Commisioned by RedBoard for their Freedom themed billboard series that was a part of Hull 2017 City of Culture Creative Communities Programme. The billboard artwork was produced and the performance idea devised in collaboration with Davin Watne during a research trip to Kansas City in July 2017, supported by a travel grant from Artist Newsletter (a-n).

For the billboard programme RedBoard asked: What does freedom mean to you? What does it look like to you? Does freedom really exist? Is freedom allowed to be expressed? Is freedom an understood word? Utopia? Watne and Woolley's design addresses these questions by problematising the notion that freedom is a neutral or intrinsically good thing. They ask: whose freedom? Are we all equally free? Freedom and domination appear to be mutually exclusive concepts. The artwork aims to draw attention to this binary to expose and explore a grey area in between. The freedom to act without restraint can oppress others. The idea of freedom is evoked paradoxically by those in power to go against the best interest of others. Loss of freedom could be the price of inclusion and citizenship.

To accompany the billboard the artists produced a performance that underpins the ideas behind the design. With the help of friends, organisers, and city of culture volunteers they took over a street corner in Hull and turned it into a temporary speaker's corner. Woolley read a script (manifesto!) written in collaboration with Watne. The participatory performance encouraged members of the audience to get on a soapbox and give a speech on any subject. As individuals expressed their freedom of speech it became increasingly difficult to hear what they were saying, demonstrating the concept 'freedomination'. The soapboxes were also different heights, suggesting a hierarchy of ideas, and that the benefits of freedom aren't enjoyed equally.


Land use change in South America, mainly deforestation, is a large source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Identifying and addressing the causes or drivers of anthropogenic forest change is considered crucial for global climate change mitigation. Few countries however, monitor deforestation drivers in a systematic manner. National-level quantitative spatially explicit information on drivers is often lacking. This study quantifies proximate drivers of deforestation and related carbon losses in South America based on remote sensing time series in a systematic, spatially explicit manner. Deforestation areas were derived from the 2010 global remote sensing survey of the Food and Agricultural Organisation Forest Resource Assessment. To assess proximate drivers, land use following deforestation was assigned by visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery. To estimate gross carbon losses from deforestation, default Tier 1 biomass levels per country and eco-zone were used. Pasture was the dominant driver of forest area (71.2%) and related carbon loss (71.6%) in South America, followed by commercial cropland (14% and 12.1% respectively). Hotspots of deforestation due to pasture occurred in Northern Argentina, Western Paraguay, and along the arc of deforestation in Brazil where they gradually moved into higher biomass forests causing additional carbon losses. Deforestation driven by commercial cropland increased in time, with hotspots occurring in Brazil (Mato Grosso State), Northern Argentina, Eastern Paraguay and Central Bolivia. Infrastructure, such as urban expansion and roads, contributed little as proximate drivers of forest area loss (1.7%). Our findings contribute to the understanding of drivers of deforestation and related carbon losses in South America, and are comparable at the national, regional and continental level. In addition, they support the development of national REDD+ interventions and forest monitoring systems, and provide valuable input for statistical analysis and modelling of underlying drivers of deforestation.


One of the most welcome recent developments in Information Systems scholarship has been the growing interest in individuals' continuing use of information technology well after initial adoption, known in the literature as IT usage, IT continuance, and post-adoptive IT usage. In this essay, we explore the theoretical underpinnings of IS research on continuing IT use. Although the IS literature on continuing IT use emphasizes the role of habitual behavior that does not require conscious behavioral intention, it does so in a way that largely remains faithful to the theoretical tradition of planned behavior and reasoned action. However, a close reading of reference literatures on automatic behavior (behavior that is not consciously controlled) and the influences of emotion on behavior suggests that planned behavior and reasoned action may not provide the best theoretical foundation for the study of continuing IT use. As a result, we call for empirical research that directly compares and contrasts the consensus theory of continuing IT use with rival theories that place much greater emphasis on unplanned and unreasoned action.


Stan Lee (b. 1922), cocreator of the Amazing Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Incredible Hulk, and the Uncanny X-Men, is one of the most successful writers and publishers of comics. During the 1960s and 1970s, he wrote superhero adventures for Marvel Comics. His storylines imbued the genre with angst and contemporary politics and focused as much on the personal lives of his characters as on heroics. His work, in collaboration with cartoonists such as Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, remains deeply influential. His role as a spokesperson and impresario for Marvel paved the way for the superhero genre to be taken seriously by the critical establishment and for the penetration of Marvel Comics into mainstream American culture. Stan Lee: Conversations collects interviews ranging from 1968 to 2005. Lee's charm, good humor, and keen business sense are on display. He has spirited conversations with cartoonists Jack Kirby, Harvey Kurtzman, and Roy Thomas, talk show host Dick Cavett, and Jenette Kahn (head of DC Comics, Marvel's rival), among others. He talks with candor about his creative process, publishing, film and television adaptations of his comic books, and the evolution of the comics industry. The volume concludes with a new interview conducted by the editor. Jeff McLaughlin is assistant professor of philosophy at Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops, British Columbia.


This study tested and found support for the view that trustful individuals are neither necessarily gullible nor are necessarily vigilant but rather there are two types of trustful individuals (1) the ones who are careful and sensitive to information revealing opportunism (prudent trusters); and (2) the ones who are indeed gullible (naive trusters). I propose and find that vigilance and distrust are two distinct constructs, and that it is a combination of vigilance and trustfulness that enable people to predict with a high accuracy the cooperation of others. Trustfulness, vigilance and expectations of other behaviors were measured by a survey of 700 individuals in California and data on the actual electricity consumption of the households in the summer 2000 and summer 2001 were obtained from utility companies in Southern California. Actual electricity reduction by the average household from the summer 2000 to the summer 2001 and individual expectations for how much electricity an average household would save in this period were used to calculate the accuracy of expectations of each individual.


The irregular xylem 2 (irx2) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a cellulose deficiency in the secondary cell wall, which is brought about by a point mutation in the KORRIGAN (KOR) beta,1-4 endoglucanase (beta,1-4 EGase) gene. Measurement of the total crystalline cellulose in the inflorescence stem indicates that the irx2 mutant contains approximately 30% of the level present in the wild type (WT). Fourier-Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis, however, indicates that there is no decrease in cellulose in primary cell walls of the cortical and epidermal cells of the stem. KOR expression is correlated with cellulose synthesis and is highly expressed in cells synthesising a secondary cell wall. Co-precipitation experiments, using either an epitope-tagged form of KOR or IRX3 (AtCesA7), suggest that KOR is not an integral part of the cellulose synthase complex. These data are supported by immunolocalisation of KOR that suggests that KOR does not localise to sites of secondary cell wall deposition in the developing xylem. The defect in irx2 plant is consistent with a role for KOR in the later stages of secondary cell wall formation, suggesting a role in processing of the growing microfibrils or release of the cellulose synthase complex.


Indonesia's successful democratization poses a puzzle. As a vast, lower-middle income country with scant tradition of open politics, Indonesia did not seem to be a good bet for robust democracy. But Indonesia enjoys an advantage: extraordinary levels of civic engagement. Indonesians participate in organizations at unusually high rates and display an exceptional level of interpersonal sociability. Spirited associational life has enabled Indonesians to constrain elites and sustain self-government by cultivating a sense of efficacy, fostering the cultivation and transfer of civic skills, and creating opportunities for individuals to be recruited into politics. Indonesia demonstrates how civic engagement can abet democratization.


This article examines the office of the Fiscal in Berbice (later British Guiana) between 1819 and 1834—a period encompassing amelioration and emancipation. It looks in particular at the lives and concerns of enslaved women as revealed in an extraordinary set of slave testimonies collected as part of the Fiscal's duties. It outlines the peculiar nature of the Office of the Fiscal and how it allowed enslaved women a voice to complain about aspects of their treatment under slavery in a particularly harsh slave regime. It connects this office also to a developing ideology of "protection" to be extended to non-whites in the British Empire in the second and third decades of the nineteenth century. Using the concept of "moral economy" as developed many years ago by E.P. Thompson to analyse early nineteenth-century British working class culture and as extended by Emilia Viotta Da Costa to Demerara and Berbice, it suggests that enslaved women had clear expectations of what could be rightfully expected of them and what were unjust demands within a slave system designed to keep enslaved women in their place.


Based on some identified problems and challenges to the current healthcare system, this paper proposes architecture for developing e-health system to meet the challenges and resolve some problems. The architecture is based on a solid theoretical model of human activity, and it has properties such as sustainability, generality, and expandability. We demonstrate the properties of the architecture through an ongoing research project. We concluded that this architecture can be widely used to integrate various small scale applications of e-health systems and to resolve some current design problems such as interoperability and knowledge sharing.


