In this era of rapid network development, Internet of Things (IoT) security considerations receive a lot of attention from both the research and commercial sectors. With limited computation resource, unfriendly interface, and poor software implementation, legacy IoT devices are vulnerable to many infamous mal ware attacks. Moreover, the heterogeneity of IoT platforms and the diversity of IoT malware make the detection and classification of IoT malware even more challenging. In this paper, we propose to use printable strings as an easy-to-get but effective cross-platform feature to identify IoT malware on different IoT platforms. The discriminating capability of these strings are verified using a set of machine learning algorithms on malware family classification across different platforms. The proposed scheme shows a 99% accuracy on a large scale IoT malware dataset consisted of 120K executable fils in executable and linkable format when the training and test are done on the same platform. Meanwhile, it also achieves a 96% accuracy when training is carried out on a few popular IoT platforms but test is done on different platforms. Efficient malware prevention and mitigation solutions can be enabled based on the proposed method to prevent and mitigate IoT malware damages across different platforms.


The Ore Minerals Under the Microscope: An Optical Guide, Second Edition, is a very detailed color atlas for ore/opaque minerals (ore microscopy), with a main emphasis on name and synonyms, short descriptions, mineral groups, chemical compositions, information on major formation environments, optical data, reflection color/shade comparison with four common/standard minerals of a similar color or grey shade, and up to five high-quality photos for each mineral with scale. In addition, the atlas contains a compilation from some of the prominent publications in the field of ore microscopy presented on a list of 431 minerals. * Concise, full-color pictorial reference for scientists and geologists* Explains how to describe and identify microscopic samples of minerals* Draws material from prominent literature yielding more than 400 different minerals


Clotrimazole was formulated in mucoadhesive vaginal tablet by direct compression technique using natural and synthetic polymer. Tablets were prepared by directly compression using chitosan as natural polymer and HPMC K15 M as synthetic polymer together with or without addition of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The drug content in the tablet was kept 20% each. Drug dissolution rate studies from tablets were carried out in buffer pH 4.8 and distilled water. The mucoadhesive strength was evaluated by detachment force measurement using porcine vaginal mucosal membrane. Chitosan showed maximum bioadhesion and was directly proportional to its total content. The formulations were tested for their swelling behavior using agar agar plate technique. Swelling study data revealed that swelling index increased with an increase in the content of HPMC K15 M. The formula containing 3:1 % polymer ratio shoed adequate release properties in both media and gave lower values of swelling index compared with the other formulations. The biopharmaceutical studies showed that F1, F3, F4 and F5 formulation released the drug up to 20, 26, 27 and 29 hours respectively, while the F2 formulation was able to release the drug for 24 hours so it is best suitable for once a day dosing frequency. Similarly F2 was negligibly affected by aging. Thus F2 formulation may be considered a good candidate for the vaginal mucoadhesive dosage forms. ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY


During the millennium 250 B.C. to 750 A.D., China's long-run economic performance was characterized by a self-sufficient agrarian economy with per-capita GDP and population remaining more or less constant. In the mid-8th century AD, a major civil war initiated a transition away from a self-sufficient agrarian economy towards industrialization. Throughout China, local commercial markets appeared, developed and interconnected, creating national markets for some goods. Commerce and industry appeared on an unprecedented scale and the pace of technological innovation increased. These developments continued and accelerated during the 1000 – 1300 A.D. period, during which time per-capita GDP and population roughly doubled and China emerged as the world's technological leader. This raises an important question in political economy: "What gave rise to China's early Industrial Revolution of 1000 – 1300?" I argue that from the civil war period (755 – 763 A.D.) the political acceptance of regional military governors throughout China changed the power structure of Chinese society. This led to an important change in the property right system, protecting commercial and industrial interests, which gave rise to China's early Industrial Revolution.


Big data has become an important resource not only for commerce but also for governance. Governance-by-data seeks to take advantage of the bulk of data collected by private firms to make law enforcement more efficient. It can take many forms, including setting enforcement priorities, affecting methods of proof, and even changing the content of legal norms. For instance, car manufacturers can use real-time data on the driving habits of drivers to learn how their cars respond to different driving patterns. If shared with the government, the same data can be used to enforce speed limits or even to craft personalized speed limits for each driver. The sharing of data for the purpose of law enforcement raises obvious concerns for civil liberties. Indeed, over the past two decades, scholars have focused on the risks arising from such data sharing for privacy and freedom. So far, however, the literature has generally overlooked the implications of such dual use of data for data markets and data-driven innovation. In this Essay, we argue that governance-by-data may create chilling effects that could distort data collection and data-driven innovation. We challenge the assumptions that incentives to collect data are a given and that firms will continue to collect data notwithstanding governmental access to such data. We show that, in some instances, an inverse relationship exists between incentives for collecting data and sharing it for the purpose of governance. Moreover, the incentives of data subjects to allow the collection of data by private entities might also change, thereby potentially affecting the efficiency of data-driven markets and, subsequently, data-driven innovation. As a result, data markets might not provide sufficient and


