Abstract Leucostaurite is a new nanoporous lead borate discovered in samples from the Mina Asunción, Sierra Gorda, Atacama Desert, Chile, preserved since 1912 in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Bern, Switzerland. Leucostaurite formed via the oxidation of base-metal ores in the presence of B-rich brines. The mineral name is derived from the Greek "leukos" (white) and "stauros" (cross), and alludes to the white or transparent, colorless cruciform twinned crystals. Leucostaurite forms thin-tabular {010}, striated //[100], interpenetrated twinned crystals, and sheaf-like aggregates up to 0.8 mm on a paralaurionite and boleite matrix. The streak is white and the luster adamantine. Leucostaurite shows a weak, light-yellow fluorescence under short-wavelength UV but no fluorescence under long-wavelength UV light. The mineral is brittle, Mohs hardness ~4, with perfect cleavage parallel to {010} and good cleavage parallel to {100}; calculated density is 5.071 g/cm3. Leucostaurite is biaxial, 2V (meas) ~30°, dispersion: r > v, strong. Optic sign and refractive indices could not be measured, but the average index calculated from the Gladstone-Dale relationship is 1.849. The empirical formula based on Pb + Sr + Ca = 2 atoms per formula unit (apfu), 1 H apfu and B + Si = 5 apfu, is (Pb1.967Sr0.026Ca0.007)Σ2.000 (B4.983Si0.017)Σ5.000(Cl1.073I0.004)Σ1.077O8.971⋅0.5H2O, which simplifies to Pb2[B5O9]Cl⋅0.5H2O. The boron content was measured on two crystal fragments using proton-induced γ-ray emission spectroscopy; the analytical value [26.7(3) wt% B2O3] is within error of the stoichiometric value of 26.5 wt% B2O3. Leucostaurite is orthorhombic, space group Pnn2, a = 11.376(2), b = 11.505(2), c = 6.5558(7) Å, V = 858.1(2) Å3, Z = 4. The seven strongest lines measured in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d in Å/Irel in %]: 4.04/100; 2.84/100; 5.71/80; 2.019/70; 3.29/40; 2.55/40; 1.877/40. The crystal structure of leucostaurite (R1 = 6.2%) contains a hilgardite-type three-dimensional [B5O9]3- framework. Leucostaurite is the first mineral of the hilgardite group with orthorhombic (Pnn2) symmetry. However, several borates synthesized for their non-linear optical properties are structurally and chemically closely related to leucostaurite. For example in Na0.5Pb2(B5O9)Cl(OH)0.5, one type of channels contains Cl− ions, the other contains OH−, Cl−, and Na+ ions; in leucostaurite these channels are occupied by Cl− ions, and Cl− ions + H2O groups, respectively.


Abstract. The development of knowledge of how the coronal origin of the solar wind affects its in situ properties is one of the keys to understanding the relationship between the Sun and the heliosphere. In this paper, we analyse ACE/SWICS and WIND/3DP data spanning  > 12 years, and test properties of solar wind suprathermal electron distributions for the presence of signatures of the coronal temperature at their origin which may remain at 1 AU. In particular we re-examine a previous suggestion that these properties correlate with the oxygen charge state ratio O7+ ∕ O6+, an established proxy for coronal electron temperature. We find only a very weak but variable correlation between measures of suprathermal electron energy content and O7+ ∕ O6+. The weak nature of the correlation leads us to conclude, in contrast to earlier results, that an initial relationship with core electron temperature has the possibility to exist in the corona, but that in most cases no strong signatures remain in the suprathermal electron distributions at 1 AU. It cannot yet be confirmed whether this is due to the effects of coronal conditions on the establishment of this relationship or due to the altering of the electron distributions by processing during transport in the solar wind en route to 1 AU. Contrasting results for the halo and strahl population favours the latter interpretation. Confirmation of this will be possible using Solar Orbiter data (cruise and nominal mission phase) to test whether the weakness of the relationship persists over a range of heliocentric distances. If the correlation is found to strengthen when closer to the Sun, then this would indicate an initial relationship which is being degraded, perhaps by wave–particle interactions, en route to the observer.


On 22nd September 2009 many Internet news sources noted a decision by the Appeal Court of Paris. The coverage generally described the decision as "an important case on GPL license enforceability". This brief article examines the decision and discusses its relationship to GPL license enforcement specifically and open source licensing in general. The account is based on review of the eight-page decision only and some legal conclusions are offered by considering the judgement in relation to the current situation in other jurisdictions, such as Finland.


Recent developments on various lab-on-a-chip techniques allow miniaturized and integrated devices to perform on-chip single-molecule studies. Fluidic-based platforms that utilize unique microscale fluidic behavior are capable of conducting single-molecule experiments with high sensitivities and throughputs, while biomolecular systems can be studied on-chip using techniques such as DNA curtains, magnetic tweezers, and solid-state nanopores. The advances of these on-chip single-molecule techniques lead to next-generation lab-on-a-chip devices, such as DNA transistors, and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology for rapid and low-cost whole genome DNA sequencing. In this Focus article, we will discuss some recent successes in the development of lab-on-a-chip techniques for single-molecule studies and expound our thoughts on the near future of on-chip single-molecule studies.


The concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc have been estimated, primarily by flame AAS, in the sediments of the City Outfall Drain and Avon-Heathcote Estuary, Christchurch, New Zealand. These, and other metals have also been determined by XRF, and the two sets of results are compared. Sediment samples were obtained by the use of a simple coring device where possible, or by sampling the top two centimetres of sediment where this was not possible. The variation in metal concentration with location, depth, and rainfall are discussed, with reference to metal-metal correlations, organic matter content, particle size distribution, and a theory on the formation of the sediment units in the Avon-Heathcote Estuary. These results are then evaluated with regard to enrichment factors calculated from a set of local background levels defined in this study. The strongest metal-metal correlation is lead with zinc, although lead, zinc, copper, and to a lesser extent chromium, are commonly found in association with one another. Metal concentration generally decreases with depth , except in the case of the estuary core RH2, which exhibits a profile of concentration vs. depth consistent with MacPherson's proposals for the formation of the Estuaries sediment units. Lead and zinc are found to be the metals most highly enriched above background levels in the clay, then sand, then silt fractions. No obvious reason for this was found as for all other metals, including those that correlated well with lead and zinc, the order was clay > silt > sand. The distribution of metal concentrations in the silt-clay size fraction wre investigated using a novel technique not requiring the separation of individual size fractions. The percentage of quartz present in each fraction was found to be the primary factor causing variation in metal concentration down to approximately 4 jlm. Below this size metal speciation becomes dominant. The role of organic matter was not determined but is felt to be of possible significance. The thesis concludes with reccomendations for areas of further research, including sediment dating, application of sequential extraction techniques, and a poosible method of treatment for waste waters. 1


Thermal fatigue has been one of the most serious problems for solder joint reliability. Thermo-mechanical fatigue failure is considered to be closely related to micro-structural coarsening (grain/phase growth). Factors that influence the phase growth are studied and measurement methods are discussed, including the preparation of the eutectic solder sample for phase size measurement. Three categories of models used to predict grain growth in polycrystalline materials are presented. Finally, phase growth in solder during high temperature aging and temperature cycling and its use as a damage correlation factor are discussed.


We report a 40-year-old Japanese woman with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) associated with myasthenia gravis (MG). She had a history of miscarriage at the age of 27 followed by pulmonary embolism 3 weeks later. At the age of 40, she developed diplopia, bilateral ptosis and easy fatigability. Serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and tensilon test were positive. She was diagnosed as having MG. The laboratory test revealed mild thrombocytopenia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and positive findings for both beta 2-glycoprotein I-dependent anticardiolipin antibody and lupus anticoagulant. She fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of APS, but did not the criteria proposed by American Rheumatism Association for SLE. An extended total thymectomy was performed after administration of oral prednisolone and low-dose aspirin. This is a patient who had APS associated with MGs: both are known to result from autoimmune abnormality. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of APS were ameliorated after removal of the thymus, suggesting that thymectomy alleviates APS symptoms.


Human labial acini were assayed for the presence of ion transport systems associated with salivary fluid secretion using microfluorometric methods. Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- contransport and Na+/H+ exchange activities (determined by their bumetanide and amiloride sensitivities, respectively) were found at levels approximately 50% of those seen in similarly assayed rat parotid acini, but little, if any, C1-/HCO3-exchange activity was observed. Also, when human labial acini were stimulated with the muscarinic agonist carbachol, little evidence of the intracellular acidification associated with HCO3- secretion by other salivary glands was found. Na+/H+ exchange activity in human labial acini was downregulated (approximately 40%) by beta-adrenergic stimulation and upregulated (approximately threefold) by muscarinic stimulation. In contrast, beta-adrenergic stimulation produced only a marginally significant increase in Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransport activity, and muscarinic stimulation was without effect. We include that basolateral Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransport appears to be the dominant mechanism driving Cl- secretion and thereby fluid secretion in this tissue.


More than a decade has passed since the end of the Cold War, but Asia still faces serious security challenges. These include the current security environment in the Korean peninsula, across the Taiwan Strait, and over Kashmir, the danger of nuclear and missile proliferation, and the concern with the rising power of China and with American dominance. Indeed, some experts see Asia as a dangerous and unstable place. Alagappa disagrees, maintaining that Asia is a far more stable, predictable, and prosperous region than it was in the postindependence period. This volume also takes account of the changed security environment in Asia since September 11, 2001. Unlike many areas-studies approaches, Alagappa's work makes a strong case for taking regional politics and security dynamics seriously from both theoretical and empirical approaches. The first part of this volume develops an analytical framework for the study of order; the salience of the different pathways to order is examined in the second part; the third investigates the management of specific security issues; and the final part discusses the nature of security order in Asia.


