The Fukushima disaster has lead the French government to release novel cost information
relative to its nuclear electricity program allowing us to compute a levelized cost. We
identify a modest escalation of capital cost and a larger than expected operational cost.
Under the best scenario, the cost of French nuclear power over the last four decades is 59
d/MWh (at 2010 prices) while in the worst case it is 83 d/MWh. On the basis of these findings,
we estimate the future cost of nuclear power in France to be at least 76 d/MWh and
possibly 117 d/MWh. A comparison with the US confirms that French nuclear electricity
nevertheless remains cheaper. Comparisons with coal, natural gas and wind power are carried
out to the advantage of these. Our data and code is attached as and .


KUBO,H人KANEHASHI,K.¥ SHINOHARA, H人NEGISHI,H.1* , MATSUYAMA, N.1 and SUYAMA, K.1 (2009). Bacterial soft rot, a new disease ofbalsam pe訂 (Momordicacharantia L.) caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. }pn.}. Phytopathol. 75: 173-175. Soft rotten fruits of balsam pear were found in orchards of Kanagawa and Okinawa prefecture, }apan in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The causal bacterium was identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora according to its bacteriological characteristics. The name soft rot (Namtu byo) was proposed for this new disease. (Received October 30,2008; Accepted}anuarγ15,2009)


Background . Numerous articles have been published on the use of autopsies in training medical students in anatomy and different branches of pathology. Some authors have described the emotional response of students who attend such postmortem sessions. Forensic pathology is an important subdivision of pathology. In some countries undergraduate medical students are expected to attend postmortem examinations on persons who died from traumatic causes. Objective . To determine the attitudes and perceptions of 5th-year medical students with regard to forensic postmortem examinations at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Methods . A questionnaire was voluntarily completed by medical students on the last day of the practical rotation. Results . The overall rating of the practical rotation was 82%. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis indicated the following as strengths: record keeping, legislation review and traumatology description; as weaknesses: emotional trauma and nightmares; as opportunities: the attendance of autopsies; and as threats: physical dangers. Conclusion . The current study was similar to international studies with regard to students' emotional response to attending autopsies. The autopsy remains a valuable teaching tool for undergraduate students. Emotional support is currently available for all students to assist them in overcoming their fear of attending forensic autopsy sessions.


Vincent v. Lake Erie has given rise to two enduring controversies. The first concerns the imposition of the duty of repair itself. Lake Erie acted reasonably in lashing its ship to Vincent's dock and damaging the dock. Why should justified conduct--doing the right thing--give rise to liability in tort? The second concerns the basis of the duty of reparation recognized by the case. Is it rooted in Vincent's property right to exclude Lake Erie, a right overriden by the urgency of Lake Erie's plight but perhaps possessed of enough residual pull to compel compensation? Or is it grounded not on Vincent's property right but on Lake Erie's tortious wrong? Or, third, is it rooted in ideas of unjust enrichment?This article argues that Vincent's duty of reparation does not rest on Vincent's right to exclude. Vincent's right to exclude is only a prima facie right, and it is extinguished by the privilege of private necessity. Lake Erie's duty of reparation rests, rather, on the wrongfulness of Lake Erie's saving its ship at the cost of damaging Vincent's dock, without making reparation for the harm that it has done. An ideal of fairness provides the moral basis for this judgment of wrongfulness. Conceptions of strict liability in tort and unjust enrichment in the law of restitution supply the principal legal bases for Vincent's duty of reparation. An idea of unjust enrichment captures one aspect of the ideal of fairness at work in Vincent: Because the preexisting baseline of legal entitlement had pinned the lion's share of risk of loss from the storm on Lake Erie, Lake Erie would be enriching itself unjustly if were to gain by shifting the cost of the storm onto Vincent's shoulders. Ideas of strict liability in tort express another aspect of the ideal of fairness that underpins Vincent: It is wrong for Vincent to suffer at Lake Erie's hands simply because the infliction of injury on Vincent is to Lake Erie's advantage. The invocation of the Just Compensation clause makes explicit the link between the law of unjust enrichment's focus on unjust gain and the law of torts' focus on wrongful loss: Gain and loss are flip sides of the same coin and they should go hand in hand. It is only fair that Lake Erie should bear the costs as well as reap the benefits of its actions. Implicit in this case for strict liability is a way of making peace with the claims of fault liability. Fault liability takes reasonableness of conduct as its touchstone, and sets out to reward conduct which does more good than harm. Strict liability in Vincent has no bone to pick with reasonable conduct. It does not seek to discourage reasonable conduct. It seeks, instead, to promote both reasonable conduct and "reasonable harm." Strict liability in Vincent authorizes--privileges--Lake Erie's unconsented to entry onto Vincent's property, but conditions that entry on Lake Erie shouldering the costs of the harm wrought by its entry. It is only reasonable that Lake Erie--who profits from its use of Vincent's property--also bear the cost of the harm that is the price of its profits. Strict liability in Vincent criticizes fault liability only insofar as fault liability leaves loss unfairly distributed.


The overall goal of the project is to promote the development and the implementation of alternatives to detention at a EU level, in order to reduce the disproportionate resort to incarceration by legislators and judicial authorities.
The abuse of custodial measures first of all determines prison overcrowding across Europe, that violates fundamental rights of individuals and compromises the mutual trust necessary to underpin judicial cooperation in Europe. What is more, incarceration proves to be dysfunctional both to the rehabilitation of the offenders and to the prevention of recidivism.
Therefore, the project activities are directed to criminal justice operators and policy-makers with the objective of improving their ability to appropriately implement the alternative strategies to detention.
To this end, the project aims to provide criminal justice operators and policy-makers with a strong comparative knowledge of alternatives to detention existing in other Member States. A series of training meetings addressed to legal practitioners and other professionals will be organised by both the coordinator organisation and the partners. In order to organise the meetings, a preliminary study of legal provisions in force in the selected Member States will be carried out. Drawing on this legal analysis, the researchers will then assess the efficiency of a selected number of alternative measures, identifying the best practices and the problems to solve.
Additionally, the project will propose a set of guidelines on the alternatives to detention. The purpose of these guidelines is twofold. On the one hand, they aim to promote the adoption and the implementation of alternatives to incarceration in accordance with Council of Europe standards and rules. On the other hand, they intend to encourage the circulation of best practices on a European level with the aim of fostering mutual recognition and mutual trust in cross-border judicial cooperation.
The focus will not only be limited to analysing the alternatives to detention in the sentencing phase, but will also envisage strategies to avoid incarceration before the trial, as required by the EU Council Roadmap on procedural rights of suspected or accused persons.
The research action will be focused upon Belgium, France, Italy, Romania and Spain, and it is intended to obtain scientific results which may also be useful and effective in other Member States. For this reason, a combined methodology will be used in order to maximise the validity of the results.
The activities will include:
- a comparative study of legal provisions on alternative to detentions in the selected Member States;
- the elaboration of a questionnaire to collect practical data on the implementation of alternatives to detention according to scientific standards;
- three meetings among researchers and law practitioners in order to verify existing good practices and to raise awareness on the advantages of alternatives to detention;
- an integral analysis of legal and empirical findings;
- the practical guidelines and legislative proposal on the alternatives to detention in the EU;
- a two days international congress, to discuss and disseminate the results of the project;
- other activities of dissemination of the results of the project: a) creation of a website (e-newsletters, progress reports); b) presentation of the project to the media, distribution of brochures and leaflets;
- publication of a handbook outlining the guidelines to implement alternatives to detention in the EU.
The results of the investigation and the relationship established among academic partners and the criminal justice operators shall form a starting point for a follow-up of the research beyond the deadline of the EU initial financial support. Furthermore, the core-idea of the project shall be applied to the analysis of the legal systems of other EU Member States.


We introduce the GANformer2 model, an iterative object-oriented transformer, explored for the task of generative modeling. The network incorporates strong and explicit structural priors, to reflect the compositional nature of visual scenes, and synthesizes images through a sequential process. It operates in two stages: a fast and lightweight planning phase, where we draft a high-level scene layout, followed by an attention-based execution phase, where the layout is being refined, evolving into a rich and detailed picture. Our model moves away from conventional black-box GAN architectures that feature a flat and monolithic latent space towards a transparent design that encourages efficiency, controllability and interpretability. We demonstrate GANformer2's strengths and qualities through a careful evaluation over a range of datasets, from multi-object CLEVR scenes to the challenging COCO images, showing it successfully achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of visual quality, diversity and consistency. Further experiments demonstrate the model's disentanglement and provide a deeper insight into its generative process, as it proceeds step-by-step from a rough initial sketch, to a detailed layout that accounts for objects' depths and dependencies, and up to the final high-resolution depiction of vibrant and intricate real-world scenes. See https://github.com/dorarad/gansformer for model implementation.


In practice based research, especially when working with non-research organisations, sometimes researchers face challenges related to the willingness of participants to openly share experiences outside the realms of the project. As a consequence, there are methodological challenges with showing results, and working with knowledge verification. In this paper we suggest that some of these obstacles might be dealt with by using service archetypes. These form a neutral basis on which the developed design knowledge may be applied.