We report on the hydrogen nuclei (protons and deuterons) spectrum from 0.15 to 200 GeV and on the helium nuclei spectrum over the energy range from 0.2 to 100 GeV nucleon-1 at the top of the atmosphere measured by the balloon-borne experiment Cosmic Antiparticle Ring-Imaging Cerenkov Experiment (CAPRICE), which was flown from Lynn Lake, Manitoba, Canada, on 1994 August 8-9. We also report on the proton spectrum over the energy range from 0.15 to 4.2 GeV. The experiment used the NMSU-WiZard/CAPRICE balloon-borne magnet spectrometer equipped with a solid radiator Ring-Imaging Cerenkov (RICH) detector and a silicon-tungsten calorimeter for particle identification. This was the first time a RICH was used together with an imaging calorimeter in a balloon-borne experiment. These detectors allowed for clear particle identification, as well as excellent control of the detector efficiencies. The data were collected during 18 hr at a residual mean atmospheric depth of 3.9 g cm-2. With this apparatus 516,463 hydrogen and 32,457 helium nuclei were identified in the rigidity range 0.4 to 200 GV and 1.2 to 200 GV, respectively. The observed energy spectrum at the top of the atmosphere can be represented by (1.1 ± 0.1) × 104 E-2.73 ± 0.06 particles (m2 GeV sr s)-1 for hydrogen (E in GeV) between 20 and 200 GeV and (4.3 ± 0.9) × 102 E-2.65 ± 0.07 particles (m2 GeV nucleon-1 sr s)-1 for helium nuclei (E in GeV nucleon-1) between 10 and 100 GeV nucleon-1. These spectra are in good agreement with other recent measurements above 10 GeV. The observed spectra flatten below 10 GeV due to solar modulation and are consistent with earlier measurements when solar modulation is taken into account. Between 5 and 200 GV the hydrogen to helium ratio as a function of rigidity was found to be approximately constant at 6.1±0.1.


This paper presents a summary of findings from a recent Australian study that investigated perceptions of 'food technology' as viewed by teachers in secondary schools compared to a wider professional view. Maintaining and fostering a coherent and accurate perception throughout the food technology career, from school leaver to professional undergraduate studies, is critical for both the evolution of the field of knowledge and the need to keep up with increasing world demand for food technologists and food innovation. While 'food technology' has been well established in most secondary school curriculum offerings, a contradiction has emerged between the 'school view' of the Food Technology label, and the 'professional view' of the same. A point for debate is that career pathways are confused because of the use of identical language to describe different approaches causing a significant problem for the food profession. The research reported here draws on an emerging framework known as 'Technacy Genre Theory'. It offers an index that defines the nature of the degree of agreement between two forms of technological practice. The research confirmed that the label of 'Food Technology' is perceived significantly and substantially differently between schoolteachers and the wider relevant food profession. The paper concludes with the proposition that Technacy Genre Theory offers a new method for comparing and clarifying many combinations of technological typologies of practice.


The main part of the work done for this master's thesis have been to implement and characterize a setup that would allow for wavelength dependent measurements of losses in waveguides. A plasma enhanced white light source have been used with an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) to filter out a narrow bandwidth of wavelengths for wavelength dependent measurements. The AOTF is designed to operate with a white light laser and the first part of the work was to determine the required characteristics of the input beam and to make the plasma enhanced white light source work with the AOTF. It was found that the light going into the Acoust-optic tunable filter had to be collimated, polarized and sent straight into the filter. Consequently, a setup was designed and implemented to satisfy these requirements. Thin film waveguides were spin-coated to test the different source and detection schemes. This has not been a study of the losses in waveguides, but an investigation of what setup will allow for wavelength dependent measurements of losses in waveguides and what limitations the various setups have. The losses were found for different wavelengths in the range from 600 nm to 1100 nm to show the application of the setups that were designed, when using a Silicon or a Germanium detector in one setup configuration, and when using a spectrometer in a different setup. Different detection schemes, including a microscope camera, a USB spectrometer, and a Germanium or Silicon detector with a lock-in detector and a scanning fiber probe were used. Measuring the losses with the spectrometer enabled measurements of all wavelengths at the same time, but the signal-to-noise ratio was fairly low and the scanning and data acquisition process was manual, and therefore time consuming and with a low resolution. The detection of the scattered light using a lock-in amplifier with a detector gave a higher signalto-noise ratio which allowed for longer scans.


Background— Cardiac cell transplantation is limited by poor graft viability. We aimed to enhance the survival of transplanted cardiomyoblasts using growth factor-supplemented collagen matrices. Methods and Results— H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were lentivirally transduced to express firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Lewis rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation to induce an anterior wall myocardial infarction. Hearts (n=9/group) were harvested and restored ex vivo with 1×106 genetically labeled H9c2 cells either in (1) saline-suspension, or seeded onto (2) collagen-matrix (Gelfoam [GF];), (3) GF/Matrigel (GF/MG), (4) GF/MG/VEGF (10 &mgr;g/mL), or (5) GF/MG/FGF (10 &mgr;g/mL). Hearts were then abdominally transplanted into syngeneic recipients (working heart model). Controls (n=6/group) underwent infarction followed by GF implantation or saline injection. Cell survival was evaluated using optical bioluminescence on days 1, 5, 8, 14, and 28 postoperatively. At 4 weeks, fractional shortening and ejection fraction were determined using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Graft characteristics were assessed by immunohistology. Bioluminescence signals on days 5, 8, and 14 were higher for GF-based grafts compared with plain H9c2 injections (P<0.03). Signals were higher for GF/MG grafts compared with GF alone (P<0.02). GFP-positive, spindle-shaped H9c2 cells were found integrated in the infarct border zones at day 28. Left ventricular (LV) function of hearts implanted with collagen-based grafts was better compared with controls (P<0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor or fibroblast growth factor did not further improve graft survival or heart function. Conclusions— Collagen matrices enhance early survival of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts after transplantation into ischemic hearts and lead to improved LV function. Further optimization of the graft design should make restoration of large myocardial infarctions by tissue engineering approaches effective.


