This paper examines the nature of the feminization of agriculture, and factors influencing the phenomenon in citrus producing pocket areas of Sindhuli district in Central Nepal. Presenting the intra-household division of work in agriculture among better-off family members in rural farms, emerging themes from narratives of women farmers' lived-experience as farmers are discussed. Based on the narratives, this paper explores how household members' everyday lifestyles regarding agriculture and non-agriculture shape their lives differently. Outlining the problematic of gendered agricultural engagement, three in-depth case analyses of farm families have been presented through data collected from narratives and participant observation as part of ethnographic study. These case studies highlight how women attribute economic and noneconomic rationales for their life choices, using agency as an analytical lens. Finally, given the choice dilemma individuals face to reshape their lives, this paper shows how and why women farmers' socially ascribed responsibility for livestock rearing spurs the feminization debate. It also demonstrates the need to further explore the extent of livestock feminization to the pattern of gendered mobility and non-mobility.


The interconnectedness produced from the exponential growth of social media use in everyday life, has revolutionized the way people connect and interact with each other. The purpose of this study is to explore how Generation Y job seekers utilize social media platforms as a medium for creating occupational opportunities. This is done using qualitative data collected and analyzed from 10 in-depth interviews with Generation Y graduate students at the National College of Ireland. The results indicate that Generation Y job seekers are engaging in a plethora of job seeking activities, some of which extend well beyond social media, and interestingly, incorporate traditional approaches, challenging the popular notion of Generation Y users as fundamentally technologically oriented. Further, there appears to be a distinct differentiation between the perceived functionality of social media platforms, with respondents indicating a clear delineation between professional and personal usage. Despite this distinction, users indicated strategically managing all their social media accounts in an effort to manage their online presence. Lastly, and interestingly, students were aware of recruiters and employers conducting background checks on their social media profiles; despite disapproving of this phenomenon, it became apparent that in a similar fashion, they were conducting their own 'reverse background checks' to learn more about a recruiter and/or organization. The implications of this study outline a need for academic institutions to standardize social media education within their curriculums in order to maximize graduate students' abilities to capitalize on this technology. Furthermore, organizations need to re-evaluate how they are connecting with job seekers on social media and maximize their engagement potential by communicating with their target audience on relevant platforms. And lastly, this research suggests that employees have become de facto representatives of the organization, indicating a need for organizations to evaluate how this may affect their employer brand.


The emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens poses a great challenge to public health and emphasizes the need for new antimicrobial targets. The recent development of microbial genomics and the availability of genome sequences allows for the identification of essential genes which could be novel and potential targets for antibacterial drugs. However, these predicted targets need experimental validation to confirm essentiality. Here, we report on experimental validation of a two potential targets in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis pathway of the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 using insertion duplication. Two genes, kdsA and waaG, from LPS encoding proteins 2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphooctonate aldolase and UDP-glucose (heptosyl) LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase were selected as putative target candidates for the gene disruption experiments using plasmid insertion mutagenesis to determine essentiality. The introduction of a selectable ampicillin and kanamycin resistance marker into the chromosome resulted in lack of recovery of antibiotic-resistant colonies suggesting the essentiality of these genes for the survival of P. aeruginosa. Several molecular analyses were carried out in order to confirm the essentiality of these genes. We propose that the above two validated drug targets are essential and can be screened for functional inhibitors for the discovery of novel therapeutic compounds against antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa.


The food supply chain has experienced major disruptions from both demand and supply sides during the Covid-19 pandemic. While some consequences such as food waste are directly caused by the disruption due to supply chain inefficiency, others are indirectly caused by a change in consumer's preferences. As a result, evaluating food supply chain resilience is a difficult task. With an attempt to understand impacts of demand on the food supply chain, we developed an agent-based model based on the case of Idaho's potato supply chain. Results showed that not only the magnitude but also the timing of the demand shock will have different impacts on various stakeholders of the supply chain. Our contribution to the literature is two-fold. First, the model helps explain why food waste and shortages may occur with dramatic shifts in consumer demand. Second, this paper provides a new angle on evaluating the various mitigation strategies and policy responses to disruptions beyond Covid-19.


BOLTON, CHARLES CHESTER (23 March 1855 - 31 July 1930) was a distinguished Cleveland businessman, civic leader, philanthropist and member of a prominent Cleveland pioneer family. He was a partner in M.A. HANNA CO., and was an charter member of Troop A. Born in Cleveland to Judge Thomas and Emeline (Russell), Bolton attended Miss Guilford's Cleveland Academy, Cleveland High School and Philips Exeter Academy in N.H. He received his B.A. from Harvard College in 1877, then travelled abroad for two years. In 1879 Bolton began working as a clerk for Rhodes & Co. (predecessor to M.A. Hanna & Co.) and remained with the firm after its reorganization under Marcus Hanna in 1885. Bolton rose to partner and retired from the firm and business life in 1904. In 1889 Bolton became the first treasurer of the Country Club. He was also an organizer and early member of Troop A and moved up the ranks, becoming captain in 1892. Bolton was a director of the Brown Hoist Machine Co., Bourne-Fuller Co., National Refining Co., Guardian Trust Co., and Society For Savings (also vice president). He was a trustee and vice president of The Associated Charities and active in the Community Fund. In 1903 Bolton received an honorary M.A. degree from Kenyon College. Bolton married Julia A. Castle (daughter of William B. Castle) on 24 Nov. 1880. They had five sons: Chester Castle (see CHESTER CASTLE BOLTON), Kenyon Castle (see KENYON C. BOLTON), Irving Castle, Newell Castle, and Julian Castle. An Episcopalian, Bolton is buried in LAKE VIEW CEMETERY.


Background: Core needle biopsy (CNB) with histological findings is regarded as one of the most important diagnostic measures that make preoperative assessment and planning for appropriate treatment possible. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of core biopsy results in our patients with benign and malignant breast lumps, especially for borderline breast lesions, by using a classification method. Methods: In this study, 116 patients who were referred to the Surgery Clinic of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran with breast lump and underwent diagnostic procedures such as mammography and ultrasound were selected. Core needle biopsy (Tru-cut #14 or 16) was performed. After that, excisional biopsy was done. The benign, malignant and unspecified samples obtained by core needle biopsy were evaluated with the samples of the surgical and pathological findings. Then, false positive, false negative, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the core needle biopsy method were calculated. Also, the National Health Service Breast Screening Program (NHSBSP) classification was employed. Results: The mean age of the participants in this study was 39±13.13 years and the mean tumor size was 2.7 cm. An average of 3.35 biopsies was taken from all patients. Most of the pathology samples taken from CNB and excisional biopsy were compatible with invasive ductal carcinoma. Of the B type classifications, B5 was the most frequent in both methods. Borderline lesions B3 and B4 had a change in their category after surgery. About 2.5% of the samples in core biopsy were inadequate. Skin bruising was the most common core biopsy complication reported. While, the most common complication of excisional biopsy was hematoma. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the core needle biopsy procedure compared with excisional biopsy was 95.5%, 92.6%, 100%, 100%, and 91.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Core needle biopsy has a high sensitivity and specificity with few side effects. Borderline classifications need more evaluation to rule out cancers.


This paper presents a wideband digital frequency synthesizer architecture targeted for spectrum sensing applications. The proposed frequency synthesizer architecture is based on digital period synthesis (DPS), which inherently can achieve a wide operational bandwidth, extremely high-frequency resolution, and an instantaneous settling time with low power and area consumption. The performance of DPS and its fundamental limitations are analyzed in this paper. The frequency synthesizer was implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process and it occupies an active area of 0.12 mm2 . The frequency range of the synthesizer is from 0.1 to 4.267 GHz with a frequency resolution of 0.025-5.38 Hz. In this frequency range, the power consumption is between 3.6-8.4 mW.


It has recently been found by using temporal and spatial numerical simulations that steady optimal streaks of moderate amplitude, i.e., sufficiently large but not exceeding the critical amplitude for the inflectional instability, are able to reduce the growth of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves up to their complete suppression. This investigation aims at experimentally verifying this stabilizing effect by generating stable and symmetric, close to sinusoidal, streaks of moderate amplitudes (similar to 12% of the free-stream velocity) by means of a spanwise array of cylindrical roughness elements. The three-dimensional (3D) streaky base flow is then subjected to a secondary instability generated through a spanwise slot in the plate by means of regulated blowing and suction. In this study the stabilizing role of the streaks on TS waves is unambiguously confirmed and by increasing the height of the roughness elements, thus inducing larger amplitude streaks, we are also able to show that the stabilizing action on the TS waves increases with the streak amplitude. These results are the first to confirm the numerical predictions reported in earlier works. The full cross-stream plane has been measured at different downstream positions allowing a complete evaluation and comparison of the different amplitude measures used in previous experimental works. Furthermore, theoretical impulse response analysis and stability calculations are applied to the present experimental streaky base flow enabling a qualitative comparison of the 3D modulated TS wave distribution.


