Race, Gender and Educational Desire reveals the emotional and social consequences of gendered difference and racial division as experienced by black and ethnicised women teachers and students in schools and universities. It explores the intersectionality of race and gender in education, taking the topic in new, challenging directions and asking: How does race and gender structure the experiences of black and ethnicised women in our places of learning and teaching?
Why, in the context of endemic race and gender inequality, is there a persistent expression of educational desire among black and ethnicised women?
Why is black and ethnicised female empowerment important in understanding the dynamics of wider social change?

Social commentators, academics, policy makers and political activists have debated the causes of endemic gender and race inequalities in education for several decades. This important and timely book demonstrates the alternative power of a black feminist framework in illuminating the interconnections between race and gender and processes of educational inequality. Heidi Safia Mirza, a leading scholar in the field, takes us on a personal and political journey through the debates on black British feminism, genetics and the new racism, citizenship and black female cultures of resistance. Mirza addresses some of the most controversial issues that shape the black and ethnic female experience in school and higher education, such as multiculturalism, Islamophobia, diversity, race equality and equal opportunities.

Race, Gender and Educational Desire makes a plea for hope and optimism, arguing that black women's educational desire for themselves and their children embodies a feminised prospectus for a successful multicultural future. This book will be of particular interest to students, academics and researchers in the field of education, sociology of education, multicultural education and social policy.


An adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight problems and was then shown two photographs, one of which depicted an action or an object (or both) that could constitute a solution to the problem. On seven of the eight problems, the animal consistently chose the correct photograph. This test problem-solving comprehension permits the animal's knowledge about problem-solving--its ability to infer the nature of problems and to recognize potential solutions to them--to be examined.


Since the founding of ASCE in 1852, remarkable changes have occurred in all areas of civil engineering practice, including surveying and mapping. Instruments employed in surveying and mapping in the United States have evolved from compass and chain, through a period of transits and tapes, into another era of optical-reading theodolites, electronic distance measuring equipment, aerial photogrammetry, and finally into the current stage of high-speed computers, the global positioning system, robotic total station instruments, digital photogrammetry, and satellite remote sensing systems. This paper includes three parts: (1) a discussion of the history of surveying and mapping; (2) a description of the current state of the art of surveying and mapping; and (3) some projections on how surveying and mapping may evolve in the future.


"Partial realism" is a common position in the contemporary philosophy of science literature. It states that the "essential" elements of empirically successful scientific
theories accurately represent corresponding features the world. This thesis makes several novel contributions related to this position. Firstly, it offers a new definition
of the concept of "empirical success", representing a principled merger between the use-novelty and unification accounts. Secondly, it provides a comparative critical analysis of various accounts of which elements are "essential" to the success of a theory, including structural realism and the divide et impera strategy. A novel account of essentialness, entitled the "empirically successful sub-theory "account", is defended. Thirdly, it is argued that the realism/anti-realism debate should put to the side metaphysical questions and focus instead on partial
realism's commitment to the continuity of science. Because this commitment lacks metaphysical implications, it is referred to as "deflationary realism". Anti-realists
cannot reject deflationary realism as a matter of a priori principle; its overall viability (and therefore that of partial realism) can therefore only be assessed by a careful
examination of the history of science. Finally, another consequence of partial realism, named "partial rationalism", is defended. Partial rationalism states that, in cases where several competing theories have been suggested, scientists are rational just in case they accept the essential elements of each of the scientific theories on offer. This novel position subverts the existing literature on scientific
"revolutions", as it sometimes demands that scientists devise a synthesis between competing scientific theories, instead of "choosing" only one. The philosophical points defended in this thesis are illustrated and supported by case studies from the history of science, including Fresnel's wave theory of light, the Copernican revolution, the "neo-Darwinian synthesis" in evolutionary biology, the "prion revolution" in molecular biology, the miasma theory of disease, and the chemical revolution.


OBJECTIVE: This article presents the results of the doctoral research developed by the author at the University of Lleida (Spain) in June 2006. The main goal was to investigate the professional competences of dietitians who work in the field of Sports Nutrition. METHODS: Fourteen experts in Sports Nutrition from 4 countries were investigated, Australia (n=1), Brazil (n=7), Spain (n=3) and the United States (n=3). The methodological tool applied was the Delphi Technique, consisting of three rounds of questionnaires. In the first round, the experts identified a number of Professional Competences, and on the following second and third rounds these competences were assessed and analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean, mode, median and standard deviation). RESULTS: A consensus was reached by the experts on 147 identified competences. The competences were classified into four macro categories of professional competences: Technical (38), Methodological (62), Participative (24) and Personal (23) competences. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the systemized study of the professional competences of the Sports Dietitian contributes to the establishment of the contents to be taught in Sports Nutrition classes that are now being incorporated in the curriculum of undergraduate nutrition courses.


We analyze the cross-national distribution of GDP per capita and its evolution from 1970 to 2003. We argue that peaks are not a suitable measure for distinct growth regimes, because the number of peaks is not invariant under strictly monotonic transformations of the data (e.g. original vs. log scale). Instead, we model the distribution as a finite mixture, and determine its number of components (and hence of distinct growth regimes) from the data by rigorous statistical testing. We find that the distribution appears to have only two components in 1970-1975, but consists of three components from 1976 onwards. The level of GDP per capita stagnated in the poorest component, and the richest component grew much faster than the medium component. These findings empirically confirm the predictions of the unified growth theory.


Caves represent one of few remaining isolated planetary habitats, in terms of human
impact and characterisation of microbial biodiversity. Caves are unique environments
characterised by little or no light, low levels of organic nutrients, high mineral
concentrations and a stable microclimate providing ecological niches for highly specialised
organisms. Caves are not uniform environments in terms of geological and geochemical
characteristics, as they can vary from one to the other, eg. rock type, method of formation,
length, depth, number of openings to the surface, presence or absence of active streamways,
degree of impact by human visitation etc. Furthermore, on a smaller scale, various
microhabitats, with vast differences in community structure can exist within caves. Culture
studies point to the dominance of actinomycetes in caves and reveals great taxonomic
diversity within actinomycetes isolated. However it is widely accepted that only - 1 % of
microbes are cultured in the laboratory. Culture-independent methods are being
increasingly used to describe the composition of microbial communities and reveal
significantly broader diversity than culture-based studies. Nevertheless, to date our
knowledge of bacterial communities in caves is largely due to culture studies. Based on the
literature available, this study was initially aimed at examining culturable vs. non-culturable
diversity of actinomycetes in Entrance and Loons Caves and to gain an increased
understanding of the composition of cave microbial communities employing classical
isolation and advanced molecular detection methods.
As the study progressed the focus evolved as it became apparent that actinomycetes
dominated only very specific habitats, the dry sediment in Entrance Cave, and represented
only a minor fraction of the microbial biodiversity of most other microhabitats studied.
Entrance Cave dry sediments and inactive (dry) speleothems produced a higher number of
actinomycete isolates compared to saturated sediments and wet formations from Entrance
and Loons Caves. This was reinforced by the actinomycetes being the second most abundant
group (26.8%) detected in clone analysis of the dry Entrance sediment and low abundances
(4-16%) detected in saturated sediments from both Entrance and Loons Caves. Sediment
phylotypes and isolates identified in this study closely resemble species associated with
oligotrophic, chemolithotrophic and heterotrophic lifestyles indicating that these
communities survive by utilising a combination of metabolic pathways. Bacteria involved in
the nitrogen and sulfur cycles were important members of all sediment communities along
with hydrogen-oxidising bacteria. Pair-wise comparisons of sediment communities
demonstrated that they were more similar to each other within individual cave systems,
Entrance and Loons, rather than between microhabitat types (dry vs. wet sediment) though
saturated sediment from Entrance Cave did show a higher degree of similarity in
community composition to Loons Cave samples than the dry sediment from Entrance Cave. Saturated sediments were dominated by oligotrophs able to fix atmospheric gases,
methanotrophs and had a high proportion of rare phylotypes most likely representing new lineages related to microbes detected in anaerobic, anoxic environments, but low
abundances of heterotrophic microbes.
Geornicrobiological activities are no longer underestimated since studies have
shown that bacterial metabolism may lead to mineral precipitation or dissolution. Questions
remain as to the identity of these microbes and whether they are actively involved in
speleothem formation, or simply buried during mineral precipitation. Results demonstrated
a marked difference between sediment communities and those associated with calcite
speleothem and calcite mat samples. Results of ESEM and XRD analysis demonstrated that
calcite speleothem samples ME3 and MXl are true calcite moonrnilk (mondmilch).
Phylogenetic analyses and isolation results demonstrated the unique composition of the
microbial communities associated with moonrnilk deposits, predominantly composed of
nitrogen-fixing ~-Proteobacteria and psychrotrophic heterotrophic CFBs and to a lesser
extent, heterotrophic actinomycetes. Despite XRD and ESEM analysis showing similar calcite
composition and crystal morphology, phylogenetic results indicated that sample ME2
represented a very different rnicrohabitat to moonmilk samples, dominated by oligotrophic
a.-Proteobacteria and heterotrophic actinomycetes composing 84.2% of the total diversity.
Phylogenetic analyses and biodiversity indices reveal the striking similarities between
moonmilk samples from both Entrance and Exit Caves and the uniqueness of the calcite mat
in Entrance Cave. The one similarity in composition between all three calcite communities
was the presence of members of the Pseudonocardineae in particular of the genus
Saccharothrix, in all calcite samples.
165 rRNA gene sequencing of cave isolates detected high levels of diversity and
novelty, particularly of moonrnilk isolates. A total of two putatively novel genera (within the
CFBs and Actinobacteria) and 18 putatively novel species (of genera: Paracoccus,
Actinoplanes I Couchioplanes, Micromonospora, Amycolatopsis, Saccharothrix, Bacillus,
Paenibacillus, Methylobacterium, Porphyrobacter, Sphingomonas, Alcaligenes, Stenotrophomonas,
Xanthomonas) were identified.
This study represents the first reported culture-independent analysis of moonrnilk
microbial communities globally and of cave sediment communities in the Southern
Hemisphere. Information gained from this study and the discovery of actively growing
microbial communities appearing to precipitate CaC03 provides focus for important future
studies and represents a unique opportunity to examine the nature and extent of complex
microbe-mineral interactions in the formation of speleothems and implications for cave management. The biodiversity described acts as a baseline for assessing environmental
impacts and to identify factors influencing microbial biodiversity.


