Professional  journals  are  used  to  disseminate  the  knowledge of scholars in the profession and to provide clinicians with guidance for best practice.  This  article  aimed  to  retrospectively  review  the  role  of the  South African  Journal  of  Physiotherapy  and  its  contribution  to  the profession.  An archival  research  design  was  used  to  collect  information from  the  archives of  the  South  African  Society  of  Physiotherapy website.  The  information  was retrieved  using  a  data  capture  sheet and descriptive  statistics  were  used throughout  to  establish  frequencies  for the  relevant  information.  During  the identified period, 170 articles were published. The greatest number of papers originated in South Africa (81%), 8% from the rest of Africa and 11% written by international authors. Authors with a Masters degree contributed almost 50% of the papers and those with doctorates were responsible for at least 25% of the papers. Most of the papers presented original research (81%) with secondary research such as reviews and scholarly papers accounting for 19% of the total. The most common speciality area addressed through research  was  linked  to musculoskeletal  conditions.  The  journal  appears  to  have  provided  an important  platform  for  South African academics and emerging researchers to publish their findings. It is suggested that the journal should give preference to papers that deal with issues that are unique to South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, as these are the least likely to be published elsewhere. In addition, the journal should emphasise papers that will advance the profession.


Appreciative socialization group is the result of a strong collaboration between a NGO from Iasi, Romania, active volunteers and service users involved (disabled persons). In this paper we aim to offer the rules of implementation of this model. It is important to respect some rules in order to obtain the desired result – social integration of disabled persons in our case. Apprecitive socialization group is based on a number of elements taken from the literature that treats this subject, and a number of elements of appreciative inquiry, the process of socialization, the process of empowerment and also the partnership process.


Evaluation comes in many shapes and sizes. It can be as simple and as grounded in day to day work as a clinical teacher reflecting on a lost teaching opportunity and wondering how to do it better next time or as complex, top down and politically charged as a major government led evaluation of use of teaching funds with the subtext of re-allocating them. Despite these multiple spectra of scale, perceived ownership, financial and political implications, the underlying principles of evaluation are remarkably consistent. To evaluate well, it needs to be clear who is evaluating what and why. From this will come notions of how it needs to be done to ensure the evaluation is meaningful and useful. This paper seeks to illustrate what evaluation is, why it matters, where to start if you want to do it and how to deal with evaluation that is external and imposed.


Many enterprises that participate in dynamic markets need to make product pricing and inventory resource utilization decisions in real-time. We describe a family of statistical models that address these needs by combining characterization of the economic environment with the ability to predict future economic conditions to make tactical (short-term) decisions, such as product pricing, and strategic (long-term) decisions, such as level of finished goods inventories. Our models characterize economic conditions, called economic regimes, in the form of recurrent statistical patterns that have clear qualitative interpretations. We show how these models can be used to predict prices, price trends, and the probability of receiving a customer order at a given price. These "regime" models are developed using statistical analysis of historical data, and are used in real-time to characterize observed market conditions and predict the evolution of market conditions over multiple time scales. We evaluate our models using a testbed derived from the Trading Agent Competition for Supply Chain Management (TAC SCM), a supply chain environment characterized by competitive procurement and sales markets, and dynamic pricing. We show how regime models can be used to inform both short-term pricing decisions and longterm resource allocation decisions. Results show that our method outperforms more traditional shortand long-term predictive modeling approaches.


(...)The mobility figures used in this thesis come from a national mobility survey carried out in Austria in 1995. I carried out a poll with employees and students in order to get results referring to my field of research - mobility at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration in general and its effects on the relocation. To ensure better opportunities of comparison with my own data, two separate studies concerning students and employees were used. The deviation between the different sets of data was only minimal. In general, public transport is made good use of, but employees also tend to use their cars. Biking and walking are rarely used options. While employees often have long ways to go and rather choose a direct way to their place of work, students often settle close to the university and are prone to trip chaining. Moving the university to a new building is definitely to be approved of. In this way all the departments can be located in one building and ways within the grounds can be shortened. Furthermore a new location provides the latest technical equipment and infrastructure. As the study shows, many students attend university several times a day and thus the Prater Park would surely add recreational value. Nevertheless the results also show that students and employees alike have ambivalent attitudes towards the -83- relocation as they are afraid of longer journeys. There is a high likelihood of them if the system of public transport is not better developed.(...)In conclusion one can emphasize that the relocation is a great opportunity to change traffic behaviour positively - towards ecofriendly public transport, biking and walking - and to make public transport more attractive through alterations or extensions. (author's abstract)


This article aims to make a case and set the foundations for retrieving Erich Fromm's FreudoMarxist theory of action and his approach to social domination in particular. To this end, Frommian psychoanalysis is compared with the 'socio-analysis' of Pierre Bourdieu. As far as method is concerned, whereas Bourdieu focuses attention on the socio-political processes of production and reproduction of the perceptive structures that individuals and groups employ in their judgements and actions, Fromm fruitfully extends wider to include the links between perceptive and sociopolitical structures, on the one hand, and the innate structures of the human psyche, on the other hand. Substantively, moreover, Bourdieu tends to exclude physically violent forms of domination from his account of the material effects of symbolic constructs, whilst Fromm consistently places them centre stage. Indeed, Fromm's analytic operations and foci combine to offer a firm rebuttal to Bourdieu's curiously ahistorical contention that psychoanalysis concerns itself exclusively with the individual and always in line with some version of psychologistic determinism, thereby serving as an apologia for the abuses subjects suffer under the established order.


Simulation models are widely used for studying and predicting dynamic behaviors of complex systems. Inaccurate simulation results are often inevitable due to imperfect model and inaccurate inputs. With the advances of sensor technology, it is possible to collect large amount of real time observation data from real systems during simulations. This gives rise to a new paradigm of Dynamic Data Driven Simulation (DDDS) where a simulation system dynamically assimilates real time observation data into a running model to improve simulation results. Data assimilation for DDDS is a challenging task because sophisticated simulation models often have: 1) nonlinear non-Gaussian behavior 2) non-analytical expressions of involved probability density functions 3) high dimensional state space 4) high computation cost. Due to these properties, most existing data assimilation methods fail to effectively support data assimilation for DDDS in one way or another. This work develops algorithms and software to perform data assimilation for dynamic data driven simulation through non-parametric statistic inference based on sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods (also called particle filters). A bootstrap particle filter based data assimilation framework is firstly developed, where the proposal distribution is constructed from simulation models and statistical cores of noises. The bootstrap particle filter-based framework is relatively easy to implement. However, it is ineffective when the uncertainty of simulation models is much larger than the observation model (i.e. peaked likelihood) or when rare events happen. To improve the effectiveness of data assimilation, a new data assimilation framework, named as the SenSim framework, is then proposed, which has a more advanced proposal distribution that uses knowledge from both simulation models and sensor readings. Both the bootstrap particle filterbased framework and the SenSim framework are applied and evaluated in two case studies: wildfire spread simulation, and lane-based traffic simulation. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed data assimilation methods. A software package is also created to encapsulate the different components of SMC methods for supporting data assimilation of general simulation models. INDEX WORDS: Data assimilation, Dynamic data driven simulation, Sequential Monte Carlo, Particle filter, Spatial-temporal systems, Statistical inference DATA ASSIMILATION BASED ON SEQUENTIAL MONTE CARLO METHODS FOR DYNAMIC DATA DRIVEN SIMULATION


B25 Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women in the United States. In 2008, an estimated 182,460 new cases will be diagnosed and 40,480 women will die of breast cancer.
 HER 2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase oncogene product over-expressed in 30% of breast cancers. HER 2 targeted therapy (Trastuzumab®) has been FDA approved for breast cancer. The extracellular form (ECD) of HER 2 is shed into serum and HER 2 testing has been approved by the FDA to identify eligible metastatic breast cancer patients for Trastuzumab® treatment and follow-up and monitoring of patients with metastatic breast cancer. The promise of personalized medicine in breast cancer is not only to be able to recruit patients for target specific therapy but also to monitor subsequent treatment effectiveness.
 In this work, we demonstrate the capability of our Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) multi-analyte biosensor platform in tailoring to the needs of the personalized medicine cancer diagnostics arena. For this proof-of-concept study, we have developed a first generation companion diagnostics chip for HER 2. We also demonstrate multiplexing ability of our platform with a proof-of-concept multiplex assay of HER 2 with CA 125 (prognostic marker for ovarian cancer).
 The LOC sensor array platform performs chemical and immunological reactions on and within the interior regions of micro-spheres positioned in the inverted pyramidal micro-chamber wells of a silicon microchip. Micro-fluidic structures deliver a series of small-volume reagents and washes to the chip and to each of the micro-spheres. Optical signals generated by the reactions on the microspheres are visualized by, a charge-coupled device (CCD) video chip along with the use of trans-wafer optics. Using the LOC system, we have developed ultra sensitive sandwich ELISA type immunological assays for these tumor biomarkers. These immunoassays can be performed with small sample volumes and short assay times, and markedly reduced reagent costs thereby enabling rapid, cost effective analysis, imperative for realizing companion diagnostics for delivering personalized therapeutic decisions.
 The assays developed have excellent analytical characteristics comparable to commercially available methods and multiplexing abilities rendering them amenable to the development of companion diagnostics in cancer therapy. Future work will entail clinical validation of the assay developed. The lab-on-a-chip platform lends itself to other analyte classes and hence promises a multiplex approach that cuts across several classes of analytes. Access to personalized medicine on such rapid and low cost LOC platforms can truly deliver the promise of fitting 'the right drug to the right patient' instead of a 'one size fits all' approach. This work will set a precedent for developing future companion diagnostics to serve along with targeted cancer therapeutics.


