least 50% in the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R); and change in CDRS-R over time.

RESULTS
Cognitive behavioral therapy plus a switch to either medication regimen showed a higher response rate (54.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 47%-62%) than a medication switch alone (40.5%; 95% CI, 33%-48%; P = .009), but there was no difference in response rate between venlafaxine and a second SSRI (48.2%; 95% CI, 41%-56% vs 47.0%; 95% CI, 40%-55%; P = .83). There were no differential treatment effects on change in the CDRS-R, self-rated depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, or on the rate of harm-related or any other adverse events. There was a greater increase in diastolic blood pressure and pulse and more frequent occurrence of skin problems during venlafaxine than SSRI treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
For adolescents with depression not responding to an adequate initial treatment with an SSRI, the combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and a switch to another antidepressant resulted in a higher rate of clinical response than did a medication switch alone. However, a switch to another SSRI was just as efficacious as a switch to venlafaxine and resulted in fewer adverse effects.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00018902.


Preface. List of Contributors. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Chemical biology - the present. 1.2 Chemical biology - the past. 1.3 Chemical biology - the future. 1.4 Chemical biology - mind the interdisciplinary gap. 1.5 An introduction to the following chapters. 2. Cryomicroscopy. 2.1 The need for (electron) microscopy. 2.2 Development of cryomicroscopy. 2.3 Sample-electron interaction. 2.4 Contrast in negatively stained and cryo preparations. 2.5 Image formation. 2.6 Image analysis. 2.7 Software used in the analysis of electron micrographs. 2.8 Examples. 2.9 Conclusions. 3. Atomic force microscopy: applications in biology. 3.1 A brief history of microscopy. 3.2 The scanning pribe microscope revolution. 3.3 The workings of an AFM instrument. 3.4 Imaging biological molecules with force. 3.5 Factors influencing image quality. 3.6 Biological applications of AFM and recent developments. 3.7 Conclusions and future directions. 4. Differential scanning calorimetry in the study of lipid structures. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Membranes, lipids and lipid phases. 4.3 Heat exchanges and calorimetry. 4.4 Phase transitions in pure lipid-water systems. 4.5 Selected examples of transitions in lipid mixtures. 4.6 Complex systems: lipid-protein mixtures and cell membranes. 4.7 Conclusion. 5. Membrane potentials and membrane probes. 5.1 Introduction: biological membranes structure and electrical properties. 5.2 Phospholipid membranes as molecular environments. 5.3 The physical origins of the transmembrane (DELTAPSI), surface (phiS) and dipolar (phiD) membrane potentials. 5.4 Measurement of membrane potentials. 5.5 Problems with Spectroscopic Measurements of Membrane Potentials. 5.6 Spatial Imaging of membrane potentials. 6. Identification and quantification of lipids using mass spectrometry. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Lipid analysis by mass spectrometry. 6.3 Conclusion. 7. Liquid-state NMR. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 How NMR works: the basics. 7.3 Some NMR applications in biology. 7.4 Conclusion. 8. Solid-state NMR in biomembranes. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 NMR basics for membrane systems. 8.3 Applications of wide-line NMR to membrane systems. 8.4 Applications of MAS to biomembranes and natural colloids. 8.5 Conclusion. 9. Molecular dynamics. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The basis of molecular mechanics. 9.3 The basis of molecular dynamics. 9.4 Factors affecting the length of simulations. 9.5 Problems caused by solvents. 9.6 How to build a lipid bilayer for simulation purposes. 9.7 Special cases of membrane proteins. 9.8 Summary. 10. Two-dimensional infrared studies of biomolecules. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Description of the technique. 10.3 Spectral simulations. 10.4 Two-dimensional studies of human lipoproteins. 10.5 Summary. 11. Biological applications of single- and two-photon fluorescence. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Basic principles of fluorescence. 11.3 Main principles of RET via single-photon excitation. 11.4 Detection of RET. 11.5 Biological examples of RET monitored by frequency-domain FLIM. 11.6 Two-photon fluorescence. 11.7 Applications of two-photon fluorescence. 11.8 Photoselection and fluorescence anisotropy. 11.9 Fluorescence anisotropy and isotropic rotational diffusion. 11.10 Fluorescent probes in proteins and membranes. 11.11 Future developments. 11.12 Conclusions. 12. Optical tweezers. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Theoretical background. 12.3 Apparatus. 12.4 Data collection and analysis. 12.5 A biological application. 12.6 Other biological examples. 12.7 Summary. 13. PET imaging in chemical biology. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Positron emission tomography: principles and instrumentation. 13.3 Applications of PET imaging in the biomedical sciences. 13.4 Conclusions and outlook. 14. Chemical genetics. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Why chemicals?. 14.3 Chemical genetics - why now?. 14.4 The relationship between classical genetics and chemical genetics. 14.5 Forward chemical genetics. 14.6 Reverse chemical genetics. 14.7 Closing remarks. Index.


The ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories has widely affected the Christian population in the region. This study focuses narrowly on the diminishing minority of Palestinian Christians, and how their position under occupation has led to the development of Palestinian Liberation Theology and practices of creative resistance. It begins by acknowledging the unique position of Palestinian Christians as liminal yet indigenous members of society. It then explores their complex collective identity, demonstrating how specific facets of their historic identity (i.e. denominationalism, Arabism, and political station) have been preserved, and how these inform their theological and practical responses to the changing socio-political landscape. It goes on to probe the degree of consensus around Palestinian Liberation Theology, as well as prominent manifestations of the ideology in response to occupation. Ultimately, this study finds that Palestinian Liberation Theology represents a creative and valuable contribution to the national struggle for liberation, providing a shared ideology and culturally specific blueprint for revolutionary collective action guided by plurality, nonviolence, and collaboration.