Objective PubMed's provision of MEDLINE and other National Library of Medicine (NLM) resources has made it one of the most widely accessible biomedical resources globally. The growth of PubMed Central (PMC) and public access mandates have affected PubMed's composition. The authors tested recent claims that content in PMC is of low quality and affects PubMed's reliability, while exploring PubMed's role in the current scholarly communications landscape. Methods The percentage of MEDLINE-indexed records was assessed in PubMed and various subsets of records from PMC. Data were retrieved via the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) interface, and follow-up interviews with a PMC external reviewer and staff at NLM were conducted. Results Almost all PubMed content (91%) is indexed in MEDLINE; however, since the launch of PMC, the percentage of PubMed records indexed in MEDLINE has slowly decreased. This trend is the result of an increase in PMC content from journals that are not indexed in MEDLINE and not a result of author manuscripts submitted to PMC in compliance with public access policies. Author manuscripts in PMC continue to be published in MEDLINE-indexed journals at a high rate (85%). The interviewees clarified the difference between the sources, with MEDLINE serving as a highly selective index of journals in biomedical literature and PMC serving as an open archive of quality biomedical and life sciences literature and a repository of funded research. Conclusion The differing scopes of PMC and MEDLINE will likely continue to affect their overlap; however, quality control exists in the maintenance and facilitation of both resources, and funding from major grantors is a major component of quality assurance in PMC.


This paper explains why some Muslim clerics adopt the ideology of militant Jihad while others do not. I argue that clerics strategically adopt or reject Jihadi ideology because of career incentives generated by the structure of cleric educational networks. Well-connected clerics enjoy substantial success at pursuing comfortable careers within state-run religious institutions and they reject Jihadi ideology in exchange for continued material support from the state. Clerics with poor educational networks cannot rely on connections to advance through the state-run institutions, so many pursue careers outside of the system by appealing directly to lay audiences for support. These clerics are more likely to adopt Jihadi ideology because it helps them demonstrate to potential supporters that they have not been theologically coopted by political elites. I provide evidence of these dynamics by collecting and analyzing 29,430 fatwas, articles, and books written by 91 contemporary clerics. Using statistical natural language processing, I measure the extent to which each cleric adopts Jihadi ideology in their writing. I combine this with biographical and network information about each cleric to trace the process by which poorly-connected clerics become more likely to adopt Jihadi ideology.


Few agricultural marketing cooperatives have nationally prominent brand names. Instead, they tend to concentrate in commodity-oriented markets, which can be attributed to the cooperative principles—user-benefit, user-financed and user-control. However, these structural disadvantages can be overcome. Due to the user-benefit principle, cooperatives often have seasonal product availability and/or limited product lines; they also suffer from the horizon problem, lacking the structure to provide long-term returns to members who invest in brand building. The user-benefit principle can be converted into an advantage by using the cooperative identity as a marketing strategy, and the horizon problem can be remedied by implementing a delivery-rights system. Cooperatives'' limited access to capital is attributable to the user-financed principle. Joint ventures, legislative reforms to expand cooperatives'' sources of equity capital and preferred stock offerings can be used to overcome this constraint. The homogeneous nature of cooperative boards is attributable to the user-control principle; it gives rise to the principal-agent problem. Forming subsidiaries or joint ventures to market branded products can remedy this situation, with the boards composed of individuals with expertise in branded products.


Unconventional monetary policy (UMP) by the US Federal Reserve, Bank of England, Bank of Japan, and European Central Bank affects the geographical portfolio choice of international mutual fund managers. UMP prompts managers of mutual funds to rebalance their portfolios away from the country conducting UMP, and increase their geographical allocation to other developed markets; there is little evidence of rebalancing towards emerging markets. The international spillover effects from UMP announcement surprises are of small economic magnitude, in contrast to the effects of actual UMP operations in the form of large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs). The results imply that while not contributing to QE-induced capital flows to emerging markets, mutual fund managers play a role in the transmission of unconventional monetary policy, in particular LSAPs, across developed markets.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded noncoding small RNAs, frequently expressed as clusters. The co-expressed miRNA clusters are pivotal in coordinately regulating multiple processes, including embryonic development, cell cycles and cell differentiation. In the study, relative expression analysis of miRNA cluster was performed based on isomiRs from high throughput DNA sequencing data using SOLiD2122; system. Similar expression pattern of miRNA cluster was detected by analyzing the most abundant isomiR and multiple isomiRs, respectively. According to all the multiple isomiRs, miRNA* species always had fewer sequence counts and indicated different expression patterns with their miRNAs. Although co-transcribed from a single promoter as a single polycistronic transcript, miRNAs in gene cluster showed distinct levels. Inconsistent expression levels also could be detected after normalization of sequence counts despite degree of divergence was largely reduced. The difference of expression pattern might result from miRNA half-life because of degradation degree and rate. Inconsistent expression levels of members in miRNA cluster maybe contribute to complex biological processes in particular developmental contexts at specific times. The expression patterns according to the most abundant isomiR and all the multiple isomiRs are consistent, and relative expression analysis based on sequence counts and isomiRs from high throughput sequencing data provides a feasible method to analyze different miRNAs.


In this Essay, Professor Hamilton considers the recent use by Dallas police officers of a robot armed with plastic explosives to kill a suspected gunman on a shooting rampage. In the wake of Dallas, many legal experts in the news maintained that the police action was constitutional. The commentators' consensus was that as long as the police had the right to use lethal force, then the means of that force is irrelevant. This Essay argues the contrary. Under the current state of the constitutional law on the police use of force on a suspected felon, excessive lethal force is a valid consideration. The type and magnitude of lethal force may, under certain circumstances, be unconstitutional despite the suspect posing a high degree of risk to others.


This work has now been significantly revamped and expanded with a new editorial team to guarantee the broadest coverage on all aspects of insurance law and practice. The Encyclopedia provides an authoritative and relevant source of information for your day-to-day practice. The new UK Financial Services and Markets Act is likely to impact greatly on this area of law, as are proposals for supervision and liberalisation of the market. To keep the reader abreast of all new developments, this two-volume looseleaf work will be updated three times a year to incorporate any relevant changes in legislation. * Provides a complete update of the legislation in parallel with an expansion of critical commentary on key legislation * EU section has been expanded - a new overview section on European issues includes life and non-life matters, Directives, Communications, European case law and Commission interpretative guidance * New narrative sections on industry specific issues such as the concept of general good, the transfer of insurance business, insolvency, taxation and the regulation of intermediaries * Includes coverage of all the court decisions of key importance in the insurance industry * Includes sections on EU law, guidance notes, statements of insurance practice, the Insurance Ombudsman Bureau, and the Motor Insurers' Bureau


This research into the interaction of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) and Ignatian spirituality within the praxis of the Jesuit Conference Asia Pacific Social Apostolate Network (the Network) in relation to vulnerable migrants in or from Asia in the period 2008–2012 adopts a community engagement approach, partnering with the Network to generate emergent knowledge and transformative action. The research design consciously engages synergies between CST, Ignatian spirituality and a praxis approach to theology. The tools of grounded theory are used to analyse data gathered via semi-structured in-depth interviews with members of the Network. The data are then placed in dialogue with CST, Ignatian spirituality and contemporary theologies of migration. The subsequent theological reflection offered is informed by the theological framework of the pastoral spiral. CST and Ignatian spirituality are found to interact within the Network's approach to action; however, research participants understand Ignatian spirituality to be their "way of proceeding" and CST is often mediated by it. Sophisticated, holistic reflexivity and knowledge of CST appear to be required for Ignatian spirituality to inform the development of CST as a source of the Network's praxis. CST, however, may inform the development of members of the Network's Ignatian spirituality regardless of their focus of reflexivity or awareness of CST. The two sources interact in a mutual and generative way for most of those who display a holistic focus of reflexivity, whereas for those whose reflexivity is one- or two-dimensional, they are merely consistent or complementary. The theologising of the Network and its members is performative and not always explicitly articulated; however, their core practices embody and reveal theological insight. Reflecting on these core practices in dialogue with CST, Ignatian spirituality and recent theologies of migration, the research proposes a number of elements of a practical theology of reflexive praxis in relation to vulnerable migrants in and from Asia. More specifically, the research enters into dialogue with the theological works of Susanna Snyder, Joshua Ralston, and Erin Wilson on the engagement of faith-based organisations with refugees and migrants, with John Swinton on practical theodicity, with Agnes Brazal concerning the concept of the habitus, with Luke Bretherton regarding hospitality as holiness, with Gemma Cruz's theological exploration of the gendered experience of Asian women migrants, and with Michael Amaladoss concerning an option for the poor in Asia.1 It proposes that such a practical theology of reflexive praxis would be incarnational, starting from complex, plural and multidimensional experience. It would be holistic, considering motivations, thoughts, feelings, beliefs, values and practices, and would embrace the spiritual dimension of experience. It would also be dialogical, placing faith sources in conversation with experience and with one another, placing the experiences of different groups in conversation with one another, and exploring the interaction of different dimensions of experience. Finally, it would be transformative, seeking more faithful practice that transforms both realities and faith traditions. The research identifies ways in which the experience of the Network may contribute to the development of CST and Ignatian spirituality as sources of praxis, and some ways in which the praxis of the Network may be further developed. It sheds light on and raises questions for the social apostolate action of other faith-based organisations.