The volume of single premium payments (with long-run guarantees) almost halved in 2016. Positive effects of the tax reform were more than compensated by low interest rates, making private households increasingly shy away from contracts with long commitment periods. On the supply side, insurers were less willing to underwrite long-run guarantees. This caused premiums in the life insurance business to decline by 9 percent and the total premium intake to shrink by 1.8 percent. Robustly growing private health insurance (+4.7 percent) and a recovery in non-life and accident insurance (+1.7 percent) did not prevent a further drop of the insurance density to 4.9 percent of GDP. Forecasts for 2017 and 2018 expect that this development will continue, albeit at a slower pace. The first year of experience with Solvency II revealed some scope for interpretation across the member countries' supervisory bodies. Austrian insurers emerged from the stress test in 2016 with sufficient amounts of solvency capital.


In this research, we evaluate the effectiveness of the buying funnel as a model for understanding consumer interaction with keyword advertising campaigns on web search engines. We analyze data of nearly 7 million records from a 33 month, $56 million (US) search engine marketing campaign of a major US retailer. We classify key phrases used in this campaign into stages of the buying funnel (i.e., Awareness, Research, Decision, and Purchase) and then compare the consumer behaviors associated with each stage of the buying funnel using the critical keyword advertising metrics of impressions, clicks, cost-per-click, sales revenue, orders, and items sold. Findings from our analysis show that the stages from the buying funnel are effective for classifying types of queries, with statistically different consumer behaviors for all attributes among all stages. However, results also indicate that the buying funnel model does not represent the actual process that consumer engage in when contemplating a potential purchase, as the stages do not seem to be associated with expected consumer actions as predicted by the model. Results show that Awareness key phrases cost less and generate more sales revenue than Purchase queries, indicating that these broader phases can be a lucrative advertising segment for sponsored search campaigns. The results reported in this paper are important to researchers interested in understanding online consumers interaction with search engines and beneficial to search engine marketers striving to design successful advertising campaigns. Insights from this research could produce keyword advertising efforts being more effectively targeted to consumers in order to achieve campaign goals.


In 2004 a conference marking the second phase of the Red Sea Project was held at the British Museum; its theme this time was on trade, travel and exchange between the peoples on both sides of the Red Sea. Illustrated throughout, the initial six papers focus on the Pharaonic and classical periods. Contributors examine, for example, the archaeological evidence for Pharonic coastal settlements, the interaction of Romans with Troglodites, Aksumite trade and the exchange systems of the Red Sea region and Indian Ocean. The remaining nine papers move the emphasis forward to consider the movement of people and the interaction between cultures during the medieval and modern periods. Subjects here include travellers on the Red Sea coast, 12th-century crusaders, the Egyptian port of Al-Qusayr in 1799-1800, wildlife conservaton in Saudi Arabia, Europeans and 19th-century Jiddah, linguistics and magical practices.


Upon the emergence of electric vehicles, accurate and non-destructive monitoring of battery electrode materials during operation is highly desirable. Structural degradation of widely adopted intercalation-based materials constitutes the origin of their capacity fading and safety deterioration. Here, we introduce entropymetry to monitor the structural changes of LiCoO2 (LCO) and its nickel (Ni)-doped derivatives at different states of charge (SOC). While simple lithium (Li) extraction on charging gives a monotonic decline of entropy change (ΔS) based on progressive vacancy occupation over Li sites, the presence of a monoclinic intermediate phase inverses the slope of the ΔS profile to reflect its limited atomic configurations with high ordering. Furthermore, Ni-doping lessens the ordering of the monoclinic phase, decreasing the height amplitude of ΔS profile in the monoclinic regime. The increased disorder by Ni-doping enhances the stability of the lattice framework, extending the cycle life with high voltage cut-off (4.6 V vs. Li/Li+). The present study highlights entropymetry as a unique, non-destructive tool in monitoring the structural ordering and relevant degradation of electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries.


Eye-tracking experiments rely heavily on good data quality of eye-trackers. Unfortunately, it is often that only the spatial accuracy and precision values are available from the manufacturers. These two values alone are not sufficient enough to serve as a benchmark for an eye-tracker: Eye-tracking quality deteriorates during an experimental session due to head movements, changing illumination or calibration decay. Additionally, different experimental paradigms require the analysis of different types of eye movements, for instance smooth pursuit movements, blinks or microsaccades, which themselves cannot readily be evaluated by using spatial accuracy or precision alone. To obtain a more comprehensive description of properties, we developed an extensive eye-tracking test battery. In 10 different tasks, we evaluated eye-tracking related measures such as: the decay of accuracy, fixation durations, pupil dilation, smooth pursuit movement, microsaccade detection, blink detection, or the influence of head motion. For some measures, true theoretical values exist. For others, a relative comparison to a gold standard eye-tracker is needed. Therefore, we collected our gaze data simultaneously from a gold standard remote EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker and compared it with the mobile Pupil Labs glasses. As expected, the average spatial accuracy of 0.57° for the EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker was better than the 0.82° for the Pupil Labs glasses (N=15). Furthermore, we detected less fixations and shorter saccade durations for the Pupil Labs glasses. Similarly, we found fewer microsaccades using the Pupil Labs glasses. The accuracy over time decayed only slightly for the EyeLink 1000, but strongly for the Pupil Labs glasses. Finally we observed that the measured pupil diameters differed between eye-trackers on the individual subject level but not the group level. To conclude, our eye-tracking test battery offers 10 tasks that allow us to benchmark the many parameters of interest in stereotypical eye-tracking situations, or addresses a common source of confounds in measurement errors (e.g. yaw and roll head movements). All recorded eye-tracking data (including Pupil Labs' eye video files), the stimulus code for the test battery and the modular analysis pipeline are available (https://github.com/behinger/etcomp). BVE, KG, II and PK conceived the experiment. II and BVE created the experiment and recorded the gaze data. BVE and KG performed the analysis. BVE, KG and PK reviewed the manuscript critically.


Abstract. Using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) including a dynamic global vegetation model, a set of 13 time slice experiments was carried out to study global climate variability between and within the Quaternary interglacials of Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 1, 5, 11, 13, and 15. The selection of interglacial time slices was based on different aspects of inter- and intra-interglacial variability and associated astronomical forcing. The different effects of obliquity, precession, and greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing on global surface temperature and precipitation fields are illuminated. In most regions seasonal surface temperature anomalies can largely be explained by local insolation anomalies induced by the astronomical forcing. Climate feedbacks, however, may modify the surface temperature response in specific regions, most pronounced in the monsoon domains and the polar oceans. GHG forcing may also play an important role for seasonal temperature anomalies, especially at high latitudes and early Brunhes interglacials (MIS 13 and 15) when GHG concentrations were much lower than during the later interglacials. High- versus low-obliquity climates are generally characterized by strong warming over the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and slight cooling in the tropics during boreal summer. During boreal winter, a moderate cooling over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere continents and a strong warming at high southern latitudes is found. Beside the well-known role of precession, a significant role of obliquity in forcing the West African monsoon is identified. Other regional monsoon systems are less sensitive or not sensitive at all to obliquity variations during interglacials. Moreover, based on two specific time slices (394 and 615 ka), it is explicitly shown that the West African and Indian monsoon systems do not always vary in concert, challenging the concept of a global monsoon system on astronomical timescales. High obliquity can also explain relatively warm Northern Hemisphere high-latitude summer temperatures despite maximum precession around 495 ka (MIS 13). It is hypothesized that this obliquity-induced high-latitude warming may have prevented a glacial inception at that time.


This study set out to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the adoption levels of market orientation (MO) in Ghana's mobile telecommunications industry, and to assess its relationship to performance. This was necessitated by the fact that, in-spite of the superfluity of literature on market orientation and its relationship to performance in developed economies and a few on developing nations such as Ghana, there are hardly any studies on Ghana's mobile telecommunications industry despite its impressive performance. Furthermore, available studies generally assessed market orientation without incorporating any assessment by customers. The study, in addressing these deficiencies, makes significant contribution to academic knowledge on market orientation.

Based on literature reviewed, a conceptual model and nine hypotheses are proposed for this study. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods, underpinned by realism philosophy enabled the assessment of the market orientation performance relationship. Qualitative data collection entailed an in-depth interview of ten senior officers of five mobile telecommunications firms operating in Ghana selected by a judgmental sampling method, whose response was analysed by thematic analysis. Quantitative data was obtained by administering questionnaires on 275 staff selected by a simple random sampling method and 302 subscribers selected by a two-stage process of quota and convenience sampling methods. Confirmatory factor analysis, correlation matrix, structural equation modeling and T-test are utilized in the analysis of the quantitative data and the testing of the hypotheses.

The findings of the study established that in Ghana's mobile telecommunications industry, market orientation is determined by one internal antecedent - top management emphasis with no external antecedent influencing it. The significant effect of market orientation on business performance, customer satisfaction, customer retention, employee commitment and employee esprit de corps have also been established by this study. Finally, the study establishes that, when compared, subscribers and staff assessment of the dimensions of market orientation differed with staff rating them higher than subscribers.

Based on the findings, the study recommends the need not only for mobile telecommunication operators to continue in the pursuit of market orientated activities, but also undertake measures to close the market orientation gap between them and their subscribers. Top management should also continue with the pivotal role they are playing in the implementation of market orientation, and enhance their information generation, dissemination and responsiveness processes not only to sustain market orientation but also their performance.

Notwithstanding the shortfalls identified, which did not adversely affect outcomes of the study, the study has developed an empirical model for market orientation, firm performance relationship for the mobile telecommunications industry incorporating a comparison of the assessment of the dimensions of market orientation by subscribers and staff. It is hoped that this new model will be used for further studies in both developed and developing countries to test the viability of its application.


