The Beaver Dam gold deposit is located within metaturbidites of the lower Paleozoic Megurea Group of southern Nova Scotia, part of the Meguma terrane of the Canadian Appalachians which records a mid-Devonian metamorphic and deformational history. The deposit, one of several hosted by the Meguma Group, is dominated by bedding-concordant veins, with lesser discordant or fissure veins, that record a two-stage paragenesis: stage 1--quartz-calcic plagioclase-biotite [Mg/(Mg + Fe (super 2+) ) or Mg. no. = 0.50]-tourmaline + or - amphibole (Mg. no. = 0.54) + or - garnet + or - epidote + or - apatite + or - ilmenite; and stage 2--quartz-calcite-chlorite (Mg. no. = 0.50)-albite-scheelite. Muscovite and sulfides (Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb) transcend the two stages and gold is late parDgenetically. Mineralization formed from a low-salinity, H 2 O-CO 2 (X (sub CO 2 ) = 0.15) fluid and vein formationis constrained geochronologically at 370 Ma from 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of hydrothermal amphibole, muscovite, and biotite.Isotopic studies (O, C, H, Sr) of mineral phases (quartz, amphibole, feldspar, mica, carbonate, tourmaline) indicate the following:1. The veins were emplaced over a temperature interval of ca. 500 degrees to 300 degrees C based on oxygen isotope geothermometry of silicate phases. This range is comparable to temperatures inferred from silicate-sulfide geothermometry (Kontak and Smith, 1993).2. The stable isotope composition of the parental fluid is delta D = -40 + or - 6 and delta 18 O = 6 to 12 per mil based on mean values of analyzed phases and inferred temperatures of formation. The delta D water values calculated from mica phases concur with extracts from vein quartz samples dominated by a single generation of primary fluid inclusions. These results demonstrate that a delta D signature of the primary fluid can be obtained via crushing of bulk samples where the potential influence of secondary inclusions has been eliminated.3. Interaction of the ore-forming fluid with wall-rock lithologies (i.e., Meguma Group) at the site of deposition has ;reatly influenced the S and C isotope signatures of the carbonates (delta 13 C = -21.1 + or - 1.1ppm) and sulfides (delta 34 S = 10 + or - 1ppm; Kontak and Smith, 1989).4. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr measured ratios of calcite (0.70787-0.71358, n = 8) and tourmaline (0.713055) indicate modification of the primary signature of the fluid (ca. < or =<0.708) due to contamination, probably by Meguma Group lithologies.Collectively, the isotopic data indicate that the ore-forming fluids were not generated within the Meguma Group (Sr; also see Pb isotope data of Chatterjee et al., 1992), but that subsequent interaction with the Meguma Group has modified some isotopic signatures (C, S, Sr). The O and H isotope data are equivocal with regard to the Meguma Group and do not permit a definitive distinction between magmatic and metamorphic reservoirs, although the latter are preferred on the basis of geologic grounds and analogies with other similar deposit types.We conclude that the isotopic data for the Beaver Dam deposit are most consistent with a model invoking generation of fluids from metamorphic devolatilization reactions deep within the crust and structural focusing of such fluids. In contrast, a magmatic source is incompatible with the isotopic data unless such a fluid has been highly modified by fluid-rock interaction. Finally, there is no support for a meteoric component to the ore fluid.


This paper presents a hybrid dialog state tracker enhanced by trainable Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) for slot-filling dialog systems. Our architecture is inspired by previously proposed neural-network-based belief-tracking systems. In addition, we extended some parts of our modular architecture with differentiable rules to allow end-to-end training. We hypothesize that these rules allow our tracker to generalize better than pure machine-learning based systems. For evaluation, we used the Dialog State Tracking Challenge (DSTC) 2 dataset - a popular belief tracking testbed with dialogs from restaurant information system. To our knowledge, our hybrid tracker sets a new state-of-the-art result in three out of four categories within the DSTC2.


Theories of perception have proposed a basic distinction between parallel pre-attentive and serial attentive modes of processing. However, chronometric measures are often ambiguous in separating parallel and serial processes. We have used the activity of attention-related regions of the human brain, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, to separate parallel from serial processes at the single-trial level in a visual quantification task. In this task, some have suggested the deployment of two qualitatively different processes, a fast parallel 'subitizing' for sets of one, two or three objects and a slow serial counting for larger sets. Our results indicate that attention-related regions of the posterior parietal and frontal cortices show a sudden increase in activity only from numerosity four onwards, confirming the parallel-serial dichotomy of subitizing and counting. Moreover, using the presence or absence of attentional shifts, as inferred from the activation of posterior parietal regions, we successfully predict whether, on a given trial, subjects deployed a serial exploration of the display or a parallel apprehension. Beyond the subitizing/counting debate, this approach may prove useful to probe the attentional demands of other cognitive tasks.


Apatite fission track analysis has been used to study the thermal and tectonic history of the Marlborough Region, South Island, New Zealand. The very young ages (<10 Ma) of apatite in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault bend and Seaward Kaikoura Range, are consistent with the recent rapid uplift/erosion in these areas. Most of the apatite ages are younger than depositional ages, indicating that the host rocks in Marlborough have experienced exposure to temperatures in the zone of partial annealing for apatite. In addition, apatite ages obtained along the Wairau Fault are al ways younger than those of other areas. Apatite fission track ages and mean lengths show that there are two major cooling events, one occurring from the early Miocene (~20 Ma) and the other in the mid-Cretaceous (~100 Ma). Modeled thermal histories of eleven samples selected from Marlborough samples are consistent with the stratigraphic record and reflect that in the Wairau block the timing of the main Neogene uplift/erosion event is earlier (mid to late Miocene) than to the southeast in the Seaward Kaikoura Range (late Pliocene-Pleistocene).


This article is about how national security culture sets out, in raced, gendered, and classed terms, to prepare the U.S. public to take up their role as citizens of empire. The cultural imagination of national security, I argue, is shaped both by the national security state and the media industry. Drawing on archival material, I offer a contextual analysis of key national security visual texts in two periods—the early Cold War era and the Obama phase of the War on Terror. A comparative analysis of the two periods shows that while Cold War practices inform the War on Terror, there are also discontinuities. A key difference is the inclusion of women and people of color within War on Terror imperial citizenship, inflected by the logic of a neoliberal form of feminism and multiculturalism. I argue that such inclusion is not positive and urge scholars to combine an intersectional analysis of identity with a structural critique of neoliberal imperialism.


Context. The C/O ratio as traced with C2H emission in protoplanetary disks is fundamental for constraining the formation mechanisms of exoplanets and for our understanding of volatile depletion in disks, but current C2H observations show an apparent bimodal distribution that is not well understood, indicating that the C/O distribution is not described by a simple radial dependence.
Aims. The transport of icy pebbles has been suggested to alter the local elemental abundances in protoplanetary disks through settling, drift, and trapping in pressure bumps, resulting in a depletion of volatiles in the surface layer and an increase in the elemental C/O.
Methods. We combine all disks with spatially resolved ALMA C2H observations with high-resolution continuum images and constraints on the CO snow line to determine if the C2H emission is indeed related to the location of the icy pebbles.
Results. We report a possible correlation between the presence of a significant CO-ice dust reservoir and high C2H emission, which is only found in disks with dust rings outside the CO snow line. In contrast, compact dust disks (without pressure bumps) and warm transition disks (with their dust ring inside the CO snow line) are not detected in C2H, suggesting that such disks may have never contained a significant CO ice reservoir.
Conclusions. This correlation provides evidence for the regulation of the C/O profile by the complex interplay of CO snow line and pressure bump locations in the disk. These results demonstrate the importance of including dust transport in chemical disk models for a proper interpretation of exoplanet atmospheric compositions and a better understanding of volatile depletion in disks, in particular the use of CO isotopologs to determine gas surface densities.


A 60 line/mm Bausch and Lomb grating has been installed in a Baird Infrared Spectrophotometer in place of all prisms to cover the 2 to 26 micron range of the instrument No changes were made in the optical system for the 2 to 10 micron region. To avoid overlapping of higher orders on the longer wave length first order spectrum, one small mirror was replaced by a crystal of MgO An alternate method, referred to as negative filtering, is presented for the elimination of overlapping orders and may be used with the double-beam instruments. The existing scanning equipment was used with the following modifications. (1), a mechanical linkage was tied to the existing Littrow mirror drive to rotate the grating and (2), new cams were substituted for the prism cams to provide linear wave length scans with the grating. One cam covers 6 microns of any region of the spectrum before resetting the grating, while the second cam can be used to obtain four times the dispersion of the first cam.


Policy advocacy is an increasingly important function for many nonprofit organizations, yet their advocacy activities have largely escaped theoretical grounding. The literature on nonprofits has described how they engage in policy advocacy, without linking them to theories of policy change. The policy studies literature, on the other hand, has explained how various forms of influence result in policy change, but has largely ignored organizational perspectives on those processes. These two literatures remain largely disconnected. Drawing upon interviews with a purposive sample of policy advocacy directors at 31 nonprofit organizations, this study applies Q-methodology to identify and describe six distinct policy advocacy strategies employed by the organizations, and their resonant theoretical views of policy processes. These findings suggest strategic approaches for nonprofits seeking to influence policy processes. They also enhance the academic literature on policy processes by adding the advocates' views and expectations. Implications for further research are also identified.


