The way practice is shaped by features of the physical and socio-political environment is a critical issue here. We have been using a consistent notion of practice within this text that understands practice as routine behaviours derived from a personal or collective knowledge base. This knowledge base of the social, technical and political environment yields the basis on which decisions about priorities, actions and compliances are made. We explore these dimensions in more detail in our last chapter. The notions of compliance and complicity are important here. We do not depict higher education actors as robotic dupes, whose actions are devoid of agency and understanding; the way in which leadership from the universities were complicit in the UK design of an individualised and differentiated funding model for UK universities is a case in point. Our analyses require that we often need fine grained and situated distinctions between actors at different points in the system and in different national systems in order to make sense of why it is that academic practice may have the profile it does at a particular point in time and place. We talk of the 'congruence' of features that result in catalysing new practices. While we signal the agentic as well as structural quality of determinants of academic practice, there is an implication in which recognition of these catalysts, and acting upon their repercussions, has a hegemonic quality. There is a sense of the irresistible about them, of inevitability. It is simply 'the way the world works now' and we, in higher education, either become adept at manoeuvring and managing this environment or we will be 'left behind'. The idea of 'externality' is important here because a 'catalyst' is within the ontological basket of social realism which depicts the 'derivation of behaviours' in the form of practice, as both outside one's self, but of one's self and, in this case, perceived as a required or overriding imperative for action. This non-dualist position is important in explaining the way in which imperatives for action derive both from outside a higher education actors' mind and body yet become integrated into individual and 'social' cognition and are colonised by them in order to provide meaningful frameworks for action. The catalysts provide us with a new 'logics' in which certain decisions now provide advantages or disadvantages personally, institutionally and systemically which are broadly accepted as being a winner or loser in the 'new order'.


Consumer-based brand equity is defined by keller (2003) in response to different consumers for a brand that would differentiate one brand to another brand. buying process, consumers not only consider the factor of quality and price of a brand. but also other factors, including the country of origin of the brand (country of origin) (Lin and Kao, 2004). many consumers have a stereotype about country of origin of the brand, a real example is Indonesian societies believe Japanese cars have highly quality machine. This also applies to electronic goods.
The brand equity is grouped into several elements, they are consciousness name (brand awareness), brand loyalty, the association of the brand, the quality of the brand and the brand association. those for elemente can enhance the customer satisfaction. Sharp, as one of our electronic products, is highly demanded in Indonesia. To increase the credibility of a product, the electronic industry product use not only strategic the brand but also country of origin.
The test results are valid for all variable load factor values greater than 0.5 and less than 0.5. The test results of the 108 respondents, there is no data that deviate (outlier), because it does not have a z-score greater than 3.0 or less than -3.0. F test results with variable-free brand associations, brand awareness, brand quality and brand loyalty for dependent variable country of origin (0002). The results of t-test calculation is 0.000 < 0.05, so that there is a significant effect. SPSS data processing amount of R2 is 0.271, variable country of origins is explained by the variable brand associations, brand awareness, brand quality, and brand loyalty as the independent variable. Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) 0f 0.339. The smaller the value of SEE will make the appropriate regression model to predict the dependent variable country of origins.


Reprint of a chapter from Warworks: 1994 and a section from Look at me: 1998: Fashion Was the Least Important Thing.

Publisher's text about this book:

The relatively new medium of photography has generated, from its inception, intense debate over its merits as an art form. (It was not until late in the twentieth century, for example, that colour photography was accepted in the canon of art historical scholarship.) In Reading Photography, Sri-Kartini Leet brings together over 100 extracts from writings on different themes in the medium to explore the art of photography.

Beginning with the historical origins of photography, she charts the changes from daguerrotype and formal portraits to the everyday and the emergence of modernism. By the 1920s well-known surrealist artists were using the photograph to develop experimental techniques. Colour, frequently sidelined in early photography, is considered in its various incarnations of advertising, amateur pictures and its adoption in the 1960s as an expressive media. The concept of the photo as a commodifying practice, blurring the boundaries between the artistic and the prosaic, is discussed. Photography was included in the post-modernist movement to question traditional notions of what constitutes art, and several authors have been selected to illustrate this development. Landscape and the city are juxtaposed to demonstrate how location was used in the representation of political, social and psychological states. The role of the individual in these settings is expressed in a chapter on identity and photography. Preceeded by a discussion of its means of rendering the subject an object, a chapter on anthropological photography demonstrates the unattainable desire to achieve an objective view of the different natures of man. Equally, the nature of photography enables artists to dismember the body and thereby dehumanise it. Feminism and the role of the female photographer are implicated in this chapter. The final section considers the impact of the digital age.

Sri-Kartini Leet's judicious selection of articles introduces the reader to a broad and enriching range of art historical comment engendered by the photograph, and makes Reading Photography an indispensable aid to the study of photography.


Carbon and N mineralization in dried soils that are rewetted has been proposed as a rapid index of C and N mineralization potential and to reflect soil management, but further research is needed on effects of soil type and drying temperature for this approach. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maintaining soil field moisture or drying soil at 40, 60, or 100°C followed by rewetting and a 3-d incubation on C and N mineralization across diverse soil types. Strong correlations between C mineralized in 24 d from field moist soils vs. C mineralized in 24 h from soils dried at 40 or 60°C were observed. Carbon mineralization values for 24 vs. 3 d resulted in nearly linear relationships for all drying treatments. Nitrogen mineralization in 24 d from moist vs. dried at 40 or 60°C and rewetted soils were also highly correlated with field moist N mineralization. The drying and rewetting pre-incubation of soil followed by a 3-d incubation was shown to be a useful indicator of longer-term (24 d) C mineralization potential. Nitrogen mineralization potential may also be obtained after drying/rewetting at 40 or 60°C without the need for keeping soil in a continuously field-moist state.


Do parties learn from or emulate parties in other political systems? This research develops the argument that parties are more likely to employ the heuristic of learning from and emulating foreign successful (incumbent) parties. Spatial-econometric analyses of parties' election policies from several established democracies robustly confirm that political parties respond to left-right policy positions of foreign political parties that have recently governed. By showing that parties respond to these foreign incumbent parties, this work has significant implications for our understanding of party competition. Furthermore, we contribute to the literature on public policy diffusion, as we suggest that political parties are important vehicles through which public policies diffuse.


SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONSThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) is considering throwing its weight--and money--behind an ambitious Web-based publishing venture that could radically change the way biology papers are disseminated. Harold Varmus, director of the NIH, revealed at a congressional hearing last week that he likes the idea of building a one-stop, public source for biomedical research papers, and he's been exploring ways of doing it. NIH leaders are not ready to discuss specifics because their proposal is still in its infancy. They want to avoid false steps, knowing that almost anything they propose will be seen as a threat to traditional journals. But they are drawing up plans this spring.


Here we propose two novel approaches to space-time analysis derived from space-time geostatistics in a kriging framework. The approaches were developed through analysis of a dataset recording the Apparent Density of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides (Diptera: Glossinidae) in three riparian sites in Burkina Faso over 15 months between 2006 and 2007. This site is fragmented due to human activity in the area. The first approach, Space Time Ordinary Kriging, does not consider the effect of fragmentation. It is used as a benchmark to test the increased explanatory power of the second method, which does account for fragmentation. The second method, Regression Space Time Simple Kriging, is a distinct improvement over the first approach because it allows for a spatial trend in the mean trap catch; this trend is related to, and later predicted from, environmental co-variates. The results indicate the presence of space and time effects on tsetse distribution, dependent on the size of the habitat fragmentation patches. These effects occur at relatively small geographic scales within a season. Whilst such variation has long been suspected, the new methods presented here are able to quantify this variation precisely, so that seasonal and spatial comparisons can now be made both within and between species.


In 1994 the Clinton administration, under pressure from an increasingly hawkish Congress, escalated the drug war by authorizing military action against suspected drug flights. The policy met with little opposition at the time. But in April 2001, when an A-37 fighter in Peru mistakenly shot down an airplane fill of missionaries, killing a US citizen and her seven-month-old daughter, many saw it as a tragic consequence of this escalation. The US military was outside the chain of command and not officially responsible for downing the aircraft. But the event-coupled with recently declassified documents recounting the United States' protracted alliance with Peru's ex-spy chief, Vladimiro Montesinos- has brought US policy in Peru into question. While this recent tragedy may be an indirect consequence of Clinton's 1994 directive and of militant anti-drug tactics in general, it is also indicative of the double-edged nature of foreign policy in Peru, and in much of Latin America, where initiatives backfire because they are undermined by competing interests, false friends, and inter-agency disputes. Counternarcotics, Counterinterests The 2001 US congressional drug certification report praised US counternarcotics efforts in Peru and Bolivia while acknowledging that work remains to be done. The decline of cocaine production in both countries over the last few years was celebrated as a major triumph of US drug policy. However, Colombia's increased cocaine output counterbalanced this trend, and with the prices and availability of narcotics remaining stable, Americans spent a staggering US$63 billion on illegal drugs in the year 2000. Cocaine accounted for US$40 billion of that amount. Furthermore, while Peru and Bolivia might be exporting less cocaine, both still lead the world in the production of the raw materials used to synthesize the drug. Drug traffickers in Peru and Bolivia are also expanding their heroin operations to fill gaps left in the global market by reduced poppy yields in Pakistan. Large quantities of newly made morphine were recently found at a coca-processing lab in the jungles north of Lima, verifying suspicions that the sa me Peruvian narco-traffickers who deal in cocaine are now making heroin. The war on drugs is one of attrition, fought with dubious allies for victories that are rare and, at best, Pyrrhic. But beyond the familiar balloon effect, whereby reduced drug output in one region is offset by a concomitant rise in another, the fight against drugs in Peru offers an example of what Dr. Donald Schultz, chairman of the political science department at Cleveland State University, has called a "contradiction between American counter-narcotics policies and the requirements of political stability." Pressure for a more militarized anti-drug effort in Latin America goes as far back as the first "drug summit" in 1990, when US President George Bush offered Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia-countries that together produced 98 percent of the world's cocaine-over US$2 billion to help fight the war on drugs. At a time when Peru's government was losing ground to the Maoist insurgent group Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), the Bush administration urged Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori to divert military resources away from fighting guerrillas and toward combating drug traffickers instead. The drug war can also upset Peru's peasants, creating pockets of unrest. In March 2001, the Peruvian navy and the Loreto Patriotic Front clashed over the building of a counternarcotics base for the US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and members of Southern Command in the border region between Peru and Ecuador. Demonstrators protested the navy's plans to displace 750 families living in the region. Such conflicts cause instability and breed ill will toward the United States' campaign to end drug trafficking. The United States' own interests can also undermine the effectiveness of counternarcotics policies. …