INTRODUCTION
There is growing interest in colour stability of aesthetic restorations. So far few studies have been reported.

AIM
This study was designed to investigate the effects of different common food colourants i.e., Turmeric and Carmoisine (orange red dye) consumed by patients in Asian countries on a recent nano hybrid composite resin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of sixty disk shaped specimens measuring 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared. The samples were divided into two groups {Z 100 (Dental restorative composite) Filtek Z 250 XT (Nano hybrid universal restorative)}. Baseline colour measurement of all specimens were made using reflectance spectrophotometer with CIE L*a*b* system. Specimens were immersed in artificial saliva and different experimental solutions containing food colourants (carmoisine solution and turmeric solution) for three hours per day at 37°C. Colour measurements were made after 15 days. Colour difference (ΔE*) was calculated. Mean values were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple range test by Tukey Post-hoc test procedure was employed to identify the significant groups at 5% level.

RESULTS
Z 100 showed minimum staining capacity when compared to Z 250 XT in both the colourant solutions.

CONCLUSION
The nanohybrid composite resin containing TEGDMA showed significant colour change when compared to that of microhybrid composite resin as a result of staining in turmeric and carmoisine solution.


The purposes of this research were to understand children's perception of happiness and to propose
suggestions for improving the level of happiness based on children's needs by analyzing individual
interviews about what makes them happy and why. The subjects of the study were 163 children aged
three to five at two kindergartens and one daycare center in Seoul, South Korea. Research results
were as follows. First, they indicated living things (human, animal, plant) and inanimate things
(plaything, school supply/book, tool/machine, accessory, food, property) as the objects that make
them happy. The most frequently indicated objects that make children happy included plaything (toy)
(31.9%), human (12.3%), school supply/book (10.6%). Secondly, the reason why specific objects
make children happy was because those objects provided satisfaction with desire for play, emotional
satisfaction, practical satisfaction, esthetic satisfaction, satisfaction with desire for creation, and
moral satisfaction. The most frequent reason regarding why they become happy was because they
could play with playthings, and felt fun or good when they play. The identified playthings that make
children happy and satisfy their various needs were those which they could easily find at home and in
the early childhood institutes. Such results suggest that children's happiness could be positively
influenced by the setting where they could freely play while interacting with meaningful things.


Consider the consequences for the least empowered

Copenhagen's world summit for social development has come and gone,1 but women and children continue to bear the brunt of socioeconomic adjustment and consequent ill health. Their burden is particularly poignant in sub-Saharan Africa, where indicators such as female literacy, maternal mortality, infant mortality, mortality among under 5s, and immunisation rates continue to stagnate or deteriorate.2 In Copenhagen some of the world's most powerful leaders discussed the social problems that afflict every country, "especially poverty, unemployment and social exclusion."3 4 Their declaration to target the causes of poverty, however, are unlikely to focus on the structural and institutional causes of poverty.5 6 7

How can one impress on Africa's policymakers and the Western powers that encourage them that the money spent on arms would be better spent on educating women and providing basic health care? How can one impress on Africa's policymakers that it is their responsibility to encourage the preservation of family structures and to take measures to avoid conflict in the home and the community, thereby making life for our children, who are tomorrow's adults, more stable?

Throughout history, African women have stoically dealt with socioeconomic adjustment, struggling to ensure that as many of their offspring as possible survive their early years. But the cumulative impact of their struggle will probably result only in beleaguered survivors who, before the age of 5, are already in debt to the World Bank. Each year of their lives they unknowingly accumulate a larger debt, without hope of ever paying it off.8

Socioeconomic adjustment at the microlevel …


The main contributors of scientific knowledge—researchers—generally aim to disseminate their findings far and wide. And yet, publishing companies have largely kept these findings behind a paywall. With digital publication technology markedly reducing cost, this enduring wall seems disproportionate and unjustified; moreover, it has sparked a topical exchange concerning how to modernize academic publishing. This discussion, however, seems to focus on how to compensate major publishers for providing open access through a pay-to-publish model, in turn transferring financial burdens from libraries to authors and their funders. Large publishing companies, including Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, PLoS, and Frontiers, continue to earn exorbitant revenues each year—hundreds of millions of dollars of which now come from processing charges for open-access articles. A less expensive and equally accessible alternative exists—widespread self-archiving of peer-reviewed articles. All we need is awareness of this alternative and the will to employ it.


The design of a silicon Strong Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) that is lightweight and stable, and which possesses a rigorous security argument, has been a fundamental problem in PUF research since its very beginnings in 2002. Various effective PUF modeling attacks, for example at CCS 2010 and CHES 2015, have shown that currently, no existing silicon PUF design can meet these requirements. In this paper, we introduce the novel Interpose PUF (iPUF) design, and rigorously prove its security against all known machine learning (ML) attacks, including any currently known reliability-based strategies that exploit the stability of single CRPs (we are the first to provide a detailed analysis of when the reliability based CMA-ES attack is successful and when it is not applicable). Furthermore, we provide simulations and confirm these in experiments with FPGA implementations of the iPUF, demonstrating its practicality. Our new iPUF architecture so solves the currently open problem of constructing practical, silicon Strong PUFs that are secure against state-of-the-art ML attacks.


Computer-mediated communication has become a major research topic due to the growing number of graduate-level students entirely or partially enrolled in Internet-based degree programs. Drawing on the concept of common ground from Clark's communication theory, we propose a model to investigate the varying quality and flow of online learning conversations. Our investigation centers on three discourse systems in order to isolate the effects of two functional differences: online presence of the learning material and a linking functionality. The first system, which supports parallel artifact-centered discourse, displays the learning material and its related discussion in a single window. The second system, which supports linked artifact-centered discourse, provides a bi-directional linking functionality between these two elements available in a single window. The control system, which supports conventional discourse, offers the two elements in separate windows. We conducted an experiment with 30 doctoral students enrolled in three sections of an introductory research methods seminar. A total of 30 discussion transcripts, 10 for each group, formed the basis of the data analyses. Using an integrated approach that combined content and sequential analyses, we categorized and sequentially plotted all messages. The findings demonstrate that the online presence of the learning material supports sustained discussions centered on understanding the meaning of a text. Moreover, a linking functionality promotes complex forms of interaction with the learning material and re-focuses the discussion when it digresses. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.


Framed by the normative dimension of the crisis communication literature, this study examines and compares the messages conveyed by two large companies in the South American extractive industry when dealing with catastrophic crises. By focusing on the application of the ethics of care principles, this study illustrates two divergent ways of conducting interpersonal relationships and benevolence as a virtue when communicating with stakeholders in the aftermath of two recent socio-environmental disasters involving human losses in Venezuela and Brazil. For this purpose, the offending companies' official responses obtained from various public sources are analyzed, both within and across the two cases, in light of a proposed outline of the theoretical framework at issue. The results show the contrasting ways in which these companies approached their stakeholders through crisis responses when referring to crisis casualties. Furthermore, the study compares the two cases' backgrounds and argues that the socio-political context influences the corporate decisions on crisis responses.


The notion of Portuguese exceptionalism resonated with the European political and economic elite for some two hundred years: there was a widespread belief that Portuguese society and government existed outside of European understandings of society, politics and authority relations. In the thirty-five years since the 25 April 1974 Carnation Revolution, the Portuguese political system has developed new mechanisms for debate, elections and policy adoption. Portugal is currently completely integrated into Europe as a member of the European Union, with a democratic government and a developing economy. Portugal's return to the overall pattern of European democratic institutions in the years following the 25 April 1974 revolution can be understood as a much needed corrective of both Portuguese authoritarianism and its associated notions of lusotropicalism: that is, democracy and Europe have replaced corporatism and the Portuguese overseas empire as two of the key defining elements of contemporary Portuguese identity. It was certainly a long historical struggle from monarchy to democracy: the contemporary Portuguese political system is currently dynamic, democratic, durable and European.