Abstract We consider the suggestion that, as a matter of caution, the deliberate broadcast of signals to the cosmos should be proscribed. We explore the likely capabilities of extraterrestrial societies that might conceivably pose a threat to our species and show that this suggestion is without merit because even if followed, it would fail to keep our existence secret. In addition, trying to limit signalling activities would be a burden on our descendants, crippling their own activities for the indefinite future. A corollary to these considerations affects the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI): namely, it seems inarguable that technologically advanced beings will assume that other societies are capable of detecting their leakage. Consequently, the premise that SETI should expect to find deliberate beacons from other worlds may be mistaken.


This article explores the changes and adaptation of warfare strategies in indigenous societies during the Spanish conquest, through a case study of Copiapó valley in northern Chile. Using ethnohistorical and archaeological data, it explores the experiences and actions of collective agents who transformed their warfare practices and social alliances in order to fight for their autonomy and survival. The Copiapó people transformed from a society characterized by low-scale intermittent warfare to one that employed an intensive mode of conflict and developed broader inter-ethnic alliances. Their relative success in this last stage eventually proved to be an effective bargaining tool to negotiate better conditions for their incorporation into the new colonial system.


The paper extends the standard tax evasion model by allowing for social interactions. In Manski's (1993) nomenclature, our model takes into account social conformity effects (i.e., endogenous interactions), fairness effects (i.e., exogenous interactions) and sorting effects (i.e., correlated effects). Our model is tested using experimental data. Participants must decide how much income to report given their tax rate and audit probability, and given those faced by the other members of their group as well as their mean reported income. The estimation is based on a two-limit simultaneous tobit with fixed group effects. A unique social equilibrium exists when the model satisfies coherency conditions. In line with Brock and Durlauf (2001b), the intrinsic nonlinearity between individual and group responses is sufficient to identify the model without imposing any exclusion restrictions. Our results are consistent with fairness effects but reject social conformity and correlated effects.


Background Intestinal parasitic infections are distributed worldwide presenting high prevalence in low-income countries. Gastrointestinal parasites in children are associated to inhibition of normal growth, low intellectual development, vitamin deficiency by malabsorption, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. Available data point to global prevalence in Mozambique (2005–2007) of 65.8% for soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites relies on stool microscopy which has a lower sensitivity and specificity than molecular biology methods. Consequently, researchers have developed a novel multi-parallel quantitative real-time PCR to detect protozoa and helminths in stool. This technique was used in the current study to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the Manhiça district. Methods Stool samples (10 g) for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites were collected from 175 children, aged 2 to 10 years, recruited at the Manhiça District Hospital. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained for all participants. Helminths and protozoa were detected through microscopy, the gold standard method, and through multi-parallel quantitative real-time PCR. Results High prevalence was found for Giardia lamblia (61%). Other prevalent parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides (10.2%), Strongyloides stercoralis (8.6%), Cryptosporidium (4%) and Necator americanus (2.8%). Ancylostoma duodenale and Entamoeba histolytica were not detected in any samples studied. More than 60% of children with A. lumbricoides presented high egg burden that was correlated with increased Giardia burden co-infection (p=0.01). Conclusions The preliminary results point to a high prevalence of G. lamblia. In our sample, a high Giardia burden was associated with higher A. lumbricoides egg count. Further analysis will allow us to correlate findings with clinical data and to evaluate the effect of the presence of gastrointestinal parasites on the immunological response to malaria.


Organic agriculture, which is also described as less fossil fuel-dependent and agrochemical-free agriculture, is now perceived as the logical sequence to the food production systems which are dependent on agro-chemical inputs from production to processing. This paper discusses the situations and factors that should be considered in the crucial process of shifting approaches to food production systems to achieve food security in the new millennium. In the past, farmers shifted with government support to chemical agriculture to produce the food requirements of the burgeoning population. Soils are badly degraded from the use of chemical fertilizer and pest populations are so complex and crop failures associated with no application of pesticides are widely known. Withdrawal from agrochemical use will mean huge yield reduction without soil fertility restoration and any further yield decline is unacceptable both to the farmers and the consumers. The shift to organic agriculture requires soil fertility restoration, breeding/selection of seeds for organic agriculture, adoption of cultural management practices and shifting monocropping to diverse planting, integrated nutrient management and ecological pest management systems, among others. Farmers need full government support to shift to organic agriculture. Moreover, the society or the consumers need to realize that the shift to organic agriculture is for Organic agriculture: Sequence to chemical agriculture in the Philippine context their own benefit, hence, they need to appreciate, understand, cooperate, patronize and put premium value to organic agriculture products. The superior quality of organic products should be appreciated and should be translated to higher price. Organic agriculture production should be complemented with a change in consumer preferences or consumption patterns. It should be translated into a demand that will lead to changes in the supply side thereby changing the agricultural production systems that our Filipino farmers currently adopt.


Following the restoration of democratic political institutions in 1986, the Philippine government, under a succession of political administrations, has pursued a structural policy reform program on several fronts, both economic and non-economic. This paper assesses some policy reforms in the government's infrastructure development program and the institutional arrangements aimed at implementing such reforms. Some progress has been achieved under the leadership of the National Economic and Development Authority and oversight of the various inter-agency NEDA Board committees, such as the infrastructure, investment coordination, and development budget coordination committees. The enactment of the Build-Operate-Transfer Law, for instance, has broadened and deepened the participation of the private sector in the infrastructure program. At this juncture, however, closing the infrastructure gap, particularly in transport, continues to be a formidable challenge. Major improvements, among other concerns, in procurement and implementation capacities of implementing government agencies, fair allocation of public-private risk bearing in contracts, and elimination of corruption in the approval process at all levels of government, national and local, are indicated.


A computer simulation of the threonine-synthesis pathway in Escherichia coli Tir-8 has been developed based on our previous measurements of the kinetics of the pathway enzymes under near-physiological conditions. The model successfully simulates the main features of the time courses of threonine synthesis previously observed in a cell-free extract without alteration of the experimentally determined parameters, although improved quantitative fits can be obtained with small parameter adjustments. At the concentrations of enzymes, precursors and products present in cells, the model predicts a threonine-synthesis flux close to that required to support cell growth. Furthermore, the first two enzymes operate close to equilibrium, providing an example of a near-equilibrium feedback-inhibited enzyme. The predicted flux control coefficients of the pathway enzymes under physiological conditions show that the control of flux is shared between the first three enzymes: aspartate kinase, aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and homoserine dehydrogenase, with no single activity dominating the control. The response of the model to the external metabolites shows that the sharing of control between the three enzymes holds across a wide range of conditions, but that the pathway flux is sensitive to the aspartate concentration. When the model was embedded in a larger model to simulate the variable demands for threonine at different growth rates, it showed the accumulation of free threonine that is typical of the Tir-8 strain at low growth rates. At low growth rates, the control of threonine flux remains largely with the pathway enzymes. As an example of the predictive power of the model, we studied the consequences of over-expressing different enzymes in the pathway.


BACKGROUND
Torture is widespread, with potentially broad and long-lasting impact across physical, psychological, social and other areas of life. Its complex and diverse effects interact with ethnicity, gender, and refugee experience. Health and welfare agencies offer varied rehabilitation services, from conventional mental health treatment to eclectic or needs-based interventions. This review is needed because relatively little outcome research has been done in this field, and no previous systematic review has been conducted. Resources are scarce, and the challenges of providing services can be considerable.

OBJECTIVES
To assess beneficial and adverse effects of psychological, social and welfare interventions for torture survivors, and to compare these effects with those reported by active and inactive controls.

SEARCH METHODS
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified through a search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Specialised Register (CCDANCTR), the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information Database (LILACS), the Open System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (OpenSIGLE), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and Published International Literature On Traumatic Stress (PILOTS) all years to 11 April 2013; searches of Cochrane resources, international trial registries and the main biomedical databases were updated on 20 June 2014. We also searched the Online Library of Dignity (Danish Institute against Torture), reference lists of reviews and included studies and the most frequently cited journals, up to April 2013 but not repeated for 2014. Investigators were contacted to provide updates or details as necessary.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Full publications of RCTs or quasi-RCTs of psychological, social or welfare interventions for survivors of torture against any active or inactive comparison condition.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We included all major sources of grey literature in our search and used standard methodological procedures as expected by The Cochrane Collaboration for collecting data, evaluating risk of bias and using GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methods to assess the quality of evidence.