Straining may influence the mobility of colloid‐sized particles within groundwater aquifers as well as within granular filters that are used in wastewater treatment. We conducted column transport experiments using latex microspheres as the colloids and quartz sand as the porous medium to investigate the response of colloid straining to changes in colloid diameter (dp) and sand grain diameter (dg). For these experiments the negatively charged microspheres were suspended in deionized water, and the quartz sand was thoroughly cleaned to minimize physicochemical deposition (attachment), which permitted the determination of straining in an unambiguous way. The measurements of strained (immobile phase) and effluent (aqueous phase) colloid concentrations could be described with a transport model that accounted for an exponential decline in straining rates with increasing concentrations of strained colloids. Best fit values of the model coefficient that quantified clean bed straining rates (ko) were negligibly small for dp/dg < 0.008 and, above this threshold, varied linearly with dp/dg. Our findings suggest that accurate inferences on the mobility of colloid‐sized particles will require consideration of the effects of straining when dp/dg exceeds 0.008.


Because VAT law among EU Member States differs from country to country, it is customary to think of it as distinctly national in character. However, as this essential looseleaf shows, VAT legislation is in fact more generally European in origin, and its diversity within the EU is derived to a significant extent from derogation measures introduced by Member States. A Handbook of EU VAT Legislation provides annotated texts of all EU VAT legislative instruments, including directives, amendments, derogations, ancillary legislation, and regulations. Texts are mostly in English, though a few are in French in those cases where an official English version is not available. Where legislation has been amended, the version presented is always the consolidated version. The author's notes augment this comprehensive documentary material with commentary that encompasses such matters as European Court of Justice VAT cases; Legislation no longer in force; and, Legislation in preparation (proposals from the European Commission). Useful tables include a chronological index of all EU VAT legislation; tables of all relevant European Court of Justice cases arranged both by case number and by legislative provision; VAT rates tables, both country-by-country and also by specific goods and services; a table of VAT terminology in all the languages of the EU; and a list of Web sites that offer information on both the EU VAT system and VAT in the various Member States.


ABSTRACT An increasing body of evidence suggests that the use of probiotic bacteria is a promising intervention approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases with a polymicrobial etiology. P. gingivalis has been noted to have a different way of interacting with the innate immune response of the host compared to other pathogenic bacteria, which is a recognized feature that inhibits CXCL8 expression. Objective The aim of the study was to determine if P. gingivalis infection modulates the inflammatory response of gingival stromal stem cells (G-MSSCs), including the release of CXCL8, and the expression of TLRs and if immunomodulatory L. rhamnosus ATCC9595 could prevent CXCL8 inhibition in experimental inflammation. Material and Methods G-MSSCs were pretreated with L. rhamnosus ATCC9595 and then stimulated with P. gingivalis ATCC33277. CXCL8 and IL-10 levels were investigated with ELISA and the TLR-4 and 2 were determined through flow cytometer analysis. Results CXCL8 was suppressed by P. gingivalis and L. rhamnosus ATCC9595, whereas incubation with both strains did not abolish CXCL8. L. rhamnosus ATCC9595 scaled down the expression of TLR4 and induced TLR2 expression when exposed to P. gingivalis stimulation (p<0.01). Conclusions These findings provide evidence that L. rhamnosus ATCC9595 can modulate the inflammatory signals and could introduce P. gingivalis to immune systems by inducing CXCL8 secretion.


Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document describes known incompatibilities between Network Address Translation (NAT) and IPsec, and describes the requirements for addressing them. Perhaps the most common use of IPsec is in providing virtual private networking capabilities. One very popular use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) is to provide telecommuter access to the corporate Intranet. Today, NATs are widely deployed in home gateways, as well as in other locations likely to be used by telecommuters, such as hotels. The result is that IPsec-NAT incompatibilities have become a major barrier in the deployment of IPsec in one of its principal uses.


The global intellectual property system protects the interests of intellectual property owners, sometimes to the detriment of competing interests like public health or access to knowledge. Some scholars have proposed a human rights framework for intellectual property as a way to inject balance into the current system. However, the assertion that human rights will bring balance is often coupled with the assumption that corporations are, by definition, excluded from human rights-based intellectual property claims. Yet, corporations have used, and are likely to continue to use, human rights law to ground their intellectual property claims. Since multinational corporations were a major driving force behind increased global intellectual property standards, a human rights framework for intellectual property must contemplate the likelihood that corporations will attempt to co-opt a human rights model in order to bolster their intellectual property claims. Moreover, framing intellectual property interests from a human rights perspective can affect our conceptions of intellectual property and our analysis of the relationship between intellectual property rights and other interests. This Article contends that there is value in using human rights law to limit excessive intellectual property protection. However, promoting a human right to intellectual property protection could have the unfortunate effect of further entrenching rights that have already increased significantly in recent years.


In the pulp and paper industry, multi-effect evaporators are used to evaporate water from black liquor solutions to allow its recycle as chemicals and fuel for the process. The thermodynamic principle of the multi-effect evaporator consists in a serie of reboilers operating at different pressures; the water evaporated at one stage is condensed and used as the heat source for another stage. Due to its strong integration with the process, it is worth to analyse the integration of the multi-effect evaporator with the rest of the process. To do so a thermo-economic analysis model of the evaporation system has been developped. The example is based on the evaporation system of a calcium bisulfite pulp manufacturing mill located in Switzerland. This system involves 3 multi-effect evaporators fed at different concentrations of black liquor. A systematic analysis of the system Grand composite curve has been developed to identify pertinent process modifications. From this analysis, several modifications like decreasing the deltaTmin of a stream, increasing or decreasing pressures of evaporation effects have been evaluated. For each of these measures, we have analysed the thermo-economic aspects, adapting the pinch analysis rules to account for the thermo-econmic benefit of integration. By these measures, the minimum energy requirement of the multi-effect evaporation system can be reduced by up to 20%. Resulting from the integration of the utility system, the related utility cost can be diminished of up to 23% from the base case model. The integration of heat pumping system and the utilities has then been analysed in order to reduce the exergy degradation in the energy conversion system. A thermoeconomic analysis including operating and investment cost estimation, evaluation of the Net Present Value and Payback Time of different process configurations corresponding to different energy savings scenarios has been performed. The integration of a heat pump system shows a reduction of the Net Present Value and an acceptable Payback Time compared to the base case model. A sensitivity analysis on electricity and natural gas prices has then been performed in order to better understand the economic condition of the integration.


Recent advances in sensor and weapons systems are significantly increasing the electrical power that is required and the thermal loads that must be dissipated onboard US Navy ships. Thus, design tools and methods must bring detailed consideration of all disciplines early in the design process, including electrical, thermal and controls in addition to the traditional naval architecture and marine engineering. Effective interface of the multiple disciplines demands a collaborative design process. The Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC) has developed the backbone structure of a collaborative design environment with the goal of bringing together many disciplines early in the ship design process. This design environment brings many innovations, especially in the arena of simultaneous collaborative design. This paper describes the Smart Ship System Design (S3D) environment as developed to date, along with overall and discipline-specific visions of implementation of the environment in ship design.


This thesis describes an in-situ study of the nucleation and growth behavior of two-dimensional supramolecular networks formed by 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (BDA) molecules on metal crystal surfaces. The Cu(001) and the Au(111) surfaces were used as templates. The supramolecular networks offer great promise for the use as flexible templates for the fabrication of novel nanoscale structures. On both surfaces, the flat-lying BDA molecules form large two-dimensional islands in which the molecules organize in highly ordered networks. The nucleation and growth of the supramolecular networks was studied with Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM). LEEM allows observing the nucleation and growth of the supramolecular networks in real time with a large field of view and at variable temperature. Simultaneously, the density of adsorbed molecules in a disordered, 2D gas like phase can be measured. This allowed to obtain a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic driving forces behind the formation of the networks and the influence of the substrate and temperature on the growth. For example, by analyzing the 2D phase diagram of BDA on Cu(001), the 2D cohesive energy (0.35 eV) of the molecules in the networks was found. Another example is the observation of huge size fluctuations during nucleation of BDA domains on Cu(001), with critical nucleus sizes exceeding several hundred molecules. By optimizing the growth conditions (i.e., temperature and growth rate), single crystalline domains exceeding lateral dimensions of several micrometers could be grown. The influence of the substrate morphology on the growth of these large domains was studied. While the carboxylic acid groups of the molecules are deprotonated on Cu(001), they remain protonated on Au(111) at room temperature. Upon annealing the substrate, we can observe the (partial) deprotonation of the molecules, which results in a small rearrangement of the molecular structure, but a spectacular change of the shape of the 2D domains.
The obtained results provide new insights in the formation processes and their decisive steps and also hints on how to improve the quality of the molecular networks constituted by benzoic acids on single crystalline surfaces.


This study explored the use of scaffolded lesson study to develop professional teaching
knowledge for problem-based historical inquiry (PBHI). Using mixed methods including
extensive classroom observations, the study examined six 4th grade social studies teachers'
adoption of problem-based historical inquiry in their classroom teaching following three years of
lesson study professional development. Findings suggest lesson study can be used to facilitate
the development of professional teaching knowledge for PBHI among elementary teachers
though transfer of that knowledge to typical classroom teaching outside of lesson study is fraught
with challenges. Findings also suggest that lesson study can contribute to the development of a
shared professional knowledge culture that might aid elementary teachers in resisting the
marginalization of social studies. The study revealed that lesson study holds promise for helping
elementary social studies teachers work through the cultural obstacles they confront when trying
to use innovative pedagogy in their classrooms.


