HEGEL AND THE PROBLEM OF THE MULTIPLICITY OF CONFLICTING PHILOSOPHIES Matthew Peters, B.A., M.A. Marquette University, 2017 As Hegel notes in his long Introduction to the Lectures on the History of Philosophy, the problem of the multiplicity of conflicting philosophies presents a particularly urgent problem to the very discipline of philosophy itself. For, from the viewpoint of what Hegel would refer to as "ordinary consciousness", the fact that there are so many different philosophies which seem constantly to disagree can only lead to one conclusion: philosophy itself is a futile enterprise. Hegel, perhaps more than any previous philosopher, was sensitive to this charge of futility levelled against philosophy. In response, he provided an explanatory account of the multiplicity of philosophies. This dissertation seeks to explicate Hegel's effort in this regard. Hegel's basic argument is that the multiplicity of philosophies is to be explained as expressions of the dialectical and polymorphic development of the mind. The mind advances through stages, each one of which is capable of expressing itself in some determinate philosophy. Insofar as this is the case, however, philosophy can be shown to be not merely a haphazard succession of conflicting viewpoints but rather the manifestation of the mind in its historical development. The chapters of this dissertation each examine crucial elements to Hegel's overall theory of the development of the mind. They also demonstrate how Hegel thereby explains the very emergence of, and intelligible correlations among, the various philosophies.


This article attempts to provide a set of new directions and ideas for research in the ever vibrant fields of telecom and IoT security. It attempts by no means to present a complete set of security solutions; this would be by definition impossible. It rather serves as a short but comprehensive introduction to various technologies and cryptographic techniques in the area of lightweight cryptography in our quest to address the security challenges in the IoT and 5G-connectivity era. We use the term lightweight cryptography interchangeably both for symmetric and suitable asymmetric ciphers, thus covering all aspects of traditional cryptography namely encryption/decryption, authentication, identification, nonrepudiation, integrity protection, and key exchange. Possible usecases that challenge the applicability of lightweight cryptography as well future projections for further discussions are also offered.


The goal of the ScipySim project is to develop a distributed heterogeneous system simulation capability for the SciPy scientific computing platform. It began as an experiment in implementing Caspi et al.'s generalized Kahn theory for executable heterogeneous system semantics. Instead of using a centralized simulation engine, ScipySim simulations are composed of autonomous actors that interact by passing tagged events through first-in/first-out queues. The resulting decentralized simulation system is, in principle, well-suited to distributed execution. However, in practice, simultaneously achieving efficiency and liveness proves to be difficult. We describe the current design of ScipySim, some of the difficulties we have encountered in implementing a simulator using the generalized Kahn approach, and plans for the future.


There is widespread recognition that organizational culture matters in corporations involved in systemic crime and wrongdoing. However, we know far less about how to assess and alter toxic elements within a corporate culture. The present paper draws on management science, anthropology, sociology of law, criminology, and social psychology to explain what organizational culture is and how it can sustain illegal and harmful corporate behavior. Through analyzing the corporate cultures at BP, Volkswagen, and Wells Fargo, this paper demonstrates that organizational toxicity does not just exist when corporate norms are directly opposed to legal norms, but also when: (a) it condones, neutralizes, or enables rule breaking; (b) it disables and obstructs compliance; and (c) actual practices contrast expressed compliant values. The paper concludes that detoxing corporate culture requires more than changing leadership or incentive structures. In particular, it requires addressing the structures, values, and practices that enable violations and obstruct compliance within an organization, as well as moving away from a singular focus on liability management (i.e., assigning blame and punishment) to an approach that prioritizes promoting transparency, honesty, and a responsibility to initiate and sustain actual cultural change.


Celebrating failure is hip these days. Yet, library administrators have traditionally been circumspect about admitting failure — or taking risks that may lead to failure — perhaps for good reasons. An unfortunate result of avoiding failure is that doing so often precludes experimentation and innovation.

Within the predominant organizational culture in libraries, numerous subcultures exist side-by-side. The core subcultures — technical services, public services, and collections, to name three — tend to define the overall culture, while the subculture of library IT often remains on the periphery. The pace of broader IT innovation also far exceeds that of the library's natural evolution, creating an inherent conflict of pacing that must be constantly negotiated.

Experimentation is common within library IT subculture and potential resultant failure is not typically perceived as negatively within IT as it is in most other areas of the library. Systems librarians are generally pragmatic and don't trust potential solutions until they experiment with them. They learn from failure and try something else. Library IT administrators are sometimes caught between the try-it-and-see-what-happens culture of IT staff and the usually more cautious practice of library management.

The members of this panel will share their views on fostering a culture of innovation and why library administrators should embrace experimentation and risk and develop strategies for managing failure in positive ways. While the panelists may describe specific examples from their experience, this session is not intended to be a series of case studies. Panelists will take a cultural approach to exploring risk, failure, and innovation to suggest ways to build more productive, agile, and relevant libraries.


Ricin and alpha-sarcin modify neighbouring sites in the so-called sarcin/ricin (S/R) loop of 28S rRNA, thereby destroying the necessary dynamic flexibility of the ribosome, and inhibiting the elongation factor assisted steps of the elongation cycle. The effects of the two translational inhibitors on the conformation of domains II and V of 28S rRNA were investigated by chemical modification of programmed mouse ribosomes pretreated with ricin or alpha-sarcin. The results showed that the two ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) influenced the structure of the ribosomal RNA. Inhibitor-affected sites were located at or near sites previously proposed to be involved in functional domains. The modification patterns obtained after ricin or alpha-sarcin treatment of ribosomes were partially overlapping. However, there were several inhibitor-specific structural changes in 28S rRNA. Such changes were found at positions located at the GTPase activating centre of the ribosome and in the S/R domain, indicating that the structure in these regions of the ribosomes differed after treatment with the two inhibitors. These changes are consistent with ricin and alpha-sarcin having specific effects on eEF-2 and eEF-1 interaction with the ribosome, respectively.


Abstract The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is a prominent arena in international politics, in terms of trade, tourism, population, among other aspects. Several countries, some unconnected geographically, have shown interest in these waters. These entities offer financial, technical, infrastructural and capacity-building support, and security services to several IOR countries. India, the prominent resident power of this ocean, and others, consider this development unnecessary, uncalled for and unacceptable. This article discusses the possible reasons for provocative behaviour by these disparate forces and offers five alternate models for a cogent maritime security paradigm in the IOR.


Maintaining genome integrity is crucial for life, and therefore, complex control and repair mechanisms have evolved. Because cells are especially susceptible to damage during replication, many DNA repair pathways are coupled to the replication machinery. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a scaffold protein that bind many of the proteins involved in these processes, and is important in orchestrating replicative and repair events. PCNA's binding partners bind to it via two conserved binding motifs, the PCNA interacting peptide (PIP)-box and AlkB homologue 2 PCNA-interacting motif (APIM). Because PCNA regulates many different replication and repair pathways, PCNA-protein interaction is a potent cancer therapy target, as the inhibition of PCNA interaction is less likely to be circumvented by alternative pathways. Many APIM containing proteins are associated with DNA repair, and the blocking of APIM has been shown to sensitize cells to cytotoxic agents.Cancer cells, which have acquired unlimited proliferative potential, are dependent on continuous lengthening and maintaining of telomeres. Telomerase and the telomeres themselves, are therefore being explored as targets for cancer therapy. The shelterin protein TRF2 is important for maintaining the telomeric t-loop, which protects the telomeres from being recognized by the DNA damage repair system as double stranded breaks (DSBs). The dissociation of TRF2 from telomeres following prolonged mitotic arrest, leads to telomeric deprotection, accumulation of DNA damage associated factors at telomeres, and activation of damage response pathways, visualized as telomere damage-induced foci (TIFs).TRF2 is known to have APIM, but the motif is not proven to be functional. We wanted to examine the functionality of APIM in TRF2, and investigate its importance, if any, for telomere protection. We studied this by investigating the influence of intact APIM in TRF2 on the formation of TIFs after colcemid-induced mitotic arrest. We also examined if the interaction of APIM-containing proteins with PCNA is important for cells' ability to recover from mitotic arrest, by using the APIM containing peptide ATX-101. We also asked if APIM in TRF2 has a role in replication and repair of telomeric sequences after UV damage. To examine this, we used SupF mutation reporter vectors with telomeric repeats of two different lengths upstream in the SupF gene, which makes it possible to study TRF2's role in replication and repair of telomeric sequences independently of its role in stabilizing the telomeric t-loop structure.Our results indicate that APIM in TRF2 is a functional binding motif, and suggests that the regulation of TRF2 activities probably is linked to PCNA interaction via APIM. Furthermore, ATX-101 was found to increase the cytotoxic effect of colcemid some degree, suggesting that interaction of APIM-containing proteins with PCNA has a role in cells' ability to survive metaphase arrest. APIM in TRF2 also seems to have a role in repair of telomeric sequences after UV-damage, and this TRF2-activity is therefore probably regulated by TRF2-PCNA binding via APIM.


In this paper, we propose a sensor-equipped food container, Smart Refrigerator, which discriminates foods and monitors their status. The system is composed of 1) sensor system for the detection of humidity, temperature, and the image information of food, 2) information server to perform machine learning-based classification of food images, and 3) user applications to monitor the refrigerator and to recommend appropriate meal pattern with recipes for healthy life. We demonstrated the performance in detection of food and suggested that automatic monitoring of food intake can provide intuitive feedback to users.