The literature on youths in residential care links instability in their placements with problems in their behavior, but to date, limitations in the operationalization of these concepts have limited knowledge regarding this relationship. To address this gap, this study of 249 adolescent girls in residential care examined three configurations of placement patterns and their effects on five problem behaviors: aggression, stealing, gang affiliation, substance use, and sex-trade activities. Those girls who experienced the "physical instability" pattern (the most moves into and out of care) were the ones most likely to engage in sex-trade activities. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.


This study examined the incorporation of law-related courses into information studies curricula. Data were gathered from the 59 member schools of the Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE) and 4 members of the i-School community, who are not ALISE members. Results indicated that schools are infusing law-related courses in their curricula, and that i-Schools seem to be early adopters in this regard, as compared to other ALISE schools. Introduction One of the characteristics defining the study of information is the increasing acquisition of diverse disciplines into our core scholarly approach. Indeed because information is important to just about any discipline, it is inevitable that the study of information and these other disciplines should become intrinsically intertwined. Nowhere, perhaps, is this intertwining more pronounced than in the fields of law and information. The law itself is essentially made up of information. At the same time, the field of information is increasingly being impacted by legal developments. This impact is becoming so central to the field of information that at times it appears the field is in danger of being swallowed by the Jaw.1 One only has to look at a few examples to begin to get a sense of this changing environment: the increasing central ity of intellectual property rights, perhaps best symbolized by controversies in peer-to-peer file sharing, database licensing issues in libraries, privacy and censorship issues (e.g., the supreme court internet filters case), legal impacts of information technologies, and information liability issues, just to name a few. Add to this mix the impact of international legal action (e.g., the European Directives on the protection of databases and privacy protection, the work of the World Intellectual Property Organization, international treaties) and the environment becomes increasingly complex. Robust programs in information schools2 have to provide their students with some solid grounding on these information law issues, before they graduate. This is especially so because intellectual property, security, and privacy issues are likely to take center stage in the field of information for a long time in the foreseeable future. Unfortunately, in our experience of teaching information policy, few of our students come to our programs with a good sense of, for example, intellectual property issues, and equally few, perhaps, are well exposed to such issues before their graduation from information studies programs.3 Conrad and Rapp-Henrietta have noted forces, both internal and external, that influence the education of information professionals.4 These include external factors such as technology and the marketplace, as well as internal ones such as the shifting nature of knowledge creation and academic reorganization).5 Obviously, schools have to respond appropriately to these factors, and indeed a whole conference was organized to address these external and internal factors.6 Schools change their curricula, for example, in response to external competency requirements.7 It is our contention that the convergence of law and information is such a factor, as it demonstrates the merger of external and internal factors, and that i-Schools are leading the way in trying to address this convergence. Objective In this paper we view the convergence of law and information as a major challenge in the information field, and we examine the ways in which educational programs are engaging this challenge in order to leverage the field's interdisciplinary strength. Thus, we explore curricula and faculty expertise to gauge the diffusion of law into information schools. We present some preliminary findings from a pilot research project surveying the response of information studies programs to the increasing centrality of law in information. Further, we analyze and compare the responses between i-Schools and other information institutions. …


McLellan, CP, Lovell, DI, and Gass, GC. Performance analysis of elite rugby league match play using global positioning systems. J Strength Cond Res 25(6): 1703-1710, 2011—The aim of this study was (a) to examine the physiological demands of competitive Rugby League match play using portable Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) to monitor players' movement patterns and heart rate (HR) and (b) examine positional comparisons to determine if players' physiological requirements are influenced by their playing position during Rugby League match play. Twenty-two elite male Rugby League players were monitored during 5 regular season competition matches using portable GPS software. There was no difference in the total distance traveled between backs (5,573 ± 1,128 m) and forwards (4,982 ± 1,185 m) during match play. Backs and forwards had an average HR of approximately 80% of their maximum (162 ± 11 and 165 ± 12 b·min−1, respectively) throughout each match. Backs achieved greater maximum running speed (8.6 ± 0.7 m·s−1), completed a greater number of sprints (18 ± 6), had less time between sprints (3.2 ± 1.1 minutes), achieved a greater total duration of sprinting (44.7 ± 9.1 seconds), and covered more distance sprinting (321 ± 74 m) than forwards did (6.8 ± 0.7 m·s−1, 11 ± 5, 5.2 ± 2.2 minutes, 25.8 ± 9.2 seconds, and 153 ± 38 m, respectively). The GPS successfully provided real-time feedback to identify significant positional differences in distances covered, running speed characteristics, and the physiological demands of competitive Rugby League match play.


The purpose of this paper is to present coupling strategies for aerospace numerical calculations. In the first part, the basic approach used relies on the partitioned coupling of a finite-volume Navier-Stokes solver and a finite-element solid code. These two separate and independent simulation tools carry out exchanges via a coupling library. Two different applications illustrate the capabilities of this coupling method. The main advantage of this approach is to benefit, for each software application, from the experience developed by a large number of specialists over many years. In the second approach, mono-disciplinary software is extended to multi-physics modeling, by adding new simplified modules for other disciplines and by implementing specific coupling algorithms. The modeling of aeroelastic systems is presented as well as several applications to demonstrate the capabilities of this method. Finally, a software structure for code coupling is described in the third part. It consists of an Open System approach, based on a powerful open source assembly of public interfaces.


The process of new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) is highly dynamic, involving complex coordination of multiple cell types. Though the process must carefully unfold over time to generate functional, well-adapted branching networks, we seldom hear about the time-based properties of angiogenesis, despite timing being central to other areas of biology. Here, we present a novel, time-based formulation of endothelial cell behaviour during angiogenesis and discuss a flurry of our recent, integrated in silico/in vivo studies, put in context to the wider literature, which demonstrate that tissue conditions can locally adapt the timing of collective cell behaviours/decisions to grow different vascular network architectures. A growing array of seemingly unrelated 'temporal regulators' have recently been uncovered, including tissue derived factors (e.g. semaphorins or the high levels of VEGF found in cancer) and cellular processes (e.g. asymmetric cell division or filopodia extension) that act to alter the speed of cellular decisions to migrate. We will argue that 'temporal adaptation' provides a novel account of organ/disease-specific vascular morphology and reveals 'timing' as a new target for therapeutics. We therefore propose and explain a conceptual shift towards a 'temporal adaptation' perspective in vascular biology, and indeed other areas of biology where timing remains elusive. This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.


The Country Universities Centre (CUC) network of regional study hubs are an emerging tool for supporting regional students to achieve success in higher education. The CUC cohort of students, and regional students more generally, face several risk factors for first-year attrition including: external mode of study, over 25 years of age, part-time study load, alternative pathways to admission, and medium to low SES. In addition, work-life balance, financial considerations, and access to technology all create barriers to study for these students. The CUC facilities and staff provide academic, administrative and pastoral support to students, as well as creating a learning community to facilitate student-to-student interactions. The positive effect of the CUC support is shown by means of a survey and student case-studies.


Prior research has confirmed Thomas Schelling's observation that people are more sympathetic and hence generous toward specific identified victims than toward "statistical" victims who are yet to be identified. In the study presented in this article we demonstrate an equivalent effect for punitiveness. We find that people are more punitive toward identified wrongdoers than toward equivalent, but unidentified, wrongdoers, even when identifying the wrongdoer conveys no meaningful information about him or her. To account for the effect of identifiability on both generosity and punitiveness, we propose that affective reactions of any type are stronger toward an identified than toward an unidentified target. Consistent with such an account, the effect of identifiability on punishing behavior was mediated by self-reported anger. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


To build inputs for end-to-end machine learning estimates of the causal impacts of law, we consider the problem of automatically classifying cases by their policy impact. We propose and implement a semi-supervised multi-class learning model, with the training set being a hand-coded dataset of thousands of cases in over 20 politically salient policy topics. Using opinion text features as a set of predictors, our model can classify labeled cases by topic correctly 91% of the time. We then take the model to the broader set of unlabeled cases and show that it can identify new groups of cases by shared policy impact.