The governed ought to pay attention to what governors do rather than what they say. So said Nixon's Attorney-General. That is not easy advice for a lawyer to apply, though lawyers see law as an instrument of government, a tool for regulating human behavior. Law, for lawyers, consists of precedents, any of which a court can distinguish "on its facts," even when it is otherwise applicable; and the facts courts find-the basis on which the law claims accurately to reconstruct a long-ago event-are the product of technical and often seemingly arbitrary rules of evidence. Understanding what government does requires information both from the people being regulated and from those who do the regulating. However, regulators are administrators as well as judges, and most analyses of administrative regulatory activity tell a story of conflict between technical experts and political appointees.' That story has informed American political debate since the days of the New Deal, and I intend not to burden my readers with simply one more version of an oft-told tale. To tell a different story, however, requires me to make clear the concepts and models which define the information I wish to present. Thus, I seek to convey the state of mind in terms of which I undertake this Article. Forging such an understanding with the reader requires me to establish many correlations: between words and content, form and substance, personal experience and objective reality. I begin by addressing the philosophical question of the nature of the reality humans communicate to each other.


ABSTRACT The Sino-Himalayan Anastrophyllum lignicola D.B.Schill & D.G.Long and A. minutum (Schreb.) R.M.Schust. var. himalayanum S.Srivast., S.C.Srivast. & K.K.Rawat are newly designated as synonyms of the Japanese A. ellipticum Inoue. The similarities between these taxa are summarised to support this new synonymy, and the current known distribution now ranges from the NW Himalaya of India, through Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh in NE India, Yunnan and Sichuan in China, Altai in Russia to Japan. Photomicrographs of the distinctive gemmae of A. ellipticum are provided.


Objectives To describe the prevalence and determinants of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use and association with hospitalizations in an elderly managed care population in Switzerland. Methods Using health care claims data of four health insurers for a sample of managed care patients 65 years of age and older to compare persons on PIM with persons not on PIM. Beers' 2012 and PRISCUS criteria were used to determine the potential inappropriateness of prescribed medications. The sample included 16′490 elderly patients on PIM and 33′178 patients not on PIM in the time period of January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2012. Prevalence estimates are standardized to the population of Switzerland. Associations between PIM and hospitalizations were examined by multivariate Cox regression analyses controlling for possible confounding variables. Results The estimated prevalence of PIM use in our managed care sample was 22.5%. Logistic regression analysis showed that number of different medications used in the previous year, total costs in the previous year and hospitalization in the previous year all significantly increased the likelihood of receiving PIM. Multiple Cox regression analysis revealed that those on cumulative levels of PIM use acted significantly as a factor related to greater hospitalization rates: the adjusted HR was 1.13 (95% CI 1.07–1.19) for 1 PIM, 1.27 (95% CI 1.19–1.35) for 2 PIM, 1.35 (95% CI 1.22–1.50) for 3 PIM, and 1.63 (95% CI 1.40–1.90) for more than 3 PIM compared to no PIM use. Conclusions The prevalence of PIM in managed care health plans are widely found but seem to be much lower than rates of non-managed care plans. Furthermore, our study revealed a significant association with adverse outcomes in terms of hospitalizations. These findings stress the need for further development of interventions to decrease drug-related problems and manage patients with multiple chronic conditions.


Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) is quite rare, difficult to diagnose without surgery, and has a poor prognosis. Here, we report a 48-year-old man with SBA and a 21-year history of CD who was diagnosed by a combination of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE). Since the age of 27 years, the patient had been treated for ileal CD and was referred to our hospital with persistent melena. Multiple hepatic tumors were found by CT. PET/CT detected an accumulation spot in the small bowel. DBE revealed an ulcerative tumor in the ileum about 100 cm from the ileocecal valve. An endoscopic forceps biopsy specimen showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. There were some longitudinal ulcer scars near the tumor, and the chronic inflammation in the small bowel appeared to be associated with the cancer development. Previous reports suggest the risk of SBA in patients with CD is higher than in the overall population. Since early diagnosis is extremely difficult in these cases, novel techniques, such as PET/CT and DBE, may be expected to help in making a preoperative diagnosis of the development of SBA in CD.


[Excerpt] "Almost thirty years after the landmark decision of Decca Ltd. v. United States, the Federal Circuit had an opportunity to reevaluate the extraterritorial limits of U.S. patent law in NTP, Inc. v. Research in Motion, Ltd. After withdrawing its initial opinion ("NTP I") and issuing a second opinion ("NTP II"), the court held that a system having a component located outside U.S. jurisdiction could be subject to U.S. patent law. The court held as a matter of law, however, that a process in which a step is performed outside U.S. jurisdiction could not be subject to U.S. patent law. In NTP I and NTP II, the infringing system included a component located in Canada. Ironically, that infringing system was the platform on which the non-infringing process operated. The court's justification for this result was based on the "collective" nature of systems compared to the "individual" nature of processes. This article analyzes the court's decision and recommends an alternative holding in order to unify "system" and process infringement law. Additionally, this article examines the history of "system" claims to determine whether their current use as "machine" claims is consistent with their historical use. Given its historical context, this article then evaluates whether a preamble including a "system" should limit a claim's scope under the current law. Finally, this article evaluates the effect of the court's decision on communications and secondary-use patents."


Abstract In the 1970s a group of social scientists attempted to create a new, more democratic form of work organization aboard the Norwegian merchant ship Balao. To do so they redesigned the physical structure of the ship to facilitate the emergence of a participatory shipboard community. This paper revisits the journeys of Balao as an example of the potential and limits of experimental democracies. It describes the processes of social miniaturization implemented in the organization of Balao's work processes, the particular ergonomics of democracy that resulted from the new model layout and the vexing question of the project's landfall: its limited impact as a 'demonstration experiment' for a more democratic organization of production.


Author(s): Whitehead, Kevin A | Editor(s): Giles, H; Harwood, J | Abstract: In the wake of what has been called the "discursive turn" or "linguistic turn" in the social sciences, research at the intersection of language and communication and race and racism shifted from being largely dominated by quantitative and experimental methods to include qualitative and particularly discursive approaches. While the term "discursive" potentially encompasses a wide range of modes of discourse analysis, discursive approaches share a focus on language use as social action, and as a constitutive feature of actions, events, and situations, rather than as merely a passive means of describing or transmitting information about them. When applied to the study of race and racism, such approaches have examined ways in which language functions to construct, maintain, and legitimate as well as subvert or resist racial and/or racist ideologies and social structures. Research in these areas has made use of a range of empirical materials, including "elite" texts and talk (media texts, parliamentary debates, academic texts, etc.), individual interviews, focus groups and group discussions, "naturally occurring" talk-in-interaction from conversational and institutional settings, and text-based online interactions. Although these different data types should not be seen as strictly mutually exclusive, each of them serves to foreground particular features of racial or racist discourse(s), thus facilitating or constraining particular sorts of discourse analytic findings. Thus, different data sources respectively tend to foreground ideological features of racial discourse(s) and their intersection with power and domination, including examination of "new" racisms and the production and management of accusations and denials of racism; discursive processes involved in the construction and uses of racial subjectivities and identities; interactional processes through which prejudice and racism are constructed and contested; and the everyday interactional reproduction of systems of racial categories, independently of whether the talk in which they occur can or should be considered "racist."


ABSTRACT In this article, real-time process data are aligned in time order with periodic destructive test data on wood composite panel strength for the purpose of predictive modeling. Real-time predictive models of strength properties during product manufacture may reduce rework and scrap and avoid higher costs of unnecessary operating targets between the time periods of destructive strength samples. A modified principal component analysis (PCA) is used to develop an empirical model to predict the internal bond (IB) of particleboard (PB) based on a selected subset of process variables. These process variables are preselected by using variables correlated with IB. Our modified PCA is used on these selected standardized process variables to obtain transformed composite variables or modes. The 10 modes are reduced to three using correlation criteria and the three best modes are used to generate an empirical model to predict IB. Model results for the most often produced PB at the mill test site are presented in the article. The IB model generated from the selected variables has a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for IB of 79.979 kPa, which represents a 20% RMSEP improvement for this manufacturing setting.


Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has been programmed to fuel economic growth of all its member nations not only through trade liberalization and common customs union but through attracting FDI inflow as well. Since its inception, it has been undergoing a series of institutional reforms to achieve its stated objectives. Against this background, this research investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This study shall use panel data spanning 2001 to 2015. In order to achieve this, the study shall conduct empirical analyses by panel unit root, heterogeneous panel co-integration, and SUR multiple regression. Research findings from Pedroni co-integration test show that there is a cognate relationship between all the factors under investigation concerning ECOWAS region. Cointegration analysis also indicates a positive and significant relationship between variables such as financial development, FDI, domestic trade, and trade openness, while unemployment and social unrest negatively relates to economic growth, though unemployment is not statistically significant. For the sake of caution, this study uses a SUR multiple regression for the robustness test. Empirical result shows FDI strongly relates to economic growth in ECOWAS nation. The results are in consonance with the previous theories on growth-FDI modeling. The research findings suggest that ECOWAS members should provide a conducive and enabling environment to attract a free flow of FDI into their economy.