Analyses of contemporary processes of gentrification have been primarily produced from adult perspectives with little focus on how age affects or mediates urban change. However, in analysing young people's responses to transformations in their neighbourhood we argue that there is evidence for a
more complex relationship between 'gentrifiers' and residents than existing arguments of antagonism or tolerance would suggest. Using a participatory video methodology to document experiences of gentrification in the east London borough of Hackney, we found that young people involved in this study experienced their transforming city through processes of spatial dislocation and affective displacement. The former incorporated a sense of disorientation in the temporal disjunctions of the speed of change, while the latter invoked the embodiment of a sense of not belonging generated within classed and intercultural interactions. However, there are expressions of ambivalence rather than straightforward rejection. Benefits of gentrification were noted including conditions of alterity and the possibility to transcend normative behaviours that they found uncomfortable. Young people
demonstrated the capacity to re-imagine their relationship with the complex spaces they call home. The findings suggest a need to reframe debates on gentrification to include a more nuanced understanding of its differential
impact on young people.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs, that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Recent studies now predict that numerous miRNA molecules regulate a large proportion of the human transcriptome, thus creating a whole new research field that utilizes their potential impact on gene expression in favor of diagnosis, prognosis and drug development. MiRNAs are generated from transcription of respective genes into primary structures that usually follow a two-step maturation process in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Active miRNA folds downregulate protein expression either via direct repression of targeted messenger RNA (mRNA) or mRNA cleavage. They are critical factors that control human development and organogenesis and reemerge as key-molecules that profoundly influence adult cells and tissues under stress-responsive conditions. Therefore, several miRNAs exhibit dysregulated functions in almost all aspects of human pathology such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, genetic and neurodegenerative diseases, forming tissue-specific molecular profiles that further define salient pathologic features. The present article offers an overview on miRNAs biogenesis and functional processes, major aspects of their participation in human development and milestones regarding their contribution in human diseases. Furthermore, their utility as extracellular biomarkers and the rationale behind miRNA inhibition or miRNA delivery are being discussed.


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) common technology is based on anode- supported cells composed of nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) cermet. The nickel is in oxide state (NiO) during SOFC production and is reduced to metallic nickel during the first operation. The microstructure influences the SOFC electrochemical performance as well as its stability for long-term use. Oxidation of the nickel catalyst can occur at high fuel utilization and due to air leakage. The volume change from Ni to NiO can be detrimental for the thin supported electrolyte. In situ transmission electron microscopy enables to acquire further knowledge on the mechanisms behind the reduction and oxidation of nickel in the Ni-YSZ SOFC anode. The in situ reduction and re- oxidation of the FIB prepared TEM lamellae is performed in a FEI Titan equipped with an environmental cell. The reduction started at 400°C under 1.4 mbar of hydrogen. The volume contraction due to NiO reduction is compensated by formation of nanoporosity in the Ni grain. Nanoporosity was previously observed by Waldbillig et al. during ex situ reduction of Ni-YSZ composite TEM lamellae.


This paper proposes bootstrap assisted specification tests for the autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average model based on the Bartlett Tp-process with estimated parameters whose limiting distribution under the null depends on the estimated model and the estimation method employed. The computation of the asymptotic critical values is not easy if at all possible under these circumstances. To circumvent this problem Delgado, Hidalgo, and Velasco (2005, Annals of Statistics 33, 2568–2609) proposed an asymptotically pivotal transformation of the Tp-process with estimated parameters. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to examine alternative methods based on bootstrap algorithms for estimating the distribution of the test under the null, showing its validity. And second, to study the finite-sample performance of the different alternative procedures via Monte Carlo simulation.


The share of small and medium-sized enterprises in the economy has increased in recent times. Nevertheless, it is seen among the most risky groups when evaluated in terms of tax compliance. The aim of the present study is to investigate the reliability and structural validity. Because of this aim we used the Turkish version of the tax compliance intention, general fairness, procedural fairness and social norms scale. The study group consists of 320 participants. We used AMOS program for the data analysis. As a result, the best fit indices are obtained. All factor loadings were found statistically significant after confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient is calculated to determine the reliability of the scale in this study. Cronbach's alpha values of the all dimensions were found within the range between 0.73 and 0.90. The Turkish form of tax compliance intention, general fairness, procedural fairness and social norms scale was found to be adequate and reliable. These instruments can be used by the researchers in research in Turkey.


Introduction: Arts education and inquiry
Braidotti, when considering her early career, poses the following questions:How do we do justice to experiences that have no recognition in the language and practice of conventional wisdom, common sense and reasonableness? What is the appropriate way to express silences and missing voices? (Butler & Braidotti, 2010, p. 315)
In this paper we expand on the short answer "Art", including visual arts, spoken word, and poetry, dancing and tableau, by elaborating upon one aspect - processes of inquiry that at their heart value recognition and voice. We begin our account by providing a dialogic narrative case study that explores an artist's educational inquiry practice with underserved youth in British Columbia. Braided into the account are analytical reflections from a philosopher of education working in a UK teaching university. As we explore the phenomenon of giving expression to underserved youth voice, we go on to outline how Lin & Bruce (2013) address the matter. Their line is to wed critical theory and philosophical pragmatism in order to theorize inquiry with underserved youth. However, there are aspects that we find unconvincing because of unresolved tensions in ontology; tensions deriving directly from using Dewey without understanding contemporary developments in pragmatist scholarship. Our approach is to present an aspect of the work of the contemporary pragmatist, Colin Koopman, who sets out to emphasize transition, inquiry and transformation without necessarily locating agency solely in the individual. For Koopman sources of power and agency must be liberated from within contexts rather than imposed from outside as a form of utopian or dystopian scheme. This form of philosophy emphasizes action and a fluidity in the conception of 'who' is acting and is guided by an emphasis on meliorism, i.e. a justified hopefulness intending improvement in the situation at hand (Koopman, 2009; Garside, 2014). Such a reading has affinities with the new materialist stance of Hickey-Moody et al. (2016, p. 217), who argues that "young people's individual and group subjectivities becom[e] through [artistic] practices"1.


Programming by transformation is a reliable and efficient way to develop algorithms. An ideal methodology begins with high-level specifications of the problem to be solved. Such dictions are by nature concise, easy to understand, and easy to verify. They are free from the details that determine the method by which the solution is found, yet promote transformations leading to derivation of solutions. The user of the transformation system applies refinements and modifications that transform the problem specifications into algorithm specifications, and so is able to derive programs that solve the original problem.
We propose extensions to the set-theoretic programming language SETL to support problem specifications. The resulting language realizes the ideals of problem specifications. The resulting language realizes the ideals of problem specification, and further supports direct execution of the highest-level specifications as a search over a solution space. Its dictions are imperative at all levels of derivation, so as to provide consistency of style among all versions, from problems to programs.
We show how dictions of the form "find variables $\vert$ conditions" serve to specify problems, and how transformation of the conditions promotes derivation of algorithms. We propose dictions that allow concise specification of problems that require minimization of a function, and a variant that allows specification of problems that are inherently non-rigorous, or whose solutions admit approximation or tolerance. We suggest transformations of expressions that lead to algorithms employing formal differentiation of expressions or dynamic programming. Through examples we show that the method of transformational programming constitutes a tool for the specification, derivation, and discovery of algorithms.


This document explores the issues in building the "groupware of the future".
The approach is twofold. First we briefly describe our vision of a "virtual enterprise" that is made up of a set of services through a composition of components that comply with a specific contract (specification). Two scenarios are presented which demonstrate the set of underlying requirements. Secondly, a review of the-state-of-the-art in groupware technology is presented which identifies a set of services provided by current groupware systems. An assessment of the relative importance of these services is then presented and a comparison made to the requirements specified in the part one. A more detailed presentation of a subset of "important" groupware projects or products clarifies the limitations of current approaches. These limitations, in conjunction to the current trends in software technology (object technology,
component architectures, web technology etc), determine the next steps towards our vision. The document concludes with a presentation of our definition for the
"groupware of the future" and the route towards it.


The inquiry into whether foreign firms are more productive than local firms has been one of the key research questions among international business scholars. We extend this line of research by addressing the heterogeneity among different performance measures. In this study, we examine the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on four internal measures of efficiency, i.e. overall technical, pure technical, scale and cost efficiencies, as well as an external measure of efficiency, i.e. revenue efficiency in the emerging markets banking sector. In contrast to previous studies that have perceived bank efficiency in a generic sense and have operationalized their efficiency measure with different measures of efficiency, we develop theoretical arguments to explain how the FDI-efficiency relationship can differ across these five types of efficiencies. We empirically test our hypotheses while accounting for endogeneity among efficiency, risk and capital under a three-stage least squares model. Our findings broadly suggest that foreign banks have an advantage in terms of overall technical efficiency and scale efficiency, but do not have an advantage in terms of pure technical efficiency, cost efficiency and revenue efficiency.