According to contemporary observers, in the years from 1576 to 1579 Henry III brought together groups of orators-men and women, poets and courtiers-to discuss questions of moral philosophy. This happened both in Paris, and in provincial towns such as Blois and Ollainville. Several of the speeches given by these diverse orators remain extant. Among the spectators was Marguerite de Valois, who ordered the transcription of thirteen speeches that were pronounced during the January-February period of 1576. This album, preserved in a beautifully-bound manuscript, provides an interesting testimony to the intellectual curiosity of Marguerite and to the abiding interest of the king and his court in the domain of eloquence. The present article describes the context in which Marguerite de Valois participated in the first sessions of the Palace Academy, and presents the manuscript volume containing several, palpable traces of her reading of the texts. It also evaluates the contribution of some poets from Marguerite's entourage, such as Ronsard, Desportes, Baif and Jamyn, and examines aspects of their philosophical debates as well as their oratorical skills.


Music is much more than listening to audio encoded in some unreadable binary format. It is, instead, an adventure similar to reading a book and entering its world, complete with a story, plot, sound, images, texts, and plenty of related data with, for instance, historical, scientific, literary, and musicological contents. Navigation of this world, such as that of an opera, a jazz suite and jam session, a symphony, a piece from non-Western culture, is possible thanks to the specifications of new standard IEEE 1599, IEEE Recommended Practice for Defining a Commonly Acceptable Musical Application Using XML, which uses symbols in language XML and music layers to express all its multimedia characteristics. Because of its encompassing features, this standard allows the use of existing audio and video standards, as well as recuperation of material in some old format, the events of which are managed by a single XML file, which is human and machine readable - musical symbols have been read by humans for at least forty centuries.Anyone wanting to realize a computer application using IEEE 1599 -- music and computer science departments, computer generated music research laboratories (e.g. CCRMA at Stanford, CNMAT at Berkeley, and IRCAM in Paris), music library conservationists, music industry frontrunners (Apple, TDK, Yamaha, Sony), etc. -- will need this first book-lengthexplanation of the newstandard as a reference.The book will include a manual teaching how to encode music with IEEE 1599 as an appendix, plus a CD-R with a video demonstrating the applications described in the text and actual sample applications that the user can load onto his or her PC and experiment with.


ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented global public health crisis, and governments have implemented various responses with varying degrees of effectiveness. South Korea's approach, which has involved minimal lockdown in order to "flatten the curve", and which offers an alternative for many democracies, has attracted much attention. Based on in-depth interviews with public health professionals and policy advisors in government agencies, this article analyses how well South Korea's response to COVID-19 complies with the expectations of good governance, and assesses the strengths and challenges of the Korean model. Our analysis shows that South Korea has been reactive rather than preventive/passive amid waves of clusters such as outbreaks in nightclubs, e-commerce warehouses, schools, hospitals and religious gatherings. The government has used a range of countermeasures, including contact tracing, diagnostic testing, media briefings and text alerts. At the same time, the challenges for the Korean approach have been concerns about privacy, fatigue over emergency alerts and politicisation.


The need to understand the activity of the main seismogenetic structures, to calculate the recurrence periods of major earthquakes and to identify their main epicentral areas, requires wide-ranging research in the field of historical seismology. The present research was conducted in the framework of the projects of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (1991-1995). The presence of different populations and ruling elites, and hence of languages and cultures, has in many cases confused the historical context of the medieval Sicilian sources. However, by going beyond the local sources, and analysing the events in a wider European and Mediterranean context, taking due account of the Byzantine, Latin and Arab sources, it has been possible to identify five seismic events that do not exist in the Italian catalogues or whose dates are very difficult to establish. Six spurious events have been deleted thanks to the revision (659, 785, 796, 963, 1069, 1259); the date of an event has been corrected (1140 into 1125) and five unknown events have been discovered: 853, 1172, 1203-1204, 1255-1256 and 1295-1296. The data on which these findings are based are in many cases dispersed and unused within the many specialised sectors of historical research; in some cases they are unknown even to historians. An example of textual analysis of the sources is also presented to show by what a roundabout route the chronological parameter for the 1125 earthquake was reached. The new events confirm the high seismicity of the eastern area of Sicily; nevertheless, the newly identified series does not seem to show any seismic event comparable to the one that struck the Messina Strait, in 1908 (I0 = XI MCS, M = 7.2): this historical element can provide information regarding the return times of such great event; a hypothesis is formulated by the authors: it will have to be carefully examinated by archaeology research. The criteria used in this research are explained, as well as the problems tackled in accordance with the method for the revision of the historical earthquakes adopted by ING-SGA.


Plasma cell mucositis is a rare idiopathic inflammatory condition showing benign plasma cell proliferation with erythematous mucosa and varying surface appearances affecting oral, upper respiratory and genital mucosae. Final diagnosis should be achieved by clinicopathological correlation following exclusion of other similarly presenting diseases. Different treatment modalities such as steroids, calcinurin inhibitors, cryotherapy, laser and surgical excision have been used but with varying response. Therefore Plasma cell mucositis presents a challenge in both diagnosis and treatment. Here, we report eleven new cases of plasma cell mucositis and discuss their histological variations and management.