The studies on ancient philosophy have a long tradition of analysis about the Greek views on anthropology. The beliefs developed in Greece from the archaic to the Hellenistic times offer a wide range of variants different from the opposition between soul and body that became traditional in the classical period, with continuities and contrasts regarding later thought. However, some important elements go often unnoticed and this compromises the quality of the reconstruction of the ancient epoch. In this work, we will study three points related to magic: the spells, the ghosts and necromancy, in order to infer from these materials the underlying anthropological structure.


Providing comprehensive insight into the use of copper in cross-coupling reactions, Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions provides a complete up-to-date collection of the available reactions and catalytic systems for the formation of carbonheteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds. This essential reference covers a broad scope of copper-mediated reactions, their variations, key advances, improvements, and an array of academic and industrial applications that have revolutionized the field of organic synthesis. The text also discusses the mechanism of these transformations, the use of copper as cost-efficient alternative to palladium, as well as recently developed methods for conducting copper-mediated reactions with supported catalysts.


Frullania Raddi is an extant genus of liverworts (Bryophytes) widespread around the world. It belongs to the family Frullaniaceae Lorch., with a large number of species distributed into several subgenera, sections and subsections according with different morphological classifications. As shown in previous studies, most Frullania sub-generic classifications are supported by molecular data, indicating that morphological characters appear well suitable to discriminate species. However, deep among-clade relationships remain unclear, probably due to the rapid diversification of main clades, paralleling other plant lineages. In this study, we reconstruct Frullania phylogeny based on available molecular data used in previous studies, and we present time estimates for the origin of its main branches. Results supported the monophyly of most subgenera as demonstrated in previous studies and supported a rapid diversification of these main lineages. Time estimates under a relaxed molecular clock and with integrated fossil evidence and nucleotide mutation rates further suggested a Jurassic origin of the genus and a rapid diversification during Palaeogene and Neogene. This may have been influenced by geographical and climate changes during these periods as predicted for most leafy liverworts.


The team has become a popular model to organize joint human–robot behavior. Robot teammates are designed with high-levels of autonomy and well-developed coordination skills to aid humans in unpredictable environments. In this paper, we challenge the assumption that robots will succeed as teammates alongside humans. Drawing from the literature on human teams, we evaluate robots' potential to meet the requirements of successful teammates. We argue that lacking humanlike mental models and a sense of self, robots may prove untrustworthy and will be rejected from human teams. Benchmarks for evaluating human–robot teams are included, as are guidelines for defining alternative structures for human–robot groups.


This article reports on a study of potential systemic bias in the resolution of ambiguous legal issues by investment treaty arbitrators. It outlines tentative but significant findings that the arbitrators in general tended to favour (a) foreign investors over states in general, (b) foreign investors from major Western capital-exporting states over other foreign investors, and, albeit based on more limited data, (c) the U.S. as a respondent state over other respondent states. The evidence is derived from an extensive content analysis of the arbitrators' resolution of 14 legal issues that are contested among arbitrators or in secondary literature. The findings clearly supported initial expectations of systemic bias arising from unique incentives of the arbitrators. Yet the study also has important limitations and there is a range of possible explanations for the findings, some not raising concerns of inappropriate bias. Broadly, the findings lend support to perceptions that the design of investment treaty arbitration does not support fair and independent adjudication of the boundaries of sovereign authority and of disputes involving public funds.


Frijns Structural Steel W.L.L. is an originally Dutch structural steel company where Rob Frijns is owner and managing director. The company has rapidly grown over the past years, it started in Qatar in 2006 with a few people and nowadays it has almost 500 employees. The internship was done in a time span of 5 months (August 2015 to January 2016). During these months my main focus was on the assisting the management team in order to gain more insight and control over the projects and production in the company. The rapid development of the company and the lack of an ERP-system resulted in a lacking information system. It is hard to collect the right information and report in a proper manner.
The first step in the internship was interviewing the different departments to know how the company is organized and how the different departments work together. Of course, the production process is known in this way as well. Out of the interviews an overview of all information and communication interfaces is made, this is used to identify improvement potentials in the internal organization. Since steel construction companies are project oriented, there is always a sort of matrix organization. There is a functional axis, in which all the departments are represented, more related to the production process. The second axis is based the projects on which Frijns is working, where each project is related to all the departments. To learn more about the projects I have studied together with the contract administrator the contracts between Frijns and their clients. The contract with a client is a sort of guide line for the entire project. Together with this colleague a set of parameters is defined out of the contract, which can be used to control the project. This resulted in a contract intake form, which can be a helpful tool for the project managers to summarize a contract when a new project will start.
Now the company is known and the structure of steel construction project is known, so there can be worked on the main object of the internship; the assistance of the management team to gain insight and control. A project dashboard is designed, from the management point of view. Here all the information the management would like to know is shown together. The next step was designing a system, such that the right information would be collected in the company, without having the purpose to build a complete ERP-system. This is done by setting up a new format for Interim Payment Applications; this is a monthly progress report which translates the physical progress of a project into a monetary value which can be invoiced. For several project these IPAs are made and in this way the project information is gathered in a central place. By the end of the internship it was proven that the right information could be collected through some relative easy tools. The dashboard could be updated using this information, providing the management the right information. Though the system created is a simple Excel-based structure, which is not an alternative for an ERP-system.
Besides this main project, several other projects are done as well. These are among other things a first step in building a quality assurance system for the quality department. Helping the procurement department to define a business controlled purchase flowchart. Assisting the site team to create an overview of the needed man power capacities. And helping out project managers in some situation, when they need assistance.


In the history of nineteenth-century religious thought, William Robertson Smith occupies an ambiguous position. More than any other writer, he stimulated the theories of religion later advanced by Frazer, Durkheim, and Freud. Smith himself was not an original scholar, but was rather "clever at presenting other men's theories" within new and sometimes hostile contexts. Smith was an important contributor to two of the most serious challenges to Christian orthodoxy of the last century, the "Higher Criticism" of the Bible and the comparative study of religion, and was also the victim of the last successful heresy trial in Great Britain. Yet he was an utterly devout Protestant, whose views on Biblical criticism (for which he was damned) are now considered as true as his views on totemism and sacrifice (for which he was praised) are now considered false. Despite Smith's enormous significance for the history of religious ideas, he has been written about relatively little, and most of what we know about his life and work comes from a source almost a century old. Originally published in 1882, The Prophets of Israel is a collection of eight lectures, including "Israel and Jehovah;" "Jehovah and the Gods of the Nations," "Amos and the House of Jehu," "Hosea and the Fall of Ephraim," "The Kingdom of Judah and the Beginnings of Isaiah's Work," "The Earlier Prophesies of Isaiah," "Isaiah and Micah in the Reign of Hezekiah," and "The Deliverance from Assyria." A new introduction by Robert Alun Jones discusses Smith's early life, the heresy trial, Smith's early view of prophecy, and the classic text itself. The book will be of interest to students and teachers of religious studies, and general readers interested in Robertson Smith.


Structured prediction models have been found to learn effectively from a few large examples-- sometimes even just one. Despite empirical evidence, canonical learning theory cannot guarantee generalization in this setting because the error bounds decrease as a function of the number of examples. We therefore propose new PAC-Bayesian generalization bounds for structured prediction that decrease as a function of both the number of examples and the size of each example. Our analysis hinges on the stability of joint inference and the smoothness of the data distribution. We apply our bounds to several common learning scenarios, including max-margin and soft-max training of Markov random fields. Under certain conditions, the resulting error bounds can be far more optimistic than previous results and can even guarantee generalization from a single large example.


The scalability of multithreaded applications on current multicore systems is hampered by the performance of lock algorithms, due to the costs of access contention and cache misses. In this paper, we propose a new lock algorithm, Remote Core Locking (RCL), that aims to improve the performance of critical sections in legacy applications on multicore architectures. The idea of RCL is to replace lock acquisitions by optimized remote procedure calls to a dedicated server core. RCL limits the performance collapse observed with other lock algorithms when many threads try to acquire a lock concurrently and removes the need to transfer lock-protected shared data to the core acquiring the lock because such data can typically remain in the server core's cache.

We have developed a profiler that identifies the locks that are the bottlenecks in multithreaded applications and that can thus benefit from RCL, and a reengineering tool that transforms POSIX locks into RCL locks. We have evaluated our approach on 18 applications: Memcached, Berkeley DB, the 9 applications of the SPLASH-2 benchmark suite and the 7 applications of the Phoenix2 benchmark suite. 10 of these applications, including Memcached and Berkeley DB, are unable to scale because of locks, and benefit from RCL. Using RCL locks, we get performance improvements of up to 2.6 times with respect to POSIX locks on Memcached, and up to 14 times with respect to Berkeley DB.