Using monthly data from 1992-2006, we show the value premium in Asia ex Japan is positively related to the cross-sectional dispersion of four common value ratios. The book-to-price and cash flow-to-price spreads exhibit the strongest relationship. Typical month-to-month variation in these two value spreads is often associated with a 0.4-1.0% per annum change in the value premium. Short-side positions are typically solely responsible for the positive relationship, particularly in recent years. Our results provide out of sample support for previous findings for the US market, but cast doubt on whether mean reversion alone can explain the observed value premium-spread relationship.


Most of the world has learned to "see to Finland" over the last decade, beacuse of its reputation as a leading nation in educational achievement, as well as its many creative and diligent approaches in technology. Since 1990 Finnish researchers in media, technology and education have met annually to discuss research matters and further advances in the area. For the conference of 2016, held 13-15th April in Hämeenlinna, Finland, we were asked to have the best papers published in Seminar.net. After a rigourous review process we will print six papers, four in this issue and two in the next.Antti Syvänen, Jaana-Piia Mäkiniemi, Sannu Syrjä, Kirsi Heikkilä-Tammi and Jarmo Viteli, all of the University of Tampere, present the paper "When does the educational use of ICT become a source of technostress for Finnish teachers?» This interesting paper is based on the analysis of questionnaires filled in by 2741 Finnish teachers. It provides significant insight into what causes teachers to experience stress and alienation when using information and communication technologies (ICT) in their classrooms.Tuulikki Keskitalo and Heli Ruokamo of Lapland University present a paper dealing with "Students' Expectations and Experiences of Meaningful Simulation-Based Medical Education». Simulation in nursing education is a very rapidly developing area, and the students – as well as their teachers – have high expectation. This project is about student's expectations and the very positive result from this study was that their experiences were even higher than their expectations.Hanna Vuojärvi, of the University of Lapland and Miikka Eriksson, of the University of Eastern Finland, have written the article «Using Mobile Tools to Support Meaningful Work-based Learning in Vocational Education» together. Their case study focused on meaningful work-based learning (WBL) and the pedagogical use of mobile information and communication technologies (ICTs) in vocational tourism education. It demonstrates how the use of smartphones was applied in the project and its usefulness in the student's work with the learning material.Antero Lindstedt, Kristian Kiili, Pauliina Tuomi and Arttu Perttula, all from Tampere University of Technology, Pori department provide the paper called "A user experience case study: two embodied cognition user interface solutions for a math learning game». They have used a particular game development environment, Semideus, to test out how different user interfaces influenced. They found interesting differences, mainly in favour of the «tilting user interface».


Brand confusion takes place when a person views an advertisement for a particular brand as a communication about a different brand. This empirical study was conducted in a sample of 134 men and women and based on 24 mass tourism destination advertisements of 8 different Mediterranean countries. Advertisements that were perceived as likeable and distinctive, and that were not information-overloaded suffered less from brand confusion. Destination brands with weak advertising support were found to be more vulnerable to brand confusion. Consumers with higher levels of product category involvement and higher levels of brand awareness and brand loyalty appear to confuse mass tourism destination brands less frequently.


Geographic isolation substantially contributes to species endemism on oceanic islands when speciation involves the colonisation of a new island. However, less is understood about the drivers of speciation within islands. What is lacking is a general understanding of the geographic scale of gene flow limitation within islands, and thus the spatial scale and drivers of geographical speciation within insular contexts. Using a community of beetle species, we show that when dispersal ability and climate tolerance are restricted, microclimatic variation over distances of only a few kilometres can maintain strong geographic isolation extending back several millions of years. Further to this, we demonstrate congruent diversification with gene flow across species, mediated by Quaternary climate oscillations that have facilitated a dynamic of isolation and secondary contact. The unprecedented scale of parallel species responses to a common environmental driver for evolutionary change has profound consequences for understanding past and future species responses to climate variation.


This book on Green Budget Reforms (GBR) provides comprehensive insight into how forerunner countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, but also Hungary and Poland, have designed and taken first steps toward GBR, with emphasis on Ecological Tax Reform (ETR). The book covers the proceedings of an international seminar held in Slovenia with contributions from economists of the European Commission, the OECD, finance ministries and researchers. It also includes the first comprehensive case study of Slovenia, demonstrating the unique opportunities for GBR in Central and Eastern European Countries in particular. The book is for policy makers, consultants, lecturers, and scientists who wish to make and measure progress in sustainable development. Readers can choose from a range of market-based instruments applied in various countries and adapt them according to the requirements of their countries.


Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) typically operates under high vacuum conditions. However, in situ investigation under real-world conditions other than vacuum, such as gaseous or liquidus environment, is essential to obtain practical information for materials including catalysts, fuel cells, biological molecules, lithium ion batteries, etc. Therefore, the ability to study gas/liquid–solid interactions with atomic resolution under ambient conditions in TEM promises new insights into the growth, properties, and functionality of nanomaterials. Different platforms have been devel‐ oped for in situ TEM observations in ambient environment and can be classified into two categories: open-cell configuration and sealed gas/liquid cell configuration. The sealed cell technique has various advantages over the open-cell approach. This chapter serves as a review of windowed gas/liquid cells for in situ TEM observations. the formation of either ε-ZrHx (x > or γ-ZrH. These show that in situ environmental TEM can be applied to study this mechanism at the nanoscale in order to verify predictive material models.


Motivation is believed to be one of the most important variables in contemporary human resource management, both in the private and the public sector. In this paper we try to give a review of different theories of work motivation. We also provide empirical testing for the hypotheses which can be derived from these theories. The data for these tests are based on two surveys concerning motivational factors in the Belgian public sector. These data have been collected by researchers at the Public Management Institute of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven over the past ten years.


Institutions have a central role in climate change governance. But while there is a flourishing literature on institutions' formal rules, processes, and organizational forms, scholars lament a relative lack of attention to institutions' informal side; their cultures. It is important to study institutions' cultures because it is through culture that people relate to institutional norms and rules in taking climate action. This review uncovers what work has been done on institutional cultures and climate change, discerns common themes around which this scholarship coheres, and advances and argument for why institutional cultures matter. We employed a systematic literature review to assemble a set of 54 articles with a shared concern for how climate change and institutional cultures concurrently affect each other. The articles provided evidence of a nascent field, emerging over the past 5–10 years and fragmented across literatures. This field draws on diverse concepts of institutionalism for revealing quite different expressions of culture, and is mostly grounded in empirical studies. These disparate studies compellingly demonstrate, from different perspectives, that institutional cultures do indeed matter for implementing climate governance. Indeed, the articles converge in providing empirical evidence of eight key sites of interaction between climate change and institutional cultures: worldviews, values, logics, gender, risk acceptance, objects, power, and relationality. These eight sites are important foci for examining and effecting changes to institutions and their cultures; showing how institutional cultures shape responses to climate change, and how climate change shapes institutional cultures.


BACKGROUND--Reduced heart rate variability has been identified as an important prognostic factor after myocardial infarction. This factor is thought to reflect an imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, which may lead to unfavourable loading conditions and thus promote left ventricular dilatation. PATIENTS AND METHODS--298 patients in a multicentre clinical trial were randomised to captopril or placebo after a first anterior myocardial infarction. All patients were treated with streptokinase before randomisation. In the present substudy full data including heart rate variability and echocardiographic measurements were available from 80 patients. Patients were divided into two groups: those with a reduced (< or = 25) heart rate variability index and those with normal heart rate variability index (> 25). Heart rate variability was evaluated by 24 h Holter monitoring before discharge. Left ventricular volumes were assessed by echocardiography before discharge and three and 12 months after myocardial infarction. Extent of myocardial injury, severity of coronary artery disease, functional class, haemodynamic variables, and medication were also considered as possible determinants of left ventricular dilatation. RESULTS--Before discharge end systolic and end diastolic volumes were not different in the two groups. After 12 months in patients with a reduced heart rate variability, end systolic volume (mean (SD)) had increased by 6 (14) ml/m2 (P = 0.043) and end diastolic volume had increased by 8 (17) ml/m2 (P = 0.024). Left ventricular volumes were unchanged in patients with a normal heart rate variability. Also, patients with left ventricular dilatation had a larger enzymatic infarct size and higher heart rates and rate-pressure products. A reduced heart rate variability index before discharge was an independent risk factor for left ventricular dilatation during follow up. Measurement of heart rate variability after three months had no predictive value for this event. CONCLUSION--Assessment of the heart rate variability index before discharge, but not at three months, gave important additional information for identifying patients at risk of left ventricular dilatation.


Over the past decade, Korean popular culture has become a global phenomenon. The "Korean Wave" of music, film, television, sports, and cuisine generates significant revenues and cultural pride in South Korea. The Korean Popular Culture Reader provides a timely and essential foundation for the study of "K-pop," relating the contemporary cultural landscape to its historical roots. The essays in this collection reveal the intimate connections of Korean popular culture, or hallyu, to the peninsula's colonial and postcolonial histories, to the nationalist projects of the military dictatorship, and to the neoliberalism of twenty-first-century South Korea. Combining translations of seminal essays by Korean scholars on topics ranging from sports to colonial-era serial fiction with new work by scholars based in fields including literary studies, film and media studies, ethnomusicology, and art history, this collection expertly navigates the social and political dynamics that have shaped Korean cultural production over the past century.