Climate change represents a major threat to lotic freshwater ecosystems and their ability to support the provision of ecosystem services. England's chalk streams are in a poor state of health, with significant concerns regarding their resilience, the ability to adapt, under a changing climate. This paper aims to quantify the effect of climate change on hydroecological response for the River Nar, south-east England. To this end, we apply a coupled hydrological and hydroecological modelling framework, with the UK probabilistic climate projections 2009 (UKCP09) weather generator serving as input (CMIP3 A1B high emissions scenario, 2021 to the end-of-century). The results indicate a minimal change in the long-term mean hydroecological response over this period. In terms of interannual variability, the median hydroecological response is subject to increased uncertainty, whilst lower probability extremes are virtually certain to become more homogeneous (assuming a high emissions scenario). A functional matrix, relating species-level macroinvertebrate functional flow preferences to functional food groups reveals that, on the baseline, under extreme conditions, key groups are underrepresented. To date, despite this limited range, the River Nar has been able to adapt to extreme events due to interannual variation. In the future, this variation is greatly reduced, raising real concerns over the resilience of the river ecosystem, and chalk ecosystems more generally, under climate change.


Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance are at the heart of any scalable quantum computation architecture. Developing a set of tools that satisfy the requirements of faulttolerant schemes is thus of prime importance for future quantum information processing implementations. The Clifford gate set has the desired fault-tolerant properties, preventing bad propagation of errors within encoded qubits, for many quantum error correcting codes, yet does not provide full universal quantum computation. Preparation of magic states can enable universal quantum computation in conjunction with Clifford operations, however preparing magic states experimentally will be imperfect due to implementation errors. Thankfully, there exists a scheme to distill pure magic states from prepared noisy magic states using only operations from the Clifford group and measurement in the Z-basis, such a scheme is called magic state distillation [1]. This work investigates the robustness of magic state distillation to faults in state preparation and the application of the Clifford gates in the protocol. We establish that the distillation scheme is robust to perturbations in the initial state preparation and characterize the set of states in the Bloch sphere that converge to the T -type magic state in different fidelity regimes. Additionally, we show that magic state distillation is robust to low levels of gate noise and that performing the distillation scheme using noisy Clifford gates is a more efficient than using encoded fault-tolerant gates due to the large overhead in fault-tolerant quantum computing architectures.


Analysing the interrelationships between the notions of urban splintering and governance is the goal of this paper through a case study in urban India. Firstly we describe the obstacle race in which each and every poor inhabitant of Mumbai and Hyderabad has to take part in order to get subsidized food rations. The next section explains this situation by the "corruption chain", from the shop keepers to the civil servants to the hidden brokers. All this works under a politically-based patronage system that shapes what we call "vertical governance." As a corollary, an important spatial segmentation occurs at every scale, from the nation to the neighbourhood and the household, with evident consequences on people's mobilisation.


Amazon's HQ2 campaign drew both large support at the possibility of job creation and backlash for perceived cronyism. In this paper we evaluate corporate tax incentive policies in light of the Austrian contribution to the problem of economic calculation. In doing so we highlight the contextual nature of the knowledge problem associated with policy packages and the potential cronyism arising from such a problem. We argue that because political decision-makers lack the knowledge generated via competition in the market process, they are unable to allocate resources in a way that achieves economic growth. In the place of this knowledge, they tend to gain knowledge from the political process which helps them respond to political incentives and rent-seeking behavior by special-interest groups.


A one standard deviation improvement in lagged subjective well-being (SWB) is associated with more than a one-percentage point reduction in the probability of being unemployed in the United States during the Great Recession, and a similar but smaller relationship is found in Germany. Results are based on dynamic and fixed-effects regressions using SWB residuals. SWB residuals represent higher or lower SWB than would be predicted by typical controls including employment status, income, and fixed effects. They are often interpreted as relating to character skills, which is supported with the use of the Big-Five personality traits. Changes in the Big-Five (e.g. neuroticism and extraversion) are associated with changes in residual SWB (within person). Residual SWB is also shown to be comparable with cognitive ability for predicting wages. The data come from the U.S. General Social Survey Panel (2006-2014) and German SocioEconomic Panel (1984-2013).


Most of the positioning technologies for modern land vehicular navigation systems have been available for 25 years. Virtually all of the systems augment two or more of these technologies. Typical candidates for an integrated navigation system are the Global Position System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). The Kalman filter has been widely adopted as an optimal estimation tool for the INS/GPS integration, however, several limitations of such multi-sensor integration methodology have been reported; such as the impact of INS short term errors, model dependency, prior knowledge dependency, sensor dependency, and linearization dependency. To reduce the impact of short term INS sensor errors, the bandwidth of true motion dynamics were identified by spectrum analysis and the first generation denoising algorithm that used the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) was applied to identify the limitations of the existing denoising algorithm. Consequently, this research proposed the cascade denoising algorithm to overcome the limitations of existing denoising algorithms. It was then evaluated using several INS/GPS integrated land vehicular systems and the results demonstrated superior performance to existing denoising algorithms in both the positioning and spectrum domains. In addition, the impact of proposed algorithms on different integrated systems was investigated extensively. Furthermore, an alternative INS/GPS integration methodology, the conceptual intelligent navigator incorporating artificial intelligence techniques, was proposed to reduce the remaining limitations of traditional navigators that use the Kalman filter approach. The proposed conceptual intelligent navigator consisted of several different INS/GPS integration architectures that were developed using artificial neural networks to acquire the navigation knowledge. In addition, the "brain", a navigation information database, and a window based weight updating scheme were implemented to store and accumulate navigation knowledge. The conceptual intelligent navigator was evaluated using several INS/GPS integrated land vehicular systems and the results demonstrated superior iii performance to traditional navigator in the position domain. Finally, a low cost INS/GPS integrated system was considered to verify the advantages gained by incorporating the conceptual intelligent navigator as an alternative method toward developing next generation land vehicular navigation systems.