A XeCl excimer laser (20 ns, 25 mJ) was focused on glass samples containing high concentrations of Li and K (10%, 15%, and 20%) in a surrounding gas of air and He. Plasma characteristics are compared in two cases: at 1 atm and at reduced pressure (1–10 Torr). It is shown that the plasma produced at 1 atm cannot be applied to the elemental analysis of solid samples because of strong background emission and self-absorption in the plasma. The spectrum width of the emission line is very wide due to strong interaction in the plasma. In contrast to this, the shock-wave-induced plasma produced at reduced pressure gives a high S/B (ratio of the intensity of the emission line to that of the background) in the measurement of analytical emission lines, and the slope of the calibration curve is near unity in a log-log plot, thus making it possible for emission spectrochemical analysis.


This paper will address two main questions: How should we understand modern Chinese ink art and its many possibilities, when we agree that this has a great bearing on how the traditional medium of ink is being internationally recognized? Is there anything essential about ink art? The discussion begins with a recent ink art exhibition entitled, "New Ink Art: Innovation and Beyond", which shapes new ink art under its various social and cultural contexts. With the controversies on the modernization issues of ink painting, this paper is devoted to reviewing some of the essentialist views of ink painting discussed in the Chinese tradition, and the observations on new ink art from some developmental perspectives, with particular regard to the problems of technique, visuality and metaphysics. The aesthetical references in the Confucian and the Taoist contexts will be revisited, with the example of the theories and the work of Shih Tao, the great Chinese ink painter. The discussion will then be compared and contrasted with the Western Kantian model and Merleau-Ponty's aesthetics. The metaphysical beliefs will be emphasized in the comparative revelation when the focus is on the understanding of art, visuality and corporeality implied in the media.


From its creation to its disposal, there are environmental and health problems associated with polyvinyl chloride (vinyl), the major component of vinyl flooring. The production of vinyl creates toxic waste that must be dumped or incinerated. Because very little vinyl is recycled, the waste material must also be landfilled or burned. Furthermore, the heavy chlorine content of these materials result in the release of dioxins into the environment. A new flooring alternative to vinyl recently entered the market. Stratica, manufactured by Amtico Company Limited based in Coventry, United Kingdom, is made from polymer resins and offers the durability of vinyl without the environmental impact.


Labor leaders and theorists in the United States have called for greater international labor cooperation and solidarity in the face of economic globalization and the declining fortunes of many private sector unions. However, these calls have not adequately analyzed the important role U.S. public sector unions play in the national labor movement and their efforts to confront the threat of the privatization of public services through international labor cooperation. In this exploratory article, the author offers an analysis of U.S. public sector unions, their recent international programs and experiences, and the obstacles and opportunities for coordinating efforts to engage, and possibly transform, international labor cooperation. The author argues that the rising fortunes of most public sector unions are accompanied by increasing interunion contestation and fragmentation, leaving affiliation with the global union federations as the primary, albeit external, source of national coordination.


DNA computing is a new computing paradigm which uses bio-molecular as information storage media and biochemical tools as information processing operators. It has shows many successful and promising results for various applications. Since DNA reactions are probabilistic reactions, it can cause the different results for the same situations, which can be regarded as errors in the computation. To overcome the drawbacks, much works have focused to design the error-minimized DNA sequences to improve the reliability of DNA computing. In this research, Population-based ACO (P-ACO) is proposed to solve the DNA sequence optimization. P-ACO approach is a meta-heuristic algorithm that uses some ants to obtain the solutions based on the pheromone in their colony. The DNA sequence design problem is modelled by four nodes, representing four DNA bases (A, T, C, and G). The results from the proposed algorithm are compared with other sequence design methods, which are Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) methods. The DNA sequences optimized by the proposed approach have better result in some objective functions than the other methods.


Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a major cause of progressive chronic renal failure (CRF) and accounts for less than 20% in the UK of patients requiring dialysis and transplantation. There are many forms of GN, of which IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common, affecting up to 2% of the adult population. GN is characterised by irreversible and progressive glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and retention of uremic toxins. The rate of progression of GN is increased by various clinical factors including hypertension, and the quantity and specificity of proteinuria. Although albuminuria is most widely studied, higher molecular weight proteins such as immunoglobulins (Ig) are more associated with progression of renal disease. In this thesis I have explored the hypothesis that an interaction between tubular cells and filtered Ig/immuno complex (Ig/IC) may involve specific cellular receptors, and thus provide a novel mechanism for the initiation of tubular injury and fibrosis.
Deposition of Ig and IC is seen in renal diseases such as membranous glomerulonephritis, and IgAN. Ig/IC are regarded as responsible for the initiation of glomerular injury in these diseases. However, whether Ig/IC contribute directly to tubular injury is unknown. We previously identified a novel IgA receptor, the Fcα/μ receptor (Fcα/μR), in mesangial cells which may contribute to IgAN. This receptor binds both IgA and IgM but not IgG. I hypothesised that Ig and IC, filtered at the glomerulus, may act on Ig receptors in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) and may play a direct pathophysiological role in the development of interstitial fibrosis. Specifically, that filtered IgA may bind to the Fcα/μR in IgAN. The activation of Ig receptors may stimulate tubular cells to alter cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation (e.g fibronectin (FN)), which are pathophysiological characteristics of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in GN.
I studied primary and immortalised human PTEC using qualitative RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for expression of candidate Ig receptors. I investigated the expression of Ig receptors and their regulation by cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and IL-1α) known to be implicated in GN. The receptors studied include the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), the neonatal receptor (FcRn), the Fcα/μR, the classical IgG receptors (FcγR1, γIIa, γIIb, γIII and the related FcR γ-chain) and the classical IgA receptor (FcαR). None of the classical IgG receptors were expressed by PTEC, nor was the classical IgA receptor. However, the FcRn, pIgR and the Fcα/μR were expressed.
Gene expression of these receptors was investigated under cytokine regulation. IFN-γ, IL-1α and TGF-β1 had no effect on FcRn gene expression. The expression of the pIgR gene was up-regulated by IFN-γ and the Fcα/μR transcript level was up-regulated by IL-1α and IFN-γ but down-regulated by TGF-β1. Expression of Fcα/µR protein by tubular cells was confirmed by western blot analysis by using specific Fcα/µR monoclonal antibody.
Immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of Fcα/µR by PTEC in both normal and diseased kidney and that IgG, IgA and IgM binding varies in parallel with gene expression of related Fc receptors. This binding was associated with increased FN production (assessed by ELISA) and reduced the proliferation of PTEC, demonstrated by [3H]-thymidine uptake assay.
I screened the ability of PTEC to release cytokines under normal conditions and confirmed this by ProteoPlex cytokine array. Among these cytokines there was no significant effect of Ig/IC on IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF released by PTEC, and this was confirmed by specific ELISA for each individual cytokine. The phosphotyrosine/phospho-ERK signalling pathway was unaffected by Ig/IC; however, IgM was able to activate the phospho-ERK pathway. These results suggest that there might be alternative signalling pathways activated by Ig/IC in PTEC.
I then studied the effect of calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressive drugs as a model of tubular toxicity, and statins as immunomodulatory drugs, reputed to protect renal function and known to have immunomodulatory effects. I hypothesised that immunosuppressant agents/statins either alone or in combination with LPS might affect Ig receptors expression, cytokine release, FN production and proliferation by PTEC.
My results inferred that immunosuppressive agents alone have a non-inflammatory response on Ig receptor expression. However, in combination with LPS, the study drugs showed a slight inhibitory effect on the expression of the pIgR on PTEC at the highest concentration only. There was no significant effect of immunosuppressant agents alone or in combination with LPS on IL-6, IL8 and GM-CSF released by PTEC. Cyclosporine, FK506 and sirolimus were shown to inhibit both the production of FN and the growth of PTEC at high doses, thereby exerting an antiproliferative effect.
Both simvastatin and fluvastatin inhibited LPS induced production of IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF, FN and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. 1 micromolar simvastatin/fluvastatin was associated with a 35% reduction in unstimulated FN production, a 51% reduction in proliferation, and reduced production of IL-6 (58%), IL-8 (65%) and GM-CSF (57%). The expression of Ig receptors was increased in a dose-dependent manner in PTEC treated with statins alone or in combination with LPS.
In conclusion, the expression of tubular FcRn, pIgR and Fcα/µR by PTEC is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines. The binding of IgA and IgM, possibly through the Fcα/µR, by PTEC may contribute to immune-mediated nephropathy. The FN production and the proliferation suggest that Ig/IC binding may contribute to the pathophysiology of IC-mediated renal disease. The ability of immunosuppressant agents to reduce FN production, proliferation, and pIgR expression by PTEC may offer potential new strategies for the prevention and treatment of nephrotoxicity, proteinuria and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). The inhibitory effect of statins alone or in combination with LPS on FN production, proliferation and cytokines released suggest that statin therapy may have potential benefit in interstitial nephritis and fibrosis. On other hand, statins alone or in combination with LPS increased the expression of Ig receptors by PTEC.
This thesis shows that the novel human Fcα/µR in PTEC may play an important role in the immune mechanisms involved in the tubular response during renal injury associated with tubular Ig/IC deposits in renal disease.