Contributors. Jung-hwan Cheon, Michelle Cho, Youngmin Choe, Steven Chung, Katarzyna J. Cwiertka, Stephen Epstein, Olga Fedorenko, Kelly Y. Jeong, Rachael Miyung Joo, Inkyu Kang, Kyu Hyun Kim, Kyung Hyun Kim, Pil Ho Kim, Boduerae Kwon, Regina Yung Lee, Sohl Lee, Jessica Likens, Roald Maliangkay, Youngju Ryu, Hyunjoon Shin, Min-Jung Son, James Turnbull, Travis Workman


Online markets have changed as a result of people shifting massively from using personal computers and browsers to using technologically powerful mobile devices and apps. These changes cover leading online players, consumer behavior, and products. The use of smartphones and mobile apps, and the speed of change, vary between countries and in particular between countries based on their stage of development. Mobile app use is lower in fast-growing countries, such as India, than in developed ones, such as the United States. However, as smart mobile phones with mobile broadband connections become ubiquitous among consumers in developing countries, mobile app use in these countries is likely to leapfrog the use of personal computers and browsers. As a result of the movement to smart mobile, the analysis of markets that might have made sense several years ago, does not today, and will make even less sense several years hence. The widespread adoption of smart mobile has caused, and continues to result in, significant market disruption, including for incumbent Internet-based companies, which are themselves young compared to the traditional companies they disrupted. These dramatic and unpredictable changes pose several issues for antitrust. They show that antitrust analysis that focuses on static markets is highly prone to error when it comes to dynamic online industries, that authorities risk making assumptions during investigations that are disproven by the markets soon after they have brought charges or decided a case, and antitrust remedies are prone to be ineffective or harmful because they are developed for markets during the investigation but are radically different by the time the remedies are implemented.


We study the storage and retrieval of images in a hot atomic vapor using the gradient echo memory protocol. We demonstrate that this technique allows for the storage of multiple spatial modes. We study both spatial and temporal multiplexing by storing a sequence of two different images in the atomic vapor. The effect of atomic diffusion on the spatial resolution is discussed and characterized experimentally. For short storage time a normalized spatial cross-correlation between a retrieved image and its input of 88 % is reported.


A scheduling policy strongly influences the performance of a manufacturing system. However, the design of an effective scheduling policy is complicated and time consuming due to the complexity of each scheduling decision, as well as the interactions among these decisions. This paper develops four new multi-objective genetic programming-based hyperheuristic (MO-GPHH) methods for automatic design of scheduling policies, including dispatching rules and due-date assignment rules in job shop environments. In addition to using three existing search strategies, nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II, strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2, and harmonic distance-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, to develop new MO-GPHH methods, a new approach called diversified multi-objective cooperative evolution (DMOCC) is also proposed. The novelty of these MO-GPHH methods is that they are able to handle multiple scheduling decisions simultaneously. The experimental results show that the evolved Pareto fronts represent effective scheduling policies that can dominate scheduling policies from combinations of existing dispatching rules with dynamic/regression-based due-date assignment rules. The evolved scheduling policies also show dominating performance on unseen simulation scenarios with different shop settings. In addition, the uniformity of the scheduling policies obtained from the proposed method of DMOCC is better than those evolved by other evolutionary approaches.


Objective: To review the therapist effects literature since Baldwin and Imel's (2013) review. Method: Systematic literature review of three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science) replicating Baldwin and Imel (2013) search terms. Weighted averages of therapist effects (TEs) were calculated, and a critical narrative review of included studies conducted. Results: Twenty studies met inclusion criteria (3 RCTs; 17 practice-based) with 19 studies using multilevel modeling. TEs were found in 19 studies. The TE range for all studies was 0.2% to 29% (weighted average = 5%). For RCTs, 1%–29% (weighted average = 8.2%). For practice-based studies, 0.2–21% (weighted average = 5%). The university counseling subsample yielded a lower TE (2.4%) than in other groupings (i.e., primary care, mixed clinical settings, and specialist/focused settings). Therapist sample sizes remained lower than recommended, and few studies appeared to be designed specifically as TE studies as opposed to maximising on the availability of large routine patient datasets. Conclusions: Therapist effects are a robust phenomenon although considerable heterogeneity exists across studies. Patient severity appeared related to TE size. TEs from RCTs were highly variable. Using an overall therapist effects statistic may lack precision, and TEs might be better reported separately for specific clinical settings. Therapist effects since Baldwin & Imel's (2013) review 3


THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE RURAL APPALACHIAN DEVIANT Stephen T. Young Old Dominion University, 2017 Director: Dr. Randy Myers Every year, it seems, a new film makes its way through theaters across America demonstrating a new variant of the rural Appalachian deviant. These films play a major role in continuing to shape societal perceptions of rural white populations in Appalachia. Drawing on theoretical insights of Cohen, Hunt, Simon, and Lupton this dissertation examines how film depictions of the rural white Appalachians supports the continued construction of the rural Appalachian deviant. This study finds that films support said construction by demonstrating this population through themes about tainted blood, intimate partner violence, and drug addiction. Moreover, these films camouflage the facts behind the constructions of this modern "white trash" sub caste and play into the cultural distancing of proper white populations. Finally, this study provides insights into the socio-historical reasons for this continued construction of this deviant as a means to exploit, abandon, and criminalize this sub caste population.


Density‐dependent expression of luminescence in Vibrio harveyl is regulated by the concentration of extracellular signal molecules (autoinducers) in the culture medium. One signal‐response system is encoded by the luxL,M,N locus. The luxL and luxM genes are required for the production of an autoinducer (probably β‐hydroxybutryl homoserine lactone), and the luxN gene is required for the response to that autoinducer. Analysis of the phenotypes of LuxL,M and N mutants indicated that an additional signal‐response system also controls density sensing. We report here the identification, cloning and analysis of luxP and luxQ, which encode functions required for a second density‐sensing system. Mutants with defects in luxP and luxQ are defective in response to a second autoinducer substance. LuxQ, like LuxN, is similar to members of the family of two‐component, signal transduction proteins and contains both a histidine protein kinase and a response regulator domain. Analysis of signalling mutant phenotypes indicates that there are at least two separate signal‐response pathways which converge to regulate expression of luminescence in V. harveyl.


Cultural Histories of Noise, Sound and Listening in Europe, 1300-1918 presents a range of historical case studies on the sounding worlds of the European past. The chapters in this volume explore ways of thinking about sound historically, and seek to understand how people have understood and negotiated their relationships with the sounding world in Europe from the Middle Ages through to the early twentieth century. They consider, in particular: sound and music in the later Middle Ages; the politics of sound in the early modern period; the history of the body and perception during the Ancien Regime; the sounds of the city in the nineteenth century and sound and colonial rule at the fin de siecle.

The case studies also range in geographical orientation to include considerations not only of Britain and France, the countries most considered in European historical sound studies in English-language scholarship to date, but also Bosnia-Herzegovina, British Colonial India, Germany, Italy and Portugal. Out of this diverse group of case studies emerge significant themes that recur time and again, in different variations depending on time and place: sound, power and identity; sound as a marker of power or violence; sound, physiology and sensory perception and technologies of sound, consumption and meaning.


The configuration of economic actors has shifted dramatically in recent decades as a consequence of the shift from an international to global economy. The 21st century thus faces a fundamentally different economic landscape, with governance far less about formal nation-state negotiation, and far more about informal mechanisms of state and non-state negotiation. Although economic power has always played a role in defining international health governance, this changing global economic context has increased the role of economic power in the development of global health governance. To ensure the continued protection and enhancement of global health, it is imperative for the health profession to recognize and more actively engage with this changing economic context, in order to seize opportunities and minimize risks to global health. If it does not, the danger is that global health governance will increasingly be determined by economic organizations with the principle concern not of health but of market liberalisation, ultimately constraining the capacity of nation-states to undertake measures to protect and enhance the health of their populations.


Previous analyses of vowel length in French loanwords have relied on the Middle English processes of Open Syllable Lengthening and Closed Syllable Shortening, but have left many exceptions unaccounted for. Recently, Vennemann (2000) and Murray (2000) have provided compelling evidence that Middle English was a syllable cut language, whereby the cut of a syllable determined vowel length. Expanding on this model, I argue that vowel length in French loanwords was determined primarily by the reanalysis of syllables within the syllable cut system of Middle English. Syllables reanalyzed as smoothly cut were assigned long vowels when stressed and short vowels when unstressed, while syllables reanalyzed as abruptly cut were always assigned short vowels. A second factor in the reanalysis of loanwords was the existence of long vowels in French, which induced smooth cuts. Consequently, the assignment of vowel length in French loanwords can be seen to have followed regular patterns.


The topic of my talk is a group of 11 Sumerian hymns dating to the Old Babylonian Period (ca. 2000–1600 BCE) and preserved on tablets either of unknown provenance or found at the site of Nippur. The hymns are labeled as sirgida s (literally something like "long song") by means of subscripts, which read "It is a sirgida of (the god/goddess) ...." Sirgida is just one of numerous such subscripts, which, in general, designate different classes of hymns that were sung or performed in various contexts. The 11 currently known sirgidas include: four hymns addressed to the warrior god Ninurta, son of the great god Enlil, two to the god Nuska, Enlil's vizier, one each to the gods Martu, Nergal, and the more obscure god Lulal, and one each to the goddess Sud, who is identified with Ninlil, wife of Enlil, and the healing goddess Ninisina. The primary aim of the talk will be to explore the nature of the Sergidas as a corpus, which, on the surface, comprises a quite disparate group of compositions, with the ultimate goal of moving towards understanding the function of the Sergida hymn in Old Babylonian society. In the first part of the talk, I will argue for the merits of approaching the Sergida hymns as a corpus and will discuss the potential value in more closely examining them and other hymnic groups defined by subscripts. In the second part, I will present an overview of the Sergida corpus and will briefly describe the content of the eleven known compositions belonging to it. Thirdly, I will address the disparity of the texts and discuss the difficulties one faces in attempting to identify common threads among them. Finally, I will discuss points of similarity among the Sergida hymns and will suggest possible ways in which they might have been understood in antiquity in to represent a single hymnic type.