This case study describes what performance-based instruction looks like when committed teachers implement it in the classroom. The focus is elementary mathematics. A literature review revealed five aspects of performance-based classrooms: (1) epistemology; (2) curriculum orientation; (3) assessment paradigm; (4) instructional strategies; and (5) role expectations. These aspects were considered in the study, which took place in Kentucky where a mathematics portfolio had been mandated for state assessment purposes. A series of interviews with 10 teachers was supplemented by a year-long in-depth study of 2 of these teachers who were judged to have the -highest performance-,based instruction implementation. Data reveal some underlying characteristics of the performance-based classroom. It is a caring classroom characterized by connectionist learning theory and a thinking and doing curriculum and diverse opportunities to learn with ongoing assessment, feedback, and adjustment. On the basis of this study, a nascent conceptual framework may be constructed around the construct of performance-based instruction. (Contains 70 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Performance-Based Instruction: What Does it Look Like in the Elementary Mathematics Classroom?


This essential reference for students and scholars in the input-output research and applications community has been fully revised and updated to reflect important developments in the field. Expanded coverage includes construction and application of multiregional and interregional models, including international models and their application to global economic issues such as climate change and international trade; structural decomposition and path analysis; linkages and key sector identification and hypothetical extraction analysis; the connection of national income and product accounts to input-output accounts; supply and use tables for commodity-by-industry accounting and models; social accounting matrices; non-survey estimation techniques; and energy and environmental applications. Input-Output Analysis is an ideal introduction to the subject for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in many scholarly fields, including economics, regional science, regional economics, city, regional and urban planning, environmental planning, public policy analysis and public management.


Cells are generally polarized. How can a single cell, in the absence of external cues, generate a polarized distribution of its constituent parts? Wedlich-Soldner et al. address this question in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Overexpression of the protein Cdc42--a protein known to be involved in polarization of mammalian cells--enabled a cell to polarize spontaneously. It seems that random accumulations of the protein get locked into a process of continued accumulation that arises from a positive feedback in protein localization involving actin-based targeted secretion. This process leads to the formation of a cap of the protein at the cell surface that can then go on to promote the polarization of the cell. R. Wedlich-Soldner, S. Altschuler, L. Wu, R. Li, Spontaneous cell polarization through actomyosin-based delivery of the Cdc42 GTPase. Science 299, 1231-1235 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This chapter studies the argument structure and the semantic conflation processes which are implicated in the formation of deadjectival verbs. After revising the different kinds of semantic incorporation shown by Spanish deadjectival verbs, it follows that all of them reflect the same type of conflation; i.e. attributive conflation. In spite of their diversity - specifically those cases which show blurred limits between patterns, and those in which it is possible to isolate different patterns depending on the meaning and context -, it can be said that all of them attribute a property, quality or state to a base. In fact, the difference between them lies in the peculiarities of the base in question and, thus, in the way in which the process is developed. Keywords: deadjectival verbs; argument structure; attributive relationship; conflation


The C-4 hydroxylation of sphinganine and dihydroceramide is a rate-limiting reaction in the biosynthesis of phytosphingolipids. Mouse DES1 (MDES1) cDNA homologous to the Drosophila melanogaster degenerative spermatocyte gene-1 (des-1) cDNA leads to sphingosine Delta4-desaturase activity, and another mouse homologue, MDES2, has bifunctional activity, producing C-4 hydroxysphinganine and Delta4-sphingenine in yeast [Ternes, Franke, Zahringer, Sperling and Heinz (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 25512-25518]. Here, we report the characterization of mouse DES2 (MDES2) using an in vitro assay with a homogenate of COS-7 cells transfected with MDES2 cDNA and N -octanoyl-sphinganine and sphinganine as substrates. MDES2 protein prefers dihydroceramide as a substrate to sphinganine, and exhibits dihydroceramide Delta4-desaturase and C-4 hydroxylase activities. MDES2 mRNA content was high in the small intestine and abundant in the kidney. In situ hybridization detected signals of MDES2 mRNA in the crypt cells. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-MDES2 peptide antibody stained the crypt cells and the adjacent epithelial cells. These results suggest that MDES2 is the dihydroceramide C-4 hydroxylase responsible for the biosynthesis of enriched phytosphingoglycolipids in the microvillous membranes of intestinal epithelial cells.


In this work a soot source term tabulation strategy for soot predictions under Diesel engine conditions within the zero-dimensional Direct Injection Stochastic Reactor Model (DI-SRM) framework is presented. The DI-SRM accounts for detailed chemistry, in-homogeneities in the combustion chamber and turbulence-chemistry interactions. The existing implementation [1] was extended with a framework facilitating the use of tabulated soot source terms. The implementation allows now for using soot source terms provided by an online chemistry calculation, and for the use of a pre-calculated flamelet soot source term library. Diesel engine calculations were performed using the same detailed kinetic soot model in both configurations. The chemical mechanism for n-heptane used in this work is taken from Zeuch et al. [2] and consists of 121 species and 973 reactions including PAH and thermal NO chemistry. The engine case presented in [1] is used also for this work. The case is a single-injection part-load passenger car Diesel engine with 27 % EGR fueled with regular Diesel fuel. The two different approaches are analyzed and a detailed comparison is presented for the different soot processes globally and in the mixture fraction space. The contribution of the work presented in this paper is that a method which allows for a direct comparison of soot source terms - calculated online or retrieved from a flamelet table - without any change in the simulation setup has been developed within the SRM framework. It is a unique tool for model development. Our analysis supports our previous conclusion [1] that flamelet soot source terms libraries can be used for multi-dimensional modeling of soot formation in Diesel engines.


This paper considers the market potential for privately financed long term care products in the UK. It finds that since the present market is undeveloped there is scope to increase the range of products available to suit people with different means and circumstances. Currently the UK spends about £19 billion on long term care (LTC) of which around a third is privately funded and two thirds publicly funded. The cost of informal care for older people is estimated to be worth £58 billion a year making a total of £77 billion. The paper finds that very few people can afford to pay for LTC out of their own pockets from income alone, but that this number is increased if savings are taken into account and significantly increased if housing wealth is included as well.

Insurance for LTC is normally considered to be part of the product mix usually associated with the private funding of LTC. However, as the US market demonstrates, LTC insurance products can be complex and difficult to understand and yet still not meet all needs, whilst US research suggests that policies are also over priced and unaffordable for many. In this paper the case is made for other kinds of products which produce an income at the point of need and therefore make a contribution towards LTC costs. These products include equity release, 'top up insurance', disability linked annuities, and immediate needs annuities. Although they may not cover all possible risks, and therefore all needs, they would bring much needed new money into LTC as well as lead to an increase in personal responsibility.

With large numbers of older people on very low incomes not everybody would be able to afford these products and so the concept of LTC bonds is considered. These would work like premium bonds and pay prizes but would only be cashable at the point of need. Taken together all of the products considered would extend choice and there would be something to meet most circumstances. The government's role would be five fold: (1) to facilitate the introduction of the LTC products and provide regulation; (2) to provide appropriate incentives for people to take them up; (3) to clarify the role of the state in terms of the minimum entitlement people can expect; (4) to make it easier to get advice and direction at points of initial contact, for example with social and health care services; and (5) to cover risks that the market cannot handle.


We analyzed 18 high-quality waveform doublets with time separations of up to 35 years in the South Sandwich Islands region, for which the seismic signals have traversed the inner core as PKP(DF). The doublets show a consistent temporal change of travel times at up to 58 stations in and near Alaska, and they show a dissimilarity of PKP(DF) coda. Using waveform doublets avoids artifacts of earthquake mislocations and contamination from small-scale heterogeneities. Our results confirm that Earth's inner core is rotating faster than the mantle and crust at about 0.3° to 0.5° per year.


The Supreme Court decided two cases in Spring 2015 – Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc. and EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. – under Title VII. The plaintiffs in both cases believed that they had been discriminated against by their employers because they were members of a protected class – pregnant women in the former and religious believers in the latter. Both plaintiffs were seeking minor modifications to workplace policies as an accommodation. And in both opinions, handed down within a few months of each other, the Court used the language of favoritism to discuss whether the plaintiffs should prevail and what analysis should be employed. The manner in which the Court used the language of favoritism, however, could not have been more different. In the case of pregnancy, the Court soundly rejected that pregnant employees were entitled to any favored treatment, bending over backwards to avoid a ruling that pregnant employees were part of a "most favored" class. In the case of religion, the Court took the exact opposite approach, declaring that religious plaintiffs enjoyed "favored treatment." This is despite the fact that Title VII provides no explicit textual support for such a distinction. In the absence of such a statutory explanation, what is really behind this difference in approach? This paper explores one potential answer to this question – that these decisions reflect the Court's underlying belief in the paramount importance of the right to spiritual autonomy over and above the importance of a right to physical autonomy. Further, it explores how allowing such a hierarchy between a right to spiritual autonomy on the one hand and a right to physical autonomy on the other, to animate judicial decisions is both inherently gendered and has the effect of disproportionately harming women. It concludes by analyzing whether such a hierarchy of rights is reflective of lived experience and discussing possible alternative frameworks for analyzing such claims.