The Clean Water Act's principal goal is to "restore and maintain" the integrity of the nation's surface water bodies. The Act's adoption was spurred largely by the perception that unchecked pollution had caused the degradation of those waters, making them unsuitable for uses such as fishing and swimming. At the time Congress passed the statute, however, some lakes, rivers, and streams had water quality that was better than what was needed to support these uses. An important question was whether the statute would limit discharges with the potential to impair these high quality waters. EPA's anti-degradation policy sought to ensure that it does. This paper assesses the implementation of the anti-degradation policy for protecting water quality as good as or better than that required by state water quality standards. It traces the history of the policy, and analyzes the rationales for precluding degradation of high quality environmental resources reflected in both the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. It assesses how successful the Clean Water Act's anti-degradation mechanisms have been in practice, identifying several flaws in the design and implementation of the program. To address these deficiencies, the article compares the Clean Water Act's anti-degradation policy to nonimpairment and nondegradation mandates under the nation's public natural resource management statutes. Based on this comparative analysis, and the past four decades of experience with the Clean Water Act, the paper recommends several reforms to strengthen the Act's anti-degradation policy's capacity to promote its goals.


Estuaries, at the nexus of rivers and the ocean, are depositional areas that respond to changes in streamflow, tides, sea level, and inputs of sediment from marine and watershed sources. Understanding changes in bed elevations, deposited and eroded sediment, and water depth throughout estuaries is relevant for understanding their present-day status and long-term evolution, identifying potential hazards to human communities, and informing estuarine conservation. In response to observations of sedimentation in the Nehalem Bay, northwestern Oregon, by the Port of Nehalem, the magnitudes and patterns of bathymetric change in the Bay were documented and described by two approaches. The first approach compared changes in bed elevation with estimated volumes of erosion and deposition from overlapping survey data acquired in 1957 and 2019 for the area of the Nehalem Bay from upstream of the Highway 101 bridge to downstream of Fishery Point. The second approach examined changes in water depth for seven zones from the confluence of the North Fork and Nehalem Rivers to the mouth of the Nehalem River using nautical charts (1891, 1947, 1970, 1990, and 2004). These two approaches were used because the bathymetric surveys from 1957 and 2019 could be tied to a common vertical datum, allowing for a direct comparison of changes in bed elevations, whereas the nautical charts could not be tied to a common vertical datum, which limited the analyses to a comparison of changes in water depths over a broader time frame. Bed elevation changes from 1957 to 2019 were assessed from upstream of the Highway 101 bridge to downstream of Fishery Point where the two surveys overlapped (2 square kilometers) using thalweg longitudinal profiles, channel cross sections, and digital elevation models (DEMs) showing the elevation differences between the two surveys (or DEMs of difference). The most prominent change between 1957 and 2019 was the migration of the thalweg (or deepest part of the channel) between the downstream end of Lazarus Island and downstream of Fishery Point; this migration resulted in sediment deposition in the former thalweg and sediment erosion in formerly shallow areas to form the new thalweg. Bed elevation changes in the thalweg also varied longitudinally between 1957 and 2019. The bed elevation of the thalweg in both surveys, however, was generally less than 1 meter (m). The thalweg in the area of overlapping surveys shortened from about 7.0 to 6.7 kilometers in length over that same period. The bed elevation changes between the DEMs showed that maximum erosion and deposition was 4.3 and 4.5 m, respectively. In this same time period, the net change in sediment volume was 230,000 cubic meters (m3), indicating net deposition. However, the error estimated for the 95 percent confidence interval analyses is ±315,000 m3, and therefore does not preclude the possibility that net erosion may have occurred. Historical changes in water depth from soundings depicted on nautical charts from 1891, 1947, 1970, 1990, and 2004 were evaluated by assessing spatial and temporal changes for seven zones of the Nehalem Bay. Across all years and zones, water depths ranged from about 0.2 to 9.4 m, whereas median water depths ranged from 0.3 to 6.4 m. Median depths and the range of water depths did not systematically increase or decrease throughout all zones during the same periods. In all nautical charts, the zone at the mouth of the Nehalem River consistently had the deepest soundings (7.9 to 9.4 m) and the greatest range of water depths (7.3 to 8.8 m). Qualitative evaluation of the nautical charts showed minimal changes in the overall shape of the Nehalem Bay. The exception to this observation was at the mouth of the Bay, where two historical outlets to the Pacific Ocean depicted in the 1891 nautical chart were reduced to one outlet following the construction of jetties (1916 and 1918). The results of this study emphasize that bed elevations and water depths within the Nehalem Bay have varied between 1891 and 2019, as illustrated by the lateral and vertical changes in the thalweg and changes in water depths over time. Changes in thalweg position and related patterns of sediment erosion and deposition are expected in the future as the Nehalem Bay continues to respond to changes in tides, sea level, streamflow, and sediment inputs from watershed and marine sources. The results of this study and the surveys from 1957 and 2019 provide a foundation for documenting and evaluating future changes in the Nehalem Bay and prioritizing actions to manage and protect natural resources and recreational access to the Nehalem Bay. 2 Historical Changes in Bed Elevation and Water Depth within the Nehalem Bay, Oregon, 1891–2019


Even with the introduction of HSDPA and HSUPA, evolution of UMTS has not reached its end. To ensure the competitiveness of UMTS for the next 10 years and beyond, UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) is being specified in 3GPP release 8. LTE, which is also known as Evolved UTRA and Evolved UTRAN, provides new physical layer concepts and protocol architecture for UMTS. This application note introduces LTE technology and testing aspects.


This study was conducted in Kasikeu Division, Makueni County, Kenya between
August 2010 and December 2010. The main objective of this study was to assess the
perceptions and attitudes towards land degradation. Survey research design was used
in order to take into account the different human activities and how they influence
land degradation. The study relied mainly on cross-sectional primary data, which
were collected from the three locations (Kiou, Mumela and Kasikeu) in the division.
The study used multistage and simple random sampling methods to select the
households for study. The primary data were obtained with the aid of semi-structured
questionnaires. Interviews with farmers and agricultural officers in the division were
conducted in order to get information on agricultural production. Secondary
information from scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings was obtained.
The data analysis for this study was conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation
analyses and regression analyses. The results showed that the following indicators of
land degradation were commonly observed in the study area; rills, gullies, pedestals,
armour layer, soil accumulation around clumps of vegetation, soil deposits on gentle
slopes, exposed roots, muddy water, sedimentation in streams and rivers, sandy
layers, furrows in clay soils and ripples in sandy soils, barren spots, change in
vegetation species, decrease in organic matter, increased runoff, reduced soil water
and reduced rooting depth. The direct human activities which were found to be
influencing land degradation in the study area include; deforestation, clearing of
vegetation, overgrazing, steep slope cultivation, and improper fertilizer use. Land
shortage, poverty and high population density are the underlying causes of land
degradation observed in the study area. According to the results, the consequences of
land degradation experienced in the study area include; decline in crop yields,
lowering of the water table, increased inputs and greater costs, reduced responses to
inputs, reduced productivity on irrigated land, loss of water for irrigation, diversion of
resources to reclamation, lower and less reliable food supplies and increased labour
requirements. The study concludes that anthropogenic factors are significantly
responsible for land degradation and this degradation has negatively affected
livelihood in the region. In order to mitigate this land degradation and its consequent
effects, the study recommended a need for the government to enforce effective
policies to control and prevent land degradation and these policies should be
predictable, credible and reliable. The study also recommended a significant
investment to be made by the government through promotion of land use systems that
provide permanent vegetative cover to protect the soil, increase fertility and optimize
water penetration. Soil conservation technologies that are known to work in severely
degraded lands should also be assessed and evaluated with a view to exploring the
possibility of transferring them in other areas with similar settings particularly in
Kasikeu Division. Long term training programmes on soil conservation among
farmers should also be implemented to enhance sustainable agricultural land


An investigation of clinical and laboratory variables which might form the basis for judging disease activity in clinical practice was made by six rheumatologists in a prospective study of up to three years' duration of 113 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Decisions to start treatment with slow acting antirheumatic drugs were equated with moments of high disease activity. If treatment with slow acting antirheumatic drugs was not started or if the slow acting antirheumatic drug remained unchanged for at least one year or if treatment was stopped because of disease remission, this was equated with periods of low disease activity. Two groups, one with high and one with low disease activity according to the above criteria, were formed. Factor analysis was performed to enable easy handling of the large number of clinical and laboratory variables without loss of information; this resulted in five factors. Next, discriminant analysis was done to determine to what extent each factor contributed to discrimination between the two groups of differing disease activity. Finally, a multiple regression analysis was carried out to determine which laboratory and clinical variables underlie the factors of the discriminant function, resulting in a 'disease activity score'. This score consisted of the following variables: Ritchie index, swollen joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and general health, in declining importance. The rheumatologists' decisions to prescribe slow acting antirheumatic drugs, or not, were mainly based on articular symptoms.


The 'Guidelines to Design a Customised Gender Equality Plan (GEP)' – (D3.3.) provide concrete guidance for the second stage of the TARGET project for the seven Gender Equality Innovating Institutions (GEIIs) participating in the project: three research performing organisations (including two universities - University of Belgrade, Serbia; UH2C, Morocco - and a public research performing organisation - ELIAMEP, Greece), three research funding organisations (ARACIS, Romania; FRRB, Italy; RPF, Cyprus) and a network of universities in the Mediterranean basin (RMEI). Based on the TARGET gender equality audit tool (GEAT) this general guidance document tries to help TARGET implementing institutions identify initial priorities of the GEP on the basis of the audits undertaken. Specifically it walks the GEIIs through how to use the results (of the audit) to design the GEP in a reflexive and participative way –thereby further embedding the GEP process within the institution. Although the focus is on the GEP, these guidelines are meant to be also useful for designing a consistent Gender Equality Strategy (GES) in the case of the network of universities.