Humanitarian crises can affect women, men, girls and boys in radically different ways. To address the different impacts of conflict and disasters on each group and promote the potential for positive transformation of gender norms, Oxfam calls for humanitarian agencies to analyse, plan, and respond to crises in ways that address practical gender needs and promote women's rights. Oxfam is committed to promoting gender equality and preventing gender-based violence, through the implementation of its Minimum Standards for Gender in Emergencies . In addition, the promotion of gender equality must be central to the broader efforts to protect civilians and manage and prevent conflict and armed violence. More information on Oxfam's Humanitarian Policy Notes can be found in the Our Work section of the website.


The extensive research on the impact of educational attainment on fertility behavior has been expanded by a new dimension. According to these recent findings, not only the level but also the field of education has to be taken into account. The field of education determines a great deal about labor market options and influences opportunities to combine employment and family life. The question this paper aims to answer is: How does the educational field influence the transition to parenthood of women and men in Western Germany? The German Socio Economic Panel (1984-2010) provides the data. Discrete time event history models are applied to examine the impact of the field of education on the transition to parenthood, looking at the time after graduation until a first child is born. Educational fields are grouped according to their most salient characteristic with regard to the share of women, the occupational specificity, the share of public-sector employment, and the share of part-time employment among people educated in the field. The models take the educational level into account and control for marital status, episodes of educational enrollment, and migration background. The results show that educational fields matter for the transition to a first birth only for women. For men, the results do not show a significant impact of educational fields on the transition rates to parenthood. However, they point at the importance of the educational level for the probability of men to become fathers. High transition rates are found among women educated in both female-dominated and male-dominated fields. The finding of low transition rates among women educated in public-sector fields come as a surprise, since, given the high workplace security in the public sector, they were expected to be among the women with high transition rates.


This paper introduces a model of gender inequality and economic growth that focuses on the determination of women's time allocation among market production, home production, child rearing, and child education. The theoretical model is based on Agenor (2012), but differs in several important dimensions. The model is calibrated using microlevel data of Asian economies, and numerous policy experiments are conducted to investigate how various aspects of gender inequality are related to the growth performance of the economy. The analysis shows that improving gender equality can contribute significantly to economic growth by changing females' time allocation and promoting accumulation of human capital. We find that if gender inequality is completely removed, aggregate income will be about 6.6% and 14.5% higher than the benchmark economy after one and two generations, respectively, while corresponding per capita income will be higher by 30.6% and 71.1% in the hypothetical gender-equality economy. This is because fertility and population decrease as women participate more in the labor market.


Many botnet detection systems employ a blacklist of known command and control (C&C) domains to detect bots and block their traffic. Similar to signature-based virus detection, such a botnet detection approach is static because the blacklist is updated only after running an external (and often manual) process of domain discovery. As a response, botmasters have begun employing domain generation algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically produce a large number of random domain names and select a small subset for actual C&C use. That is, a C&C domain is randomly generated and used for a very short period of time, thus rendering detection approaches that rely on static domain lists ineffective. Naturally, if we know how a domain generation algorithm works, we can generate the domains ahead of time and still identify and block bot-net C&C traffic. The existing solutions are largely based on reverse engineering of the bot malware executables, which is not always feasible.

In this paper we present a new technique to detect randomly generated domains without reversing. Our insight is that most of the DGA-generated (random) domains that a bot queries would result in Non-Existent Domain (NXDomain) responses, and that bots from the same bot-net (with the same DGA algorithm) would generate similar NXDomain traffic. Our approach uses a combination of clustering and classification algorithms. The clustering algorithm clusters domains based on the similarity in the make-ups of domain names as well as the groups of machines that queried these domains. The classification algorithm is used to assign the generated clusters to models of known DGAs. If a cluster cannot be assigned to a known model, then a new model is produced, indicating a new DGA variant or family. We implemented a prototype system and evaluated it on real-world DNS traffic obtained from large ISPs in North America. We report the discovery of twelve DGAs. Half of them are variants of known (botnet) DGAs, and the other half are brand new DGAs that have never been reported before.


This Article analyzes portability and its antecedents in order to distill a positive account of marital sharing of transfer tax exemption amounts. Prior to 2010, the estate and gift tax exemption equivalent was a nontransferable, separate tax attribute of each spouse. A spouse could only access his or her spouse's effective exemption by shifting property into the other spouse's tax base. With the enactment of portability, Congress decoupled tax-free availability of a spouse's unified credit from the necessity of a prior intra-spousal transfer. All that is required is an election by the decedent spouse, via the executor, to share the decedent's unused exemption equivalent with the surviving spouse. This Article argues that a logical extension of this progression in the law, presaged by several early proposals by the American Law Institute and the U.S. Treasury, would be a regime that authorized elective sharing of estate and gift tax exemption amounts between spouses, in any proportion, during life or at death.


Volunteer tourism is a rapidly growing form of alternative travel. One of its central pillars consists of benefiting host communities and facilitating development in resource poor and developing country contexts. However, little research exists demonstrating how volunteer tourism programs impact host communities or how impacts can be assessed. Few mechanisms have been proposed or developed to understand, identify or assess the impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities. One strategy to assess these impacts is by developing indicators to reveal the social, personal, economic and environmental impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities. This research employed four phases representing distinct approaches to understanding the ways that volunteer tourism impacts host communities and how such impacts can be assessed through indicators. It incorporates the perspectives of multiple stakeholders and culminates in an effective and useful tool of impact evaluation that can be employed by volunteer tourism organizations and host communities. Its goal is to encourage collaboration among volunteer tourism organizations and host communities in the impact evaluation process to ensure that volunteer tourism can address mutual goals and needs.
 Phase one explored the use of indicators to evaluate the impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities, based on an online questionnaire sent to 183 volunteer tourism organizations. Phase two involved a comparison of questionnaire data and telephone interviews conducted with numerous questionnaire respondents. It explored the complex relationships that exist between volunteer tourism organizations and host communities to understand the potential of volunteer tourism to promote community development and empower host communities to take control of their development process. In phase three, a participatory methodology of indicator development was tested in five host communities of volunteer tourism in Ecuador and Costa Rica. In each workshop, host community members and representatives of volunteer organizations collaborated and systematically identified and prioritized indicators of the local impacts of volunteer tourism. In phase four the data from the questionnaire and host community workshops were compared and contrasted to understand how they can be fused into a hybrid framework of indicator development that reflects the interests of both stakeholder groups (volunteer tourism organizations and host communities) in the impact evaluation process.


Convergent evidence from functional imaging and from neuropsychological studies of basal ganglia disorders indicates that the striatum is involved in learning to categorize visual stimuli with feedback. However, it is unclear which cognitive process or processes involved in categorization is or are responsible for striatal recruitment; different regions of the striatum have been linked to feedback processing and to acquisition of stimulus-category associations. We examined the effect of the presence of feedback during learning on striatal recruitment by comparing feedback learning with observational learning of an information integration task. In the feedback task, participants were shown a stimulus, made a button press response, and then received feedback as to whether they had made the correct response. In the observational task, participants were given the category label before the stimulus appeared and then made a button press indicating the correct category membership. A region-of-interest analysis was used to examine activity in three regions of the striatum: the head of the caudate, body and tail of the caudate, and the putamen. Activity in the left head of the caudate was modulated by the presence of feedback: The magnitude of activation change was greater during feedback learning than during observational learning. In contrast, the bilateral body and tail of the caudate and the putamen were active to a similar degree in both feedback and observational learning. This pattern of results supports a functional dissociation between regions of the striatum, such that the head of the caudate is involved in feedback processing, whereas the body and tail of the caudate and the putamen are involved in learning stimulus-category associations. The hippocampus was active bilaterally during both feedback and observational learning, indicating potential parallel involvement with the striatum in information integration category learning.


Time is a scarce commodity in today's business environment. Curt Hinrichs and Chuck Boiler's JMP Essentials: An Illustrated Step-by-Step Guide for New Users is designed for the new or occasional JMP user who needs to generate meaningful graphs or results quickly. The authors, drawing on their own extensive experience working with customers with little or no background in JMP, provide a good survey and just what new users typically need. The format of the book is unique. It adopts a show-and-tell design with essential steps on the left-hand side and extensive illustrations on the right, which is very similar to the software's own philosophy of producing graphs alongside results. In most cases, each page or two-page spread completes a JMP task, which maximizes the book's utility as a reference. In addition, each chapter contains a family of features that are carefully crafted to first introduce basic features and progress to more advanced ones. For new users, JMP Essentials is the most accessible and fastest reference available.