Are the poor all alike or are they different? Both, obviously. The similarities are handled by political economy -- a long-established and familiar approach; the differences are handled by political culture -- a newly-emerging and unfamiliar approach. Political culture looks, not at how people are differentiated by constraints -- by what they can't do -- but at how people are differentiated by capabilities -- by the different things they do with what they can do.

If poverty has to do with the absence of the chance to choose, then non-poverty has to do with the presence of the chance to choose. This leads to the consideration of the possibility of personal strategies for resource management and for need management. There are four logically possible management strategies and one coping strategy, and the cultural hypothesis is that an individual will be led to adopt one of these strategies and to reject the others by virtue of his social context and its associated cosmology.

Fieldwork in Britain and informal guided interviews in the United States support this hypothesis and reveal that less than half of those officially classified as "poor" conform to the official image of poverty.

Political culture has implications that go beyond the arena of poverty policy. In suggesting that the economist's category "land" is not a "given" but is created and destroyed by social processes, it offers a way of identifying the cultural bias of an institution and a way of compensating for that bias. For instance, if we assume that IIASA's bias is towards caste-ism (that is, towards a personal strategy in which needs are given and only resources are manageable) then we should not be surprised to discover that those who argue from a more sectist social context (a context in which the adopted strategy is to manage needs downwards) find credible a level of energy demand two-anda- half times lower than IIASA's minimum.


A thermal manikin with constant skin temperature and a wind-chill tunnel with constant air temperatures and wind speeds were used to measure whole-body heat loss for seven ensembles chosen to represent the full range of civilian outdoor clothing in use for everyday, nonsporting wear. Equations fitting the data with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99 were derived for each ensemble, and diagrams were produced with these equations to interpolate and extend the range of conditions. The conditions studied were those resulting in total heat loss from 50 to 250 W.m-2, so very little extrapolation was required. The wind-chill equivalent temperature (with reference to 2 m.s-1), based on the average value for all seven ensembles, showed good agreement on this measure. The values predicted on the basis of whole-body heat loss through clothing were shown to be much lower than those predicted from the Siple wind-chill index for unprotected skin. Language: en


The NHS Care Records Service (CRS) is a major goal of the National Health Service (NHS) Modernisation Programme. It will provide for 24-hour access by clinicians to electronic patient records and the integration of information from previously separate databases, reducing the 'seams' between primary and secondary care, between out-of-hours and ordinary working hours, and ultimately between health and social care. Such integration is likely to affect not only individual patient care, but also public health including disease surveillance, and the monitoring of clinical activities including the achievement of clinical governance targets. The potential benefits for patients, practitioners and managers are numerous. However, the process raises issues over confidentiality, data protection and data quality. During 2003 a project was undertaken in South Warwickshire to develop an NHS CRS widely available to primary care clinicians in the region. This was part of a wider initiative funded by the NHS Connecting for Health (NHS CfH). Twenty-six out of 36 local practices took part, providing a combined database of 181,961 clinical records. All but one of the original objectives was achieved. Lessons were learned which could usefully inform the development of the CRS more generally in the NHS.


Abstract. The marine boundary layer (MBL) structure is important to the marine low cloud processes, and the exchange of heat, momentum, and moisture between oceans and the low atmosphere. This study examines the MBL structure over the eastern Pacific region and further explores the controlling factors of MBL structure over the global oceans with a new 4-year satellite-based data set. The MBL top (boundary layer height, BLH) and the mixing layer height (MLH) were identified using the MBL aerosol lidar backscattering from the CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations). Results showed that the MBL is generally decoupled with MLH ∕ BLH ratio ranging from  ∼  0.5 to  ∼  0.8 over the eastern Pacific Ocean region. The MBL decoupling magnitude is mainly controlled by estimated inversion strength (EIS), which in turn controls the cloud top entrainment process. The systematic differences between drizzling and non-drizzling stratocumulus tops also show dependence on EIS. This may be related to the meso-scale circulations or gravity wave in the MBL. Further analysis indicates that the MBL shows a similar decoupled structure for clear-sky and cumulus-cloud-topped conditions, but is better mixed under stratiform cloud breakup and overcast conditions.


AbstractIndonesian presidential election campaigns had been held by the candidates and the campaign team respectively from June, 4th-July, 5th 2014. This study was aimed to know the extent of utilization of communication channels both mass media and social media (new media) as source of information, compared with interpersonal communication channel, and how the level of utilization of the information sources by voters during the political campaign influenced the level of political participation in Cibinong. This study had been conducted in September-Oktober 2014 at Sub-District of Cibinong, Bogor Regency. A number of 200 people were chosen as respondents by using purposive sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed with Spearmans Rank correlation test. Results showed that political participation in the engagement of campaigns as well as the surveillance were poor, while the participation in voting was quite good. In the variable of demographic characteristics, a negative significant correlation was found between political affiliation and the campaign engagement and so between the birthplace and voting engagement. On the contrary, the variable of age, income, and education had no correlation with all dimensions of the campaigns engagement. All dimensions of demographic characteristics including sex, birthplace, and environment had a significant negative correlation with political participation. The indicator of sex and birthplace had a significant negative correlation with the amount of source of information use. The in dicator of birthplace also had a significant negative correlation with the frequent of accessing campaign sources of information. The utilization of campaign sources of information had a significant positive correlation with political participation in the dimension of the engagement in the campaign, voting, and surveillance for the election .Keywords: Political participation, source of information use, political campaign


BACKGROUND
There is accumulating evidence that people with autism have a particular affinity with music.

METHODS
This study developed the "Playing-in-Touch" (PiT) questionnaire as an objective measure of musical intouchness - defined as the degree of engagement in creative exchange while playing ensemble music pieces - in persons with low-functioning autism.

RESULTS
A 3-facet Rasch model supported the content and construct validity of the PiT scale. The items verified a one-dimensional hierarchical model.

CONCLUSIONS
The PiT questionnaire is a convenient complement to other research methodologies exploring the attitudes of people with low-functioning autism in terms of active music making.


Using a specially instrumented deep packet inspection (DPI) appliance placed inside the core network of a commercial cellular operator we collect data from almost four million flows produced by a 'heavy-hitter' subset of the customer base. The data contains per packet information for the first 100 packets in each flow, along with the classification done by the DPI engine. The data is used with unsupervised learning to obtain clusters of typical video flow behaviors, with the intent to quantify the number of such clusters and examine their characteristics. Among the flows identified as belonging to video applications by the DPI engine, a subset are actually video application signaling flows or other flows not carrying actual transfers of video data. Given that DPI-labeled data can be used to train supervised machine learning models to identify flows carrying video transfers in encrypted traffic, the potential presence and structure of such 'noise' flows in the ground truth is important to examine. In this study K-means and DBSCAN is used to cluster the flows marked by the DPI engine as being from a video application. The clustering techniques identify a set of 4 to 6 clusters with archetypal flow behaviors, and a subset of these clusters are found to represent flows that are not actually transferring video data.


This paper describes the construction of 'Reach for the Clouds', an inventive scheme to build a resident-maintained 'networked community' in Atherton Gardens, an ethnically-diverse, low-income, high rise public housing estate in Melbourne, Australia. The project was developed by the InfoXchange, a not-for-profit Internet service provider with a 'social entrepreneurial' orientation. It involves a consortium of government and community groups and draws on a combination of voluntary labour, commercial enterprise, government funding and donations of equipment by local businesses. The long term goal of the project is for it to become self-funding, and owned and operated by Atherton Gardens' residents. This requires both training and skills development as well as the creation of an enterprise base to fund the operating and capital costs of the network.


The focus of the conference was on buildings and their applications. Buildings are combinatorial structures (metric cell complexes) which may be viewed as simultaneous generalizations of trees and projective spaces. There is a rich class of groups acting on buildings; the action can often be used to obtain structural results about the group itself. On the other hand, buildings and related metric spaces — such as Riemannian symmetric spaces, p-adic symmetric spaces, metric CAT(0)-complexes — form an interesting class of geometric structures with a high degree of symmetry. In the last years, there were several new developments in the applications of buildings in arithmetic geometry, Riemannian geometry, representation theory, and geometric group theory. The workshop brought together experts from these areas whose work is related to buildings. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 20Cxx, 20Fxx, 20Gxx, 51Exx, 53Cxx. Introduction by the Organisers The focus of the conference was on buildings and their applications. Buildings are combinatorial structures (metric cell complexes) which may be viewed as simultaneous generalizations of trees and projective spaces. There is a rich class of groups acting on buildings; the action can often be used to obtain structural results about the group itself. On the other hand, buildings and related metric spaces — such as Riemannian symmetric spaces, p-adic symmetric spaces, metric CAT(0)-complexes — form an interesting class of geometric structures with a high degree of symmetry. In the last years, there were several new developments in the applications of buildings in arithmetic geometry, Riemannian geometry, representation theory, and geometric group theory. The workshop brought together experts from these areas whose work is related to buildings. This mixture worked 120 Oberwolfach Report 3/2008 out quite well and led to many discussions and interactions between people coming from different areas. A somewhat similar workshop Buildings and Curvature took place in 2004 in Oberwolfach. Then, the focus was more on Riemannian and metric geometry. The present workshop Buildings: Interactions with Algebra and Geometry took a more algebraic turn. There were 50 participants and 25 lectures. We had a substantial group of young participants, some of which could present their work at the conference. Both the young and the senior speakers succeeded remarkably well in presenting their work in a way which was accessible to people working in neighboring, but different areas. There were several talks reporting on essential progress in abstract building theory: R. Weiss presented his revision of the classification for locally finite affine buildings and A. Thuillier reported on a new approach to compactifications of Bruhat-Tits buildings and Berkovich spaces. For spherical buildings, C. Parker presented recent results on convex subsets, and K. Brown on displacement lengths of automorphisms in non-spherical buildings. However, most of the talks concerned applications in various areas. P. Littelmann gave a survey on applications of buildings in representation theory of algebraic groups. The talks by B. Rémy and G. Willis underlined the increasing importance of locally finite buildings in the new structure theory of locally compact totally disconnected groups. There were talks on constructions of lattices using buildings by A. Thomas and R. Gramlich. K.-U. Bux and K. Wortman presented strong and recent results on finiteness properties of arithmetic groups. U. Görtz reported on affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties and the reduction of Shimura varieties, which leads to interesting (and hard) combinatorial questions about folded galleries. The organizers had the clear impression that the workshop worked very well, that it led to new scientific collaboration, to new ideas and that it brought new geometric insights. We would like to thank the institute and its friendly and helpful staff. The additional support by the NSF for young researches from the US is gratefully acknowledged. Buildings: Interactions with Algebra and Geometry 121 Workshop: Buildings: Interactions with Algebra and Geometry