Violence against women is a widespread problem and has serious implications on women's health. Infertility, in many ways, is a very stressful condition that affect social and marital life of a couple; moreover, compared to fertile women, infertile women are twice as vulnerable against violence. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of violence and define the effect of infertility on violence on women receiving infertility treatment. Infertility, as a crisis in marital life, has multiple psychological and social consequences for couples, especially women. Infertile women are more vulnerable to violence than fertile women.Having a child is a very important goal for most couples. Therefore, a diagnosis of infertility often causes a state of crisis because it negatively affects a couple's relationship.The worldwide infertility rate is 8–12%, while this rate is 10–20% in Turkey. Infertility shows itself as a sudden and unexpected life crisis, and a prolonged diagnostic and treatment process, and the limitations in the adaptation process lead to serious stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of violence and its related factors in infertile women referring to Infertility centers of Rasht in Iran.Between November 1, 2015 and August 1, 2016, the study was conducted on 301 infertile women at the infertility department of the Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, which is the only in vitro fertilization center in the Aegean region affiliated with the Ministry of Health. The number of infertile women who were treated in the hospital in 2014 was 865. By calculating 95% confidence interval using a population-based formula, it was determined that 267 women should be included in the sample. The sample selection criteria were as follows: (1) women who were diagnosed with primary infertility, (2) attended the selected hospital for treatment, (3) were 18 years and older, (4) could speak the Turkish language, and (5) agreed to participate in the study. A written consent was obtained from all the women after explaining the purpose and method of the study, and guarantee was given for privacy of answers. After a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics was filled by the researcher using a face-to-face interview, it was expected that the questions on violence would be answered by the women themselves. The Ethics Committee of the Ege University of Nursing Faculty approved the study protocol.This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 245 women with primary infertility who referred to infertility centers in Rasht. Sampling was selected sequential. The data collection tool were; a researcher-made questionnaire to examine the personal, social, economic and infertility characteristics of couples and Onat's violence standard questionnaire for assessing the exposure of infertile women. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistical methods (Spearman, Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis correlation coefficients) and the results were announced. The results show that the mean total score of violence was 50.93±18.79. Descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out 301 infertile women between November 2015 and August 2016 in a state hospital, Izmir. Data were collected as "Sociodemographic Characteristics Form" and "Infertile Women's Exposure to Violence Determination Scale".There was a significant relationship between the total score of violence and the duration of marriage, the duration of awareness and treatment of infertility, the age of married couples, occupation/education of couples, relationship with spouse, unwittingly marriage and the number of infertility treatment (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that infertility is not merely a biomedical disorder and can lead to violence against women, so consideration of its social dimensions is recommended in therapeutic evaluations. There we can conclude that Infertility is worldwide problem affecting people of all communities, though the cause and magnitude may vary with geographical location and socioeconomic status. Approximately 8-10 percent of couples within the reproductive age group present for medical assessment, generally following two years of failed efforts to reproduce. Evidences suggest that infertility is becoming a public health problem in India. It is estimated that globally 60-80 million cou-ples suffer from infertility every year, of which probably between 15-20 millions (25%) are in India alone. Globally studies show that, at least one in three women and / or girls have been beaten or sexually abused in their lifetime. National Family Health Survey 3 (NFHS-3) shows that approximately 21 percent of women who has been interviewed have experienced physical or sexual violence in last 12 months. It is now becoming more and more evident that Infertility and Gender-based Violence (GBV) are emerging health problems of India. The present analysis was carried out with objective to study the association between Infertil-ity and GBV. Data collected by NFHS-3 from 23,722 women in reproductive age group by household survey shows that 2,023 (8.5%) women were infertile and 21,699 (91.5%) women were having at least one child. Out of total 2,023 infertile women 1,574 (77.8%) have experi-enced physical and/or sexual violence in last 12 months. Out of total 21,699 women having at least one child, only 1,332 (6.1%) have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in last one year. This shows that there is significant association between Infertility and GBV (p<0.001). Based on the study findings the recommendations are: (i) Infertility management should be coupled with counseling on GBV; (ii) Appointing a professional counselor in infer-tility management team; (iii) Infertility management specialist should be sensitized about the GBV


This collection of case studies-some never before published-uncover the details of actual disease outbreaks from within the United States and around the world. At the conclusion of each chapter, the investigator reviews the methods and processes that were employed to execute the investigation. Ideal as a complement to any text on infectious disease epidemiology, these case studies will bring to life the classic functions of field epidemiology and the application of epidemiological methods to unexpected health problems that require fast, on-site investigation and timely intervention. The cases cover investigations in infectious and non-infectious disease outbreaks, as well as environmental health related disease outbreaks.


This paper examined the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in monitoring the growth and development pattern of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria over a period of 21 years with a view to predicting its direction of growth. In effect, the study sought to identify and explain the rate and extent of changes in the study area between 1986 and 2007; measure the rate of urban growth in the study area between 1986 and 2007; assess the impact of urban growth on land use patterns; and predict the trend of urban growth in the study area. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources. Remote Sensing Imagery of Landsat TM 1986, Landsat ETM 2002 and ALOS 2007 were used to measure the extent of growth and to show the effects of this growth on other Land use/Land cover types. Multi-temporal approach was adopted for the study to detect the changes in the imageries. Pixel analysis was employed to identify and compare the type, nature, trend and magnitude of change that occurred in the study area within the slated dates. The observed land use/land cover and population were projected to the next 15 years. The results showed the growth of Ile-Ife and its effects on other land use classes. Pixel analysis revealed that changes occurred in the magnitude and rate of urbanization in the study area between 1986 and 2007. The results were discussed mainly focusing on the trend of urban growth expansion and its effect to the Environment natural resources, farmland and food security and its contribution to climate change. Its implications to urban planning were also discussed and the recommendations made.


This major new study fills a significant gap in the academic literature on the Cold War by considering President Lyndon Johnson's policy towards the Soviet Union. The author examines the attitudes of Johnson and his leading advisers toward the Soviet leadership, taking into account the effects of Moscow's growing splits with Beijing, the impact on US–Soviet relations of nuclear issues, the Vietnam War, and clashes over Cuba, the Middle East and Eastern Europe.

The author's research is based on detailed scrutiny of archives in Britain and the United States, as well as recently published document collections. His study also examines the President's personal leadership qualities, his mistakes in Vietnam and his success as a peacemaker with Moscow. The book constitutes a major contribution to literature on President Johnson's foreign policy 'beyond Vietnam'.


Objective: To describe better the motor phenotype, molecular genetic features, and clinical course of GNAO1 -related disease. Methods: We reviewed clinical information, video recordings, and neuroimaging of a newly identified cohort of 7 patients with de novo missense and splice site GNAO1 mutations, detected by next-generation sequencing techniques. Results: Patients first presented in early childhood (median age of presentation 10 months, range 0 – 48 months), with a wide range of clinical symptoms ranging from severe motor and cognitive impairment with marked choreoathetosis, self-injurious behavior, and epileptic encephalopathy to a milder phenotype, featuring moderate developmental delay associated with complex stereotypies, mainly facial dyskinesia and mild epilepsy. Hyperkinetic movements were often exacerbated by specific triggers, such as voluntary movement, intercurrent illnesses, emotion, and high ambient temperature, leading to hospital admissions. Most patients were resistant to drug intervention, although tetrabenazine was effective in partially controlling dyskinesia for 2/7 patients. Emergency deep brain stimulation (DBS) was life saving in 1 patient, resulting in immediate clinical benefit with complete cessation of violent hyperkinetic movements. Five patients had well-controlled epilepsy and 1 had drug-resistant seizures. Structural brain abnormalities, including mild cerebral atrophy and corpus callosum dysgenesis, were evident in 5 patients. One patient had a diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II), surgically removed at age 16. Conclusions: Our findings support the causative role of GNAO1 mutations in an expanded spectrum of early-onset epilepsy and movement disorders, frequently exacerbated by specific triggers and at times associated with self-injurious behavior. Tetrabenazine and DBS were the most useful treatments for dyskinesia.


The immigration of the Beta Israel community from Ethiopia to Israel during the 1980s and the 1990s posed a challenge to Israeli society in relation to its ability to know, understand, and absorb a Jewish community with differing religious, ethnic and cultural backgrounds. For the Beta Israel, immigrating to Israel created a rift between their dream of returning to Jerusalem, a dream that would only be fulfilled after a journey of suffering, and its realization – in which they became an inferior and excluded minority within Israel. This article discusses Hebrew Ethiopian-Israeli literature, focusing on the major narrative of homecoming – the Journey to Yerussalem. This literature, which is relatively new and small, brings the voice of two generations – those who immigrated to Israel as adults, and the younger generation who were small children during the journey. Presenting various texts, and focusing on Asterai by Omri Tegamlak Avera (2008a) I shall show how Ethiopian-Israeli literature constituted itself as a journey literature, contrasting the old generation with the younger generation's identity formation as it appears in the representation of this journey narrative, constructing a more complex, ambivalent approach to the concepts of immigration and absorption, homeland and diaspora.


A transshipment problem with demands that exceed network capacity can be solved by sending ow in several waves. How can this be done in the minimum number, T, of waves, and at minimum cost, if costs are piece-wise linear convex functions of the ow? In this paper, we show that this problem can be solved using at most log T maximum ow computations and one minimum (convex) cost ow computation. When there is only one sink, this problem can be solved in the same asymptotic time as one minimum (convex) cost ow computation. This improves upon the recent algorithm in 5] which solves the quickest transshipment problem (the above mentioned problem without costs) on k terminals using k log T maximum ow computations and k minimum cost ow computations. Our solutions start with a stationary fractional ow, as described in 5], and use rounding to transform this into an integral ow. The rounding procedure takes O(n) time. The above problems assume that ow is instantaneous but limited by bounds on per unit time capacities. The related problem with linear costs and non-zero transit times is NP-hard. The problem with general transit times but no costs can be solved in polynomial time, but the only known polynomial time algorithm to do this repeatedly minimizes submodular functions using the ellipsoid method 12].