Large, multidivisional enterprises need corporate data of high quality in order to meet a number of strategic business requirements, such as enterprise- wide process harmonization, integrated customer management or compliance. Therefore, many enterprises today are in the process of establishing Corporate Data Quality Management (CDQM), which requires an overarching CDQM strategy. This paper presents a method for the development and implementation of a CDQM strategy. On the one hand the method provides guidance to a CDQM team. On the other hand, for corporate executives the method ensures that the CDQM strategy is derived from their objectives and that their require- ments are systematically taken into account and fulfilled. Besides the method it- self, the paper illustrates the entire design process which encompasses, among others, focus group and expert interviews, participative case studies and a multi- perspective evaluation.


Abstract Measurements of basal water pressure from 15 boreholes located at both local (tens of meters) and regional (kilometers) length scales were used to elucidate the pressure/sliding relationship during an autumn rapid motion event on Bench Glacier, Alaska, USA. The 8 day event had two distinct phases, each with a ten-fold speed-up with respect to winter velocity. The water pressure in all 15 boreholes varied synchronously during the speed-up. The first phase of rapid sliding began after a peak in basal water pressure and continued while the pressure was elevated and stable, or decreasing. The second phase of rapid sliding occurred when the basal water pressure was low but increasing, and terminated before the pressure peaked. Pressure and velocity do not appear unrelated, but the pressure/sliding relationship was not consistently linked to increasing, decreasing or a critical water pressure. The pressure variations and sliding accelerations are a response to a warm rainstorm, although equally large input events occurred in weeks prior with no apparent response. Drainage system evolution therefore appears to play a key role in both the acceleration and the pressure/velocity relationship. Basal cavity dynamics are likely responsible for three episodes of reverse (up-valley) motion observed after enhanced sliding.


Description Provides empirical Bayesian lasso and elastic net algorithms for variable selection and effect estimation. Key features include sparse variable selection and effect estimation via generalized linear regression models, high dimensionality with p>>n, and significance test for nonzero effects. This package outperforms other popular methods such as lasso and elastic net methods in terms of power of detection, false discovery rate, and power of detecting grouping effects.


We report on fast beam-scanning stimulated-emission-depletion (STED) microscopy in the visible range using for resolution enhancement compact, low cost and turn-key continuous wave (CW) fiber lasers emitting at 592 nm. Spatial resolutions of 35 to 65 nm in the focal plane are shown for various samples including fluorescent nanoparticles, immuno-stained cells with a non-exhaustive selection of 5 commonly used organic fluorescent markers, and living cells expressing the yellow fluorescent protein Citrine. The potential of the straightforward combination of CW-STED and fast beam scanning is illustrated in a movie of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a living cell, composed of 100 frames (6 microm x 12 microm), each of them acquired in a time shorter than 0.2 s.


Deep convective clouds (DCCs) are ideal visible calibration targets because they are bright nearly isotropic solar reflectors located over the tropics and they can be easily identified using a simple infrared threshold. Because all satellites view DCCs, DCCs provide the opportunity to uniformly monitor the stability of all operational sensors, both historical and present. A collective DCC anisotropically corrected radiance calibration approach is used to construct monthly probability distribution functions (PDFs) to monitor sensor stability. The DCC calibration targets were stable to within 0.5% and 0.3 % per decade when the selection criteria were optimized based on Aqua MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 0.65-μm -band radiances. The Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), African, and South American regions were identified as the dominant DCC domains. For the 0.65-μm band, the PDF mode statistic is preferable, providing 0.3% regional consistency and 1% temporal uncertainty over land regions. It was found that the DCC within the TWP had the lowest radiometric response and DCC over land did not necessarily have the highest radiometric response. For wavelengths greater than 1 μm, the mean statistic is preferred, and land regions provided a regional variability of 0.7 % with a temporal uncertainty of 1.1 % where the DCC land response was higher than the response over ocean. Unlike stratus and cirrus clouds, the DCC spectra were not affected by water vapor absorption.


The increase in the variety and capability of mobile communications devices carried by people today has made it possible to envision a new class of networks called pocket switched networks (PSNs). In a PSN, because the nodes are constantly moving and their communication abilities are limited, the design of networking protocols and applications is challenging. This paper presents a new communications scheme for PSN, called Osmosis, based on the biological phenomenon. We show how this scheme can be applied to file sharing. This scheme uses epidemic routing to perform file lookup and achieves controlled flooding for file transfer. The flooding requires very little state information, which is collected during the lookup. This paper analyzes the performance of Osmosis in simulation studies based on real mobility traces.


The dream that Computing could become a fifth utility (in addition to Water, Gas, Electricity and Telephony) has been addressed by means of a variety of computing paradigms, including Grid Computing and Utility Computing and, most recently, Cloud Computing (CC). This phenomenon is defined in a number of ways, but the most comprehensive and widely-accepted definition was produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which identifies CC as: "a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction".
CC has rapidly developed and grown in popularity since 2007, to become a very fashionable topic. It has had a significant impact on the IT industry over the past 7 years causing fundamental changes to the way in which IT resources are utilised and has led to the creation of a wide variety of new business models, while garnering interest from both public and private sectors in Australia and in other countries.
According to industrial surveys conducted between 2010 and 2013, Australian organisations have been leaders in the adoption of CC in the Asia-Pacific region. Full access to the findings of these surveys is very expensive, although summary results can be found in IT industry literature. The figures for CC adoption in Australia vary across a number of these surveys, making it difficult to ascertain the level of CC uptake with any confidence – thereby suggesting a need for a soundly-based academic investigation of Australian CC adoption. In addition, none of these industry surveys makes use of any theoretical underpinning or of any models of CC, adding further to the demand for a sound, theoretically-based and unbiased study of the acceptance and use of the CC innovation, as well as its evolution within and across Australian organisations. Moreover, knowledge of the nature and progress of this innovation would add to the understanding of both its opportunities, as well as of the challenges and issues surrounding CC. While widespread adoption of CC seems to be a foregone conclusion, its diffusion rate and adoption methods by the wide variety of organisations around the globe which are looking to CC for solutions to a host of problems are not yet fully understood. This research project, therefore, aims to build a broad picture of the existing state of CC in Australian organisations by investigating the nature, role and diffusion of CC innovation and the changes which have occurred over time.
The project takes the form of a longitudinal study, composed of two 'snapshots' of Australia's CC usage and using an online questionnaire in each of 2012 and 2013 (i.e. 16 months apart) based on the extant academic and industry literature. The target group for both surveys was the CIO's of Australian organisations or their equivalents (i.e. IT Manager, Technical Support Manager and Network Manager) as these respondents were expected to be most capable of providing accurate responses and conversant of the current status of CC adoption in their organisations.
This study classified respondents into categories according to their status and attitude to adopting CC (past, current, future and non-adopters). Respondents were then analysed on the basis of company location, size and industry sector to enable a richer understanding of the decision to adopt (or not to adopt) CC. Changes over time were then analysed on two dimensions: firstly within each category of respondents and then within each survey to enable a fuller understanding of how CC adoption was progressing over time. The findings were also compared against Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Moore's Crossing the Chasm Theory, which provided an opportunity to compare the diffusion of the CC innovation in Australia against archetypal diffusion theory. These theories highlighted the acceptance (adoption or rejection) and the use of the CC innovation, as well as its evolution across and within Australian organisations.
This study observed a smooth transition between the Early and Late Majority stages of CC adoption in Australia. Over the 16 month period of the study, there was 10% growth in CC adoption to the end of 2013: from 47.9% to 57.9%. Findings suggest that CC uptake will continue to grow as indicated by the Future Adopters who formed 15.2% of the respondents in 2013. Although the adoption pattern of CC in Australia is following the classic Diffusion of Innovation Theory, adoption will never reach 100%, not just because of resistors (Definite Non-Adopters) but also due to those organisations which adopted CC but later rejected it (Past Adopters). In Future Work, a number of additional projects are suggested to complement this study and extend its reach.


The Anadarko Basin is a west-northwest–east-southeast elongated trough filled with 10+ km of Paleozoic sediments. Most models call for tectonic activity to end in Pennsylvanian time. NASA Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) has revealed a distinctive and very straight west-northwest–striking lineament set extending virtually the entire length of the Anadarko Basin. The lineaments cut across the relatively flat-lying Permian units exposed at the surface. The character of these lineaments is seen most obviously as a tonal variation. Between the lineaments there is a poorly reflecting "gray" zone; better reflectors are located south and particularly north of the lineaments. Analysis of stream drainage and topography suggests that the area between the lineaments is low in the west and high in the east. Major streams, including the Washita and Little Washita rivers, appear to be controlled by the location of the lineaments. Subsurface data indicate that the lineaments may be the updip expression of a buried major fault system, the Mountain View fault. This fault is characterized as southerly dipping; recent COCORP data suggest a shallow dip (30°–40°). Two principal conclusions arise from this analysis: (1) the complex Mountain View fault system appears to extend southeast to join the Reagan, Sulphur, and/or Mill Creek faults of the Arbuckle Mountains, and (2) this fault system has been reactivated in Permian or more recent time. We infer that minor reactivation of the Pennsylvanian faults has resulted in a subdued surficial expression of buried structures that largely control the location of several oil fields in the Anadarko Basin.