Background Guidelines recommend reducing saturated fat (SFA) intake to decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but there is limited evidence on scalable and effective approaches to change dietary intake, given the large proportion of the population exceeding SFA recommendations. We aimed to develop a system to provide monthly personalized feedback and healthier swaps based on nutritional analysis of loyalty card data from the largest United Kingdom grocery store together with brief advice and support from a healthcare professional (HCP) in the primary care practice. Following a hybrid effectiveness-feasibility design, we tested the effects of the intervention on SFA intake and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as the feasibility and acceptability of providing nutritional advice using loyalty card data. Methods and findings The Primary Care Shopping Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (PC-SHOP) study is a parallel randomized controlled trial with a 3 month follow-up conducted between 21 March 2018 to 16 January2019. Adults ≥18 years with LDL cholesterol >3 mmol/L (n = 113) were recruited from general practitioner (GP) practices in Oxfordshire and randomly allocated to "Brief Support" (BS, n = 48), "Brief Support + Shopping Feedback" (SF, n = 48) or "Control" (n = 17). BS consisted of a 10-minute consultation with an HCP to motivate participants to reduce their SFA intake. Shopping feedback comprised a personalized report on the SFA content of grocery purchases and suggestions for lower SFA swaps. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in change in SFA intake (% total energy intake) at 3 months adjusted for baseline SFA and GP practice using intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary outcomes included %SFA in purchases, LDL cholesterol, and feasibility outcomes. The trial was powered to detect an absolute reduction in SFA of 3% (SD3). Neither participants nor the study team were blinded to group allocation. A total of 106 (94%) participants completed the study: 68% women, 95% white ethnicity, average age 62.4 years (SD 10.8), body mass index (BMI) 27.1 kg/m2 (SD 4.7). There were small decreases in SFA intake at 3 months: control = −0.1% (95% CI −1.8 to 1.7), BS = −0.7% (95% CI −1.8 to 0.3), SF = −0.9% (95% CI −2.0 to 0.2); but no evidence of a significant effect of either intervention compared with control (difference adjusted for GP practice and baseline: BS versus control = −0.33% [95% CI −2.11 to 1.44], p = 0.709; SF versus control = −0.11% [95% CI −1.92 to 1.69], p = 0.901). There were similar trends in %SFA based on supermarket purchases: control = −0.5% (95% CI −2.3 to 1.2), BS = −1.3% (95% CI −2.3 to −0.3), SF = −1.5% (95% CI −2.5 to −0.5) from baseline to follow-up, but these were not significantly different: BS versus control p = 0.379; SF versus control p = 0.411. There were small reductions in LDL from baseline to follow-up (control = −0.14 mmol/L [95% CI −0.48, 0.19), BS: −0.39 mmol/L [95% CI −0.59, −0.19], SF: −0.14 mmol/L [95% CI −0.34, 0.07]), but these were not significantly different: BS versus control p = 0.338; SF versus control p = 0.790. Limitations of this study include the small sample of participants recruited, which limits the power to detect smaller differences, and the low response rate (3%), which may limit the generalisability of these findings. Conclusions In this study, we have shown it is feasible to deliver brief advice in primary care to encourage reductions in SFA intake and to provide personalized advice to encourage healthier choices using supermarket loyalty card data. There was no evidence of large reductions in SFA, but we are unable to exclude more modest benefits. The feasibility, acceptability, and scalability of these interventions suggest they have potential to encourage small changes in diet, which could be beneficial at the population level. Trial registration ISRCTN14279335.


ABSTRACT This study highlights tensions and challenges experienced by language teachers in CLIL contexts. Using an example from the Netherlands, it explores the pedagogical and collaborative practices of Teachers of English in Bilingual streams (TEBs). The study shows how, using formal and practical theories (Borg and Burns 2008. "Integrating Grammar in Adult TESOL Classrooms." Applied Linguistics 29 (3): 456–482. doi:10.1093/applin/amn020.), pedagogical and collaborative practices were formulated and used to investigate the beliefs and practices of language teachers in bilingual settings. The paper presents the operationalisation of 36 practices for TEBs and reports on an online survey investigating TEBs' stated beliefs and practices. The findings suggest this set of practices has potential, both as a professional development tool for language teachers in bilingual education settings, and for further research. Results of the online survey revealed that the disciplinary identity of most Dutch TEBs leads to a focus on language, communication, literature, and language arts. TEBs are not necessarily aware of, and do not automatically consider, possibilities for expanding their own pedagogical practices in relation to subject-specific language or supporting and collaborating with their subject teacher colleagues. We suggest that policy guidelines, curricula development and teacher education programmes should pay more attention to the unique position of language teachers in these settings.


Background The importance of tackling economic, social and health-related inequities is increasingly accepted as a core concern for the post-Millennium Development Goal framework. However, there is a global dearth of high-quality, policy-relevant and actionable data on inequities within populations, which means that development solutions seldom focus on the people who need them most. INTREC (INDEPTH Training and Research Centres of Excellence) was established with this concern in mind. It aims to provide training for researchers from the INDEPTH network on associations between health inequities, the social determinants of health (SDH), and health outcomes, and on presenting their findings in a usable form to policy makers. Objective As part of a baseline situation analysis for INTREC, this paper assesses the current status of SDH training in three of the African INTREC countries – Ghana, Tanzania, and South Africa – as well as the gaps, barriers, and opportunities for training. Methods SDH-related courses from the three countries were identified through personal knowledge of the researchers, supplemented by snowballing and online searches. Interviews were also conducted with, among others, academics engaged in SDH and public health training in order to provide context and complementary material. Information regarding access to the Internet, as a possible INTREC teaching medium, was gathered in each country through online searches. Results SDH-relevant training is available, but 1) the number of places available for students is limited; 2) the training tends to be public-health-oriented rather than inclusive of the broader, multi-sectoral issues associated with SDH; and 3) insufficient funding places limitations on both students and on the training institutions themselves, thereby affecting participation and quality. We also identified rapidly expanding Internet connectivity in all three countries, which opens up opportunities for e-learning on SDH, though the current quality of the Internet services remains mixed. Conclusions SDH training is currently in short supply, and there is a clear role for INTREC to contribute to the training of a critical mass of African researchers on the topic. This work will be accomplished most effectively by building on pre-existing networks, institutions, and methods.


Reduced-form models have proven to be a useful tool for analyzing the dynamics of credit spreads. However, some have recently questioned their ability to match the level of empirical default correlation. The key concern appears to be the assumption that defaults are independent conditional on the state variables driving the default intensity. In this paper, I use a "thought experiment" as well as numerical examples calibrated to recent studies to show that the model-implied default correlation can be quite sensitive to the common factor structure imposed on the default intensity. Therefore, the "inability" of reduced-form models to generate sufficient default correlation has more to do with a restrictive common factor structure than the assumption of conditional independence.


The contribution deals with the problematics of topology optimization of the arm of a mobile robot manipulator for the international competition European Rover Challenge (ERC). The manipulator was designed at the Department of Robotics at VSB - TU Ostrava and is described in detail below. The aim was to test the entire design process: determination of loading forces, material model and parameters identification, maximal allowed stress in the structure, the topology optimization and the manufacturing process of the arm by FDM additive technology. The process has been tested for his future automation. The aim was also to create the new arm lighter than the original one, but the reliability must be satisfied.


Conventional chemotherapy leads to severe side-effects such as nephrotoxicity, nausea and vomiting and fatigue along with drug resistance. Alkylating agents used to treat cancer were even shown to provoke second cancers, often years after the end of chemotherapy treatment. Innovative treatments in the clinic are being explored, using hyperthermia in conjunction with chemotherapy to enhance the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs in tumor cells or as a drug delivery system along with liposomal formulations. In this dissertation, a new duotherapy with regional hyperthermia and chemotherapy concept is described including low molecular weight thermoactive chlorambucil- and ruthenium(II)-based drugs with fluorous chains that are selectively triggered by mild hyperthermia, i.e. essentially inactive at 37?°C and active under mild hyperthermia. These new compounds were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines and non-cancerous immortalized cells. The compounds show considerable chemothermal selectivity towards cancer cells for compounds with the longest fluorous chain. The presence of fluorine was found to be critical for thermoresponsive behavior. Furthermore, in vitro assays such as cell motility, cell uptake and cell cycle arrest and in vivo studies on the CAM for assessing antiangiogenic and antitumor effects were performed to gain insights into their mechanism of action. In parallel, a ruthenium(II)?arene complex with a cleavable perfluoroalkyl-ligand was found to display remarkable selectivity toward cancer cells. IC50 values on several cancer cell lines are in the range of 25 ? 45 ?M, with no cytotoxic effect observed on nontumorigenic (HEK-293) cells. Consequently, this complex was used as the basis for the development of a number of related derivatives, which were screened in cancerous and noncancerous cell lines. Promising derivatives and the lead compound were further studied in vitro and also evaluated in vivo for antiangiogenic activity in the CAM model and in a xenografted ovarian carcinoma tumor (A2780) grown on the CAM. A 90% reduction in the tumor growth was observed for the lead compound. Lastly, thermoresponsive compounds and the tumor-selective lead complex were evaluated in an in vivo xenografted mouse model, validating the thermoresponsive concept in this preclinical model. Indeed, duotherapy with hyperthermia and chemotherapy showed a synergistic tumor growth reduction of 78.7 and 89.9% for thermoresponsive compounds, while the tumor-selective compound led to a tumor reduction of 89.6%, with no toxicity observed relative to body weight of the mice. Biodistribution was additionally assessed for ruthenium-based complexes by ICP-MS measurements.


In this study, the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on the intestinal bacteria, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium animalis were investigated. All three bacterial strains were inoculated into tryptic soy broth (TSB) or Lactobacilli MRS broth media containing different concentrations of ZnO (0, 12, 16, 20 mM) and Ag (0, 1.8, 2.7, 4.6 mM) NPs and 1% of NP-free solution and incubated at 37 oC for 24 h. The presence and characterization of ZnO and Ag NPs on bacterial cells were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). UV-visible absorbance and the Live/Dead Bacterial Viability assay were performed to assess membrane leakage and viability of bacterial cells before and after treatment with the NPs. For all bacteria, for up to 12 h of incubation, the numbers of treated cells were within 1 log CFU/mL less than that of the control. Morphological changes of bacterial cells were observed, but many cells remained in normal shapes. Results of UV-visible spectroscopy showed that only a small amount of internal cellular contents were leaked due to the NPs. Also, more live than dead cells were observed after exposure to the NPs. Results indicate that ZnO and Ag NPs have very mild inhibitory effects on intestinal bacteria.