BACKGROUND
Schools face increasing demands to provide education on healthy living and improve core academic performance. Although these appear to be competing concerns, they may interact beneficially. This article focuses on school garden programs and their effects on students' academic and dietary outcomes.

METHODS
Database searches in CABI, Web of Science, Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Education Full Text, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PsychINFO were conducted through May 2013 for peer-reviewed literature related to school-day garden interventions with measures of dietary and/or academic outcomes.

RESULTS
Among 12 identified garden studies with dietary measures, all showed increases/improvements in predictors of fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. Seven of these also included self-reported FV intake with 5 showing an increase and 2 showing no change. Four additional interventions that included a garden component measured academic outcomes; of these, 2 showed improvements in science achievement and 1 measured and showed improvements in math scores.

CONCLUSIONS
This small set of studies offers evidence that garden-based learning does not negatively impact academic performance or FV consumption and may favorably impact both. Additional studies with more robust experimental designs and outcome measures are necessary to understand the effects of experiential garden-based learning on children's academic and dietary outcomes.


Current data on hypertension in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are lacking. We conducted a national survey to inform decision-makers on the current magnitude of the epidemic. We measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 10,735 Saudis aged 15 years or older and interviewed them through a national multistage survey. We used multivariate logistic regressions to describe sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors of hypertensive, borderline hypertensive, and undiagnosed hypertensive Saudis. We found that 15.2% and 40.6% of Saudis were hypertensive or borderline hypertensive, respectively. Risk of hypertension increased among men, with age, obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. 57.8% of hypertensive Saudis were undiagnosed. These were more likely to be male, older, and diagnosed with diabetes. Among participants diagnosed with hypertension, 78.9% reported taking medication for their condition. About 45% of participants on medication for hypertension had their blood pressure controlled. The prevalence of hypertension and borderline hypertension is very high in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, control of hypertension is poor. With the majority of hypertensive Saudis being unaware of their condition, a national plan is needed to increase utilization of freely available screening, preventive, and medical services.


Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a complex and heterogeneous group of acute and chronic lung diseases of several known and unknown causes. While clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have been recently updated, CPG for ILD other than IPF are needed. Methods: A working group of multidisciplinary clinicians familiar with clinical management of ILD (pulmonologists, radiologist, pathologist, and rheumatologist) and three epidemiologists selected by the leaderships of Indian Chest Society and National College of Chest Physicians, India, posed questions to address the clinically relevant situation. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. A modified GRADE approach was used to grade the evidence. The working group discussed the evidence and reached a consensus of opinions for each question following face-to-face discussions. Results: Statements have been made for each specific question and the grade of evidence has been provided after performing a systematic review of literature. For most of the questions addressed, the available evidence was insufficient and of low to very low quality. The consensus of the opinions of the working group has been presented as statements for the questions and not as an evidence-based CPG for the management of ILD. Conclusion: This document provides the guidelines made by consensus of opinions among experts following discussion of systematic review of evidence pertaining to the specific questions for management of ILD other than IPF. It is hoped that this document will help the clinician understand the accumulated evidence and help better management of idiopathic and nonidiopathic interstitial pneumonias.


Accessing remote instrumentation worldwide is one of the goals of e-Science. The task of enabling the execution of complex experiments that involve the use of distributed scientific instruments must be supported by a number of different architectural domains, which inter-work in a coordinated fashion to provide the necessary functionality. These domains embrace the physical instruments, the communication network interconnecting the distributed systems, the service oriented abstractions and their middleware. The Grid paradigm (or, more generally, the Service Oriented Architecture -- SOA), viewed as a tool for the integration of distributed resources, plays a significant role, not only to manage computational aspects, but increasingly as an aggregator of measurement instrumentation and pervasive large-scale data acquisition platforms. In this context, the functionality of a SOA allows managing, maintaining and exploiting heterogeneous instrumentation and acquisition devices in a unified way, by providing standardized interfaces and common working environments to their users, but the peculiar aspects of dealing with real instruments of widely different categories may add new functional requirements to this scenario. On the other hand, the growing transport capacity of core and access networks allows data transfer at unprecedented speed, but new challenges arise from wireless access, wireless sensor networks, and the traversal of heterogeneous network domains. The book focuses on all aspects related to the effective exploitation of remote instrumentation and to the building complex virtual laboratories on top of real devices and infrastructures. These include SOA and related middleware, high-speed networking in support of Grid applications, wireless Grids for acquisition devices and sensor networks, Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning for real-time control, measurement instrumentation and methodology, as well as metrology issues in distributed systems.


Unimaginable until the twentieth century, the clinical practice of transferring eggs and sperm from body to body is now the basis of a bustling market. In "Sex Cells", Rene Almeling provides an inside look at how egg agencies and sperm banks do business. Although both men and women are usually drawn to donation for financial reasons, Almeling finds that clinics encourage sperm donors to think of the payments as remuneration for an easy 'job.' Women receive more money but are urged to regard egg donation in feminine terms, as the ultimate 'gift' from one woman to another. "Sex Cells" shows how the gendered framing of paid donation, as either a job or a gift, not only influences the structure of the market, but also profoundly affects the individuals whose genetic material is being purchased.


Female gender and low income are two markers for groups that have been historically disadvantaged within most societies. The study explores two research questions related to their political representation: (1) 'Are parties biased towards the ideological preferences of male and rich citizens?'; and (2) 'Does the proportionality of the electoral system moderate the degree of under-representation of women and poor citizens in the party system?' A multilevel analysis of survey data from 24 parliamentary democracies indicates that there is some bias against those with low income and, at a much smaller rate, women. This has systemic consequences for the quality of representation, as the preferences of the complementary groups differ. The proportionality of the electoral system influences the degree of under-representation: specifically, larger district magnitudes help in closing the considerable gap between rich and poor.


This paper is concerned with understanding the limits to the utility of the product based eco-services concept as a strategic response to environmental and economic pressures by small and medium sized firms from the electronics manufacturing sector. Whilst an increasing number of firms in this sector are undertaking service innovation an eco-service innovation trajectory exists in only partial and very weak form. This paper seeks to understand this phenomena by evaluating the utility of the eco-services concept from the adopters perspective. This process is supported by multiple sources of primary data collected from extensive fieldwork.

The theoretical approach draws on evolutionary perspectives of technological change and process views of inward technology transfer and assimilation literatures. From this many of the fundamental assumptions which are implicit to much of the eco-services literatures are revealed most importantly; trajectories of service innovation in manufacturing sectors provide opportunities for the development of new eco-service trajectories (along which new products are developed that satisfy demand at increased resource efficiencies); an eco-service technological trajectory can be deliberately developed; and that development can occur in a planned and prescribed 'rationalistic' manner.

Results from analysis challenge these assumptions and the utility of the eco-service concept within this context. Whilst service innovation trajectories are prevalent in the UK electronics manufacturing sector there exists considerable barriers to adoption and subsequent development of an eco-service technological trajectory. This paper reports these barriers and identifies policy levers to increase firms receptivity to the eco-services concept.


Despite the boom in science journalism in developing countries, little is known about the views of reporters in Sub-Saharan Africa on the future of science journalism. This commentary, based on a recent survey of 151 Ghanaian journalists, focuses on the journalists' wishes for the future of science journalism in Ghana and on ways that the power of the Web can be harnessed to help achieve those wishes. Many of the surveyed journalists indicated that the inadequate access to contact information for scientific researchers was a barrier to science reporting. Most journalists (80.8%) indicated that they would like to increase the amount of science journalism in Ghana in the next decade. Two specifically mentioned that information and communication technology can help increase the amount of science journalism in the next decade. We believe that use of the Web can increase the quantity and quality of science journalism in Ghana, both by facilitating information gathering and by serving as a medium of science communication. Education of journalists regarding use of the Web will be important in this regard.


In this dissertation, I describe a series of experiments using flux-tunable transmon qubits for quantum information processing. These qubits are designed with different levels of Josephson junction asymmetry. The first two chapters of this dissertation will introduce the reader to superconducting qubits and circuit quantum electrodynamics. I will present experiments using the cQED architecture to implement fast photon swapping between an asymmetric qubit and a superconducting resonator using fluxdriven sidebands. This is the first experimental observation of flux-driven sidebands in a superconducting system. This process also allows photon swaps between qubit and resonator to first order in the qubit-resonator coupling strength. I will detail an experiment to study and optimize an all-microwave two-qubit gate using the crossresonance effect. This work constitutes the first experimental study of the crossresonance effect vs. frequency and confirms effects from the higher energy levels of the transmon in the effective coupling during a cross-resonant drive. Lastly, I will outline a theoretical analysis and initial experiments to study the coherence properties of asymmetric transmons. Flux-tunable superconducting transmons for quantum information processing


Title of Document: A NON-INTRUSIVE METHOD FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN FLAMES PRODUCED BY MILLIGRAMSIZED SOLID SAMPLES Colleen Elizabeth Frances, Master of Science, 2014 Directed By: Dr. Stanislav Stoliarov, Assistant Professor, Department of Fire Protection Engineering Fires are responsible for the loss of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in property damage each year in the United States. Flame retardants can assist in the prevention of fires through mechanisms which either prevent or greatly inhibit flame spread and development. In this study samples of both brominated and nonbrominated polystyrene were tested in the Milligram-scale Flaming Calorimeter and images captured with two DSL-R cameras were analyzed to determine flame temperatures through use of a non-intrusive method. Based on the flame temperature measurement results, a better understanding of the gas phase mechanisms of flame retardants may result, as temperature is an important diagnostic in the study of fire and combustion. Measurements taken at 70% of the total flame height resulted in average maximum temperatures of about 1656 K for polystyrene and about 1614 K for brominated polystyrene, suggesting that the polymer flame retardant may reduce flame temperatures. A NON-INTRUSIVE METHOD FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN FLAMES PRODUCED BY MILLIGRAM-SIZED SOLID SAMPLES


BACKGROUND
Ambiguous genitalia are a major cause of parental anxiety and can create social problems if not properly managed. Diagnosis and management can however be challenging. The aim of this study is to highlight some of the challenges in management of ambiguous genitalia in our environment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
All cases of ambiguous genitalia managed at the Paediatric surgical unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching hospital, Ile Ife, Nigeria, between January 1993 and October 2007 were analysed for age, sex at presentation, investigation modality, and final sex of rearing and outcome of surgery.