This paper describes a technique for identifying the boundary of the optic disk in digital images of the retina, using an approach based on active contours (snakes). The optic disk is the region on the retina at which optic nerve axons enter and leave the eye. Changes in optic disk shape and area may indicate disease processes, particularly glaucoma, and accurate identification of the disk boundary may be used to quantify changes. For accurate boundary identification, some pre-processing of the image is necessary. This pre-processing minimises incorrect boundary detection due to blood vessels crossing the optic disk. Pre-processing techniques based on local minima detection and morphological filtering were developed. After pre-processing, the optic disk boundary was determined using an active contour. The contour was driven by a novel external image-derived field called the Gradient Vector Flow. This reduced the need for accurate initialisation of the contour. Results obtained by applying these techniques to a set of nine retinal images are presented.


A critical review of literature bearing on the autoignition and detonation-wave theories of spark-ignition engine knock and on the nature of gas vibrations associated with combustion and knock results in the conclusion that neither the autoignition theory nor the detonation-wave theory is an adequate explanation of spark-ignition engine knock. A knock theory is proposed, combining the autoignition and detonation-wave theories, which introduces the idea that the detonation wave develops in autoignited or after-burning gases, and ascribes comparatively low-pitched heavy knocks to autoignition but high-pitched pinging knocks to detonation waves with the possibility of combinations of the two types of knocks. Analysis of five shots of knocking combustion, taken with the NACA high-speed motion-picture camera at the rate of 40,000 photographs per second reveals propagation speeds ranging from 3250 to more than 5500 feet per second. The range of propagation speeds from 3250 to more than 5500 feet per second is held to be considered with the proposed combined theory but not with either the simple autoignition theory or the simple detonation-wave theory.


The Municipality of Lake Sebu in Mindanao,
Philippines offers various opportunities for income-generating fishing
activities with its abundant surface water bodies. Lake Sebu is particularly
known for good quality tilapia, farmed in fish cages. This study employed
primary data collection methods, namely key informant interview, focus group
discussion and a comprehensive livelihood household survey to assess the
conditions and problems constraining fishing households in Lake Sebu. The study
found that fishing-related benefits were mainly derived from aquaculture.
Capture fisheries are essentially very small-scale, low gear open fishing done
by local fisher folk that generates only subsistence income. Local residents
are mostly engaged in retail fish trading that likewise generate only
subsistence income. Survey results also revealed large variations in the scale
of aquaculture operations. Fish cage owners, who are not originally from Lake
Sebu or have residences outside Lake Sebu, are usually the large-scale fish
farm operators, while the locals are only engaged in small-scale aquaculture
due to limited financial sources. The study found that on the average,
fishing-dependent households earned an annual income of PHP 132,800 (US$ 2619), which was 15% lower than the average for
all household respondents, and that a substantial 63% of fishing-dependent households
live below the poverty line. It appears, therefore, that the rich water
resources in the municipality have not contributed substantially to poverty
alleviation. These findings point to the need for government assistance such as
aquaculture financing programs and the formation of fish farming cooperatives
to enable locals to engage in large-scale fish farming and reap the benefits of
economies of scale.


Many applied problems, like transport processes in porous media or ferromagnetism in composite materials, can be modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with heterogeneous coefficients that rapidly vary at small scales. To capture the effective behavior at a scale of interest, standard numerical methods like the finite element method (FEM) however need to resolve the finest scale of the problem (scale resolution) and thus are prohibitively costly. Numerical homogenization methods based on effective models are an efficient alternative as they require scale resolution only in a small portion of the computational domain. In this thesis, we introduce numerical homogenization methods developed in the framework of heterogeneous multiscale methods (HMM) for two different classes of multiscale PDEs. In the first part, we consider linear parabolic advection-diffusion problems with highly oscillating data, large Peclet number and compressible velocity fields. We use a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DG-FEM) for the spatial discretization of an effective equation whose data is estimated from finite element simulations in microscopic domains. The numerical upscaling strategy appropriately models the effects of the highly oscillating velocity field on the effective diffusion (enhanced or depleted diffusion). Thanks to the favorable stability properties of DG-FEM, robust a priori error estimates with explicit convergence rates for the macro and micro spatial discretization errors can be shown. In the second part, we propose numerical homogenization methods for nonlinear monotone multiscale problems. For parabolic problems, we first combine the backward Euler method in time with a finite element heterogeneous multiscale method (FE-HMM) in space, which couples macro and micro FEMs. We prove convergence of the method in the general $L^p(W^{1,p})$ setting and provide fully discrete space-time a priori error estimates for $p=2$. The upscaling procedure however is based on nonlinear micro sampling problems, which can be computationally expensive. As a remedy, we propose a linearized method, which is only based on linear micro problems and is much more efficient as it avoids Newton iterations. We prove stability and optimal convergence rates of the linearized scheme in the classical $L^2(H^1)$ setting. Further, for elliptic problems, we extend the FE-HMM (based on nonlinear micro problems) to high order macro and micro FEMs and present fully discrete a priori error estimates.


Livestock play a key role in the climate change debate. As with crop‐based agriculture, the sector is both a net greenhouse gas emitter and vulnerable to climate change. At the same time, it is an essential food source for millions of people worldwide, with other functions apart from food security such as savings and insurance. By comparison with crop‐based agriculture, the interactions of livestock and climate change have been much less studied. The debate around livestock is confusing due to the coexistence of multiple livestock farming systems with differing functions for humans, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profiles and different characteristics and boundary issues in their measurement, which are often pooled together. Consequently, the diversity of livestock farming systems and their functions to human systems are poorly represented and the role of the livestock sector in the climate change debate has not been adequately addressed. In this article, building upon the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC 5AR) findings, we review recent literature on livestock and climate change so as better to include this diversity in the adaptation and mitigation debate around livestock systems. For comparative purposes we use the same categories of managerial, technical, behavioral and policy‐related action to organize both mitigation and adaptation options. We conclude that different livestock systems provide different functions to different human systems and require different strategies, so they cannot readily be pooled together. We also observe that, for the different livestock systems, several win‐win strategies exist that effectively tackle both mitigation and adaptation options as well as food security. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:869–892. doi: 10.1002/wcc.421


A qualitative risk assessment of biogenic amines (BA) in fermented foods was conducted, using data from the scientific literature, as well as from European Union-related surveys, reports and consumption data. Histamine and tyramine are considered as the most toxic and food safety relevant, and fermented foods are of particular BA concern due to associated intensive microbial activity and potential for BA formation. Based on mean content in foods and consumer exposure data, fermented food categories were ranked in respect to histamine and tyramine, but presently available information was insufficient to conduct quantitative risk assessment of BA, individually and in combination(s). Regarding BA risk mitigation options, particularly relevant are hygienic measures to minimize the occurrence of BA-producing microorganisms in raw material, additional microbial controls and use of BAnonproducing starter cultures. Based on limited published information, no adverse health effects were observed after exposure to following BA levels in food (per person per meal): a) 50 mg histamine for healthy individuals, but below detectable limits for those with histamine intolerance; b) 600 mg tyramine for healthy individuals not taking monoamino oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drugs, but 50 mg for those taking third generation MAOI drugs or 6 mg for those taking classical MAOI drugs; and c) for putrescine and cadaverine, the information was insufficient in that respect. Presently, only high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods enable simultaneous and high sensitivity quantification of all BA in foods, hence are best suited for monitoring and control purposes. Monitoring of BA concentrations in fermented foods during the production process and along the food chain would be beneficial for controls and further knowledge. Further research on BA in fermented foods is needed; particularly on toxicity and associated concentrations, production process-based control measures, further process hygiene and/or food safety criteria development, and validation of analysis methods. © European Food Safety Authority, 2011


EDITED ABSTRACT.
This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part describes the production of a small stereodiverse library of 2-substituted piperidines. Novel chiral titanium alkylidene reagents ii alkylidenated resin-bound esters i to give acid-labile resin-bound enol ethers iii. These were cleaved to give amino ketones iv. The switch in the nature of the resin from acid-stable to acid-labile is key to the purity of the amino ketones iv, as during cleavage only the acid-sensitive enol ethers iii are cleaved, leaving the unreacted esters i on the resin. The amino ketonse iv were cyclized using TMSC1 to give cyclic iminium salts v. Diastereoselective reduction of the iminium salts v with NaBH(OAc)[sub]3 gave piperidines vi which, after cleavage of the chiral protecting group gave the desired enantiomerically-enriched, 2-substituted piperidines vii.
[Illustrated]
The piperidines vii were produced in good overall yield, high purity, and good to excellent stereochemical purity. By switching the enantiomer of the phenylethylamine chiral protecting group used, either enantiomer of the desired piperidine could be produced at will.
The second part of the thesis describes a solution-phase route to 2,6-syn substituted piperidin-4-ones xii inspired by the Petasis-Ferrier rearrangement. Imino esters x derived from [Beta]-amino acids viii were methylenated using the Petasis reagent, dimethyltitanoce, to give imino enol ethers xi containing nucleophilic and electrophilic functionality in the same molecule. The mild microwave conditions used for the methylenation geve the enol ethers xi in minutes. Potentially, the reaction takes advantage of selective heating of the polar Petasis reagent in a non polar solvent system so that the rate determining decomposition of the Petasis reagent is accelerated without affecting any sensitive substrate. Acidic conditions activated the imine and induced cyclization to give the desired 2,6-syn piperidin-4-ones xii in good yield and excellent diastereoselectivity. A small library of piperidinones was produced to demonstrate the method.
[Illustrated]


Since 2010, the aid sector has invested significant funds in innovation practice, implementing pilots and other practices borrowed from Silicon Valley. While this has supported some impact, the aid sector has now hit a plateau with innovation, struggling to scale what works, frustrated by 'digital litter' (unsustainable technology projects), trying to overcome the small innovation trap, and 'pilotitis' (fatigue from implementing small-scale projects that never scale up). Many innovation leaders in the social and development sectors are realising that the 'lean' innovation approaches commonly used do not work well for the complex challenges in their sector.
To create the change and impact that our work demands, organisations must be able to work with real and messy challenges, and create large-scale innovative solutions. The sector is beginning to use system innovation to move past simplifying challenges in lean experiments and hackathons. This paper discusses how system innovation can support humanitarians to take the next step to innovation effectiveness, to create real impact in communities.