Going West? uses the latest data to question how the Neolithic way of life was diffused from the Near East to Europe via Anatolia. The transformations of the 7th millennium bc in western Anatolia undoubtedly had a significant impact on the neighbouring regions of southeast Europe. Yet the nature, pace and trajectory of this impact needs still to be clarified. Archaeologists previously searched for similarities in prehistoric, especially Early Neolithic material cultures on both sides of the Sea of Marmara. Recent research shows that although the isthmi of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus connect Asia Minor and the eastern Balkans, they apparently did not serve as passageways for the dissemination of Neolithic innovations. Instead, the first permanent settlements are situated near the Aegean coast of Thrace and Macedonia, often occurring close to the mouths of big rivers in secluded bays. The courses and the valleys of rivers such as the Maritsa, Strymon and Axios were perfect corridors for contact and exchange not only in a south-north direction but also the other way round. Using previous studies as a basis for fresh research, this volume presents exciting new viewpoints by analyzing recently discovered materials and by applying modern research methods of interdisciplinary investigations. The seventeen authors of this book have dedicated their research to a renewed evaluation of an old problem: namely, the question of how the complex transformations at the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic can be explained. They have focused their studies on the vast area of the eastern Balkans and the Pontic region between the Bosporus and the rivers Strymon, Danube and Dniestr. Going West? thus offers an overview of the current state of research concerning the Neolithisation of these areas, considering varied viewpoints and also providing useful starting points for future investigations.


In this culture have memaparkan role of men to do any kind of and determine any kind of realized or do not get justification. On the contrary woman clan in culture like that stay in position of subordinate. He become the part of men and drape its life chance to men. This matter which create Iameness of gender in the end bear process of marginalisasi, double burden, permanent of position of subordinasi, hardness and stereotype to woman. Woman position in domesticity of traditional in general wife it is true hold important role in family as commisioned hold family finance. A mother deciding entire/all expenditure to family to buy or do not buy something In a household in general husband is wage earner whereas the wife undertake to manage household. Picture about woman like that's which wish to be presented by husbands comedy sinetron fear wife, that is housewifes with all coherent strereotipe at its life like liking ngrumpi, gossip, gathering etcetera. But differentiating it is all their husband in the reality fear to its wifes, more than anything else in the case of managing finance. Each beholder differ one another in answering to accepted message it, but each this individual also is reacting each other one another to accepted message it. To know influence of or comments of respon and also attention of audience according to Effendy, (2003:304) have to earn to grow an AIDDA formula that is: (1) Attention (Attention), Happened when us of concentration through at one of the appliance of indera our and overrule inputs through appliance of indera other. (2) Enthusiasm (Interest), After attention of television viewer there is, hence becoming problem is how so that inquiring and enthusiastic audience farther. (3) Attention have to earn is immediately improved to become enthusiasm, so that arise to feel to like to know exhaustively in audience x'self. (4) Ambition (Desire), Desire will emerge after enthusiasm, thereby desire of people to always to look on or enjoy presented information. (5) Decision, a phase where reader make kebputusan do will look on regularly and selalui enjoy presented information or leaving him. (6) Action (Action), After audience give attention, so that peep out enthusiasm of adan become a requirement and also do a decision, hence arising action that is audience action effort to give comments, suggestion, criticism. Pursuant to theory of AIDDA tersebtut a communicator will have ability to do communications behaviour and opinion through fascination mechanism if party of komunikan feel that communicator join in with him, equally word of side of komunikan feel the existence of equality between communicator with him, so that thereby komunikan have the kindness to meekly at message which is dokunikasikan by communicator. Communicator attitude trying to equalize x'self with this komunikan will generate sympathy of komunikan at communicator. This Research type is research of eksplanatif with quantitative approach, that is researcher of mendeskripsikan or depict population which is checking. Population in this research is citizen of RT 08 Malang RW VIII Perum Joyo Grand counted 26 people. It is all mothers of RT 08 RW VIII in Perum Joyogrand counted 26 the people with total intake technique of sampling. Technique data collecting which is used in this research is: (1) Kuesioner (2) Documentation. After data got, hereinafter will be analysed with easy and appropriate method comprehended, that is by using analysis: (1) linear Regresi modestly (2) validity test, (3) test of reliabilitas. Pursuant to result of visible research at equation of regresi showing number which is signifikan at level 0,05 at variable X. As for interpretation of equation of the regresi shall be as follows: Y = 7.381 + 0.441 with storey; level of siignifikansi 0.010. From result of the research can be concluded as follows: (1) There is influence between husbands comedy sinetron fear displayed wife in Trans TV to mothers domination in finances, where its influence is a mother in the housing komplek give assessment which are positive to figure all existing wife in displaying sinetron "Husbands Fear Wife", equally all wife of in ill part of attitude sengan all wife which always predominate all kinds of husband business especially in problem of finance. (2) Influence of husbands situation comedy sinetron fear displayed wife in Trans TV to mothers domination in finances, can be seen from result of value of regresi showing very small namely equal to 44,1%. Keyword : Terpaan Komedi; Dominasi Link terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/319/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2009-gunturanta-15924-PENDAHUL-N.pdf


Secure communications in distributed Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) operating under adversarial conditions necessitate efficient key management schemes. In the absence of a priori knowledge of post-deployment network configuration and due to limited resources at sensor nodes, key management schemes cannot be based on post-deployment computations. Instead, a list of keys, called a key-chain, is distributed to each sensor node before the deployment. For secure communication, either two nodes should have a key in common in their key-chains, or they should establish a key through a secure-path on which every link is secured with a key.

We first provide a comparative survey of well known key management solutions for WSN. Probabilistic, deterministic and hybrid key management solutions are presented, and they are compared based on their security properties and re-source usage. We provide a taxonomy of solutions, and identify trade-offs in them to conclude that there is no one size-fits-all solution. Second, we design and analyze deterministic and hybrid techniques to distribute pair-wise keys to sensor nodes before the deployment. We present novel deterministic and hybrid approaches based on combinatorial design theory and graph theory for deciding how many and which keys to assign to each key-chain before the sensor network deployment. Performance and security of the proposed schemes are studied both analytically and computationally. Third, we address the key establishment problem in WSN which requires key agreement algorithms without authentication are executed over a secure-path. The length of the secure-path impacts the power consumption and the initialization delay for a WSN before it becomes operational. We formulate the key establishment problem as a constrained bi-objective optimization problem, break it into two sub-problems, and show that they are both NP-Hard and MAX-SNP-Hard. Having established inapproximability results, we focus on addressing the authentication problem that prevents key agreement algorithms to be used directly over a wireless link. We present a fully distributed algorithm where each pair of nodes can establish a key with authentication by using their neighbors as the witnesses.


HER-2 gene amplification or overexpression occurs in approximately 25 % of breast cancers, and trastuzumab (Tmab) is a monoclonal antibody currently used to treat
patients with HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer. Signalling through alternative receptor tyrosine kinases, such as insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), has
been implicated in resistance to Tmab. The main aim of this study was to investigate mechanisms of resistance and in particular the role of IGF-IR in resistance to Tmab.
Response to Tmab was analysed in a panel of HER-2-positive breast cancer cell lines; no correlation was found between HER-2, IGF-IR, EGFR expression or phosphorylation and response to Tmab. However, both HER-2 and phospho-HER-2
levels were found to correlate positively with phospho-IGF-IR levels (HER-2, p = 0.16; p-HER-2, p = 0.002).
Tmab (T)-resistant cells showed reduced response to Tmab compared to parental cells.
T-resistant BT474 have significantly elevated HER-2, phospho-HER-2, EGFR and phospho-EGFR levels compared to parental cells, while T-resistant SKBR3 cells have
significantly elevated IGF-IR levels compared to parental cells (p = 0.026). Targeting IGF-IR with anti-IGF-IR siRNA or an IGF-IR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) (NVP-AEW541) inhibited the growth of both parental and T-resistant SKBR3
and BT474 cells. Combined treatment with Tmab and IGF-IR inhibitors also inhibited significantly more proliferation than single agents in T-resistant BT474 cells, and in
parental and T-resistant SKBR3 cells.
SKBR3 cells were conditioned in lapatinib (a dual HER-2/EGFR TKI), and the conditioned SKBR3-L cells showed significantly reduced response to lapatinib, and to
Tmab, compared to parental SKBR3 cells. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed alterations in the levels of a number of phosphoproteins in lapatinib resistant cells.
HER-2 and IGF-IR expression were measured by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays (TMAs) of patient breast tumour samples. Membrane IGF-IR staining
correlated inversely with HER-2 expression (p = 0.026).
In conclusion, these data suggest that increased signalling through alternative RTKs may play a role in acquired resistance to Tmab. The combination of anti-IGF-IR
therapies with Tmab may be clinically beneficial for patients with HER-2-positive breast cancer. We have identified a number of phosphoproteins with potential
involvement in trastuzumab and/or lapatinib resistance, and further analysis of these targets may lead to novel therapeutic targets in HER-2-resistant breast cancer.