Thanks to the ultra-fast endstation of the TOMCAT beamline, it is possible to do a tomographic scan with a sub-second temporal resolution which allows following dynamic processes in 4D (3D space + time). This ultra- high-rate tomography acquisition, exploiting the distinctive peculiarities of synchrotron radiation, provides nondestructive investigation of many dynamic processes which were not possible in the past. For example a continuous tensile test has been conducted recently in-situ for the first time with a frequency of 20 tomograms per second (20 Hz acquisition frequency). In the ultra-fast endstation a scintillator is used to convert X-ray to visible photons that can be detected by the camera. However, this conversion is not ideal and the scintillator response decays exponentially with afterglow. Afterglow can cause resolution degradation and artifacts (such as ring and band) especially with high rotation speed. On the other hand, to achieve a higher scan speed, thicker scintillators are more common because they result in higher emission intensities that can compensate the short exposure time in fast scans. However, the resolution deteriorates as the scintillator's thickness increases and thicker scintillators show higher afterglow. Performing many ultra-fast scans at the TOMCAT beamline with different acquisition rate, we demonstrate how the exposure time effects on the projection data and reconstructed images. Using two different thicknesses of LAG scintillator we also investigate the afterglow artifacts for different acquisition rate and exposure time.


Methyl-ammonium lead iodide is the archetypal perovskite solar cell material. Phase pure, compositionally uniform methyl-ammonium lead iodide thin films on large glass substrates were deposited using ambient pressure aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition. This opens up a route to efficient scale up of hybrid perovskite film growth towards industrial deployment.


Exploring metacognitive skills in students' engineering design activities has merit for better understanding how the students deal with problem solving. This understanding will benefit the students, engineering educators, and curriculum developers. Researchers realize that metacognitive assessment is a complex endeavor that suggests the need of using data triangulation protocols. A mixed-methods approach to research is also needed to gather comprehensive and valid information about student metacognition. Among many other data collection methods, the semi-structured interview is a widely used method. The semi-structured method offers high flexibility and interaction with the students while providing a consistent framework for interviews. The objectives of this preliminary study were to investigate students' activities that reflect their metacognition, and to suggest what preparation should be undertaken during a semi-structured interview. Engineering graphics (MAE 1200) students (n=4) in the College of Engineering, at Utah State University (USU), participated in this preliminary study. Butler and Cartier's Self-Regulated Learning model was used to frame interview questions. Two graduate students in the Department of Engineering and Technology Education (ETE) conducted interview sessions to assess the participants' task interpretations, strategies, monitoring activities, and judgments about their design at the early and final stages of a design project. Participant responses were categorized and tabulated according to interview questions. The results suggest that there was a change in both task interpretation and strategy during the engineering design activity. Additionally, time constraints and skill level with the software affected student monitoring strategies in completing the design task. Most participants were satisfied with their design result. In addition, issues and challenges, as well as suggestions for conducting the semi-structured interview, are discussed in the paper.


Inspired by the conference theme of 'Looking Back to Look Forward' this paper examines the multiple ways in which the Prussian explorer of northern Australia, Ludwig Leichhardt, provides possible new directions for rethinking contemporary concepts such as transnationalism and nationalism. While the paper in its genealogical fashion assumes that the past is not simply available to us to be looked upon but rather is made to appear to us through various, material and ideological productions; it is still inspired by the possibility that re-imagining the past in the present can produce alternative and better futures


In many important ways, having a disability challenges traditional masculinity ideology. Understanding how men conceptualize and negotiate their identities both as men and as individuals with disabilities is important as men comprise a large percentage of students with disabilities, specifically invisible disabilities. The prevalence of invisible disabilities, which are disabilities not visibly apparent to others, has been increasing across all levels of education, including higher education (Marder et al., 2003). Previous studies have explored the intersections between masculinity and disability, however they were narrowly focused on men with visible impairments (e.g., Gershick & Miller, 1995) and men with chronic illnesses (e.g., Charmaz, 1995; Gibbs, 2005). Furthermore, none of these studies examined men within the context of higher education, which is important as college plays a significant role in the development of masculinity (Harris, 2010; Kimmel, 2008). The present study used grounded theory, a qualitative research approach, to explore the experiences of 22 college men with invisible disabilities through the use of in-depth interviews. This study examined how these men conceptualized their dual identities as men with invisible disabilities and how they engaged with the academic accommodations process. A grounded theory was developed providing a framework for understanding the experiences of these men that captured four central themes of (a) embodying masculinity, (b) losing masculinity, (c) preserving masculinity, and (d) cultivating masculinity.


The convergence process of national accounting practices into international standards requires significant changes on accounting regulation. Brazil has many examples of that: the creation of the Brazilian Accounting Standards Committee (CPC), the issuance of the Federal Law 11.638/07, the January 14th Letter to the Market issued by the Brazilian Securities Exchange Commission (CVM), the translation of the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (issued by the International Accounting Standards Board), translated by CPC and approved by CVM. It is expected that accountants and auditors are working hard to understand and to get familiar with new standards to adopt and audit them on their firms and/or clients. However, as important as to adopt and audit the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), it is important to understand changes on accounting regulation. Although, there are not been discussed the incentives and consequences of this accounting regulation tsunami in the Latin-American context. This theory-based paper examines the Brazilian IFRS convergence experience in an interdisciplinary perspective. All five theories of regulation examined (Public Interest, Capture, Interests Group, Reale's, and Habermas') are concurrent among them but are helpful in examining IFRS convergence phenomenon; in some cases they provide complementary explanations.


Decentralized wastewater management (DWM) may be defined as the collection, treatment, and reuse of wastewater from individual homes, clusters of homes, subdivisions, and isolated commercial facilities at or near the point of waste generation. In some areas, the liquid portion could be transported to a central point for further treatment and reuse. At the time of writing (2002), more than sixty million people in the United States live in homes where individual decentralized systems are used for wastewater management. Further, the U.S. EPA now estimates that about 40 percent of the new homes being built are served with onsite systems. In the early 1970s, with the passage of the Clean Water Act, it was often stated that it was only a matter of time before sewerage facilities would be available to almost all residents of the continental United States. Now, more than 25 years later, it is recognized that complete sewerage of the entire U.S. may never be possible, due to both geographic and economic constraints. Because complete sewerage is unlikely in the foreseeable future, it is clear that DWM systems are needed for the protection of public health and the environment and for the development of long-term strategies for the management of our water resources. The challenges and opportunities for DWM systems in the twenty-first century are discussed in this paper.


It has been reported that white spot lesions (WSLs) can be seen as a result of prolonged plaque accumulation on the affected surface of the teeth. They are more often associated with fixed orthodontic treatment and defined as "the presence of clinically detectable, localized areas of enamel demineralization." These lesions are managed in the first step by establishing a good oral hygiene to enhance remineralization, and prophylaxis with products mostly containing fluoride, calcium, or phosphate. The aim of this chapter is to outline the risk factors and preventive measures of WSLs, and the currently used meth - ods to manage it based on the latest evidence.


Passenger car disc brakes are a source of ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles. It is estimated that 21% of total traffic-related PM10 emissions in urban environments originate from airborne brake wear particles. Particle number emission factors are in the magnitude of 1010 km−1 wheel brake during real-world driving conditions. Due to the complexity of the tribological processes and the limited observability of the friction zone between brake disc and pad, the phenomena causing particle emission of disc brakes are only partially understood. To generate a basis for understanding the emission process and, based on this, to clarify which influencing variables have how much potential for reduction measures, one approach consists in the identification and quantification of influencing variables in the form of emission maps. The subject of this publication is the influence of disc brake temperature on ultrafine, fine, and coarse particle emissions, which was investigated with a systematic variation of temperature during single brake events on an enclosed brake dynamometer. The systematic variation of temperature was achieved by increasing or decreasing the disc temperature stepwise which leads to a triangular temperature variation. Two types of brake pads were used with the main distinction in its chemical composition being organic and inorganic binder materials. The critical disc brake temperature for the generation of ultrafine particles based on nucleation is at approximately 180 °C for pads with an organic binder and at approximately 240 °C for pads with inorganic binder materials. Number concentration during those nucleation events decreased for successive events, probably due to aging effects. PM10 emissions increased by factor 2 due to an increase in temperature from 80 °C to 160 °C. The influence of temperature could be only repeatable measured for disc brake temperatures below 180 °C. Above this temperature, the emission behavior was dependent on the temperature history, which indicates also a critical temperature for PM10 relevant emissions but not in an increasing rather than a decreasing manner.


Lacking a common ground in Human-Robot Interaction is the main source of errors and miscommunications especially for remote exploration robotics. Advances in language and social psychology studies are the rescue, particularly the common ground theory. This paper reviews common ground theory, then it introduces a framework inspired by the miraculous history of Helen Keller. Then a case study is presented to investigate the proposed framework. Finally, the paper explores some potential future issues in the application of the proposed common ground approach in Human-Robot Interaction.