RESULT
Nine patients had surgical reconstruction for ambiguous genitalia during the study period. Their age ranges from 5 weeks to 19 years at presentation. The causes of genital ambiguity in the patients was congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in 6, true hermaphroditism in 2 and male pseudo-hermaphroditism in 1. Seven patients were reconstructed as females while 2 were raised as males. Change of sex of raring was necessary in 2 patients.

CONCLUSION
The diagnosis and management of ambiguous genitalia is a challenging problem in our environment. Early presentation and treatment is necessary to avoid psychological and social embarrassment.


In August 2010, yellow mosaic and leaf deformation were observed on leaves of field planted ornamental pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. convar. microcarpina Grebenščikov) plants near Tasovice Village in the Znojmo District of the Czech Republic. These symptoms were typical of a virus infection. Nine leaf samples were collected and examined for the presence of commonly occurring cucurbit viruses by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. Eight samples were infected with Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), seven with Watermelon mosaic virus-2 (WMV-2), five with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and two with Squash mosaic virus (SqMV). Some aphid species were observed on inspected plants but we did not carried out a search for vectors. SqMV isolates, Tas-1 and Tas-5, were also infected with ZYMV and WMV-2. SqMV was separated from the other viruses by mechanical inoculation onto the resistant plant species Cucumis sativus L. 'Taichung Mou Gua-1', which is resistant to ZYMV and WMV-2 (3). The virus was transmitted back to C. pepo plants, and DAS-ELISA used for testing for multiple viruses proved the presence of SqMV alone. A C. pepo leaf sample was examined by electron microscopy to validate the presence of the virus. Isometric particles of approximately 30 nm in diameter, corresponding in size and shape to the described particles of SqMV (2), were observed. The presence of SqMV was verified by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using specific primers designed on the sequence for coat proteins of SqMV found in NCBI and EMBL databases (SqMV-F: TGTGTACAAGATTGGTGGAGATGC; SqMV-R: AGGCTTCTAAAGCGAACTGGG). The obtained amplicons of approximately 1,900 bp were sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JF922966), and by using nucleotide blast analysis (4), identified as a part of RNA-2 genome. Blast analysis showed that the Czech SqMV isolates, Tas-1 and Tas-5, were identical and similar to published SqMV sequences from the United States, Japan, and China. The highest similarity was found between the Czech isolates and one isolate from the United States (Accession No. M96148; E = 0, nucleotide sequence identity = 90%) and one from China (Accession No. AF059533; E = 0, nucleotide sequence identity = 90%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural occurrence of SqMV in the Czech Republic. SqMV can be transmitted via infected seeds by as much as 35% (1); therefore, protection against epidemics should be based on clean seed programs. References: (1) M. Alvarez et al. Phytopathology 68:257, 1978. (2) H. M. Mazzone et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 55:164, 1962. (3) T. Wai et al. J. Hered. 88:454, 1997. (4) Z. Zhang et al. J. Comput. Biol. 7:203, 2000.


Developing global markets offer companies new opportunities to manufacture and sell information technology (IT) products in ways unforeseen by current laws and regulations. This innovation leads to changing requirements due to changes in product features, laws, or the locality where the product is sold or manufactured. To help developers rationalize these changes, we introduce a preliminary framework and method that can be used by requirements engineers and their legal teams to identify relevant legal requirements and trace changes in requirements coverage. The framework includes a method to translate IT regulations into a legal requirements coverage model used to make coverage assertions about existing or planned IT systems. We evaluated the framework in a case study using three IT laws: California's Confidentiality of Medical Records Act, the U.S. Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and amendments from the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, and the India 2011 Information Technology Rules. Further, we demonstrate the framework using three scenarios: new product features are proposed; product-related services are outsourced abroad; and regulations change to address changes in the market.


Video analysis often begins with background subtraction. This problem is often approached in two steps-a background model followed by a regularisation scheme. A model of the background allows it to be distinguished on a per-pixel basis from the foreground, whilst the regularisation combines information from adjacent pixels. We present a new method based on Dirichlet process Gaussian mixture models, which are used to estimate per-pixel background distributions. It is followed by probabilistic regularisation. Using a non-parametric Bayesian method allows per-pixel mode counts to be automatically inferred, avoiding over-/under- fitting. We also develop novel model learning algorithms for continuous update of the model in a principled fashion as the scene changes. These key advantages enable us to outperform the state-of-the-art alternatives on four benchmarks.


Thriving as a business person in the crafts industry
By Rebecca Skeels, Subject Leader for Postgraduate School of Craft and Design

Growing a business does not always mean making it bigger or becoming famous. It can mean changing to enable your business to continue to do what is wanted or desired. Each person is unique, which makes every business plan and structure unique. Each individual needs to find their own way of working and developing to ensure that their business grows. This is how you make your business thrive.
The environment is always changing; customers' tastes and ideals vary, the economic climate adjusts, the market goes up and down and how we feel about our own work can change. It's crucial to remember that something that was successful in the past may not be the answer to great success in the future. A business needs to be able to grow throughout with these changes in order to survive.
Artists and their businesses need to continue to grow and develop constantly – sometimes in small gradual steps, at other times in bolder, courageous leaps. Here are some thoughts on how you can ensure to thrive as a business person in the crafts industry.

Produce a business plan
Business plans are important for showing potential stakeholders that you're serious about your work and you know what your intentions are, whether it's securing a funding opportunity, opening a bank account or getting new premises. A business plan is also really valuable for you as an artist, as it helps to get everything down on paper to enable an idea to be put into some sort of structure.
Do not worry; the plan is not set in stone – it may even need to be flexible for some stakeholders. Flexibility within your business plan also allows for you to make changes and alterations as further you learn and develop as an artist.
A business plan can be rewritten if ideals change, and do not be put off creating a plan simply because you know it will change! It is never a waste of time. Consider what you really want to do, what you enjoy and how you can have fun!

Create a time plan

By planning your time and mapping out key dates throughout the year, you will ensure that you are getting the most out of every opportunity for your business. Construct a timetable for the year to include deadlines – whether it is external deadlines for things like award entries or applying to be part of a competition, or personal deadlines to ensure that you are on track with your own market research, marketing, and design work.

Running the business whilst also focusing on these different aspects is hard, so creating and keeping to the plan will help you to stay on target. Remember to line up jobs, commissions and commitments rather than taking them all on at the same time, however enthusiastic you are. Equally, do not just take one at a time - think ahead.

Consider your working environment
It is essential that your environment helps you develop and work efficiently. Create a workspace that will encourage creativity, help you to avoid distractions and enable you to focus on any projects and commissions that you have.
Consider where your workspace is located: is it easy to travel to, can you interact with likeminded people, and are their other opportunities available in the surrounding areas? Do you need to have an environment suitable for customers to visit or for collaboration work to take place?
To allow space for development, reflection or repositioning yourself as a practitioner, you may consider artist residency positions. At UCA, we have artists in residence that have the freedom to work on their own projects, whilst they help to provide support for the students. These opportunities give you the chance to explore skills in areas such as teaching, curating, and working with others, whilst developing your own work in workshops with a broad range of facilities and equipment.

Expand your knowledge
Writing your business plan may highlight key skillsets that you need or would like to develop for your business. Though it is not a decision to take lightly, one of the best ways to do this is to study for a qualification. Pick the course that suits you best – depending on your prior study, a foundation diploma or access course may be most appropriate, or perhaps an undergraduate or postgraduate degree or even PhD research is for you. A specialist creative arts university like UCA gives students the chance to collaborate and learn from others, whatever level they are studying at, and they are immersed in a creative atmosphere.
As well as developing your thinking, reflection and making skills, these courses include elements that will help your businesses to become more sustainable and expand your understanding of costing, photography, publicity, promotion and marketing.
After you have graduated, keep in touch with universities for short courses and training, work with local galleries that run courses for makers and artists and contact associations and guilds that run training and events in specific skills and processes.
Consider subscribing to a selection of magazines, newsletters and groups, as this will allow you to see articles about other practitioners, news within the industry and the opportunities available to you such as training, competitions, commissions, exhibitions and events.