This article shows how Dutch technological culture has historically dealt with and developed around vulnerability with respect to flooding and indicates recent developments in attitude towards the flood threat. The flooding of New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina temporarily made the Dutch public worry about the flood defense infrastructure in the Netherlands, exemplified by the Delta Works. Could this happen in the Netherlands? After the flooding disaster of 1953, a system of large dams was built to offer safety from flooding with—in theory at least—protection levels that are much higher than in New Orleans. In the public's perception the protection offered is absolute. In practice not all flood defense structures are as secure as they are supposed to be, but their upgrading takes time and money. Katrina has served as a reminder of what is at stake: Can the Dutch afford to take another 10 years to restore the protection level of their flood defenses? Calls for pride in clever engineering are the latest in a continuing debate on the best way to continue life below sea level.


TIMELESS (TIM) is a mammalian homolog of a Drosophila circadian rhythm gene, but its circadian properties in mammals have yet to be determined. TIM appears to be essential for replication protection and genomic stability. Recently, the involvement of TIM in human malignancies has been reported; therefore, we investigated the role of TIM in lung cancer. Microarray expression analysis of lung cancer cell lines showed that TIM expression was elevated 3.7‐fold (P < 0.001) in non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines (n = 116) compared to normal lung controls (n = 59). In addition, small cell lung cancer cell lines (n = 29) expressed TIM at levels 2.2‐fold (P < 0.001) higher than non‐small cell lung cancer. Western blot analysis of 22 lung cancer cell lines revealed that all of them expressed TIM protein and that 20 cell lines (91%) expressed TIM protein at higher levels than a normal control line. Remarkably, immunohistochemistry of 30 surgically resected lung cancer specimens showed that all lung cancer specimens but no matched normal lung tissues were positive for TIM expression. Moreover, immunohistochemistry of surgically resected specimens from 88 consecutive patients showed that high TIM protein levels correlated with poor overall survival (P = 0.013). Mutation analysis for TIM in 23 lung cancer cell lines revealed no mutation. TIM knockdown suppressed proliferation and clonogenic growth, and induced apoptosis in H157 and H460 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that TIM could be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for lung cancer and targeting it would be of high therapeutic value for this disease.


There has long been a need for a simple, objective method of soi1 texture classification as an alternative to the expensive and often needlessly accurate mechanical analysis. In this investigation the correlation between data on two different water retention parameters and clay content is examined. The water retention data used in this context are the moisture content at 50 % relative humidity and the water content at the permanent wilting point. The intention is to investigate the possibility of estimating clay content with sufficient accuracy to enable soi1 texture to be classified from water retention data. The first part of the report consists of a 1iterature review, in which the most important factors affecting the hygroscopic water and the water content at the permanent wilting point are discussed. The second part contains an account of the investigation and of the statistical relationships obtained. The investigation was carried out on 123 soil samples of different textural classes, representing the different types of arable land in Sweden. The soi1 samples were analysed in the folloving respects; soi1 texture (mechanical analysis), content of organic matter (determined as organic carbon), hygroscopic coefficient at 50 relative humidity, loss on ignition and water content at permanent wilting point. The results of the analyses were then treated statistica11y. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to compute the statistical relationships between different variables. The relationships examined were: 1. The relationship between hygroscopic moisture, c1ay content and loss on ignition (Glf). Equation (3). 2. The relationship between water content at the permanent wilting point (wt150), clay content and loss on ignition. Equation (7). 3. Clay content as a function of hygroscopic moisture and loss on ignition. Equation (4). 4. Clay content as a function of wt150 and loss on ignition. Equation (8). Clay contents for the 123 soi1 samples were then calculated with the equations obtained and compared with the clay contents given by mechanical analysis. The equations were compared with each other in respect of determination coefficient (R2) and the residua1 variance obtained. The outcome of this comparison shows tnat equation (8), where the clay content is calculated from wt150, gives a better correlation between the calculated clay contents and the clay contents given by mechanical analysis than that given by equation (4), where the clay content is calculated from hygroscopic moisture content. Equation (8)is given below; L = -2,5 + 2,8 wt150 - l,7 Glf: Glf = loss on ignition In order to test the accuracy of the resu1ts, the clay contents for a collection of soil samples not used earlier in the investigation were ca1culated using equation (8). These values were then compaired with the clay contents given by mechanical analyses. The results show that although most of the estimated clay contents roughly coincide with the clay contents determined by mechanical analysis, some of the contents calculated diverge widely from those determined. The divergence is most extreme for soil samples with a large content of organic matter and especial1y if the percentage of organic matter exceeds the clay content. The reasens for this are discussed. In order to improve the calculation of clay contents some new equations were computed. One of these, equation (12), was obtained from 159 observations and restricted to apply only to mineral soils with a loss on ignition of less than 15 %. Equation (12) is given below: L =-0,4 + 2,9 wt150 - 1,2 Glf: To obtain an estimation of how well the clay content of an individual soil sample can be calculated with this equation, a prediction interval was computed. The prediction interval shows that the calculated clay content for an individual observation chosen at random, with 95 %probability will deviate less than 6,5 per cent from the value given by mechanical analysis. This error might be acceptable for soil samples with high clay content, makes the estimation of c1ay content very unreliab1e at low leve1s. Equations were also obtained, whereby the content of organic matter can be calculated with respect to water retention data.


Connected speech processes have played a major role in shaping theories about phonological organization, and how phonology interacts with other components of the grammar (Selkirk, 1974; Kiparsky, 1982; Kaisse, 1985; Nespor and Vogel, 1986, among others). External sandhi is subject to locality conditions, and it is more variable compared to processes applying word-internally. We suggest that an important part of understanding these two properties of external sandhi is the locality of speech production planning. Presenting evidence from French liaison, we argue that the effect of lexical frequency on variability can be understood as a consequence of the narrow window of phonological encoding during speech production planning. This proposal complements both abstract, symbolic and gestural overlap-based accounts of phonological alternations. By connecting the study of phonological alternations with the study of factors influencing speech production planning, we can derive novel predictions about patterns of variability in external sandhi, and better understand the data that drive the development of phonological theories.


Headlines have highlighted the plight of unaccompanied children seeking asylum at our southern border. Some political pundits have called this a "crisis," casting blame for the migrant influx on our outdated and confusing immigration policies. Yet further away from the border, another group of migrants — all of whom have already resettled here — confronts a more routine crisis perpetrated by our bureaucracy. Refugees, who are legally resettled in the United States by the tens of thousands each year, often arrive without intact family units. Many have been forced to leave spouses or children behind in conflict zones or refugee camps. To reunite with these loved ones, refugees must petition to bring them through the U.S. immigration system via special processes meant to accommodate a refugee's status as a victim of persecution. Yet through stringent documentation requirements and bureaucratic inertia, these processes often end up penalizing refugees for their lack of resources. Ironically, refugees' vulnerability and past persecution — which form the very basis for their status in the United States — subsequently prevent them from navigating an immigration process specially designed for them. This Note provides an overview of this complex system and identifies many of the flaws that keep refugee families apart. It then offers a number of reforms designed to streamline this cumbersome bureaucracy and protect refugees' family members seeking to be reunited on American soil.


We use combined burial history and rock-physics modeling of sand and shale to predict expected amplitude variation with offset (AVO) signatures and seismic fluid sensitivities for a given burial history. The advantage with this approach is that we can extrapolate away from wells in areas with complex tectonics. Furthermore, we can use depth trends derived from local burial history to create AVO probability density functions (PDFs) for calibration and classification of AVO attributes in a given area. We demonstrate the use of these techniques on two hydrocarbon discoveries with different burial histories: the Alvheim Field in the North Sea and the Skalle Field in the Barents Sea.


Abstract One of the important issues in severe reactor accident scenarios is the containment integrity and the characteristics of the source term that governs the ultimate radioactive releases to the environment. The releases are in the form of aerosols that are generated by the condensation of volatile fission products released from fuel, within the containment, during the severe accident. A loss-of-coolant accident with simultaneous failure of the emergency core cooling system has been postulated for a study of such aerosols. For the aerosol behavior in the containment, various removal mechanisms, such as gravitational settling, diffusional plate-out, and diffusiophoresis, and growth processes such as agglomerations and condensation have been included. The transport process such as leakage from the containment has also been modeled. This paper discusses the results of the studies carried out to estimate aerosols' behavior in the Tarapor Atomic Power Station (TAPS)-3&4 containment following their release during the postulated accident condition. It was found that the gravitational settling is the major aerosol removal mechanism following the postulated severe accident.


A novel family of six donor–acceptor type organic sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is reported. The dyes have been designed to have outstanding light absorption properties in the visible range and being able to achieve high photon-to-electrical current conversion for BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaic). Moreover, stability tests under illumination at 1 Sun and 65 °C showed a great stability for some of the devices, with less than 6% decrease of power conversion efficiency after 3000 hours. The differences in the performance of the six sensitizers under standard illumination conditions can be correlated with the observed differences in the photo-induced transient photovoltage and in charge extraction measurements. We report the use of one of the dyes for the fabrication of semi-transparent solar modules showing an active area of 1400 cm2 and a power output of 10.5 W m−2.