continent. 2.1 (2012): 2–5 To begin with, as we understand from a remote place like Seoul, there have been two different conceptions of materiality in the Western experimental ?lm history: materiality of cinema and of ?lm. The former has been represented by the practitioners of the so-called the "Expanded Cinema" and the latter by the tradition of the "Hand-made" ?lm. Whereas for the Expanded Cinema, the materiality or the "medium-speci?city" includes not only the ?lm material but also the entire condition and environment in which the cinematic experience is situated (i.e.: screen, projector, audience and theatre); for the Hand-made ?lm, it is the whole ?lmic process prior to the screening in front of the audience (i.e.: hand-processing and optical-printing). The two practices share in the materialist turn that opens up the radical possibilities of aesthetic (and even political) interventions into a process previously considered seamless and transparent. What can be called to attention through the materialist turn includes the aesthetic-institutional process in the projection-spectator relation and the (non-) representational process in ?lm-making. Moreover, these interventions bring their own temporalities back to those processes, and this returning emancipates the temporalities from their subordination to the cinema-as-commodity. Hangjun Lee is a ?lm-based artist whose practice is concerned with Hand-made Film and Experimental Cinema. Given these interests, Lee questions the linkage between materiality and temporality. This was his preoccupation around 2006, the time at which he started to collaborate with Chulki Hong, the noise improviser. The improvisational nature of their audio-visual performances opened means of detouring from the conventional editing techniques. Their collaboration also afforded critical investigations into the performativity of the practices in both the darkroom and the screening room, as well as in the private recording/practicing studio, and public performance spaces for the improvising musician. In fact, it was a kind of common interest shared by both us from the outset. In our collaboration, we avoid sacri?cing/concealing/minimizing one form of performativity (the performative nature and temporality of compositional process) for the sake of the other (i.e. those in improvisational and executional process). In the ?eld of experimental music and sound, this kind of approach has been comprehensively called "cracking" or "hacking". The concepts are ?nely formulated in the coinage of "Cracked Everyday Electronics" (by Voice Crack) or more generally "Handmade Electronic Music" (by Nicolas Collins). 1 And this was a pure but perhaps necessary coincidence. the original title of the work of our collaboration and, retrospectively, of the set of our working principles at the same time, "The Cracked Share" was named by Lee after Georges Bataille's masterwork, The Accursed Share , with the substitution of the adjective with "Cracked" as a synonym for 'reticulated' in the photographic image. We think the ascetic and subtractive aesthetic turn of the contemporary non-idiomatic improvised (and even somewhat non-improvised) music 2 pushed us further towards more radical dissociation with the empty temporality of commodi?ed audio-visual experience. It can be called the aesthetics of "without," and exemplars include Yoshihide Otomo's Turntable Without Records , Sachiko M's Sampler without Samples . There are also other radical experiments even with the (non-)improvised music without noise and sounds that neatly meet the rules and idioms of the existing/established experimental music. For us, this thread among the experimental music currents weighs in its emphasis on subtractive and dissociational power unique to improvisational action. Surely, the tradition of the Cracked and Handmade improvised music teaches us the crucial lesson that "[m]edia and mediation are never transparent" and that "[m]ediation actively transforms data from one form to another and is never passive." 3 We couldn't agree to this statement more. However, without the removal and withdrawal power of improvisation that poses and keeps both subjects (performer and audience) and objects (projector and instrument) in "inferiority," 4 generalized cracking and hacking practices—or simply "glitch"—in music and visuals would be either sublimated into the mystical and ritualistic forms of "Film Alchemy" and "Noise Music" (to which both of us still strongly feel a belonging but also, more or less, ambivalent sentiments), or else assimilated into the logic of the commodi?ed audio-visual communication. Today in music, this principle of improvisational performativity should be formulated as the dis-organization of sound against the associational de?nition of (electronic) music and it needs to be translated into audio-visual experiences. In other words, cracking practices of free improvisation need not be limited in artistic creativity, in a darkroom, in a studio, or on the stage; the principle of the dis-organization of sound should be the principle of dis-organization (or cracked organization) of audio-visual performance space itself. NOTES 1) Norbert Moslang, "How Does a Bicycle Light Sound?: Cracked Everyday Electronics," Leonardo Music Journal 14 (2004): 83; Nicolas Collins, Handmade Electronic Music: The Art of Hardware Hacking (New York: Rutledge, 2006). 2) We refer this not to the historical style or genre but rather the idea and practice that ?free improvisation? stands for. On the distinction between idiomatic and non-idiomatic improvisation, see Derek Bailey, Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice in Music (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 1993). On radically politico-histrorical interpretations of free improvisation and noise music from various present viewpoints, see Noise and Capitalism , (eds.) Mattin & Anthony Iles (Arteleku Audiolab, 2009). 3) Caleb Kelly, Cracked Media: The Sound of Malfunction (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009), p. 29. 4) I borrow the term from my long-time collaborator, Choi Joonyong. See Ryu Hankil, Hong Chulki & Choi Joonyong, Inferior Sounds (Balloon and Needle, CD, 2011).


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the nutritional status of patients on hospital admission, identify the length of hospital stay and identify the parameters of nutritional assessment that are most closely related with the length of stay (LOS).

METHODS
A cross-sectional study of 278 hospitalized patients evaluated patients' nutritional status in the 48 hours after admission and their LOS after discharge. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, related to nutrition status were analyzed, such as: weight, height, arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold thickness (TST), mild arm muscle circumference (MAMC), albumin (Alb) and hemoglobin (HB). Body mass index (BMI) was used to classify the nutritional status. All the nutritional factors except type of disease, gender and age were associated with LOS. The chi-square, Student-t, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and binary logistic multivariate tests were used in the statistical analyses.

RESULTS
The majority of patients was male (53%), elderly (56%) and had neoplasm (19.4%). Undernutrition was higher in the elderly (p < 0.05) and neoplasm patients (p < 0.05), overweight or obese patients were more likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.001). Average LOS was 14.7 days (± 12.5), longer in neoplasm patients (p < 0.05) and in elderly ones (p < 0.05), and also was 3 times longer in males (p < 0.0001). Among the nutritional parameters, patients with AC under 25 cm had higher LOS (p < 0.05), but only in women could it be considered a marker, increasing LOS 2.8 times. BMI less than 20 kg/m(2) increased LOS 2.1 times, and biochemical data (Alb and HB) do not contribute. In the multivariate analyses, male gender and TST depletion were the significant factors, which together best explained the lengths of hospital stay.

CONCLUSION
LOS was associated with disease, gender, age and nutritional status. We can highlight two anthropometric analyses: first, AC can be used in women as a marker of longer LOS and second TST is the best overall predictor of longer hospital stay.