Objective: To study the anxiolytic-like activity of NR-ANX-C, a polyherbal product, in rats Materials and Methods : Inbred, male, Wistar albino rats weighing between 150 and 180 g were used. The standard anxiolytic, diazepam (0.5 mg and 1 mg/kg), and the test drug, NR-ANX-C powder (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), were dissolved/suspended in 1% gum acacia solution and administered orally. In acute study the vehicle and the drugs were given sixty minutes prior to the experiment, while in the chronic study they were given twice daily for 10 days with the last dose one hour prior to the experiments (elevated plus maze and light and dark box). Results: Acute (10 and 20 mg/kg) as well as chronic administration (5,10 and 20 mg/kg) of NR-ANX-C increased the number of entries, the time spent, and the rears in open arms of elevated plus maze model. Similarly, in light/dark box paradigm, at higher doses the test drug increased the time spent (10 and 20 mg/kg) and the number of rears (20 mg/kg) and decreased the duration of immobility (20 mg/kg). On the other hand, chronic administration of all the doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), of the test compound increased the time spent and the number of rears in bright chamber and decreased the duration of immobility. At lower doses (5 and 10 mg/kg), the test compound increased the number of entries into bright chamber. Locomotor activity in the open field test was not affected at all by the doses tested in acute study. On repeated administration, however, the test drug increased the locomotor activity. These changes are similar to those induced by the standard anxiolytic diazepam. Conclusion: NR-ANX-C exhibited anxiolytic-like activity comparable to that of diazepam.


This paper presents theoretical and experimental study of ultra-compact Si-wire Optical Directional Couplers (ODCs) on Silicon-on-Insulator wafer for optical signal processing. The presence of the controllable evanescent light strongly confined in the region bounded by the Si nano-wires has a large impact on the optical power coupling between waveguides. The characteristics of coupling length and power transmission in ODCs based on separation, wavelength, light field propagation distance and geometry of waveguides are described in detail by the coupled mode theory, 3-D finite-difference time-domain analysis and beam propagation method, and are confirmed by experiments. The exponential dependency of coupling length on the separation of coupled waveguides and wavelength shows interesting high-sensitivity optical sensing, switching and multiplexing properties. Custom spectral properties can be achieved by the configuration of coupled nano-wire waveguides based on their separation and lengths. We show that optimization of ODCs based on the physics of the coupled waveguides will lead to short optical devices which can be integrated as building blocks within high-density photonic circuits with the desired spectral characteristics. In the end, two new systems based on Mach-Zehnder structure and Micro-Ring Resonators are proposed in which ODCs are implemented as embedded tunable devices resulting in more functional optical sensing and signal processing devices.


The wear performance of the spindle hook teeth during field work was compared, and the causes of the wear failure of the spindle hook teeth were analyzed. Samples of three kinds of spindle were obtained from the fixed installation position under continuous field operation conditions. The hardness, phase structure, elemental composition, and micromorphology of the spindle hook teeth were characterized using microhardness, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy spectrum analyzer (EDS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) after cutting of the spindles. Results show that the coating hardness and element penetration zone of No.3 spindle hook tooth are the largest, and the surface coating phase structure of the three kinds of spindle is mainly a body-centered cubic structure of Cr (211). Micro-crack and hole defects exist in the coating of all three kinds of spindle. The thicknesses of the coating of No.1, No.2, and No.3 spindles are 74, 100, and 130 μm, respectively. During the field operation, the wear of the spindle hook tooth coating is caused by abrasive wear and fatigue wear, while the wear of the substrate is the result of the combined effect of abrasive wear and oxidation wear. Extracting the wear area and width of spindle hook teeth shows that the wear area of all three kinds of spindle hook teeth increases exponentially and the wear width changes linearly with the increase in field operation area.


Online auctions have undergone rapid development in recent years. New features of online auctions, together with new bidding strategies different from those used in offline auctions, make research in this area compelling. The existing research mainly focuses on the description of bidding strategies; only a handful of studies focus on the antecedents of bidding strategies. This research aims to fill this gap by constructing a contingency framework to investigate why bidders bid differently in online auctions, and use unique bidding strategies. Environmental factors, bidding tasks, bidders' characteristics, and bidding motivations are included in the framework. We conducted in-depth interviews with professional, experienced bidders in China to reveal the specific reasons why bidders adopt different bidding strategies during online auctions. Finally, we discuss the implications for both global research and practice.


The field of law and emotion draws from a range of disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities to shed light on the emotions that pervade the legal system. It utilizes insights from these disciplines to illuminate and assess the implicit and explicit assumptions about emotion that animate legal reasoning, legal doctrine, the behavior of legal actors, and the structure of legal institutions. In light of law's focus on influencing social norms and on structuring effective and just institutions, one development that holds enormous promise is the growing interdisciplinary interest in collective decision making and in the emotional dynamics of groups. Work in the affective sciences on how emotion and cognition interact is another rich vein for legal scholars interested in the assessment of responsibility and blame, the role of morality in law, and a host of other areas. Another important frontier is exploration of concrete solutions to the problems identified by law and emotion scholars.