This research examines the blacksmith and his work within the 18 century fur trade community at Fort Michilimackinac (1715-1781). Located at the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, this fortified trading post was important to the French (1715-1760) and British (1761-1781) fur trade economies in North America. Archaeological data and historic documents describing the use, trade, and demand for iron products at Fort Michilimackinac are used to understand the blacksmith and his work within the 18 century fur trade frontier and the wider socioeconomic landscape of which he was part. Blacksmiths were essential in supporting the material needs of frontier communities and the technological adaptations necessitated by frontier conditions are examined through the archaeological remains of the blacksmith workshops at Fort Michilimackinac, as well as metal artifacts found across the site. A model for identifying blacksmithing activities within workshops was applied to archaeological data from Fort Michilimackinac and three blacksmith workshops were identified. These are described in terms of the archaeological features represented and their spatial attributes. Several artifact groups were selected for analysis based on trade records and other historic documents that described their local production and/or repair at the fort. Trends in repair methods and potential technological adaptations of blacksmithing techniques exhibited by these repairs are identified. Portable x-ray fluorescence analysis was used to further examine traits of frontier metals and identify types of artifacts that were likely produced by the blacksmiths at Fort Michilimackinac. By examining the blacksmith and his work, this research contributes to a holistic understanding of the fur trade frontier and the importance of individuals and craftsmen, like the blacksmith, within the communities that aided the continued success of the fur trade and European expansion in North America.


When did humans colonize the Americas? From where did they come and what routes did they take? These questions have gripped scientists for decades, but until recently answers have proven difficult to find. Current genetic evidence implies dispersal from a single Siberian population toward the Bering Land Bridge no earlier than about 30,000 years ago (and possibly after 22,000 years ago), then migration from Beringia to the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago. The archaeological records of Siberia and Beringia generally support these findings, as do archaeological sites in North and South America dating to as early as 15,000 years ago. If this is the time of colonization, geological data from western Canada suggest that humans dispersed along the recently deglaciated Pacific coastline.


Huge urban agglomerations of the world become bigger and more numerous. In 2000 there were 16 giant cities with population more than 10 million people, and by 2015 their number will have grown up to 21. However the biggest share of the global urban population increase falls on relatively small places with population from 500,000 to 5 million people. Within 2000-2015 the tendencies will be similar.Global urbanization engrosses more and more countries and regions. Mankind keeps on growing irregularly – population increase is concentrated in cities.It is obvious why human masses gather in big cities: the life in such cities is more comfortable than in rural area. Of course, poverty and despondent imbecility of rural life looks less attractive than city apartment and rapid rhythm of life in a megapolis. Finally, it is desire for better comfort – accommodation, activity and reasonableness of living – that leads immigrants to the city. In some cases the number of immigrants is so big that city population increases several times within the life of one generation. In other words, there are more newcomers that the natives of the city. In this case the tendency towards «discomfortization » embraces the whole megapolis. In the urban development science such effect is called «degradation of urban environment ». Tokyo and London of the seventies-nineties of the last century can be examples of this. Vsevolod Ovchinnikov describes «the Oriental capital»: «Tokyo is a hypertrophied embodiment of the problems peculiar to megapolises in general and to an overpeopled insular country in particular. This paradoxical combination of tightness and chaos, density and dispersion… Tokyo citizens have a joke that even their dogs have to wag their tails not from side to side, but upward and downward». In addition to the problems of pure air and water, transport and noise there is a tremendous ugliness of urban development. Plenty of individual beautiful buildings do not make the general impression better: «Try to find a point for panoramic picture for everybody to say: what a beautiful city! Even the perfection of Japanese photographic apparatuses cannot be helpful. You need not a tripod but at least a helicopter… Hundreds of monumental buildings are lost like a mosaic fallen to pieces, which could compose a wonderful picture if architects worked in collaboration with city planners».It can hardly be said that some definite people deliberately and purposefully came to a decision to make the city uncomfortable for living. The situation looks like an unintentional reflective reaction of a primitive living organism – it is a rejection of irritant factor. The city, like a living but unreasonable being, tries to push out its «excess» people. If authorities do not take upon themselves the functions of reason, that is planning and management, the urban environment degrades very quickly. Instead of expected welfare citizens get a pastry filled with horseradish – life dressed with many problems and oppressive discomfort.


The Beta-glucan Effects on Lipid profile, glycemia and inTestinal health (BELT) Study investigated the effect of 3 g/day oat beta-glucans on plasma lipids, fasting glucose and self-perceived intestinal well-being. The Study was an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over randomized clinical trial, enrolling a sample of 83 Italian free-living subjects, adherent to Mediterranean diet, with a moderate hypercholesterolemia and a low cardiovascular risk profile. Beta-glucans reduced mean LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels from baseline by 12.2% (95%CI: −15.4 to −3.8) after 4 weeks of supplementation and by 15.1% (95%CI: −17.8 to −5.9) after 8 weeks of supplementation (p < 0.01 for both comparison and versus placebo). Between baseline and 4 weeks Total Cholesterol (TC) levels showed an average reduction of 6.5% (95%CI: −10.9 to −1.9) in the beta-glucan sequence; while non-HDL-C plasma concentrations decreased by 11.8% (95%CI: −14.6 to −4.5). Moreover, after 8 weeks of beta-glucan supplementation TC was reduced by 8.9% (95%CI: −12.6 to −2.3) and non-HDL-C levels by 12.1% (95%CI: −15.6 to −5.3). Decreses in TC and non HDL-C were significant also versus placebo (respectively p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 to both follow-up visits). Fasting plasma glucose and self-perceived intestinal well-being were not affected by both beta-glucan and placebo supplementation.


SPARKLINES AS EFFECTIVE GRAPHICS This research explores a method of graphical display called a sparkline. Sparklines are a valid method to convey statistical information, supported by an easy familiarity among users and a desire, expressed by information design expert Edward Tufte, for greater density in data display. The subject is examined in light of the broader concept of the integration of pictures and text, tracing this tradition back to medieval illuminated texts, through history to Galileo, and to such diverse modern techniques as emoticons. The historical perspective is expanded upon through an examination of perception theory and implications for data graphics. Ethical issues of graphic display are discussed. A test of sparklines compared with numeric displays for comprehension — possibly the first of its kind — was conducted as part of this project, and the results are reported here. While not without drawbacks, which are discussed, sparklines are demonstrated to be appropriate for certain uses, with a key caveat that they should be accompanied by a means of "drilling down" to the actual data. Sparklines fit into a long tradition of other graphic display methods. SPARKLINES AS EFFECTIVE GRAPHICS


of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Jutta Joormann. No. of pages in text. (105) Diathesis-stress models of depression highlight that stress triggers the onset of a depressive episode. Increasing evidence, however, suggest that increased risk comes not from the initial response to stress, but rather from difficulty regulating emotions in a way that facilitates recovery. Rumination is a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy shown to prolong negative affect in response to distress. The current study extends past research by comparing the effects of a rumination versus distraction induction on biological and psychological recovery from stress among individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls (CTLs). Participants were exposed to a psychosocial stressor and then randomly assigned to either the rumination or distraction condition. Selfreported affect and markers of biological arousal (salivary cortisol and respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) were assessed before, during, and after the stressor. Participants demonstrated significant reactivity to stress, evidenced by an increase in self-reported negative affect and decrease in RSA. In contrast, participants did not demonstrate the expected significant cortisol reactivity to stress. Also unexpected was a significant increase in RSA during the latter-half of the stressor, suggesting spontaneous parasympathetic recovery. Although no group differences were seen in stress reactivity, significant time by group by condition interactions were seen in stress recovery. Within the CTL group, participants in the rumination and distraction conditions did not differ in their psychological or biological recovery from stress. Within the MDD group, however, participants in the rumination condition demonstrated higher negative affect and salivary cortisol during the recovery period than participants in the distraction condition. Evidence therefore suggests that rumination affects neuroendocrine and psychological recovery from stress in depression. Moreover, depressed participants in the distraction condition demonstrated significantly greater RSA withdrawal during the ER induction compared to control participants in the distraction condition, potentially suggesting that distraction was more effortful for the MDD versus CTL group. During the subsequent nature video, RSA recovery was greater in the MDD versus CTL group. Results from this study provide important insights into the effect of rumination on psychological and biological recovery from stress in MDD.


The area of networking games has had a growing impact on wireless networks. This reflects the recognition in the important scaling advantages that the service providers can benefit from by increasing the autonomy of mobiles in decision making. This may however result in inefficiencies that are inherent to equilibria in non-cooperative games. Due to the concern for efficiency, centralized protocols keep being considered and compared to decentralized ones. From the point of view of the network architecture, this implies the co-existence of network-centric and terminal centric radio resource management schemes. Instead of taking part within the debate among the supporters of each solution, we propose in this paper hybrid schemes where the wireless users are assisted in their decisions by the network that broadcasts aggregated load information. We derive the utilities related to the Quality of Service (QoS) perceived by the users and develop a Bayesian framework to obtain the equilibria. Numerical results illustrate the advantages of using our hybrid game framework in an association problem in a network composed of HSDPA and 3G LTE systems.