This is the story of Edith Warner, who lived for more than twenty years as a neighbor to the Indians of San Ildefonso Pueblo, near Los Alamos, New Mexico. She was a remarkable woman, a friend to everyone who knew her, from her Indian companion Tilano, who was an elder of San Ildefonso, to Niels Bohr, Robert Oppenheimer, and the other atomic scientists who worked at Los Alamos during World War II."A finely told tale of a strange land and of a rare character who united with it and, without seeming to do anything to that end, exerted an unusual influence upon all other lovers of that soil with whom she came in contact. The quality of the country, of the many kinds of people, and of the central character come through excellently." --Oliver La Farge


Chapter 1 Preparing to Begin Student Teaching Chapter 2 Becoming a Professional Chapter 3 Establishing Effective Professional Relationships Chapter 4 Guiding Young Children in the Classroom Chapter 5 Classroom Management: Environments and Routines Chapter 6 Observations and Evaluations of Student Teaching Chapter 7 Assessment of Young Children Chapter 8 Supportive Instruction Chapter 9 Understanding Diverse Communities and Interacting with Children's Families Chapter 10 Completion of Student Teaching: Looking Ahead


The room is set up like a conference hall somewhere in the Arab world, or perhaps like the legislative assembly of a small modern state. There are desks with push-button microphones and headsets. Behind, there is a screen, as if someone planned to give a Powerpoint presentation. But the names on the desks are the familiar characters from "Hamlet". The setting of Sulayman Al Bassam's powerful, disturbing version of the "Hamlet" story is a modern Middle-Eastern state whose old king has just died, to be replaced by his brother, a ruthless, westernised dictator who has married the old king's wife to legitimise his rule, and calls his regime a "new democracy".


Land-surface subsidence has been mapped in the Houston-Galveston area and is known to have occurred in other areas within the Texas coastal region. Most of the subsidence has been caused by both the withdrawal of ground water and by the production of oil, gas, and associated ground water. Land-surface subsidence was determined by comparing adjusted elevations of bench marks for various periods of releveling and by comparing topographic maps of the same areas for different years. In general, most of the Texas coastal region has subsided less than 0.5 foot (0.15 meter). The largest amount of subsidence measured in the region is in the Pasadena-Houston Ship Channel area, where the land surface subsided between 8.5 and 9.0 feet (2.6 and 2.7 meters) during 1906-73. The cause of the subsidence in this area was ground-water withdrawals. Local subsidence caused by sulfur mining in the Moss Bluff Salt Dome area has been reported to exceed 15 feet (4.6 meters). In Jefferson County, the Spindletop Dome area subsided approximately 5 feet (1.5 meters) during 1925-77, and the Port Acres area subsided about 3 feet (0.9 meter) during 1959-77, mainly from the withdrawal of oil or gas and associated ground water. Local subsidence caused by sulfur mining in the Spindletop Dome area has been estimated to exceed 10 feet (3.0 meters). In southeastern Jackson County and northwestern Matagorda County, the land surface subsided more than 1.5 feet (0.46 meter) during 1943-73 as a result of ground-water withdrawals. Withdrawals of oil, gas, and associated ground water caused more than 5 feet (1.5 meters) of subsidence during 1942-75 in the western part of Corpus Christi in Nueces County.


Objective: Being a target of homophobic name-calling is associated with adverse outcomes for youth. Few studies have examined homophobic name-calling longitudinally among middle school youth. To address this gap, this longitudinal study examined predictors of changes in homophobic name-calling including bullying, sexual harassment, dismissiveness of sexual harassment, and traditional masculinity over the course of 2 years of middle school. Method: Participants included 1,655 students in 5th–8th grade from 4 public middle schools in the Midwest. The survey assessed demographic characteristics, homophobic name-calling, bullying, sexual harassment, and traditional masculinity across 4 waves of 2 years of data collection. Results: Homophobic name-calling increased over time; however, the rate of acceleration slowed. Higher within-person and between-person bullying was associated with increases in homophobic name-calling, but increases in dismissiveness of sexual harassment and traditional masculinity were not associated with increases in homophobic name-calling. Increases in within-person sexual harassment were associated with contemporaneous increases in homophobic name-calling. Relations between bullying and homophobic name-calling were especially pronounced for those at high levels of dismissiveness of sexual harassment for both within- and between-person models. Conclusion: To effectively address school bullying among early adolescents, it is imperative that antibullying policies and prevention programs work to address homophobic name-calling and dismissiveness of sexual harassment.


The Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides a constitutional right not to be discriminated against on the basis of gender. Original public meaning originalism provides the structure to find that the clause includes a right to practice a lawful profession that extends to all citizens, irrespective of gender. The clause is a guarantee of rights to every "citizen of the United States," not every male citizen; because of that, the clause is a positive grant of rights to all citizens in the United States.
The central thesis of this Note is that women who are citizens of the United States have rights guaranteed by the Privileges or Immunities Clause, specifically the right to practice a profession. This right cannot be denied on the basis of gender, because adult women have the same capacity as men to practice law. Had this been recognized in 1873, the time The Slaughter-House Cases and Bradwell v. Illinois were decided, and had the erroneous interpretation of the clause in Slaughter-House not prevailed, Bradwell would have recognized this right. Given the contemporary knowledge of the capacities of women and an originalist approach to constitutional interpretation and construction, the decision in Bradwell should be overruled. Taking this step would lead to the development of an originalist gender equality jurisprudence.


Abstract Geochemical research on natural weathering has often been directed towards explanations of the chemical composition of surface water and ground water resulting from subsurface water-rock interactions. These interactions are often defined as the incongruent dissolution of primary silicates, such as feldspar, producing secondary weathering products, such as clay minerals and oxyhydroxides, and solute fluxes (Meunier and Velde, 1979). The chemical composition of the clay-mineral product is often ignored. However, in earlier investigations, the saprolitic weathering profile at the South Fork Brokenback Run (SFBR) watershed, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, was characterized extensively in terms of its mineralogical and chemical composition (Piccoli, 1987; Pochatila et al., 2006; Jones et al., 2007) and its basic hydrology. O'Brien et al. (1997) attempted to determine the contribution of primary mineral weathering to observed stream chemistry at SFBR. Mass-balance model results, however, could provide only a rough estimate of the weathering reactions because idealized mineral compositions were utilized in the calculations. Making use of detailed information on the mineral occurrence in the regolith, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of compositional variation on mineral-solute mass-balance modelling and to generate plausible quantitative weathering reactions that support both the chemical evolution of the surface water and ground water in the catchment, as well as the mineralogical evolution of the weathering profile.


Background: Respiratory quinolones are a class of antimicrobials with a high activity against most respiratory pathogens. Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone that has been shown to be effective against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical strains, as well as multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Objective: To review and update the clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin in the treatment of respiratory infections. Method: To perform a systematic review of publications on the clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin in respiratory infections. Results: The clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin has been shown in controlled studies of community-acquired pneumonia, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Moxifloxacin has demonstrated a faster resolution of symptoms in community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis patients compared with first-line therapy together with excellent eradication rates. Conclusions: The use of moxifloxacin as first-line therapy for moderate to severe respiratory infections in the community and the hospital has been recognized in international guidelines.


Although the validity of internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the DSM-5 hinges on a relationship between 5 or more IGD symptoms and "clinically significant impairment and/or distress", to date most studies have focused on statistical significance. To address this, we conduct an individual participant meta-analysis comprised of primary data from 15 studies (n = 38,851). Study 1 finds that meeting the DSM-5's proposed 5/9 diagnostic threshold is associated with d = .65 greater distress across 21 well-being constructs, which exceeds a conservative anchor for clinical significance. However, we also find that classifying participants above and below the 5/9 threshold has little power to reject that threshold: a 2/9 cut-off predicts similarly large differences. Study 2 shows that dimensional (continuous) modelling of IGD scores offers a more severe test of the proposed threshold. Finally, study 3 reveals that three criteria—preoccupation, tolerance, and loss of control—are roughly half as predictive of distress as withdrawal and escapism, highlighting limitations also present in dimensional modelling and suggesting the need to modify or remove these. In sum, we do not find evidence for invalidating IGD as proposed, but do identify issues with threshold-based categorization, inadequate differentiation between statistical and clinical significance, and the inclusion of potentially flawed criteria. We argue that these are possible negative consequences of a premature switch to confirmatory research on IGD.


The adhesion and durability of model epoxy/silane/SiO2/Si bonded systems were investigated under various conditions, including the type of surface preparation, pH of the environmental media, temperature, cyclic thermal stress, and external applied stress. The fundamental debond mechanism was studied for bonded systems exposed to selected environments. The bond failure mode was characterized by examining the failed bond surfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effectiveness of combining the oxygen plasma treatment and silane coupling agent (SCA) derivatization in adhesion promotion for an epoxy bonded to a silicon surface was evaluated in this research. SCAs with different amine functionalities were studied. The oxygen plasma treatment time was varied systematically to achieve a different extent of oxidation on the Si wafer. The surface chemistry/composition of various silane derivatized Si surfaces was investigated. The studies revealed that SCA interaction with the Si surface was enhanced by the oxygen plasma pre-treatment of the Si substrates. XPS surface analysis results showed that the SCA/SiO2 ratio did not correlate strongly with the increase in oxygen plasma pretreatment time. However, for Si surfaces treated for longer oxygen plasma pretreatment times, more silanol groups may be available to interact with the hydrolyzed silanol groups on silane, resulting in a stronger SCA-Si attachment. Three different tests were employed to determine adhesion and durability of the model epoxy/SCA/SiO2/Si bonded specimens. The immersion test qualitatively evaluates the bond durability for various systems exposed to different chemical and thermal conditions. Second, a novel probe test was used to quantitatively determine adhesion under critical debonding conditions for bonded specimens with different SCA preparations. A general trend of bond durability varied in the manner SCA-2 > SCA-3 > SCA-1 > no silane. Bond durability also increased for samples: model epoxy/SCA modified/O2 plasma treated/Si as the oxygen plasma pre-treatment time increased. Third, bond durability was studied using the wedge DCB (double cantilever beam) test under subcritical debonding conditions with environment-assisted crack growth as a function of applied strain energy release rate. Higher crack velocity and the absence of a Gthreshold value were noted in tests at 70 C. The Gthreshold value increased as the strength of the interface increased and as the chemical aggressiveness of the environment decreased. For tests involving 25 C -70 C thermal cycling, only limited crack growth was found.