MAIN RESULTS
Nine RCTs were included in this review. All were of psychological interventions; none provided social or welfare interventions. The nine trials provided data for 507 adults; none involved children or adolescents. Eight of the nine studies described individual treatment, and one discussed group treatment. Six trials were conducted in Europe, and three in different African countries. Most people were refugees in their thirties and forties; most met the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at the outset. Four trials used narrative exposure therapy (NET), one cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and the other four used mixed methods for trauma symptoms, one of which included reconciliation methods. Five interventions were compared with active controls, such as psychoeducation; four used treatment as usual or waiting list/no treatment; we analysed all control conditions together. Duration of therapy varied from one hour to longer than 20 hours with a median of around 12 to 15 hours. All trials reported effects on distress and on PTSD, and two reported on quality of life. Five studies followed up participants for at least six months.No immediate benefits of psychological therapy were noted in comparison with controls in terms of our primary outcome of distress (usually depression), nor for PTSD symptoms, PTSD caseness, or quality of life. At six-month follow-up, three NET and one CBT study (86 participants) showed moderate effect sizes for intervention over control in reduction of distress (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.07 to -0.19) and of PTSD symptoms (SMD -0.52, 95% CI -0.97 to -0.07). However, the quality of evidence was very low, and risk of bias resulted from researcher/therapist allegiance to treatment methods, effects of uncertain asylum status of some people and real-time non-standardised translation of assessment measures. No measures of adverse events were described, nor of participation, social functioning, quantity of social or family relationships, proxy measures by third parties or satisfaction with treatment. Too few studies were identified for review authors to attempt sensitivity analyses.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Very low-quality evidence suggests no differences between psychological therapies and controls in terms of immediate effects on post-traumatic symptoms, distress or quality of life; however, NET and CBT were found to confer moderate benefits in reducing distress and PTSD symptoms over the medium term (six months after treatment). Evidence was of very low quality, mainly because non-standardised assessment methods using interpreters were applied, and sample sizes were very small. Most eligible trials also revealed medium to high risk of bias. Further, attention to the cultural appropriateness of interventions or to their psychometric qualities was inadequate, and assessment measures used were unsuitable. As such, these findings should be interpreted with caution.No data were available on whether symptom reduction enabled improvements in quality of life, participation in community life, or in social and family relationships in the medium term. Details of adverse events and treatment satisfaction were not available immediately after treatment nor in the medium term. Future research should aim to address these gaps in the evidence and should include larger sample sizes when possible. Problems of torture survivors need to be defined far more broadly than by PTSD symptoms, and recognition given to the contextual influences of being a torture survivor, including as an asylum seeker or refugee, on psychological and social health.


This paper deals with specific issues related to the design of distributed embedded systems implemented with mixed, event-triggered and time-triggered task sets, which communicate over bus protocols consisting of both static and dynamic phases. Such systems are emerging as a new standard for automotive applications. We have developed a holistic timing analysis and scheduling approach for this category of systems. Three alternative scheduling heuristics are presented and compared. We have also identified several new design problems characteristic to such hybrid systems. An example related to bus access optimization in the context of a mixed static/dynamic bus protocol is presented. Experimental results prove the efficiency of such an optimization approach.


This paper examines the circumstances favouring the use of a prenominal possessive in English, even if, syntactically and semantically, a postnominal construction would also have been acceptable. An evaluation of earlier treatments of the difference between the constructions reveals two approaches. The traditional approach typically yields multifactor accounts, concentrating on the constraints on both constructions, while the theoretical approach is characterized by a tendency to reduce the difference to one underlying principle. Using authentic examples, this paper proposes a theoretically-based multifactor account which adds a major cognitive-pragmatic factor to those traditionally distinguished, and which tries (a) to resolve the question of whether any factor(s) is (are) more prominent, and (b) to explain, at least for some factors, why it is that they favour a particular construction.


The Article examines assumptions behind literature that uncritically assumes that securitization transactions are necessarily efficient, finding that these assumptions are unwarranted. The Article is the first to view securitization transactions from an unsecured creditor's perspective, and concludes that from such a perspective, securitization is not the panacea its proponents claim it to be. The article first defines structured finance and describes the nature of the current market for asset-backed securities. Then, it outlines the benefits that securitization provides to originators and other transaction participants. With that background, it turns to the debate on the efficiency of secured transactions, applies the substance of this debate to structured finance transactions, and then examines the equitable challenges that may be made to avoid securitized asset transfers. The Article sounds a cautionary note concerning how securitization results in a general increase in the availability of credit beyond what may be called for by the common welfare. It also questions the widespread assumption that unsecured creditors have knowingly consented to all possible consequences of the securitization transactions in which they participate. Finally, it demonstrates how the rapid expansion of the securitization market has subjected transaction participants and third parties to mounting uncertainty. The article predicts that further research will support the conclusion that securitization is inefficient. The securitization structure is designed to divert value away from the originator, in the absence of any compensating controls on either the consideration received in exchange for the asset sale, or the debtor's behavior The originator enjoys the benefits of this distributional inefficiency, at the expense of its unsecured creditors. The article predicts that courts, in the name of equity, will more carefully examine the structure of securitized transactions in connection with their supervision of an originator's bankruptcy case. When the effects of these transactions are realized, courts and legislatures will take steps to address the distributional inefficiency of these transactions. Given the array of possible widespread and negative consequences of securitization, further exploration of the effects of securitization is urgent. Securitization is an innovation that, like many Wall Street innovations, may have drastically negative consequences.


Longwave infrared imagery of cloud fields are examined in terms of their power spectral density (PSD). In order to systematically investigate the dependence of the PSD on viewing conditions, a cloud scene simulator is employed to generate images of a simulated cloud field. The cloud field is fully three dimensional and is describes by its fluctuating temperature and liquid/ice water content fields. The imaging process accurately calculates the spatially varying attenuation of blackbody emission. Several views of a single cloud field are examined to study the effect of viewing angle on the image PSD. Zenith views produce isotropic PSDs, while nearly horizontal views contain a large amount of foreshortening and a correspondingly anisotropic PSD. One possible component of the foreshortening is simply geometric and can be estimated and compared to the simulation output. We find that geometrically induced foreshortening does not describe the PSD effects observed in the simulation for the relatively thin cirrus-like cloud simulated here. Possibly this indicates that the three-dimensional cloud structure is more important in some views that in others when there are large fluctuations in the cloud optical properties. We are pursuing a more quantitative description of this behavior.


Marine algae are key sources of the biogenic sulfur compound dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), a vital component of the marine sulfur cycle. Autotrophic ecosystem engineers such as red coralline algae support highly diverse and biogeochemically active ecosystems and are known to be high DMSP producers, but their importance in the global marine sulfur cycle has not yet been appreciated. Using a global sampling approach, we show that red coralline algae are a globally significant pool of DMSP in the oceans, estimated to be ~110 × 1012 moles worldwide during the summer months. Latitude was a major driver of observed regional‐scale variations, with peaks in polar and tropical climate regimes, reflecting the varied cellular functions for DMSP (e.g., as a cryoprotectant and antioxidant). A temperate coralline algal bed was investigated in more detail to also identify local‐scale temporal variations. Here, water column DMSP was driven by water temperature, and to a lesser extent, cloud cover; two factors which are also vital in controlling coralline algal growth. This study demonstrates that coralline algae harbor a large pool of dimethylated sulfur, thereby playing a significant role in both the sulfur and carbon marine biogeochemical cycles. However, coralline algal habitats are severely threatened by projected climate change; a loss of this habitat may thus detrimentally impact oceanic sulfur and carbon biogeochemical cycling.


The dynamic response of an aerospace layered structure comp osed of a combination of conical and cylindrical shells is hereby modelled. In the low and the mid-frequency ranges a WFEM derived ESL approach implemented within a FEM is used in order to predict the response of the shell. Fur thermore, in the high frequency range the CLF of the connected subsystems are calculated using a WFEM / approach. These CLF are implemented within a SEA approach in order to predict the structural response. The ac cur y and robustness of the developped approaches are exhibited by comparisons to experimental measurements on a layered conical-shell-conical configuration.


Ada 95, aka Ada9X at the time because we didn't know when we would be done, was a labor of love for most of us. A spectacular team was assembled from all over the world. I had the distinct pleasure and honor of being the Department of Defense Ada 9X Project Manager. The lessons I learned and the experience I gained allowed me to do many other things after Ada 95 was completed. I ran an Air Force space technology laboratory. I was responsible for building military satellites and launching them from the Cape. Currently, I am responsible for developing and operating the first purpose-built commercial spaceport. Looking back, the common thread through all of these endeavors is innovation, dedication, strong team work, and a passion for the job at hand. That can do spirit and boundless energy is a must for success and I have been fortunate to work on unprecedented projects with colleagues who possessed these qualities. Anecdotes from the Ada9X Project to today's emerging commercial space industry will be provided from my experiences and observations.


Keywords: allegory, mural paining, Albertus Pictor, prayer, material culture, crucifixion, church reform Summary: The article represents the first comprehensive examination of the late medieval image of the Good and Bad Prayer, a complex and rare visual allegory of the treasures of Heaven and the treasures of earth (Matthew 6:19–21, 24) created sometime during the first half of the fourteenth century and still in use during the second half of the sixteenth. Focusing on the early history of the image, from its likely inception in a monastic milieu to its wider dissemination by itinerant muralists in Denmark and Sweden during the 1470s – 1490s – the workshop of Albertus Pictor being a chief case in point – the analysis is embedded in a wider discussion of late medieval pictorial didacticism, of attitudes toward materialism and conspicuous consumption, and of the later fourteenth- and fifteenth-century culture of lay prayer. A preliminary catalogue of the forty or so known examples of the Good and Bad Prayer concludes this investigation. CV : Achim Timmermann is Associate Professor at the Department of the History of Art at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he teaches medieval and northern Renaissance art and  architecture. His current research interests include the pictorial and architectural stage- management of the body of Christ, the role of public monuments in medieval civic and rural life, and late medieval allegory. He is author of Real Presence: Sacrament Houses and the Body of Christ, c. 1270–1600 (2009), of the forthcoming monograph Representation and Redemption: Sacred Landscape and the Late Medieval Public Monument, and of over thirty articles on various aspects of medieval and Renaissance visual and architectural culture.