In this project work, permanent magnet barium/ strontium hexaferrite materials was
prepared from millscale, using hematite derived from millscale by the Curie Temperature
Separation Technique (CTST). The excellent CTST isolation and purification of
wustite,FeO contained in the millscale and converted to hematite,Fe2O3, was confirmed
by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis and element analysis by Electron
Dispersive X-Ray (EDAX). The sample was prepared by recycling the waste product
from Malaysian steel-making factories. Using a Curie temperature separation technique,
the wustite,FeO contained in the millscale was separated by this new technique using
deionized water at 90oC/100oC in the presence of 1T external magnetic field. The wustite
iv
was then oxidized in air at 400oC/500oC/600oC for 10 hours. An XRD phase analysis
showed that a very high percentage of Fe2O3 was present in the final powder preparation.
A conventional ceramic powder processing method was then carried out to prepare
hexagonal BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 pallet shaped samples. Analysis of samples was done
on density, resistivity, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size Analysis (PSD), Electron
Dispersive X-Ray (EDAX), Scanning Electron Micrsocopy (SEM), grain size, saturation
magnetization, coercive force and remanence. The effect of prolonged milling time
shows a positive tendency for the formation of needle shape microstructure (0.3μm-1μm)
of barium hexaferrite. The magnetic properties were measured using an Approximation
Method (APM) theory. The 3.33 kG high remanence , 0.74 kG saturation magnetisation
and 2.857 kOe coercive force of the sample derived from millscale shows that recycling a
waste steel-making product has a high potential to produce a low cost ferrite in the future.


Introduction John Marks said in his acceptance of the Hartman Award in 2008, "I guess that without the occasional complaint, your mine is probably over-ventilated" (Marks, 2008). Miners are seldom in this situation and spend much of the time trying to find enough air to keep an operation running. With examination, there are usually changes that can be made to increase the efficiency of ventilation systems. Mine ventilation air is a costly commodity, especially by the time it has been heated or cooled and moved to the bottom of the shaft and through the mine airways. Modifications that result in surplus mine ventilation air could bring financial and environmental benefits. Some issues mine operators have needed to address recently are increased airflow requirements to dilute diesel particulates in metal and nonmetal mines, to ventilate reserves that are deeper, hotter, and further away from fans and shafts, and to meet demands from increased production. This paper discusses successful methods to find additional usable air when there is no extra ventilation capacity. Most of the options presented in this paper are useful for metal/ nonmetal operations but some may be applicable to coal as well.


The crisis in real estate mortgage lending that erupted in the United States in 2007 shook the foundations of the American financial system. The crisis was caused in part by mortgage loan originators, who lent improvidently to unqualified buyers on over-valued property, and by unsophisticated and ill-advised borrowers, who undertook obligations that they did not understand and were unable to bear over time. To what extent would this crisis have been preventable had the mortgage loan documentation system provided neutral and independent advice to borrowers as well as lenders about their contemplated real estate and loan transactions? The American system of real estate conveyancing and mortgaging provides buyers-mortgagors, in particular, with no effective advice at the time they enter into what are often the biggest legal transactions of their lives. In France, on the other hand, the institution of the civil law notary offers all parties to a real estate purchase and mortgage transaction neutral and independent legal advice and transaction completion. French mortgages thus tend to be more "mainstream," with fewer one-sided terms than in their American counterparts. This kind of neutral transactional advice and documentation appears to be cost-effective in comparison with the classical common law model of individual lawyers representing all parties. The expense of individual representation often leads, as a practical matter, to weaker parties, such as home buyers, going without representation or advice at all. Although some have speculated that a notarial system would have reined in the excesses that culminated in the American financial crisis, probably that goes too far. Greed and short-sightedness on the part of lenders and borrowers alike lay at the root of the mortgage "meltdown." Neutral documentation professionals based on a civil law notarial model might have been able to affect the most extreme transactions. They would not be substitutes for strong regulation of mortgage loan origination function and the entities in that business.


Although some advancement was made in the field of active operating system fingerprinting in the recent years, still, there are many issues to resolve. This paper presents the enhancements made with Xprobe2 v0.2 RC1 and discusses the tool's future development. Both the present and future versions of Xprobe2 introduce many enhancements and advancements to the field of active operating system fingerprinting, which are discussed throughout the paper.


P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162) is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is expressed, either constitutively or inducibly, on all myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. PSGL-1 is implicated in cell–cell interactions between platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells, and a key mediator of inflammatory cell recruitment and transmigration into tissues. Here, we have investigated the effects of the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase inhibitor 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) UDP-Gal (5-FT UDP-Gal, compound 1) and two close derivatives on the cell surface levels of PSGL-1 on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). PSGL-1 levels were studied both under basal conditions, and upon stimulation of hPBMCs with interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Between 1 and 24 hours after IL-1β stimulation, we observed initial PSGL-1 shedding, followed by an increase in PSGL-1 levels on the cell surface, with a maximal window between IL-1β-induced and basal levels after 72 h. All three inhibitors reduce PSGL-1 levels on IL-1β-stimulated cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but show no such effect in resting cells. Compound 1 also affects the cell surface levels of adhesion molecule CD11b in IL-1β-stimulated hPBMCs, but not of glycoproteins CD14 and CCR2. This activity profile may be linked to the inhibition of global Sialyl Lewis presentation on hPBMCs by compound 1, which we have also observed. Although this mechanistic explanation remains hypothetical at present, our results show, for the first time, that small molecules can discriminate between IL-1β-induced and basal levels of cell surface PSGL-1. These findings open new avenues for intervention with PSGL-1 presentation on the cell surface of primed hPBMCs and may have implications for anti-inflammatory drug development.


Although different approaches and methods have been used to measure inequality aversion, there remains no consensus about its drivers at the individual level. We conducted an experiment on a sample of more than 1,576 first-year undergraduate economics and business students in Uruguay to understand why people are inequality averse. We elicited inequality aversion by asking participants to make a sequence of choices between hypothetical societies characterized by varying levels of average income and income inequality. In addition, we use randomized information treatments to prime participants into competing narratives regarding the sources of inequality in society. The main findings are that (1) the prevalence of inequality aversion is high: most participants' choices revealed inequality-averse preferences; (2) the extent of inequality aversion depends on the individual's position in the income distribution; (3) individuals are more likely to accept inequality when it comes from effort rather than luck regardless of their income position; (4) the effect of social mobility on inequality aversion is conditional on individual's income position: preferences for mobility reduces inequality aversion for individuals located at the bottom of the income distribution, where risk aversion cannot play any role.


Visual prostheses aim to restore vision to people blinded from degenerative photoreceptor diseases by electrically stimulating surviving neurons in the retina. However, a major challenge with epiretinal prostheses is that they may accidentally activate passing axon fibers, causing severe perceptual distortions. To investigate the effect of axonal stimulation on the retinal response, we developed a computational model of a small population of morphologically and biophysically detailed retinal ganglion cells, and simulated their response to epiretinal electrical stimulation. We found that activation thresholds of ganglion cell somas and axons varied systematically with both stimulus pulse duration and electrode-retina distance. These findings have important implications for the improvement of stimulus encoding methods for epiretinal prostheses.


In this paper we present the experience gained and lessons learned when the IT department at Statoil ASA, a large Oil and Gas company in Norway, extended their Enterprise Architecture with strategic level Domain-Driven design techniques and used the extended Enterprise Architecture to improve the software architecture of a large enterprise system.Traditionally, Enterprise Architecture has been prescribed as the key tool to conquer complexity and align IT development with business priorities and strategies, but we found our Enterprise Architecture too coarse to be practical useful at the software level.By extending our Enterprise Architecture with context maps and the process of context mapping valuable insight was gained, insight that enabled better scoping of new projects and architectural improvement of existing software in a controlled way.In addition, use of responsibility layers combined with context maps reduces the perceived complexity of the architecture. Use of other techniques such as distillation and identification of the core domain looks promising at the tactical level of a single project, but its value is more uncertain at the strategic level.The key issue is that large enterprise systems do not have a single core. On the other hand, at the project level, there should always be a core, and the project is best of by knowing its core domain and aim its best resources to work with the core.