Title of Dissertation: DIFFERENCE AMONGST YOUR OWN: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF LOW-INCOME AFRICANAMERICAN STUDENTS AND THEIR ENCOUNTERS WITH CLASS WITHIN ELITE HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGE (HBCU) ENVIRONMENTS Steve Derrick Mobley, Jr. Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Dissertation directed by: Professor Noah D. Drezner, Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education Professor Francine H. Hultgren, Department of Teaching and Learning, Policy and Leadership The subtle and deeply impactful nuances of Black intra-racial social class differences that manifest amongst students who attend historically Black colleges (HBCU) has remained untouched and understudied in higher-education scholarship. In this phenomenological study, I explore how low-income African-American students encounter social class within elite HBCU environments. The men and women in this study graduated between the years of 2001 and 2010. Contemporary HBCU student experiences are underscored and reveal great tension between self, community, and place. The philosophical works of Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Edward Casey are joined with the voices of Black scholars including W.E.B. DuBois, Audre Lorde, Frantz Fanon, bell hooks, and Toni Morrison to provide critical context for the phenomenon being studied. Max van Manen's key phenomenological insights also provide a methodological foundation for the study. My co-researchers encountered significant shifts and evolved within their oppressed identities during their undergraduate years. During their undergraduate years they felt a difference amongst their own that they still reconcile today. The participants within this study endured feelings of alienation, wonder, and even confusion within their distinct higher education environments. This study concludes with phenomenological insights for myriad educational stakeholders that include higher educational researchers, higher education practitioners, families, and students. I provide pedagogical insights into how elite HBCU environments can not only intercede and provide a more enriching cultural environment for their low-income students, but their families as well. The pedagogical insights that "end" this study also summon the need for future research to continue to explore Black intra-racial differences that are present within both elite HBCU communities and elite PWI institutions as well. Exposure to the pertinent issues that are outlined in this scholarship provide a new entry into critical discourses that must now be had. This dialogue is needed so that students within elite HBCU environments do not continue to suffer in silence within their oppressed identities. DIFFERENCE AMONGST YOUR OWN: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF LOWINCOME AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS AND THEIR ENCOUNTERS WITH CLASS WITHIN ELITE HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGE (HBCU) ENVIRONMENTS by Steve Derrick Mobley, Jr. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015


Length polymorphisms in genomic short tandem repeats have been implicated in a variety of diseases, most notably human neurodegenerative disorders. Expansions of tandem repeats are also associated with genomic instability in cancer. Our previous study of length-3 tandem repeats uncovered a surprising pattern in the length distribution of certain such repeats in the non-coding regions of the human reference genome: a bias towards repeats of length 3n - 1, (n > 3). That is, the observed frequency of repeats of this length in the human genome is higher than expected by chance based on the frequency of shorter repeats. We have hypothesized that this pattern may be a general property of genomic DNA. If true, this could have implications with regard to the dynamics of repeat expansion generally. To test this hypothesis, we have analyzed the genomic sequences of a broad range of eukaryotic organisms as well as several complete human genomes and obtained a number of thought provoking results. We establish that this unexpected elevation in frequency of 3n - 1 long repeats is statistically significant. We also expanded this analysis to different classes of genomic regions and tandem repeats of length four and five. The specific pattern was found in 13 of the 20 organisms analyzed, including all chordate and insect genomes tested. The bias pattern, however, was not confined to a single branch of the evolutionary tree. For some genomes, such as Drosophila melanogaster, the repeat bias surprisingly was also identified in exons. The pattern is present in both small and large genomes. A similar pattern was also found in tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeats in the human genome. Another surprising property was identified for the flanking GC content for triplet repeats of length 3n. These findings indicate a puzzling new genomic phenomenon with possible evolutionary and disease-related implications.


This article overviews the various forms of lawyer complicity in illegal or immoral behavior by corporate managers in the corporate scandals of the last three years, but focuses primarily on the question of why lawyers so often seemed willing to engage in or ignore behavior that presumably violated their own personal moral codes (whether religious or secular) as well as their professional role morality. The article draws on Robert Jackall's Moral Mazes (1988) for an answer derived from the sociology of corporate bureaucracies. Jackall's case studies of corporate managers found that managers adhered to the moral "rules-in-use" developed in their social setting to facilitate their own survival and success. These rules emphasized an ethos of unrelenting pragmatism, flexibility and cynicism that placed great weight on group loyalty. By adopting their social setting's actual moral rules-in-use, managers tended to bracket other moral considerations, removing such considerations as a potential obstacle to illegal or immoral behavior. Applying Jackall's concept of socially-defined moral rules-in-use to corporate in-house counsel and lawyers in large firms, the article concludes that the social settings in which lawyers operate can produce a similar bracketing of moral concerns and, even more important, the type of professional role morality that should check managerial wrongdoing. The potential impact of the SEC's new professional standards for lawyers is assessed pessimistically in light of this phenomenon.


RIGHT WING POPULISM AND THE WELFARE STATE: A FIVE COUNTRIES COMPARISON In recent years the increased electoral relevance of populist anti-establishment parties in several European democracies has steered scholar attention to these "new" parties' positions on redistribution, the functioning of the economy and, last but not least, the welfare state. Nonetheless, with the exception of few recent studies on Radical Right parties, the programmatic options and welfare preferences of diverse "populist" right parties have remained largely underresearched. This paper therefore analyses how the radical right parties' discourse on the welfare state developed over time in five Western countries: Germany, France, Italy, the UK, and the US. The analysis is based on the content of political manifestos in national elections since the 1990s and it looks at all the main social policy fields from pensions, to health care and family policies. The goal of the paper is to identify how much these parties differ from one another in relation to their approach to welfare state issues and whether there is a policy field effect. In particular, the paper tries to answer the following questions: What are the welfare preferences of new populist right parties? Do welfare state settings – i.e. universalistic vs occupational vs means-tested – and/or policy fields – health care, pensions, unemployment, education and anti-poverty fields contribute shaping these parties' welfare preferences? RIGHT WING POPULISM AND THE WELFARE STATE: A FIVE COUNTRIES COMPARISON E. PAVOLINI, M. JESSOULA, M. NATILI, M.R. GERMINARIO


Background: Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions that may be associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. There is still today no consensus regarding treatment of unruptured AVMs. Using known data from the literature, and data from our own institution concerning stereotactic radiotherapy, our aim was to construct an equation that may be used to evaluate the benefit of intervention vs. conservative treatment in unruptured AVMs. Methods: Assuming an annual bleeding risk of 4% and previously reported mortality (29%) and morbidity (16%) rates after a bleeding from an AVM, an equation was constructed. This equation would estimate the time until the combined mortality and morbidity associated with conservative treatment would equal the mortality and morbidity of stereotactic radiotherapy. Results: Using stereotactic radiotherapy this treatment would benefit over conservative treatment in excess of 8.12 years. The risk of bleeding was the most important factor influencing the benefit of intervention vs. conservative treatment. Conclusions: We argue that that it may be possible to estimate the benefit of intervention vs. conservative treatment in an unruptured AVM. This may be achieved using our proposed equation and data specific to each center performing treatment for AVMs.


The secondary place of articulation for Arabic emphatic consonants varies across dialects. This study examines two speakers of Iraqi Arabic, using acoustic evidence, and one speaker of Iraqi Arabic, using direct visual articulatory (transnasal laryngoscopic) evidence, to investigate the phonetic nature of the secondary feature and the prosodic effect of an emphatic consonant over multisyllabic words. The acoustic and laryngoscopic evidence suggests that the articulation of emphatics in Iraqi Arabic involves a modification of the shape of the pharynx which could be called pharyngealisation, which differs, however, from the pharyngeal configuration for producing pharyngeal consonants. While laryngeal constriction, with tongue retraction and larynx raising, characterises pharyngeals, larynx height appears to be low in the secondary articulation accompanying emphatics, while the tongue dorsum appears to be raised, giving the pharynx a singularly contrasting, narrowed configuration to that found in pharyngeals. Furthermore, the effect of an emphatic spreads to all syllables, forwards or backwards, regardless of its position in the word, although the effect is modified or blocked in certain phonotactic conditions.


As part of an overarching effort to better identify the problems faced today by low-income people and by those with limited access to basic housing, this paper assesses the property rights system in Guyana and the way it affects the real estate/property/ land market and the overall security of the wealth base of individuals. The assessment is based on the methodology of Reality Check Analysis (RCA). RCA allows for a breakdown and mapping of the variables that have contributed to the current bottlenecks in Guyana and as well as poverty, malaise, and lack of affordable housing. With RCA it is possible to identify the correct questions that lead to the appropriate answers regarding policy recommendations.


Summary.  The triglycerides × glucose (TyG) index is a recently proposed surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR), calculated from fasting plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations. We tested the host and viral factors associated with Tyg and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores, comparing their associations with histological features and with sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C(G1CHC). Three hundred and forty consecutive patients with G1CHC were considered. All had a liver biopsy scored by one pathologist for staging and grading (Scheuer), and graded for steatosis, which was considered moderate–severe if ≥30%. Anthropometric and metabolic measurements, including IR measured by both HOMA and TyG, were registered. By linear regression analysis, TyG was independently associated with waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol, presence of arterial hypertension, Log10 HCV‐RNA and steatosis. Similarly, WC and steatosis were significantly associated with HOMA. Older age (OR, 1.036; 95%CI, 1.004–1.070, P = 0.02), higher WC (1.031; 1.004–1.060; P = 0.02) and higher TyG (11.496; 3.163–41.784; P < 0.001) were linked to moderate‐to‐severe steatosis (≥30%) by multiple logistic regression analysis. When TyG was replaced by HOMA‐IR in the model, the latter remained significantly associated with steatosis ≥30% (1.237; 1.058–1.448; P = 0.008). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed a similar performance of TyG (AUC 0.682) and HOMA‐IR (AUC 0.699) in predicting moderate–severe steatosis. No independent associations were found between both TyG and HOMA and fibrosis or SVR. In patients with G1CHC , TyG, an easy‐to‐calculate and low‐cost surrogate marker of IR, is linked to liver steatosis and shows an independent association with viral load.