The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit extract and its effect on triacylglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and lipid peroxidation in induced-cholesterol New Zealand White Rabbits. In DPPH assay, at concentration of 200 ug/mL methanol extract give 62.13% inhibition of DPPH free radicals with IC 50 of 107 µg/mL. Similarly, in FRAP assay the methanol extract at concentration of 500 ug/mL showed the highest absorbance (0.16) for antioxidant activity. Whereas, in metal chelating assay the methanol extract at concentration of 100 mg/mL exhibited 36% inhibition of metal chelating ions. The antioxidant activities were due to the presence of phenolics compounds of quinic acid, gallic acid and caffeic acid, which were identified with Q-TQF MS. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content was the highest in water extract at 66.515 mg of GAE/g and 1.828 mg of QE/g, respectively. The water extract of R. tomentosa was non-toxic at LC 50 = 616.083 µg/ mL. The white New Zealand rabbits group A was fed by oral gavages with normal diet; Group B cholesterol 1% diet; group C cholesterol 1% diet with fruit extract 50 mg/kg and Group D cholesterol 1% diet with simvastatin standard drug 5 mg/kg. The rabbits in group C has a significantly reduced ( p<0.05) total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and significantly increased ( p<0.05) high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triacylglycerides (TG) as compared with group B. The lipid peroxidation was reduced significantly ( p<0.05) as indicated by the low TBARs-MDA level in group C. Thus, these results showed that the R. tomentosa fruit extracts was able to reduce cholesterol level and increased HDL level which can prevent the formation of atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to describe the rehabilitative outcomes of pediatric auditory brainstem implant (ABI) users in the Department of Otolaryngology in the Hacettepe University. It was a retrospective study, and all patients' files were reviewed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The data was collected from 41 children who were fitted with ABI between 2005 and 2013. Inclusion criteria for children in our study are profound, congenital bilateral sensory-neural hearing loss with anomalies (such as cochlear, labyrinthine, and cochlear nerve aplasia) and more than one year of auditory experience with ABI. Post-meningitis patients and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) patients were excluded. Auditory perception was evaluated using the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS), Functioning after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (FAPCI) instrument, Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP), and Children's Auditory Perception Skills Test in Turkish (CIAT). Speech intelligibility was categorized with speech intelligibility rating (SIR), and language development was assessed using the Test of Early Language Development-Third Edition (TELD-3) and Manchester Spoken Language Development Scale (MSLD).

RESULTS
All patients gained basic audiological functions and were able to recognize and discriminate sounds by the third month of ABI surgery. According to the duration of ABI use and learning skills, patients revealed development from word identification to sentence recognition level in a wide spectrum.

CONCLUSION
Preliminary results indicate that all children have gained basic auditory perception skills. On the other hand, language and speech development data were varying among children. Additional handicaps seemed to slow down progression. Secondary improvement was seen at psychosocial areas with respect to behavioral and social adjustment as well as eagerness to start communication.


Light fields are typically represented by multi-view images, and enable post-capture actions such as refocusing and perspective shift. To compress a light field image, its view images are typically converted into a pseudo video sequence (PVS) and the generated PVS is compressed using a video codec. However, when using the inter-coding tool of a video codec to exploit the redundancy among view images, the possibility to randomly access any view image is lost. On the other hand, when video codecs independently encode view images using the intra-coding tool, random access to view images is enabled, however, at the expense of a significant drop in the compression efficiency. To address this trade-off, we propose to use neural representations to represent 4D light fields. For each light field, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is trained to map the light field four dimensions to the color space, thus enabling random access even to pixels. To achieve higher compression efficiency, neural network compression techniques are deployed. The proposed method outperforms the compression efficiency of HEVC inter-coding, while providing random access to view images and even pixel values.


Soon after the publication of The French Lieutenant's Woman, John Fowles invited Harold Pinter to write the screenplay. But it required eleven years to enlist Pinter and director Karel Reisz to agree upon a collaboration. (1) Fowles makes clear that, from 1969 when the novel was in page proof to 1981, to no avail, his agent offered the novel to Reisz and to others. (2) In 1978, Fowles and his agent again asked Reisz, who agreed to direct the film, whether Pinter would become a "demon barber," and Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons would play the leads (Garard 18). After agreement among the three principals, filming began May 27, 1980. (3) The story of these creators' collaboration, and the interpretation of this essay's title, begins with Fowles's injunction to Pinter and Reisz as they were preparing the screenplay for filming "To keep" Sarah "inexplicable" (Conradi 46-47). Who is Sarah Woodruff? As character and performer how does she test her creators? Does Sarah outwit them in her represented struggle for personal and artistic freedom? Or do Fowles, Pinter, and Reisz give it to her with one hand and take it back with the other. This film depicts one woman acting two roles, "cast in the role of" the sexual body." (4) The representations of Sarah or Anna by Meryl Streep juxtapose the female body in different cultural settings, reinforcing Fowles's anxiety about Sarah. (5) Through feminist theory and gender politics, I outline the shifting ground of cultural attitudes about female sexuality in the three creators' adaptation of The French Lieutenant's Woman as film. Problems carried over from novel to film surround the narrator's role, which emphasizes the iconic implications of women's bodily behaviors (6) in Sarah Woodruff's nineteenth-century masochistic suffering, and Anna's twentieth-century flippant sexuality. As film, The French Lieutenant's Woman relies on visual and narrative space, (7) in different historical times, by constructing the subject positions that emotionally fit spectators' fantasies and experiences. Films traditionally create the camera's gaze for voyeuristic and active mate spectators, reinforcing heterosexual cultural values, and androcentric gender attitudes. The male gaze offers us highly eroticized descriptions of women in film. (8) Sarah and Anna are never free from Charles's or Mike's invasive exploitive gaze, exemplifying the male fantasy that women are forever displaying themselves to men. Feminist film scholarship deconstructs dominant male patterns of thought and social practice by rejecting the notion that the image of woman is an observable spectacle. (9) This film both acknowledges hegemonic patriarchy while simultaneously criticizing androcentric attitudes through the mystique of Sarah-Anna. Their strategic performances reveal total resistance to patriarchal cultural attitudes about women's roles. Working with the texts and critics, I inquire about the cultural gender assumptions surrounding Sarah's or Anna's representations of the female body. Mulvey suggests the mystery of woman does not derive from the opposition of male/female binaries but from a disturbance, iconographically represented in images of the female body, symptomatic of the anxieties and desires that are projected onto the feminine within the patriarchal psyche (57). In this film, visual images of woman as a self-inflicted Victorian outcast, or a self-centered twentieth-century actor reveal a cultural crack in the projected mythic mysteries of women. The creators emphasize the interaction of nineteenth- and twentieth-century's cultural attitudes about gender representation. They differentiate between Victorian class attitudes of monogamous heterosexuality in the screen actor's (Charles's or Sarah's) stories, and the twentieth-century cultural assumptions of free love in the film making process of the actors' (Mike's or Anna,s). (10) The sex conflict between genders is closely related to power and to fantasy (Hutcheon 127). …


This article reports on a survey that investigated provision of support in primary schools for students with learning difficulties in literacy and numeracy. The respondents, who represented a stratified national sample of schools, were school principals or their nominees. Results indicated that most schools assessed reading comprehension, spelling, word recognition and numeracy. However, relatively few schools assessed oral language, even though most contained students who had been identified by specialists as having speech and language difficulties. Identification of students with learning difficulties usually took place in the early school years, with prevalence estimated at approximately 16% of the school population. The majority of schools conducted literacy support programs, which took a variety of forms, although only a minority conducted support programs in numeracy. Whilst teachers in many schools had taken part in some professional development in learning difficulties, approximately half of the schools did not have access to a specialist teacher with training in the area. Various areas of concern are identified by the survey, in particular the issue of equity of access to appropriate educational services for students with learning difficulties, and some implications for policy and practice are outlined.


Quantifying galaxy morphology is a challenging yet scientifically rewarding task. As the scale of data continues to increase with upcoming surveys, traditional classification methods will struggle to handle the load. We present a solution through an integration of visual and automated classifications, preserving the best features of both human and machine. We demonstrate the effectiveness of such a system through a re-analysis of visual galaxy morphology classifications collected during the Galaxy Zoo 2 (GZ2) project. We reprocess the top-level question of the GZ2 decision tree with a Bayesian classification aggregation algorithm dubbed SWAP, originally developed for the Space Warps gravitational lens project. Through a simple binary classification scheme, we increase the classification rate nearly 5-fold classifying 226 124 galaxies in 92 d of GZ2 project time while reproducing labels derived from GZ2 classification data with 95.7 per cent accuracy. We next combine this with a Random Forest machine learning algorithm that learns on a suite of non-parametric morphology indicators widely used for automated morphologies. We develop a decision engine that delegates tasks between human and machine and demonstrate that the combined system provides at least a factor of 8 increase in the classification rate, classifying 210 803 galaxies in just 32 d of GZ2 project time with 93.1 per cent accuracy. As the Random Forest algorithm requires a minimal amount of computational cost, this result has important implications for galaxy morphology identification tasks in the era of Euclid and other large-scale surveys.