The Broken Hill-type Ph-Zn-Cu-Ag massive sulphide mineralisation at Aggeneys in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa has been subjected to peak metamorphic temperatures ranging between 670 to 690°C and pressures between 3.4 and 4.5 kbar. Due to the Ag and Bi rich nature of the ore, these conditions, based on previous experimental studies, may have been sufficient to allow partial melting of the sulphides to occur. Such features as (1) concentrations of low melting point chalcophile elements (LMCE), which include the metals Pb, Zn, Ag, Ga, As, Se, Cd, In, Sb, Te, Hg, Tl and Bi, (2) sulphide inclusions containing a number of different LMCE-bearing minerals within high temperature metamorphic gangue minerals, (3) low interfacial angles between two LMCE-bearing sulphides, such as galena and sphalerite, and LMCE-bearing sulphides and resistate minerals, particularly silicates, (4) LMCE-bearing sulphides filling fractures within metamorphic silicate minerals, (5) coarse recrystallised pegmatite bodies of galena and chalcopyrite crosscutting the regional foliation in the ore body and (6) the presence of a transgressive Mn selvage around the orebodies have all been recognised at Aggeneys and may be indicators of sulphide partial melting. The abundance of pyrrhotite in the orebodies, particularly in the lower ore body (LOB), may, in part, be due to partial melting of pre-metamorphic pyrite during peak metamorphism. Some euhedral pyrite in the LOB may similarly have been derived from desulphidation of pyrrhotite with falling temperatures. The Aggeneys ores also shows other typical features of metamorphosed sulphide ores, such as recrystallisation, remobilisation, deformation and annealing, many of which have contributed to obscuring previous textural features. The extent of sulphide partial melting is likely to have been small, and its effects obscured by later deformation, remobilisation and recrystallisation. It may, however, have played a small role in locally upgrading the ore. This study examines the petrography of the sulphides and their ore textures. Analytical techniques to examine the composition of the sulphides and of multiphase sulphide inclusions are to be undertaken. More extensive studies using numerous techniques are also required in order to clarify this topic.


Gas seeps along the Ionian coast of the northwestern Peloponnesus (Greece) constitute a severe hazard for humans and buildings. Methane, migrating from deep carbonatic hydrocarbon reservoirs, is seeping in amounts potentially explosive and hydrogen sulfide is beyond the levels that induce toxicological diseases and lethal effects. The seeps are related to intense methane microseepage in the surrounding areas (orders of 10^1 to10^5 mg m^(-2)d^(-1) over 10^4 m^2 areas, at least) and produce significant CH4-H2S enrichments in the atmosphere. Gas-charged sediments in the seafloor and bubbling plumes present a high risk for offshore constructions and facilities.


The purpose of the Erasmus ImpuSE project is to develop and implement Supported Education services (Toolkit) in European countries and to establish a European Network Supported Education (ENSEd). Supported Education (SEd) is defined as the provision of individualized, practical support and instruction to assist people with psychiatric disabilities to achieve their educational goals ( Anthony et al., 2002). ImpulSE is an Erasmus Multilateral project (2013-2016) and is based in four countries: Czech Republic, Netherlands, Norway & Portugal.


An increasing number of organizations in the public sector are beginning to adopt e-procurement, which its benefits (e.g., to reduce costs through increased efficiency in the procurement function) are well known by businesses. The purpose of this paper is to assess the implementation of e-procurement concept within Swedish government authorities during 2001 and 2008. A qualitative research approach was applied, and a longitudinal study was conducted. Data were collected in 2001 and 2008 through structured personal telephone interviews with 15 central government agencies. Results show that the implementation of e-procurement has developed substantially during recent years, but Swedish government authorities have still not yet adopted and utilized e-procurement to its full potential. Benefits and challenges were identified. The implementation and use of e-procurement were also found to have an impact on the buying behavior, i.e., on the buying process, the selection criteria and the buying center.


BACKGROUND
Because of the relative rarity of biliary tract cancers (BTCs), defining long term survival results is difficult. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the survival of a series of cases in Turkey.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A totally of 47 patients with billiary tract cancer from Mersin Goverment Hospital, Acibadem Kayseri Hospital and Kayseri Training and Research Hospital were analyzed retrospectively using hospital records between 2006-2012.

RESULTS
The median overall survival was 19.3±3.9 months for all patients. The median disease free and overall survivals were 24.3±5.3 and 44.1±12.9 months in patients in which radical surgery was performed , but in those with with inoperable disease they were only 5.3±1.5 and 10.7±3.2 months, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
BTCs have a poor prognosis. Surgery with a microscopic negative margin is still the only curative treatment.


The death of a patient by suicide can severely affect mental health professionals, particularly if it occurs despite major efforts to intervene. Notwithstanding the difficulties faced by clinicians, suicide prevention remains of paramount importance in order to help save lives. This article seeks to promote a pragmatic and compassionate biopsychosocial response using evidence-based interventions to reduce suicide. It introduces practical strategies that psychiatrists can use in everyday clinical practice, in particular the paradigm shift of suicide mitigation to help prevent suicide. We believe that every encounter with a suicidal person is an opportunity to intervene to reduce their distress and, potentially, to save a life. We believe that it is no longer acceptable for clinicians to state that if patients wish to kill themselves they can do so, in the absence of any attempt at a compassionate intervention.


The Unrecognized Triumph of Historical Jurisprudence LAW'S HISTORY: AMERICAN LEGAL THOUGHT AND THE TRANSATLANTIC TURN TO HISTORY. By David M. Rabban. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 564 pages. $85.00.Historical jurisprudence has been nearly erased from the annals of American jurisprudence. Legal theory revolves around rival schools of thought representing contesting positions. A common arrangement in jurisprudence texts is to begin with natural law and legal positivism, in that order, followed by legal realism, and then a host of contemporary schools of thought.1 This ordering is chronological as well as thematic: natural law theory began in classical times;2 legal positivism arose in the nineteenth century to challenge natural law;3 legal realism arose in the 1920s and 1930s to debunk the dominant formalist views of law;4 the Hart-Fuller debate of the late 1950s marked the reenergizing of legal positivism;5 social scientific approaches to law (Law & Society Movement) began to develop in the 1960s;6 in the 1970s, Dworkin mounted a challenge to Hart's dominance,7 law and economics subjected law to examination from an economic perspective,8 and Critical legal studies of the radical left burst onto the scene to challenge legal liberalism.9 A hodgepodge of descendants of these various schools then followed. Historical jurisprudence is rarely mentioned. In an encyclopedic entry on "The Nature of Law," Andrei Marmor observes:In the course of the last few centuries, two main rival philosophical traditions have emerged, providing different answers to these questions [on the nature of law]. The older one, dating back to late mediaeval Christian scholarship, is called the natural law tradition. Since the early 19th century, Natural Law theories have been fiercely challenged by the legal positivism tradition promulgated by such scholars as Jeremy Bentham and John Austin.10Contrast this narrative with a century ago, when Roscoe Pound wrote:Until recently, it has been possible to divide jurists into three principal groups, according to their views of the nature of law and of the standpoint from which the science of law should be approached. We may call these groups the Philosophical [natural law] School, the Historical School, and the Analytical School.11Pound and others at the time asserted that in the late nineteenth century the historical school was dominant over the other two jurisprudence schools.12 Natural law was in a state of decline. Renowned Oxford Professor James Bryce, writing in Studies in History and Jurisprudence, published in 1901, identified the same rival jurisprudential schools, but noted that "we now seldom hear the term Law of Nature. It seems to have vanished from the sphere of politics as well as from positive law."13Not all contemporary jurisprudence scholars have forgotten historical jurisprudence. Robert Summers recognized that "legal theorists of the past two centuries have worked in one or more of the three . . . great jurisprudential traditions-continental natural law theory, British and Austrian analytical positivism, and historical jurisprudence."14 But this is unusual.That a once-prominent theory of law could be nearly expunged from current memory, at least in the United States,15 is a puzzle that merits explanation. In Law's History, David Rabban aims to reawaken us to the former prominence of historical jurisprudence and to explain its apparent fall. He places much of the blame on Roscoe Pound.By promoting "sociological jurisprudence" as an attractive alternative to "historical jurisprudence" in his enormously influential early work during the decade before World War I, Roscoe Pound contributed substantially to the demise of historical explanation in American legal scholarship as well as to what became the prevailing, though importantly inaccurate, view of its role in nineteenth-century legal thought.16Rabban also argues:Pound was both the last major figure who shared the historical understanding of law that dominated American legal scholarship in the decades after 1870 and the person who did most to bring that era to a close. …


The authors consider the problem of detecting discrete objects in sidescan sonar, utilising the geometric and statistical properties of the objects expressed in a Bayesian framework. The model proposed hypothesises that the observed image is formed through observations of a simple texturing process, modified to incorporate the presence of potential objects. Suitable priors are selected expressing geometric and spatial constraints, and a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) system is used to estimate texture labels and probability of object presence on a per pixel basis. The model and the method of parameter construction are described. Some examples of typical object detection are given, along with the results of a more detailed study on a groundtruth data set. It is concluded that the model proposed appears effective for this data set, and is flexible enough to be easily trained for use in others. Groundtruth object detection with a correction detection of 87% is observed, with a false alarm rate of 0.19/image.