A striking aspect of the early cinema archive in India is its partial and truncated nature. Other non-Western examples include Iran and Japan, which too have few or no surviving films from the early period. Despite this absence, scholars like Kaveh Askari1 and Aaron Gerow2 have offered innovative and substantive accounts of early film culture in these countries in the face of the unavailability of the films themselves. Here the very lack of material acts as the driving force that spurs film historians to assess cinema's place within a broader institutional framework encompassing a slew of interconnected concerns: modernity, capital, technology, global film traffic, colonialism, genre-formation, and archives of print and visual culture, notwithstanding the academy's own late arrival into this scenario. We were, in other words, smitten by the fragment-frustration became the key motivation for so many of us.In my own research, which began nearly a hundred years after the birth of cinema, I could no longer talk to a flesh and blood person. Like the films, there were few survivors. All that was left was a select group of films that had somehow escaped fires or being thrown into junkyards. My most reliable sources turned out to be autobiographies; as such, they presented informal versions of official history while being selective and somewhat unreliable as chronicles of the lives of famous people.3 Could such quotidian recollections be incorporated into a heuristic mode of academic inquiry? As a scholar, I was faced with considerable anxiety about how to script such material into an acceptable academic framework. Nor did I want to arrange the small number of films in hand into yet another narrative of loss and lament. But because I thought I had nothing, I ended up with a vast amount of material once I overcame the initial stumbling block of what constituted an archive: song booklets, publicity materials, film posters, newspaper advertisements, interviews-oral and informal modes of remembrance (including my grandmother's coy account of watching her first movie in a darkened room reserved exclusively for society ladies). Scouring libraries and film archives, I became a scavenger of sorts, wading through a heap of other unlikely sources such as the German periodical Lichtbild-Buhne, the British serial Bioscope, and even American newspapers like the New York Times. Could such material, which featured little narrative content, be part of film scholarship that fell outside the purview of ethnographic observation and commentary? I was torn between focusing on what appeared to be private and inconsequential and accounting for cinema's public role. Veering between embarrassment and excitement, I soon realized that what I needed was an academic voice that could reckon with scraps and account for the personal in the academic. I had to be able to speak about the quotidian and foreground the marginal-no matter how contingent, I needed a rubric that was attentive to a larger domain of historical production where the experience of early cinema was being expressed and articulated.Was there a method to this madness? Not surprisingly, it is in the quotidian that the history of melodrama became visible. Melodrama's other pseudonyms had to be excavated from the vocabularies of colonial dominance. Materials that were peripheral to cinema threw melodrama's umbrella-like emergence into sharp relief, revealing paths that were quite different from its American, German, or British trajectories. Indian newspaper advertisements foregrounded an entirely different set of genres that were specific to the formation of the film industry. Whether it was the mythological, the historical, the stunt, or the social, melodrama appeared again and again as the connective tissue that linked disparate genres, appearing primarily through the dramatization of conflicts between good and evil, and through the repeated manifestation of novel forms of suffering. As a mode, melodrama was both familiar and unfamiliar, heimlich (homelike) in its Manichaenization of good and evil while the specifics of its mobilization of form and affect made it Indian and quite unheimlich (un-homelike) from the perspective of western film theory and history. …


The research on intergenerational correlations in outcomes is increasingly moving from measurement into assessment of causal transmission mechanisms. This paper analyses the causal impact of fathers' job loss on their children's educational attainment and later economic outcomes. To do so, we isolate the effect of job loss associated with major industry contractions, mainly in manufacturing, during the recession of the 1980s by mapping industry-level employment change data from 1980 to 1983 into the British Cohort Study (BCS). Children with fathers who were identified as being displaced did significantly worse in terms of their GCSE attainment than those with non-displaced fathers. A child with a displaced father obtained, on average, 18 grade points lower or half a GCSE at grades A*–C less than their otherwise-identical counterparts, the equivalent of about 2 per cent lower wages as an adult. There is also a small effect of fathers' displacement on the early labour market attachment of children, but no direct impact on their earnings at age 30/34. This does not mean that the impact of job loss will not affect social mobility. Those with lower income, education and social class were most affected by job losses and there is a direct effect on education and youth unemployment, which we know to be drivers of later earnings. This suggests that the recent recession may have significant long-term consequences for the children of those who have lost their jobs.


The estuarine nitrogen cycle can be substantially altered due to anthropogenic activities resulting in increased amounts of inorganic nitrogen (mainly nitrate). In the past, denitrification was considered to be the main ecosystem process removing reactive nitrogen from the estuarine ecosystem. However, recent reports on the contribution of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) to nitrogen removal in these systems indicated a similar or higher importance, although the ratio between both processes remains ambiguous. Compared to denitrification, DNRA has been underexplored for the last decades and the key organisms carrying out the process in marine environments are largely unknown. Hence, as a first step to better understand the interplay between denitrification, DNRA and reduction of nitrate to nitrite in estuarine sediments, nitrogen reduction potentials were determined in sediments of the Paulina polder mudflat (Westerschelde estuary). We observed high variability in dominant nitrogen removing processes over a short distance (1.6 m), with nitrous oxide, ammonium and nitrite production rates differing significantly between all sampling sites. Denitrification occurred at all sites, DNRA was either the dominant process (two out of five sites) or absent, while nitrate reduction to nitrite was observed in most sites but never dominant. In addition, novel nitrate-to-ammonium reducers assigned to Thalassospira, Celeribacter, and Halomonas, for which DNRA was thus far unreported, were isolated, with DNRA phenotype reconfirmed through nrfA gene amplification. This study demonstrates high small scale heterogeneity among dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in estuarine sediments and provides novel marine DNRA organisms that represent valuable alternatives to the current model organisms.


