In the present paper, we analyze the process of the transition to adulthood in contemporary Hungary. We identify typical pathways, describe them in terms of role transitions, as well as regarding their socio-economic and family background and various outcomes. In order to do so, we regard the transition to adulthood as a multi-dimensional and dynamic process. Using longitudinal data from four waves of the Hungarian Generations and Gender Survey (2001–2012), we apply the method of two-step latent class analysis to study the 1981–1983 birth cohort between ages 18–20 and 29–31. Our results indicate that the transitory period between adolescence and adulthood can be characterized by quite different role configurations. Four different pathways were identified. The most common one is characterized by prolonged education and delayed family formation (51%). Every fourth young person become employed early and form their own family late (24%), while 17% belongs to the early family formation group. Interestingly, the pathway that resembles a standard, linear model of transition to adulthood the most (rapid family formation after prolonged education) is the least frequent (9%). The four different pathways differ regarding their background and outcomes. Our results suggest that both becoming independent "too early" and "being stuck" in the postadolescent life phase may be associated with social disadvantage and they contribute to the transmission of social disadvantage across generations. Contrastingly, following the pathway of rapid family formation after prolonged education is a kind of "social privilege" and often leads to the most advantageous socio-economic status and wellbeing at around age 30.


Childhood diseases, vaccine-preventable, are infectious diseases, in front of which children, especially infants and young children, are vulnerable, because the immune system is developing during this period, and many of them have not yet the right age for vaccination. The most important childhood diseases, vaccine-preventable, are: hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal invasive infections. These diseases, though preventable by vaccination, continue to be a major problem in public health worldwide. In this article there are reviewed these diseases, with implications on children's health, highlighting their negative effects, but also the importance of supervision and prevention. There are underlined the benefits of immunization of the population, especially children, and the fact that obtaining optimal vaccine coverage in the targeted population is urgently needed to break the cycle of transmission and for the eradication of these diseases. There are also mentioned the post-vaccination adverse effects that are mild and transient in most cases, while serious side effects are very rare and no more severe than the disease; more expensive being the treatment of the disease and their complications, than the prevention through vaccination.


The concern of a bit-category, of speech act theory is situated in a hermeneutical pragmatic terrain. In a developmental approach, begging act is discussed to hermeneuien the pragmaticistic begging process via felicitous replying act, via multiple strategies which are utilized to communicate cross-cultural message, which is mostly based on English data with reference to Arabic Language, for a more pragmatic hermeneutician than for a differentiation since begging act is positioned, according to Leech (2014), on the blurry outlines, of request territory, to become an unavoidable question nowadays. This approach earnestly discriminates begging act at the nature of inputs and outputs of human capacities. Collateralized trajectories, of the targeted act, are absorbing and sustaining the hermeneutical likelihood of the businesslike atmosphere. Throughout its based realization, the cognitive consummation is abode the wholesome relinquishments to the cogent and gnostic argumentation. Then, persuasive tactics will supply polite situations with how they are exploited in appetite ways, which sometimes devolve to impolite maqams. Accordingly, apt attention will indigenize the diversity of the addressed terms of solidarity and power. Furthermore, enhancing awesome sprinkled conclusion will somehow curb contemporaneous repercussions of the ambiguous use with aid of the hermeneutical tackle and pragmatic modulation.


Through the implementation of the multiple intelligences, teachers and practitioners will see an increase in their students' performance and ability to learn languages. The application of multiple intelligences theory is suggested as a structured way to address and understand the holistic nature of learners' diversity. It is a favorable tool for teachers to increase the attractiveness of language learning tasks and, therefore, create motivational conditions. Intelligence is not just a single construct which traditionally was assumed to be constant throughout a person's life; individual's profiles of intelligence differ in terms of encouragement, training, and circumstances to enquire materials eliciting particular intelligences. The present study was an attempt to investigate types of intelligences (linguistic, logicalmathematical, visual, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal) as predictors of self-efficacy (generalized self-efficacy, academic selfefficacy, and self-regulatory efficacy). The participants were 148 male and female Iranian B.A. students majoring in TEFL and Translation at the Islamic Azad University in Malayer. The instruments included a 100-item Michigan test, Gardner's MI questionnaire, a 12-item general self-efficacy scale, an 8-item academic self-efficacy, and an 11-item self-efficacy for selfregulated learning. Data were analyzed through multiple regression analyses. Results indicated that musical and linguistic intelligences were predictors of general self-efficacy and spatial /visual intelligence made a significant contribution to predicting self-efficacy for self-regulated learning while academic selfefficacy could not be predicted by any of the intelligence types.


Two-dimensional drawings are the only type of design document that is legally approved for construction. For large construction projects, because of the drawings' high level of abstraction and because of the very large number of drawings, interpretation and correct understanding of drawings is identified by some construction firms as their greatest single challenge. To do the building work as designed, the builder must understand the meaning of the drawings, and this comes from establishing a visual correspondence between the abstract 2D drawings and the physical environment. Unfortunately, that correspondence may not be easy to obtain when the structure of interest is not clearly visible from the user's position (occlusion, differences between the model and the actual building, etc.). In this paper, we propose a technique that enables the display of 2D drawings into the real world using augmented reality in a way that can overcome those kinds of limitations. The tool enables users to browse the real world in search of drawings, or to request the real location that a specific drawing represents, and to view each drawing within a context composed of a combination of captured photographic reality and designed virtual modeling. Augmentation is achieved by displaying the drawing using either an animated sliding plane that shows it being inserted into the real building, or a clipping technique that displays the drawing inside a clipped 3D model which in turn is inside the real building. The 2 techniques were implemented and tested in a situation where section drawings are visualized from the outside of the building. Our results show that those visualization techniques provide good 3D perception in a representation that is easy to understand visually. They also enable quick localization of the drawing in its environment, and provide a better understanding of the drawing with respect to its context: the 3D model and the built environment.


In the present work, palladium nanoparticles supported on hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite (Pd/H-hierarchical ZSM-5) were evaluated as a novel acid–metal bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for direct one-pot reductive amination of nitroarenes, using aldehyde in the presence of NaBH4 and water as a mild reducing agent and green solvent, respectively. The structural and morphological properties of the prepared catalyst were investigated by XRD, BET, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, SEM, TEM, XPS, DRS-UV, and ICP-AES techniques. The reaction was carried out at room temperature, in a short reaction time, without producing any by-products. The stability of the catalyst was good, and it could be reused six times without much loss of activity in the reductive amination reaction.


Studies show that there are concerns about devices that emit electromagnetic fields (EMFs) due to the potential health hazards from these. One such device that has become widely used throughout the world in recent years is cellular phones. Health consequences of long-term use of cellular phones are not known in detail, but available data indicate that development of nonspecific health symptoms is possible (Szmigielski & Sobiczewska, 2000). Conversely, it appears health effects from cellular phone equipment (antennas and base stations) pose few (if any) known health hazards (Barnes, 1999). Despite research reports to the contrary there appears to be ongoing concern about the siting of cellular phone transmitting antennas (CPTAs) and base stations (CPBSs) due to fears of health risks from exposure to EMFs, changes in neighborhood aesthetics and loss in property values. However, the extent to which such attitudes are reflected in lower property values affected by cellular base stations is not known in New Zealand (NZ). This paper outlines the results of research carried out in NZ in 2004 to show the effect of CPBSs on residential property values. The study involves analysis of residential property sales transaction data using GIS and multiple regression analysis in a hedonic framework to determine the effect of proximity to CPBSs on residential property values. Christchurch, NZ was selected as the case study area for this research due to the large amount of media attention this area has received in recent years relating to the siting of CPTAs and CPBSs. The results of this research will be of interest to chartered surveyors when valuing properties in close proximity to CPBSs and for determining compensation, if any, to affected property owners.


Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) is one of the top six crops that contribute value to the Australian economy. Gene transfer technology has been studied as a strategy to improve lupin varieties against diseases to improve yield, production and seed quality. However, the established method used for transformation of lupin is based on Agrobacterium and embryonic axes as explants is a method of low efficiency. The aim of this project was to investigate the alternative genetic transformation methods for genetic manipulation of narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius) to improve the transformation efficiency. Two potential genetic transformation methods were investigated: particle bombardment (direct gene transfer), and in planta transformation (Agrobacterium-based transformation). In addition, lupin-Agrobacterium interactions were studied to provide information of the factors limiting transformation, and whether the involvement of an additional virG using construct carrying virGN54D (constitutive virG mutant carrying Asn-54 to Asp amino acid substitution) improved lupin transformation efficiency.

In this project, a genetic transformation protocol using particle bombardment for narrow-leafed lupin was accomplished. The following conditions were identified as being optimal for transformation via particle bombardment using a helium inflow particle gun with lupin embryonic axes as target explants:

a) Embryonic axes used as explants were pre-treated in MS media supplemented with 5 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA, 3% sucrose and 0.7% agar for 3 days in the dark at 25oC.
b) Pre-treated explants were placed onto MS media with 0.3 M mannitol as osmoticum 4 h prior to bombardment.
c) Bombardment was carried out by:
 • A precipitation protocol using plasmid DNA prepared at 2 ng DNA per μg tungsten particles. •Bombardment was carried out twice at 400 psi with a 7 cm target distance with 10 μL coated particles.
d) Bombarded explants were kept on osmoticum media (MS media with 0.3 M mannitol) for 4 h then transferred to pre-/post-treatment media for post-treatment for another 3 days and kept in the dark at 25oC.
e) After post-treatment, explants were transferred to selection media (MS medium with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA, 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar and 10 mg/L PPT) for 8 weeks with subculture every two weeks. Surviving shoots were transferred to rooting media and analysed for presence of the transgene by PCR.