This Article does not address all Sunday closing laws in effect today, but limits its focus to Sunday closing laws having to do with alcohol-Sunday liquor laws. As states move to modernize blue laws, the laws most difficult to repeal have been those restricting the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Alcohol-related blue laws are particularly relevant statutes, not only because of their staying power, but because they are subject to the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The evolution of the Court's jurisprudence as to the intersection of the Commerce Clause and the Twenty-First Amendment has opened the door for a challenge to Sunday laws under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Part II provides a brief history of Sunday closing laws in the United States. Part III discusses failed constitutional challenges to Sunday closing laws, generally under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Part IV describes the Supreme Court's evolving jurisprudence on the intersection of the Commerce Clause and the Twenty-First Amendment and shows how, over time, federal interests have grown in increasing importance relative to state interests. Part V explains the strong anticompetitive effects of Sunday liquor laws. Part VI evaluates the countervailing state interests in Sunday liquor laws, and discusses the lack of empirical literature demonstrating the efficacy of Sunday liquor laws in promoting public health and safety objectives. Part VII concludes that these laws unreasonably restrain trade and might not withstand a challenge under the Sherman Antitrust Act.


The current available method to differentiate very virulent and vaccine strains
of infectious bursa1 disease virus (IBDV) is by restriction fragment length
polymorphism of VP2 gene. However, this method is time consuming, errorproned
and less sensitive. The newly developed TaqMan real-time PCR is
very sensitive but not suitable for routine test as it is expensive. Additionally,
the application of the assay in detecting very virulent and vaccine strains of
IBDV has not been reported. In this study the performances of SBYR Green
1 real-time, ELlSA and conventional agarose detection methods in detecting
nested PCR products were compared. It was found that the real-time PCR
was at least 100 times more sensitive than ELlSA detection method with a
detection limit of 250 pglpl. The developed assay detects both very virulent
and vaccine strains of IBDV but not other RNA viruses such as Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. However, the assay was unable
to differentiate the different strains of IBDV. In the subsequent studies,
strain-specific primer (match primer) combinations were used for the
detection and differentiation of IBDV strains using two steps SYBR Green 1
based real-time PCR. The primers and PCR condition were optimized and
validated using both very virulent and vaccine strains. By using the strainspecific
primer combinations, specific amplification based on measurement of
CT and Tm were detected. In an optimized PCR condition, specific
amplification associated with early amplification with CT value between 19 to
28 and Tm between 86 to 88OC meanwhile nonspecific amplification from
mismatch primer was associated with late amplification with CT value > 29
and Tm < 82OC or no amplification (CT value 0 and Tm < 82OC). These
characteristic CT and Tm values were consistently detected following
amplification with 4000 nglul of cDNA. Hence, the differentiation of IBDV
strains was based on the detection of CT values whilst detection of Tm was
for confirmation of the specific amplification. The detection of Tm value alone
was not sufficient to differentiate IBDV strains. Even though the detection
limit of the real-time PCR to detect IBDV strains was between 6.6 to 7.7
nglpl, it is recommended that for testing of clinical samples, the cDNA
concentrations be maintained between 4000 nglpl to 66 nglpl for PCR
amplification, since amplification from insufficient primer-template
concentration promote amplification of mismatch PCR product. In this study,
it showed for the first time application of SYBR Green 1 based real-time PCR
for the detection and differentiation of very virulent and vaccine strains of IBDV. The assay was found to be sensitive, specific, less expensive and has
less turn around time compared to the current available diagnostic methods


Summary We present a regularized elastic full waveform inversion method that uses facies as prior information. Deep neural networks are trained to estimate the distribution of facies in the subsurface. Here we use facies extracted from wells as the prior information. There are often no explicit formulas to connect the data coming from different geophysical surveys. Deep learning can find the statistically-correct connection without the need to know the complex physics. We first conduct an adaptive data-selection elastic full waveform inversion using the observed seismic data and obtain estimates of the gradient. Then we use extracted facies information from the wells and force the estimated model to fit the facies by training deep neural networks. In this way, the 1D facies distribution is mapped to a 2D or 3D inverted model guided mainly by the structural features of the model. The multidimensional distribution of facies is used as a regularization term for the next waveform inversion and it can be updated iteratively. The proposed method has two main features: 1) it applies to any kind of distributions of data samples and 2) it interpolates facies between wells guided by the structure of the estimated models.


The development of cardiac ventricular cell models since 1960 is reviewed with the focus on the interaction between simulation and experimental work. At each stage, the reasons for new models are explained, as are their defects and how these were used to point the way to successor models. A key feature of our analysis is the demonstration that as much, if not more, was learnt from the way in which models failed as from their successes. The review leads up to the most recent developments in this field and indicates the ways in which it may be expected to advance in the future.


In Dung's abstract argumentation, arguments are either acceptable or unacceptable, given a chosen notion of acceptability. This gives a coarse way to compare arguments. In this paper, we propose a counting approach for a more fine-gained assessment to arguments by counting the number of their respective attackers and defenders based on argument graph and argument game. An argument is more acceptable if the proponent puts forward more number of defenders for it and the opponent puts forward less number of attackers against it. We show that our counting model has two well-behaved properties: normalization and convergence. Then, we define a counting semantics based on this model, and investigate some general properties of the semantics.


This Article makes the case for a new U.S. statutory provision that defines and prohibits insider trading under an "equality of access" theory. It supports this claim, and contributes to the important public dialogue concerning this prevalent practice, by highlighting the moral and legal gaps in existing U.S. law that result from understanding the harms of trading on the basis of material nonpublic information solely with reference to fiduciary breach or misappropriation, as evidenced by the recent cases of United States v. Newman and United States v. Salman. It weaves legal analysis together with current literature in business ethics, moral philosophy, finance, and accounting to consolidate and offer new arguments in the long-standing debate over insider trading based on Rawlsian social contract theory, applied deontology, and empirically informed utilitarianism. It then draws on lessons learned from empirical analysis of European states' adoption of the equality of access theory under the Market Abuse Directive. Finally, it analyzes three insider trading bills currently pending in Congress and makes the case for a statute, like S. 702, that will prohibit the use, by anyone, of material information concerning a financial instrument that is not, at least in principle, available to others through independent and otherwise lawful due diligence.


A wide range of techniques for coding a single speech or audio signal channel have been developed over the last few decades. In addition to pure redundancy reduction, sophisticated source and receiver models have been considered for reducing the bitrate. Only a few techniques address joint-coding of the channels of stereo1 and multi-channel audio signals. Stereo and multi-channel audio signals evoke an auditory spatial image in a listener. Thus the receiver model may consider properties of spatial hearing of the auditory system for reducing the bitrate. This has been done in previous techniques by considering the importance of interaural level difference cues at high frequencies and by considering the binaural masking level difference for computing the masked threshold for multiple audio channels. The coding scheme proposed in this thesis aims at being more systematic and parameterized. A stereo or multi-channel audio signal is represented as a single downmixed audio channel plus side information. The side information contains the inter-channel cues inherent in the original audio signal that are relevant for the perception of the properties of the auditory spatial image. At the decoder the stereo or multi-channel audio signal is reconstructed such that its inter-channel cues approximate the corresponding cues of the original audio signal. This enables coding of stereo or multi-channel audio signals at a bitrate nearly as low as a mono audio coding bitrate because the side information contains about two orders of magnitude less information than the original audio channel waveforms. This corresponds to a significant bitrate reduction compared to conventional state-of-the-art coders. Several subjective tests were conducted, indicating that good audio quality can be achieved by the proposed scheme. A number of variations of the coding scheme are proposed. These include different combinations of conventional multi-channel audio coders and the proposed coding scheme, and a scheme which provides flexibility at the decoder to manipulate the auditory spatial image. A model for source localization in the presence of concurrent sound (other sources and reflections) is proposed. The results from a number of previous psychophysical studies are predicted successfully by the model. The model is also applied for comparing audio signals to corresponding signals coded with the proposed scheme. 1In this thesis, the term "stereo audio signal" always refers to two-channel stereo audio signals.