This essay provides a critical assessment of the Fair Use Project based at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society. In evaluating the efficacy of the Fair Use Project, it is worthwhile considering the litigation that the group has been involved in, and evaluating its performance. Part 1 outlines the history of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society, and the aims and objectives of the Fair Use Project. Part 2 considers the litigation in Shloss v. Sweeney over a biography concerning Lucia Joyce, the daughter of the avant-garde literary great, James Joyce. Part 3 examines the dispute over the Harry Potter Lexicon. Part 4 looks at the controversy over the Shepard Fairey poster of President Barack Obama, and the resulting debate with Associated Press. Part 5 of the essay considers the intervention of the Fair Use Project as an amicus curiae in the 'Column case'. Part 6 explores the participation of the Fair Use Project as an amicus curiae in the litigation over 60 Years Later, an unauthorised literary sequel to J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. Part 7 of the essay investigates the role of the Fair Use project in disputes over copyright law and musical works. Part 8 investigates the role of the Fair Use Project as an advocate in disputes over copyright law, fair use, documentary films, and internet videos. The conclusion has main three arguments. First, it contends that Australia should establish a Fair Use Project to support creative artists in litigation over copyright exceptions. Second, it maintains that Australia should adopt a flexible, open-ended defence of fair use, and draw upon the rich jurisprudence in the United States on the fair use doctrine. Finally, this paper argues that support should be given at an international level to the proposal for a Treaty on Access to Knowledge.


OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of use, reasons for use, and perceived effect of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), accompanied by identification and comparison of the factors that are potentially associated with CAM use.

DESIGN
This cross-sectional study was carried out in 325 randomly sampled patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), at HIV/AIDS referral clinics in the Hospital Sungai Buloh, Malaysia. Simple random sampling was used, where randomization was done using patients' medical record numbers.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Semistructured face-to-face interviews were conducted using 38 questions pertaining to type, pattern, perceived efficacy, adverse effects, and influential factors associated with CAM use. In addition, CD4 count and viral load readings were recorded.

RESULTS
Of 325 randomly sampled patients with HIV/AIDS, 254 of them were using some forms of CAM, resulting in a utilization rate of 78.2%. Vitamins and supplements (52.6%), herbal products (33.8%), and massage (16.6%) were the top three most frequently used CAM modalities. Sociodemographic factors including education level (p = 0.021, r(s) = 0.148), monthly income (p = 0.001, r(s) = 0.260), and family history of CAM use (p = 0.001, r(s) = 0.231) were significantly associated and positively correlated with CAM use. However, the majority of these patients (68%) did not disclose CAM use to health care professionals. About half of those who rated their health as good or very good perceived it as a result of CAM use.

CONCLUSIONS
This study confirmed the range of 30%-100% CAM use among individuals infected with HIV/AIDS. Although, on the one hand some types of CAM reduced viral load and enhanced the immune system, on the other hand some forms of CAM produced a detrimental effect on the virological suppression, opening this platform to more research and investigation in order to optimize the use of CAM among patients with HIV/AIDS.


I explore the increasingly important issue of cooperation in immoral actions, particularly in connection with healthcare. Conscientious objection, especially as pertains to religious freedom in healthcare, has become a pressing issue in the light of the US Supreme Court judgement in Hobby Lobby. Section 'Moral evaluation using the basic principles of cooperation' outlines a theory of cooperation inspired by Catholic moral theologians such as those cited by the court. The theory has independent plausibility and is at least worthy of serious consideration—in part because it is an instance of double-effect reasoning, which is also independently plausible despite its association with moral theology. Section 'Case study: Burwell v. Hobby Lobby' examines Hobby Lobby in detail. Even if the judgement was correct in that case the reasoning was not, as it involved applying a 'mere sincerity' test to the cooperation question. The mere sincerity test leads to absurd consequences, whereas a reasonableness test applied using the theory of cooperation defended here would avoid absurdity. Section 'A question of remoteness: "accommodations" and opt-outs' explores the post-Hobby Lobby problem further, examining opt-outs and accommodations: the Little Sisters of the Poor case shows how opt-outs are misunderstood on a mere sincerity test, which the court rightly rejected. Section 'Application to the medical field: Doogan and Wood' discusses the UK case of Doogan and Wood, concerning participation in abortion. Again, a judicially recognised ethic of cooperation, if it were part of the fabric of legal reasoning in such cases, would have enabled the conscientious objectors in this and similar situations to have their freedom of conscience and religion respected in a way that it currently is not.


Microscopic estimation of bacterial biomass requires determination of both biovolume and biovolume-to-biomass conversion. Both steps have uncertainty when applied to the very small bacteria typically found in natural seawater. In the present study, natural bacterioplankton assemblages were freshly collected, passed through 0.6-μm-pore-size Nuclepore filters to remove larger particulate materials, and diluted for growth in 0.22-μm-pore-size Millipore filter-sterilized unenriched seawater. This provided cells comparable in size and morphology to those in natural seawater, but the cultures were free of the interfering particulate detritus naturally present. Cells were collected on glass-fiber GF/F filters, and biovolumes were corrected for cells passing these filters; C and N were measured with a CHN analyzer. Our criteria for size measurement by epifluorescence photomicrography were confirmed with fluorescent microspheres of known diameters. Surprisingly, in six cultures with average per-cell biovolumes ranging from 0.036 to 0.073 μm3, the average per-cell carbon biomass was relatively constant at 20 ± 0.08 fg of C (mean ± standard error of the mean). The biovolume-to-biomass conversion factor averaged 0.38 ± 0.05 g of C cm−3, which is about three times higher than the value previously estimated from Escherichia coli, and decreased with increasing cell volume. The C:N ratio was 3.7 ± 0.2. We conclude that natural marine bacterial biomass and production may be higher than was previously thought and that variations in bacterial size may not reflect variations in biomass per cell. Images


Multi-label classification has gained significant attention during recent years, due to the increasing number of modern applications associated with multi-label data. Despite its short life, different approaches have been presented to solve the task of multi-label classification. LIFT is a multi-label classifier which utilizes a new strategy to multi-label learning by leveraging label-specific features. Label-specific features means that each class label is supposed to have its own characteristics and is determined by some specific features that are the most discriminative features for that label. LIFT employs clustering methods to discover the properties of data. More precisely, LIFT divides the training instances into positive and negative clusters for each label which respectively consist of the training examples with and without that label. It then selects representative centroids in the positive and negative instances of each label by k-means clustering and replaces the original features of a sample by the distances to these representatives. Constructing new features, the dimensionality of the new space reduces significantly. However, to construct these new features, the original features are needed. Therefore, the complexity of the process of multi-label classification does not diminish, in practice. In this paper, we make a modification on LIFT to reduce the computational burden of the classifier and improve or at least preserve the performance of it, as well. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has obtained these goals, simultaneously.


This study deals with the spontaneous spreading of stone bunds in the central Ethiopian highlands, i.e., the adoption and implementation of stone bunds by farmers on their own initiative. The study tests the hypothesis that spontaneously implemented stone bunds, as compared to stone bunds implemented by mass mobilization campaigns, are more integrated with other land management practices and lead to higher yields. Data are collected in the Girar Jarso woreda through field observations and household surveys. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze and test the data at 1% and 5% probability levels. Results show that stone bunds are spontaneously implemented mainly on farmlands located nearby the homesteads where farmers perceive severe erosion, poor soil fertility and steep slope gradients. Compared to stone bunds implemented by mass mobilization, spontaneously implemented stone bunds are perceived as better maintained, more frequently modified to fit the farming system and better integrated with soil fertility management practices, such as applying fertilizer, compost and manure. Particularly, this better integration with other practices is very important, because it makes stone bunds more effective in reducing erosion, leading to beneficial effects on soil moisture and soil productivity, as perceived by farmers. The study, therefore, suggests that the mass mobilization campaign should use a more participatory and integrated approach, in which there is ample space for awareness raising and learning concerning the benefits of integrated farm management, and in which farmers themselves have a leading role in the decision on where to construct stone bunds. Such a strategy will lead to more sustainable impact on soil fertility and food security than the current top-down intervention approach.


Introduction: Continuing Medical Education (CME) significantly improves the competency of healthcare workers in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) clinics. However, CME courses are very costly, and a few participants fully attended a course. Online training is an alternative approach to efficiently improve training outcomes. The study assessed needs and possibility of online training courses of MMT clinics in southern Vietnam. Methods: A google form was designed to collect characteristics, man-powers, facilities, online activities and training needs of MMT clinics. E-mails were sent to all MMT clinics in southern Vietnam to ask for their participants. A representative of MMT clinics who satisfied the inclusion invited to complete the form. Result: 93 MMT clinics completed the survey. The response rate was 62% (93/150). One MMT clinic had 3 doctors/assistant doctors, 3 pharmacists/drug dispensers, 2 consultants and 3 other professionals on average. The number of clients visiting the clinic in the last month was 150. About 94% (93/95) of MMT clinics provide other additional services. On average, 385 clients came to MMT for other services. All clinics had adequate devices for online and blended training. Conclusion: MMT clinics had high training needs and were willing to attend online and blended training courses. Online and blended training were possible in MMT clinics.


Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal plant molecules whose structure differs from gonadal hormones, but with an estrogen-type bioactivity: they are capable of interacting with estrogen receptors, showing both agonist and antagonist methods of action. The beneficial effects of various classes of phytoestrogens present in nature are now known, but the main isoflavone present in soya, genistein, appears to be particularly effective. Interest in this substance is concentrated in particular on its therapeutic role in menopause. This paper is a review of the main studies published to date on the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing the symptoms of menopause. A diet rich in isoflavones is associated with a reduced incidence of vasomotor episodes; the average supplement of genistein is approximately 50 mg/day. After supplementing the diet with phytoestrogens, studies show a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL fraction. This is accompanied by an increase in BMD (Bone mineral density) after taking 90 mg of isoflavones for 6 months. Isoflavones may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. The data examined confirm the excellent clinical efficacy of supplementing the diet with soy extracts, particularly genistein which is indicated to alleviate both the short-term symptoms of menopause and the long-term effects, although the latter finding requires further subsantiation.


Inbreeding occurs when close relatives mate. In most populations, inbreeding is uncommon, with the result that we know little about the characteristics of those individuals that inbreed. However, such information may be invaluable for understanding the causes of inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance and the consequences of inbreeding. We investigated the characteristics of closely inbreeding individuals using 43 years of data from a wild great tit (Parus major) population in order to 1) characterize close inbreeding in terms of the family relationships involved; 2) compare inbreeding with noninbreeding individuals; and 3) determine whether close inbreeding was subsequently avoided by those that experience it. We found an uneven distribution of different types of close inbreeding, with sib mating most frequent and father--daughter matings least frequent. We did not find any evidence for clear predictors of inbreeding. By comparing the reproductive success of individuals that both inbred and outbred in their lifetimes, we demonstrate that inbreeding depression is solely attributable to the mixing of relatives' genes and is thus independent of any tendency for low-quality parental genotypes or phenotypes to inbreed. Surprisingly, mating with close kin reduced the probability of divorce in the following reproductive season, while brood or fledging failure did not predict for remating. Overall, our results suggest that inbreeding is not a response to lowered prospects and that despite the substantial fitness cost of inbreeding, its avoidance in this population may be based on general mechanisms such as dispersal rather than specific kin avoidance. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.


The validity of a new asymptotic method for propagating waves in two-dimensional, smoothly varying inhomogeneous media is compared with that of other standard methods. Simple geometric validity conditions are derived along with expressions for the maximum wavelength at which the modulus of the complex-valued field error can be expected to be no more than approximately a few percent, and then 20%, of the local peak field amplitude. It is shown that the limiting error in the Maslov method is generated by the process of switching between representations. The new method is predicted to be accurate to within a few percent for wavelengths that are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding cutoff for the Maslov method. This ratio exceeds two orders of magnitude for accuracy of approximately 20%. These predictions are confirmed by numerical investigation of a simple example.


Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of biopolyesters that are synthesized by polyester synthases in a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and are stored in bacterial cells as intracellular inclusions. Recently, these inclusions have been considered for biotechnological and biomedical applications as surfacefunctionalized micro-/nanobeads. The production of functionalized poly[(R)-3hydroxybutyrate] (PHB; a biopolyester) beads in the food-grade host Lactococcus lactis has recently been established, however the levels of PHB production are low in comparison to levels produced by recombinant E. coli. In an attempt to improve PHB production in L. lactis, the metabolic flux of carbon from pyruvate was engineered to redirect the flux towards acetyl Co-A, one of the precursors for PHB. This involved knocking out two enzymes involved in conversion of acetyl Co-A to acetate and ethanol (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and phosphate acetyltransferase, respectively). PHB production using a strain deficient in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (adhE) was not assessed due to difficulties encountered in creating the knockout strain. This study showed the successful construction and phenotypic characterisation of a phosphate acetyltransferase (eutD) deficient strain of L. lactis. Production of acetate was substantially reduced in this mutant, and growth of the strain was improved when PHB production was established. However, rather than increasing, levels of PHB production by the eutD knockout were comparable to WT. Additionally, complementation of the mutant strain still needs to be achieved to confirm that the observed acetate-production phenotype is attributable to the lack of the eutD gene.


This paper presents a multiwavelength multicast packet switch and studies its multicast traffic performance analytically and by simulation. The switch employs the broadcast-and-select architecture to realize packet multicasting and enables multiple optical packets to be concurrently transmitted to the same output fiber of the switch. By means of a multi-timeslot replication scheme, a multicast packet is allowed to be replicated in multiple timeslots to reduce the output contention. An analytical model of the switch with the multi-timeslot replication scheme is developed and then verified by simulation. We compare traffic performance of the switch with and without the multi-timeslot replication scheme through simulation. It is shown that the packet loss probability and delay of the switch are considerably deteriorated as the multicast traffic ratio increases without using the multi-timeslot replication scheme; with the multi-timeslot replication scheme, the switch can achieve a much lower packet loss probability and delay, which is not affected by the multicast traffic ratio, and thus a higher throughput. Scalability analysis indicates that the switch with more wavelengths per fiber can achieve a fixed packet loss probability with less power loss.


Video link of presentation January 31st, 2015. Photos and videos are approved of those that are on the images/videos. All rights reserved! For any kind of publishing beyond this link, please contact email@example.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsLK6Avr0FYConference link: http://newkirkcenter.uci.edu/2015/01/Supradisciplinary conversations on security, safety and resilience in the river valleys of Sabme – land of the Sami Since 2008 I combine the study of the (perceived) control of rivers through hydropower and the impacts of the hydropower exploitations during the 20th century within Sabme, the land of the indigenous Sami people.I apply a methodology which I refer to as supradisciplinarity. My own academic field being History of Science and Technology, the method involves collaboration with different academic disciplines, inviting co-researchers from other academic disciplines; amongst other water resource management, political science, and archeology. Furthermore, I integrate knowledges and people outside academia. This approach goes along with the argument by scholar Haraway, about "situated knowledges" and "partial perspectives" in regard to the production of scientific knowledge.[1] In my interpretation, it also includes the necessity for me as a researcher, and Sami, to take a stance and not pretend to be "neutral" in front of colonial destructive natural resource exploitation of Indigenous Peoples water- and landscapes. I will describe parts of this work, and the challenges it involves, along with the important work of healing that I find equally important.[1] Donna Haraway, "Situated knowledges: The Science question in Feminism and the privilege of partial perspective", Haraway Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The reinvention of Nature (New York, Routledge, 1991), 183-201.


Cervical cancer disproportionally affects women in low- and middle-income countries, in part due to the difficulty of implementing existing cervical cancer screening and diagnostic technologies in low-resource settings. Single-board computers offer a low-cost alternative to provide computational support for automated point-of-care technologies. Here we demonstrate two new devices for cervical cancer prevention that use a single-board computer: 1) a low-cost imaging system for real-time detection of cervical precancer and 2) a low-cost reader for real-time interpretation of lateral flow-based molecular tests to detect cervical cancer biomarkers. Using a Raspberry Pi computer to provide real-time image collection and processing, we developed: 1) a low-cost, portable high-resolution microendoscope system (PiHRME); and 2) a low-cost automatic lateral flow test reader (PiReader). The PiHRME acquired high-resolution ( $4.4~\mu \text{m}$ ) images of the cervix at half the cost of existing high-resolution microendoscope systems; image analysis algorithms based on convolutional neural networks were implemented to provide real-time image interpretation. The PiReader acquired and analyzed images of a point-of-care human papillomavirus (HPV) serology test with the same contrast and accuracy as a standard flatbed high-resolution scanner coupled to a laptop computer, for less than one-fifth of the cost. Raspberry Pi single-board computers provide a low-cost means to implement point-of-care tools with automatic image analysis. This work demonstrates the promise of single-board computers to develop and translate low-cost, point-of-care technologies for use in low-resource settings.


Recently, a new approach was introduced to directly measure unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in flux‐controlled experiments—the multistep flux experiment. Thereby an overshoot in matric potential hm across drainage and infiltration fronts was observed. We extended this experimental approach to simultaneously measure the volumetric water content θ within the sample and applied the method to a sand and a clay loam soil. The detailed trajectories within the hm–θ space were obtained during a number of decreasing and increasing steps in infiltration rate. This clearly demonstrates the type and magnitude of hydraulic nonequilibrium under transient conditions where water content and matric potential deviate from a well‐defined static relation. We also compared the directly measured hydraulic conductivities with those obtained from classical multistep outflow experiments and found that nonequilibrium dynamics might lead to an underestimation of hydraulic conductivity when obtained from an inverse solution of Richards' equation. We provide a qualitative explanation of nonequilibrium that depends on the structure of the material and the type and magnitude of external forcing. The new experimental setup is considered to be a valuable tool to actually quantify nonequilibrium effects. This will make it possible to represent this relevant phenomenon in future modeling concepts.