The Healthy Families Act (HFA) would ensure that all eligible workers have a minimum of seven days of paid time off annually to take care of their own health needs and those of members of their families. This report presents an estimate of the cost of that Act and of certain cost savings it would provide to employers, to workers and their families, and to the broader community (Table 1). Several other likely benefits for which we currently lack estimation data are also discussed. Of course, the overall purpose of the Act is to reduce economic hardship of workers when they, or their family members, have medical care needs, and we are unable to calculate the value of that benefit.


This study investigated the impact of predicted future climatic and atmospheric conditions on soil respiration (RS) in a Danish Calluna‐Deschampsia‐heathland. A fully factorial in situ experiment with treatments of elevated atmospheric CO2 (+130 ppm), raised soil temperature (+0.4 °C) and extended summer drought (5–8% precipitation exclusion) was established in 2005. The average RS, observed in the control over 3 years of measurements (1.7 μmol CO2 m−2 sec−1), increased 38% under elevated CO2, irrespective of combination with the drought or temperature treatments. In contrast, extended summer drought decreased RS by 14%, while elevated soil temperature did not affect RS overall. A significant interaction between elevated temperature and drought resulted in further reduction of RS when these treatments were combined. A detailed analysis of short‐term RS dynamics associated with drought periods showed that RS was reduced by ~50% and was strongly correlated with soil moisture during these events. Recovery of RS to pre‐drought levels occurred within 2 weeks of rewetting; however, unexpected drought effects were observed several months after summer drought treatment in 2 of the 3 years, possibly due to reduced plant growth or changes in soil water holding capacity. An empirical model that predicts RS from soil temperature, soil moisture and plant biomass was developed and accounted for 55% of the observed variability in RS. The model predicted annual sums of RS in 2006 and 2007, in the control, were 672 and 719 g C m−2 y−1, respectively. For the full treatment combination, i.e. the future climate scenario, the model predicted that soil respiratory C losses would increase by ~21% (140–150 g C m−2 y−1). Therefore, in the future climate, stimulation of C storage in plant biomass and litter must be in excess of 21% for this ecosystem to not suffer a reduction in net ecosystem exchange.


PurposeThis paper offers an empirical study of the Emergency Support to Integration and Accommodation (ESTIA) programme, as the policy initiative for the provision of housing and social integration for asylum seekers over the last few years in Greece. Greece is a country that is geographically situated on the southern external borders of Europe and has been experiencing a rise in refugee flows since 2015. At a first glance, it seems that ESTIA's central aim is social integration. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the design and implementation framework of ESTIA essentially promotes the goal of social integration or whether it is merely a gesture that has no real effect.Design/methodology/approachThe field research focussed on an evaluation of the ESTIA programme on the basis of its impact on the social integration of its beneficiaries. This was attempted by examining the attitudes and perceptions of key stakeholders during its design and implementation stages. In order to examine these dimensions, qualitative research methods were developed. In particular, in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants involved in the design and implementation processes of ESTIA.FindingsSocial integration is something much more than providing permanent shelters to asylum seekers. ESTIA has been designed and implemented with a view to providing better temporary housing conditions for its beneficiaries. The rest of the range of actions for their social actions was left to voluntary actions by the implementing agencies, without offering them any financial support – a fact that suggests that the use of the term "social integration" in relation to this programme is disingenuous. Such an intervention does not aim at significant social integration but, primarily, the temporary management of extreme impoverishment. ESTIA can, therefore, be added to the scientific literature as yet another case study where the complex concept of social integration is misused by the EU and European states to legitimise the policies of repression and control of refugee populations.Originality/valueThis is the first field research that examines the design and implementation framework of ESTIA, the most important programme for the social integration of asylum seekers in Greece. The presentation of research findings is expected to make a significant contribution to the improvement of many aspects of the design and implementation framework of ESTIA.


We examine misconduct in credence good markets with price taking experts. We propose a market-level model in which price-taking experts extract surplus based on the value of their firm's brand and their own skill. We test the predictions of the model using sales complaint data for exclusive and independent insurance agents. We find that exclusive insurance agents working for large branded firms are more likely to be the subject of a justified sales complaint, relative to independent experts, despite doing substantially less business. In addition, more experienced experts attract more complaints per year.


In moving towards highly connected integrated systems, the Industrial Internet of Thing (IIoT) promises a wealth of benefits. Enhanced usage of existing data sources, and integration of additional generation points, provide system users with greater visibility of industrial processes. This visibility can be used to identify and address inefficiencies. Within the context of discrete manufacturing, examples include reduction of waste materials and energy consumption. However, while one becomes engrossed in the use of big-data analytics, cloud technologies, and seamless adoption through hardware gateways, decade old systems are dropped into a technological melting pot of modern IoT, with little consideration of additional cyber security risks. Numerous works have provided evidence to suggest industrial systems are highly vulnerable to cyber attacks, from both a device and communication protocol perspective, yet efforts to automatically identify vulnerabilities are limited. This presents a significant gap, with vulnerability exploitation harbouring potentially life-threatening impact. Here we address this gap through the development of PIVoT Scan, an industrially-aware vulnerability scanner, capable of assessing a diverse range of devices and communication protocols predominantly situated within the legacy layers of IIoT environments — "The forgotten I". Furthermore, we demonstrate PIVoT Scan's ability to outperform a leading vulnerability scanner, Nessus.


It is estimated that between 40% and 60% of on-site systems in Australia are not
treating domestic wastewater to acceptable levels. This study investigates the viability
of constructed wetlands as an alternative form of on-site treatment of domestic
greywater in temperate climates. A case study wetland was constructed to treat domestic
greywater from a single household, providing an insight into the design, construction,
operational performance, hydraulic flow and reed growth of a small-scale wetland
operating in Tasmania. A review of current literature provides an insight into
constructed wetlands, emphasising their use as a form of on-site wastewater treatment.
Interviews with officers from five local government councils indicates that knowledge
of constructed wetlands is very limited, but a great deal of interest was shown by the
interviewed environmental health officers, who suggested that they may be willing to
trial wetlands within their municipalities. All the local governments interviewed were
experiencing problems with the current and accepted forms of on-site wastewater
treatment. Testing of the case study wetland over a nine-month period showed that pollutant
removal processes were occurring across all testing parameters except ammonia and
phosphorous. Significant findings from the case study that would improve the quality of
the final effluent include the importance of healthy reeds with deep root systems,
improving hydraulic flow within the Wetland to prevent short-circuiting, and the
necessity of additional pre and post wetland treatment. Greywater alone does not have
sufficient nutrients and trace elements to sustain vigorous growth for the common reed,
Phragmites australis. A combined flow of black and greywater led to vigorous and
healthy reed growth.
The wetland produced an effluent with an average of 64 mg/L BOD5 (60% removal),
48.5 mg/L suspended solids (88% removal), 18,427 FCU/100mL faecal coliforms
(99.2% removal), 0.008 mg/L nitrite (65% removal), 2.9 mg/L nitrate (6% removal), 2.2
mg/L ammonia, 6.7 mg/L phosphorous, 537 pS/cm conductivity, and a pH of 7.7. It is
expected that treatment would improve as the reeds and root systems mature and the
design improvements are implemented.


The purpose of this study was to examine whether World Championship and Olympic medallist endurance athletes pace similarly to their race opponents, where and when critical differences in intra-race pacing occur, and the tactical strategies employed to optimally manage energy resources. We analyzed pacing and tactics across the 800, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 m, marathon and racewalk events, providing a broad overview for optimal preparation for racing and pacing. Official electronic splits from men's (n = 275 performances) and women's (n = 232 performances) distance races between 2013 and 2017 were analyzed. Athletes were grouped for the purposes of analysis and comparison. For the 800 m, these groups were the medalists and those finishing 4th to 8th ("Top 8"). For the 1,500 m, the medalists and Top 8 were joined by those finishing 9th to 12th ("Top 12"), whereas for all other races, the Top 15 were analyzed (those finishing 9th to 15th). One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted on the segment speeds (p < 0.05), with effect sizes for differences calculated using Cohen's d. Positive pacing profiles were common to most 800 m athletes, whereas negative pacing was more common over longer distances. In the 1,500 m, male medalists separated from their rivals in the last 100 m, whereas for women it was after 1,200 m. Similarly, over 5,000 m, male medalists separated from the slowest pack members later (4,200 m; 84% of duration) than women (2,500 m; 50% of duration). In the 10,000 m race, the effect was very pronounced with men packing until 8,000 m, with the Top 8 athletes only dropped at 9,600 m (96% of duration). For women, the slowest pack begin to run slower at only 1,700 m, with the Top 8 finishers dropped at 5,300 m (53% of duration). Such profiles and patterns were seen across all events. It is possible the earlier separation in pacing for women between the medalists and the other runners was because of tactical racing factors such as an early realization of being unable to sustain the required speed, or perhaps because of greater variation in performance abilities.