A transformation efficiency of 0.4% for T0 production was achieved as confirmed by amplification of a gus gene by PCR. However those transformed explants did not form roots.

In planta transformation of seedlings and flowers of narrow-leafed lupin was investigated. For seedling transformation, factors essential for delivering A. tumefaciens to the target tissues (L2 layer of apical meristem of seedings) and to enhance the ability of A. tumefaciens cells to transform plant cells were studied and optimised. Sonication and vacuum infiltration facilitated penetration of A. tumefaciens cells to the target tissue, sonicating seedlings 15 min before 10 min infiltration with A. tumefaciens cells gave the best overall balance of both gene transfer determined by GUS staining and seedling survival rate. The Agrobacterium induction condition and infiltration medium was developed after testing and optimising of media and Agrobacterium growth. Modified LB medium with glucose 30 g/L was the best medium that gave the highest percentage of shoots showing GUS expression, at 35±5% which was significantly higher than the control infiltration media used for Medicago and A. thaliana in planta transformation at the 0.05 level Tukey HSD. The combined optimised conditions were further tested. Some shoots, picked at random, were positive for GUS expression, including the whole apical area and parts of leaves of new shoots, indicating gene transfer and stable transformation although chimeric. However, transformants were not obtained. Further investigations suggested that there may not have been enough viable A. tumefaciens on seedling shoots for successful transformation. Survival of A. tumefaciens cells on the plant tissues was about 103 times less than routinely used for transformation of lupins in the established in vitro lupin transformation method.

In in planta transformation of lupin flowers, experiments were designed to deliver Agrobacterium cells to lupin ovules as target tissues. Factors reported to contribute to success in this type of transformation, such as using surfactant, infiltration period and times under vacuum and composition of infiltration medium were tested and optimised for lupins. Thirty plants with floral inflorescences having flowers ranging from the dome to open stages were infiltrated twice for 3 min each with MS liquid medium containing 10 mM glucose, 0.01% Silwet L-77 and A. tumefaciens cells in early exponential stage at concentration of OD 1.87. Pod set was 10.82 %. No transformant was obtained. The same infiltration media and conditions were used with Arabidopsis thaliana cv Columbia as control plants and transformants obtained at 0.255%. Histology studies of lupin flower structure by SEM and wax-embedded sectioning revealed that there did not appear to be a physical channel for A. tumefaciens cells to gain access to the ovule via the stigma or style before anthesis. Furthermore, Agrobacterium cells could not gain access to the ovule through the immature carpel of young flowers as the developing carpel closed while the ovule developed inside.

Interactions between Agrobacterium and lupin were studied to determine which stages limit transfer of genes from Agrobacterium to lupins, and which might be modified to achieve and/or improve transformation efficiency by A. tumefaciens in a genotype-independent fashion. The stages studied were: the attachment of Agrobacterium to the lupin explants, T-DNA transport across the cell wall and through the cell membrane. In addition, the effect of an extra virG was examined to find out if it would increase T-DNA transport. The interaction studies were done by comparing reactions to gene transfer in lupin cultivars Merrit and Quillinock which have significant difference in transformation efficiency (6.5% for cv Merrit and ~1% for cv Quillinock). The results of the attachment of Agrobacterium cells experiment showed no significance statistically in the number of bacterial cells attached to the explants (half embryonic axes) of six cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin (cvs Merrit, Quilinock, Belara, Illyarrie, Yorrel and Danja), indicative that the attachment stage was not the factor limiting gene transfer. T-DNA transport through the cell wall and cell membrane was evaluated through gus expression in experiment using cell suspensions (cells with cell walls) and protoplast (cells without cell walls) with T-DNA transfer determined by the relative intensities of the RT-PCR amplicons. The results showed, unexpectedly, that cv Merrit had less T-DNA transferred by A. tumefaciens than cv Quillinock in cell suspensions but not in protoplasts. The results were supported with MUG assays of transient expression of the gus reporter gene in cell suspensions of both cultivars. This indicated that the differences in cell wall composition between these two cultivars played an important role in gene transfer, but the factors limiting transformation success in Quillinock were downstream from T-DNA transfer to the cytoplasm of the host cell, possibly involving in T-DNA integration and/or expression, or selection and recovery of whole plants. The effect of an extra virG was examined with lupin, virGN54D increased transient expression of gus only in cv Quillinock cells, not in cv Merrit cells. Constructs carrying virGN54D may, therefore, be of some use as a component of a transformation protocol for cv Quillinock, and possibly other recalcitrant lupin cultivars.

This work has confirmed the relative difficulty of transforming narrow-leafed lupins, and it is concluded that despite investigating a series of alternative approaches, the method based on 'stab inoculation' of apical meristems, followed by selection of chimeric tissues to generate transgenic inflorescences, appears to be the most reliable approach. However, it is strongly genotype dependant, and improvements in efficiency and reduced genotype dependence are still desirable.


Facing a worldwide growing market for Public Private Partnership projects on national and international level it is understood that there is an increasing need for interdisciplinary and intercultural competences in the teams developing the projects. As project teams are more and more globally distributed also cutting-edge technical solutions for their collaboration is required. This paper describes the efforts of the pbl-Laboratory at Stanford University, USA and the Knowledge Center@Weimar at Bauhaus-University, Germany to implement these professional needs of the PPP market into the education of students as a project based learning experience. The development of this joint effort is presented, the steps taken to implement the Lifecycle approach explained and the experience of the project assessed. For many years the Stanford University has been carrying out the reputable AEC Global Teamwork Project where students of Architecture, Structural Engineering and Construction Management work on an interdisciplinary and intercultural base on complex construction projects. The AEC Project like no other student project contributes to the objective to provide students with the professional skills needed. Five years ago Bauhaus students also joint the program. Since this year the Knowledge Center@Weimar also contributes to the assignment of the project: A fourth discipline, the Financial Advisor, has been implemented into the team in close collaboration between the two institutions. The objective of adding this discipline is to raise the understanding for the change of paradigm to integrated and life cycle cost focused design and planning. Questions to be answered: - How do project teams considering a building's life cycle work differently with respect to concept development, issues discussed in comparison to teams considering the construction phase only? - Do they interact differently among the disciplines? - Do they use the collaboration technologies differently? - What is each disciplines understanding of a buildings life cycle, of risk management? - How does the team integrate the financial advisor? // The paper identifies the steps taken to develop the project assignment considering the real life situation in PPP projects. Thereby, the typical attributes of PPP projects such as life cycle considerations, risk allocation, performance oriented payments and partly output specifications have been implemented. While the team is developing the project their working process and products are observed. A comparison is done showing the differences between a project team considering the construction phase only. On the one hand the AEC Project prepares students for the highly specified requirements and the complexity of PPP projects. On the other hand they also learn project based how to collaborate on international, intercultural and interdisciplinary bases. With the ideas of PPP considering the entire life cycle of a project implemented into education there is a good chance that future projects can be conducted more successfully with a project team understanding how to work globally and to use collaboration technologies to work efficiently.


The quality of ecclesial life in a community determines the credibility of its prophetic witness. Such quality emerges from mysticism (depth) and ubuntu (relationships). The church needs to walk on the 'two feet of love' (love for God and love for neighbour) so that it may become a community of prophetic resistance, being prophetic even before it speaks. To illustrate this reflection on prophecy as the public face of mysticism, the author then surveys the papers read at the SAMS 2004 congress on 'Prophecy and mission'.


The aim of the thesis is to study the role of instruction in the interconnection of instruction-learning-development. The thesis consists of six empirical papers and a summing-up and perspectivizing introductory paper. Five of the empirical studies concern so called heart conferences, clinical diagnostic meetings, which at the time of my study, 1995-1996, were arranged as telemediated conferences between a sub-team of surgeons and radiologists in a university clinic, and a sub-team of cardiologists and radiologists in a regional hospital. The outcome of the coronary diagnostic work in the heart conferences was patient diagnoses and decided-upon treatment (surgery, balloon dilatation, or conservative treatment). The sixth empirical study, conducted in the autumn 2000, investigates the design and redesign of a central artifact used in the heart conference, ?the angio film,? produced in the angio lab. A recurrent theme in the empirical papers is whether artifacts might be instructive and, if so, in what ways. The introductory paper is a hybrid between an ordinary summing-up paper of the findings in the empirical studies, and a perspectivizing presentation of activity-theoretical approaches to instruction, learning and development, elaborating on three basic aspects (learning as a collaborative phenomenon, the instructiveness of artifacts, and the relation between learning and development on an individual level, but primarily on an activity level). In conclusion, my study outlines an approach to learning based on new perspectives on instruction.