This paper aims to introduce a useful approach on the combined use of template based publishing tools (i.e. for blogs and wikis) and content personalization services. The approach considers that the original developers of web content have limited awareness on accessibility issues, and they are facilitated and guided by the editing interface. The publishing mechanism is responsible for storing web content in a flexible representation, where structured content is separated from the formatting information. Intermediate brokering services (i.e aggregators, mediators or simply the portal software) produce multiple versions of the same content in order to increase content accessibility. Finally, end-users are able to set their preferences on how the content will be presented and get a homogeneous representation of the community content. The different versions may comprise multiple languages, audio and text representations etc and be based on a single version of the original content. The structured nature of content produced by template based tools allows intermediate services to intervene and reproduce the original content in various formats and client tools to filter and present information according to user needs and capabilities. The paper presents the focal points of the suggested approach, details on the underlying architecture and presents the required supporting infrastructure.


Abstract Phonetics and phonology are very interesting areas of Linguistics, and are interrelated. They are based on the human speech system, speech perception, native speakers' intuition, and vocalic and consonantal systems of languages spoken in this world. There are more than six thousand languages spoken in the world. Every language has its own phonemic inventory, sound system, and phonological and phonetic rules that differ from other languages; most even have distinct orthographic systems. While languages spoken in developed countries are well-studied, those spoken in underdeveloped countries are not. There is a great need to examine them using a scientific approach. These under-studied languages need to be documented scientifically using advanced technological instruments to bring objective results, and linguistics itself provides the scientific basis for the study of a language. Most research studies to date have also been carried out with reference to old or existing written literature in poetry and drama. In the current era of research, scholars are looking for objective scientific approaches, e.g., experimental and instrumental studies that include acoustic research on the sound systems of less privileged languages spoken locally in developing countries. In this context, Sindhi is an example of this phenomenon, and un-researched with reference to syllable structure and the exponents of lexical stress patterns.


A detailed theoretical treatment is presented of bound-mode to bound-mode Bragg reflection and bound-mode to radiation-mode coupling loss in a tilted optical-fiber phase grating. Numerical predictions of the effects of grating tilt on the spectral characteristics of such a grating are calculated. These predictions are compared with experimentally measured spectra of strong gratings written by ultraviolet irradiation of deuterium-sensitized fiber with grating tilt angles ranging from 0° to 15°. Good agreement is obtained between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results.


A new method has been developed for generating highly dispersed base sites on metal–organic framework (MOF) lattices. The base catalytic activity of two alkaline earth MOFs, M2(BTC)(NO3)(DMF) (M = Ba or Sr, H3BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) was studied as a function of their activation procedures. The catalytic activity in Knoevenagel condensation and Michael addition reactions was found to increase strongly with activation temperature. Physicochemical characterization using FTIR, 13C CP MAS NMR, PXRD, XPS, TGA-MS, SEM, EPR, N2 physisorption and nitrate content analysis shows that during activation, up to 85% of the nitrate anions are selectively removed from the structure and replaced with other charge compensating anions such as O2−. The defect sites generated via this activation act as new strong basic sites within the catalyst structure. A fluorescence microscopic visualization of the activity convincingly proves that it is exclusively associated with the hexagonal crystals, and that reaction proceeds inside the crystal's interior. Theoretical analysis of the Ba-material shows that the basicity of the proposed Ba2+–O2−–Ba2+ motifs is close to that of the edge sites in BaO.


Significant onion height reduction was observed when Prowl (pendimethalin) and Prefar (bensulide) herbicide combinations were applied preemergence (PREE). The onions resumed growth but the height was still slightly reduced later in the growing season compared to the handweeded check and the standard herbicide treatment, Dacthal (DCPA). The onion crop stand emerged initially but later in the season, a significant crop stand reduction was observed for the higher rate of Prowl at 0.5 lb AI/A plus Prefar. A lower rate of Prowl at 0.25 lb AI/A plus Prefar also caused a reduction of the onion stand compared to the handweeded check or Dacthal.


This paper investigates the effects of network based individual social capital on the access of rural households to services. In the context of development economics, an innovative data collection approach is used to determine network based social capital. The approach originates from the field of sociology and entails a personal network survey. We define four social capital variables according to tie strength (bonding/bridging) and social distance (bondinglink/bridginglink) between the respondent and his/her network member. The econometric results suggest that social capital with weaker ties in combination with socially distant ties bridginglink social capital) can potentially improve households' access to rural services.


It has been reported that Fuhrman grading is not appropriate for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The objective of this study was to determine whether nucleolar grading and the recently described chromophobe RCC grading system by Paner and colleagues provide prognostic information. Pathologic features of 185 patients with chromophobe RCC treated surgically between 1970 and 2006 were reviewed, including nucleolar grade, chromophobe RCC grade, the 2010 TNM groupings, sarcomatoid differentiation, and coagulative tumor necrosis. Cancer-specific (CS) survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and associations with CS survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Twenty-three patients died from RCC at a mean of 3.0 years after surgery (median 1.3; range 0 to 16) with estimated CS rates (95% confidence interval) of 89% (84 to 94), 86% (81 to 92), and 85% (78 to 91) at 5, 10, and 15 years after surgery. Univariate associations with CS survival included the 2010 TNM stage groupings, sarcomatoid differentiation, coagulative tumor necrosis, chromophobe RCC grade, and nucleolar grade (all P<0.001). These last 4 features remained significantly associated with CS survival after adjusting for the 2010 TNM stage groupings. When the analysis was restricted to the 155 patients with nonsarcomatoid TNM stage groupings I and II chromophobe RCC, only stage grouping (I vs. II) was significantly associated with CS survival (P=0.03). Although the chromophobe RCC grading system described by Paner and colleagues and nucleolar grade are associated with CS survival in chromophobe RCC, they add no additional prognostic information once TNM stage and sarcomatoid differentiation are assessed.


The regulation of two players is modeled as an iterated game with no discounting where first two players (two countries providing carbon emissions) also interact with a regulator (an independent regulator responsible for controlling the carbon emission levels by imposing punishments). In our setting, employing a zero-determinant (ZD) strategy, the regulator gains a unilateral advantage to enforce a linear relation between the expected payoffs of players. We identify two conditions and prove that the first guarantees the existence of a ZD strategy while the second ensures the existence of an optimal one. Furthermore, we propose an intuitive and simple cost structure in order to enable the regulator to employ an uncomplicated ZD strategy and attain a


When exposed to chronic hypoxia by pathophysiological or environmental causes humans show muscle atrophy, challenging homeostasis and increasing mortality rate. Chronic hypoxia also presents with elevated myostatin peptide, a negative regulator of muscle size. This work induced acute hypoxia in healthy individuals; hypothesizing hypoxia would increase myostatin expression in both muscle and plasma in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Hypoxia (1 % O2) reduced C2C12 myoblast migration and myotube size in vitro. Myotube atrophy was time-dependent, longer exposures showed greater atrophy. Intracellular myostatin peptide was decreased at every time point measured. Myostatin and downstream signalling pathways in muscle showed a high degree of percentage similarity between mouse and human, when amino acid sequences were directly compared. Healthy males (N = 8) were exposed to 20.9 % O2 or 11.9 % O2 for 2 hours. Following hypoxic exposure myostatin peptide was reduced in muscle but not plasma, relative to control conditions. A second cohort (N = 8) was exposed to 12.5 % O2 for 10 hours. Plasma myostatin was decreased following hypoxia, muscle myostatin trended towards increasing. A third cohort (N = 9; n = 8 lowlander, n = 1 Sherpa) was exposed to 10.7 % or 12.3 % O2 for 2 hours. Plasma myostatin was reduced at both concentrations with no difference between concentrations noted. In response to chronic hypoxia, individuals lose muscle mass. Counter to the hypothesis of an increase in myostatin in both muscle and plasma, here a consistent decrease in plasma myostatin following acute hypoxia is seen. Muscle myostatin shows a variable response, with decreasing intracellular expression seen following a 2 hour hypoxic exposure, and trends towards an increase following 10 hours of hypoxia. Decreases in plasma and muscle myostatin may represent myostatin's movement towards peripheral compartments in these acute timeframes. Hypoxia alone is capable of altering myostatin in healthy individuals; the effects of hypoxia on myostatin appear to differ between the acute timeframes examined here and chronic exposures in environmental or disease models.