Studies have shown that size uniformity influences the stability of riprap. The ratio of fractional sizes of the riprap mixture, D 60 /D 10 , is defined as uniformity. Several riprap mixtures of differing uniformity were tested in a flume study. This study was limited to overtopping flow and angular shaped riprap with the median rock size ranging from 2 to 4 inches. The unit discharge ranged from 1 to 4 cubic feet per second per foot. Stability of the different mixtures is calculated as the ratio of failure discharges. A uniformity of 2.15 was the basis of the stability calculation. The results show that stability of riprap is proportional to the uniformity of the mixture. Other factors have an influence upon stability. Proper sizing of bedding and filter layers is a factor. The behavior of the mixture as part of an overall structural unit is also a factor. Riprap consists of an interlocked matrix of rocks that forms a structural unit whose stability is greater than its individual members. It was observed that interlocking is a function of uniformity and rock shape. A seventy percent variation in stability occurred over a range of uniformity of 1.56 to 5.33. A graphical method of determining the stability as a function of uniformity is presented.


Significance More than 170 mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are linked to inherited forms of ALS, and aggregates of this protein are a pathological feature associated with this disease. Although it is accepted that SOD1 gains a toxic function in the disease state, a molecular understanding of the toxic species is lacking. Here, we identify a short segment of SOD1 that is both necessary and sufficient for toxicity to motor neurons. The crystal structure of the segment reveals an out-of-register β-sheet oligomer, providing a structural rationale for the toxic effects of mutant SOD1 in ALS. Fibrils and oligomers are the aggregated protein agents of neuronal dysfunction in ALS diseases. Whereas we now know much about fibril architecture, atomic structures of disease-related oligomers have eluded determination. Here, we determine the corkscrew-like structure of a cytotoxic segment of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in its oligomeric state. Mutations that prevent formation of this structure eliminate cytotoxicity of the segment in isolation as well as cytotoxicity of the ALS-linked mutants of SOD1 in primary motor neurons and in a Danio rerio (zebrafish) model of ALS. Cytotoxicity assays suggest that toxicity is a property of soluble oligomers, and not large insoluble aggregates. Our work adds to evidence that the toxic oligomeric entities in protein aggregation diseases contain antiparallel, out-of-register β-sheet structures and identifies a target for structure-based therapeutics in ALS.


Female 61 to 63 - day - old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed once to a single dose of either 0.43 - MeV
neutrons or 250 - kVX - rays . For neutrons 23 rats were exposed in plastic tubes rotated around and 31 c m from
a water-cooled tritium impregnated target bombarded with 2.45 - MeV protons from a V a n de Graaff generator.
The mean kerma was measured at the rat location by integrating the response of a rat - sized homogeneous
tissue equivalent ionization chamber of minimum mass. The ratio between absorbed dose and kerma is under
investigation and is anticipated to be approximately 0.7. A compensated GM gamma-ray dosimeter indicated
that the gamma - ray doses were 3.5% of the total dose. All rats were examined weekly for the presence
of breast tumours and these were removed, fixed, stained and verified histologically as mammary neoplasms.
At 10 months after exposure 98<7ο of the rats were a live . The neutron kerma, the per cent of rats with
mammary neoplasia, and the number of rats were, respectively: 0.125 rads, 8.2°}o, 182; 0.5 rads, 9.0^0,
89; 2 rads, 20. 6,68; and 8 rads, 31.1%, 45. The X - ray results were: 30 R, 1.4% 95; 60 R, 27. l°Io, 48;
and 90 R, 35.4%, 48. A 3. O^o incidence was found in 167 control rats. At 10 months after exposure the
mammary neoplastic response after 8 rads of neutrons corresponds approximately to that after 60 - 90 R of
X - rays . Similarly, the response after 2 rads of neutrons was intermediate between 30 and 60 R of X - rays and
the response after 0 . 125 and 0.5 rads of neutrons was similar to that after 30 R of X - rays . This demonstrates
that the RBE for 0.43 - MeV neutrons is much lower at high doses than at low doses. Determination of the
confidence limits for the dose-RBE dependence and dose-incidence relationship will be determined as additional
data are collected.


Harm reduction refers to policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce harms associated with drugs using. Harm reduction activities are focusing on the prevention of harm, rather than on the prevention of drug use itself. It is an approach that falls under the field of public health, professionals working in this field in Slovakia, however, are mainly students or graduates of social work. Social workers work with the clients in their natural environment - on the street. Street workers work with drug users and often with people working in the sex business, so with clients who are marginalized. It is a difficult job, which in the general population often has a negative connotation. The aim of the study was to explore how social workers perceive themselves as harm reduction workers. We particularly focused on whether their professional identity is formed by the profession of social work or rather by the harm reduction philosophy. Another part of our interest was social workers' motivation to work in this field of social work. Qualitative research strategy was used. Semi-structured interviews with harm reduction workers were conducted. The participants were working with drug users and sexworkers. All of the participants were graduated in social work, with at least a bachelor degree. Most of the Slovak street social workers from this field took part in this research. The data were analysed using the program Atlas.Ti. Findings describe how street social workers identify themselves, what they consider the core of their profession and how this differs from other social work fields. This paper was prepared as a part of the project The Identity of Social Work in the Context of Slovakia [APVV-0524-12] funded by the Slovak Research and Development Agency.


There are many measurement methods of crack characteristics, and some of them have received practical application. Many of them are using P-wave velocity to measure the crack characteristics. The measurements of P-wave velocity are influenced by the frequency of P-wave. In order to measure P-wave velocity with high accuracy, high frequency P-wave is needed. However, the higher P-wave velocity is, the larger the absorption of transmitted wave is. In many cases of in-situ measurements by using high frequency P-wave, the accuracy of measurements become low, for the reason that the effective transmitted distance is short and S/N ratio is low. In the present paper, the measurement method of crack tip position which is free from frequency of P-wave is proposed. This method uses the diffracted P-wave from the tip of a crack. The polarity of first motion of diffracted P-wave from the tip of a crack is dependent on the angle of incidence , the angle of diffraction and Poisson ratio of media. The measurement of the angle of incidence and the angle of diffraction where the polarity is changed is free from the frequency of P-wave. Therefore this methods is not influenced from the frequency of P-wave, and the suitable frequency by the condition of in-situ measurement can be selected. In the persent paper, the applicability of proposed theory about the change of the polarity of first motion of diffracted P-wave from the tip of a crack to in-situ measurement is studied. As the result of theoretical study and experimental study using Inada granite, it was clarified that the measurement using the proposed theory was effective to the measurement of crack tip position.


The formation of small-scale barrens of sea urchins on the east coast of Tasmania allows for direct comparison of the growth rates and age structures of sea urchin populations in barrens and habitats dominated by native macroalgae. However, such barrens are atypical of any previously described in temperate regions worldwide mainly because of the establishment and seasonal colonization by the introduced macroalga Undaria pinnatifida. Growth models were fitted to sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) data, based on tag-recapture information from two distinct community types, a native macroalgal bed and a sea urchin barren colonized by U. pinnatifida. Despite the distinct contrast in habitats, size-at-age relationships and age frequency distributions were not significantly different between the two populations. However, the relationship between jaw length and test diameters was significantly different between populations, sea urchins in barrens possessing larger jaws relative to conspecifics of similar test diameter in native macroalgal habitats. It is proposed that the growth of sea urchins on barrens is not adversely affected by the loss of native macroalgae in the presence of U. pinnatifida. However, sea urchins display a level of resource limitation in barrens because of differences in the relationships of sea urchin morphometrics.


Does financial health shore up firm productivity? This paper empirically investigates this question and presents productivity as another driving factor in translating financial development into real economic progress. Our empirical framework employs Levinsohn and Petrin's (2003) semi-parametric estimation of total factor productivity (TFP) using firm-level panel data during 2002–2008, and incorporates financial health variables into conventional determinants of firm productivity. Our findings suggest that liquidity and access to external credit boosts firm productivity, with the latter particularly imperative for exporting and/or importing firms. We also present supplementary results regarding economies of scale, high-tech capital accumulation, human capital investment and foreign ownership.


Do jobs follow people or do people follow jobs? A number of currently prominent approaches to urbanization respond to this question by privileging the role of individual locational choice in response to amenity values as the motor of contemporary urban growth. Amenities, it is often said, have an especially potent effect on the migration patterns of individuals endowed with high levels of human capital. However, these approaches raise many unanswered questions. Theories that describe urban growth as a response to movements of people in search of consumer or lifestyle preferences can be questioned on the grounds of their assumptions about human behavior, as well as their silence in regard to the geographical dynamics of production and work. We argue that a more effective line of explanation must relate urban growth directly to the economic geography of production and must explicitly deal with the complex recursive interactions between the location of firms and the movements of labor. In this context, we also offer a reinterpretation of the currently fashionable notions of 'creativity' and the role of skilled labor in cities.


When I was a medical student at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, in the mid-1950s a wise old professor introduced me to the treatment concept of masterly inactivity. Sometimes just waiting and seemingly doing nothing is the favoured therapeutic modality. Over a lifetime in medicine, I have seen many occasions when this approach was successful, and other times when physicians, including myself, have broken this rule with unfortunate and antitherapeutic results.


We present a side-channel attack based on remanence decay in volatile memory and show how it can be exploited effectively to launch a noninvasive cloning attack against SRAM physically unclonable functions (PUFs) - an important class of PUFs typically proposed as lightweight security primitives, which use existing memory on the underlying device. We validate our approach using SRAM PUFs instantiated on two 65-nm CMOS devices. We discuss countermeasures against our attack and propose the constructive use of remanence decay to improve the cloning resistance of SRAM PUFs. Moreover, as a further contribution of independent interest, we show how to use our evaluation results to significantly improve the performance of the recently proposed TARDIS scheme, which is based on remanence decay in SRAM memory and used as a time-keeping mechanism for low-power clockless devices.