Despite rapid growth in the marine tourism sector, the impacts of recreation on the marine environment are generally not well understood. Most existing studies of marine recreation ecology have focused on behavioural changes resulting from direct interactions between humans and wildlife including provisioning. However, non-consumptive, non-provisioning human im pacts may also result in persistent behavioural impacts to shark populations. In this study, we examined differences in residency, abundance, and behaviour of reef sharks at Palmyra Atoll in response to long-term SCUBA diving activity, using a combination of survey techniques including baited remote underwater video systems and multi-year passive acoustic monitoring. In most locations with recreational diving operations, some level of human impact is pervasive, but on Palmyra, extractive fishing is prohibited, and scientific diving activities are concentrated on just a few sites that house long-term monitoring projects. These sites experience relatively intensive diving, while the majority of the island is entirely undived. Evidence from elsewhere has shown that sharks behaviourally respond to people in the water over short time scales, but our results indicate that this response may not persist. We did not detect differences in reef shark abundance or behaviour between heavily dived and undived locations, nor were there differences in shark residency patterns at dived and undived sites in a year with substantial diving activity and a year without any diving. Our results suggest that humans can interact with reef sharks without persistent behavioural impacts, and that well-regulated shark diving tourism can be accomplished without undermining conservation goals.


In real world applications, data are often with multiple modalities. Previous works assumed that each modality contains sufficient information for target and can be treated with equal importance. However, it is often that different modalities are of various importance in real tasks, e.g., the facial feature is weak modality and the fingerprint feature is strong modality in ID recognition. In this paper, we point out that different modalities should be treated with different strategies and propose the Auxiliary information Regularized Machine (ARM), which works by extracting the most discriminative feature subspace of weak modality while regularizing the strong modal predictor. Experiments on binary and multi-class datasets demonstrate the advantages of our proposed approach ARM.


This paper explores the use of rate adaptation in cellular networks to maximize throughput of long-lived TCP sessions. We focus on the problem of maximizing the throughput of TCP connections and propose a joint optimization of MAC and physical layer parameters with respect to TCP sending rate. In particular, we propose a simple TCP-aware channel scheduler that adapts the wireless channel rate to changes in the TCP sending rate and explore its performance for both single and multiple concurrent sessions. In the case of a single TCP session, we develop a fluid model of its steady-state behavior in such a system that adapts between two channel rates. Our results indicate that a two-rate scheme improves TCP throughput by 15% to 20% over a system that does not exploit rate adaptation and that little additional benefit accrues from the addition of a third channel rate. Finally, we extend the framework to scenarios where bandwidth is shared by multiple TCP sessions. We propose two channel allocation algorithms and explore their performance through simulation. Our results indicate that TCP throughput is relatively insensitive to either channel allocation algorithm and adaptive rate variation is the dominant factor in performance.


This third English volume of The China Economy Yearbook, based on the 2008 annual report in Chinese, provides an in-depth analysis of China's economy during 2007 and predictions for 2008. Written by leading economic researchers from China's premier economic research institutions, the articles in the yearbook examine key aspects of China's economic performance, including the capital goods market, agricultural output, monetary policy, tax revenue, and sustainable growth metrics.


This article explores arguments in favour of establishing an international taxation database to counter tax haven secrecy. The current OECD approach is a 'request of information process', which can be limited by local jurisdictional requirements. At its best, the 'request of information process' is an automatic transfer system based on the despatch of data in bulk format either upon request, at defined points in time, or following detection in the relevant offshore jurisdiction. This process lacks scope for timeliness in detection and enforcement. There is also scope for errors in analysing data for its potential use as evidence in other legal systems.


In the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and many other nations, those involved in law and policy have been exploring choice-preserving approaches, or "nudges," informed by behavioral science and with the purpose of promoting important public policy goals, such as improved health and safety. But there is a large and insufficiently explored difference between System 1 nudges, which target or benefit from automatic processing, and System 2 nudges, which target or benefit from deliberative processing. Graphic warnings and default rules are System 1 nudges; statistical information and factual disclosures are System 2 nudges. On philosophical grounds, it might seem tempting to prefer System 2 nudges, on the assumption that they show greater respect for individual dignity and promote individual agency. A nationally representative survey in the United States finds evidence that in important contexts, majorities do indeed prefer System 2 nudges. At the same time, that preference is not fixed and firm. If people are asked to assume that the System 1 nudge is significantly more effective, then large numbers of them will move in its direction. In a range of contexts, Republicans, Democrats, and independents show surprisingly similar responses. The survey findings, and an accompanying normative analysis, offer lessons for those involved in law and policy who are choosing between System 1 nudges and System 2 nudges.


Communication bottleneck has been identified as a significant issue in distributed optimization of large-scale learning models. Recently, several approaches to mitigate this problem have been proposed, including different forms of gradient compression or computing local models and mixing them iteratively. In this paper, we propose Qsparse-local-SGD algorithm, which combines aggressive sparsification with quantization and local computation along with error compensation, by keeping track of the difference between the true and compressed gradients. We propose both synchronous and asynchronous implementations of Qsparse-local-SGD. We analyze convergence for Qsparse-local-SGD in the distributed setting for smooth non-convex and convex objective functions. We demonstrate that Qsparse-local-SGD converges at the same rate as vanilla distributed SGD for many important classes of sparsifiers and quantizers. We use Qsparse-local-SGD to train ResNet-50 on ImageNet and show that it results in significant savings over the state-of-the-art, in the number of bits transmitted to reach target accuracy.


This final project is concerned with the analysis of idiomatic expressions
found in Emily Bronte"s novel Wuthering Heights. Idiomatic expressions or idioms
(both can be used interchangeably) are expressions peculiar to a language, not readily
analyzable from their grammatical construction or from the meaning of their
constituent words. Idioms are one of the English components that should be well
understood by English learners. They are frequently employed in informal situation,
either spoken or written. As some idioms cannot be translated literally, English
learners should learn how to get and understand the meaning of those idioms
precisely.
This study was carried out for several objectives, those are (1) to classify the
forms of idiomatic expressions found in the novel, (2) to find out the meaning of
idiomatic expressions found in the novel, and (3) to provide the readers with
contributions of understanding idiomatic expressions found in the novel to the
English learning in general. To reach those objectives, I was concerned with the
library research as the method of investigation. In this case, I used the novel
"Wuthering Heights" by Emily Bronte as the primary data, and some reference books
dealing with the subject as the secondary ones.
After analyzing the data, I found that idiomatic expressions, based on their
form, can be classified into two categories, the fixed and non-fixed idioms. From the
study it was found that among 96 idioms taken as the data, 52 idioms are of the fixed
idioms and 44 are of the non-fixed ones. Another classification applied to those
idioms is classification based on the meaning, i.e. transparent or non-transparent
idioms. Related to this classification, I found that 53 idioms are transparent and 43
idioms are not transparent in their meaning. Further, it is also concluded that though
idioms are fixed in form, it does not mean that they are transparent in meaning. Both
idioms, fixed and non-fixed, may have transparent and non-transparent meaning.
Further classification (based on the types of words), can also be given to those
idioms, i.e. idioms beginning with verbs (44), idioms beginning with prepositions
(36), idioms beginning with adverbs (6), idioms beginning with adjectives (5), idioms
beginning with nouns (2), idioms beginning with pronouns (2), and idioms beginning
with articles (1).
By understanding those idioms found in the novel, 4 contributions are given
to the English learning. Those are: (1) to have a deeper understanding of the whole
story of the novel; (2) to have a more awareness of recognizing the appearance of
idioms; (3) to facilitate the learners with vocabulary of English idioms, and (4) to
help the learners to make their sentences sound more interesting and varied.


There is a new technique for differentiating normal bowel from that involved with regional enteritis. At the time of operation, direct sky blue dye was injected beneath the serosa of the bowel. The distribution of the dye within the subserosa and mesenteric lymphatics was used to determine the site of bowel transection. Gross and microscopic findings were correlated with the test results. Six patients have undergone bowel resection with use of this test. No evidence of microscopic disease was found at the margins of the dissected specimens. The patients have been observed from seven months to one year and remain asymptomatic.


This little book tells you about research that we did as part of the Liveable Cities project, looking at sharing in cities. Through a series of conversations with researchers and workshops with citizens of Lancaster and Birmingham in 2015, we conclude that: • Cities are important hubs for sharing and they always have been • Sharing is more than just giving something to someone to use- there are a lot of factors to think about when trying to understand what sharing is! • A way of classifying sharing in cities can help make sense of all the examples of sharing and allow for easy comparisons between examples • The presence of physical and digital hubs and bridges and the need to promote sharing in different ways are incredibly important to sharing in cities • There are a multitude of resources about sharing that can be useful if you want to find out more information on the topic • Well-designed and fun exercises can get people mapping their examples of sharing in cities This book therefore not only presents our current understanding of sharing, but illustrates how cities and communities can go about understanding the sharing phenomenon in their locality.