When seven million dependents vanished from the tax rolls in 1986 the IRS recovered three billion dollars in revenue. A simple enforcement measure was applied. Taxpayers were required to list the social security number (SSN) for any dependent they claimed on their tax return. Costing next to nothing to implement, the benefits of this enforcement action continue to this day. A similar enforcement measure could be employed against refund fraud. Even though the solution is not as simple as that adopted in 1986, it is similar. The effort is worth making. The revenue loss is much larger. As before, the key to the enforcement effort is to convince the fraudsters that they can be caught in real-time. This paper proposes a technology-based solution to refund fraud – W-2s (as well as 1099s, W-4s and W-9s) should be "digitally signed." This solution is narrowly focused on tax compliance, and does not pursue broader concerns with identity theft that underpins some of the more serious instances of this fraud. This solution is not "paper based." The digital signature is both an alpha-numeric string and a 2-D bar code and can be transmitted in an e-file as well as a paper document. Employees will have the ability to independently check the accuracy of any digital signature associated with their employment by accessing an IRS web site that will identify mis-matches (if any). Employees will be able to demand that their employer correct any signatures found to be in error. There are five classes of filing mis-match/refund frauds that this proposal confronts. The five classes are: 1. Identity mis-matches (when SSA/IRS databases do not match identity-data on the forms/returns filed); 2. When legitimate W-2s or 1099s are altered by taxpayers; 3. When fraudsters steal identities and then file false returns; 4. When taxpayers collude with professional tax-preparers (2-party collusions), and 5. When businesses, professional tax-preparers and taxpayers collude (3-party collusion). A tax solution must reach two groups – legitimate taxpayers and outright identity thieves. A tax solution will not prevent identity theft, nor will it solve SSN theft. It does not need to do so to be successful. This is not to say that preventing refund fraud may go a long way to reducing these thefts. Identity and SSN theft occur for many more reasons than simply to secure false refunds from the tax system.


KΛ photoproduction provides the best possibility for a model independent extraction of the photoproduction process and contributing resonances. To do this, it is vital that cross section measurements are well understood. This thesis presents γp → KΛ differential cross sections from the reaction threshold, to an invariant centre of mass energy of 1.87 GeV. The data was taken at MAMI-C electron microtron facility in Mainz, Germany, during July 2007 and April 2009. The 1.5 GeV MAMI-C electron beam was used to produce an energy tagged bremsstrahlung photon beam with a maximum energy of 1.4 GeV and an intensity of 10 γ s−1MeV−1. The beam impinged upon a liquid hydrogen target, with reaction products detected in two segmented calorimeter arrays; the Crystal Ball detector and TAPS. This work pioneers a new method of K detection in segmented calorimeters, in which the K was identified from the signature of its weak decay inside the crystals of the calorimeter. This proved to be an excellent method of isolating K and accessing strangeness photoproduction channels, with good agreement between experimental and Geant4 simulated data. A novel method in seperating KΛ and KΣ final states was also developed by identifying the photon from the decay: Σ → Λγ. The intense photon beam at the MAMI-C facility enabled differential cross section data with greater invariant mass resolution than previous measurements. The new measurement near threshold imposes important constraints to effective field theories based on the approximate chiral symmetry of QCD. At higher centre of mass energies it also addresses the current problem of discrepant data sets and will form an important constraint on partial wave analysis for the nucleon excitation spectrum. As such, this work contributes to a major world wide programme aiming to extract the excitation spectrum of the nucleon and to understand the dynamics and interactions of its constituents. The greater statistics near threshold, and particularly at backwards K centre of mass angles will give new valuable constraints to contributions from meson and hyperonic resonances on the reaction mechanism. The high resolution of the photon beam (approximately 2 MeV) also allows the first search for narrow resonances coupling to KΛ final states. The differential cross sections give good agreement with Kaon-MAID partial wave solutions, apart from at backward angles close to threshold, where the data is lower. Near threshold, the data agrees with calculations from the chiral unitary framework of Borasoy et al, tending to be in better accordance with the model than previous data. No strong structure from potential narrow resonance states was observed over the centre of mass energy region of 1650-1700 MeV, where narrow structure has been observed in recent η photoproduction off the neutron.


Learn how to create your own fully functioning role-playing game (RPG) with VISUAL C# GAME PROGRAMMING FOR TEENS! A true beginner's guide, the book covers each essential step for creating your own complete RPG using Windows Forms and GDI+, including a tiled scroller, game editors, and scripting. While some experience with Visual C# is helpful, this book is an introductory guide for readers who are new to programming or new to programming for games and want to learn the basics of RPG game mechanics. You will learn by studying the short examples in each chapter, building the complete RPG called Dungeon Crawler as you move from one chapter to the next, with new features and game play elements added in each new chapter. Along the way you'll discover how to load and draw bitmaps, create sprites, render a game world, keep track of inventory and character stats, and build tools including a level editor, character editor, item editor, and monster editor. And the finished Dungeon Crawler game includes all the source code and tools you'll need to make your own awesome RPGs with loads of cool features and functionality.


This study aimed to investigate the response of lentil genotypes to different water regimes, providing guide lines, through partitioning the variation, for a selection program for adaptation to irrigated conditions. The research was divided into two main areas; 1) The overall variation in the crop was partitioned into genotypic, environmental and genotype-environmental components in an analysis of adaptation over seasons, irrigation regimes and locations; 2) The genotypic variation was partitioned into its various genetic components in an inheritance study using the dial lei mating system. Pronounced progress should be expected from selection for number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight and straw yield/plant traits, which showed high estimates of h(^2)(_b.s), C.G.V. and G.S. The two former traits correlated strongly and positively with seed yield, which allowed their use in indirect selection for seed yield. The 35 genotypes used in this study showed wide genetic diversity, allowing selection of high yielding genotypes under irrigation. Environmental variation in water supply, temperature and soil type was found to exert a profound effect on variation in characters measured. This suggests the possibility of raising yield levels through improved management practices. In this study, irrigation repeated twice increased seed yield by 19% over no irrigation, at the same location, and increased the yield by 300% in comparison with a dry location. Seed protein quality was influenced by environments and genotypes. Electrophoretic studies showed that the number and position of the bands could be used to identify genotypes. Four genotypes showed response to irrigation and could be recommended as promising entries. An anatomical study showed that large air spaces formed in the roots of a responsive genotype:, which could be used as a selection criterion for positive response to irrigation. Seed yield/plant exhibited 31.8% heterosis and showed a predominant role of non-additive genetic variance. Due to the significance of the non-additive effect, the superior F(_1)'s may be expected to throw out desirable transgressive segregants, provided that the complementary genes and epistatic effects included in the non-additive component are coupled in the same direction to maximize seed yield. Five F(_2) crosses showed superiority in seed yield and SCA effects. These crosses should be carried forward in lentil breeding programs.


The trend toward ever greater urbanization continues unabated across the globe. According to the United Nations, by 2025 closes to 5 billion people will live in urban areas. Many cities, especially in the developing world, are set to explode in size. Over the next decade and a half, Lagos is expected to increase its population 50 percent, to nearly 16 million. Naturally, there is an active debate on whether restricting the growth of megacities is desirable and whether doing so can make residents of those cities and their countries better off. When analyzing whether megacities have become too large, policy makers often analyze a single city in depth. But no city is an island: improving urban infrastructure in one city might attract migrants, and a negative shock in one location can be mitigated because people can move to another. Considering the general equilibrium effects of any such urban policy is thus key. That is, when deciding whether to make medium-size cities more attractive, policy makers need to understand how cities of all sizes will be affected. The second section briefly summarizes the theoretical framework and discusses which data are needed. The third section implements the methodology for the benchmark case of the United States. The fourth section does the same for China and Mexico and compares the findings. And the last section concludes. A technical online appendix guides the reader through a practical, step-by-step, discussion of how to do the analysis.


Itch is often defined as an 'unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch'. Recent studies have provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying itch-selective signalling pathways from the periphery to the central nervous system. Chronic itch is often associated with inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or contact dermatitis, as well as systemic diseases such as renal, cholestatic, hematologic or endocrine pruritus or pruritus related to malignancy, and reduces quality of life. Chronic itch is thought to involve the sensitisation of itch-signalling pathways, the molecular and cellular processes of which we are just starting to uncover. This review article describes recent findings regarding the basic mechanisms of itch transmission from the skin to the brain. We further describe the neuronal changes that occur both peripherally and centrally under conditions of chronic itch.

Key Concepts

There are a variety of endogenous pruritogens and external itch stimuli.
Itch transducing channels include TRPV1, TRPA1 and Nav1.7.
Spinal excitatory and inhibitory interneurons process itch information.
Descending noradrenergic and serotonergic systems modulate spinal itch transmission.
Sensitisation occurs in both peripheral and central nervous system under conditions of chronic itch.
NK1-expressing spinal neurons play a major role in itch sensitisation.