The Tembungo field in the Sabah Basin produces oil from upper Miocene turbidite reservoirs. The oils, possessing low sulphur and wax contents and API gravities of 38-40°, were derived from marginal marine source rocks subject to significant land plant input. The history of hydrocarbon generation in the Tembungo area including burial, fluid pressure and fluid-flow, thermal history, hydrocarbon generation and migration has been studied using a two-dimensional finite difference basin modelling approach. Backstripping exercises suggest that high sedimentation rates occurred during middle to late Miocene. The Tembungo structure itself began to grow in late Miocene (7.2 Ma), with an accelerated growth rate in early Pliocene. A constant basement heat flow of 55 m Wm-2 was determined for the area. The faults are known to be sealing, with very low associated permeabilities. The presence of barrier faults contributed to the development of overpressure in the area. The contribution of hydrocarbon generation to the overpressure is considered less significant. Maturity reconstruction based on kinetic models indicates that hydrocarbon generation began approximately 9.0 Ma and oil began to be trapped in the Tembungo structure in late Miocene to early Pliocene. These oils were most likely sourced from middle Miocene sediments. Sensitivity analysis of transient state versus steady state pressure calibration reveals different histories of hydrocarbon generation and migration.


Previous literature suggests subpar teaching is a primary reason why rural Chinese students lag behind academically. We initiate an investigation into the potential of educational technology (EdTech) to increase teaching quality in rural China. First, we discuss why conventional approaches of improving teaching in remote schools are infeasible in China's context, referring to past research. We then explore the capacity of technology-assisted instruction to improve academic performance by examining previous empirical analyses. Third, we show that China is not limited by the resource constraints of other developing countries due to substantial policy support and a thriving EdTech industry. Finally, we identify potential implementation-related challenges based on the results of a preliminary qualitative survey of pilots of EdTech interventions. With this paper, we lay the foundation for a long-term research investigation into whether EdTech can narrow China's education gap.


Suicide was the leading cause of unnatural deaths in local jails, accounting for 29% of all jail deaths between 2000 and 2007. Though much literature exists on suicide in jails, very little is qualitative. Additionally, little attention has been focused on how the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide applies to the jail environment. To gain a better understanding of suicide in jails, an interpretive meta-synthesis of three qualitative articles was conducted. The combined sample included thirty-four individuals from three jails. These three articles were analyzed to identify common themes that led inmates to suicide. Three broad categories were identified through constant comparison of the data. These categories are: mental health factors, environmental conditions, and relationship issues. These three broad categories are discussed in relation to the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, demonstrating its application in the jail setting. This information is essential for correctional facilities and staff for use in their day-to-day interactions with inmates. Future research is needed to identify and examine current suicide prevention programs in the United States penal system.


Large-scale distributed optimization is of great importance in various applications. For data-parallel based distributed learning, the inter-node gradient communication often becomes the performance bottleneck. In this paper, we propose the error compensated quantized stochastic gradient descent algorithm to improve the training efficiency. Local gradients are quantized to reduce the communication overhead, and accumulated quantization error is utilized to speed up the convergence. Furthermore, we present theoretical analysis on the convergence behaviour, and demonstrate its advantage over competitors. Extensive experiments indicate that our algorithm can compress gradients by a factor of up to two magnitudes without performance degradation.


We first show how a special case of Jackson's ${}_8\phi_7$ summation immediately gives Warnaar's $q$-analogue of the sum of the first $n$ cubes, as well as $q$-analogues of the sums of the first $n$ integers and first $n$ squares. Similarly, by appropriately specializing Bailey's terminating very-well-poised balanced ${}_{10}\phi_9$ transformation and applying the terminating very-well-poised ${}_6\phi_5$ summation, we find $q$-analogues for the respective sums of the first $n$ quarts and first $n$ quints. We also derive $q$-analogues of the alternating sums of squares, cubes and quarts, respectively.


Gender-based violence has been widely recognized as a public health issue and as a major obstacle for development worldwide. This thesis addresses the effects it has on the Swedish community and some of the underlying problems surrounding the prevalence of it. The aim of this thesis consists of three parts, namely; (1) Discuss and make brief measures of the annual aggregated costs of male violence against women in Sweden; (2) Discuss and explore the obstacles and methods used to asses this particular problem; and (3) Explore the nature of gender-based violence and discuss rational approaches of prevention.To attain the purpose, this thesis is constructed with a quantitative, as well as a qualitative method. The quantitative material is used for reaching the first part of the aim, i.e. the aggregate costs of the violence; and to answer this, a prevalence survey has been used. In the results and in the presentation of these estimations the second part of the aim is being discussed. To attain the third part of the aim, an analysis of the rational, or irrational, behaviour of both the perpetrators and the victims has been made through an economic approach mainly based within the discourse of rational behaviour.The annual direct costs were estimated to be 673.9 million SEK. Of these costs the health care sector answered for 122.1 million, the social sector for 86.8 million, the criminal justice system for 411.2. The rest on 53.8 million SEK were other costs or prevention costs. These costs are almost twice as high as the costs estimated in a similar study from Finland, even so, the results are still considered to be underestimates. The other types of costs, labelled as; indirect costs, intangible costs and multiplier effects are considered to greatly exceed the direct costs.A major problem is to access adequate statistics on the matter. The statistics used in this thesis are mainly based on a victimisation survey that gives subjective information of the prevalence of gender-based violence. It would have been preferable to find recorded statistics from the institutions, which carry a large part of the actual costs from gender-based violence, i.e. the police and court authorities.Three variables of importance could be noted. The perpetrators gain, invested police resources and prison time. A change in the internal norm would have a direct effect on the variable gain. Invested police resources and prison time also affects the utility but not as direct as the change of the internal norm. However, a change in invested police resources and prison time can in the long run affect the internal norm which means that these variables affect a perpetrators utility function in two ways.To truly change the behaviour of both the women and the men seems to be to change the external and especially the internal norm of them both. To change a norm in a society is a complex matter which has to take place in many levels of the society. Especially in the case of the internal norm it has to start at an early age. This could practically refer to measures such as gender profiled day care institutions, and heavy regulations against sexist commercials etc.


The music of Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) is ideal as a focus for discussion of the role of self-quotation within musical works. Although self-quotation is not in a technical sense the same thing as a narrow usage of self-reference, these two terms converge in the case of Mahler, through his creation of a semiotic 'idiolect' or vocabulary of musical signs which define his works as a single system. This contribution traces a progress from self-quotation, through a more semiotically potent kind of self-reference, to a situation in Mahler's last completed symphony in which one can speak of metareference within the musical text. Mahler quotes constantly and copiously from other composers and his own works throughout his oeuvre. The most thoroughgoing examination of this habit to date is a 1997 article by Henry Louis de La Grange, whose observations are summarised and discussed here. The concern of this contribution is to focus on Mahler's self-quotations, and to investigate whether these are a special case, in semiotic terms, and whether their use develops over time. The most straightforward case, in terms of sign functioning, is provided by Mahler's First Symphony and its quotation of his own song, "Gieng heut' Morgens uber's Feld". This is a use of quotation to incorporate the suppressed text of the poem within the semiotic economy of the symphonic narrative. A more tangential and allusive technique is seen in the Fifth Symphony, where the relationship to pre-existing songs and their texts is more distant, and their function within the symphony is indirect and subtle, whilst remaining undeniable. Finally, the present contribution discusses the closing bars of the Ninth Symphony, hearing in them a Proustian representation of the operation of memory through Mahler's use of fragmented units, which are self-referential within the Mahlerian idiolect. This way of composing attains a modernist, metareferential form of signification.


Introduction and Objectives RSV causes winter epidemics of respiratory disease. Active infection is virtually absent in summer months. Infected ciliated airway epithelial cells, local macrophages and dendritic cells secrete cytokines including interleukins (IL) 6 and 8, promoting a strong neutrophilic response that is important in disease clearance and airway inflammation. In vitro, RSV is capable of infecting MoDCs. RSV inhibits their maturation and can remain dormant in these cells. Dormant RSV can be stimulated to replicate with exogenous nitric oxide. These MoDCs are then able to re-infect HeLa cells (a lab strain of immortalised cervical cells). The following hypothesis was explored: Infected dendritic cells act as a reservoir for RSV over summer months. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RSV on pBEC and MoDc cell lines across a semi permeable membrane in the presence of MdMs. Methods Primary bronchial epithelial cells were seeded in the apical part of the transwell model at 1×106 cells per ml and differentiated over 21 days on an air liquid interface. MoDCs were seeded on the basolateral part of the transwells at 1×106 cells/ml. MdM were seeded on top of the epithelial layer in selected experiments (see Abstract S24 Figure 1). Red fluorescent RSV (rr-RSV) was added to the apical side at a concentration of 1×106 plaque forming units (pfu)/ml with un-infected MoDCs on the basolateral side, and uninfected pBECs in the apical side were co-cultured with MoDCs previously infected with rr-RSV at 5 × 105 pfu/ml. Controls were uninfected pBECs with uninfected MoDCs or with just media on basolateral side. Red fluorescence (marker for active infection) was measured at 24, 48 and 168 h by flow cytometry.Abstract S24 Figure 1 Results Directly exposed pBECs and MoDCs were infected at 24 h. Indirectly exposed pBECs were infected at 48 h. Indirectly exposed MoDCs were infected only when MdMs were present on the overlying epithelial cell layer. Conclusions RSV is able to infect MoDCs and pBEC across a semi-permeable membrane in our in vitro model of airway epithelium, supporting MoDCs as a potential summer reservoir of RSV.