Abstract Numerous studies have suggested that natural resource abundance is bad for development. In this context, Indonesia's rapid growth during the 1970s and 1980s seems remarkable. Why was Indonesia able to grow strongly and what are the implications of its experience for other resource abundant countries? I argue that its rapid growth was not simply a matter of policy elites making rational economic policy choices, but rather reflected two more fundamental factors: (i) the political victory of counter-revolutionary social forces over radical nationalist and communist social forces in Indonesia during the 1960s; and (ii) the country's strategic Cold War location and proximity to Japan. Accordingly, the main implication of its experience is that improved economic performance in resource abundant countries requires shifts in structures of power and interest and the emergence of external political and economic conditions that provide opportunities for growth.


This thesis treats the inversion of remote sensing measurements (infrared spectra) of middle and upper planetary atmospheres, through bayesian inversion strategy.

The first part of the work regards the study of the middle and upper atmosphere of Titan, through inversion of VIMS measurements, a spectrometer aboard the Cassini mission.
VIMS measured emission from CO, CH4, HCN and C2H2 in the 3-5 μm region, in conditions of non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE).
The CO concentration in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere of Titan has been determined from the inversion of a set of day-side VIMS limb measurements around 4.7 μm. This represents the first measurement of the CO VMR (Volume Mixing Ratio) profile between 200 and 500 km on Titan.

The latitudinal and seasonal variations in the distribution of CH4, HCN and C2H2 in the upper atmosphere of Titan between 500 and 1000 km were studied from VIMS measurements in the 2.8-3.5 μm region. The significance of the preliminary results is discussed with regard to the small coverage at the polar latitudes and the observed correlation between the retrieved CH4 VMR and SZA at high altitudes.

A bias observed in the results of the inversion of CH4 brought to the development of SpectRobot (SR), a new code for radiative transfer modeling and inversion of atmospheric quantities, that considers the full 3D geometry of the problem.

The second part of this work regards the study of the first measurements acquired by JIRAM, an infrared imager/spectrometer aboard the Juno mission to Jupiter. In the 3-4 μm region JIRAM measures the emission from H3+, which is a great tracer for the auroral phenomena, since it is produced by the precipitation of energetic electrons.
Maps of the average retrieved H3+ column density, emission temperature and CH4 column density have been produced for the two auroral regions.


A recently published study on long term evolution of the frequencies of the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in the atoll source 4U 1636-53 concluded that there is no preferred frequency ratio in a distribution of twin QPOs that was inferred from the distribution of a single frequency alone. However, we find that the distribution of the ratio of actually observed pairs of kHz QPO frequencies is peaked close to the 3/2 value, and possibly also close to the 5/4 ratio. To resolve the apparent contradiction between the two studies, we examine in detail the frequency distributions of the lower kHz QPO and the upper kHz QPO detected in our data set. We demonstrate that for each of the two kHz QPOs (the lower or the upper), the frequency distribution in all detections of a QPO differs from the distribution of frequency of the same QPO in the subset of observations where both the kHz QPOs are detected. We conclude that detections of individual QPOs alone should not be used for calculation of the distribution of the frequency ratios.


Addressing a taboo rarely discussed in scholarly works, this Article analyzes frequently advanced arguments supporting prohibitions on bestiality. Though on a superficial level the arguments seem appealing, upon closer inspection the standard justifications break down under internal inconsistencies. A differently constructed theory may not only provide a rationalized, consistent basis for regulating bestiality, but also lend greater coherence to laws regulating sexuality in general. Part II of this Article explores arguments related to consent; Part III discusses bestiality impermissibly using animals as a means; Part IV examines public health arguments, largely relating to those diseases that can spread easily from humans to animals and vice versa; Part V explores arguments analogizing zoophilia to either pedophilia or homosexuality; and Part VI offers a new rationale for justifying prohibitions on bestiality.


Efficient emergency response is a major concern in densely populated urban areas. Numerous techniques have been proposed to allocate emergency responders to optimize response times, coverage, and incident prevention. Effective response depends, in turn, on effective prediction of incidents occurring in space and time, a problem which has also received considerable prior attention. We formulate a non-linear mathematical program maximizing expected incident coverage, and propose a novel algorithmic framework for solving this problem. In order to aid the optimization problem, we propose a novel incident prediction mechanism. Prior art in incident prediction does not generally consider incident priorities which are crucial in optimal dispatch, and spatial modeling either considers each discretized area independently, or learns a homogeneous model. We bridge these gaps by learning a joint distribution of both incident arrival time and severity, with spatial heterogeneity captured using a hierarchical clustering approach. Moreover, our decomposition of the joint arrival and severity distributions allows us to independently learn the continuous-time arrival model, and subsequently use a multinomial logistic regression to capture severity, conditional on incident time. We use real traffic accident and response data from the urban area around Nashville, USA, to evaluate the proposed approach, showing that it significantly outperforms prior art as well as the real dispatch method currently in use.


BACKGROUND Literature on tumors originating from Meckel's cave (MC) and their surgical treatment are scarce. OBJECTIVE We present 37 cases of tumors originating from MC, the largest single-institution series reported thus far, and discuss the ideal surgical methods for each tumor type in relation to the normal and pathological anatomy of MC. METHODS We studied 37 cases of surgery for tumors in MC (26 schwannomas, 7 meningiomas, 2 epidermoids, 1 hemangiopericytoma, and 1 dermoid) performed at our institution between 1986 and 2008. We excluded cases of large tumors of unknown origin, especially meningiomas. Surgery for tumors in MC was performed via 2 approaches: anterolateral interdural access (Dolenc's) approach and posterior access via the anterior petrosal approach (APA). RESULTS The Dolenc approach was useful for parasellar tumors, especially schwannomas, because it resulted in minimal damage to the temporal lobe and adjacent cranial nerves. The APA was useful for dumbbell-shaped tumors extending into the posterior fossa. Tumors of nonmeningeal origin (schwannomas, epidermoids, and dermoids) were safely resected, with no postoperative complications except facial hypesthesia. However, incidence of postsurgical paresthesia and abducens palsy were higher in meningioma and hemangiopericytoma, because of invasion into the Gasserian ganglion, the cavernous sinus (CS), or Dorello's canal. CONCLUSION An understanding of meningeal structure around MC enhances the radicality of tumor resection and helps minimize damage to adjacent structures. However, meningiomas and hemangiopericytomas occurring in MC, which can infiltrate into the CS, should be treated by both surgery and radiosurgery to minimize postoperative complications.


Restorative Justice is one of the buzzwords, which people use when talking about conflict resolution today. For many it is any process, which reduces conflicts and builds the quality of life (Dinnen 2000, p. 1). This is the broad meaning of restorative justice. The particular meaning is a special process developed in the later decades of the twentieth century in North America, New Zealand and Australia. It has now, in a very short time developed globally (Johnstone and Van Ness 2007, p. 113). Its broad goal is to transform the way contemporary societies view and respond to crime and related troublesome behaviour. More specifically, it seeks to replace our existing highly professional systems of punitive justice and control with community based reparative justice and moralising social control (Johnstone and Van Ness 2007, p. 5). Melanesia used a form of restorative justice for thousands of years until the introduction of the legal system of the colonial powers overtook it (Paliwala 1982 p. 191ff). In part, this was an attempt to replace payback and blood revenge with a ritual punishment on the offender, and restore the victim offender and community (Narokobi 1989, p. 50ff). Domestic violence against women and children is very common. The reader is invited to make a judgment on the suitability of restorative justice as an alternative to the present failed system.


The Coming of Lilith: Essays on Feminism, Judaism and Sexual Ethics, 1972-2003, by Judith Plaskow, edited with Donna Berman. Boston: Beacon Press, 2005. 272 pp. $19.00. Judith Plaskow defined the field of Jewish feminist theology. This collection of her essays brings together much of the important work she has done in a variety of scholarly and popular publications for the past thirty years. It makes a vital contribution to the study of the contemporary Jewish feminist movement and to the key role Plaskow has played in defining that movement's basic themes and values. It shows how Plaskow has made connections between Jewish feminist thought and broader concerns of contemporary Jewish life including theology, antisemitism, and sexuality. Viewing her work in this context it is easy to understand why Plaskow is not only a leading Jewish feminist, but one of the most important Jewish thinkers of this generation. The work is divided into four sections that coincide with Plaskow's intellectual interests. It begins with Plaskow's earliest writings (in the section entitled Formulating a Feminist Theology) that served as the background for the argument presented in her landmark book, Standing Again at Sinai (1990). In this section, we see Plaskow's progression from a feminist theologian to a Jewish feminist theologian. We learn how she developed a rationale for the central contention of her work: that Jewish feminism needs to be approached through the lens of theology. In "The Right Question is Theological," which was originally published in Susannah Heschel's groundbreaking anthology On Being a Jewish Feminist, Plaskow lays out her arguments against the assumption that gaining rights within the framework of the religious movements in Judaism (from Orthodox to Reform) is enough, and suggests that to realize the promise of feminist ideas fully, Judaism must be changed at its theological foundations and not only in its practice. The other highlights of this section are Plaskow's earliest Jewish feminist work, "The Coming of Lilith," from which the collection takes its name, and "Lilith Revisited," which includes her thoughts about the essay twenty years later. While Plaskow's original retelling of the creation story from the perspective of Lilith has been broadly disseminated and widely used in classrooms and synagogues, it is still wonderful to read, and to read "Lilith Revisited," the essay the author contributed to a 1995 anthology of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim writings about the Creation story in Genesis, along with it. In her later thoughts about the original essay, Plaskow reveals to the reader how she perceives her growth as a Jewish thinker and sums up the transition that takes place throughout the essays in this section. The second section (The Complexity of Interlocking Oppressions) is devoted to Plaskow's writings that challenge oppression. Whether she is questioning Christian feminist antisemitism or Jewish anti-paganism, Plaskow makes it clear that the key to ending oppression is to acknowledge that victim and oppressor roles shift with context, and that we must listen to the "Other" and not fall into the trap of claiming victim status without acknowledging our own complicity in the suffering of others. Given this theme, the essay "Dealing with the Hard Stuff" seems out of place in this section. …