Keywords:

itch;
pruritus;
sodium channels;
TRP channels;
sensitisation;
brain;
spinal cord;
pruriceptors;
descending modulation


In 2010, as the result of the collaboration between the municipality of Mus—a city in Eastern Anatolia—and the Housing Development Administration of Turkey (TOKI), an urban transformation project started in the city's historical neighborhood, Kale Mahallesi. This thesis examines the function of urban transformation, at large, and the role of the current project, in particular, in shaping moral economies, hegemonic structures, the relationship between memory and materiality, and the project's continuity with the modernization narrative that developed in tandem with the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. Utilizing ethnographic findings collected through semi-structured, in-depth oral history interviews and participant observation, this thesis probes the following questions: How does urbanization in the city become realized in harmony with the modernization narrative and identity politics of the Turkish Republic? In what ways is hegemony exercised in the process of urban transformation? How does the loss of historical buildings in the neighborhood affect memory and what kinds of roles do materialities play to this effect? Who defines ownership 'in the field' when this concept is complicated by a moral economy of redemption and helallesmek, which can be roughly explained as settling material and nonmaterial accounts in the eyes of Allah? In what ways do helallesmek and ownership pass intergenerationally, as in the case of the silver mirror, complicating the notions of 'heritage' and 'capital' when we consider what the term 'ownership' encompasses? Finally, I emphasize the significance of underscoring a continuum in the politics implemented by the Republic of Turkey since its foundation, in addition to the significance for my interlocutors in deploying moral economies when personal, ethnic and national histories intersect and clash, as in the case of Mus.


We have analyzed memory footprint and combinational complexity to arrive at a systematic design strategy to derive area-delay-power-efficient architectures for two-dimensional (2-D) finite impulse response (FIR) filter. We have presented novel block-based structures for separable and non-separable filters with less memory footprint by memory sharing and memory-reuse along with appropriate scheduling of computations and design of storage architecture. The proposed structures involve L times less storage per output (SPO), and nearly L times less energy consumption per output (EPO) compared with the existing structures, where L is the input block-size. They involve L times more arithmetic resources than the best of the corresponding existing structures, and produce L times more throughput with less memory band-width (MBW) than others. We have also proposed separate generic structures for separable and non-separable filter-banks, and a unified structure of filter-bank constituting symmetric and general filters. The proposed unified structure for 6 parallel filters involves nearly 3.6L times more multipliers, 3L times more adders, (N2-N+2) less registers than similar existing unified structure, and computes 6L times more filter outputs per cycle with 6L times less MBW than the existing design, where N is FIR filter size in each dimension. ASIC synthesis result shows that for filter size (4 × 4), input-block size L=4, and image-size (512 × 512), proposed block-based non-separable and generic non-separable structures, respectively, involve 5.95 times and 11.25 times less area-delay-product (ADP), and 5.81 times and 15.63 times less EPO than the corresponding existing structures. The proposed unified structure involves 4.64 times less ADP and 9.78 times less EPO than the corresponding existing structure.


Higher educational buildings (HEB) are believed to have a key function that affects not
only the environment, but also human and economic resources. Inevitably, the growing
student population with various learning activities in public university buildings has
exacerbated space inefficiency, ventilation discomfort and inadequacy of facilities.
These malfunctions not only affect the buildings and sustainability, but in addition the
users are also likely to be directly impacted in terms of health and safety risk. In
accordance with the Government's instruction on the holistic management of assets
through General Circular (No.1) dated 27th March 2009, all managements should
undertake a systematic approach to achieve building performance optimization.
However, a proactive tool to measure performance and users' risk is still lacking in the
current assessment or maintenance of HEBs. Therefore, this research set out to develop
a building performance risk rating tool, as a performance assessment measure
concerning users' health and safety risks in HEBs. The research has four objectives: i)
to identify the current concept of building performance assessment used for HEBs, ii) to
identify the indicators that contribute to the performance requirement and the users'
health and safety risk, iii) to determine the relative importance score as a
weightage/rating in the construct of performance-risk indicators, and iv) to develop a
building performance rating tool covering both building performance level and users'
risk level. This study adopted a mixed-mode approach that involves both quantitative
and qualitative methods. To achieve the first and the second research objectives, the
determinants of the indicators were initially compiled from the literature and the
previous building assessment tool. They were further confirmed through semistructured
interviews involving 18 building managers in Malaysia's public HEBs. The
findings identified 26 indicators to be incorporated into the list of assessments. They
were categorised as functional, technical and indoor environmental performance
indicators. In the next stage, questionnaires and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
method was used to achieve the third research objective. Twelve experts from the
leading facilities management organisation agreed to participate in the survey rating
process. The weightings of the indicators were extracted using the computer software,
Expert Choice 11. The AHP results ranked five indicators as the most important
indicators; structural stability (14.9%), fire prevention services (9.1%), building-related
illnesses (7.4%), emergency exits (6.8%) and electrical services (6.3%). The total
weightings from overall indicators also summed up the weights for technical
performance (49.9%), functional performance (36.7%), and indoor environmental
performance (13.4%). From this result, the proposed tool was developed based on the
previous rating tool, and it comprised three steps of assessment. The first and the second
steps evaluated each indicator, using the AHP weights and the performance assessment
score. The third step summarised the assessed building by signifying a rating
classification of "Excellent", "Good", "Medium", "Low" or "Poor", that suggests
further action to improve performance and mitigate users' health and safety risk. The
proposed Building Performance-Risk Tool (BPRRT) has a significant contribution to
make as an improved proactive measure for performance assessment in HEBs. The
establishment of the BPRRT was successfully employed as an aid of improvement
towards the current performance assessment of HEB by emerging the concept of
building performance and risk into a numerical strategic approach. With this tool,
explanatory studies of building performance and users' risk can be conducted with more
reliable data.


Models of ecological inference have to rely on crucial assumptions about the individual-level data-generating process, which cannot be tested because of the unavailability of these data. However, these assumptions may be not satisfied by the unknown data and this may lead to serious bias in the estimates relative to the true values of the data. The amount of bias, however, cannot be assessed without information that is unavailable in typical applications of ecological inference. We therefore construct a model that at least approximately accounts for the additional, non-sampling error that may result from possible bias incurred by an ecological inference procedure, a model that builds on the Principle of Maximum Entropy. By means of a systmatic simulation experiment, we examine the performance of prediction intervals based on this second-stage Maximum-Entropy model. The results of this simulation study suggest that these intervals of true values are at least approximately correct if all possible configurations of the unknown data are taken into account. Finally, we apply our method to a real-world example, where we actually know the true values and are able to assess the performance of our method — the prediction of district-level percentages of splitticket voting in the 1996 general election of New Zealand. It turns out that in 95.5 per cent of the New Zealand voting districts the actual percentage of split-ticket votes lies inside the 95 per cent confidence intervals constructed by our method.


Background/Context School districts are responsible for helping schools improve learning for students. However, many district initiatives conflict with each other or with existing instructional practices in schools. Recent research on urban school reform points to the value of program coherence in sustaining school change. Our paper addresses an urban district's efforts to design for instructional program coherence in its schools. Purpose This study explores the design process of how one urban school district developed and deployed a series of reports designed to communicate the results of student achievement testing across the district. The focus of this research is to understand the district's efforts to design new programs that would fit coherently into existing initiatives in local schools. We attempt to measure and characterize coherence within the district design team as a means to discern how district leaders can assist local actors in implementation of reform initiatives and foster local program coherence within schools. Research Design This paper presents a qualitative case study of how a district-level nine-member design team built and implemented a reform program to make student performance data reports accessible throughout their district. We used a policy-artifact-based perspective as our methodological framework to access the "program theories" in use by the designers in making the artifact. Our methods allowed us to contrast the differences in the designers' perspectives on the fit between the designed artifacts and the local school environments. Conclusions The findings from this study revealed how designers developed a stakeholder-based process that helped them come to an agreement on common goals for the design. Their perceptions of the goals, actions, and resources that would drive these initiatives appeared to be aligned, but the actions suggested for local school leaders and teachers varied among designers. This incoherence at the level of design details and artifact implementation would come to threaten the successful implementation of the reform effort at a local level. The results of this work suggest that attention towards coherence throughout the design process can aid district leaders in facilitating instructional program coherence in schools.


Background: Children with Mental retardation have intellectual limitations which cause dependency. The limitation of mentally retarded children becomes a stressor for the family which can affect the family's ability to provide care. So that adaptive coping is needed, so families can provide optimal care. Family psychoeducation is a way that can optimize family coping.
Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of family psychoeducation on coping in treating children with mental retardation.
Methods: The design of this study was quasi-experimental pre-post test with control group of family psychoeducation intervention. The family population who had mental retardation children in Jombang was 277. While the sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique as many as 140 families with a distribution of 70 families as the control group and 70 families as the treatment group. The independent variable was family psychoeducation and the dependent variable was family coping in treating children with mental retardation. This study used the Wilcoxon statistical test in the treatmentgroup0.001whichfollowedbyaMannWhitneydifferencetestwhichshowed the results of ρ value (0.000)<α (0.05).
Result: The results showed that there was an effect of family psychoeducation on family coping in treating children with mental retardation. Family psychoeducation provided information through a psychological approach to the care of children.
Conclusion/implication: Families are expected not only understand the care of children with mental retardation but also improve family coping mechanisms so that psychosocial problems in the family are resolved properly.