We present a theoretical analysis of a noncollinear polarization-spectroscopy (PS) scheme, taking into account the polarization incoherence of an arbitrarily polarized pump beam. It is based on a light-induced anisotropy (LIA) tensor formalism. Our most important results are analytical expressions for the LIA tensor, which permit classification of the nonlinear medium with LIA in terms of the polarization properties. An expression is derived for the dependence of the PS-signal intensity on the beam-crossing angle, and the usefulness of that expression for spectroscopic purposes is demonstrated.


We present a case of juvenile idiopathic arthropathy (JIA) that required six arthroplasty procedures. A 32-year-old male presented with fused joints and deformities in both hips, both knees in addition to right ankle and subtalar fusion. The patient underwent three bilateral simultaneous procedures: bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA), bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in addition to ankle replacement and pan talar arthrodesis nail. The arthroplasty procedures were done with computer-assisted techniques. The patient was managed in 3 years and he was able to walk after 4 months, returning back to work and other life activities. Patients who require multiple joint reconstructions could benefit from bilateral simultaneous arthroplasty procedures using computer-assisted techniques.


This paper offers a conceptual analysis of the dynamics of "sociocognitive conflict"(Doise & Mugny, 1984) in an educational context as a consideration for managing cultural diversification. Understood in developmental literature (e.g. Doise & Mugny, 1984; Druyan & Levin, 1996; Perret-Clermont, 1980; Tudge 1989) sociocognitive
conflict is the result of a contradiction or mismatch between the cognitive operations an individual applies to a situation and the sociocultural1 conventions that contextualise the situation. Cultural diversification entails increasing exposure to different sociocultural
conventions and practices. Within the educational context, the classroom is especially conducive to sociocognitive conflict. This is because diverse sociocultural conventions
embedded in pedagogy and curriculum content meet relatively frequently with the developmentally sensitive cognitive operations of individual learners. Given the
evidence that sociocognitive conflicts can facilitate or debilitate development (Tudge, 1989), the dynamics of sociocognitive conflict raise important questions in educational contexts: What are the key dynamics that affect sociocognitive conflict as a positive or negative influence on development? What pedagogical strategies can help manage sociocognitive conflict to facilitate development amid increasing cultural diversification?
Is cognitive development always a desirable outcome of sociocognitive conflict? In this paper, I identify some of the dynamics surrounding sociocognitive conflicts that may affect developmental trajectories amid cultural diversification. I also identify and provide examples of three complementary strategies for positively managing
sociocognitive conflict in the classroom. These include, (i) Metacognitive strategies that engage students directly with the cognitive operations needed to coordinate otherwise opposing binaries arising through cultural diversification, (ii) Experiential strategies that
engage students with self-representations of "the other", and (iii) Integrative strategies that provide opportunities for collaborative problem solving through interaction between diverse cultural perspectives. Collectively, these strategies aim to facilitate development in response to increasing cultural diversification.


The government faces a principal–agent problem with lower-level state officers. Officers are often expected to use the state coercive capacity endowed to them to politically benefit the government. But officers can shirk from the government's demands. An officer's actions during bouts of large-scale and highly visible electoral violence reveal the officer's type, thereby providing the government with the information necessary to solve its principal–agent problem for the future. The government holds officers who used their authority to perpetuate incumbent-instigated violence accountable through positive rewards, while holding officers who used their authority to perpetuate opposition-instigated violence accountable through negative sanctions. We find evidence in support of the theory using micro-level archival data on 2,500 local officer appointments and fine-grained satellite data on the locations of violence in the aftermath of Kenya's 2007 election. The Kenyan government was more likely to fire officials whose jurisdictions saw opposition-instigated violence that targeted government supporters. But we find the opposite result where violence was instigated by incumbent supporters: there, officers were less likely to be fired if violence occurred in their jurisdiction. Our results indicate that leaders can manipulate accountability processes after political violence to further politicize the state.


This PhD analyses strategic health partnerships, focusing on Health Improvement
Programmes (HImPs) and Health Action Zones (HAZs). It is a case study of four
English health districts, based on 81 semi-structured interviews, and on partnership
documents and observations. Partnership - central to New Labour's modernisation
agenda for the NHS - was intended to improve the quality of health services and reduce
health inequalities. This thesis conceptualises three dimensions of partnership - coordination,
collaboration, participation. It uses three theoretical frameworks to interpret
the nature of partnership in the study sites.
Governance Theory - market, hierarchy and networks - provided a framework to
conceptualise the broader context in which partnership was developed but also to
explore the influence of central government on local statutory agencies. Over-use and
poor co-ordination of central command and control tools strengthened hierarchical
relations. Coupled with a shift towards healthcare delivery, this undermined the
development of autonomous, lateral relationships.
Resource Dependency Theory provided a framework to analyse the influences on
horizontal relationships between local partners. This theory sees actors as selfinterested,
manipulating the environment to enhance their resources while reducing their
resource dependency on others. A model was developed to explain how resource
motivations and symmetry combined with local circumstances to shape partnerships.
Collaboration Theory provided a normative framework to assess the quality of the
partnership process. According to this theory, innovative and consensual solutions to
social problems emerge through inclusive processes - often involving conflict and
requiring impartial facilitation. In the study sites, these processes were constrained by
overbearing hierarchical relations and local influences, resulting in policy co-ordination,
not radical innovation.