The smartphone market has grown so wide that it assumed a strategic relevance. Today the most common smartphone OSs are Google's Android and Apple's iOS. The former is particularly interesting due to its open source nature, that allows everyone to deeply inspect every aspect of the OS. Android source code is also bundled with an hardware emulator, based on the open source software Qemu, that allows the user to run the Android OS without the need of a physical device. We first present a procedure to extract information flows from a generic system. We then focus on Android and Qemu architectures and their logging infrastructures. Finally, we detail what happens inside an Android device in a particular scenario: the system boot.


Efflux pumps are critically important membrane components that play a crucial role in strain tolerance in Pseudomonas putida to antibiotics and aromatic hydrocarbons that result in these toxicants being expelled from the bacteria. Here, the effect of propranolol on P. putida was examined by sudden addition of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg mL-1 of this β-blocker to several strains of P. putida, including the wild type DOT-T1E and the efflux pump knockout mutants DOT-T1E-PS28 and DOT-T1E-18. Bacterial viability measurements reveal that the efflux pump TtgABC plays a more important role than the TtgGHI pump in strain tolerance to propranolol. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy was then used as a rapid, high-throughput screening tool to investigate any phenotypic changes resulting from exposure to varying levels of propranolol. Multivariate statistical analysis of these MIR data revealed gradient trends in resultant ordination scores plots, which were related to the concentration of propranolol. MIR illustrated phenotypic changes associated with the presence of this drug within the cell that could be assigned to significant changes that occurred within the bacterial protein components. To complement this phenotypic fingerprinting approach metabolic profiling was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify metabolites of interest during the growth of bacteria following toxic perturbation with the same concentration levels of propranolol. Metabolic profiling revealed that ornithine, which was only produced by P. putida cells in the presence of propranolol, presents itself as a major metabolic feature that has important functions in propranolol stress tolerance mechanisms within this highly significant and environmentally relevant species of bacteria.


Aujeszky's disease (AD) causes heavy mortalities among young pigs and great economic loss in pig farms. Despite vaccination, frequent sporadic outbreaks have been reported in different parts of Malaysia. The extent of economic loss
caused by the disease is not clearly known since no detailed study has been conducted to measure the prevalence and impact of the disease in pig production. This study reports the results of a nationwide sero-epidemiological survey of the disease and attempts to determine its status among the pig population in Malaysia. It also examines some control measures that can be taken to reduce the prevalence
of the disease. A commercial glycoprotein E (gE) negative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used in the serological survey. The kit could detect antibodies against gE of AD virus which is present in the field strain of the virus but not in the vaccine strain. In addition, it could test large number of serum samples in a short period of time. The ELISA was evaluated with respect to the serum neutralization test (SNT) which was used as the standard reference test. The kappa value between the ELISA SIN values and SNT titres were found to be 0.95, indicating that there was a good agreement between the ELISA and SNT. It was also found that the ELISA had a high index of sensitivity (96.25%) and specificity (98.75%) comparable to SNT. The investigations therefore, confirmed the suitability of the ELISA as a practical alternative to the SNT as a mass screening test for the serodiagnosis of AD.
To investigate the sero-epidemiology of AD in pigs in the country, a total of 2985 blood samples were collected from 100 pig farms in six major pig producing states of Malaysia and screened for gE antibodies against AD virus using the gE
ELISA kit. Collectively, the pig population of these farms accounted for about 20.3 per cent of the pig population in West Malaysia. A widespread occurrence of the infection in the pig population in Malaysia was detected due to the high percentage (55.4%) of serological reactors in 84% of the farms surveyed. The study confirmed that AD is highly prevalent among pig herds in Malaysia and that vaccination on an individual herd basis did not minimize the spread of the virus among breeding pigs in enzuulicaHy infected, high pig density regions. To reduce the prevalence of AD, vaccination in the finishing section of farrow-to-finish herds may be warranted using more effective vaccines. In addition, an effective vaccination programme and a better biosecurity management system in the farms may be necessary to reduce the prevalence of the disease to a point where an eradication programme against AD could be initiated in Malaysia. The immune response in pigs against a disease has been known to be maximum when vaccination is given at the time of lowest maternal antibody level. To determine the optimum time of vaccination against AD in piglets in an
endemic farm, blood samples were collected randomly from pigs of ages 4 to 16 weeks. The blood samples were tested for antibodies against AD by the SN test. It was found that maternal antibodies against AD persisted in pigs up to 14 weeks of age. Therefore, earlier vaccination may not be effective as the maternal antibodies may interfere with the vaccine virus. In another investigation, it was found that
piglets born from parity three dams had higher levels of maternal antibodies against AD than piglets born of parity one sows. Vaccination for piglets born of dams of higher parity may therefore, be preferably at a later date than piglets born from dams of lower parity. A study using a live and an inactivated AD vaccine was conducted in fourweek-old pigs in a commercial farm to determine the effect of maternally derived antibodies on vaccination against endemic AD. It was found that maternally derived antibodies did not have a profound effect on vaccination against AD in four-week-old piglets. Furthermore, there were less economic losses in terms of mortality and body weight in vaccinated pigs as compared to non-vaccinated
animals. Economic losses were lowest in pigs vaccinated with the live vaccine.


Human drivers produce a vast amount of data which could, in principle, be used to improve autonomous driving systems. Unfortunately, seemingly straightforward approaches for creating end-to-end driving models that map sensor data directly into driving actions are problematic in terms of interpretability, and typically have significant difficulty dealing with spurious correlations. Alternatively, we propose to use this kind of action-based driving data for learning representations. Our experiments show that an affordance-based driving model pre-trained with this approach can leverage a relatively small amount of weakly annotated imagery and outperform pure end-to-end driving models, while being more interpretable. Further, we demonstrate how this strategy outperforms previous methods based on learning inverse dynamics models as well as other methods based on heavy human supervision (ImageNet).


This thesis theorises an approach to cinematic suspense derived from a set of films that challenge the teleological and redemptive principles of traditional narrative. It is argued that such a challenge is drawn from the need to account for conditions of violence and suffering without recourse to the traditional grounds of redemption. They set out to question the symbols that underpin a faith in its possibilities. Such films counter these grounds with a form of perpetuated suspense that continually withholds resolution, stressing and destabilising both the terms of redemption and the affect of its aesthetic representations. Significantly, this thesis examines films from the years following 1989 that confront this central theme within conditions of historical hiatus and the disintegration of ideological certainties occurring in the wake of European communism. These films, by Kira Muratova, Bela Tarr, Artur Aristakisyan, Alexander Sokurov, Bruno Dumont, Roy Andersson, Ulrich Seidl and Gus Van Sant, present a world in which human beings are always already turned against themselves, placing them in the context of contemporary philosophical aporias that identify the human condition as enigmatic and resisting of itself. They suspend the symbolic structures associated with redemption in order to reconfigure contemporary film as a "realist" cinema at the threshold of the interpretative and reconciliatory economies implicit in the soteriological mythology of Western thought. Tracing Paul Ricoeur"s schematic account of the symbols and myths of a "fallen" world, the thesis turns on Jean-Luc Nancy"s subsequent critique of the insufficiency of myths to properly account for existence. In place of an hermeneutic recovery of the real and its meaning, Nancy"s "realist" philosophy of "sense" and its application to the cinema offer an account that speaks less of conflicting narratives of redemption than a radical stripping away of its terms, suggesting that it is redemption from the normative terms of redemption that ultimately constitutes the proper question at the heart of these films.


Typical characteristics of Master's-level education usefully complement the development of professional attributes leading to improved outcomes for those professions. These include critical reflection on one's own practice, scholarship and research, and also that of others. This requires access to and engagement with a well organised and verified corpus of research-based evidence to support improved practice and scholarship. Taking an interdisciplinary approach from the viewpoints of the teaching and midwifery professions, we argue that access to well-designed Master's-level curricula should form the basis of initial and continuing professional development for all professional practitioners, and that these curricula should be informed by research and linked directly to practice. Additionally, we propose that information and communications technologies, including social media, should better be used to facilitate access to both Master's-level education and its underpinning evidence bases, thereby enabling continuous updating and enhancement activities to be accessible to busy professionals. If these three recommendations were to be adopted, we are convinced there would be value for the professionals themselves and, in turn, for the people they serve.


Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are defined by three properties: Tumour initiation capacity, Self-renewal and Differentiation. (Ward and Dirks 2007). Current approaches to identify human CSCs include: phenotypic or functional purification, in vitro assays to measure self-renewal, differentiation and signaling pathways through sphereforming assays, or in vivo assays to study self-renewal in serial recipients and analyze their histological phenotype (Figure 1).