Make time for you
Ensure time is allocated for you. Make sure breaks are taken, holidays are included and any time for reflecting, development and thinking is accounted for. If a business will only survive when an individual is constantly working all hours, without time to get a good night's sleep or to develop as an artist, then it is not sustainable and it sounds like it is time to plan and organise. Health and fitness are important too, so that you are ready and well for the next job, and the one after that. Allow time for family and friends; they are your support network, sometimes giving help or assistance and at other times, providing a healthy reality check or a distraction.

Good luck with your new ventures and the growing of your businesses. Enable yourselves to survive and enjoy life with a career that you love doing.


There are ~6 billion nucleotides in every cell of the human body, and there are ~25-100 trillion cells in each human body. Given somatic mosaicism, epigenetic changes and environmental differences, no two human beings are the same, particularly as there are only ~7 billion people on the planet. One of the next great challenges for studying human genetics will be to acknowledge and embrace complexity. Every human is unique, and the study of human disease phenotypes (and phenotypes in general) will be greatly enriched by moving from a deterministic to a more stochastic/probabilistic model. The dichotomous distinction between 'simple' and 'complex' diseases is completely artificial, and we argue instead for a model that considers a spectrum of diseases that are variably manifesting in each person. The rapid adoption of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and the Internet-mediated networking of people promise to yield more insight into this century-old debate. Comprehensive ancestry tracking and detailed family history data, when combined with WGS or at least cascade-carrier screening, might eventually facilitate a degree of genetic prediction for some diseases in the context of their familial and ancestral etiologies. However, it is important to remain humble, as our current state of knowledge is not yet sufficient, and in principle, any number of nucleotides in the genome, if mutated or modified in a certain way and at a certain time and place, might influence some phenotype during embryogenesis or postnatal life.


Linear drug toxicity models like therapeutic index (TI), physicochemical rules (rule of five, 3/75), ligand efficiency indices (LEI), ideal pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles are widely used in drug discovery and development. In spite of this, predicting drug toxicity at various stages remains challenging and the overall productivity (<20%) and ultimate benefit to the patients remain low. A simple drug toxicity model, "Drug Toxicity Index" (DTI), is developed here using 711 oral drugs. DTI redefines drug toxicity as scaled biphasic and exponential functions of PD, PK and physicochemical parameters. PD, PK and physicochemical toxicity contributions were estimated from the on and off target IC50, maximum unbound plasma drug concentration (free C max), and log D values, respectively. These contributions are then scaled by molar dose and oral bioavailability and the logarithm of the sum of scaled contributions is DTI. Drugs with DTI above the WHO ATC drug category specific average values consistently have toxic profiles, while drugs with DTI below this average are relatively safe. DTI performs better than standard rules for lead optimization, LEI and exposure based TIs in identifying safe and toxic drugs. DTI classifies 392 drugs reported in the US-FDA's Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base (LTKB) with an AUC for ROC curves of 0.91-0.64 for different WHO ATC categories. DTI has been used to predict network meta-analysis results on relative toxicity within/across eight different therapeutic areas. It is useful in understanding PD, PK and physicochemical toxicity contributions and identifying potentially toxic drugs and the toxicity of recently approved drugs. Decision trees are proposed for applying the DTI concept in preclinical drug discovery and clinical trial settings. DTI can potentially reduce failure in drug discovery and might be useful in therapeutic drug monitoring and in xenobiotic and environmental toxicity studies.


Here we describe an ultra-low-cost origami-based approach for large-scale manufacturing of microscopes, specifically demonstrating brightfield, darkfield, and fluorescence microscopes. Merging principles of optical design with origami enables high-volume fabrication of microscopes from 2D media. Flexure mechanisms created via folding enable a flat compact design. Structural loops in folded paper provide kinematic constraints as a means for passive self-alignment. This light, rugged instrument can survive harsh field conditions while providing a diversity of imaging capabilities, thus serving wide-ranging applications for cost-effective, portable microscopes in science and education.


We investigated spatial and temporal changes in accumulation rate and source of organic carbon on a gradient along the Lysefjord and the more coastal Høgsfjord, Western Norway. This was achieved through analysis of total organic carbon and nitrogen content of sediment cores, which were radiometrically dated to the early 19th and 20th centuries for the Høgsfjord and Lysefjord, respectively. Benthic foraminifera (protists) were utilized to determine changes in organic carbon supply and Ecological Quality Status (EcoQS) by their accumulation rate (benthic foraminiferal accumulation rate (BFAR)), assemblage composition, species diversity, individual species responses and the composition of stable carbon isotopes of the tests (shells) of Cassidulina laevigata, Hyalinea balthica and Melonis barleeanus. Organic carbon accumulation rates were greatest closest to the river Lyse at the head of the Lysefjord (83–171 g C m−2 yr−1). The organic carbon at the head of the fjord is mainly terrestrial in origin, and this terrestrial influence becomes progressively less seaward. The δ13C in H. balthica tests as well as the benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition also showed a clear fjord to coast gradient. Organic carbon accumulation rates were lower and less variable at the seaward study sites (13–61 g C m−2 yr−1). We observe no temporal trend in organic carbon, carbon isotopes, EcoQS or foraminiferal assemblage composition in the Lysefjord. In contrast, in the Høgsfjord, there seems to have been an increase in organic carbon accumulation rates during the 1940s. Subsequent accumulation rates are stable. The foraminiferal assemblages in the surface sediments reflect a recent transition from good/moderate to moderate/bad EcoQS.


Predator-prey and other nonlinear ecological interactions often lead to os- cillatory dynamics in temporal systems and in spatial systems when the rates of movement are large, so that individuals are effectively well mixed and space becomes unimportant. When individuals are not well mixed, however, properties of fluctuations in population densities, and in particular their amplitudes, are known to vary with the spatial scale at which the system is observed. We investigate the relationship among dynamics at different spatial scales with an individual-based predator-prey model that is stochastic and nonlinear. Results elucidate the role of spatial pattern and individual variability in the dynamics of densities. We show that spatial patterns in this system reduce the per capita rates of predation and prey growth but preserve functional forms. The functional forms remain those one would expect in a well-mixed system in which individuals interact according to mean population densities, but with modified parameters. This similarity of the functional forms allows us to approximate accurately the long-term dynamics of the spatial system at large scales with a temporal predator-prey model with only two variables, a simple system of ordinary differential equations of the type ecologists have been using for a long time. This approximation provides an explanation for the stabilizing role of space, the decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations from the well-mixed to the limited-movement case. We also provide an explanation for the previously described aperiodic dynamics of densities at intermediate spatial scales. These irregular cycles result from the interplay of demographic noise with decaying oscillations, where the decay of the cycles is due to the spatial patterns. It is indeed possible to capture essential properties of these cycles, including their apparent sensitivity to initial conditions, with a model that follows individuals but parameterizes their spatial interactions in a simple way, using again the similarity of func- tional forms and the modified parameters. Thus, demographic noise appears essential at a spatial scale previously chosen for the high degree of determinism in the dynamics. Our results illustrate a semi-empirical approach to simplify and to scale spatial ecological systems that are oscillatory from individual or local-scale to large-scale dynamics.


This paper describes a low complexity controller framework for automatic landing and take-off for general aviation aircraft without using any ground based facilities. In addition an efficient on-board path planning algorithm that enables worldwide full automatic mission execution is presented. The lean implementation of the control laws allows to guide the aircraft in all configurations and within the whole flight envelope with a minimal amount of control modes to facilitate future certification. An entire flight including the take-off, a cruise section, a holding pattern, the approach with configuration changes and the landing sequence is demonstrated on a Diamond DA42.


A key precursor of twentieth-century financial crises in emerging and advanced economies alike was the rapid buildup of leverage. Those emerging economies that avoided leverage booms during the 2000s also were most likely to avoid the worst effects of the twenty-first century's first global crisis. A discrete-choice panel analysis using 1973-2010 data suggests that domestic credit expansion and real currency appreciation have been the most robust and significant predictors of financial crises, regardless of whether a country is emerging or advanced. For emerging economies, however, higher foreign exchange reserves predict a sharply reduced probability of a subsequent crisis.


The purpose of this research was to gain an understanding of group dynamics and process within single-session music therapy groups open to both adolescents and mental health staff. The study investigated factors that influenced group dynamics; how existing understandings of group process were evidenced within the sessions and how the groups could best be facilitated. A qualitative, exploratory method was used. Secondary analysis of clinical data from seven group music therapy sessions was carried out. A process of thematic analysis was applied to the narrative data and recordings of group improvisations were analysed using an adapted version of the Music Therapy Group Improvisation Analysis Model (MTGI-AM). It was found that developmental group process was evident within single sessions of music therapy. For example, a process of moving from disconnection, to establishing common ground, developing musical cohesion, then taking risks and negotiating closure, was audible within group improvisations. Group dynamics were affected by the physical environment and wider institutional contexts; by the leadership styles and structures implemented; the contributions of group members; the quality of existing and emerging connections between individuals; and aspects of the individuals themselves. The structure of music provided stability, mediated energy levels and presented opportunities for individuals to develop leadership and autonomy. Groups became more autonomous and took more risks as musical and interpersonal cohesion was established.