AbstractThis study presents the dependency of the simulation results from a global atmospheric numerical model on machines with different hardware and software systems. The global model program (GMP) of the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs) is tested on 10 different computer systems having different central processing unit (CPU) architectures or compilers. There exist differences in the results for different compilers, parallel libraries, and optimization levels, primarily a result of the treatment of rounding errors by the different software systems. The system dependency, which is the standard deviation of the 500-hPa geopotential height averaged over the globe, increases with time. However, its fractional tendency, which is the change of the standard deviation relative to the value itself, remains nearly zero with time. In a seasonal prediction framework, the ensemble spread due to the differences in software system is comparable to the ensemble spread due to the differences in initial co...


This paper presents a novel discriminator-constrained optimal transport network (DOTN) that performs unsupervised domain adaptation for speech enhancement (SE), which is an essential regression task in speech processing. The DOTN aims to estimate clean references of noisy speech in a target domain, by exploiting the knowledge available from the source domain. The domain shift between training and testing data has been reported to be an obstacle to learning problems in diverse fields. Although rich literature exists on unsupervised domain adaptation for classification, the methods proposed, especially in regressions, remain scarce and often depend on additional information regarding the input data. The proposed DOTN approach tactically fuses the optimal transport (OT) theory from mathematical analysis with generative adversarial frameworks, to help evaluate continuous labels in the target domain. The experimental results on two SE tasks demonstrate that by extending the classical OT formulation, our proposed DOTN outperforms previous adversarial domain adaptation frameworks in a purely unsupervised manner.


Textile materials and textile design are a part of countless products in our surroundings,as well as diverse design fields and industries, each of which has very different materialtraditions and working methods. The aim of this thesis is to add to our understandingof the relationship between textiles and products in the design process, and to explorehow textiles enter and influence product design processes and how products functionin textile design processes. A further aim is to examine the effect of new textiletechnology, such as smart textiles and 3D printed textiles, on this dynamic.This thesis is the result of an interplay between theoretical work, experimentalpractice-based projects, and observation of design practice, and it presents two typesof results: Firstly, descriptions of how the relationship can manifest itself in the designprocess, which give a broad picture of the relationship between textile and productand in so doing add to our understanding of textiles as design materials and highlightsome of the additional complexities and possibilities for the design process that comewith new forms of textiles. Secondly, this thesis presents ways of describing thedynamics between textiles and products in the design process, with the intention ofopening up for reflection on how we design, and can design, with textiles. Here, themain outcome is a theoretical framework which examines the relationship from botha product design and a textile design perspective, and includes methods and questionsthat can be used to explore and define how textiles and products meet in the designprocess.


Motivated by the Chinese experience, we analyze a semi-open economy where the central bank has access to international capital markets, but the private sector has not. This enables the central bank to choose an interest rate different from the international rate. We examine the optimal policy of the central bank by modelling it as a Ramsey planner who can choose the level of domestic public debt and of international reserves. The central bank can improve savings opportunities of credit-constrained consumers modelled as in Woodford (1990). We find that in a steady state it is optimal for the central bank to replicate the open economy, i.e., to issue debt financed by the accumulation of reserves so that the domestic interest rate equals the foreign rate. When the economy is in transition, however, a rapidly growing economy has a higher welfare without capital mobility and the optimal interest rate differs from the international rate. We argue that the domestic interest rate should be temporarily above the international rate. We also find that capital controls can still help reach the first best when the planner has more fiscal instruments.


The Popular Disk Concentration (PDC) technique and the Massive Array of Idle Disks (MAID) technique are two effective energy saving schemes for parallel disk systems. The goal of PDC and MAID is to skew I/O load towards a few disks so that other disks can be transitioned to low power states to conserve energy. I/O load skewing techniques like PDC and MAID inherently affect reliability of parallel disks because disks storing popular data tend to have high failure rates than disks storing cold data. To achieve good tradeoffs between energy efficiency and disk reliability, we first present a reliability model to quantitatively study the reliability of energy-efficient parallel disk systems equipped with the PDC and MAID schemes. Then, we propose a novel strategy—disk swapping—to improve disk reliability by alternating disks storing hot data with disks holding cold data. We demonstrate that our disk-swapping strategies not only can increase the lifetime of cache disks in MAID-based parallel disk systems, but also can improve reliability of PDC-based parallel disk systems.


OBJECTIVE
Patients increasingly utilize online physician review websites (PRWs) and social media to inform healthcare-related decisions. This provides neurosurgeons with opportunities for increased patient engagement. And despite the growing use of social media among neurosurgeons, the relationship between social media utilization and online reviews remains unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between social media utilization and PRW ratings across academic neurosurgery departments.

METHODS
Social media accounts (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram) of academic neurosurgery departments were identified. Online reviews for individual faculty were obtained from Healthgrades, Vitals, WebMD, and Google. Reviews were aggregated to identify the total number of reviews per department, to generate a composite departmental rating, and to calculate a summed departmental score. US News & World Report (USNWR) and Doximity rankings were recorded for each department. Social media utilization by individual neurosurgeons and associated ratings were investigated within the departments with the highest social media utilization.

RESULTS
Seventy-eight percent of academic neurosurgery departments utilized social media. The most prevalent platform was YouTube (49.1%), followed by Twitter (46.5%), Facebook (38.6%), and Instagram (16.7%). Higher patient ratings on PRWs were associated with the utilization of YouTube (p = 0.048) or Twitter (p = 0.02). The number of social media platforms utilized demonstrated a significant, positive correlation with patient ratings (p = 0.006) and summed patient ratings (p = 0.048). Although USNWR (p = 0.02) and Doximity (p = 0.0008) rankings correlated with patient ratings, only the number of social media platforms utilized remained a significant predictor of patient ratings on multivariate analysis (p = 0.0001). Thirty-one percent of academic neurosurgeons from departments with high social media utilization were active on social media. The most prevalent social media platform among individual neurosurgeons was Twitter (27.4%), followed by Instagram (8.4%), Facebook (4.9%), and YouTube (2.2%). Higher summed patient scores were associated with individual neurosurgeon utilization of YouTube (p = 0.04), Facebook (p < 0.0001), and Instagram (p = 0.01). Increased social media utilization among neurosurgeons was correlated with a greater number of patient reviews (p = 0.006) and higher summed patient scores (p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, only Facebook use remained a significant predictor of the number of patient reviews received (p = 0.002) and summed patient satisfaction scores (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
An increased social media presence is associated with higher ratings on PRWs. As neurosurgeons continue to expand their online presence, they should be aware of the possible impact of social media on online patient reviews.


The research reported here was intended to identify the concentration at which methyl bromide begins to produce neurotoxic effects in the rabbit, a species known to be sensitive to this compound. Rabbits were exposed via inhalation to 27 ppm methyl bromide over a period of 8 mo for a total exposure duration of 900 h. Biweekly neurobehavioral tests, consisting of the latency rates of the ulnar and sciatic nerves and the amplitude of the eyeblink reflex of the orbicularis oculi muscle, failed to uncover any untoward consequences of the exposures. The rabbits gained weight and otherwise appeared to be healthy. In contrast to reports available in the literature, these findings suggest that long-term exposures to methyl bromide, in the present concentration range, are tolerated by this species. Also detailed in this report is the course of recovery of a separate group of rabbits previously given subchronic exposures to 65 ppm methyl bromide. These animals developed severe neuromuscular losses and had impaired blink reflexes and body weights. The symptoms partially subsided within 6-8 wk after removal from the exposures, suggesting that recovery from a nonfatal but seriously debilitating exposure is possible.


Recent social research that links people's position in society to their ability to access employment has shown the centrality of spatial mobility in the (re)production of patterns of inequality. This is particularly evident in regions where economic activity is unevenly distributed and concentrated in an urban centre and where daily travel patterns reflect a spatial segregation between places of work and residential areas. This paper presents a spatial analysis of accessibility to employment for Galway City and its environs, a predominantly rural region in the West of Ireland dominated by its urban centre. Travel-to-work data from the 2006 Census of Population of Ireland were used to present a comparison of district-specific accessibility levels across three socio-economic groups. Network analysis and Geographic Information System visualisation tools are used to map existing socio-spatial topographies of (in)accessibility. This is done to test two contrasting sets of theoretical proposals in the social science literature regarding the relationship between spatial mobility and social status. Advocates of the first position conceptualise spatial mobility as a form of capital that helps to maintain many existing social hierarchies. This contrasts with the views of those who anticipate the dissolution of established social boundaries ("fluidification") as a result of increased spatial mobility of people, goods, and ideas. It is argued that these contrasting positions are highly relevant to current transport policy debates, including discussions around the impacts of recession-related cuts in transport infrastructure investment on patterns of accessibility. In addition, they encourage reflection on the impacts of sustainable transport initiatives on different social groups that are more or less mobility disadvantaged, a fact that has hitherto received little attention in policy research and practice.