Zinc ion batteries using metallic zinc as the negative electrode have gained considerable interest for electrochemical energy storage, whose development is crucial for the adoption of renewable energy technologies, as zinc has a very high volumetric capacity (5845 mA h cm−3), is inexpensive and compatible with aqueous electrolytes. However, the divalent charge of zinc ions, which restricts the choice of host material due to hindered solid-state diffusion, can also pose a problem for interfacial charge transfer. Here, we report our findings on reversible intercalation of up to two Zn2+ ions in layered V3O7·H2O. This material exhibits very high capacity and power (375 mA h g−1 at a 1C rate, and 275 mA h g−1 at an 8C rate) in an aqueous electrolyte compared to a very low capacity and slow rate capabilities in a nonaqueous medium. Operando XRD studies, together with impedance analysis, reveal solid solution behavior associated with Zn2+-ion diffusion within a water monolayer in the interlayer gap in both systems, but very sluggish interfacial charge transfer in the nonaqueous electrolyte. This points to desolvation at the interface as a major factor in dictating the kinetics. Temperature dependent impedance studies show high activation energies associated with the nonaqueous charge transfer process, identifying the origin of poor electrochemical performance.


A technique employing a 3D morphological image-registration algorithm is demonstrated for stitching together high-resolution surface im- ages obtained with a commercial atomic-force microscope (AFM), producing 3D surface images up to 1mm long with lateral resolution ~ 100nm: These images can be applied to reflectance modeling by extracting surface parameters to be used as inputs for reflectance models, for instance the previously-published Coherence Model [BG. Hoover and VL. Gamiz, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 314 (2006)], which utilizes the surface roughness and autocorrelation derivatives in the large-roughness approximation. Surface moments estimated from extended-range AFM images demonstrate lower uncertainty at all frequencies and substantial reduction of sampling artifacts at low frequencies, enabling improved estimates of surface parameters. The autocorrelation of a nearly monoscale diffuse-gold surface is measured out to 800μm separation, and the autocorrelation of a multiscale tin surface provides parameters that verify the Coherence Model …t to the measured quasimonostatic BRDF.


Background and Aim Organic cation transporters have critical role for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs. These transporters act as uptake transporters (OCT1, OCT2, OCT3 and PMAT) or efflux transporters (MATE1 and MATE2) for cationic drugs including Metformin. PMAT, OCT1 and OCT3 are expressed in Intestine and may be involved in Intestinal transport of metformin. OCT1, OCT3 and MATE1 expression in liver may facilitate hepatic uptake of metformin. In Kidney OCT1, OCT2 and PMAT may act as influx transporter while MATE1 and MATE2 may act as efflux transporters. Metformin is the first line of drug for diabetes and may have beneficial effects in cancer treatment. Expression profile of metformin transporters may have crucial role in pharmacokinetics of the drug. At present there is very limited data for the expression of these transporters in different cell lines and db/db mice. No in-vitro data is present for comparative expression of these transporters in primary endothelial cells vs. cancerous cells and effect of high glucose/metformin treatment on the expression of drug transporters is still unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression levels of OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, MATE1, MATE2 and PMAT in normal/cancerous cell lines as well as mice organs (intestine, liver and kidney) under normo/hyper-glycemic condition and low/high dosage of metformin treatment. Material and methods Different cancerous/non-cancerous cell lines (HUVECs, MCF7, PA1, Huh7, HEK293T and MMECs) were cultured in normal/high glucose mediums and treated with low/high dosage of metformin for 7 days. Cells in early passages (P3 to P6) were used and experiments were replicated five times. Mice samples (liver, kidney and small intestine) were collected from wild type (C57BL/6J) and db/db mice after treatment with metformin for 6–8 weeks. Total RNA and proteins were isolated from cell line/mice organ samples and gene/protein expressions were estimated by using real-time PCR and western blotting. Gene expressions were leveled by the endogenous controls (beta-actin and GAPDH) and comparative CT values were estimated. Relative gene expressions were calculated through 2-(ΔΔCT) method. Western blot analysis was done after normalizing densitometry data of transporter proteins with endogenous control protein (β-actin or GAPDH). Results We detected expression of all selected metformin transporters in endothelial cells and in majority of cancer cell lines. Comparative gene expressions of metformin transporters in all of the selected cell lines were estimated. The levels of OCT1/OCT2 expressions between non-cancerous/cancerous cell lines were significantly modulated (P


This research paper addressed the following question: Do select case studies conform to Dr. Freda Adler's theory regarding socio-economic influences on female criminal behavior or dispute her theory? My research involved three female criminals: Karla Faye Tucker, Andrea Yates, and Susan Smith. I addressed Adler's theory in detail, other theories, the makeup of the female criminal and various female crimes. This study provided evidence that all three case studies conform to Adler's theory. nIn accordance with Adler's theory, each of these three females committed crimes of accessibility. None of the three individuals sought to commit a premeditated act or to murder unknown victims. They were motivated by emotions arising at a point in time when access/opportunity presented itself.


As approaches to ecological restoration become increasingly large scale and collaborative, there is a need to better understand social aspects of restoration and how they influence land management. In this article, we examine social perspectives that influence the determination of ecological reference conditions in restoration. Our analysis is based on in‐depth interviews with diverse stakeholders involved in collaborative restoration of fire‐adapted forest landscapes. We conducted interviews with 86 respondents from six forest collaboratives that are part of the U.S. Forest Service's Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program. Collaboratives use a variety of approaches to develop reference conditions, including historic, contemporary, and future scenarios. Historical conditions prior to European settlement (nineteenth century or "pre‐settlement" conditions), or prior to more recent grazing, logging, and exclusion of fire, were the predominant type of reference used in all sites. Stakeholders described benefits and limitations of reference conditions. Primary benefits include (1) providing a science‐based framework for bringing stakeholders together around a common vision; (2) gaining social understanding and acceptance of the underlying need for restoration; and (3) serving to neutralize otherwise value‐laden discussions about multiple, sometimes competing, resource objectives. Limitations stem from (1) concerns over social conflict when reference conditions are perceived to contradict other stakeholder values and interests, (2) differing interpretations of reference condition science, (3) inappropriate application or over‐generalization of reference information, and (4) limited relevance of historical references for current and future conditions in some ecosystems. At the same time, collaboratives are adopting innovative strategies to address conceptual and methodological limitations of reference conditions.


Recent development in multimedia processing and network technologies has facilitated the distribution and sharing of multimedia through networks, and increased the security demands of multimedia contents. Traditional image content protection schemes use extrinsic approaches, such as watermarking or fingerprinting. However, under many circumstances, extrinsic content protection is not possible. Therefore, there is great interest in developing forensic tools via intrinsic fingerprints to solve these problems. Source coding is a common step of natural image acquisition, so in this paper, we focus on the fundamental research on digital image source coder forensics via intrinsic fingerprints. First, we investigate the unique intrinsic fingerprint of many popular image source encoders, including transform-based coding (both discrete cosine transform and discrete wavelet transform based), subband coding, differential image coding, and also block processing as the traces of evidence. Based on the intrinsic fingerprint of image source encoders, we construct an image source coding forensic detector that identifies which source encoder is applied, what the coding parameters are along with confidence measures of the result. Our simulation results show that the proposed system provides trustworthy performance: for most test cases, the probability of detecting the correct source encoder is over 90%.


More than 1.4 million Americans reside in long term care facilities across the United States. Social and professional relationships are an integral component of everyday life within these environments. Few studies have systematically examined positive relationships that exist between residents and nursing assistants in long term care. A focused ethnography of a nursing home, one known for the quality of life experienced by its residents and located in the northeastern United States, was used to examine the nature of (1) interactions (2) positive relationships (their development and maintenance) between residents and nursing assistants, and (3) supportive environmental factors. Peace House (a pseudonym) was one of 30 nonprofit, continuing care facilities operated in the US by an order of Catholic Nuns committed to the care of the elderly poor. Participant observation took place primarily in public spaces over a four-week period. Interviews were conducted with ten Caucasian, English speaking and cognitively alert residents, including 9 women, 1 man and ranging in age from 74 to 103 and residing on a skilled nursing unit. Schatzman and Strauss's fieldwork notation system was used to record and analyze data. Semistructured taped interviews were transcribed, read and re-read and analyzed in relation to general themes. Credibility and trustworthiness were enhanced by member check and expert review of transcripts and findings. Overall, interactions in public spaces were resident-to-resident, social in nature, and initiated primarily by residents. On skilled units interactions were primarily initiated by staff to resident but controlled by the resident. Residents interviewed had at least one positive relationship with a direct caregiver, but differentiated as, specific, nonspecific, or distant. The presence, or lack, of close familial relationships did not influence the forming of close personal relationships between residents and nursing assistants. Most of the residents were unable to describe how these relationships developed and were maintained over time due to memory lapses surrounding the initial period of transition. A number of public spaces and social and work opportunities existed that facilitated social interaction. The sisters and staff members supported positive relationships by allowing the residents to be themselves. Knowledge of individual resident preferences was communicated effectively among the staff, enabling residents to decide with whom and how they wished to establish a relationship. Implications from this study include expanding Kim's (2000) conception of the nurse-client domain to encompass interactions that are prolonged and sustained over time, increasing research on transition periods into long term care and the importance of acknowledged individuality.


Aggression, including physical assault, is a significant problem in providing services for older people with mental health problems. A range of bio-psycho-social correlates of aggressive behaviour have been explored in this client group, but little attention has been given to the role of anger as an activator of aggression, despite its demonstrated predictive association with aggression in other clinical populations. In this pilot study, a staff-rated anger measure was administered to 27 inpatients in a specialist service for older people with mental health problems. The Anger Index was found to have high internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, and it showed robust concurrent and discriminant validity with comparison measures completed by independent raters. Higher anger scores were associated with organic diagnoses, history of aggression, and hospital assault data. The potential role of anger in the activation of aggression, the utility of anger assessment in the evaluation of risk, and the value of therapeutic approaches for aggression problems in older adult patients are discussed.