This thesis investigates the interrelationship between dairy aid and trade. After WW-II US dairy aid contributed to rises in consumption and sales in the Pacific; US domestic politics and Cold War strategy influenced aid programmes. Similarly, when dairy surpluses in the EEC (also known as the EC; currently the EU) coincided with shortages in India in the 1960s, the EEC sought to: maintain the CAP status quo, dispose of its "Butter Mountain", and earn political cachet such as the US enjoyed via PL 480 food aid - while assisting India. Proceeds from "monetised" EEC butter oil and milk powder donations were to be invested in Indian dairy infrastructure. As the largest Asian country with a "dairy culture", India was a suitable setting for Operation Flood (OF), the world's largest dairy development programme ca. 1970- 1996. Because so much debate on aid, trade and development can be illustrated by OF, this thesis chose India as its case study. Claims that dairying could benefit women and minorities attracted World Bank loans, but subjected OF to virulent charges of unmet goals. Worse, warned OF detractors, India could become permanently dependent on Europe's lactic largess. OF officials countered that they were successfully carrying out their original mission to improve the dairy marketing system of India. Thesis maps and charts based on the Agrostat-PC database (FAQ) show India increased dairy production and consumption significantly during OF. As some comparable countries declined, India moved toward self-sufficiency and status as the world's number two milk producer. Proper pricing by Indian authorities ensured that dairy aid was not a long-term disincentive to farmers and, in the end, increased dairy autonomy. Prospects for "replication" of Operation Flood are limited by a lack of settings suitable for such programmes, and by reduced stocks available for aid. But dairy aid will have a continued role in emergency aid, and in structural adjustment in those poor countries whose food security declines as GATTAVTO liberalises international agricultural trade.


In an ongoing project aiming at a comprehensive AI-based tool to support clinical decisions in medical cancer therapy, the ontology OCTA is being developed. Its purpose is to provide general knowledge about active ingredients, therapy regimens, etc. that can be used by such a clinical decision support system. In this paper, we present a new extension of OCTA modelling co-medication and drug interactions, enabling the answering of queries relevant for medical decision making dealing with these aspects.


AfroScots is a screening programme of moving image and sound encompassing the work of Black artists, who have – in the present and historically – lived, worked or studied in Scotland. The programme takes the relatively new term, AfroScots, as a means to draw a line around a group of practitioners working across three generations. Through bringing work by Irineu Destourelles, Maud Sulter, Kapwani Kiwanga, Camara Taylor, Tako Taal and Alberta Whittle into the same space and in dialogue with one another, the programme aims to open up new understandings and readings of the works, and the potential shared ground between them.

The process of curating the programme has attempted to recoup works, whilst also being a context to which some of the participating artists have chosen to respond to with new work. In common, the selected works express the negotiation of new and in-flux identities, with shared themes of interpersonal relationships and language. Moreover, the programme seeks to open up discussions around the diversity of the arts in Scotland, and to ask questions around presence and visibility.


Significance Humans are distinguished from all other primates by their reliance on tool use. When this uniquely human feature began is debated. Evidence of tool use in human ancestors now extends almost 3.3 Ma and becomes prevalent only after 2.6 Ma with the Oldowan. Here, we report a new Oldowan locality (BD 1) that dates prior to 2.6 Ma. These earliest Oldowan tools are distinctive from the 3.3 Ma assemblage and from materials that modern nonhuman primates produce. So, although tool production and use represent a generalized trait of many primates, including human ancestors, the production of Oldowan stone artifacts appears to mark a systematic shift in tool manufacture that occurs at a time of major environmental changes. The manufacture of flaked stone artifacts represents a major milestone in the technology of the human lineage. Although the earliest production of primitive stone tools, predating the genus Homo and emphasizing percussive activities, has been reported at 3.3 million years ago (Ma) from Lomekwi, Kenya, the systematic production of sharp-edged stone tools is unknown before the 2.58–2.55 Ma Oldowan assemblages from Gona, Ethiopia. The organized production of Oldowan stone artifacts is part of a suite of characteristics that is often associated with the adaptive grade shift linked to the genus Homo. Recent discoveries from Ledi-Geraru (LG), Ethiopia, place the first occurrence of Homo ∼250 thousand years earlier than the Oldowan at Gona. Here, we describe a substantial assemblage of systematically flaked stone tools excavated in situ from a stratigraphically constrained context [Bokol Dora 1, (BD 1) hereafter] at LG bracketed between 2.61 and 2.58 Ma. Although perhaps more primitive in some respects, quantitative analysis suggests the BD 1 assemblage fits more closely with the variability previously described for the Oldowan than with the earlier Lomekwian or with stone tools produced by modern nonhuman primates. These differences suggest that hominin technology is distinctly different from generalized tool use that may be a shared feature of much of the primate lineage. The BD 1 assemblage, near the origin of our genus, provides a link between behavioral adaptations—in the form of flaked stone artifacts—and the biological evolution of our ancestors.


Geographic Information Systems (GIS) layers of current, and likely former, tidal wetlands in two Oregon estuaries were generated by enhancing the 2010 National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data with expert local field knowledge, Light Detection and Ranging-derived elevations, and 2009 aerial orthophotographs. Data were generated for two purposes: First, to enhance the NWI by recommending revised Cowardin et al. (1979) classifications for certain NWI wetlands within the study area; and second, to generate GIS data for the 1999 Yaquina and Alsea River Basins Estuarine Wetland Site Prioritization study. Two sets of GIS products were generated: (1) enhanced NWI shapefiles; and (2) shapefiles of prioritization sites. The enhanced NWI shapefiles contain recommended changes to the Cowardin et al. classification (system, subsystem, class, and/or modifiers) for 286 NWI polygons in the Yaquina estuary (1,133 acres) and 83 NWI polygons in the Alsea estuary (322 acres). These enhanced NWI shapefiles also identify likely former tidal wetlands that are classified as upland in the current NWI (64 NWI polygons totaling 441 acres in the Yaquina estuary; 16 NWI polygons totaling 51 acres in the Alsea estuary). The former tidal wetlands were identified to assist strategic planning for tidal wetland restoration. Cowardin et al. classifications for the former tidal wetlands were not provided, because their current hydrology is complex owing to dikes, tide gates, and drainage ditches. The scope of this project did not include the field evaluation that would be needed to determine whether the former tidal wetlands are currently wetlands, and if so, determine their correct Cowardin et al. classification. The prioritization site shapefiles contain 49 prioritization sites totaling 2,177 acres in the Yaquina estuary, and 39 prioritization sites totaling 1,045 acres in the Alsea estuary. The prioritization sites include current and former (for example, diked) tidal wetlands, and provide landscape units appropriate for basin-scale wetland restoration and conservation action planning. Several new prioritization sites (not included in the 1999 prioritization) were identified in each estuary, consisting of NWI polygons formerly classified as nontidal wetland or upland. The GIS products of this project improve the accuracy and utility of the NWI data, and provide useful tools for estuarine resource management.


In this paper, we conceptually situate the role of IT designers in regulation through the new concept of User-Centric Regulation (UCR). New regulatory problems arise as users increasingly interact with data-driven technologies embedded in their daily lives, routines, and relationships. Rights and responsibilities from privacy and data protection, accessibility, information security, tort and consumer protection laws can all come to the fore. However, the differential pace of change between legal instruments and technological advance creates a disconnect between the mechanisms and targets of regulation. To bridge this gap, there is a turn to IT designers, as a new type of regulator, who can address regulatory problems earlier in the lifecycle of a product or service. However, the nature of their new role remains unsettled and in this paper, we explore what type of regulators they might become, through UCR. Three key elements are needed to support the emergence of UCR, firstly mutual learning around how each community engages with regulatory problems; secondly, sourcing routes to establish the legitimacy of IT designers in regulation; and thirdly, finding mechanisms to support IT designers acting on their ethical and legal responsibilities. We explore these issues by consolidating work from the fields of human computer interaction (HCI) and information technology (IT) law, as specific domains of IT design and regulation. We lay out theoretical tools and conceptual frameworks available to each community, exploring barriers and commonalities between them, to propose a route forward: UCR.


Event risk is the risk that a portfolio's value can be affected by large jumps in market prices. Event risk is synonymous with "fat tails" or "jump risk". Event risk is one component of "specific risk", defined by bank supervisors as the component of market risk not driven by market-wide shocks. Standard Value-at-Risk (VaR) models used by banks to measure market risk do not do a good job of capturing event risk. In this paper, I discuss the issues involved in incorporating event risk into VaR. To illustrate these issues, I develop a VaR model that incorporates event risk, which I call the Jump-VaR model. The Jump-VaR model uses any standard VaR model to handle "ordinary" price fluctuations and grafts on a simple model of price jumps. The effect is to "fatten" the tails of the distribution of portfolio returns that is used to estimate VaR, thus increasing VaR. I note that regulatory capital could rise or fall when jumps are added, since the increase in VaR would be offset by a decline in the regulatory capital multiplier on specific risk from 4 to 3. In an empirical application, I use the Jump-VaR model to compute VaR for two equity portfolios. I note that, in practice, special attention must be paid to the issues of correlated jumps and double-counting of jumps. As expected, the estimates of VaR increase when jumps are added. In some cases, the increases are substantial. As expected, VaR increases by more for the portfolio with more specific risk.