It is well known that Jorge Luis Borges was a translator, but this has been considered a curious minor aspect of his literary achievement. Few have been aware of the number of texts he translated, the importance he attached to this activity, or the extent to which the translated works inform his own stories and poems. Between the age of ten, when he translated Oscar Wilde, and the end of his life, when he prepared a Spanish version of the Prose Edda, Borges transformed the work of Poe, Kafka, Hesse, Kipling, Melville, Gide, Faulkner, Whitman, Woolf, Chesterton, and many others. In a multitude of essays, lectures, and interviews Borges analyzed the versions of others and developed an engaging view about translation. He held that a translation can improve an original, that contradictory renderings of the same work can be equally valid, and that an original can be unfaithful to translation. Borges's bold habits as translator and his views on translation had a decisive impact on his creative process. Translation is also a recurrent motif in Borges's stories. In "The Immortal," for example, a character who has lived for many centuries regains knowledge of poems he had authored, and almost forgotten, by way of modern translations. Many of Borges's fictions include actual or imagined translations, and some of his most important characters are translators. In "Pierre Menard, author of the Quixote," Borges's character is a respected Symbolist poet, but also a translator, and the narrator insists that Menard's masterpiece - his "invisible work" - adds unsuspected layers of meaning to Cervantes's Don Quixote. George Steiner cites this short story as "the most acute, most concentrated commentary anyone has offered on the business of translation." In an age where many discussions of translation revolve around the dichotomy faithful/unfaithful, this book will surprise and delight even Borges's closest readers and critics.


A novel vestigial-sideband (VSB) payload scheme is proposed for high-speed all-optical label-switching (AOLS) networks. The combination and separation of the VSB payload and the optical label is experimentally demonstrated, and the influences of the power-split ratio, time-delay interference, interferometric noise (IN), and wavelength difference between the payload and the label are analyzed. Simulation and experiment results show that this VSB payload scheme can highly reduce the channel bandwidth and it is easy to realize by using optical filters, so it is a potential technique to be used in optical networks with bit rate of 40 Gb/s.


In this paper, an abstract machine is presented for a variant of the stochastic picalculus, in order to correctly model the stochastic simulation of biological processes. The machine is first proved sound and complete with respect to the calculus, and then used as the basis for implementing a stochastic simulator. The correctness of the stochastic machine helps ensure that the simulator is correctly implemented, giving greater confidence in the simulation results. A graphical representation for the pi-calculus is also introduced.


This thesis investigates a novel optoelectronic platform based on the integration of superconductive structures, such as thin films and micro-constrictions, with optical waveguides for ultra-fast and ultra-sensitive devices with applications including high-speed optical communications, quantum optical information processing, and terahertz (THz) devices and systems. The kinetic-inductive photoresponse of superconducting thin films will be studied as the basic optoelectronic process underlying the operation of these novel devices. Analytical formulation for the non-bolometric response is presented, and experimental photodetection in YBCO meander-line structures will be demonstrated. A set of superconducting coplanar waveguides (CPW) are designed and characterized, which support the operation of the devices at microwave frequencies. Microwave-photonic devices comprising a microwave transmission line and a light-sensitive element, such as a meander-line structure, are designed and measured for implementation of optically tunable microwave components. In order to support low-loss and low-dispersion propagation of millimeter-wave and THz signals in ultra-fast and wideband kinetic-inductive devices, surface-wave transmission lines are proposed, incorporating long-wavelength Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) modes in planar metal-dielectric waveguides. The theory of superconducting optical waveguides, including analytical formulation and numerical methods, is developed in detail. The implementation of superconducting optical waveguides is discussed thoroughly, employing conventional dielectric-waveguide techniques as well as optical SPP modes. Superconductive traveling-wave photodetectors (STWPDs) are introduced as a viable means for ultra-fast and ultra-sensitive photodetection and photomixing. A modified transiii mission line formalism is developed to model STWPDs, where light is guided through an optical waveguide and photodetection is distributed along a transmission line. As an appendix, a systematic approach is developed for the analysis of carrier transport through superconducting heterostructures and micro-constrictions within the Bogoliubovde Gennes (BdG) framework. The method is applied to study the role of Andreev reflection and Josephson-like phenomena in the current-voltage characteristics of inhomogeneous superconducting structures. I-V characteristics are experimentally demonstrated in YBCO micro-constrictions with potential applications in millimeter-wave and THz devices.


A volume in Research in Management Education and Development Series Editors: Charles Wankel, St. John's University Virtual Worlds are being increasingly used in business and education. With each day more people are venturing into computer generated online persistent worlds such as Second Life for increasingly diverse reasons such as commerce, education, research, and entertainment. This book explores the emerging ethical issues associated with these novel environments for human interaction and cutting-edge approaches to these new ethical problems. This volume's goal is to put forward a number of these virtual world ethical issues of which research is only commencing. The developing literature specifically regarding virtual world ethics is a recent phenomenon. Research based on the phenomenon of virtual world life has only been developing in the past four years. This volume introduces pathbreaking work in a field which is only just beginning to take shape. It is ideal as both as a library reference and a supplementary text in upper-division courses focused on the issues of applied ethics and new media. It is unique in being one of the first volumes specifically addressed to ethical problems of the "metaverse". This volume includes articles from authors from around the world exploring topics such as: employing rationalist and casuistic approaches to the controversial topic of "virtual rape" yield an increased understanding of how virtual worlds ought to be designed, the relationship between the ethical and legal dimensions of virtual world users' participation in "paratexts", utilitarian consideration of harm and freedom in the case of virtual pedophilia, norms of research ethics in virtual worlds, the ethical implications of employing virtual worlds as tools for medical education and experimenting with healthcare services, the ethics of the collective action of virtual world communities, consideration of the virtue and potential of cosmopolitanism in virtual worlds, Deleuzian ethical approaches to the experience of the disabled in virtual worlds, the ethics of virtual world design, and the ethical implications of the "illusion of reality" presented by virtual worlds.


As seismic networks continue to spread and monitoring sensors become more efficient, the abundance of data highly surpasses the processing capabilities of earthquake interpretation analysts. Earthquake catalogs are fundamental for fault system studies, event modellings, seismic hazard assessment, forecasting, and ultimately, for mitigating the seismicrisk. These have fueled the research for the automation of interpretation tasks such as event detection, event identification, hypocenter location, and source mechanism analysis. Over the last forty years, traditional algorithms based on quantitative analyses of seismic traces in the time or frequency domain, have been developed to assist interpretation. Alternatively, recent advances are related to the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), a subset of machine learning techniques that is pushing the state-of-the-art forward in many areas. Appropriated trained ANN can mimic the interpretation abilities of best human analysts, avoiding the individual weaknesses of most traditional algorithms, and spending modest computational resources at the operational stage. In this paper, we will survey the latest ANN applications to the automatic interpretation of seismic data, with a special focus on earthquake detection, and theestimation of on set times. For a comparative framework, we give an insight into the labor of human interpreters, who may face uncertainties in the case of small magnitude earthquakes.


Virtual environments (VEs) have gained noteworthy popularity in our societies and contribute to significant changes in the way in which we live, work, and learn. The literature on virtuality recognizes that VEs – be they virtual social networks, virtual teams, etc. – are known for their unique characteristics: e.g. geographical and temporal dispersion, computer mediation, global character and increased member heterogeneity, among others. These characteristics exert noteworthy influence on how individuals perform (e.g. Nunamaker Jr et al. 2009), express their creativity (e.g. Chamakiotis et al. 2013) and learn (e.g. Schaefer and Erskine 2012). In fact, over the last decade or so, there has been an overwhelming, cross-disciplinary interest in the topic of virtual teams from the fields of information systems, management and engineering. What, however, this literature has neglected to consider is a recent, yet increasingly popular, type of VE in which individuals from across the world come together virtually to enhance their knowledge around a chosen topic by enrolling in, what is known as, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Enabled by virtuality and information and communication technologies (ICTs), MOOCs provide unparalleled opportunities for learning, breaking geo-temporal boundaries and allowing learners to capitalize on the strengths of a particular university offering a MOOC in an area of expertise that would otherwise be inaccessible. Adding to these is the advantage of flexibility in terms of the learning format and that of being able to learn at low or no cost, which is not the case with traditional or other online learning environments (Pappano 2012).

However, we ask, is this without problems or does is create challenges for both educators and learners? Our rationale for this study is that despite the popularity of these VEs, it has been posited that a surprisingly large number of individuals drop out of MOOCs, failing to complete them (e.g. Pursel et al. 2016). Thus, a number of interesting, unexplored questions emerge. For example, how is learning performed in a VE in which learners come together with 'online strangers' to collectively and individually enhance their learning on a particular topic? How does curiosity – which is what might have driven those individuals to embark on a MOOC in the first place – influence learning in VEs? How can this curiosity be sustained throughout the duration of a MOOC? And what is the role played by the leader, instructor, or facilitator for learners' engagement in these environments?

Here, we are interested in shedding light on these questions by focusing on a specific MOOC on 'Creativity, Innovation and Change' organized and offered by the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) in the USA. Our study, which is still at its planning stage, is likely to adopt a mixed methods approach, comprising (a) a qualitative component (drawing on interviews, text-based fora and discussions) aiming to help us gain some understanding of our research questions; and subsequently, (b) a quantitative component (drawing on clickstream data, quiz data, assignment submissions) with the aim of generating results that will be generalizable beyond the context of the studied MOOC. Our study is expected to bring value to scholars and practitioners from the information systems, management, engineering, and education communities through the insights it will provide about globally distributed collaboration, which is increasingly common in high-tech companies, for example. At the conference, we will present the theoretical foundations of our study and we will seek feedback on our thoughts on the methodological approach and expected contributions of our study.