Kamari Maxine Clarke and Deborah A. Thomas argue that a firm grasp of globalization requires an understanding of how race has constituted, and been constituted by, global transformations. Focusing attention on race as an analytic category, this state-of-the-art collection of essays explores the changing meanings of blackness in the context of globalization. It illuminates the connections between contemporary global processes of racialization and transnational circulations set in motion by imperialism and slavery; between popular culture and global conceptions of blackness; and between the work of anthropologists, policymakers, religious revivalists, and activists and the solidification and globalization of racial categories.

A number of the essays bring to light the formative but not unproblematic influence of African American identity on other populations within the black diaspora. Among these are an examination of the impact of "black America" on racial identity and politics in mid-twentieth-century Liverpool and an inquiry into the distinctive experiences of blacks in Canada. Contributors investigate concepts of race and space in early-twenty-first century Harlem, the experiences of trafficked Nigerian sex workers in Italy, and the persistence of race in the purportedly non-racial language of the "New South Africa." They highlight how blackness is consumed and expressed in Cuban timba music, in West Indian adolescent girls' fascination with Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and in the incorporation of American rap music into black London culture. Connecting race to ethnicity, gender, sexuality, nationality, and religion, these essays reveal how new class economies, ideologies of belonging, and constructions of social difference are emerging from ongoing global transformations.

Contributors . Robert L. Adams, Lee D. Baker, Jacqueline Nassy Brown, Tina M. Campt, Kamari Maxine Clarke, Raymond Codrington, Grant Farred, Kesha Fikes, Isar Godreau, Ariana Hernandez-Reguant, Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, John L. Jackson Jr., Oneka LaBennett, Naomi Pabst, Lena Sawyer, Deborah A. Thomas


Background: Antidepressants, in particular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, have been associated with antithrombotic and neuroprotective properties and their more widespread use has been suggested in stroke recovery. However, data are sparse on their effects on the clinical outcome, including mortality, associated with early antidepressant treatment after stroke. We aimed to study all-cause 30-day mortality related to early antidepressant treatment in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: We did a population-based follow-up study identifying patients from the Danish Stroke Registry admitted in the former Aarhus County from 2003 to 2010. During this time, initiation of antidepressant treatment during admission was registered in the Danish Stoke Registry. The registry also holds clinical information including stroke type, stroke severity and quality of in-hospital stroke care. Information on vital status and covariates including comorbidities and co-medication was obtained from the following population-based medical registries: the Danish Civil Registration System, Danish Medicines Agency's Medical Register and The Danish National Patients Registry. Information was linked using the unique civil registration number assigned to all Danish residents. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compute the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 30-day mortality in patients treated with antidepressants during admission as compared to patients not treated. In addition, we did stratified analyses on sex, age, stroke severity and propensity score-matched analyses as well as multiple imputation. Results: Among 5,070 consecutive first-ever stroke patients without prior antidepressant treatment, 955 (18.8%) started antidepressant treatment during admission with a median time from admission until treatment of 5 days (interquartile range 2-11). The proportion of patients with severe stroke was higher among treated patients as compared to that among non-treated patients. The adjusted OR of 30-day mortality was 0.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18-0.43) for patients treated during admission as compared to patients not treated during admission. Stratification by stroke severity showed signs of effect modification, stratification by sex and age did not. Included in the propensity score-matched analyses were 1,908 patients matched 1:1. The propensity score-matched adjusted OR of death within 30 days was 0.31 (95% CI 0.19-0.49). Conclusion: Although early antidepressant treatment was more often started in patients with severe stroke, treatment was associated with significantly lower mortality. This result requires replication in randomized trials; however, it indicates that early start of antidepressant treatment after stroke may be safe and a more routine use may be feasible.


The innovative radiating structures as a conical millimeter wave FZP lens are proposed for subwavelength focusing. The results of FDTD simulation and experimental verification are discussed. It has been shown that in contrast to the flat diffractive optics the curvilinear 3D diffractive conical optics is capable of overcoming 3D Abbe barrier with a focal distance F greater than 2λ. The focal intensity distribution for such type of lenses is not circularly symmetric and thus the focal spot in the high numerical aperture case is no longer an Airy pattern. These results may find useful applications in optical microscopes, including "reverse-microscope", nondestructive testing, microoptics, and nanooptics. OCIS codes: 050.6624, 050.1970. doi: 10.3788/COL201412.060014.


Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) is a technical language which covers the standardization for micro/macro- geometry specifications. In today's environment of globalization, out-sourcing and sub-contracting is increasing. Geometrical specifications of a product need to be detailed to a degree where nothing is left open to interpretation. To fulfil this, and to meet the requirements of digital manufacturing, it is necessary to integrate the design and inspection process of a geometrical specification. At the technical level, many functional operator/operations are employed in a geometrical specification. These functional operators/operations are based on rigorous mathematics, and they are intricately related and inconvenient to be used directly. Consequently, it is of practical utility to build an integrated information system to encapsulate and manage the information involved in GPS. This thesis focuses on geometrical tolerancing, including form/orientation/ location tolerancing, and its integrated geometry information system.

The main contributions are:

Firstly, a global data expression for modelling the integration between the design and inspection process of a geometrical tolerance is presented based on category theory. The categorical data model represents, stores and manipulates all the elements and their relationships involved in design and inspection process of a geometrical tolerance, by categories, objects and morphisms, flexibly; the relationships between objects were refined by pull back structures; and the manipulations of the model such as query and closure of query are realized successfully by functor structures in category theory.

Secondly, different categories of knowledge rules have been established to enhance the rationality and the intellectuality of the integrated geometry information system, such as the rules for the application of geometrical requirement, tolerance type, datum and datum reference framework and, for the refinement among geometrical specifications.

Finally, the host system for drawing indication of geometrical tolerances in the framework of GPS was established based on AutoCAD 2007 using ObjectARX.


An integrated fisheries management tool based on a bio-economic model was applied to the small pelagics (sardine) fishery in central Algeria (Mediterranean Sea). The basic bio-economic conditions of the fishery were established and relevant biological and economic indicators were analysed under different management scenarios defined by changes on fleet capacity and daily fishing time. The results show that the fishery is subject to high fishing pressure (1,548 units in 1990 and 4,445 units in 2007) (Maouel, 2003, Medrous, 2013) and current government policies aiming to increase fishing capacity (1,493 new units are projected for 2025) (MPRH, 2008) would likely worsen the conservation status of the resource, without contributing to a significant volume of catches or economic profits. Instead, a reduction of daily fishing time would allow decreasing the fishing mortality, without significantly reducing the total production or profits of the fishery to the current fleet. However, the short-term loss faced by the industry is a major constraint towards the acceptability of this type of management measures by the fishing sector.


Performance requirements of emerging applications and tighter power consumption constraints of mobile and embedded platforms mean that runtime management software is required to control these systems efficiently. In order for embedded systems to maintain their optimality, especially in dynamic environments, runtime software must be capable of learning and adaptability. This thesis investigates and develops runtime modelling methods, including their experimental validation, to reduce energy consumption in homogenous and heterogeneous multi-core processors. A multiple linear regression model is established to predict power and performance and drive runtime adaptations of an application and platform to maximise energy efficiency whilst meeting performance targets. The proposed method is further validated with a parallel stereo matching application, which is developed to investigate the use of core scaling and analyse trade-offs between power and performance through runtime adaptation for energy saving. Experimental results obtained from a 61-core Intel Xeon-Phi platform show that the same performance can be achieved with an average reduction in power consumption of 27.8% and increased energy efficiency by 30.0%, in comparison to baseline dynamic power management techniques. To make energy management independent of the application and platform, this thesis presents a holistic approach to runtime management in the form of a runtime framework that is both application- and platform-agnostic. The framework unites the hardware and software layers by embedding the runtime management layer at the centre and enables cross-layer interactions through an API and dynamic knobs and monitors. The framework is demonstrated experimentally across multiple applications and two heterogeneous platforms, the Odroid-XU3 and Cyclone V. Two state-of-the-art runtime management approaches are validated that reduce the energy consumption of application execution by 18.2% and 17.2%. Trade-offs between power, performance and accuracy are presented in three application-platform scenarios.


Accumulating evidence indicates that exposure to air pollution is associated with increased mortality from respiratory disease. Exposure to ambient pollutants, such as ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and other agents has been associated with decrease in lung function and immunity, and with increased rates of hospitalization for lung disease, including pneumonia. Furthermore, sex differences in frequency and sever - ity of pulmonary disease and infection have been reported, suggesting a role of sex hormones in mediating these differences. Pneumonia, which is commonly caused by bacterial infection and subsequent lung inflammation leading to hospitalization and death, occurs at different rates in men and women. In this context, male and female hormones can have direct effects on the immunity system by binding to receptors in immune cells, and these responses can be modulated by environmental exposures. This chapter summarizes clini- cal, animal, and epidemiological studies linking exposure to air pollution and pneumonia in both males and females. Understanding sex-specific mechanisms in pneumonia patho - genesis and environmental responses can help in the development of more effective thera peutics and treatment options to reduce negative health outcomes in men and women.