Erythrocyte-based microswimmers offer superior efficiency, stability, and deformability for active and guided cargo delivery. Bacteria-propelled biohybrid microswimmers have recently shown to be able to actively transport and deliver cargos encapsulated into their synthetic constructs to specific regions locally. However, usage of synthetic materials as cargo carriers can result in inferior performance in load-carrying efficiency, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, impeding clinical translation of biohybrid microswimmers. Here, we report construction and external guidance of bacteria-driven microswimmers using red blood cells (RBCs; erythrocytes) as autologous cargo carriers for active and guided drug delivery. Multifunctional biohybrid microswimmers were fabricated by attachment of RBCs [loaded with anticancer doxorubicin drug molecules and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)] to bioengineered motile bacteria, Escherichia coli MG1655, via biotin-avidin-biotin binding complex. Autonomous and on-board propulsion of biohybrid microswimmers was provided by bacteria, and their external magnetic guidance was enabled by SPIONs loaded into the RBCs. Furthermore, bacteria-driven RBC microswimmers displayed preserved deformability and attachment stability even after squeezing in microchannels smaller than their sizes, as in the case of bare RBCs. In addition, an on-demand light-activated hyperthermia termination switch was engineered for RBC microswimmers to control bacteria population after operations. RBCs, as biological and autologous cargo carriers in the biohybrid microswimmers, offer notable advantages in stability, deformability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability over synthetic cargo-carrier materials. The biohybrid microswimmer design presented here transforms RBCs from passive cargo carriers into active and guidable cargo carriers toward targeted drug and other cargo delivery applications in medicine.


This article employs the fictional writings of the Egyptian author Iḥsān 'Abd al-Quddūs (1919–1990) to analyze the textually tangled anxiety over women's sexuality and rapid political and socioeconomic changes in postcolonial Egypt and the Arab-East. Arguably one of the most prolific writers in Arabic in the twentieth century, 'Abd al-Quddūs has achieved wide readership, and producers have adapted his books to popular commercial films and TV shows. Breaking taboos on women's sexual desires, 'Abd al-Quddūs's work has been influential in shaping the popular notion about lesbian love wherein frustration with the postcolonial realities—inscribed by the Arab-Israeli conflict, Oil Boom, and globalization—have become entangled with the fear of women's mobility and liberation.


This paper uses a survey of 300 North Korean refugees to examine the experience of women in North Korea's fitful economic transition. Like other socialist states, North Korea has maintained a de jure commitment to women's rights. However, we find that women have been disproportionately shed from state-affiliated employment and thrust into a market environment characterized by weak institutions and corruption. As a result, the state and its affiliated institutions are increasingly populated by males, and the market, particularly in its retail aspects, is dominated by women. Among the most recent cohort of refugees to leave North Korea, more than one-third of male respondents indicate that criminality and corruption is the best way to make money, and 95 percent of female traders report paying bribes to avoid the penal system. In short, the increasingly male-dominated state preys on the increasingly female-dominated market. These results paint a picture of a vulnerable group that has been disadvantaged in North Korea's transition. Energies are directed toward survival, mass civil disobedience is reactive, and as a group, this population appears to lack the tools or social capital to act collectively to improve their status.


ALEKSIEV, Y., 2007. Diurnal distribution of the time of parturition in the Danube fine wool breed of sheep. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 13: 723-728 Diurnal distribution of the time of natural spontaneous births was studied in the Danube fine wool breed of sheep kept under conventional management system. All sheep were at equal age and were served by one ram from the same breed. The time of parturition was recorded in 374 ewes round-the-clock. A unimodal distribution of births was observed with a peak between 12:00 and 15:00 h when 18.2% of the sheep gave birth, and the lowest incidence of lambing (8.8%) was recorded between 0300 and 0600 h. More ewes (56.7%) lambed between 06:00 and 1800 h and less (43.3%) during the nighttime between 18:00 and 06:00 h. Type of birth and sex of the lambs did not have any noticeable effect on birth distribution. Despite the established differences in birth distribution under the management practice employed the circadian rhythm was not clearly emphasized. The results suggest that round the clock observation of the flock at lambing time is necessary in order to prevent mismothering and other problems typical for this period of the year.


The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether the War of 1812 influenced ship construction techniques on the Great Lakes. During the War of 1812 much of the fighting in the North American theater of war primarily took place along the Niagara frontier and later along the St. Lawrence River. From the outset both the Americans and British realized that gaining the upper hand in the conflict depended upon control of the Great Lakes. Critical to achieving the advantage was the development of a significant and powerful inland navy which led to a shipbuilding race on both shores. The primary question raised surrounding Great Lakes ship construction in the early nineteenth century is whether or not this large scale event the War of 1812 permanently influenced the way in which ships were constructed once the war was over. To answer this question this study examines diagnostic attributes of archaeologically examined wrecks from the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain from before during and after the War of 1812 to find similarities and difference in their design and construction The three time periods have been defined as the period before the War of 1812 from the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763) when British sailing ships first appeared on the Great Lakes up to 1811; the period of the War of 1812 itself (1812-1814); and the period after the war leading up to the opening of the Welland Canal (1829) and the widespread use of steam engines on the Great Lakes (1830s-1840s). By comparing the similarities and differences of construction traits between the three periods it is possible to gain an understanding of the changes that took place in ship design and construction. The second aim of this thesis is to compare these diagnostic attributes with the Navy Bay Wreck located in Kingston Ontario to attempt to determine when it was constructed. Tentative conclusions are drawn about the differences between ship construction techniques over time that determined that the Navy Bay Wreck most likely was constructed in the period prior to the War of 1812. Historical research alongside the archaeological analysis aided in determining the Earl of Moira as the most likely candidate for the identity of this vessel. While the War of 1812 had significant political and social implications the impact on ship construction on the Great Lakes was not as substantial. The War of 1812 did not completely revolutionize or transform ship construction on the Great Lakes but did have a minor impact on ship construction techniques employed during the early 19th century.


Blind areas around construction equipment are a major contributing factor in incidents involving a piece of equipment striking a worker. In highway construction, these types of incidents result in an average of 22 deaths a year in the United States. The Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Transportation, is evaluating methods to decrease these incidents. One such method uses devices that assist equipment operators in monitoring blind areas around the equipment to prevent collisions with workers or other objects. Several camera and sensor systems are available for this application. These systems were evaluated on various trucks used in road construction and maintenance. Tests were conducted on sanding trucks during the winter months, which allowed researchers to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of various technologies under the most extreme conditions. Tests were also conducted on dump trucks and utility vehicles during the warmer months to study the effectiveness of the systems in highway work zones. Results showed that many difficulties arise when using camera and sensor systems in cold, snowy climates. And, while the operation of these systems is more reliable during the warmer months, challenges still exist in using them on equipment in congested work areas.


When emergencies happen, navigation services that guide people to exits while keeping them away from emergencies are critical in saving lives. To achieve timely emergency navigation, early and automatic detection of potential dangers, and quick response with safe paths to exits are the core requirements, both of which rely on continuous environment monitoring and reliable data transmission. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a natural choice of the infrastructure to support emergency navigation services, given their relatively easy deployment and affordable costs, and the ability of ubiquitous sensing and communication. Although many efforts have been made to WSN-assisted emergency navigation, almost all existing works neglect to consider the hazard levels of emergencies and the evacuation capabilities of exits. Without considering such aspects, existing navigation approaches may fail to keep people farther away from emergencies of high hazard levels and would probably encounter congestions at exits with lower evacuation capabilities. In this paper, we propose SEND, a situation-aware emergency navigation algorithm, which takes the hazard levels of emergencies and the evacuation capabilities of exits into account and provides the mobile users the safest navigation paths accordingly. We formally model the situation-aware emergency navigation problem and establish a hazard potential field in the network, which is theoretically free of local minima. By guiding users following the descend gradient of the hazard potential field, SEND can thereby achieve guaranteed success of navigation and provide optimal safety. The effectiveness of SEND is validated by both experiments and extensive simulations in 2D and 3D scenarios.


CRISPR technology has gained widespread adoption for pathogen detection due to its exceptional sensitivity and specificity. Although recent studies have investigated the potential of high-aspect-ratio microstructures in enhancing biochemical applications, their application in CRISPR-based detection has been relatively rare. In this study, we developed a FRET-based biosensor in combination with high-aspect-ratio microstructures and Cas12a-mediated trans-cleavage for detecting HPV 16 DNA fragments. Remarkably, our results show that micropillars with higher density exhibit superior molecular binding capabilities, leading to a tenfold increase in detection sensitivity. Furthermore, we investigated the effectiveness of two surface chemical treatment methods for enhancing the developed FRET assay. A simple and effective approach was also developed to mitigate bubble generation in microfluidic devices, a crucial issue in biochemical reactions within such devices. Overall, this work introduces a novel approach using micropillars for CRISPR-based viral detection and provides valuable insights into optimizing biochemical reactions within microfluidic devices.