The goal of this project was to determine the effect of different types of music on a dog's heart rate. Six different dogs were tested in their own homes. Each experiment was performed in a quiet room with the dog's owner present along with the two scientists performing the testing. Five different types of music were used in the experiment. Using a stethoscope, we measured the resting heart rate prior to testing and again immediately following the test. A five-minute break was taken between each test, and two trials were completed for each test conducted. The result was a statistically significant difference in heart rate for rock and rap music (increase) and for jazz music (decrease). A caveat to this study was the relatively small number of dogs tested (six); therefore, future research with a larger sample size should be conducted to confirm these results. This information could help calm dogs in potentially stressful situations, such as the veterinary office or when traveling.


Learning and reasoning in large, structured, probabilistic worlds is at the heart of artificial intelligence. Markov decision processes have become the de facto standard in modeling and solving sequential decision making problems under uncertainty. Many efficient reinforcement learning and dynamic programming techniques exist that can solve such problems.
Until recently, the representational state-of-the-art in this field was based on propositional representations.

However, it is hard to imagine a truly general, intelligent system that does not conceive of the world in terms of objects and their properties and relations to other objects. To this end, this book studies lifting Markov decision processes, reinforcement learning and dynamic programming to the first-order (or, relational) setting. Based on an extensive analysis of propositional representations and techniques, a methodological translation is constructed from the propositional to the relational setting. Furthermore, this book provides a thorough and complete description of the state-of-the-art, it surveys vital, related historical developments and it contains extensive descriptions of several new model-free and model-based solution techniques.


A frequency-swept ultrasonic beam was focused into a biological tissue sample to modulate the laser light passing through the ultrasonic beam inside the tissue. Parallel detection of the speckle field formed by the transmitted laser light was implemented with the source-synchronous-illumination lock-in technique to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The ultrasound-modulated laser light reflects the local optical and mechanical properties in the ultrasonic beam and can be used for tomographic imaging of the tissue. Sweeping the ultrasonic frequency provides spatial resolution along the ultrasonic axis, which is scalable with the frequency span of the sweep. Two-dimensional images of biological tissue with buried objects were successfully obtained experimentally.


We have developed a technique for the aqueous aerobic flow oxidation of alcohols in a continuous-flow reactor containing platinum nanoparticles dispersed on an amphiphilic polystyrene–poly(ethylene glycol) resin (ARP-Pt). Various primary and secondary alcohols including aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic alcohols were efficiently oxidized within 73 seconds in a flowing aqueous system at 100–120 °C under 40–70 bar of the system pressure to give the corresponding carboxylic acids and ketones, respectively, in up to 99% yield. Benzaldehydes could be also prepared selectively from benzyl alcohols by conducting the flow oxidation under the standard conditions in the presence of triethylamine. Moreover, a practical gram-scale synthesis of surfactants was realized in the aqueous aerobic continuous flow oxidation for 36–116 hours. This aerobic flow oxidation system provides a safe, clean, green, rapid and efficient practical method for oxidizing alcohols.


Public Employment Services (PESs) are important actors in the fight against unemployment and social exclusion. They differ, however, greatly in their governance forms, also and especially when it comes to the involvement of the social partners, i.e. representatives from employers' associations and labour unions. This paper offers in-depth insights to the ways in which PESs are governed in four European countries: Austria, Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. Special attention is placed on recent changes in governance, the role of the social partners, and the response to the crisis of 2008. The paper shows that Austria has retained a modus operandi of strong social partnership and mutual trust, while the German and especially Danish systems have seen a gradual decline of social partners' influence on PES governance, partially as governments' of the political right and left increasingly seek to advance their direct steering capacity. The British case remains driven by a market-oriented, public-private partnership model, without any institutionalised role for the social partners.


Distance protection is a very important backup protection used in high-voltage power transmission line. Malfunctions of distance protection caused by overload during large-scale blackouts in the world expand the accident scope. For overload of transmission line, the load impedance decreases with the increasing of load and when it goes into action zone of distance protection, the distance protection will be mal-operated. Thus, it is important to identify line overload and fault to avoid mal-operation of distance protection. Normally, load limit line is used to identify transmission line fault and normal overload in impedance plane. However, there are also some disadvantages. Firstly, the load limit line is difficult to avoid mal-operation of distance protection in overload condition. Secondly, it reduces the action zone of distance protection and weakens the distance protection performance of faults with high resistances. Characteristics of transmission line overload and fault are analysed in voltage plane and criterion based on Ucosφ is proposed to identify overload and fault.


The growing need for ocean observation systems has stimulated considerable interest within the research community in advancing the enabling technologies of underwater wireless communication and underwater sensor networks. Sensors and ad hoc sensor networks are the emerging tools for performing extensive data-gathering operations on land, and solutions in the subsea setting are being sought. Efficient communication from the sensors and within the network is critical, but the underwater environment is extremely challenging. Addressing the special features of underwater wireless communication in sensor networks, we propose a novel non-line-of-sight network concept in which the link is implemented by means of back-reflection of the propagating optic signal at the ocean-air interface and derive a mathematical model of the channel. Point-to-multipoint links can be achieved in an energy efficient manner and broadcast broadband communications, such as video transmissions, can be executed. We show achievable bit error rates as a function of sensor node separation and demonstrate the feasibility of this concept using state-of-the-art silicon photomultiplier detectors.


Abstract. The present study describes an integrated system for traffic data collection and alert warning. Geographical information based decision making related to traffic destinations and routes is proposed through the design. The system includes a geospatial database having profile relating to a user of a mobile device. The processing and understanding of scanned maps, other digital data input leads to route guidance. The system includes a server configured to receive traffic information relating to a route and location information relating to the mobile device. Server is configured to send a traffic alert to the mobile device when the traffic information and the location information indicate that the mobile device is traveling toward traffic congestion. Proposed system has geospatial and mobile data sets pertaining to Bangalore city in India. It is envisaged to be helpful for touristic purposes as a route guidance and alert relaying information system to tourists for proximity to sites worth seeing in a city they have entered into. The system is modular in architecture and the novelty lies in integration of different modules carrying different technologies for a complete traffic information system. Generic information processing and delivery system has been tested to be functional and speedy under test geospatial domains. In a restricted prototype model with geo-referenced route data required information has been delivered correctly over sustained trials to designated cell numbers, with average time frame of 27.5 seconds, maximum 50 and minimum 5 seconds. Traffic geo-data set trials testing is underway.


Introduction L-theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) is a unique amino acid present almost exclusively in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). It appears to only occur in three other species; one mushroom species and two other species of the Camellia genus. Since tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world, a considerable amount of theanine is consumed daily throughout the world and is said to greatly contribute to the taste of green tea. Tea contains a number of constituents, including polyphenols, proteins, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, minerals, and pigments. Theanine comprises 1-2 percent of the dry weight of tea leaves, makes up approximately 50 percent of the amino acids in tea, and is present as the free amino acid only – it does not occur in proteins. Theanine is synthesized in the root of the plant and concentrates in the leaves, where sunlight converts theanine to polyphenols. Because of this, some tea cultivators grow their plants out of direct sunlight to preserve the theanine content and thus the flavor.1


An experimental determination was made of absolute visual thresholds in the human fovea. An apparatus permitting independent variation of area and exposure time, and having a fixation device that minimally affects the adaptation level of the region under investigation was used. Seven stimulus areas, ranging from 1 minute to 1 degree in diameter were presented to 4 subjects at durations of 1.1, 3.8, 10.0, and 48.0 milliseconds. The results show that all area-threshold functions depart from Ricco's law. The functions which were obtained depart from linearity, while the degree of curvature varies among subjects. As exposure time is increased there is a regular related decrease in thresholds for all stimuli. This decrease in threshold is in good agreement with the Bunson-Roscoe law, which states that the product of time and intensity is a constant.


Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of coping styles and stress with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), as well as evaluating inefficient coping styles in patients with this disease. Method : In a case- control study, 80 patients with coronary heart disease (40 males, 40 females) who had presented to Shahid Madani Hospital in the city of Tabriz were compared with 80 controls (40 males, 40 females) who were selected using convenience sampling, and were matched by a number of demographic factors with each other. Data were gathered using Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ) and Holms-Rahe Life Stress Inventory, and were analyzed via Logistic Regression, Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and t-test. Results : CHD patients have higher stress rates in comparison with controls, and use emotion oriented coping styles in general. Seventy nine percent of the variance related to the development of CHD is due to stress and coping styles, among which emotion oriented coping style had the highest (51%) and stress had the lowest (11%) share. Male CHD patients mostly used the inefficient direct confrontation style and female CHD patients mostly used the inefficient self-control style. Conclusion : There is a significant relationship between emotion oriented coping styles and CHD, and gender has an important role in this regard.


On the Game is an ethnographic account of prostitutes and prostitution. Sophie Day has followed the lives of individual women over fifteen years, and her book details their attempts to manage their lives against a backdrop of social disapproval. The period was one of substantial change within the sex industry.

Through the lens of public health, economics, criminalisation and human rights, Day explores how individual sex workers live, in public and in private. This offers a unique perspective on contemporary capitalist society that will be of interest both to a broad range of social scientists.

The author brings a unique perspective to her work -- as both an anthropologist and the founder of the renowned Praed Street Project, set up in 1986, as a referral and support centre for London prostitutes.