The phase space of general relativity is first extended in a standard manner to incorporate spinors. New coordinates are then introduced on this enlarged phase space to simplify the structure of constraint equations. Now, the basic variables, satisfying the canonical Poisson-brackets relations, are the (density-valued) soldering forms \ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{a}$${\mathrm{}}_{A}$${\mathrm{}}^{B}$ and certain spin-connection one-forms ${A}_{\mathrm{aA}}$${\mathrm{}}^{B}$. Constraints of Einstein's theory simply state that \ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{a}$ satisfies the Gauss law constraint with respect to ${A}_{a}$ and that the curvature tensor ${F}_{\mathrm{abA}}$${\mathrm{}}^{B}$ and ${A}_{a}$ satisfies certain purely algebraic conditions (involving \ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{a}$). In particular, the constraints are at worst quadratic in the new variables \ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{a}$ and ${A}_{a}$. This is in striking contrast with the situation with traditional variables, where constraints contain nonpolynomial functions of the three-metric. Simplification occurs because ${A}_{a}$ has information about both the three-metric and its conjugate momentum. In the four-dimensional space-time picture, ${A}_{a}$ turns out to be a potential for the self-dual part of Weyl curvature. An important feature of the new form of constraints is that it provides a natural embedding of the constraint surface of the Einstein phase space into that of Yang-Mills phase space. This embedding provides new tools to analyze a number of issues in both classical and quantum gravity. Some illustrative applications are discussed. Finally, the (Poisson-bracket) algebra of new constraints is computed. The framework sets the stage for another approach to canonical quantum gravity, discussed in forthcoming papers also by Jacobson, Lee, Renteln, and Smolin.


One of the most powerful and exotic of all the world's great dynasties, the Mughals ruled India from 1526 to 1858. During this time they produced an astonishing number of rulers of outstanding ability, who operated in a hugely diverse and complex religious, linguistic and social environment. The Mughals were great patrons of the arts, using them to underpin their political position and leaving behind a particularly rich legacy of visual art. This book showcases the British Library's extensive collection of illustrated manuscripts and paintings that were commissioned by Mughal emperors and other officials and depict the splendour and vibrant colour of Mughal life. The exquisitely decorated works span four centuries, from the foundation of the Mughal dynasty by Babur in the sixteenth century, through the heights of the empire and the 'Great' Mughal emperors of the seventeenth century, into the decline and eventual collapse in the nineteenth century. The lavish artworks cover a variety of subject matter, from scenes of courtly life including lively hunting parties and formal portraits of emperors to illustrations of works of literature which manage to convey complex storylines in a single image, and dramatic panoramas of Indian landscapes. The development of a Mughal style of art can be traced through the illustrations and paintings, as can the influence of European styles, originally as imported exotica. Many of these works have never before been published, and combined here with the engaging narrative of two subject experts who place each image within its historical and art historical context they serve to provide us with a beautiful and illuminating view of the art and culture of Mughal India.


We report on two women presenting with cough and fever, 4 and 7 months, respectively, after starting breast radiation therapy following surgery for breast carcinoma. Chest roentgenogram and computed tomographic (CT) scan demonstrated alveolar opacities, initially limited to the pulmonary area next to the irradiated breast, but later migrating within both lungs. Intra-alveolar granulation tissue was found in transbronchial lung biopsies. Corticosteroid treatment resulted in dramatic clinical improvement, together with complete clearing of the pulmonary opacities on chest imaging. However, clinical and imaging relapses occurred when corticosteroids were withdrawn too rapidly; with further improvement when they were reintroduced. The reported cases clearly differ from radiation pneumonitis. They were fairly typical of cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis, also called idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, with the exception of the radiation therapy, partially affecting the lung, which had been performed within the previous months. Since focal radiation therapy involving the lung may induce diffuse bilateral lymphocytic alveolitis, we hypothesize that this may "prime" the lung to further injury, leading to cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis.


Background: The aim of the study is to compare the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia induced by methionine overload on lipid parameters and structure of the aorta in both male and female rabbits. Materials and methods: Study is carried on 20 male rabbits (control, n=11 and experimented, n=9) and 16 female rabbits, control (n=8) and tested (n=8). Control models are fed standard diet, the Met females and males received standard diet supplemented with Met (500 mg/day) during 3 months. Results obtained from MetM and MetF are compared with those of the respective controls. The body weight is measured, the parameters, Hcy, total cholesterol, total lipids, TG, atherogenicity index ((VLDL+LDL)/ HDL) are determinate by appropriate methods (FPIA, colorimetry). In aorta tissue we assess the total lipids, TC and TG contents and realize a histological study (Masson's staining). Results and discussion: the Met-enriched diet causes a low increase of Hcy (p<0.05) in male, but a significant increase in female (p<0.0001). The TG raise in male (p<0.01) and diminish in female (p<0.01). Atherogenicity index augments from 1,31 to 1,52 in male and from 2,17 to 3,07 in female. At the aortic level, while in male rabbit the total lipid, TC and TG raise significantly (p<0.01), in female TL decrease but TC and TG increase (p<0.01). Aorta of Met female undergoes severe histological changes, such as endothelium hypertrophy, local rupture of the internal elastic lamina, remodelling of media with accumulation of collagens. The observations made in Met male are less important, but the elastic blades present irregular assemblies. Conclusion: Under Met overload, the female aorta tissue presents the most spectacular changes of biochemical as well as histological parameters.


The leukemogenic glycoprotein (gp55) encoded by Friend spleen focus-forming virus is predominantly retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). However, a small proportion (ca. 5%) is processed to form a derivative that occurs on plasma membranes and causes mitosis of infected erythroblasts. We have now found that gp55 folds heterogeneously in the RER to form components with different disulfide bonds and that this difference may determine their processing fates. RER gp55 consists predominantly of monomers with intrachain disulfide bonds. In contrast, the processed molecules are disulfide-bonded dimers. These dimers are extensively modified in transit to cell surfaces by conversion of four N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides to complex derivatives and by attachment of a sialylated O-linked oligosaccharide. The plasma membrane dimers are then slowly shed into the medium by a mechanism that involves proteolytic cleavage of approximately 25 membrane-anchoring hydrophobic amino acids from the carboxyl termini of the glycoproteins. Consequently, shed molecules have shorter polypeptide chains than cell-associated gp55. We conclude that gp55 folds into different disulfide-bonded components that do not substantially isomerize, and that only one specific dimer is competent for export from the RER. Mitogenic activity of gp55 could be caused by the cell surface dimers, by the shed derivative, or by the carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic anchors that remain in the membranes after the shedding reaction.


The study assessed the impact of Constituency Development Fund (COF) on educational development in public primary schools in Mogotio Constituency of Rift Valley since 2003. Between 2003 and 2009, a total of Kenya shillings 222,995,600 has been disbursed to Mogotio Constituency. So far, out of the 171 projects undertaken, 108, (representing 63.1 %) are in the education sector. Of the 108 projects, 90 are in public primary schools and the remaining 18 in secondary. CDF has been characterized by mismanagement, embezzlement, political interference, -itteemplete projects and shoddy jobs (Evusa, 2008). Mogotio Constituency may not be immune to these. Eighty schools in Mogotio constituency have received funding-others several timeswhile 8 have not received a cent since the inception ofthe programme in 2003. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of CDF on educational development of public primary schools since it takes the lion's share of the CDF funds. Specific objectives include: to find out the ext.ent to which CDF has contributed to the provision of physical facilities, to determine how cor has affected enrolment, performance in national exams and to establish the challenges faced in the implementation of the CDF programme in public primary schools. Literature review focused on the overview of the CDF programme in Kenya and the related concepts of decentralization and devolution. Others include: Challenges facing CDF implementation and CDF and Strategic Management. The Descriptive Survey Method using the Purposive Sampling technique was used. Fifty percent of tile 80 public primary schools were targeted for survey. The 42 schools were carefully selected to capture all the varieties of schools in Mogotio in all the 4 divisions: boarding, Jay, rural,urban, over-enrolled and under-enrolled. A census of the 8 schools not funded was done. Thequestionnaire targeting the Headteachers was the primary tool for data collection. Pre-testing wasdone on a few selected respondents in the public primary schools in the neighbouring EldarnaRavine Constituency. Once the data was collected, it was edited, coded, and being a descriptive study, measures of central tendency and dispersion was used. Forty two questionnaires, representing a response rate of 84% were received back. The study found out that the enrolment has not changed much with the introduction of COF. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation index between KCPE mean score and CDF is insignificant (p=+0.122). However, CDF seems to have had a major impact in Mogotio Constituency. The correlation index between the CDF and classrooms is quite significant (p=+0.508). The Major complaint with CDF is the inadequate amount disbursed leading to substandard works and stalled projects. There should be capacity building of the Headteachers of the funded schools to equip them with the necessary technical and supervisory skills before projects begin.