This article draws on the articulation of a value for reflexivity that has accumulated within qualitative methods debates in the past decade. It demonstrates how reflexivity is interwoven with the concept of ethical mindfulness. The argument has developed from a consideration of the ethical dilemmas that were a salient aspect of an ongoing research relationship with children and young people during an unusually long longitudinal study, undertaken from the time the 10 participants were aged three to seventeen. The study explores the ongoing creation of a personal self during this time and draws on a range of ethnographic methods. The author focuses on two aspects of the "ethics in practice" that imbued her research relationships: the gaining and maintaining of consent, and the matching of methods to children's interests. The author makes a series of recommendations about how to do reflexivity, incorporating a set of guidelines for informed consent with children. The author concludes that reflexivity and ethical mindfulness are interdependent concepts, an understanding that is particularly valuable for child-focused researchers.


The present article examines the parameters of transparency and considers both current and pending standards to be applied with regard to this notion. The authors discuss the evolving framework from a theoretical perspective and look at arbitral practice in this context, taking into account recent developments such as the adoption of the UNCITRAL Transparency Rules and the related Mauritius Convention, as well as their incorporation into the draft texts of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and EU-Canada Free Trade Agreement. The authors conclude that the impetus for transparency is greatest amongst those engaging most actively in the debate, but that whether the time is ripe for comprehensive transparency standards will be reflected in the reaction of states to the opportunity to bind themselves immediately thereto by acceding to the Mauritius Convention.


Examining the trade performance for the new European Union (EU) member states is an important issue in the context of the enlargement process – and in a new era of membership contraction with the likely exit of the United Kingdom from the EU. Typically, the degree of trade integration is assessed by comparing actual trade volumes with potential trade volumes projected from the gravity model parameters estimated for a reference group of countries that best represent normal trade relations. This approach, however, does not compare trade levels against a maximum level of trade defined by a stochastic frontier. In this paper, a stochastic frontier specification of the gravity model is used to identify the efficiency of trade integration relative to maximum trade levels. The findings, based on a panel dataset of bilateral exports from 18 Western European countries to the 13 new member states over the 1995-2022 period, indicate a high degree of trade integration close to two-thirds of frontier estimates. Using forecast data for 2017-2022, trade efficiency should remain broadly stable and even increase for the larger countries in the likely post-Brexit phase.


We report a prospective survey conduced between March 1998 and February 1999 among 100 women classes ASA I and II who underwent laparoscopic surgery for gynecological disorders under general anesthesia. Among these laparoscopies 85 (85%) were performed for operative purposes and 12 (10.7%) for diagnostic purposes. Minimal monitoring was used (no capnography) so prophylacti fluid loading with 0.9% saline was used before insufflation to reduce hemodynamic changes induced by abdominal overpressure and to avoid potential massive air embolism. Insufflation pressure was limited to 14 mmHg. The main agent used for all procedures was propofol. Mean duration of the procedures was 55 minutes. There were no cases of complications or delayed recovery. Complete exsufflation by abdominal compression at the end of the procedures induced minimal abdominal pain and scapulalgia. Ketoprofen as effective postoperatively. Twenty-five patients (25%) complained of nausea and vomiting in the recovery room and were treated effectively with metoclopramide. All patients were discharged and accompanied to their home six hours later after a well-tolerated light meal. The postoperative course was uneventful.


This presentation comes from the High-Yield Bonds: Analysis and Risk Assessment conference held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on January 24, 1990.


The relationship between Israel and the diaspora has been marked by mutual accommodation. The diaspora has come to accept the fact that Israel is not exempt from the problems and pathologies of states and societies; and Israel has acknowledged the continuation of the diaspora as a centre of Jewish life. Both sides are subject to illusions. Jews in the diaspora believe that Israel will be better supported by their hostland's political right rather than its left; that Israel can be saved, despite itself, by a kind of 'tough love' bestowed upon it by the diaspora or its hostland governments; and that Jewish identity and survival, based on an autonomous and largely secular culture, can be assured regardless of whether Israel exists or not. Israel's illusions are that it can be 'like other nations'; that it can replicate in short order the civic nations that France and the United States became after many generations; and that it must 'de-ethnicise' and de-Judaise to become acceptable to its neighbours.


Poster presentatie op conferentie
Background:
Assessments of functional communication skills of children with cerebral palsy (CP), classified with the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS), often differ between the child's school teacher and the speech language therapist (SLT). Assessment by the SLT is usually based on observations in a clinical setting, which may not be representative of the functional communication skills in daily life. This study evaluated the inter-rater agreement of the CFCS assessed by the school teacher and SLT before and after observation of a communicative situation in the classroom.

Methods:
Functional communication of 35 children with CP (4 to 18 years; 26 with Alternative and Augmentative Communication, AAC) was classified by the own SLT and teacher using the CFCS. SLT's performed two assessments: the first without additional instructions and the second after observation of the child during a communicative situation in the classroom. For both assessments of the SLT inter-rater agreement on CFCS-level between SLT and teacher was determined using Cohen's weighted kappa statistics.

Results:
For the whole group, inter-rater reliability was 0.6 before observation in de classroom and 0.7 after observation. In the group without AAC weighted K was 0.67 for both assessments. In the group with AAC weighted K increased from 0.2 to 0.61. Interpretation The increased inter-rater agreement of CFCS classification between teacher and SLT after observation in the classroom, especially for children with AAC, emphasizes the need for professionals to base their CFCS assessment on observation of functional communication in everyday situations.


Eventual consistency of replicated data supports concurrent updates, reduces latency and improves fault tolerance, but forgoes strong consistency. Accordingly, several cloud computing platforms implement eventually-consistent data types. The set is a widespread and useful abstraction, and many replicated set designs have been proposed. We present a reasoning abstraction, \emph{permutation equivalence}, that systematizes the characterization of the expected concurrency semantics of concurrent types. Under this framework we present one of the existing conflict-free replicated data types, Observed-Remove Set. Furthermore, in order to decrease the size of meta-data, we propose a new optimization to avoid tombstones. This approach that can be transposed to other data types, such as maps, graphs or sequences.


We report learning measurements from a system composed of a cascadable learning chip, data generators and analyzers for training pattern presentation, and an X-windows based software interface. The 32 neuron learning chip has 496 adaptive synapses and can perform Boltzmann and mean-field learning using separate noise and gain controls. We have used this system to do learning experiments on the parity and replication problem. The system settling time limits the learning speed to about 100,000 patterns per second roughly independent of system size.


Abstract: Despite an expectation that predation pressure decreases with increasing latitude, studies on latitudinal variation in gastropod drilling predation through space and time have revealed equivocal trends. Here, we study the latitudinal pattern of gastropod drilling predation from the late Early Cretaceous to the Pleistocene based on a new compilation of global data on mollusks mostly from the northern hemisphere. The study finds a mid-latitudinal (i.e., 21–40°) peak in drilling predation intensity during the Miocene (the only time interval with sufficient data from all latitudinal bins), and a possible mid-latitudinal peak during the Cretaceous. For the Eocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene the middle—and either the lower or higher latitudinal—bins show the highest drilling intensity, therefore suggesting a much flatter latitudinal gradient in drilling predation pattern; the Paleocene and Oligocene lack sufficient data for statistical comparison. The Miocene mid-latitudinal peak remains almost unchanged when analyses are restricted to certain ecological and taxonomic groups. Different abiotic (e.g., temperature) and biotic factors (e.g., generic abundances of the predatory gastropods) alone cannot explain the observed trend. The area of shallow shelf might have played a positive but statistically insignificant role in determining the observed pattern.


Chicana history has come a long way since its inception in the 1960s and 1970s. While initially a neglected area of study limited to issues of labor and class, today scholars in history, literature, anthropology, and sociology, among others, study topics of gender, culture, and sexuality, as well as youth culture, reproductive rights, migration, and immigration. In the process, these scholars contribute to the collective project of Mexican and Mexican American women's history in the United States, making it diverse in its analytical themes, methodologies, and sources. Indeed, Chicana history is not confined by disciplinary boundaries. Rather, its cross-disciplinary nature gives it life. This article charts that interdisciplinarity and demonstrates its significance in expanding and recasting Chicano history more broadly.


This paper reports on the findings of a study of first year students studying a fully online computer literacy module on a Real Estate Agency and Property Economics degree programme at Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland. In addition to the cohort of entrants to higher education without prior computer literacy skills, there will also be a cohort who are unfamiliar with learning in an online mode. Those students well versed with internet and social media network skills do not necessarily have good office/desktop software skills. "Digital natives" they may be but are they really computer literate? Fully online learning systems in themselves do not foster the type of supportive environments that would encourage students to succeed. In this study a scaffolding approach was adopted with the inclusion of a number of learning supports (ranging from regular e-mails through to face-to-face tutorials) to provide a more likely opportunity to succeed. The results indicate that those students who navigated the unfamiliar online terrain and availed of the supports succeeded in this module.


As CMOS technology approaches the end of its scaling, oxide-based memristors have become one of the leading candidates for post-CMOS memory and logic devices. In orderTo facilitate the understanding of physical switching mechanisms and accelerate experimental development of memristors, we have developed a three-dimensional fully-coupled electrical and thermal transport model, which captures all the important processes that drive memristive switching and is applicable for simulating a wide range of memristors. Moreover, the model is applied to simulate the RESET and SET switching in a 3D filamentary TaOx memristor. Extensive simulations show that the switching dynamics of the bipolar device is determined by thermally-activated field-dominant processes: with Joule heating, the raised temperature enables the movement of oxygen vacancies, and the field drift dominates the overall motion of vacancies. Simulated current-voltage hysteresis and device resistance profiles as a function of time and voltage during RESET and SET switching show good agreement with experimental measurement.