This study investigates the effect of using ice in combination with refrigeration on the sensory, physico-chemical and microbiological attributes of spotless shad during storage. Spotless shad kept in ice under refrigerated conditions had better sensory, physicochemical and microbiological quality as compared with control groups. The shelf life of samples kept at ambient temperature without ice was 2 days. Using ice and refrigeration only extended the shelf-life for 3 days and 4 days, respectively, while ice application with refrigeration further increased the shelf-life by 10 days. Physico-chemical and microbiological results usually supported sensory values. Histamine values were below EU (European Union) and FDA permitted levels for the shelf-life of fish.


Tuberculosis has a major adverse impact on solid organ transplant recipients; this article attempts to define this fact. The prevalence of posttransplant tuberculosis is increasing globally and currently is 13.7% at our center. The transplant surgery divides the continuum of pretransplant tuberculosis and posttransplant tuberculosis; immunosuppression accounts for a greater severity of the latter. Cyclosporin and tacrolimus are associated with an earlier onset of tuberculosis when compared with prednisolone and azathioprine immunosuppression. Disseminated disease is more common in nonrenal transplants. The risk for developing posttransplant tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients increased 2.25 times independently with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and twice with chronic liver disease; OKT3 treatment enhances the risk 1.8-fold. Tuberculosis occurring after 2 years of transplantation, diabetes mellitus, posttransplant diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, CMV, and deep mycoses each independently confer a risk, 1.5-times or higher, for death. Disseminated disease entails a 2-fold risk. Treatment with or without rifampicin is possible; the former is associated with a higher risk for allograft rejection. Isoniazid prophylaxis is recommended for high-risk patients with apparent clinical efficacy. However, in endemic areas, attendant liver disease makes it a difficult goal.


Sterically hindered N-aryl-benzimidazole pyridine-2-carboxylic acids (aryl = phenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-naphthyl) readily form homoleptic, neutral, nine-coordinate europium complexes which display efficient sensitized luminescence in solid state and in dichloromethane solution with quantum yields reaching 59% and have monoexponential and nearly temperature-independent lifetimes as long as 2.7 ms. The ligand-centered absorption band with a maximum at 321-342 nm and intensity (50-56) x 10(3) M(-1)cm(-1) ensures efficient harvesting of excitation light by the complexes. Variation of N-aryl chromophore enhances the ligand absorption at 250-350 nm without changing its triplet state energy which amounts to (19.2-21.3) x 10(3) cm(-1). Photophysical properties of europium complexes benefit from adequate protection of the metal by the ligands against non-radiative deactivation and efficient ligand-to-metal energy transfer exceeding 70%. A correlation is observed between the sensitized luminescence quantum yields of europium and the ligand triplet state energy; in certain cases it points to the presence of a second-sphere quenching of Eu(III) by co-crystallized water in the solid state.


The article defines the basic concepts of "cognition", "cognitive activity", "cognitive task", "cognitive competence", "system of computer modeling"; types of computer models; it determines the components and structure of pupils' competence formation in mathematics on the basis of solving cognitive tasks using computer simulation systems; specifies levels and types of cognitive tasks; singles out features, basic components and levels of pupils' cognitive activity of general secondary education institutions. It was found out that different types of cognitive tasks (emotional-figurative, evaluation-educational, practicaleducational, theoretically oriented, information-oriented) consistent with their levels of complexity (learning-reproductive, analytical, theoretical, applied, research, creative) form a system for the development of cognitive abilities of a high school pupil. It is determined that assessment of cognitive abilities of pupils can be carried out according to the following criteria: cognitive bases, cognitive processes, cognitive activity and cognitive qualities. It is established that the use of cognitive tasks using computer modeling systems will facilitate the formation of pupils' competences in mathematics. It is substantiated that the use of computer modeling systems will provide variability of tasks, complexity, universal access, organization of individual and team work.


This thesis investigates the Brazilian television mini-series as a cultural form in the media landscape of Brazil, examining it as a reflection of the political, cultural and social history of Brazil. The research question asks in what ways does the Brazilian television miniseries represent continuity and change in Brazilian national culture, values and identity. In this thesis, I construct a theoretical framework based on two strands of the concept of hybridity: the sociocultural dimensions of hybridity in the postcolonial context, and the textual-generic implications of hybridity for popular texts, their producing institutions,and their readers and viewers. Methodologically, my sample consists of 41 mini-series from a twenty-five year production history. I also engage with press commentary on the mini-series and conduct interviews with mini-series creators. The analysis examines the discourses that these sources produce in tandem with tools from television studies. In this study, I find that Brazilian national culture is represented by geography and gender. Geography serves as a physical and symbolic mode of representation in the mini-series. We witness historical and contemporary negotiations of the temporal and spatial divides that separate the foreign from the Brazilian, and we often follow stories about 'becoming Brazilian'. Gender appears through a practice-based discourse that informs the difference between the emotional and educational dimensions of the genre. Gender also appears in the mini-series narratives through the archetypes of sufferer and malandro, who in turn reflect the transgressions and the limits of gendered representations in Brazilian popular culture. In relation to national values, I find a continuous dialectical exchange between authority and resistance in the mini-series' historical and contemporary representations
of Brazil. Not only do authority and resistance transcend the value frameworks of class, family, morals and politics in the mini-series narratives, but they also inform the ways in which creators assert their position in the space of Brazilian television production. Critics express resistance to the narratives and the institutions producing the mini-series as well, which enables us to recognize a wariness of the historical tendency of Brazilian television to insert its values into the public sphere. Finally, I find that Brazilian national identity is represented by a mix of foreign and national traditions in the mini-series form, and by strategies that differ from conventional narrative modes. These qualities demonstrate the persistence of tensions between the foreign and the national and imitation and originality that have defined negotiations with modernity in Brazil, but they also show how these tensions have shifted inward to reflect Brazil's changing awareness of its role on a global stage. In addition to the social, cultural, political and institutional dimensions of Brazilian experience that this study reveals through the mini-series, it adds to knowledge on the ways in which cultural forms enter and shape public discourse about nationhood.


This thesis explores the shifts and continuities in the construction of security in the post-communist period. The thesis provides an insight into the reasons and the ways in which the dominant discourse of security and foreign policy of the Albanian state shifted in 1997 from a an emphasis on the 'nation' and 'national sovereignty' into a liberal discourse which emphasized the 'economy' and the 'region'. The overarching question of the thesis is why did the Euro-Atlantic orientation become the hegemonic discourse of Albanian foreign and security policy in the post-1997 period? In order to find the answer for this question I will concentrate on the meanings that the Albanian political elites—and more specifically the two main governing parties, the Democratic Party and the Socialist Party— have attached to the notions of 'national question' and 'Euro-Atlantic orientation'. The argument of the thesis is that the different articulations of 'Euro-Atlantic orientation' and of the 'national interest' have relied upon the elites' different conceptions of self, that is, what constituted Albanianism. In turn, the political actors translate the basic identity narratives of the nation through their ideological/interpretative repertoires. The thesis builds on Discourse Theory and particularly the approach developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe (1985) By incorporating notions of 'identification strategies', 'interpretative repertoires' and 'myth' into the framework of Lene Hansen and Ole Waever (2001), the thesis reveals the intricate interplay between the construction of state identity and of political identities in post-communist Albania.


: The paper is dedicated to the improvement of existing and development of new mathematical methods for ballistics. We consider the interpolation of air drag function by using parabolic spline. Used spline does not require any additional conditions and is stablе. The efficiency of the application of parabolic spline for different drag functions is shown. The spline approximation demonstates good accuracy, saves the behavior of drag functions and can be used in models of external ballistics. The Dirichlet boundary value problem for the unsteady-state equation of convection-diffusion-reaction with the prevailing convection are presented too. For differencing is used the parabolic spline that is continuous together with its first-order derivative which does not demand any additional conditions for its construction. Search for solution of the task in the form of a spline is applied to time-discretizable equation of convection-diffusion-reaction. For the received of difference scheme its monotonicity is proved. Theoretical researches and results of numerous experiments show that the offered scheme for the equation of convection-diffusion-reaction allows to solve boundary value problem for the wide range of values of the equation coefficients. This applies especially cases when convection far exceeds diffusion. The monotonic scheme provides stability of the computational solution, and application of a parabolic spline for its construction allows to reproduce the solution in the form of continuous function for the timepoints determined by discretization. There are given examples of calculations for a case of domination of the convective term over diffusion one.


The circadian clock is an endogenous, cell-based timing mechanism. It has apparently evolved as a response to the highly predictable and metabolically challenging light/dark cycle. Circadian clocks are characterized as having a free running, circa 24h rhythm in constant conditions, an entrainment mechanism whereby those rhythms become exactly 24h, robustness, precision and compensation towards environmental variability such as temperature. While most of our knowledge concerning molecular mechanisms of the daily clock comes from the free running state, the clock is always found in the entrained state in nature. It is this process, the biological oscillator finds its unique phase relationship with the environmental cycle, that leading to temporal compartmentation of various functions and activities. The clock controls gene expression, metabolism, physiology and complex behaviors by organizing them to specific times of day. Working 'against the clock' (e.g. in shift work) has been associated with increased incidence of cancers. I will review the molecular and genetic mechanisms that might be involved in this process. Citation Format: Martha Merrow. The clock in the cell. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr PL06-02.