The thesis argues that government reforms resulted mainly in partnership as coordination.
Partnership as participation marginally increased while partnership as
collaboration was barely evident. The shift from market to networks was undermined
by the government's strengthening and (mis)management of hierarchical relations.


Praise for Hands-On Microsoft Access "Bob has distilled the essence of database design and Access development into a highly valuable and easily understandable resource that I wish was available when I first started out." -Graham R. Seach, Microsoft Access MVP "If you've been using Access with that typical uncertainty, asking yourself 'Just how could I do that?' or 'Why isn't this working?', if you'd like to know what you're doing before you hit the wall, this book is probably perfect for you." -Olaf Rabbachin, CEO, IntuiDev IT-solutions "Life at the cutting edge of Access development is exciting and very challenging. The knowledge and experience gained over many years of research and trial-and-error has been hard won. But Bob's new book encapsulates the knowledge we now take for granted, and for the first time the beginner is afforded the opportunity to bypass all that hard work. In this his latest work, Bob has distilled the essence of database design and Access development into a highly valuable and easily understandable resource that I wish was available when I first started out." -Graham R Seach, MCP, MCAD, MCSD, Microsoft Access MVP, author "This is an excellent book for beginners, with an easy reading style. It is now on my recommended list of books that I hand out in every Access class that I teach." -M.L. "Sco" Scofield, Microsoft Access MVP, MCSD, Senior Instructor, Scofield Business Services "If you've been using Access with that typical uncertainty, asking yourself 'Just how could I do that?' or 'Why isn't this working?', or if you'd like to know what you're doing before you hit the wall, this book is perfect for you. Access is a tremendous product and a database is created using a few clicks; but without at least some theoretical background you're bound to encounter problems soon. I wish a book like this one would've been available when I started getting deeper into working with Access some ten years ago." -Olaf Rabbachin, CEO, IntuiDev IT-solutions "This book is for any level DB developer/user. It is packed full of real-world examples and solutions that are not the normal Northwind database that most Access books use. The examples and the technical content surrounding them are the real strength of the book. Schneider uses real-world scenarios that make for excellent reading. It made me want to go and redo a lot of my older Access DBs that were not written as well as they could have been. This book taught me different approaches to doing some routine tasks." -Ron Crumbaker, Microsoft MVP i?? SMS "While a very powerful application (or perhaps because of its power), Microsoft Access does have a steep learning curve and can be intimidating to new users. Bob Schneider has managed to write a book that's both understandable and enjoyable to read. His examples should be understandable to all readers, and he extends them in a logical manner. This book should leave the reader well equipped to make use of what many consider to be the best desktop database product available." -Doug Steele, Microsoft Access MVP "The author takes what is potentially a very dry subject and adds fantastic color through entertaining analogies and metaphors. For instance, his examples using the NBA, the Beatles, and Donald Rumsfeld help us 'get it' without realizing we have just traversed what could be very stale database theory. Brilliant!" -Kel Good, MCT, MCSD for Microsoft.NET, Custom Software Development Inc. (www.customsoftware.ca)Go from Access "beginner" to Access "master"! Millions of people use Microsoft Access, but only a small fraction of them are really comfortable with it. If you're ready to go "beyond the wizards"-and become a confident, highly effective Access user-Hands-On Microsoft Access was written for you. In plain English, Bob Schneider helps you master crucial principles for building flexible, powerful databases. Discover how to enter data more easily, retrieve it more freely, manipulate it more successfully, analyze it with greater sophistication, and share it more effectively. Schneider's dozens of hands-on examples thoroughly demystify Access, and his friendly, conversational style makes it more approachable than ever before. Hands-On Microsoft Access presents solutions for the challenges you're most likely to encounter, including How do Access objects and interfaces fit together, and when should I use each one? What's the best way for me to organize my fields into tables? How can I modify the tables, forms, and reports an Access wizard created for me? How can I design forms and reports for people to use more effectively? How do primary keys and relationships work, and why are they so important? How do I make sure my data stays consistent and accurate? How do I build queries that give me the right information-quickly, efficiently, and reliably? How do I use data from other sources, or deliver Access data to other people or programs? What are PivotTables and PivotCharts, what can I do with them, and how do I use them? Written for Access 2003, this book also contains special instructions for Access 2002 users and extensive coverage of issues relevant to Access 95, 97, and 2000.


Background: Dengue is a mosquito born flavivirus infection which has been endemic in Sri Lanka since late 19th century. Since there is no effective vaccination to prevent this deadly disease, knowledge of early recognition and appropriate management of the disease and practice of effective vector control are mandatory to control the disease. Method: Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of the Teaching hospital Peradeniya (THP) from 26th to 31st of January 2015. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire and entered in to a password protected excel worksheet. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20. Results: Data from 500 participants (146 males, 354 females) was used for primary analysis. Only 46.4% of the sample had above average knowledge on dengue fever and its vector. Knowledge had a significant association with education level (p<0.01). Overall attitude towards dengue and its prevention was at a higher level. Conclusion: Although the attitude towards dengue was good, knowledge was poor. Hence current health educational programs regarding dengue should be reviewed and also better and effective educational programs should be implemented.