In this thesis, estimation of motion from an image sequence is investigated. The emphasis is on the novel use of motion model for describing two dimensional motion. Special attention is directed towards general motion models which are not restricted to translational motion. In contrast to translational motion, the 2-D motion is described by the model using motion parameters. There are two major areas which can benefit from the study of general motion model. The first one is image sequence processing and compression. In this context, the use of motion model provides a more compact description of the motion information because the model can be applied to a larger area. The second area is computer vision. The general motion parameters provide clues to the understanding of the environment. This offers a simpler alternative to techniques such as optical flow analysis. A direct approach is adopted here to estimate the motion parameters directly from an image sequence. This has the advantage of avoiding the error caused by the estimation of optical flow. A differential method has been developed for the purpose. This is applied in conjunction with a multi-resolution scheme. An initial estimate is obtained by applying the algorithm to a low resolution image. The initial estimate is then refined by applying the algorithm to image of higher resolutions. In this way, even severe motion can be estimated with high resolution. However, the algorithm is unable to cope with the situation of multiple moving objects, mainly because of the least square estimator used. A second algorithm, inspired by the Hough transform, is therefore developed to estimate the motion parameters of multiple objects. By formulating the problem as an optimization problem, the Hough transform is computed only implicitly. This drastically reduces the computational requirement as compared with the Hough transform. The criterion used in optimization is a measure of the degree of match between two images. It has been shown that the measure is a well behaving function in the vicinity of the motion parameter vectors describing the motion of the objects, depending on the smoothness of the images. Therefore, smoothing an image has the effect of allowing longer range motion to be estimated. Segmentation of the image according to motion is achieved at the same time. The ability to estimate general motion in the situation of multiple moving objects represents a major step forward in 2-D motion estimation. Finally, the application of motion compensation to the problem of frame rate conversion is considered. The handling of the covered and uncovered background has been investigated. A new algorithm to obtain a pixel value for the pixels in those areas is introduced. Unlike published algorithms, the background is not assumed stationary. This presents a major obstacle which requires the study of occlusion in the image. During the research, the art of motion estimation hcis been advanced from simple motion vector estimation to a more descriptive level: The ability to point out that a certain area in an image is undergoing a zooming operation is one example. Only low level information such as image gradient and intensity function is used. In many different situations, problems are caused by the lack of higher level information. This seems to suggest that general motion estimation is much more than using a general motion model and developing an algorithm to estimate the parameters. To advance further the state of the art of general motion estimation, it is believed that future research effort should focus on higher level aspects of motion understanding.


We experimentally examine how real group identity of parties (a principal and an agent) facing a moral hazard problem may attenuate the problem and thereby implement the efficient outcome. We find that, the frequency of the efficient outcome is significantly higher when both parties share the same identity than when they do not. However, when we induce a substantially weaker form of identity or increase an outside‐option payoff offered to the principal, the frequency of the efficient outcome diminishes considerably, even when the parties' identities align perfectly. Our results have important implications for the design of nonpecuniary contract enforcement devices.


The design and first results of a field experiment are described to assess the overall uncertainty of the air temperature observation in the Dutch surface network. In recent years, increased attention has been paid at KNMI to achieve an integrated approach for the determination of the quality of each measurement chain. For air temperature, it is known that several important error sources exist when operating temperature sensors in the field. These are mainly related to siting and the radiation screen used with the sensor. In order to quantify the screen effects such as the radiation error and wetting effect, a field experiment was prepared and started in the summer of 2013. Prior to the test, a number of laboratory experiments were conducted in order to study the thermal response and flow characteristics of the screen. The field experiment (ONATIS) is conducted at the test site in De Bilt and will last for at least 1 year to cover all possible meteorological conditions. The main purpose is to investigate the impact of the screen and sensor setup under field conditions and to compare the non-aspirated, naturally ventilated KNMI multi-plate screen with an updated, artificially ventilated screen. The experiment is supported by a variety of ancillary measurements of temperature and other relevant meteorological variables. For example, the screens are monitored continuously by a thermal imaging camera and equipped with a dense network of thermistors to obtain the temperature of the lamellas.


Mental representations of target features (attentional templates) control the selection of candidate target objects in visual search. The question where templates are maintained remains controversial. We employed the N2pc component as an electrophysiological marker of template-guided target selection to investigate whether and under which conditions templates are held in visual working memory (vWM). In two experiments, participants memorized one or four shapes (low vs. high vWM load) before either being tested on their memory or performing a visual search task. When targets were defined by one of two possible colors (e.g., red or green), target N2pcs were delayed with high vWM load. This suggests that the maintenance of multiple shapes in vWM interfered with the activation of color-specific search templates, supporting the hypothesis that these templates are held in vWM. This was the case despite participants always searching for the same two target colors. In contrast, the speed of target selection in a task where a single target color remained relevant throughout was unaffected by concurrent load, indicating that a constant search template for a single feature may be maintained outside vWM in a different store. In addition, early visual N1 components to search and memory test displays were attenuated under high load, suggesting a competition between external and internal attention. The size of this attenuation predicted individual vWM performance. These results provide new electrophysiological evidence for impairment of top–down attentional control mechanisms by high vWM load, demonstrating that vWM is involved in the guidance of attentional target selection during search.


Atomic and molecular data for the transitions of a number of astrophysically interesting species are summarized, in- cluding energy levels, statistical weights, Einstein A-coefficients and collisional rate coefficients. Available collisional data from quantum chemical calculations and experiments are extrapolated to higher energies (up to E/k ∼ 1000 K). These data, which are made publically available through the WWW at http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/∼moldata, are essential input for non-LTE line radiative transfer programs. An online version of a computer program for performing statistical equilibrium calcu- lations is also made available as part of the database. Comparisons of calculated emission lines using different sets of collisional rate coefficients are presented. This database should form an important tool in analyzing observations from current and future (sub)millimetre and infrared telescopes.


Kahn Process Nets (PN) is a general model of computation suitable for most stream-based applications. In the PN, network of concurrent processes, connected through FIFO channels, incrementally transform streams of data. Comparably, scientific workflows are specified as a network of partially ordered analytical steps or activities, which are orchestrated for obtaining solutions to e-Science problems. Owing to the structural and characteristic similarities to dataflows, the PN model effectively captures the computational behavior of scientific workflows and provides semantics for creating their formal descriptions. However, it does not address practical implementation issues related to scheduling and resource management, as they are generally specific to the choice of the platform. We are interested in a deterministic and reconfigurable execution of scientific workflow applications on dynamic, distributed and heterogeneous platforms, specifically the Grid.
From modelling perspective, this requires mappmg definitions of fundamental workflow components to PN's semantics. Such a mapping allows inheriting and refining PN properties to devise an appropriate model of computation. In this thesis, we present a refinement of the Kahn Process Nets Model of Computation, called Dynamic Process Nets (DPN) that models and orchestrates scientific workflow execution on the Grid. Unlike other PN refinements, DPN semantics exploit finer inter-component parallelism to optimize concurrent execution. Conditions for the deterministic execution of workflow programs are given. Also, a new dynamic reconfiguration technique for a fault-tolerant implementation of DPN is proposed. Under this technique, the communication mode between the components is selected at runtime. This is equivalent to the dynamic selection of the channel in Kahn Process Nets.
From implementation's perspective, a novel scheduling model is devised which exploits temporal and spatial parallelism between the DPN components for their well-behaved (i.e. adhering to the DPN semantics) orchestration on the Grid, based on its current state. It also specifies "when" and "how" the components should communicate at runtime. To specify "how", a specialized inter process communication library is used, which supports multiple communication modes without requiring any source code modification to the existing components. Thus, appropriate mode of communication can be selected at runtime making it possible to delay allocation of tightly coupled downstream activities, or pipeline components with strict temporal ordering. This also provides fault tolerance: for instance, as it is possible to separate the execution of tightly coupled components, the failure of a single downstream component would only require rescheduling of either the failed component, or only a small part of the workflow. These issues are not handled in the existing distributed and dynamic scheduling models.


In the global epidemic of diabetes and obesity, Asia is being hit the hardest. Each year, 17 million people die from stroke and heart disease worldwide. Of these deaths, 11 million will occur in developing regions, including Asia. Approximately 1000 million people worldwide are overweight; over 388 million people are expected to die from a chronic disease in the next 10 years, mainly cardiovascular diseases. The majority of these people are expected to come from Asia – the most populous region of the planet. The projected costs in both human and fi nancial terms are staggering: it has been estimated that over the next 10 years China alone will lose 558 billion USD as a result of premature deaths from heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Juliana Chan describes the current status and future impact of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in Asia.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of a plant-derived wound dressing, a mixture of hypericum oil (Hypericum perforatum) and neem oil (Azadirachta indica), in scalp wounds with exposed bone.

METHOD
A retrospective review was conducted of all patients presenting with scalp wounds with exposed bone following the excision of skin tumours and treated with a plant-derived wound dressings (1 Primary Wound Dressing; Phytoceuticals AG), from January to July 2011. Time to healing, wound size, area of exposed bone, ease of handling, pain and complications were evaluated.

RESULTS
Nine consecutive patients were analysed retrospectively. The patients' mean age was 81.2 ± 8.5 years (63-90 years), with a mean wound size of 13.2 ± 6.8cm(2) (0.4-22.6cm(2)) and 6.8 ± 6.5cm(2) (0.3-20.7cm(2)) of exposed bone. The time to complete healing by secondary intention was 4-20 weeks. A rapid induction of granulation tissue was observed, which covered the entire exposed bone surface in six out of nine cases (67%) after 4 weeks, and showed a reduction in the mean area of exposed bone of 95%. Dressing change was easy and without pain and there were no complications.

CONCLUSION
This retrospective, non-controlled analysis suggests that ONE is a very simple to use, safe and potentially effective therapy for the treatment of scalp wounds with exposed bone.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST
There were no external sources of funding for this study. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.