The cultural meaning of a trademark is built up by creating associative links between the mark and various positive cultural signs such as freedom, youth and happiness. This article argues that these links are reciprocal. That is, while the trademark begins to carry some of the meaning of the cultural signs it has been linked to, these cultural signs also absorb some of the meaning of the mark. This article develops a semiotic model, which helps to analyze the flow of meaning from non-commercial cultural signs into trademarks and from trademarks into other contexts. It argues that, by protecting the cultural meaning of trademarks, the legal system encourages the commercialization of culture and reinforces the dominance of consumer culture in our society.


Land-use change is one of the major factors affecting global environmental change and represents a primary human effect on natural systems. Taking into account the scales and patterns of human land uses as source/sink disturbance systems, we describe a framework to characterize and interpret the spatial patterns of disturbances along a continuum of scales in a panarchy of nested jurisdictional social- ecological landscapes (SELs) like region, provinces, and counties. We detect and quantify those scales through the patterns of disturbance relative to land use/land cover exhibited on satellite imagery over a 4- yr period in the Apulia region, South Italy. By using moving windows to measure composition (amount) and spatial configuration (contagion) of disturbance, we identify multiscale disturbance source/sink trajectories in the pattern metric space defined by composition and configuration of disturbance. We group disturbance trajectories along a continuum of scales for each location (pixel) according to broad land-use classes for each SEL level in the panarchy to identify spatial scales and geographical regions where disturbance is more or less concentrated in space indicating disturbance sources, sinks, and mismatches. We also group locations by clustering, and results are compared in the same pattern space and interpreted with respect to disturbance trajectories derived from random, multifractal and hierarchical neutral models. We show that in the real geographical world spatial mismatches of disturbances can occur at particular scale ranges because of cross scale disparities in land uses for the amount and contagion of disturbance, leading to more or less exacerbation of contrasting source/sink systems along certain scale domains. All cross-scale source/sink issues can produce both negative and positive effects on the scales above and below their levels, i.e., cross-scale effects. Through the framework outlined in our examples, managers, as well as stakeholders belonging to SELs in the panarchy, can be aware of specific scale ranges of disturbance where mismatches might occur and that will help them to value where and how to intervene in the panarchy of SELs to enhance the benefits and to minimize negative effects.


Two new bis(bidentate) azine ligands were prepared by linking (1Z,1'Z)-1,1'-{butane-1,4-diylbis[oxyben-zene-4,1- diyl(1Z)eth-1-yl-1-ylidene]}dihydrazine to salicylaldehyde and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde, 1,4-bis{4-{(1E)-1-((2E)-(2- hydroxybenzene--2-ylmethy-lidene)hydrazonylidene)ethyl}phenoxy}butane (H2L1), and 1,4-bis{4-{(1E)-1-((2E)-(pyridine--2-ylmethylidene) hydrazonylidene)ethyl}phenoxy}butane (L2), respecti- vely. Two kinds of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with different ligands were prepared. Reaction of H2L1 with Cu(II) and Ni(II) acetate with 1:1 molar ratio gave double stranded binuclear bis(azine) complexes with stoichiometry [M(L1)]2 containing {MIIN2O2} centers. On the other hand, 1:1 molar ratio reaction of Cu(II) and Ni(II) chloride with L2 yielded mononuclear metal complexes with general stoichiometry [M(L2)Cl2] containing {MIIN2N2} centers. The structures of both bis(azine) ligands and complexes were identified by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, UV--Vis electronic absorption spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and TGA. DNA binding and DNA cleavage activities of the mononuclear complexes of L2, [M(L2)Cl2] were examined by using UV-Vis titration and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The results indicate that mononuclear complexes, especially [Cu(L2)Cl2], bind significantly calf thymus DNA and cleaves pBR322 DNA. Furthermore, the complexing properties of the bis-azine ligands toward selected transition metal cations and dichromate anions were also reported. It was found that bis(azine) ligands have high extraction ability towards dichromate anions.


The Brexit vote; the election of Trump; the upsurge of European nationalism; the devolution of the Arab Spring; global violence; Chinese expansionism; disruptive climate change; the riotous instabilities of the world capitalist system…While diverse in nature, these events share a common denominator: they are less a failure of policy, and more a complex social psychological reaction to globalization, the result of which presently threatens our survival on Earth.

Based on a critical reading of Freud's Civilization and its discontents, The defiance of global commitment constructs a complex social psychology of how people all over the world are addressingglobalization. Drawing on the latest advances in the cognitive, social, and complexity sciences, this timely volume presents a global model of defiance and the triangular tensions between nostalgic retreat, global aggression, and civil society, as manifested in forms ranging from nostalgic resentment and LGBTQI issues to racism and ecological aggression.

Revealing how globalization and its discontents manifest the darker reaches of the human psyche and its conflicted relations with others, this insightful monograph will appeal to undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as postdoctoral researchers, interested in fields such as globalization studies, complexity sciences and social psychology.


A learned generative model often gives biased statistics relative to the underlying data distribution. A standard technique to correct this bias is by importance weighting samples from the model by the likelihood ratio under the model and true distributions. When the likelihood ratio is unknown, it can be estimated by training a probabilistic classifier to distinguish samples from the two distributions. In this paper, we employ this likelihood-free importance weighting framework to correct for the bias in using state-of-the-art deep generative models.We find that this technique consistently improves standard goodness-of-fit metrics for evaluating the sample quality of state-of-the-art generative models, suggesting reduced bias. Finally, we demonstrate its utility on representative applications in a) data augmentation for classification using generative adversarial networks, and b) model-based policy evaluation using off-policy data.


Background : Diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem which in hospital staff poses a major stress and can lead to migration away from health related posts. Certain features of health work e.g. long hours, shifts and uncertain break times increase the risk for hospital staff. It is critical to predict chronic conditions like diabetes mellitus that have a definable onset in adults so that morbidity and mortality can be mitigated through early recognition and treatment.  Aims : To determine the diabetes risk score of health workers in an urban hospital and the associated risk factors.  Methods and Materials : A correlational cross sectional survey of staff was conducted and diabetes risk was determined using a modified form of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire.  Results and Conclusions : A total of 220 staff representing a response rate of 69.8% completed the study. The mean age was 41.6±9.88, Median duration of employment was 7.2years with a range of (0-37). Majority (66.4%) were in the 25-44 years age group, and most were female (66.4%) and married (70.5%). Mean BMI was 26.62±4.85. The mean Diabetes Risk score for the entire study group was 7.43±4.46 with a median score of 7 and a range of 0-19. About 40.5% had slightly elevated risk, 14.5% had moderate risk, and 5% had high risk. Female gender (AOR 0.17, 95% CI 0.09-0.33), and duration of employment (AOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.18-4.37) were significant predictors of higher diabetic risk score category. KEYWORDS:  Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes risk, risk score, health workforce.


1. Itch grass Rottboellia cochinchinensis is a serious weed in the humid tropics. However, the seed bank is short-lived (approximately 3 years) and control methods that effectively prevent inputs to the seed bank should have a long-term impact on the weed. The head smut Sporisorium ophiuri, which forms systemic infections sterilizing the weed, has therefore been proposed as a potential classical biological control agent. 2. A difference equation model of the population dynamics of the weed R. cochinchinensis was developed for a maize cropping system. The model was used to estimate the constant annual infection rate by the S. ophiuri that would be necessary to provide long-term control of the weed. 3. The model suggested that with the smut as the sole control agent, an annual infection rate of about 88% would be required to reduce R. cochinchinensis density to 10% of the level achieved with no control. 4. However, when combined with one or two weedings per year, the level of infection necessary for satisfactory control could be reduced. Since the maximum infection rate achieved in experiments was about 80%, the smut is unlikely to achieve satisfactory control when used alone, but these results suggest that S. ophiuri could be a useful adjunct in integrated control programmes. 5. The extent to which the effectiveness of the smut was improved by combining it with weeding depended on the seed set in the R. cochinchinensis flush emerging after weeding and on seedling mortality. Where seed set or seedling survival were low, the required infection rate could be substantially reduced. 6. These results are discussed in the context of future prospects for biological control of R. cochinchinensis and areas for further research to improve the utility of the population dynamic model are highlighted.


Bernard LaFayette Jr. (b. 1940) was a cofounder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a leader in the Nashville lunch counter sit-ins, a Freedom Rider, an associate of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the national coordinator of the Poor People's Campaign. At the young age of twenty-two, he assumed the directorship of the Alabama Voter Registration Project in Selma -- a city that had previously been removed from the organization's list due to the dangers of operating there. In this electrifying memoir, written with Kathryn Lee Johnson, LaFayette shares the inspiring story of his years in Selma. When he arrived in 1963, Selma was a small, quiet, rural town. By 1965, it had made its mark in history and was nationally recognized as a battleground in the fight for racial equality and the site of one of the most important victories for social change in our nation. LaFayette was one of the primary organizers of the 1965 Selma voting rights movement and the Selma-to-Montgomery marches, and he relates his experiences of these historic initiatives in close detail. Today, as the constitutionality of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act is still questioned, citizens, students, and scholars alike will want to look to this book as a guide. Important, compelling, and powerful, "In Peace and Freedom" presents a necessary perspective on the civil rights movement in the 1960s from one of its greatest leaders.