Buddhist images are ubiquitous in Japan, yet they are rarely accorded much attention in studies of Buddhist monastic traditions. Scholars of religion tend to regard Buddhist images as mere symbols or representations of religious ideals, commemorations of saints and patriarchs, ancillary aids to meditative practice, or the focus of lay piety. Art historians approach these images as works of art suitable for stylistic and iconographic analysis. Yet neither of these groups of scholars has adequately appreciated the centrality and significance of images and image worship in Japanese monastic practice. The essays in this volume focus on the historical, institutional, and ritual context of a number of Japanese Buddhist paintings, sculptures, calligraphies, and relics - some celebrated, others long overlooked. Robert H. Sharf's introduction examines the reasons for the marginalization of images by modern Buddhist apologists and Western scholars alike, tackling the thorny question of whether Buddhists were in fact idolators. The essays by Paul Groner and Karen Brock document and explicate the crucial role that sacred images played in the lives of two eminent medieval clerics, Eison and Myoe. James Dobbins looks at Shin representations of Shinran, founder of the Shin school of Pure Land Buddhism, and finds that early Shin piety was centered as much on Shinran and his images as on the Buddha Amida himself. Robert H. Sharf's essay on the use of Tantric mandalas reveals that, contrary to received opinion, such mandalas were not used as aids to ritual visualization but rather as vivified entities whose presence ensured the efficacy of the rite. In each case, the authors find that the images were treated, by elite monks and unlettered laypersons alike, as living presences with considerable apotropaic and salvific power, and that Japanese Buddhist monastic life was centered around the management and veneration of these numinous beings.


This research examines the issues regarding the reason of application for Cassation against the Military ignored his judge advocate elements in the allegations in the trial in the case violated decency and reviewing about consideration Judex Juris grant petition for cassation and your imprisonment and dismissal from military service. This research is the normative legal research is both prescriptive and applied. The source of the legal materials obtained from primary and secondary legal materials. Case study into approaches to the writing of this law.Legal materials collection techniques in this research is the study of the literature. Legal material obtained is then processed using the method of deductive syllogisms. In this study, has been known to excuse the military judge advocate submits Remedy of Cassation on the basis of careful not Factie Judex in considering the elements that allegations the trial that resulted in the main Military Court judges had been wrong in applying the law in an award has freed the defendant of all charges of the military judge advocate in criminal acts of Decency in accordance with condition of article 239 paragraph (1) letter a Act No. 31 of the year 1997 concerning Military Justice explain what a true rule of law is not applied or not applied as it should be. As well as suitability Considerations Judex Juris grant reason of Cassation judge advocate of the military, the military High Court ruling cancelling, and judge themselves by stating that based on considerations of the above Supreme Court the defendant is argues has been proven legally and convincingly guilty of committing criminal acts as didakwakan by a military judge advocate in the impeachment Article 281 paragraph (2) the book of the law of criminal law Criminal Code (KUHP) saying that anyone who deliberately and in front of other people who are there are there contrary to his will, breaking decency. Keywords : Cassation, elements in the indictmen, Criminal act of Decency


The M2 tide in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas (BYECS) is simulated by assimilating the TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry data with the adjoint method. The bottom friction coefficients (BFC) are supposed to be spatially varying. In this paper, the BFC at some grid points are chosen as the independent BFC and the BFC at the other grid points can be obtained through linear interpolation with these independent BFC. The independent BFC are selected uniformly over each 1°×1° area and 120 independent BFC are obtained. Twin and practical experiments are carried out to discuss the spatially varying BFC. The results of twin experiments demonstrate that the adjoint method has a strong ability of inverting the prescribed BFC distributions combined with the spatially varying BFC. The prescribed BFC distributions are all successfully inverted. In practical experiments, the simulation precision has been highly increased by optimizing the spatially varying independent BFC. Three amphidromic points and a degenerate one appear in the cotidal charts of M2 tide and the results coincide with the observed M2 tide in BYECS fairly well.


Maximizing some form of Poisson likelihood (either with or without penalization) is central to image reconstruction algorithms in emission tomography. In this paper we introduce NMML, a non-monotonic algorithm for maximum likelihood PET image reconstruction. NMML offers a simple and flexible procedure that also easily incorporates standard convex regularization for doing penalized likelihood estimation. A vast number image reconstruction algorithms have been developed for PET, and new ones continue to be designed. Among these, methods based on the expectation maximization (EM) and ordered-subsets (OS) framework seem to have enjoyed the greatest popularity. Our method NMML differs fundamentally from methods based on EM: i) it does not depend on the concept of optimization transfer (or surrogate functions); and ii) it is a rapidly converging nonmonotonic descent procedure. The greatest strengths of NMML, however, are its simplicity, efficiency, and scalability, which make it especially attractive for tomographic reconstruction. We provide a theoretical analysis NMML, and empirically observe it to outperform standard EM based methods, sometimes by orders of magnitude. NMML seamlessly allows integreation of penalties (regularizers) in the likelihood. This ability can prove to be crucial, especially because with the rapidly rising importance of combined PET/MR scanners, one will want to include more ¿prior¿ knowledge into the reconstruction.


The literature concerning the fast electrodeposition of metals has been
reviewed with particular attention to the electrodeposition of nickel.
A study of the electrodeposition of nickel has been carried out in concentrated
Ni sulphamate solutions at 50-70°C in parallel plate cells
at Reynolds numbers of up to 15,000. The cell design was substantiated by
a preliminary study of the electrodeposition of copper. Additional
studies have been made of current distribution in both the nickel and acid
copper systems using segmented electrodes. Additional studies of mass
transport have been made in the nickel system, as have polarisation studies.
It has been shown that in the case of acid copper the system performs under
mass transport control and that the current distribution is as expected
under these conditions. [continues…]