A sporadic series of opinions dating back seven decades has incre-mentally established that, in Texas, the executive has no authority to pool the royalty or nonexecutive mineral interest covered by an oil and gas lease. Conversely, the owners of nonexecutive interests do have a choice whether or not to ratify leases that purport to cover their interest. This state of the law arose first from cases involving royalty apportionment and community leases, then drawing in nonexecutive interests, before finally establishing the privileged position of freestanding royalty and nonexecutive mineral interests. Texas should instead follow the lead of Louisiana and West Virginia and again recognize the executive position the lessor has vis-`a-vis nonexecutive interests. So long as the duty of the executive to associated nonexecutive interests is observed, leasing executives should be able to bind those nonexecutives to all the terms of a lease, including pooling and entireties clauses. Thereafter, a lessee should be able to voluntarily pool those interests provided it does so as a reasonably prudent operator. As recent litigation shows, this change would prevent situations in which small nonexecutive interests far from production make payment claims based on dubious title assertions. It would also promote the state's policy of fostering mineral development and ease title examination burdens related to the or-derly development of leases. Within the existing jurisprudence, when a freestanding royalty owner files lease ratifications in the public record or is judicially determined to have ratified a lease, it should be subject to every term in the lease. This includes provisions to apportion royalties on a tract-specific basis rather than across the entire lease. Such ratifications should not be revocable. Several defensive measures, such as drafting carefully to limit lease coverage, getting ratifications before development, and using allocation wells, may help lessees in certain, but not all, instances.


Coral reefs across the world have been seriously degraded and have a bleak future in response to predicted global warming and ocean acidification (OA). However, this is not the first time that biocalcifying organisms, including corals, have faced the threat of extinction. The end‐Triassic mass extinction (200 million years ago) was the most severe biotic crisis experienced by modern marine invertebrates, which selected against biocalcifiers; this was followed by the proliferation of another invertebrate group, sponges. The duration of this sponge‐dominated period far surpasses that of alternative stable‐ecosystem or phase‐shift states reported on modern day coral reefs and, as such, a shift to sponge‐dominated reefs warrants serious consideration as one future trajectory of coral reefs. We hypothesise that some coral reefs of today may become sponge reefs in the future, as sponges and corals respond differently to changing ocean chemistry and environmental conditions. To support this hypothesis, we discuss: (i) the presence of sponge reefs in the geological record; (ii) reported shifts from coral‐ to sponge‐dominated systems; and (iii) direct and indirect responses of the sponge holobiont and its constituent parts (host and symbionts) to changes in temperature and pH. Based on this evidence, we propose that sponges may be one group to benefit from projected climate change and ocean acidification scenarios, and that increased sponge abundance represents a possible future trajectory for some coral reefs, which would have important implications for overall reef functioning.


Hybrid MoO3/HAT-CN is employed as a hole injection layer (HIL) in green inverted colloidal quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs). The hybrid HILs can be easily prepared and have been found to effectively improve the electroluminescent properties. The best performance device had an HIL of 1.5 nm-thick MoO3/2.5 nm-thick HAT-CN and showed a turn-on voltage of 1.9 V, a maximum current efficiency (CEmax) of 41.3 cd A-1, and maximum external quantum efficiency of 9.72%. Compared to the corresponding devices with the single MoO3 or HAT-CN interlayer, the CEmax of the hole-only devices was improved by 1.6 or 1.5 times, respectively. The measured electrical performance shows that hole-only devices with hybrid HILs have a smaller leakage current density at low driving voltage and much enhanced hole injection current than the devices with single interlayers. It indicates that much improved electroluminescent efficiency in green inverted QLEDs with hybrid MoO3/HAT-CN orginates from the significant enhancement of hole injection efficiency and suppression of space charge accumulation in the quantum dot-emitting region due to the improved balance of the charge carriers. The hybrid HILs can be extended to other color inverted QLEDs, which are favorable to achieve bright, highly efficient, and color saturation devices for display applications.


The Agrio Formation (Valanginian to early Barremian) is a siliciclastic and carbonate unit of the Neuquen Basin in west central Argentina. A conspicuous 20 m thick dolomitized section near the top of the upper Agua de la Mula Member of the Agrio Formation was identified for the first time in this unit. The analyzed section is composed of dolostones with scarce siliciclastic intercalations. A tidal flat environment with highfrequency cycles is suggested for the measured section. Petrography, SEM, X-Ray, EDAX and cathodoluminiscence analyses showed two different dolomitization processes. The first one comprises early mimetic and non mimetic dolomitization on ooids, bioclasts and early marine cements. The second one reveals precipitation of dolomite cement. The mimic dolomitization indicates that this process took place before the inversion from aragonite to calcite, or from low magnesium calcite to high magnesium calcite. The dolomitization should have been soon after the deposition. The presence of dolomite cement is probably related to a high concentration of Mg 2+ coming from sea water flushing into highly porous sediments mixed with fresh waters from the continent. This is suggestive of a change of diagenetic environment from marine to meteoric, probably during sea level changes. A model that explains these processes is the shallow seawater dolomitization model. This model proposes that dolomitization is triggered by the drive of large amount of seawaters through the sediments.