Hundreds of programming languages are in use todayscripting languages for Internet commerce, user interface programming tools, spreadsheet macros, page format specification languages, and many others. Designing a programming language is a metaprogramming activity that bears certain similarities to programming in a regular language, with clarity and simplicity even more important than in ordinary programming. This comprehensive text uses a simple and concise framework to teach key ideas in programming language design and implementation. The book's unique approach is based on a family of syntactically simple pedagogical languages that allow students to explore programming language concepts systematically. It takes as its premise and starting point the idea that when language behaviors become incredibly complex, the description of the behaviors must be incredibly simple. The book presents a set of tools (a mathematical metalanguage, abstract syntax, operational and denotational semantics) and uses it to explore a comprehensive set of programming language design dimensions, including dynamic semantics (naming, state, control, data), static semantics (types, type reconstruction, polymporphism, effects), and pragmatics (compilation, garbage collection). The many examples and exercises offer students opportunities to apply the foundational ideas explained in the text. Specialized topics and code that implements many of the algorithms and compilation methods in the book can be found on the book's Web site, along with such additional material as a section on concurrency and proofs of the theorems in the text. The book is suitable as a text for an introductory graduate or advanced undergraduate programming languages course; it can also serve as a reference for researchers and practitioners.


of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Charles W. Luetje. No. of pages in text. (95) Human health is threatened by insect borne diseases, such as dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever and epidemic typhus. Insects can also cause significant destruction of crops and food stores. Insects depend on olfaction to perceive their surroundings and guide activities; including feeding, mating and oviposition. Understanding the molecular structure and biological activities of insect odorant receptors (ORs) is paramount to developing novel and highly effective insect repellants. Each insect olfactory receptor is composed of two functionally essential parts: a highly conserved co-receptor subunit (Orco) and one of a large number of variable odorant-binding (or "tuning") subunits. These subunits associate in an unknown stoichiometry to form an odorant-gated ion channel. While the odorant-binding subunit is responsible for interacting with odorants, both the odorant-binding subunits and Orco are involved in forming the ion channel pore. Recently, the identification of VUAA1, a novel OR agonist that acts directly on Orco, suggested the possible functional involvement of Orco in OR ligand binding, and that manipulation of insect behavior might be achieved by targeting Orco. However, little was known about Orco pharmacological properties and its functional interactions with odorant-binding subunits. In this project I identified two new Orco agonists and a large series of Orco antagonists. I showed that a similar pattern of agonist and antagonist sensitivity is displayed by Orco subunits from different species, suggesting a highly conserved binding site structure on Orco. This is consistent with the high level of protein sequence identity among Orco subunits of different species. I explored an expanded panel of structures for Orco antagonism and revealed a relatively broad Orco antagonist chemical space, compared to the less tolerant structure for Orco agonists. I examined in detail five Orco antagonists over two insect species (Drosophila and Culex), and demonstrated competitive inhibition of receptor activation by an Orco agonist and noncompetitive inhibition of receptor activation by an odorant, suggesting a potential general antagonist action of this class of Orco antagonist on OR activation. I screened biogenic and trace amines for Orco ligand activity, and identified tryptamine, a plant-produced amine, as a potent antagonist of Orco. Tryptamine was able to competitively block Orco activation by an Orco agonist and to allosterically inhibit activation of ORs by odorants. I also identified a less potent Orco antagonist tyramine, an amine endogenous to the insect nervous system. Both trypatmine and tyramine displayed broad activity, inhibiting odorant activation of ORs from species of three different insect orders (Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera), as well as odorant activation of six diverse ORs from a single species (the human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae). In all, my efforts in this project achieved comprehensive information of insect Orco agonist and antagonist pharmacological properties, providing useful compounds for future insect OR studies, as well as basic knowledge of Orco ligand structural features that will be useful for developing Orco-oriented insect repellent.


Objectives Increased test uptake for HIV and viral hepatitis is fast becoming a health priority at both national and global levels. Late diagnosis of these infections remains a critical public health concern in the UK. Recommendations have been issued to expand blood-borne virus (BBV) testing in alternative settings. Emergency departments (EDs) offer a potentially important point of testing. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study which aimed to explore the acceptability and feasibility of a routine opt-out combined BBV testing intervention implemented at an inner London ED. Methods We conducted 22 semistructured interviews with patients and service providers in the ED over a 4-month period during the intervention pilot. A grounded analytical approach was employed to conduct thematic analysis of qualitative study data. Results Core interrelating thematic areas, identified and analytically developed in relation to test intervention implementation and experience, included the following: the remaking of routine test procedure; notions of responsibility in relation to status knowledge and test engagement; the opportunity and constraints of the ED as a site for testing; and the renegotiation of testing cultures within and beyond the clinic space. Conclusion Study findings demonstrate how relational and spatial dynamics specific to the ED setting shape test meaning and engagement. We found acceptability of the test practice was articulated through narratives of situated responsibility, with the value of the test offset by perceptions of health need and justification of the test expense. Participant accounts indicate that the nontargeted approach of the test affords a productive disruption to 'at-risk' identities, yet they also reveal limits to the test intervention's 'normalising' effect. Evaluation of the intervention must attend to the situated dynamics of the test practice if opportunities of an opt-out BBV test procedure are to be fully realised. Findings also highlight the critical need to further evaluate post-test intervention practices and experiences.


The U.S. weather radar network is currently being upgraded with dual-polarization capability. Weather radar polarimetry is an interdisciplinary area of engineering and meteorology. This paper presents efficient ways to learn weather radar polarimetry through several basic and practical topics. These topics include: 1) hydrometeor scattering model and calculation of radar variables; 2) characteristics of polarimetric radar measurements and radar echo classification; and 3) rain microphysics retrieval. The supporting files, data, codes, and results are provided on the Web site http://arrc.ou.edu/~guzhang/Polarimetry/main.html. The study modules provide hands-on experience in the area of weather radar polarimetry and related fields.


Strains of mice with diverse genetic backgrounds were compared for their ability to develop experimental autoimmune dacryoadenitis (EAD) after immunization with a purified lacrimal gland antigen (LG-Ag) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Susceptibility to the induction of EAD was linked to the murine H-2 histocompatibility background. SJL/J mice with the H-2s haplotype were the most susceptible to EAD, developing extensive cellular infiltration of the lacrimal gland, but those with the H-2d haplotype (BALB/c mice) or H-2q haplotype (DBA/J mice) were resistant to EAD, having little or no infiltration of the lacrimal gland. There was no correlation between the development of EAD and either the antibody response or the in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to LG-Ag. The differences in the induction of EAD observed between susceptible and resistant strains resided in the different capacity of their lymphocytes to transfer disease. Splenocytes from susceptible SJL/J mice sensitized with LG-Ag in CFA could be activated in vitro with LG-Ag to transfer disease to normal syngeneic recipients. The capacity for adoptive transfer was abrogated by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antibody plus complement, an indication that T cells are responsible for the transfer of EAD. However, EAD cannot be transferred with the donor cells from resistant mice even after they have been cultured in vitro with LG-Ag. These results suggest that T cells play a major role in the induction of EAD and that variations in susceptibility are under the control of distinct genetically inherited mechanisms that may include active suppression.


The National Observatory of Athens has begun installing permanent GPS stations on February 2006 including a EUREF permanent station in Attica, NOA1. Currently the National Observatory of Athens operates 20 continuous GPS stations around Greece all sampling at 1-s and transmitting real-time data to Athens. Several stations also sample at 0.2-s (5 Hz) and record the data in the ring buffer for a period of 1-2 days. Their location is carefully selected so that both geological and seismotectonic criteria are fulfilled. All stations are situated close to major seismogenic structures of Greece such as the Cephalonia Transform Fault (CTF) in the Ionian Sea (VLSM, PONT, SPAN, KIPO), and the two North Anatolian Fault branches in the North Aegean Sea (PRKV, LEMN ). We describe the CGPS data archiving and processing procedures, used to combine into a uniform velocity solution the observations of all the NOANET stations, accounting for the seasonal (annual and semiannual) signals, and considering the off-sets in the coordinate time-series.


The human CCGI gene complements tsBN462, a temperature-sensitive G1 mutant of the BHK21 cell line. The previously cloned cDNA turned out to be a truncated form of the actual CCGI cDNA. The newly cloned CCGI cDNA was 6.0 kb and encoded a protein with a molecular mass of 210 kDa. Using an antibody to a predicted peptide from the CCG1 protein, a protein with a molecular mass of over 200 kDa was identified in human, monkey, and hamster cell lines. In the newly defined C-terminal region, an acidic domain was found. It contained four consensus target sequences for casein kinase II and was phosphorylated by this enzyme in vitro. However, this C-terminal region was not required to complement tsBN462 mutation since the region encoding the C-terminal part was frequently missing in complemented clones derived by DNA-mediated gene transfer. CCG1 contains a sequence similar to the putative DNA-binding domain of HMG1 in addition to the previously detected amino acid sequences common in nuclear proteins, such as a proline cluster and a nuclear translocation signal. Consistent with these predictions, CCG1 was present in nuclei, possessed DNA-binding activity, and was eluted with similar concentrations of salt, 0.3 to 0.4 M NaCl either from isolated nuclei or from a DNA-cellulose column.