The influence of CrCI3 in the amount of 400 mg Cr/kg of feed on antioxidant defense in populations of erythrocytes, erythroid bone marrow cells and tissues of pigs was studied. The increasing of the antioxidant defense of swine organism, as evidenced by the increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in the fractions of "young" erythrocytes, was shown. Superoxide dismutase activity decreases, while glutathione and catalase activity increases in the erythroid cells of the bone marrow after of CrCl3 action. Oxidative processes are intensified in the liver of pigs of the experimental group, in contrast to other tissues, leading to the increase of content of TBARS-products, growth of superoxide dismutase activity and reduction of glutathione peroxidase activity. At the same time, the action of CrCl3 in other tissues activates antioxidant system, including the kidneys, lungs and myocardium, increases superoxide dismutase activity, and catalase activity in the spleen and kidneys. A decrease of content of TBARS-products and reduction of superoxide dismutase activity, as well as the increase of katalase activity and reduction of glutathione content were discovered in the skeletal muscles of pigs of the experimental group. As a result of research it is suggested to add CrCl3 to the diet of pigs to enhance antioxidant defense during their intensive growth.


(The Interpretation and Control of the Safeguarding Agreement) The interpretation and contextual control of copyright safeguarding agreements play a substantial role in court practice. That's why for one thing disputes between authorized parties and copyright collecting companies can evolve. And for another thing, interpretation and control also play an important role for the users of protected works or ancillary copyrights, since they require clarity as to whether they must acquire the necessary rights from the copyright collecting company or the authorized parties themselves. The author investigates the interpretation rules of copyright and the law of contract as well as the control circumstances of the copyright law, the copyright safeguarding law, the civil code (AGB [general terms & conditions] control), the law against restraints of competition as well EC antitrust (cartel) law. Informed through a legal practice on the one hand, and on the other hand on the basis of his scholastic works in the realm of German and European law of contract, commercial law and copyright, the author develops a system in which the different circumstances of interpretation and control merge into an orderly whole. The dogmatic of prevailing law is in the foreground. Moreover, the author also discusses legal policy issues in view of the national law and the Community law. They are now of great relevance to the present, because the Commission of the European Community has announced the establishment of a European safeguarding right with their notification for "Safeguarding of copyrights and related protective rights in the internal market" from April 16th, 2004.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to explore licensed practical nurses' (LPNs') views of being exposed to secondhand smoke in municipal home nursing care.

DESIGN AND SAMPLE
Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through three focus group interviews with 15 LPNs, smokers, and nonsmokers. Qualitative content analysis was used to interpret the interview text.

RESULTS
Exposure to secondhand smoke during working hours, which presents a risk to the health and wellbeing of the LPNs, is a consequence of placing the interests of the smoking care recipients first and the employers' reluctance to take action on behalf of the LPNs. These factors prompted LPNs to propose solutions aimed at resolving a major dilemma in routine home nursing care.

CONCLUSIONS
A combination of actions, particularly by managers, is required to improve the working environment for LPNs while concurrently respecting the care recipients' right to take decisions in their own homes.


In this article, we analyze the interrelationships among such notions as entropy, information, complexity, order and chaos and show using the theory of categories how to generalize the second law of thermodynamics as a law of increasing generalized entropy or a general law of complification. This law could be applied to any system with morphisms, including all of our universe and its subsystems. We discuss how such a general law and other laws of nature drive the evolution of the universe, including physicochemical and biological evolutions. In addition, we determine eliminating selection in physicochemical evolution as an extremely simplified prototype of natural selection. Laws of nature do not allow complexity and entropy to reach maximal values by generating structures. One could consider them as a kind of "breeder" of such selection. Irreversibility of time is expressed as the increase in entropy, information, degrees of freedom, and complexity, which raise monotonically with respect to each other.


In 1963, the termination of the Studebaker Corporation's pension plan wiped out or significantly reduced the pensions of thousands of the automaker's employees and retirees. In response, Congress passed the 1974 Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), a monumental and revolutionary piece of legislation crafted to address corporate pension underfunding and set new rules regarding defined benefit (DB) and other retirement plans. ERISA also established the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation as a government-run insurer to serve as a backdrop to U.S. corporate pensions. Despite the bill's far-ranging scope, in the years since its passage it has become evident that ERISA failed to achieve all of its intended objectives. The corporate pension scene today is in turmoil, and most private employers have terminated or frozen their traditional DB plans. In their place, employers are increasingly substituting defined contribution (DC) retirement saving plans, which pose a new set of responsibilities on employees and their firms. This volume investigates how and why traditional approaches to pension risk management have failed, and we also explore the new mechanisms required to strengthen retirement security for the future


From first principles, we derive a quadratic nonlinear, first-order dynamical system capable of performing exact Bayes-Markov inferences for a wide class of biologically plausible stimulus-dependent patterns of activity while simultaneously providing an online estimate of model performance. This is accomplished by constructing a dynamical system that has solutions proportional to the probability distribution over the stimulus space, but with a constant of proportionality adjusted to provide a local estimate of the probability of the recent observations of stimulus-dependent activity-given model parameters. Next, we transform this exact equation to generate nonlinear equations for the exact evolution of log likelihood and log-likelihood ratios and show that when the input has low amplitude, linear rate models for both the likelihood and the log-likelihood functions follow naturally from these equations. We use these four explicit representations of the probability distribution to argue that, in contrast to the arguments of previous work, the dynamical system for the exact evolution of the likelihood (as opposed to the log likelihood or log-likelihood ratios) not only can be mapped onto a biologically plausible network but is also more consistent with physiological observations.


A knowledge base is maintained by modifying its conceptual model and by using those modifications to specify changes to its implementation. The maintenance problem is to determine which parts of that model should be checked for correctness in response a change in the application. The maintenance problem is not computable for first-order knowledge bases. Two things in the conceptual model are joined by a maintenance link if a modification to one of them means that the other must be checked for correctness, and so possibly modified, if consistency of the model is to be preserved. In a unified conceptual model for first-order knowledge bases the data and knowledge are modelled formally in a uniform way. A characterisation is given of four different kinds of maintenance links in a unified conceptual model. Two of these four kinds of maintenance links can be removed by transforming the conceptual model. In this way the maintenance problem is simplified.


In this paper, we develop an understanding of how virtual teams develop over time by inductively studying communication transactions of 12 United States-Canadian student virtual teams involved in ISD. Our analysis is based upon two influential streams of social science research: (1) interaction analysis, which aided in the examination of the micro-processes of communication among members of a virtual team, and (2) structuration theory, which provided a meta-framework to help link the microlevel communication patterns with the more macro-structures representing the environmental context as well as the characteristics of teams over time. Based on our interpretation of the communication patterns in the virtual teams, we propose a theoretical model to describe how virtual teams develop over the life of a project, and also attempt to clarify how the concepts of communication, virtual team development, and collaboration are related.


A functional data-parallel language called BSML was designed for programming Bulk-Synchronous Parallel algorithms, a model of computing which allows parallel programs to be ported to a wide range of architectures. BSML is based on an extension of the ML language with parallel operations on a parallel data structure called parallel vector. The execution time can be estimated. Dead-locks and indeterminism are avoided. For large scale applications where parallel processing is helpful and where the total amount of data often exceeds the total main memory available, parallel disk I/O becomes a necessity. In this paper, we present a library of I/O features for BSML and its formal semantics. A cost model is also given and some preliminary performance results are shown for a commodity cluster.


Pedestrians' gap-acceptance behavior is an important process while crossing the road and pedestrian behavioral characteristics play a major role in gap acceptance. The existing critical gap-estimation methods (Raff's method and maximum-likelihood estimation), have focused on vehicle drivers' critical gap calculations and these methods do not reflect pedestrians' critical gap estimations. The objective of this study is to compare and select the most suitable method for pedestrians' critical gap estimation at unprotected midblock crosswalks. The critical gap estimation considers the effect of pedestrians' behavioral and individual characteristics based on a video recording survey at six locations with different geometric and traffic characteristics in Mumbai, India. The results show that there are significant differences in the estimated critical gap values with and without considering pedestrians' behavioral characteristics. These results would be useful in the evaluation of unprotected midblock crosswalks and design of new crosswalk facilities.


Helicobacter pylori infection has been implicated in acute gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcers as well as gastric cancer. Since we have documented that anti-H. pylori, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-mutagenic actions of Korean red ginseng and the enhancing anti-inflammatory activities and attenuating anti-inflammatory roles of Lactobacillus plantarum, in the current study, we investigated the effects of L. plantarum-fermented Korean red ginseng on subacute or chronic pathology in H. pylori-infected mouse model. 5-week-old interleukin-10 deficient mice were inoculated with H. pylori (Sidney strain 1), after which L. plantarum (Lp), Korean red ginseng (RG) and fermented Korean red ginseng (FRG) were administrated by drinking water for 14 or 24 weeks. After killing, in addition to gross and pathologic evaluations, the expressions of inflammatory enzymes or cytokines were analyzed by Western blot analysis or ELISA, respectively. H. pylori infection induced the expression of inflammatory enzymes, iNOS and COX-2, and cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6 in subacute 14 weeks model. Moreover, H. pylori infection significantly provoked tumorigenesis in chronic 24 weeks model. Lp, RG and FRG inhibited the expression of inflammatory enzymes and cytokines in both subacute and chronic models. Among those, FRG showed the significant anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic effects on H. pylori-infected gastric carcinogenesis reflected with decreased incidence of tumor formations. Probiotics fermented Korean red ginseng exerted significant protections against H. pylori infection through attenuating gastritis, rescuing from tumorigenesis and enhancing gastroprotection. We suppose that chronic intake of FRG can be an anticipating strategy in chemoprevention of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B45.