" Hungarian home gardens are small-scale farms managed by farm households using traditional management practices and family labor. They generate private benefits for farmers by enhancing diet quality and providing food when costs of transacting in local markets are high. Home gardens also generate public benefits for society by supporting long-term productivity advances in agriculture. In this paper, we estimate the private value to farmers of agrobiodiversity in home gardens. Building on the approach presented in EPTD Discussion Paper 117 (2004), we combine a stated preference approach (a choice experiment model) and a revealed preference approach (a discrete-choice, farm household model). Both models are based on random utility theory. To combine the models, primary data were collected from the same 239 farm households in three regions of Hungary. Combining approaches leads to a more efficient and robust estimation of the private value of agrobiodiversity in home gardens. Findings can be used to identify those farming communities, which would benefit most from agri-environmental schemes that support agrobiodiversity maintenance, at least public cost." Authors' abstract


The effect of non-spherical bomb geometry on the evolution of outwardly propagating flames and the determination of laminar flame speeds using the conventional constantpressure technique is investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that the nonspherical chamber boundary causes significant distortion of the flame surface and modification of the propagation rate through the interaction of the wall and the flow induced by thermal expansion across the flame. The departures from an unconfined case, especially the generation of non-zero burned gas velocities, can lead to significant errors in burning velocities calculated using these conventional assumptions. A flow correction that accounts for the induced flow field is developed and is demonstrated to achieve significant improvements in accuracy for the experimental determination of burning velocity. For atmospheric syngas-air mixtures, the present flow-corrected results are significantly higher than prior reported cylindrical bomb results based upon conventional data interpretation. The flow effect is also shown to influence the determination of the Markstein length significantly. Schlieren images from an experiment with a cuboid combustion chamber reveal that the flame becomes noticeably non-spherical. The outwardly propagating flame to some extent takes the shape of its container – the schlieren images show that the crosssection of a flame traveling into a chamber with a diamond cross-section becomes diamondshaped itself. This observed flame front distortion further confirms experimentally the effect of flow disturbances caused by the chamber walls on the evolution of outwardly propagating flames.


The foot is indispensable for man's daily activities and the integrity of its structure depends on its irrigation. The number of bypass operations for its arteries therefore increases as wellas the use ofvascularised flaps to cover defects in its dorsalregion. To find out more details about the irrigation of the dorsum of foot, the formation of dorsal metatarsal arteries (DMA) was examined in 50 feet of 25 fixed cadavers of Brazilian adults of both sexes. The feet arteries were injected with neoprene latex dyed red, and then dissected. The first DMA originated from the dorsalis pedis artery in 86%, from the plantar network in 10% and the origin was mixed in 4%. The second DMA originated from the arcuate artery exclusively in 10%, the third DMA in 6%, and the fourth DMA in 10%. In its absence (48%), the lateral tarsalarteries and the proximal perforating branches were responsible forthe formation of the second DMA in 52%, of the third DMA in 54%, and of the fourth DMA in 72%. The proximal perforating branches made an important contribution to the formation of such arteries, contributing partially or totally to the second DMA in 90%, to the third DMA in 92%, and to the fourth DMA in 86%.


Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) has been collecting labour market data with household surveys and in a fairly comparable format since 1993. These datasets have been studied and compared extensively in order to better understand the workings of the South African labour market. Many of these studies compare household surveys of different periods in order to identify trends, but the validity of such trends is conditional on the comparability of the different datasets. Besides, the naive comparisons of the different datasets have been questioned. Other problems include inconsistencies in questionnaire design, coding errors, changes in the sampling frame, the oversampling of agricultural workers in OHS1995, the oversampling of subsistence agricultural workers in LFS2000a and LFS2000b, as well as the oversampling of informal workers in LFS2001a. Most of these issues have received attention in papers by Burger and Yu (2006), Casale, Muller and Posel (2005), and Wittenberg (2004). By drawing attention to a few of the lesser known problems, this paper aims to build on the existing literature by further stimulating debate around the strengths and weaknesses of the existing survey data, as well as considering the best ways in which to analyse the existing data. The inconsistencies that occur in the data independently of the way in which questions are asked by the interview, as well as the inconsistencies that result from the way in which the survey questions are formulated or placed in a given sequence are discussed. Where possible, adjustments that may contribute towards increased consistency in the responses are suggested. Ultimately, it is hoped that the lessons learnt from such discussions will serve to inform questionnaire design in future.


The authors provide a critique of the report from the 2010 Task Force on the Future of Student Affairs and provide recommendations for future changes in the profession not found in the 2010 report. The authors also note that the 2005 study of ACPA member's interests in developing knowledge competencies and skills sets indicate professionals may be at a different place than what professional associations currently offer. The authors provide a critique of some of the professional development opportunities offered by professional associations and proposes some alternatives to how these programs are approached in the profession.   Reference citation: Tyrell, S., & Fey, C. (2011). The future of student affairs is dependent on choosing roads less traveled.   CSPA-NYS Journal of Student Affairs, 11 (1), 17-36.  Â


: The ageing in place agenda emphasises the importance of supporting older adults to age in their communities surrounded by the personal resources to age well. In exploring the relationship between older people and their environment, the concept of place insideness is seen as central to constructing feelings of identity, belonging and attachment in old age. Yet there has been little research exploring how older adults experience place insideness across different urban, social and cultural contexts which is an impediment to identifying effective interventions for age-friendly cities and communities. This article explores how place insideness is experienced amongst older adults across India, Brazil and the UK. The article presents qualitative findings from 294 semi-structured interviews collected across 9 cities and 27 neighbourhoods. The findings reveal that older adults cultivate their sense of place insideness in old age through dimensions of: physical insideness (i.e. environmental competence in navigating and engaging in the community), social insideness (i.e. knowing others) and autobiographical insideness (i.e. shared place histories). In drawing on older people's understanding of their communities, this paper explores the opportunities and challenges to developing a sense of place insideness to support ageing well. We identify implications for policy and practice in terms of how we can better design urban environments as age-friendly communities which support a greater sense of place for older people.


Purpose To assess the association of dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake with the presence of early AMD in a Japanese population. Methods The population-based Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study enrolled general population individuals aged 35 to 74 years from among participants in annual health check-up programs that included fundus photographs in Tsuruoka, Japan. A total of 4010 individuals participated in the baseline survey. After excluding nonresponders to a dietary survey and participants with suboptimal fundus image quality, 3988 participants (median age, 62.4 years) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Fatty acids intake was adjusted for total energy intake by the residuals method. The association between fatty acid intake and presence of early AMD was assessed by logistic regression models. Results Median daily SFA intake was 11.3 g (interquartile range, 9.6, 13.0 g). After adjustments for potential confounding factors, participants in the highest quartile of SFA intake were less likely to have early AMD, compared with the lowest quartile (odds ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.52–0.96). A significant trend for decreased risk of early AMD with increasing SFA intake was noted (P = 0.011). There was no significant association between poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) including n3-PUFA intake and early AMD. Conclusions We found that increased SFA intake was associated with reduced risk of early AMD in a Japanese population with low SFA intake. Adequate fatty acid intake may be required to maintain retinal homeostasis and prevent AMD.


The social role of companies has become increasingly important in the Arab countries, especially after the abdication of governments for many of the roles of economic and service, coupled with social programs was seen as something normal and expected in the absence of target-profit economic institutions run by governments. And corporate social responsibility has recently imposed itself strongly in the vicinity of economic relations, whether national or international. On the one hand, provoked acts of anti-globalization, since the mid-Tsainat the last century, especially after the World Trade Organization, the deep resonance with the giant multinationals about the role and new responsibilities in the face of the growing phenomenon of poverty and impoverishment in the world, as a result of strict application of international trade liberalization. On the other hand, re-organizations, international non-governmental business owners evaluate their activities and check the charters of its inception to remind members of their responsibilities as representatives of key private sector and symbols of the economics of the market in the era of globalization. It had been given a further discussion of this issue of importance and urgency that the obligations of corporate social responsibility does not necessarily mean certain segment of the national and international corporations, because the philosophy of this responsibility derived from the nature of the optional flexible and comprehensive. This study aims to shed light on the role of corporate social responsibility in the Arab States