This paper aims to investigate the uncertainty ranges of high flows under climate change in Jinhua River basin, eastern China. Four representative concentration pathways (RCPs), three global climate models (GCMs), 10 downscaling parameter sets and three hydrologic models are applied to simulate future discharges. Changes of annual maximum discharges are assessed for the baseline period (1961–1990) and future period (2011–2040). The uncertainties of annual maximum discharges are calculated for each uncertainty source and compared with different combinations of them. The minimum temperature will probably increase all year round in the future period and maximum temperature would increase in most cases. The changes of precipitation showed different directions by different models and emission scenarios. The annual maximum discharges would decrease for all RCPs. The order of uncertainty ranges of high flows due to different uncertainty sources from high to low is: hydrologic models, GCMs, parameter sets in the downscaling method and emission scenarios. It must be noted that the small uncertainty contribution from different emission scenarios is due to the study period when the differences in increase of radiative forcing and greenhouse gas concentration are less obvious between different RCPs compared to the second half of the 21st century.


Understanding how often do animals emit communication signals is of critical importance to address a variety of research questions in behavioral ecology and sexual selection. However, information on vocal output, a central component of investment in signaling, is lacking for most species employing acoustic communication. Because this lack of information is partly due to logistical and methodological difficulties in monitoring animal signaling over time, developing new approaches to quantify vocal output is of special importance. We asked whether the number of recordings of avian vocalizations in sound archives and the times when such recordings were obtained reflect estimates of vocal output and temporal patterns of vocal activity obtained through systematic monitoring of wild bird populations in tropical forest sites. Based on a sample of 43 montane forest species, we found significant relationships between the number of recordings of species detected through continuous monitoring over several months and the number of recordings archived in sound collections, especially when accounting for the area of distribution of each species. In addition, daily activity patterns based on data collected through continuous monitoring over several days did not differ from those based on recordings archived in sound collections in 12 of 15 species of lowland forest birds. Annual patterns in vocal activity of two species estimated based on recordings in collections closely resembled previously published patterns. We conclude that recordings in sound collections contain valuable yet previously unappreciated information about the vocal output and temporal patterns in vocal activity of birds. This opens the possibility of using sound collections to assess vocal output and to consider it as a variable of interest in studies on the ecology and evolution of birds and other animals that use acoustic signals for communication. We encourage field workers to keep the ears wide open, and the recorders wide ready to record.


This special issue focuses on the integration of different disciplines, ranging from seismic sequence stratigraphy and seismic interpretation to stratigraphic and basin modelling. Integration has been a recurring topic for several decades in the industry, but it is a topic that requires constant attention to bring to new levels of maturity in the workplace. The question is why – especially since the industry has widely acknowledged that the integration of disciplines is vital. Looking at possible factors, integration is often difficult due to lack of knowledge of the other disciplines, a perennial need for well-documented examples, and obstacles to communication. With this special issue of Petroleum Geoscience , and the EAGE Research Workshop in September 2006 from which these articles derive, we are contributing to discipline integration by communicating results of real-life case studies. Improving communication and exchanging results generated by these different disciplines will enable us to achieve a better overall understanding of the geological setting in basins.

For example, basin modellers are aware that their models can be improved by additional information, such as porosity values, lithology variation within formations (Hantschel 2006), fluid migration pathways (Ligtenberg & Thomsen 2003) and detailed structural data, available from application of sequence stratigraphy, stratigraphic modelling, interpretation and inversion of seismic data (Klarner et al . 2008). Similarly, sequence stratigraphers should be able to derive useful additional information from seismic data and could be assisted by information from stratigraphic and basin modelling. However, such integration of different methods is often hampered due to unstructured communication between the different disciplines involved and insufficient case studies to establish best practice.

The current practice of building reservoir models often patches together separate models for the different data, which can lead to inconsistent results without truly balancing scales, resolution and coverage. For example, to achieve integration, what …


ABSTRACT Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a human genetic disorder associated with cancer predisposition. The BS gene product, BLM, is a member of the RecQ helicase family, which is required for the maintenance of genome stability in all organisms. In budding and fission yeasts, loss of RecQ helicase function confers sensitivity to inhibitors of DNA replication, such as hydroxyurea (HU), by failure to execute normal cell cycle progression following recovery from such an S-phase arrest. We have examined the role of the human BLM protein in recovery from S-phase arrest mediated by HU and have probed whether the stress-activated ATR kinase, which functions in checkpoint signaling during S-phase arrest, plays a role in the regulation of BLM function. We show that, consistent with a role for BLM in protection of human cells against the toxicity associated with arrest of DNA replication, BS cells are hypersensitive to HU. BLM physically associates with ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and rad3+ related) protein and is phosphorylated on two residues in the N-terminal domain, Thr-99 and Thr-122, by this kinase. Moreover, BS cells ectopically expressing a BLM protein containing phosphorylation-resistant T99A/T122A substitutions fail to adequately recover from an HU-induced replication blockade, and the cells subsequently arrest at a caffeine-sensitive G2/M checkpoint. These abnormalities are not associated with a failure of the BLM-T99A/T122A protein to localize to replication foci or to colocalize either with ATR itself or with other proteins that are required for response to DNA damage, such as phosphorylated histone H2AX and RAD51. Our data indicate that RecQ helicases play a conserved role in recovery from perturbations in DNA replication and are consistent with a model in which RecQ helicases act to restore productive DNA replication following S-phase arrest and hence prevent subsequent genomic instability.