The task of dialog management is commonly decomposed into two sequential subtasks: dialog state tracking and dialog policy learning. In an end-to-end dialog system, the aim of dialog state tracking is to accurately estimate the true dialog state from noisy observations produced by the speech recognition and the natural language understanding modules. The state tracking task is primarily meant to support a dialog policy. From a probabilistic perspective, this is achieved by maintaining a posterior distribution over hidden dialog states composed of a set of context dependent variables. Once a dialog policy is learned, it strives to select an optimal dialog act given the estimated dialog state and a defined reward function. This paper introduces a novel method of dialog state tracking based on a bilinear algebric decomposition model that provides an efficient inference schema through collective matrix factorization. We evaluate the proposed approach on the second Dialog State Tracking Challenge (DSTC-2) dataset and we show that the proposed tracker gives encouraging results compared to the state-of-the-art trackers that participated in this standard benchmark. Finally, we show that the prediction schema is computationally efficient in comparison to the previous approaches.


Aberrant transcriptional repression through chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylation has been postulated as the driving force for tumorigenesis. FBI-1 (formerly called Pokemon) is a member of the POK family of transcriptional repressors. Recently, FBI-1 was characterized as a critical oncogenic factor that specifically represses transcription of the tumor suppressor gene ARF, potentially leading indirectly to p53 inactivation. Our investigations on transcriptional repression of the p53 pathway revealed that FBI-1 represses transcription of ARF, Hdm2 (human analogue of mouse double minute oncogene), and p21CIP1 (hereafter indicated as p21) but not of p53. FBI-1 showed a more potent repressive effect on p21 than on p53. Our data suggested that FBI-1 is a master controller of the ARF-Hdm2-p53-p21 pathway, ultimately impinging on cell cycle arrest factor p21, by inhibiting upstream regulators at the transcriptional and protein levels. FBI-1 acted as a competitive transcriptional repressor of p53 and Sp1 and was shown to bind the proximal Sp1–3 GC-box and the distal p53-responsive elements of p21. Repression involved direct binding competition of FBI-1 with Sp1 and p53. FBI-1 also interacted with corepressors, such as mSin3A, NCoR, and SMRT, thereby deacetylating Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 histones at the promoter. FBI-1 caused cellular transformation, promoted cell cycle proliferation, and significantly increased the number of cells in S phase. FBI-1 is aberrantly overexpressed in many human solid tumors, particularly in adenocarcinomas and squamous carcinomas. The role of FBI-1 as a master controller of the p53 pathway therefore makes it an attractive therapeutic target.


In this paper a heuristic approach for preliminary regional landslide susceptibility assessment using limited amount of data is presented. It is called arbitrary polynomial method and takes into account 5 landslide conditioning parameters: lithology, slope inclination, average annual rainfall, land use and maximum expected seismic intensity. According to the method, in the first stage, a gradation is performed for each of the carefully selected conditioning parameters by assigning so called rating points to the grid cells on which the region is divided. Values of the rating points vary from 0 to 3 and depend on the parameter's character and importance for landslide development within the region of interest. A so called Total Landslide Susceptibility Rating (TLSR) model is obtained by summing the individual rating points of each parameter and dividing the region into five susceptibility zones according to Jenks natural breaks classification. Verification of the TLSR model is then performed by overlaying the landslide inventory map of the selected region over the prepared susceptibility map. The sensitivity of the model can be additionally tested by multiplying the conditioning parameter's rating points by sensitivity coefficients. In this way, additional landslide susceptibility models are obtained, named Weighted Total Landslide Susceptibility Rating (WTLSR) models. As a practical example of the method, two TLSR models are presented here for the Polog region in Republic of Macedonia, for return periods of maximum expected seismic intensity for 100 and 500 years. With over 74% of mapped landslides falling in zones of high and very high susceptibility, the results are considered satisfactory for regional scale landslide modelling and are comparable with more advanced quantitative methods. Additional WTLSR models were prepared, and their correlation identified the best model. The presented approach is considered to be very convenient for conducting preliminary regional landslide susceptibility assessments with the ability to fine-tune the results. Due to its simplicity, it can be applied to additional landslide conditioning parameters other than the one presented in the paper, depending on the region of interest and available data sources. It is especially practical for use in developing countries, where various organizational, technical and economic constraints prevent application of more advanced data driven methods. Limitations and restrictions of the approach are also discussed.


A method is developed to integrate the efficiency concepts of technical, allocative, and scale inefficiencies (TI, AI, SI) into the variable returns to scale (VRS) frontier approximation in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The proposed weighted DEA (WDEA) approach takes a weighted average of the profit, constant returns to scale (CRS), and VRS frontiers, so that the technical feasibility of a VRS frontier is extended toward scale- and allocatively-efficient decisions. A weight selection rule is constructed based on the empirical performance of the VRS estimator via the local confidence interval of Kneip, Simar, and Wilson (2008). The resulting WDEA frontier is consistent and more efficient than the VRS frontier under the maintained properties of a data generating process. The potential estimation efficiency gain arises from exploiting sample correlations among TI, AI, and SI. Application to Maryland dairy production data finds that technical efficiency is on average 5.2% to 7.8% lower under the WDEA results than under the VRS counterparts.


1. Shallow lakes are important components of the biosphere, but they are also highly vulnerable to damage from human activities in their catchments, such as nutrient pollution. They may also be particularly vulnerable to current warming trends.

2. Forty-eight tanks were used to create 3-m3 mesocosms of shallow lake communities, in which the effects of warming by 4 °C and regular nutrient loading at two levels relevant to current degrees of eutrophication were studied in the presence and absence of fish.

3. Warming changed concentrations of soluble phosphate, total nitrogen and conductivity, increased total plant biomass and decreased the amount of phytoplankton through shading by floating plants. Nutrient additions decreased total plant biomass but increased floating plant biomass. Nitrogen increase and warming increased floating plant biomass and decreased plant species richness. The plant community remained intact and did not switch to the turbid-water, phytoplankton-dominated community often predicted to be a consequence of global warming and eutrophication.

4. Synthesis and applications. Likely future temperature increase will exacerbate some, but not all symptoms of eutrophication in shallow lakes. Alone it will not cause a switch from plant-dominated to algal-dominated systems, but may result in nuisance growths of floating lemnids. Currently underplayed, nitrogen loading should be taken more seriously in the management of European freshwaters.


In this paper we use the cortical current density based inverse solution to classify Event Related Potentials, in particular for error-related potentials elicited during a Brain-Computer Interface experiment. We selected discriminant cortical sources for comparing classification performance with respect to surface EEG. We found that the data from estimated cortical sources achieves higher classification accuracy for most of the subjects. In addition, the inverse method exhibits consistently discriminant activity for the sources located over the anterior cingulate cortex region for different time points. This level of neurophysiological interpretation in terms of localisation of selected cortical sources is enabled with the use of inverse solution.


Highly efficient saturation up-conversion (UC) luminescent Y2O3:Er3+ microspheres have been successfully prepared via a hydrothermal-homogeneous precipitation method. Bright visible luminescence can be clearly seen with a 1.55 μm laser diode excitation power as low as ∼0.03 W cm−2. The up-conversion (UC) emission spectra indicate that the strongest red emission with a peak situated at ∼660 nm originated from the 4I9/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+. The peaks situated at ∼520 and 550 nm can be assigned to the transition from 2H11/2/4S3/2 state to the ground state of Er3+. The high efficient saturation up-conversion emission is related to the highly crystalline structure. These results indicate a new way to enhance UC radiation in rare-earth ion-doped materials prepared using a hydrothermal-homogeneous precipitation method.


The general goal of this thesis is to elucidate children's early understandings of pictorial meanings, and how one can know anything about them. My central aim is to explore how picture comprehension develops during children's first 3 years of life, through semiotic-theory-derived analyses of meaning relations. In so doing, I hope to contribute to the study of both semiotic theory's psychological basis and the role of semiotic processes in cognitive development: specifically, in children's experiences of pictorial meanings. In an experimental object retrieval test, including pictures, I show the importance of studying concrete instances of children's experiences. Among its key results is that, for a group of children who are close to the threshold of being able to use the picture to solve the retrieval task, indexical cuing assists their understanding. One central claims is that the picture sign reflects a dual semiotic process: on the one hand, picture understanding relies on recognition of perceptual similarities; on the other, it draws on communicative processes that are intrinsic to all sign constructions. This duality is particularly interesting when it comes to looking at children's development of picture understanding. Through similarity relations, children perceive accurate – but initially private and incomplete – understanding of pictures. At the same time though, children are alert to communicative meanings from the start. (Less)