OBJECTIVE To describe the extent of intentional insulin omission in an outpatient population of women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and examine its relationship to disordered eating, attitudes toward diabetes, other psychosocial factors, long-term complications, and glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Before their routinely scheduled clinic appointments, female IDDM patients who were 13–60 years of age completed a self-report survey (final n = 341). The survey included standardized questionnaires assessing disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, psychological functioning (general distress, diabetes-specific distress, and hypoglycemic fear), attitudes toward diabetes, and self-care behaviors. All subjects were assessed for glycosylated hemoglobin within 30 days of survey completion. Long-term complications were determined through chart review. RESULTS Approximately 31% of the subject sample, representing women of all ages, reported intentional insulin omission, but only 8.8% reported frequent omission. Compared with non-omitters, omitters reported more disordered eating, greater psychological distress (general and diabetes-specific), more hypoglycemic fear, poorer regimen adherence, and greater fears concerning improved diabetes management (which may lead to weight gain). Omitters evidenced poorer glycemic control, more diabetes-related hospitalizations, and higher rates of retinopathy and neuropathy. Multivariate examination revealed only two variables that independently predicted omission: diabetes-specific distress and fear of improved glycemic control ("because I will gain weight"). Of the omitters, approximately half reported omitting insulin for weight-management purposes (weight-related omitters). These subjects evidenced significantly greater psychological distress, poorer regimen adherence (including more frequent omission), poorer glycemic control, and higher rates of complications than did non-weight-related omitters as well as non-omitters. Non-weight-related omitters tended to fall between weight-related omitters and non-omitters on most measures of psychological functioning, adherence, and glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that insulin omission is common, that it is not limited to younger women, and that the medical consequences of omission, especially frequent omission, may be severe. Although a strong association between omission and disordered eating was observed, these data suggest that this link may be complicated by important diabetes-specific factors. Patients preoccupied with eating and weight concerns may also become emotionally overwhelmed by diabetes and/or fearful of normoglycemia (and the associated weight-related consequences), thus reinforcing the desire to omit insulin and maintain elevated blood glucose levels.


A five-year study from 2005-2009 was conducted to evaluate differences in three grazing management strategies for backgrounding calves on smooth bromegrass pastures. Economic budgets were used to calculate profit differences. Steers supplemented an average of 5.3 lb/day of distillers grains were 90 lb heavier than either of the unsupplemented groups, which resulted in increased revenue of $49.38 for supplemented steers. Land costs were the same per AUM for all treatments but were decreased on a per head basis for pastures with supplemented cattle because cattle were stocked at higher rates than the control. Profit was greatest for the supplemented steers, although the relationship between prices for land, N fertilizer, and DDGS affects the relative profitability of the treatments.


Ritonavir (RTV) is not only an inhibitor but also an immunoreactive inducer of both P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A in terms of its chronic use. The aim of present study was to test the hypothesis that the power balance between inhibition effects of RTV and induced activities of Pgp and CYP3A depends on the time after last RTV treatment (TimeR) in the chronic use of RTV; rhodamine 123 (Rho) and midazolam (MDZ) were administered at predetermined TimeR to rats pretreated with RTV for 7 days. After oral administration of Rho and MDZ to rats pretreated with RTV for 7 days, the areas under the plasma concentration-time curve of Rho and MDZ were significantly altered depending on TimeR: 1.27-, 0.79-, 0.95-, and 0.11-fold increases over that of the control for Rho at TimeR = 0, 3, 9, and 24 h and 3.12-, 1.50-, 1.27-, and 0.17-fold increases over that of the control for MDZ at TimeR = 0, 3, 9, and 24 h, respectively. These results revealed the presence of the time-dependent interaction of RTV with concomitant drugs in chronic use and should be taken into account in therapeutic strategies for HIV infection.


A vast divide exists in the national imagination between the racial struggles of the civil rights era and the racial inequality of the present. The attitudes and legal strategies of segregationists in the civil rights era are conceptualized as explicit, gross, and founded exclusively in raw racial animus. In contrast, racial inequality in the present is conceptualized as subtle, subconscious, and structural. The causes of modern racial inequality — and the obstacles to its remediation — are thus characterized as fundamentally distinct from those undergirding historical racial inequality.

Drawing on the recent work of Elizabeth Gillespie McRae and Jeanne Theoharis, as well as other historians of the South and the civil rights movement, this Book Review argues that this oversimplified account obscures key continuities between our racial past and present. As the work of McRae, Theoharis, and others has shown, facially race-neutral opposition to racial equality and integration did not originate in the modern era but rather long predated Brown v. Board of Education in both the North and the South. Moreover, many of the justifications that segregationists offered for their actions — such as a desire for good schools and safe neighborhoods — do not look so very different from the justifications that we continue to rely on to legitimatize racial inequality today.

Thus, an accurate accounting of our national history of racial discrimination — rather than substantiating a sharp break between past and present — reveals many uncomfortable continuities. This Book Review suggests that recognizing and coming to terms with this more complex history is critical to contemporary racial-equality work, both in and outside the courts.


The aim of this review is to provide context for meta-analyses interpreting data from phase III stroke prevention studies of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Differences between the four phase III NOAC stroke prevention studies in patients with NVAF (ROCKET AF, ARISTOTLE, RE-LY, and ENGAGE AF), their potential impact on outcomes, and inter-study differences were evaluated, as well as the potential role of real-world evidence in evaluating NOACs in this setting. Study design differences included blinding strategy, dose-reduction options, and transition from blinded treatment to standard of care. There were small but relevant variations in the definition of AF used (RE-LY used the least precise definition); patient risk profiles (ROCKET AF patients had the highest risk); the primary safety outcome (a composite of major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding events in ROCKET AF vs. major bleeding in the others); and the definitions of stroke, major bleeding, and clinically relevant non-major bleeding events. In real-world studies, methodological variations and biases are amplified, making cross-study comparisons and meta-analyses problematic. Because of these methodological differences, meta-analyses of phase III studies need to be robust, and if outcomes of the reference (warfarin-treated) arms differ significantly, the basis of the meta-analysis is not strong. These key issues need to be taken into consideration for direct comparisons across studies, and for the interpretation of meta-analytic data.


TONCHEVA, G., K. NIKOLOVA, D. BOYADZHIEV, I. ALEXIEVA, D. GEORGIEVA, G. ANTOVA, A. ALADJADJIYAN and D. BUHALOVA, 2016. Differentiation of Bulgarian wild fruits according to their mineral content. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 22: 857–861 The content of 12 essential and toxic elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Pb) in Bulgarian forest fruits as bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), cornel (Cornus mas) and howthorn (Crataegus laevigata) was investigated. The highest content of Zn was found in cornels (10.67±0.04 mg kg–1), while the richest in Fe is lingonberry (37.1±0.3 mg kg–1), followed by the hawthorn (10.42±0.05 mg kg–1). Content of toxic metals (Pb, Ni) are in amount signifi cantly below the permissible standards. The lowest content of total carbohydrates belongs to hawthorn (5.9±0.1%), while the highest in cornels (11.2±0.1%). The differences in metal content of the investigated fruits were proven by application of mathematical-statistical analysis. Discriminant analysis was used to defi ne the fruit and to estimate the signifi cance of individual indexes in modelling. Canonical variables, included by degree of importance in discriminant functions for examined group of wild edible fruits are Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn.


Many developing countries display remarkably high degrees of urban concentration, incommensurate with their levels of urbanization. The cost of excessively high levels of urban concentration can be very high in terms of overpopulation, congestion, and productivity growth. One strand in the theoretical literature suggests that such high levels of concentration may be the result of restrictive trade policies that trigger forces of agglomeration. Another strand in the literature, however, points out that trade liberalization itself may exacerbate urban concentration by favoring the further growth of those large urban centers that have better access to international markets. The empirical basis for judging this question has so far been weak: in the existing literature, trade policies are poorly measured (or not measured as when trade volumes are used spuriously). Here, we use new disaggregated tari measures to empirically test the hypothesis. We also employ a treatmentand-control analysis of preversus post-liberalization performance of the cities in liberalizing and non-liberalizing countries. We nd evidence that, controlling for, among others, largest cities that have ports and, thus, have better access to external markets, liberalizing trade does lead to a reduction in urban concentration. Finally, by using a cross-country level of analysis we provide some external validity to the more careful empirical studies that rely on single country data. ∗Address: Department of Economics, Florida International University, FL 33199, USA, telephone: 305-348-3285, e-mail: karayalc@ u.edu. †Address: Department of Economics, Florida International University, FL 33199, USA, telephone: 305-348-2316, e-mail: hakan.yilmazkuday@ u.edu.


ABSTRACT Increasing evidence indicates that ongoing and future climate change impacts, such as enhanced coastal erosion driven by intensified storms and sea-level rise, will be destructive or problematic for coastal archaeological heritage. Approaches to this problem range from broad-scale GIS-based vulnerability assessments to site-scale monitoring and survey. In all cases, the approach chosen should be based on the best-available data on the local historic environment and pattern of coastal change. Therefore, this paper will demonstrate how such data can be successively acquired and enhanced using an integrated approach that builds on and refines a previously conducted broad-scale vulnerability assessment. This approach was adopted in the study region (Northern Ireland) owing to a lack of coherent and up-to-date information on shoreline change. This approach incorporated the GIS-based Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) to quantify and analyze local shoreline change. DSAS is a software extension for ESRI ArcGIS which allows calculation of rate-of-change statistics using past shorelines identified from georeferenced historic maps and vertical aerial imagery. Additionally, a field survey was conducted to assess the condition of recorded sites, and identify unrecorded ones. Results revealed a more complex pattern of shoreline change in the study area (Magilligan Foreland, Lough Foyle) than previously anticipated, with zones of significant erosion interspersed with areas of stability or advance. Fifty-one new sites ranging from the prehistoric period to the Second World War were also identified. The new information was used to develop a priority classification based on site significance, condition and risk level which improved significantly on the uniform classification of the original broad-scale assessment.