Abstract. The flux of reduced substances, such as methane and ammonium, from the sediment to the bottom water (Fred) is one of the major factors contributing to the consumption of oxygen in the hypolimnia of lakes and thus crucial for lake oxygen management. This study presents fluxes based on sediment porewater measurements from different water depths of five deep lakes of differing trophic states. In meso- to eutrophic lakes Fred was directly proportional to the total organic carbon mass accumulation rate (TOC-MAR) of the sediments. TOC-MAR and thus Fred in eutrophic lakes decreased systematically with increasing mean hypolimnion depth (zH), suggesting that high oxygen concentrations in the deep waters of lakes were essential for the extent of organic matter mineralization leaving a smaller fraction for anaerobic degradation and thus formation of reduced compounds. Consequently, Fred was low in the 310 m deep meso-eutrophic Lake Geneva, with high O2 concentrations in the hypolimnion. By contrast, seasonal anoxic conditions enhanced Fred in the deep basin of oligotrophic Lake Aegeri. As TOC-MAR and zH are based on more readily available data, these relationships allow estimating the areal O2 consumption rate by reduced compounds from the sediments where no direct flux measurements are available.


An attractive approach to managing electricity demand in the Smart Grid relies on real-time pricing (RTP) tariffs, where customers are incentivized to quickly adapt to changes in the cost of supply. However, choosing amongst competitive RTP tariffs is difficult when tariff prices change rapidly. The problem is further complicated when we assume that the price changes for a tariff are published in real-time only to those customers who are currently subscribed to that tariff, thus making the prices partially observable. We present models and learning algorithms for autonomous agents that can address the tariff selection problem on behalf of customers. We introduce 'Negotiated Learning', a general algorithm that enables a self-interested sequential decision-making agent to periodically select amongst a variable set of 'entities' (e.g., tariffs) by negotiating with other agents in the environment to gather information about dynamic partially observable entity 'features' (e.g., tariff prices) that affect the entity selection decision. We also contribute a formulation of the tariff selection problem as a 'Negotiable Entity Selection Process', a novel representation. We support our contributions with intuitive justification and simulation experiments based on real data on an open Smart Grid simulation platform.


In-memory key-value stores (KVSs) provide different forms of resilience through basic r-way replication and complex erasure codes such as Reed-Solomon. Each storage scheme exhibits different tradeoffs in terms of reliability and resources used (memory, network load, latency, storage required, etc.). Unfortunately, most KVSs support only a single such storage scheme, forcing designers to employ different KVSs for different applications. To address this problem, we have designed a strongly consistent in-memory KVS, Ring, that empowers its users to set the level of resilience on a KV pair basis while still maintaining overall consistency and without compromising efficiency. At the heart of Ring lies a novel encoding scheme, Stretched Reed-Solomon coding, that combines hash key distributions of heterogeneous replication and erasure coding schemes. Ring utilizes RDMA to ensure low latencies and offload communication tasks. Its latency, bandwidth, and throughput are comparable to state-of-the-art systems that do not support changing resilience and, thus, have much higher memory overheads. We show use cases that demonstrate significant memory savings and discuss trade-offs between reliability, performance, and cost. Our work demonstrates how future applications that consciously manage resilience of KV pairs can reduce the overall operational cost and significantly improve the performance of KVS deployments.


Here is the first book to focus solely on Cisco network hacking, security auditing, and defense issues. Using the proven Hacking Exposed methodology, this book shows you how to locate and patch system vulnerabilities by looking at your Cisco network through the eyes of a hacker. The book covers device-specific and network-centered attacks and defenses and offers real-world case studies.


The crossreactivity of antibodies against a renal autoimmune epitope of Streptococcus pyogenes M protein with glomerular mesangial cells was investigated. The antibodies directed against the amino acid sequence Ile-Arg-Leu-Arg of the nephritogenic type 1 M protein reacted in a fibrillar pattern with mesangial cells cultured from isolated glomeruli. In Western blots of urea-extracted mesangial proteins, the antibodies reacted with a 56-kD protein. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies identified the 56-kD mesangial protein as vimentin. Two synthetic peptides of human vimentin containing the sequence Arg-Leu- Arg reacted with the autoimmune antibodies raised against a streptococcal M protein peptide. These results provide evidence that the intermediate filament protein vimentin shares autoimmune epitopes with streptococcal M protein.


Introduction Epilepsy, which requires complex care, can be further complicated by comorbid mental illness. Evidence indicates deficiencies exist in the care received for both epilepsy-related care and for mental health care in people with epilepsy. Evidence indicates there are deficiencies in both these areas for people with epilepsy. Our objective was to evaluate treatment gaps in epilepsy and mental health care among California adults with epilepsy and to compare the mental health services and treatment received by people with epilepsy to that of the general population. Methods We conducted multivariate analyses of data from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey (N = 43,020), which included data from 604 adult participants who said they had been told they had epilepsy, to examine comparisons of interest. Results Twenty-seven percent of California adults with epilepsy who had had at least 1 seizure in the past 3 months had not seen a neurologist or epilepsy specialist in the past year. Of respondents with psychological distress and epilepsy, 84% perceived a need for mental health care in the past year, but only 57% had seen a mental health provider during that time. Of respondents without epilepsy but with psychological distress, 77% perceived a need for mental health care in the past year, but only 32% had seen a mental health provider during that time. Conclusion California adults with epilepsy appear to have substantial unmet needs in both epilepsy care and mental health care. Adults with epilepsy and psychological distress appeared to have received more mental health treatment than psychologically distressed adults without epilepsy. Efforts should be made to improve access to quality epilepsy care that includes assessment and treatment of mental health disorders.


General and accurate computational methodologies are currently lacking for large chemical systems. This is primarily due to the computational expense required to perform calculations on systems with one hundred or more atoms. Calculated spectroscopic properties could aid in the process of elucidating structural features of large biologically relevant molecules if accurate and inexpensive methods are developed. Towards this end the first steps were taken to design a general methodology for predicting NMR chemical shifts of large nucleic acid systems. It was found that HF and semi-empirical methods were not sufficient for optimization of nucleobases, and therefore larger nucleotide or nucleic acid systems. It was also found that there is little difference in performance between DFT methods for prediction of NMR shifts of nucleobases as long as hydrogen bonding requirements are satisfied. To potentially reduce the computational expense of calculating Raman activities, a new and potentially inexpensive numerical method was developed. This method utilizes volume changes as a basis for approximating polarizability changes over the course of molecular vibrations. Raman intensities calculated using this methodology were compared to experimentally obtained Raman intensities by linear regression. While a positive correlation was found further refinement is needed.


Community building is an important concept for all healthcare providers to understand in order to implement effective health promotion and empower members of a community. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that community building involves action at three levels to improve health. These actions include the advancement of skills among practitioners, expansion of support and infrastructure for health promotion, and the development of cohesiveness and partnerships within communities. If implemented effectively, the benefits of community building include enhancing quality of life, promoting health and well being, empowering individuals, and creating sustainable health care organizations that conduct and maintain successful health promotion programs (Simmons, Reynolds, & Swinburn, 2011). For this project practices to promote community building will be utilized through a recovery oriented systems model of care (ROSC) for elderly smokers in need of tobacco cessation services in Pawtucket, RI. A ROSC model promotes community building through the use of community based services in populations that have issues with substance use. This model was developed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to build on the strengths and resiliencies of individuals and communities in order to achieve abstinence and improve health and quality of life for those at risk of substance use issues (SAMHSA Partners for Recovery, 2010). This system provides resources along the full continuum of care beginning at prevention and following through early intervention, treatment and recovery (SAMHSA Partners for Recovery, 2010). By supporting individuals throughout the entire recovery process healthcare providers can better monitor the effectiveness of interventions, build on patient strengths, and increase the chance of successful recovery. This model will be utilized in this project through community outreach at an elderly housing facility in Pawtucket. At this facility tobacco cessation services for elderly smokers will be established through coordination with the Rhode Island Department of Health (RIDOH). RIDOH provides tobacco counselors and affordable nicotine replacement therapies to aide in the prevention and treatment of smoking. Follow up during the recovery process will also be offered through the use of a telephone recovery support service sponsored by Anchor Recovery Community Center in Pawtucket. Current literature has documented that interventions with the highest success rates for tobacco cessation in the elderly population are those that provide combined medications and counseling programs with intra-treatment social support and extensive long term follow up (Zbikowski, Magnusson, Pockey, Tindle, & Weaver, 2012). For this project elderly smokers will be provided with nicotine replacement therapy and counseling in coordination with RIDOH, and extensive follow up through the telephone recovery support system that allows for peer participation and social support. By encouraging elderly smokers to interact with peers and actively participate in their own recovery process their chances of successful tobacco cessation can be significantly increased. Through the implementation of a ROSC model of care and the promotion of community building, this project will aide in the successful recovery process and health promotion of an elderly smoking population in need of tobacco cessation services in Pawtucket, RI.