This paper deals with a new approach to the control of the propagation environment in indoor scenarios using intelligent walls. The intelligent wall is a conventional wall situated inside a building, but equipped with an active frequency selective surface and sensors. The intelligent wall can be designed as a self-configuring and self-optimizing autonomous part of a collaborative infrastructure working within a high-capacity mobile radio system. The paper shows how such surfaces can be used to adjust the electromagnetic characteristics of the wall in response to changes in traffic demand, monitored using a network of sensors, thereby controlling the propagation environment inside the building. Some of the potential problems (mainly controlling coverage and interference) relating to an increased usage of wireless systems both inside and outside buildings are discussed and possible solutions using intelligent walls with the active FSS are suggested. The positive influence of intelligent walls on system performance is shown and results obtained from the simulations are shown and discussed.


Abstract Tephrochronology allows the establishment of 'isochrons' between marine, lacustrine, terrestrial and ice cores, typically based on the geochemical fingerprint of the tephra. The development of cryptotephrochronology has revealed a vast inventory of isochrons which hold the potential to improve stratigraphic correlation and identify systemic leads and lags in periods of rapid climate change. Unfortunately, bioturbation acts to blur these isochrons, reducing the temporal resolution in marine and lacustrine records. In order to better resolve these event horizons, we require a better understanding of bioturbative processes, and the depth and time over which they operate. To this end, an ash fall event was simulated on the intertidal zone of the Eden Estuary, Fife, Scotland and sediment cores were collected over 10 days. A novel approach to tephra quantification was developed, using the imaging software ImageJ. Our results showed limited bioturbation (mixed depth=18 mm), most likely owing to the fine grain size, low-energy environment and the resulting faunal composition of the sediments. These results imply a strong ecological control on bioturbation, and suggest that inferences may be made about palaeoenvironments from the observed bioturbation profiles. supplementary material: The ImageJ macro used in this study, as well as raw tephra concentration data and details of the method validation are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18725.


Resistance to Thyroid Hormone (RTH) syndrome is a developmental disease characterized by the failure of peripheral tissues to respond to thyroid hormone signaling. A382PfsX7 is a nonfunctional RTH-associated variant of thyroid hormone receptor α1 which fails to bind thyroid hormone and disassociate from corepressors. The mutation also deletes a nuclear export signal (NES) from the C-terminal end of the receptor. This thesis sought to determine whether this NES deletion altered the intracellular distribution of TR in a way which would imply interference with its role in transcriptional activation and repression. Using lipidbased transfection of fluorescently-labeled TR into HeLa (human) cells and fluorescent microscopy, the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of wild-type (WT) and mutant TR and the presence of TR aggregates was evaluated. Coexpression of WT-TRα1 and A382PfsX7 is associated with a cytosolic shift in localization and an increased frequency of TR aggregation. These data suggest that novel interactions between WT and mutant receptors may increase the aggregation propensity of TR and thereby alter localization.


For both single probability estimation trees (PETs) and ensembles of such trees, commonly employed class probability estimates correct the observed relative class frequencies in each leaf to avoid anomalies caused by small sample sizes. The effect of such corrections in random forests of PETs is investigated, and the use of the relative class frequency is compared to using two corrected estimates, the Laplace estimate and the m-estimate. An experiment with 34 datasets from the UCI repository shows that estimating class probabilities using relative class frequency clearly outperforms both using the Laplace estimate and the m-estimate with respect to accuracy, area under the ROC curve (AUC) and Brier score. Hence, in contrast to what is commonly employed for PETs and ensembles of PETs, these results strongly suggest that a non-corrected probability estimate should be used in random forests of PETs. The experiment further shows that learning random forests of PETs using relative class frequency significantly outperforms learning random forests of classification trees (i.e., trees for which only an unweighted vote on the most probable class is counted) with respect to both accuracy and AUC, but that the latter is clearly ahead of the former with respect to Brier score.


Abstract Background: Patient-centred work is an essential part of contemporary medicine. Literature shows that educational interventions contribute to developing patient-centredness, but there is a lack of insight into the associated learning processes. Objective: Through reviewing articles about educational interventions involving patients, we aspire to develop a program theory that describes the processes through which the educational interventions are expected to result in change. The processes will clarify contextual elements (called contexts) and mechanisms connected to learning patient-centredness. Methods: In our realist review, an initial, rough program theory was generated during the scoping phase, we searched for relevant articles in PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL and Embase for all years before and through 2016. We included observational studies, case reports, interviews, and experimental studies in which the participants were students, residents, doctors, nurses or dentists. The relevance and rigour of the studies were taken into account during analysis. With deductive as well as inductive coding, we extended the rough program theory. Results: In our review, we classified five different contexts which affect how upcoming professionals learn patient-centredness. These aspects are influenced through components in the intervention(s) related to the learner, the teacher, and the patient. We placed the mechanisms together in four clusters – comparing and combining as well as broadening perspectives, developing narratives and engagement with patients, self-actualisation, and socialisation – to show how the development of (dimensions of) patient-centredness occurs. Three partial-program-theories (that together constituting a whole program theory) were developed, which show how different components of interventions within certain contexts will evoke mechanisms that contribute to patient-centredness. Translation into daily practice: These theories may help us better understand how the roles of patients, learners and teachers interact with contexts such as the kind of knowledge that is considered legitimate or insight in the whole illness trajectory. Our partial program theories open up potential areas for future research and interventions that may benefit learners, teachers, and patients.


This paper is a conclusion of a four-month-long research project. Aging and lifestyle diseases pose a massive challenge for sustainability of societies of the developed countries. The aim of the study was creation of a set of guidelines and actions that would facilitate interaction between primary health care and wellness organisations in Sweden in a manner conducive to achievement of social sustainability in the area of public health. The theoretical part provides insights into significance of public health for sustainability. It explores systematic barriers for achievement and maintenance of optimal health within health system and social system. Research was conducted through interviews with professionals working at the Blekinge Health Arena, doctors and nurses. The results were framed within FSSD to ensure compliance with Social Sustainability Principles. The guidelines and actions promote health through lifestyle change, community empowerment, holistic perspective of the patient and close collaboration between primary health care and wellness organisations. The authors believe the results may be widely implemented within Sweden, helping transition towards sustainability.


This paper draws on insights from the African Perspectives on Human Mobility research programme, which included four research teams based at universities in Ghana, Nigeria, Morocco and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The paper first provides some details on the background and findings of the projects conducted by the four teams in various African cities. It then turns to some reflections on the theoretical implications and questions raised by these research findings and presents four broad points. First, by showing African cities as a place of attraction for international migrants, these findings highlight the curious absence of other research into international migration towards other African cities. Second, the city is a zone of departure not just in terms of being a stepping stone to long-distance migration, but also in terms of being what we might call a 'forge' for migratory behaviour – where migration is shaped through urban life. Third, the paper draws attention to the different practices of integration and exclusion of migrants that are in evidence in these African cities, again observing the limited research in this area. Fourth, in contrast to the global cities literature, which largely bypasses the African continent, we note that the cities included in this study are clearly enmeshed in transnational and global networks, not merely as departure points for migrants, but also, significantly, as attractive spaces for migrants and mobile traders – for creativity, connections and exchange. The paper concludes by reflecting on how we might better understand the links between internal, regional and inter-continental migration in the context of Africa, suggesting that examining global African migrations in more detail may help us understand better the emergence of new migration systems.


Background and aim: Still research is carried out for imaging and laboratory tools that can replace gastroscopy in esophageal varices prediction. Different non-invasive fibrosis predictors have shown promising results in predicting the presence of varices. In addition, serum sCD163 correlates with hepatic venous pressuregradient (HVPG). We had investigated different non-invasive tools for predicting the presence, size and/or bleeding risk of esophageal varices against gastroscopy as the gold standard as well as a stratification tool to identify patients who benefit from individualized surveillance or secondary prophylaxis.Methods: 243 cirrhotic patients were divided into three groups; group I: no varices, group II: small-sized varices, group III: mediumsized, large-sized and any size varices with risky signs. Assessment of sCD163 level, abdominal ultrasound and routine laboratory investigations were carried out. APRI, FIB-4, Lok's score, Fibroindex, AAR and Platelet/spleen ratio were calculated and patients were monitored for one year. Band ligation was performed for significant varices and number of sessions and obliteration were recorded.Results: sCD163 levels were higher in patients having large varices (p=0.012), at risk of bleeding (p=0.04) and the bleeding patients (p=0.001). Lower albumin levels and platelets count, higher portal vein and splenic diameters, APRI, FIB4, Lok's score, Fibroindex, AAR and platelet/spleen ratio were significant in patients with varices. Plt/spleen ratio had the best performance model in predicting varices using multivariate analysis with correct classification of 75.9%.Conclusion: Non-invasive fibrosis markers, especially the Plt/spleen diameter ratio; can predict the presence of esophageal varices; however, they still lack the specificity and sensitivity that make them replacing the screening endoscopy. Combining sCD163 to these tests may help in predicting bleeding risk. However, further studies are to be carved.


We develop a framework for 3D shape and motion recovery of articulated deformable objects. We propose a formalism that incorporates the use of implicit surfaces into earlier robotics approaches that were designed to handle articulated structures. We demonstrate its effectiveness for human body modeling from synchronized video sequences. Our method is both robust and generic. It could easily be applied to other shape and motion recovery problems.