In this PhD thesis the first application of acetylacetoin synthase (AAS), by B. licheniformis DSM 13, as a biocatalyst for the stereoselective formation of C-C bonds is described. AAS, a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzyme, catalyzes the condensation of dialkyl or alkyl-aryl-1,2-diketones into the corresponding α-hydroxy-β-diketones with the elimination of a carboxylic acid. The reactions were carried out using a single α-diketone as donor and acceptor (homo-coupling) or two different α-diketones (cross-coupling). The AAS enzymatic reaction of a new C-C bond formation is highly chemo-, regio- and enantioselective. The α-hydroxy-β-diketones obtained from the reactions of homo- and cross-coupling were reduced with acetylacetoin reductase (AAR), a dehydrogenase obtained from the same bacterium. The combined use of AAS and AAR allowed the preparation of a new range of optically pure α-alkyl-α,β-dihydroxyketones starting from commercial α-diketones. The stereochemistry of the enantiopure syn-α-alkyl-α,β-dihydroxyketones was assigned on the basis of NOE experiments, while their absolute configuration was determined transforming one of these compounds in the natural product (+)-citreodiol. The absolute configuration of α-alkyl-α, β-dihydroxyketones confirmed the S-stereospecificity of the AAR-reduction and R-stereospecificity of AAS homo and cross-coupling reactions. On the basis of the AAS activity, an alternative synthetic biomimetic route, reminiscent the ThDP-dependent enzymes activity, was studied. Both thiamine hydrochloride and its simplified analogue, thiazolium salt, act as pre-catalysts coupled with an appropriate basis and are able to activate α-diketones such as acyl-anion equivalents that can be transferred to enable ketonic acceptors as α-diketones and α-ketoesters. These carboligation reactions have been optimized in catalytic conditions using polyethylene glycol (PEG400), an eco-friendly reaction medium, that made easier the reaction workup allowing, in addition, the catalyst recycling. A further synthetic application of AAS was the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of the natural aroma of green tea. The chirality of this compound, closely related to its organoleptic properties, is actually studied in our laboratories. The versatility of AAS as biocatalyst for C-C bond forming reactions and the raised interest by its particular applications in organic synthesis promped us to purify the enzyme, with the ultimate goal of identifying the gene encoding for AAS in the genome of B. licheniformis DSM 13.


To confirm that human corneal rims left over from DALK/DSEK/PK surgeries could be useful sources for ex vivo endothelial cell expansion. Human corneal rims remaining from DALK/DSEK/PK surgeries were utilized (1:1 sex ratio, age 63+20 years, endothelial cell density >2,500 cells/mm2). The time from death to use varied between 3 days and 1.5 months. Endothelial cells isolated using a two-step, peel-and-digest method, whereby the Descemet's membrane and endothelial cells were peeled off under a dissecting microscope, followed by digestion in collagenase. The isolated cells were suspended in TrypLE prior to plating onto FNC-coated tissue culture plates. The cells were then cultured in Ham's F12:M199 (1:1) media supplemented with, ascorbic acid, transferrin, sodium selenite and bFGF. Characterisation of the cultured cells was performed by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining accordingly. The number of isolated endothelial cells was repeatedly low (< 20,000 cells). However, improved techniques allowed to reduce stromal cell contamination. It was observed that endothelial cell proliferation was improved when the culture surface area was reduced. Furthermore, typical endothelial cobble stone morphology was observed when the cell density was high. Cell morphology and growth showed notable difference related to donor age and preservation time. ZO-1, Na/K-ATPase and PITX2 were used to confirm the endothelial phenotype. Preserved human corneal rims can be utilized for ex vivo expansion of corneal endothelial cells but further optimization is needed.


The determination of wall friction angle for bulk materials is vital in applications such as; bin and hopper design, conveyor transfer chutes, rail wagon unloading and any other use where bulk materials flow over a surface. It is generally accepted that the rougher the wall surface, the higher the wall friction angle. This paper will present an investigation of wall samples with various surface finishes using a translational shear tester (based on the design by Jenike). Five aluminium plates; one with a 'smooth' surface and the other four with milled grooves of varying spacing and depth to produce regular 'roughness' on the surface have been utilised. Glass beads of three size distributions have been used as the test products for this study to investigate the effect of particle size and plate roughness on the determination of wall friction. The results of this work have shown that it is not always the case that the 'rougher' wall surface generates the highest wall friction angle but there is also a dependence on the size of the particles as well.


The work presented in this thesis focuses on improving the thermoelectric performance of cost-efficient, widely available, non-toxic transition-metal sulphides. Three families of materials, titanium-disulphide derivatives, tetrahedrites and bornites, were investigated owing to their promising electrical and/or thermal properties. Alongside thermoelectric property measurements, structural characterisation and measurements of various physical properties were carried out in order to explain the relationship between structural and physical features. A series of composition CoxTiS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) was synthesised and structural characterisation was carried out using a combination of powder X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction analysis. Electrical and thermal transport property measurements, thermal analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements and muon spectroscopy analysis were carried out to complete the investigation. The intercalation of cobalt within the van der Waals' gap of TiS2 leads to the formation of three superstructure types, monoclinic M5S8 (x = 0.25), trigonal M2S3 (x = 1/3) and monoclinic M3S4 (x = 0.5). At intercalation levels x ≤ 0.20 and x ≥ 2/3, Co atoms randomly occupy octahedral sites. In the case of x ≥ 2/3, Co atoms also occupy tetrahedral sites. The thermoelectric properties of CoxTiS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2/3) have been systematically investigated. A figure of merit of 0.3 is obtained for CoxTiS2 (0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) at 573 K, a 25 % improvement over pristine TiS2 and one of the highest figures of merit reported for a n-type sulphide at such a low temperature. A series with composition MoxTi1-xS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.09) was synthesised and consolidated by hot-pressing and spark plasma sintering. The ball milling conditions used and the SPS processing lead to a power factor of S2ρ-1 ≈ 2.1 mW m-1 K-2 at 323 K, which is the highest reported for TiS2. The reproducibility of the electrical properties of TiS2 for application at temperatures that do not exceed 473 K was confirmed by a heat-soak experiment. Nanoparticles of TiS2 with controlled morphologies were synthesised using a scalable solution-based route. Measurements of the Seebeck coefficient were carried out on TiS2 nanoflakes and a stoichiometry of Ti1+xS2 where x lies within the range 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.03 was determined. The thermoelectric properties of TiS2 nanocomposites with TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated. A 12 % increase in the figure of merit over that of pristine TiS2 at 573 K, ZT = 0.28, is observed for the nanocomposite with 0.5 vol% of nano-TiO2. Two families of copper sulphides were investigated for their promising p-type thermoelectric properties, tetrahedrites, including Cu12-xMnxSb4S13 (x = 0; 1) and Cu12+ySb4S13 (x = 0; 0.3; 1; 1.5 and 2), and manganese-doped bornite, Cu5Fe1-xMnxS4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10). A combination of powder X-ray and neutron diffraction analysis of Cu12-xMnxSb4S13 (x = 0; 1) located the Mn atoms on the Cu(1) site in tetrahedral position. Manganese substitution leads to a substantial reduction in thermal conductivity and the figure of merit is improved with ZT = 0.56 at 573 K. Structural analysis using powder X-ray diffraction and measurements of the thermoelectric properties of a series of copper-enriched tetrahedrite Cu12+ySb4S13 (y = 0.3; 1; 1.5; 2) were carried out. At room temperature, Cu12+ySb4S13 exists as a mixture of a Cu-poor and a Cu-rich phase and a change of behaviour in the electrical and thermal properties are observed over the temperature range 380 ≤ T / K ≤ 410. An increase in the Seebeck coefficient and a simultaneous decrease in the thermal conductivity are responsible for a large improvement in the figure of merit with ZT = 0.62 at 573 K for Cu12+ySb4S13 (y = 1.5 and 2). A manganese-doped bornite series of composition Cu5Fe1-xMnxS4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) was successfully synthesised using mechanical alloying. This synthetic method offers a simplified route to large scale production as well as better thermoelectric performance (ZT = 0.55 at 543 K) compared with samples prepared by solid-state reaction (ZT ≈ 0.4 at 573 K). Structural investigation was carried out using a combination of powder X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDX analysis and the solubility limit of Cu5Fe1-xMnxS4 was determined to be x = 0.1. Repeated electrical measurements and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out in order to investigate the stability of the samples and the reproducibility of the electrical properties as a function of time and temperature.


Abstract The visualisation of domains in ferroelectrics by decoration of the surface with nematic liquid crystals (NLC) has been used previously for the study of single crystal ferroelectrics. Until recently there has, however, been no work reported on the coupling between NLC and the polarisation in ferroelectric thin films. Such a coupling would open the possibility of imparting switchable memory to nematic LC displays. This paper reviews work on the fabrication and testing of device structures with the structure: glass/ITO/PZT/LC/ITO/glass (PZT=240nm sol-gel PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3; ITO= sputtered transparent, conductive indium tin oxide). When a voltage pulse is applied to the sandwich via the ITO electrodes, the switched polarisation in the ferroelectric thin film is observed. It has been found that a thin layer of TiO2, deposited by sol-gel onto the ITO, can be highly beneficial in improving the control of PZT nucleation and grain size/structure, improving the uniformity and quality of the structures. It has also been found possible to measure the poling voltage required to obtain a reorientation in the nematic LC layer and to refer this back to the hysteresis loop obtained from the PZT. The potential of the structure for device applications is discussed.