Hundreds of large organizations worldwide have used the groundbreaking Service Profit Chain to improve business performance. Now The Ownership Quotient reveals the next generation of the chain: customer and employee "owners" of your business. Employee-owners exhibit such enthusiasm for their organization that they infect countless customers with similar satisfaction, loyalty, and dedication. Customer-owners are in turn so satisfied with their experience that they relate their stories to others, persuade them to try your product, and provide constructive criticism and new product ideas. As a new generation of managers has been changing the way that products and services are designed and delivered, authors Heskett, Sasser, and Wheeler have followed the evolution of this new ownership model. Case studies from companies as diverse as Harrah's Entertainment, ING Direct, Build-a-Bear Workshop, and Wegmans Food Markets bring home the central principle of engagement - and showcase ways to raise the ownership quotient among both your employees and your customers. With the authors' decades of consulting and research paving the way, you'll learn to identify your customer-owners; consistently exceed their expectations in ways they truly appreciate; and foster, measure, and grow the Ownership Quotient throughout your company. An organization that learns how to cultivate an ownership attitude creates a self-reinforcing relationship between customers and front-line employees. The lifetime value of a customer-owner can be equivalent to that of more than a hundred typical customers. And that makes the lifetime value of an employee who can promote customer ownership priceless. This powerful and practical book shows you how to add that value to your company and delight your employees, customers, and investors. Is your organization ready to make the transition to an ownership state of mind?


Background: Stroke survivors consistently report long term unmet needs. Unlike other chronic conditions stroke self-management programmes have been slow to emerge. Bridges self-management is a one-to one approach used by some UK NHS stroke services and aims to increase self-efficacy and confidence to manage long term needs post stroke. However, a one-to-one delivery does not facilitate peer support, which stroke survivors report as being valuable to the self-management process. In order to evaluate the potential for a one-one programme such as Bridges to be delivered in a group setting important parameters need to be explored, such as, acceptability, fidelity and outcome measure effect sizes. The MRC calls this type of research 'feasibility', and labels it an essential part of complex intervention development. The aim of this thesis was to explore the feasibility of delivering a one-to-one stroke self-management intervention (Bridges) in a group setting. Method: Feasibility was explored across three phases: (1) the development phase included patient involvement activities, stroke survivor interviews, and a systematic review to inform the design of a four-week self-management intervention, (2) the implementation phase monitored intervention delivery, 60 stroke survivors were randomised to the intervention or waitlist condition, (3) the evaluation phase used a mixed methods approach to explore acceptability and potential mechanisms of change as well as the effect of the intervention on mood, self-efficacy, quality of life and activities of daily living. Results: Overall it was feasible to adapt Bridges for group delivery. The intervention had high fidelity to the protocol. Recruitment occurred at a mean rate of 6.6 per month with a 21.667% drop out rate. The intervention was found to be acceptable to stroke survivors and carers. Potential mechanisms of change included vicarious learning and supported goal setting. At six-months post-baseline, outcomes had improved in favour of the intervention group. A number of recommendations were made to further develop the intervention, and for subsequent research on this topic. Conclusion: The thesis concludes that delivering a group self-management intervention for stroke may offer some benefits to stroke survivors and suggests research progress to a definitive trial.


With the release of Adobe Creative Suite CC, Dreamweaver again solidifies its role as the de facto tool of choice for anyone designing for the Web. Adobe Dreamweaver CC: Visual QuickStart Guide uses a combination of task-based instruction and strong visuals to teach beginning and intermediate users how to create, design, and publish powerful, innovative Web sites with Dreamweaver. Leading technology authors Tom Negrino and Dori Smith take you step-by-step through the new features in Adobe Dreamweaver CC, with completely revised sections on critical tools like styling pages with CSS, managing styles, and inserting tables. You'll also learn to take advantage of Dreamweaver's ability to simultaneously design sites for a variety of screen sizes, including desktops, tablets, and mobile phones. If you're new to Dreamweaver and web design, you'll learn to create your first Web site, add text, style and lay out page content, manage styles, work with links, incorporate images, media, tables, forms, design site navigation, and so much more. If you're an experienced user, you'll find this a convenient reference to the new features of Dreamweaver CC. Includes eBookIn addition to concise, step-by-step explanations of core tools and tasks, with plenty of helpful screen shots to keep you on track as you work, Dreamweaver CC: Visual QuickStart Guide includes the eBook. You can download digital versions of this book to load on the mobile device of your choice so that you can continue learning whenever and wherever you are. We provide you with EPUB, PDF, and MOBI eBook formats to ensure that you get the experience that best suits your viewing needs.


Post-Cold War military conflicts have highlighted the need for a flexible, agile joint force responsive to emerging crises around the globe. The 2005 Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) acquisition policy document mandates a shift away from stove-piped threat-based acquisition to a capability-based model focused on the multiple ways and means of achieving an effect. This shift requires a greater emphasis on scenarios, tactics, and operational concepts during the conceptual phase of design and structured processes for technology evaluation to support this transition are lacking.
In this work, a methodology for quantitative technology evaluation for systems-of-systems is defined. Physics-based models of an aircraft system are exercised within a hierarchical, object-oriented constructive simulation to quantify technology potential in the context of a relevant scenario. A major technical challenge to this approach is the lack of resources to support real-time human-in-the-loop tactical decision making and technology analysis. An approach that uses intelligent agents to create a "Meta-General" capable of forecasting strategic and tactical decisions based on technology inputs is used. To demonstrate the synergy between new technologies and tactics, surrogate models are utilized to provide intelligence to individual agents within the framework and develop a set of tactics that appropriately exploit new technologies.
To address the long run-times associated with constructive military simulations, neural network surrogate models are implemented around the forecasting environment to enable rapid trade studies. Probabilistic techniques are used to quantify uncertainty and richly populate the design space with technology-infused alternatives. Since a large amount of data is produced in the analysis of systems-of-systems, dynamic, interactive visualization techniques are used to enable "what-if" games on assumptions, systems, technologies, tactics, and evolving threats.
The methodology developed in this dissertation is applied to a notional Long Range Strike air vehicle and system architecture in the context of quantitative technology evaluation for the United States Air Force.


The thermal mechanical cycling of high temperature components can result in creep-fatigue cycles in which the creep dwell has a wide variety of positions within the cycle. During in-phase cycling the creep dwell is placed at the maximum strain in the cycle. Out of phase cycling gives compressive dwells and phase cycling between 0° and 180° gives a cycle in which the dwell is placed before the maximum strain is reached, i.e., at an intermediate position within the cycle. Furthermore, components often experience cycles with a variety of different strain amplitudes, which can result in cycle sequencing effects. The effects of these different types of creep dwells have been investigated as part of the development programme for the R5 High Temperature Life Assessment Procedure. The materials included in the R5 programme were two low alloy ferritic steels; a cast 1CrMoV and a cast 1/2 CrMoV and three austenitic stainless steels; a type 316H steel, a cast type 304L, and a type 347 weld metal. The analysis of these tests has resulted in the proposal of a new method to calculate creep damage. This has been shown to give better predictions for the creep damage at failure in laboratory tests compared with both the current R5 ductility exhaustion approach and the time fraction approach, which is used in typical design codes such as ASME III and RCC-MR. In particular, the new method gives significantly improved predictions of creep damage at failure for creep-fatigue cycles with intermediate dwells and for cycles with low strain ranges, which are of particular relevance to the service cycles in real plant. This paper reviews the findings of the work on the new method, the effects of multiaxial states of stress and the effects of compressive dwells.


This study presents the results of the largest survey ever conducted in Europe and elsewhere about people's behaviours, attitudes and regulatory preferences concerning data protection, privacy and electronic identity, both on the Internet and otherwise in their daily lives. The report draws conclusions in direct relation to four key Digital Agenda areas: Authentication and Identification, e-Commerce, Social Networking Sites, and Medical Information as Personal Data. The survey was conducted in the 27 Member States of the EU between the 25 November and 17 December 2010. 26,574 Europeans aged 15 and over resident in each EU Member States were interviewed. The methodology used is that of the Standard Eurobarometer. The study finds that personal data disclosure is increasingly prevalent in the European society, largely due to the expansion of the Information Society. In turn, most services provided in the digital economy rest on the assumption that this data and associated electronic identities are collected used and disposed of according to existing legislation. The survey shows very clearly how Digital Europe is shaping up. About two thirds of EU27 citizens use the Internet frequently, more than one third uses Social Networking Sites (SNS) to keep in touch with friends and business partners and almost 4 out of 10 shop online. In both of these contexts, people disclose vast amounts of personal information, and also manage a large and growing number of electronic identities. However, there are equally significant differences among Member States and considerable digital exclusion, mainly due to socio-demographic differences in affluence, education and age. Europeans know that if they want to benefit from using the Internet to its full potential they have to disclose their data (biographical, social, financial or medical) and manage online identities. Almost three in four Europeans accept that revealing personal data, so as to benefit from online services, is part of everyday life. While nearly all disclose biographical data (i.e. name, nationality, online account identity) to access a service, users shopping online also disclose address information and financial information and users of social networking sites disclose more social information but not financial. There is significant use of business-issued rather than public-issued credentials for all Internet transactions, especially for eCommerce; in part, this depends on the fact that although many countries issue credentials these are seldom directly usable online for commercial purposes. This implies that: A transaction system based on the use of third-party credentials, rather than on direct disclosure of bank or credit related information, and in general other ways of pegging 'virtual identity' to real identity may enhance accountability and be useful to stimulate cross-border shopping. b) The offer of interoperable, easy to use national and cross-border systems with similar look and feel and more uniform protection of the rights of consumer and their personal data across the EU contribute to making it easier to transact cross-border. But online users are also very much aware of risks in transacting online and are naturally concerned. The perception of risk is greater for more 'mature/active' users but it does not seem to curb abuse and misuse – such as data loss and identity theft. Providentially, these are still uncommon in Europe. People trust institutions more than companies, especially medical institutions, to protect the data they are entrusted with; they are slightly less sanguine about whether Governments and Banks are to be trusted and concur as to the perception that private companies such as Internet service providers, e-shops and telephone companies are not to be trusted with their data.