OBJECTIVE: Labyrinthine fistula can lead to hearing loss, dizziness, and intracranial complications. The management of labyrinthine fistula is con troversial, and hearing preservation represents a major challenge. In this study, the authors sought to identify factors related to postoperative bone conduction threshold. MATERIALS and METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted using the clinical records of 23 cases operated on for chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma from 2004-2011. Symptoms, physical examination finings, fistula test results, pre-/postoperative bone conduction results, and high-resolution temporal bone computed tomograpghy and intraoperative findings were evaluated. RESULTS: The most common symptom at presentation was hearing disturbance, and the most commonly affected site was the lateral semicircular canal. High-resolution temporal bone computed tomograpghy was found to be much more precise and effective at fistula detection than the fistula test. CONCLUSION: Postoperative hearing results are not affected by fistula location, size, or number. Complete resection at the site of a cholesteatoma tous labyrinthine fistula is the treatment of choice.


In Worship As Theology, Don Saliers discusses how worship is both theological (God-centered) and anthropological (embodied and embedded in specific human and cultural contexts). He illuminates worship as a theology "prayed, sung, and enacted." At the same time--by focusing upon specific dimensions of liturgical action such as praising, thanking, invoking, confessing, proclaiming, interceding, and blessing--he addresses the differences between the liturgical/sacramental and the "free-church"/evangelical church traditions. Underlying Saliers' approach is his basic conviction that Christian liturgy is an eschatological art. Theological integrity in worship, he asserts, calls for a permanent tension in the forms and patterns which reflect the "already" and "not yet" of Christian life in the world for the sake of the world. Worship As Theology, therefore, begins and ends with the eschatology of the divine promise, that the church's cry is still "Come, Lord Jesus!" and that God's will be done on earth "as in heaven."


A route to a novel, structurally modified D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate analogue, D-2-deoxy-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 3, is described, involving as the key steps a selective protection of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside and subsequent catalytic Ferrier rearrangement to a deoxyinosose. Thus, methyl α-D-glucopyranoside was converted by an improved procedure into methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside 4 and thence into methyl 3-O-benzoyl-2-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside 7 without recourse to column chromatography. Compound 7 was converted into methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-D-xylo-hex-5-enopyranoside 12 via methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2-O-benzyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside 8. Rearrangement of enol ether 12 with mercury(II) trifluoroacetate provided (2S,3R,4S,5R)-2,3-dibenzoyloxy-4-benzyloxy-5-hydroxycyclohexanone 13 and (2S,3R,4S,5S)-2,3-dibenzoyloxy-4-benzyloxy-5-hydroxycyclohexanone 14. Attempts to invert the configuration at position 5 of compound 14 were unsuccessful, but provided a number of discrete products. Reduction of compound 13 and saponification furnished L-1-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 23, which was phosphorylated and deprotected to give the target 3.


Metal-on-metal (MOM) is a commonly used bearing notable for its 'suction fit' when lubricated. In this study, we examined the capacity for MOM bearings to protect against dislocation after total hip replacement (THR). We undertook a clinical investigation to compare the rate of dislocation of MOM bearings with those of ceramic-on-polyethylene (COP) bearings and found that one MOM bearing dislocated in a series of 109 hips (0.9%) compared with nine of 145 hips (6.2%) in the COP group (p = 0.02). We also performed an in vitro investigation comparing the peak forces generated during forced separation of the two bearings of the same dimensions at velocities from 1 to 50 cm/s. This revealed that the MOM bearing generated significant resistance to separation at all velocities (maximum mean 24 N), whereas the COP did not (maximum mean 1.9 N, p < 0.001). We conclude that MOM bearings are more stable to dislocation than COP bearings as a result of the interfacial forces provided by a thin, lubricating fluid.


ABSTRACT This paper examines diasporic identity formation among Sudanese migrants in the U.K. From constructivist perspectives, diasporas form when mobilisations towards a 'homeland' initiate processes of collectively imagining that homeland. These mobilising agendas have been analysed as either emotional and/or political and correspond to processes of collective remembering, forgetting or future-making. Drawing on interviews with, and observations of, Sudan-born residents of the U.K., this paper examines diaspora formation among U.K. Sudanese. It asks what mobilising agendas unite U.K. Sudanese and what kinds of imaginative processes orient them towards their shared homeland(s). This investigation uncovers how multiple and seemingly contradictory processes of diasporic identity formation overlap within the same 'national' migrant community. It analyses how different mobilising agendas initiate imaginative processes of 'past-making' and 'future-making' which correspond to various types of diasporic identity. In doing so, this paper contributes to debates within constructivist approaches to diaspora formation.


A porphyrin-based octahedrally ligated complex with high-spin iron(iii) was designed, and the resulting electrically conducting crystal TPP[FeIII(tbp)Br2]2 (TPP = tetraphenylphosphonium and tbp = tetrabenzoporphyrin) was synthesised. Although TPP[Fe(tbp)Br2]2 was isostructural to the reported TPP[Fe(Mc)L2]2 systems (Mc = macrocyclic ligands such as phthalocyanine (Pc) or tbp; and L = CN, Cl, or Br), the bond lengths between Fe and ligands in the [Fe(tbp)Br2] unit were evidently longer than those in the other units, because of the different spin states of Fe: high-spin in TPP[Fe(tbp)Br2]2 and low-spin in others. The magnetic anisotropy observed in the low-spin state vanished when the Fe is in the high-spin state. Based on reports for Pc-based systems, the negative magnetoresistance (MR) effect for TPP[Fe(tbp)Br2]2 was expected to be smaller than that for TPP[Fe(tbp)(CN)2]2. However, the former showed a giant negative MR effect similar to or larger than the latter, suggesting that the nature of iron is a crucial factor for the electrical properties of porphyrin-based materials.


This paper presents a set of efficient and parameterized hardware accelerators that target post-quantum lattice-based cryptographic schemes, including a versatile cSHAKE core, a binary-search CDT-based Gaussian sampler, and a pipelined NTT-based polynomial multiplier, among others. Unlike much of prior work, the accelerators are fully open-sourced, are designed to be constant-time, and can be parameterized at compile-time to support different parameters without the need for re-writing the hardware implementation. These flexible, publicly-available accelerators are leveraged to demonstrate the first hardware-software co-design using RISC-V of the post-quantum lattice-based signature scheme qTESLA with provably secure parameters. In particular, this work demonstrates that the NIST's Round 2 level 1 and level 3 qTESLA variants achieve over a 40-100x speedup for key generation, about a 10x speedup for signing, and about a 16x speedup for verification, compared to the baseline RISC-V software-only implementation. For instance, this corresponds to execution in 7.7, 34.4, and 7.8 milliseconds for key generation, signing, and verification, respectively, for qTESLA's level 1 parameter set on an Artix-7 FPGA, demonstrating the feasibility of the scheme for embedded applications.


Emergency point-of-care ultrasound (EPCUS), performed by doctors, has recently become a popular skill that is used to enhance the accuracy of physical examination of patients. EPCUS provides additional, real-time, patient data which would not have been otherwise available. The effect is improved diagnostic accuracy and reduction in procedural error rates. Ultrasound technology is rapidly evolving. Machines are now more compact, portable, durable, and simpler to use, and provide improved image quality.


The literature surrounding the autistic child's social impairment is
reviewed. It is proposed that an impairment in some aspect of
autistic children's social cognition could account for many of the
observed abnormalities in their social behaviour.
First, two "lower-level" aspects of social cognition are considered.
These are mirror self-recognition and perceptual role-taking. The
present sample of autistic children did not differ from MA control
groups in either of these respects, confirming results from other
studies.
A "higher-level" aspect of self-other differentiation is conceptual
role-taking. This ability is also called a "theory of mind". This
literature is reviewed and a hypothesis is proposed which suggests
that autistic children have an impairment in their "second-order"
representational capacity which has been argued to underlie a theory
of mind. This hypothesis is explored by means of 4 experiments.
These showed that autistic children's "first-order" representational
capacity, as manifested in their understanding of physical
causality, is intact whilst their second-order representational
capacity, as manifested in their ability to attribute mental states
to others, is impaired. This deficit was not found in controls.
Furthermore, those few autistic children who passed a test of
attribution of belief at the ii year old level, failed at the
("third-order") 7 year old level, despite adequate MA.
Pretend play can be related to conceptual role-taking, since both
may require a second-order representational capacity. The literature
surrounding the autistic child's impairment in pretend play is
reviewed and the final experiment confirms and extends previous
results in this domain.
It is concluded that particular aspects of the social impairment and
the impairment in pretend play can be seen as the result of a
deficit in one cognitive mechanism. This deficit is discussed in
terms of what has loosely been called an "impaired symbolic
capacity".


The general relationship between occupational gender segregation and earnings inequality is well documented, although few studies have examined the relationship separately by race/ethnicity. This article investigates occupational gender segregation effects across whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. In addition, we explore two ways in which segregation may affect earnings: (1) by lowering the earnings of workers in female-dominated occupations and (2) by lowering the earnings of all workers in highly segregated labor markets. Our central findings are that both segregation effects contribute to earnings inequality and that the effects are observed quite broadly across racial/ethnic groups, although they particularly impact the earnings of African American women.