How the West Was Sung: Music in the Westerns of John Ford Kathryn Kalinak. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. Acknowledging reservations regarding auteurism in film criticism, Kathryn Kalinak, professor of English and film studies at Rhode Island College, nevertheless, concludes that legendary film director John Ford was "notorious for collaborating on all aspects of a film's production, including the musical score" (12). Accordingly, Kalinak focuses upon the use of music in the Western films of Ford; an area often neglected in the volumes of Ford scholarship. Eschewing theory, Kalinak relies upon primary research in studio archives and interviews with surviving members of the John Ford stock company to produce this readable and fascinating account of music in Ford's Western cinema. Kalinak asserts that Ford's Westerns were characterized by certain core principles: "music to both mark and bind the community, the privileging of song, and the inclusion of Anglo American folk music, period music, and Protestant hymnody" (101). Interestingly, Kalinak begins her account by concentrating upon the silent Westerns of Ford, notably The Iron Horse (1924) and Three Bad Men (1926) that introduced themes of national identity, manifest destiny, and masculinity central to Ford's later sound Westerns. "Drill, Ye Terriers, Drill" is employed in The Iron Horse to reflect the theme of inclusion for Irish and Italian rail workers, but Chinese and African-American laborers are excluded from this national consensus. Focusing upon the Dakota land rush of 1878, in Three Bad Men, Ford associates music and singing with star George O'Brien, and these qualities fail to compromise the manliness of the athletic O'Brien. For his first sound Western, the 1939 epic Stagecoach, Ford based the film's musical score on folk songs that the director selected more for their contributions to the film's narrative than period authenticity. Music is used to create a sense of community for the inhabitants of the stagecoach, while a sense of "otherness" is provided by Native Americans. Kalinak also perceives themes of nostalgia in My Darling Clementine (1946) and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962). Making almost exclusive use of diegetic music, My Darling Clementine explores the sense of loss associated with civilizing the frontier. Wyatt Earp (Henry Fonda) employs violence to tame Tombstone, but the price for this savagery is that he is unworthy of Clementine (Cathy Downs). Similar themes are pursued in Liberty Valance, which also relies upon a diegetic score and folk songs to promote a sense of loss. But Ford was capable of moving beyond the nostalgia of folk songs. …


This work reports on the synthesis of a doxorubicin-imprinted polymer nanoadsorbent (DOXMNSs). The imprinted polymer was coated on the surface of magnetite nanospheres. The synthesized DOXMNSs have been characterized using FT-IR, XRD, VSM and TEM measurements. The prepared nanoadsorbent could well disperse in the sample medium and could selectively remove the drug from an aqueous medium before its magnetic separation, under the optimum condition. The optimum pH (i.e., pH = 7.5) has a good match with the normal cellular fluid pH, and the removal efficiency decreased significantly by decreasing the pH. The results give promise of a magnetic drug carrier for cancer therapy purposes. On the other hand, using the proposed method, sensitive doxorubicin determination in the linear concentration range of 2.0–150.0 ng mL−1 with a detection limit of 1.3 ng mL−1 could be achieved. The urine samples analyses results showed that a powerful method for the drug determination has been proposed.


Abstract This Brief first discusses why policy decision-making concerning public employment services (PES) needs to rely also on evidence-based knowledge about the effects of such measures. It also addresses what this knowledge should be based on to be considered as providing reliable guidance for the impact of various PES measures. Next our current international as well as national knowledge on the effects of a set of major PES measures is drawn together in a concise way. The general impression inevitably is that the knowledge base of today can only paint a rather rough picture of the impact of such measures. A range of important questions remain unanswered: What exactly works? For whom? Why does it work? And at what price? These four questions are addressed by pointing to the most critical needs of change and progress. Most of these knowledge gaps have already been alluded to several times over the past years. So why do we have to constantly remind ourselves about this? Perhaps the most honest answer is that in Finland we have not yet succeeded in establishing a solid tradition of assessing the effectiveness of PES.


Using two unpublished letters from D. W. Winnicott to A. Freud in February 1957, we will call into question the claim that, despite their theoretical disagreements, D. W. Winnicott was closer to the ideas of M. Klein and more removed from those of A. Freud. We will show that D. W. Winnicott's interest in adolescence, far from being secondary for him, is present at different periods in his career and is something he shared more with A. Freud.


Several investigations have described adverse effects in fish inhabiting polluted areas, though the causative, or aetiologic compounds have not been substantiated. Since environmental pollutants exist as complex mixtures, reliable risk estimations are difficult to obtain. Chemical analyses of known toxicants are not sufficient since unknown toxic compounds will not be identified. Diagnostic tools – biomarkers – will provide information on the potential toxicity, but only limited information on the aetiologic compounds. A promising strategy for pinpointing the major toxicants in environmental samples is to fractionate samples in several steps, guided by the toxicity of the isolated fractions. This enables a more precise identification of aetiologic compounds than the analysis of a non-fractionated sample.The present thesis describes the toxicological and chemical characterization of organic pollutants in the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) polluted bay Orserumsviken on Sweden's Baltic coast. Compounds in organic extracts of abiotic matrices collected in the bay were separated by degree of aromaticity prior to exposing early life-stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fraction containing PCBs and other dicyclic aromatic compounds (DACs) was less potentially toxic than the fraction containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). An estimated 1-5% of the total ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) induction could be explained by PCBs, and less than 4% by the most commonly monitored PACs. Though the aetiologic compounds were not identified, a significant part of the EROD induction was isolated in a PAC-subfraction containing compounds with more than five rings and the major part of teratogenicity was isolated in a fraction containing three- and four-ringed PACs. As markers for the unidentified potent compounds in the DAC- and PAC-fractions, PCBs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in feral fish eggs from the bay. Adult northern pike (Esox lucius) had elevated levels of hepatic DNA adducts, which correlated with PAH concentrations in their eggs. ΣPCB concentration in pike eggs was equal to the injected concentration in the highest dose of the DAC-fraction, which caused a 50-fold EROD induction in rainbow trout larvae. This demonstrates that the compounds present in the abiotic matrices posed a threat to all life-stages of fish in this area.The findings in this thesis clearly reveal the limits of our knowledge regarding compounds responsible for potential toxicity in field situations. We need to place greater emphasis on the toxicological and chemical implications of our continuous release of PACs and to work for much more restrictive regulations.


Two major publications addressed the issue of reforming American mathematics education in 1989. These reports proposed wide-ranging, radical changes in mathematics learning and teaching. Everybody Counts: A Report to the Nation on the Future of Mathematics Education written by the National Research Council in 1989, concluded that ineffective mathematics education posed a potential threat to America's economic security in a technological world. Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics, written by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989), echoed similar views and drafted recommendations intended: (I) to expand school mathematics away from "shopkeeper's arithmetic"; (2) to include mathematics meaning congruent with the needs of the 21st century; and (3) to establish instructional beliefs and practices based on the epistemological foundations of constructivism. The need and direction for instructional reform in mathematics was clearly documented in 1989. However, there was not a large body of research about how educational reform in mathematics was experienced in practice. A few studies indicated that new classroom cultures and learning/teaching theories can be implemented successfully (Cobb & Bowers, 1999; Cobb & Yackel, 1996; Hiebert, Carpenter, Fennema, Fuson, Human, Murry, Olivier & Wearne, 1996). Despite some research on the subject of implementing NCTM Standards, there was still a need to learn more about how these instructional reforms are led by educators and received by school communities. The intention of the research reported in this paper was to share the processes a school community and school leaders (principal, assistant principal, teacher-leaders) in a K-4 elementary school created to reform mathematics instruction. In particular, the case study reports the complex and dynamic nature of a shift from behaviorist teaching methods toward constructivist methods. The case study exposed the changing nature of classroom environments, where teachers created learning opportunities for students to make sense of doing significant mathematics through social interaction, dialogue, and mathematical modeling. The research revealed transformation in leadership strategies and changes in teachers' roles and relationships. Methods The study was guided by qualitative design and constructivist inquiry from Guba and Lincoln (1994), Lincoln and Guba (1985). The methodology attempted to investigate the dynamics of school change within the assumption "that the issue at hand turns in some way on the ways in which individuals conceive of or construe their world." (McCracken, 1988. p. 59) Overall, the study tells the story of educators' efforts to lead instructional reform in mathematics education according to NCTM Standards (1989, 1991, 1995) and constructivist learning theory (Cobb & Bowers, 1999; von Glasersfeld, 1995) in an elementary K-4 school. Setting and Participants The K-4 elementary school is located in an affluent and racially/culturally diverse suburb bordering a large Midwestern U.S. city. The school enrolls 525 students (65% African-American, 30% white and 5% other racial or multiracial groups). The school has 25 classroom teachers, five special area teachers (art, music, physical education, and library), three learning disability teachers, six tutors for language arts, two kindergarten literacy tutors, an assistant principal and a principal. The average class size is 22 students. Data collection included interviews, observations, surveys, and documents from educators, parents, students and support staff. Data collection and data analysis were guided by Lincoln and Guba's (1985) constant comparative method. Patterns and themes that emerged can be summarized as: 1) Teachers as Leaders and Change Agents, 2) Role of Principals, and 3) Role of Parent and Students. …


Controlled protein degradation is a fundamentally important cellular regulatory mechanism. Dorrello et al. searched for binding partners of the ubiquitin ligase SCFβTRCP and detected programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4). The growth factor-stimulated protein kinase, S6K1, phosphorylated PDCD4 and promoted its ubiquitination by SCFβTRCP and consequent degradation. The degradation of PDCD4 relieved its inhibitory effect on a translation initiation factor and enhanced protein synthesis. Thus, regulated destruction of PDCD4 appears to regulate cell proliferation and cell size. N. V. Dorrello, A. Peschiaroli, D. Guardavaccaro, N. H. Colburn, N. E. Sherman, M. Pagano, S6K1- and βTRCP-mediated degradation of PDCD4 promotes protein translation and cell growth. Science 314, 467-471 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text] N. Sonenberg, A. Pause, Protein synthesis and oncogenesis meet again. Science 314, 428-429 (2006). [Summary] [Full Text]