An imbalance in the transport current among the strands of a Cable-in-Conduit conductors (CICC) can be associated with the change of their performance. In order to understand and improve the performance of CICC's, it is essential to study the current imbalance. This paper focuses on the study of the current imbalance in two short samples of the SeCRETS (Segregated Copper Ratio Experiment on Transient Stability) conductors subjected to a cyclic load in the SULTAN facility. The self field around the conductors was measured on four locations by 32 miniature Hall sensors for a reconstruction of the current distribution. The results of the self field measurements in the DC tests are presented and discussed.


Governments utilized mobile technologies and wireless infrastructure to facilitate the provision of governmental services. The success of such initiative depends on citizens' adoption, which is influenced by more than one factor. This research tested a model for predicting the intention to use SMS services provided by governments. The major proposed predictors are perceived usefulness, subjective norms, perceived ease of use, self-efficacy, as well as trust. A quantitative research was conducted, where 400 surveys were distributed to collect the research data. 386 of them were returned and analyzed. Results indicated that all proposed factors were significant predictors of the intention to use SMS services. Unfortunately, subjective norm failed to be a significant predictor of intentions. The last section includes research conclusions and future work.


Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) in the treatment of morbid obesity and to evaluate how the procedure affects body weight. Subjects: Fourteen morbidly obese subjects studied before and 30 months after BPD and fifteen healthy volunteers matched for age, sex and height (controls). Methods: Comparison of the following parameters were made in the study groups before surgery and 30 months after BPD and with those of the controls group: fat mass, fat-free mass, non-protein substrate oxidation, basal metabolic rate, plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid concentrations. Results: Obese subjects lost 60.38±10.71 kg of weight during 18 months following surgery and then remained stable for another 12 months, when this study was performed. Weight loss was substantially due to a loss of fat mass (FM: 60.13±13.01 kg before and 19.02±8.61 kg after BPD; p<0.001). FM were not statistically different between post-obese subjects and controls; however, post-obese patients retained significantly more fat free mass (FFM) than controls. Subsequently, basal metabolic rates of post-obese subjects were higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). Fasting non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) was significantly lower before BPD than 30 months after the surgery (0.798±0.04 vs. 0.90±0.048, p<0.001), suggesting that, while obese, patients oxidized more lipids than carbohydrates. Moreover, fasting and two-hour plasma glucose and insulin concentrations decreased significantly after BPD to values comparable to those of the control group. Conclusion: Weight loss in obese patients after BPD is mainly due to lipid malabsorption, but increased energy expenditure associated with retaining a high FFM in physically active post-obese subjects may also play a role, enabling them to maintain long-term reduced body weights.


Background Adenovirus (Ad) mediated overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the uterine arteries of pregnant sheep increases uterine blood flow1. We recently demonstrated significantly increased fetal growth velocity following Ad. VEGF gene therapy in growth-restricted sheep fetuses2. Herein the subsequent effect on postnatal growth, metabolism and body composition in the same cohort was investigated. Methods Growth rate was determined weekly from birth until weaning in 31 lambs born following maternal administration of Ad. VEGF (n=16) or control saline (n=15) mid-pregnancy. At 7 weeks of age, following a 3 h fast, lambs were blood-sampled at −20, −10, 0, +5, +10, +15, +20, +25, +30, +45, +60, +90 and +120 min relative to an intravenous glucose bolus (0.25 g/kg). Plasma was analysed for insulin, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). At 12 weeks, lambs underwent necropsy and complete dissection. Results Postnatal growth velocity was increased in Ad. VEGF-treated lambs compared to controls (397 g/day vs 363 g/day, p=0.023). There was no difference in fractional growth rate, which was inversely related to birthweight (r=–0.910, p=<0.001) irrespective of treatment. Following glucose challenge, insulin area under the curve (AUC) was increased (p=0.04) and NEFA AUC increased (p=0.038) in Ad. VEGF versus saline groups. At necropsy there were no significant differences in perirenal fat or major organ weights. Conclusion Prenatal gene therapy for ovine fetal growth restriction results in enhanced postnatal accretion of lean tissue and altered metabolic function. This may indicate altered fetal programming secondary to therapeutic manipulation of the intrauterine environment.


Recent evidence shows a worrying trend of declining popular support for the traditional liberal democracy across a range of Western societies. This decline is more pronounced for the younger cohorts of voters. The prevalent theories in political science link this phenomena to a rise in volatility of political and electoral outcomes either induced by the challenges from outside (e.g. Russia and China) or as the result of the aftermath of the recent crises. These views miss a major point: the key drivers for the younger generations' skepticism toward the liberal democratic values are domestic intergenerational political and socio-economic imbalances that engender the environment of deep (Knightian-like) uncertainty. This distinction – between volatility/risk framework and the deep uncertainty is non-trivial for two reasons: (1) policy and institutional responses to volatility/risk are inconsistent with those necessary to address rising deep uncertainty and may even exacerbate the negative fallout from the ongoing pressures on liberal democratic institutions; and (2) investors cannot rely on traditional risk management approaches to mitigate the effects of deep uncertainty. The risk/volatility framework view of the current political trends can result in amplification of the potential systemic shocks to the markets and to investors through both of these factors simultaneously. Despite touching on a much broader set of issues, this note concludes with a focus on investment strategy that can mitigate the rise of deep political uncertainty for investors.


When colleges and universities abruptly shifted to online teaching in March, 2020 all focus (appropriately) was on ensuring continuity of education for students. In adapting courses to the new online environment, professors were encouraged to take into account the incredible stress students were experiencing, their new living conditions and, in some cases, lack of access to technology and educational resources. Almost all U.S. law schools shifted to some form of pass/fail grading in recognition of the enormous upheaval to students' educational plans.

Less discussed during the Spring 2020 semester was how faculty members experienced and responded to the pandemic in their personal lives and as professional educators. This essay conveys the results of an informal, non-representative survey of law faculty conducted in May, 2020. The principal findings are that law professors themselves were under considerable stress during the pandemic, that they altered their modes of delivery and interaction with students, and that they would like students, colleagues, and school administrators to recognize the complex experiences of law faculty teaching during the pandemic.

The initial survey results here could serve as a basis for law school deans and others to develop school-specific surveys that might elicit more specific feedback about the experiences of faculty members at their schools. That feedback would enable law school leaders develop programs that support their faculty and students.


In this paper, we extrapolate findings of using the Genre and Ontology based Business Information Architecture Framework (GOBIAF) as a methodology to approach enterprise architecture (EA) development from business perspective. GOBIAF seems to contribute as the first business critical information driven framework for EA development, addressing the importance on integrating (information creation) context to (information) content. GOBIAF was developed for and applied in a knowledge intensive, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed environment in process industries. In the context, GOBIAF increased our knowledge of complex relationships between business, information, and technical domains. Further, GOBIAF provided needed structure for evaluating and developing difficult and heterogeneous issues in relation to organizational strategies.


Mutations that disrupt growth hormone production or sensitivity and thereby lead to decreased serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are associated with increased longevity in mice. Furthermore, decreased abundance of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) is associated with increased life span in female mice, and mutations that decrease the activity of components of the insulin/IGF-1 system are associated with increased longevity in invertebrates. The role of IGF-1 signaling in human longevity, however, is less clear. Indeed, growth hormone secretion and serum concentrations of IGF-1 decline with age, and administration of growth hormone (which increases circulating IGF-1) may reverse some physiological correlates of aging. Suh et al. found that the daughters of centenarians had 35% higher serum IGF-1 concentrations than age-matched women of similar ethnic background (Ashkenazi Jews) from families that were not so long-lived. Additionally, the average maximum height attained by the centenarians' daughters was 2.5 cm less than that of their control group. Sequence analysis revealed no variations in the IGF1 genes of 79 female centenarians who were shorter than the mean height but showed 20 IGF1R sequence variants. Two nonsynonymous heterozygous mutations of IGF1R coding regions were more common in centenarians than in controls and were associated with increased serum IGF1. Immortalized lymphocytes from three centenarians, each carrying a different IGF1R mutation, showed decreased IGF1R abundance compared with lymphocytes from centenarians without IGF1R mutations and decreased phosphorylation of Akt in response to IGF-1. Thus, the authors conclude that human IGF1R mutations that affect IGF signaling may be associated with a predisposition toward long life. Y. Suh, G. Atzmon, M.-O. Cho, D. Hwang, B. Liu, D. J. Leahy, N. Barzilai, P. Cohen, Functionally significant insulin-like growth factor I receptor mutations in centenarians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 3438-3442 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]