Back ground Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) is a technique which has been used in cancer treatment. This therapy consists of two steps the aim of which is to convert a prodrug to a powerful cytotoxic drug only in the vicinity of the tumor. The technique requires a bacterial enzyme, glucarpidase (former name: carboxypeptidase G2, CPG2). The use of glucarpidase in ADEPT and in detoxification of the cytotoxic methotrexate, MTX is needed to be done in several cycles. This however, hampered by the induced human antibody response to the glucarpidase. The technique therefore will benefit from novel glucarpidase which might avoid the human immune system. Objectives 1.Collections and screening soil samples for novel glucarpidase producing bacteria 2.Characterisation of the isolated bacteria 3.Cloning, overexpression, purification and the molecular characterisation of the novel glucarpidase Methods Isolation of novel glucarpidase producer(s) Over one hundred soil samples were collected from different fields in Qatar where folate rich fruit and vegetables are routinely cultivated. Screening of these samples was performed using folate as the sole carbon and/or nitrogen source. Several molecular techniques were used to characterize the isolated strains. Cloning of the novel glucarpidase gene The gene was cloned by production of genomic library of the novel strain chromosomal DNA and PCR techniques. The gene was subcloned in the overexpression vector pET28a and transformed into E. coli (DE3). The novel gene was expressed by induction using IPTG. The recombinant protein was purified using Ni2+ column. The activity assay was carried out using methotrexate as substrate. Results We successfully isolated two new glucarpidase producing strains, Stenotrophomonas Sp. AA1, and Pseudomonas Sp. AA2. The CPG2 gene from Stenotrophomonas Sp. was cloned and expressed in E. coli using pET28a vector. The SDS analysis showed that the gene was expressed in the soluble form to about 30% of the total protein. The glucarpidase gene was cloned so as to place a polyhistidine tag on the N-terminus of the enzyme. A one-step purification protocol was usually sufficient to obtain essentially pure protein for detailed enzyme assay and characterization. Previous studies indicate that the native form of glucarpidase is Zn2+-dependent. Our data indicate that the recombinant enzyme showed no activity towards the substrate methotraxate in absence of Zn2+ ions. Full activity was restored to the zinc-free enzyme by the addition of Zn2+ to the assay mixture. Therefore, the formation of active enzyme was shown to be dependent on Zn2+. Conclusion We successfully isolated two new glucarpidase producers. We managed to clone express and purify the new glucarpidase gene from one strain. Molecular studies on the novel glucarpidase have been carried out. The novel glucarpidase will pave the way for further application in the cancer drug detoxification and Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy techniques.


How have changes in media affected our everyday experience, behavior, and sense of identity? Such questions have generated endless arguments and speculations, but no thinker has addressed the issue with such force and originality as Joshua Meyrowitz in No Sense of Place. Advancing a daring and sophisticated theory, Meyrowitz shows how television and other electronic media have created new social situations that are no longer shaped by where we are or who is "with" us. While other media experts have limited the debate to message content, Meyrowitz focuses on the ways in which changes in media rearrange "who knows what about whom" and "who knows what compared to whom," making it impossible for us to behave with each other in traditional ways. No Sense of Place explains how the electronic landscape has encouraged the development of: -More adultlike children and more childlike adults; -More career-oriented women and more family-oriented men; and -Leaders who try to act more like the "person next door" and real neighbors who want to have a greater say in local, national, and international affairs. The dramatic changes fostered by electronic media, notes Meyrowitz, are neither entirely good nor entirely bad. In some ways, we are returning to older, pre-literate forms of social behavior, becoming "hunters and gatherers of an information age." In other ways, we are rushing forward into a new social world. New media have helped to liberate many people from restrictive, place-defined roles, but the resulting heightened expectations have also led to new social tensions and frustrations. Once taken-for-granted behaviors are now subject to constant debate and negotiation. The book richly explicates the quadruple pun in its title: Changes in media transform how we sense information and how we make sense of our physical and social places in the world.


Pancreatic beta-cell function was studied in six subjects with mutations in the enzyme glucokinase (GCK) who were found to have elevated fasting and postprandial glucose levels in comparison to six normoglycemic controls. Insulin secretion rates (ISRs) were estimated by deconvolution of peripheral C-peptide values using a two-compartment model and individual C-peptide kinetics obtained after bolus intravenous injections of biosynthetic human C-peptide. First-phase insulin secretory responses to intravenous glucose and insulin secretion rates over a 24-h period on a weight maintenance diet were not different in subjects with GCK mutations and controls. However, the dose-response curve relating glucose and ISR obtained during graded intravenous glucose infusions was shifted to the right in the subjects with GCK mutations and average ISRs over a glucose range between 5 and 9 mM were 61% lower than those in controls. In the controls, the beta cell was most sensitive to an increase in glucose at concentrations between 5.5 and 6.0 mM, whereas in the patients with GCK mutations the point of maximal responsiveness was increased to between 6.5 and 7.5 mM. Even mutations that resulted in mild impairment of in vitro enzyme activity were associated with a > 50% reduction in ISR. The responsiveness of the beta cell to glucose was increased by 45% in the subjects with mutations after a 42-h intravenous glucose infusion at a rate of 4-6 mg/kg per min. During oscillatory glucose infusion with a period of 144 min, profiles from the subjects with mutations revealed reduced spectral power at 144 min for glucose and ISR compared with controls, indicating decreased ability to entrain the beta cell with exogenous glucose. In conclusion, subjects with mutations in GCK demonstrate decreased responsiveness of the beta cell to glucose manifest by a shift in the glucose ISR dose-response curve to the right and reduced ability to entrain the ultradian oscillations of insulin secretion with exogenous glucose. These results support a key role for the enzyme GCK in determining the in vivo glucose/ISR dose-response relationships and define the alterations in beta-cell responsiveness that occur in subjects with GCK mutations.


The article deals with the definition of Estonian literature and the status of Estonian Russian literature by taking Andrei Ivanov's novel A Handful of Dust (2011) as an example. When the literary panel of the annual awards of the Cultural Endowment did not nominate Ivanov's novel, literary debate erupted over the question how to define Estonian literature and whether it included literature written in Russian. Using the branch of comparative literature, image studies, the second part of the article analyses the depiction of Estonian Russians in Ivanov's novel A Handful of Dust . The Estonian Russian background proves to be a useful tool for creating a character who is alienated, who is an existential outsider, thus giving a piercing look into the modern world. The author deals with existential questions and depicts tendencies in the 21st century society where globalization, alienation, depression and loneliness are the keywords and the main character of the novel can be seen as the example of an existential outsider.


Size and symmetry of secondary sexual traits are supposed to be honest signals of male phenotypic quality in vertebrates. Antler size and symmetry, male quality and mating success have not been fully demonstrated to be correlated in cervids. Such correlations can be particularly intriguing in the case of species adopting costly mating strategies, which imply territorial defence without feeding. In these cases, body condition appears to be crucial at the onset of the rut, and large and symmetrical antlers may be borne by successful males. For these reasons, during four consecutive years, we analysed growth rate, size and symmetry of 26 fallow bucks' antlers in relation to individual mating strategy and success in a lekking population. Territorial (T) males, which gained higher mating success in the lek, showed a faster antler growth (about 10 g/d per antler) than non-territorial (NT) males (3.6-5.2 g/d per antler) during the velvet period, and this was likely because of optimized foraging strategies. At the onset of the rut, when antler growth was completed, T males had larger antlers than NT males. Possibly because of worsened body conditions, NT males showed a pronounced antler directional asymmetry, while T males did not. However, no direct link between antler symmetry and mating success was found, thus confirming the ambiguous role of antler asymmetry as an indicator of fitness. The faster the antler growth, the larger its final size and the higher its beholder's mating success. Our results confirmed that, like groaning and scent marking, antler size reflects social status and dominance in male fallow deer, and therefore represents an honest advertisement of phenotypic quality.


Tendinopathy is a broad term encompassing painful conditions occurring in and around tendons in response to overuse. Recent basic science research suggests little or no inflammation is present in these conditions. Thus, traditional treatment modalities aimed at controlling inflammation such as corticosteroid injections and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications (NSAIDS) may not be the most effective options. We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the best treatment options for tendinopathy. We evaluated the effectiveness of NSAIDS, corticosteroid injections, exercise-based physical therapy, physical therapy modalities, shock wave therapy, sclerotherapy, nitric oxide patches, surgery, growth factors, and stem cell treatment. NSAIDS and corticosteroids appear to provide pain relief in the short term, but their effectiveness in the long term has not been demonstrated. We identified inconsistent results with shock wave therapy and physical therapy modalities such as ultrasound, iontophoresis and low-level laser therapy. Current data support the use of eccentric strengthening protocols, sclerotherapy, and nitric oxide patches, but larger, multicenter trials are needed to confirm the early results with these treatments. Preliminary work with growth factors and stem cells is promising, but further study is required in these fields. Surgery remains the last option due to the morbidity and inconsistent outcomes. The ideal treatment for tendinopathy remains unclear. Level of Evidence: Level II, systematic review. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


This title explores the close and vital relationship between the contemporary media and immigration. Drawing on newspapers, magazines, film, television and photography, the contributors examine the effects of mass media on migration behaviour and ethnic identity. Using examples from a range of countries, Media and Migration illustrates how the media intervenes to affect the reception migrants receive, how it stimulates prospective migrants to move and how it plays a dynamic role in the cultural politics and cultural identity of diasporic communities.


Experimental Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectra carry information about the chemical structure of metal protein complexes. However, predicting the structure of such complexes from EXAFS spectra is not a simple task. Currently methods such as Monte Carlo optimization or simulated annealing are used in structure refinement of EXAFS. These methods have proven somewhat successful in structure refinement but have not been successful in finding the global minima. Multiple population based algorithms, including a genetic algorithm, a restarting genetic algorithm, differential evolution, and particle swarm optimization, are studied for their effectiveness in structure refinement of EXAFS. The oxygen-evolving complex in S1 is used as a benchmark for comparing the algorithms. These algorithms were successful in finding new atomic structures that produced improved calculated EXAFS spectra over atomic structures previously found.