SUMMARY In France, salmonellosis is the main cause of foodborne bacterial infection with serotypes Enteritis (SE) and Typhimurium (ST) accounting for 70% of all cases. French authorities implemented a national control programme targeting SE and ST in poultry and eggs from October 1998 onwards. A 33% decrease in salmonellosis has been observed since implementation. We designed an evaluation of the impact of this control programme on SE and ST human infections in France. Using monthly Salmonella human isolate reports to the National Reference Centre we defined two intervention series (SE and ST) and one control series comprising serotypes not know to be associated with poultry or eggs. The series, from 1992 to 2003, were analysed using autoregressive moving average models (ARMA). To test the hypothesis of a reduction of SE and ST human cases >0 after the programme started and to estimate its size, we introduced an intervention model to the ARMA modelling. In contrast to the control series, we found an annual reduction of 555 (95% CI 148–964) SE and of 492 (95% CI 0–1092) ST human infections, representing respectively a 21% and 18% decrease. For SE, the decrease occurred sharply after implementation while for ST, it followed a progressive decrease that started early in 1998. Our study, suggests a true relation between the Salmonella control programme and the subsequent decrease observed for the two targeted serotypes. For ST, however, the decrease prior to the intervention may also reflect control measures implemented earlier by the cattle and milk industry.


This thesis investigates cross-flow flow-induced vibration of elastically mounted rigid circular and square cylinders with low mass and damping ratio over a range of low and vibration parameters. In particular, two typical body oscillator phenomena of flow-induced vibration, vortex-induced vibration and galloping, are studied experimentally. Thus, the study consists of two main parts. The first part, using simultaneous displacement, force and vorticity measurements, investigates the dynamic response of a circular cylinder undergoing transverse free vortex-induced vibrations and controlled trajectory-following vibrations. The second part characterises the amplitude and frequency responses of a square cylinder with angle of attack variation. Despite extensive work has been undertaken to understand the fundamental characteristics of free and forced vibrations of a circular cylinder, there are still a number of unresolved questions in the literature concerning the similarities and differences between the free and forced vibration cases. In order to directly compare these two vibration cases, a low-friction air-bearing rig and a real-time feedback control system were therefore designed and implemented in experiments. The major results obtained show that the transverse lift force and the decomposed vortex force experienced by a cylinder forced to follow the trajectory of free VIV are identical to the free vibration case, when both the total phase and the vortex phase relative to the body motion are constantly stable. However, significant differences between the two vibration cases are found at a reduced velocity located in the middle upper branch of VIV where largest-scale body vibration occur with complex switching phenomena in the total phase and the vortex phase. The results from the second part, flow-induced vibration of a square cylinder with angle of attack variation, show that the cylinder, as expected, experiences galloping at the zero angle of attack orientation (0 degree) and vortex-induced vibration at the diamond orientation (45 degree). As the angle of attack is varied from 45 degree to 0 degree, the body can undergo combinations of both vortex-induced vibration and galloping in a mixed response region. In this region, the oscillation amplitude response exhibits a new branch that exceeds the responses resulting from the two body-oscillator phenomena independently. For velocities above this resonant region, the body oscillation frequency splits into two diverging branches. Further, analysis of the amplitude reveals that the transition between galloping and vortex-induced vibrations occurs over a narrow range of angle of incidence. Despite the rich set of states found in the parameter space the vortex shedding modes remain very similar to those found previously in vortex-induced vibration.


We present an algorithm for selecting a uniform sample of gravitationally lensed quasar candidates from low-redshift (0.6 < z < 2.2) quasars brighter than i = 19.1 that have been spectroscopically identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Our algorithm uses morphological and color selections that are intended to identify small- and large-separation lenses, respectively. Our selection algorithm only relies on parameters that the SDSS standard image processing pipeline generates, allowing easy and fast selection of lens candidates. The algorithm has been tested against simulated SDSS images, which adopt distributions of field and quasar parameters taken from the real SDSS data as input. Furthermore, we take differential reddening into account. We find that our selection algorithm is almost complete down to separations of 1″ and flux ratios of 10-0.5. The algorithm selects both double and quadruple lenses. At a separation of 2″, doubles and quads are selected with similar completeness, and above or below 2″ the selection of quads is better or worse, respectively, than for doubles. Our morphological selection identifies a nonnegligible fraction of single quasars: to remove these we fit images of candidates with a model of two point sources and reject those with unusually small image separations and/or large magnitude differences between the two point sources. We estimate the efficiency of our selection algorithm to be at least 8% at image separations smaller than 2″, comparable to that of radio surveys. The efficiency declines as the image separation increases because of larger contamination from stars. We also present the magnification factor of lensed images as a function of the image separation, which is needed for accurate computation of magnification bias.


Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is rare condition and may occur due to genetic mosaism, which may affect only some cells, or develop somatic mutation instead of germinal mutation. A 28-year-old female patient who had had no history of systemic disease, trauma, drug use, or intraocular surgery had progressive vision loss and nyctalopia in her right eye. Her anterior and posterior segment examination revealed posterior subcapsular cataract and RP with lamellar macular hole (MH) in the right eye. Surgery was planned and after phacoemulsifi cation and intraocular lens implantation as well as pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling, the lamellar MH was completely closed and the foveal contour is formed. Many macular abnormalities can be seen in unilateral RP cases. It is of great importance to detect these macular pathologies early to apply appropriate treatment and to prevent the addition of central visual fi eld to peripheral visual fi eld lost due to RP.


The Hardy-Weinberg law, formulated about 100 years ago, states that under certain
assumptions, the three genotypes AA, AB and BB at a bi-allelic locus are expected to occur in
the proportions p2, 2pq, and q2 respectively, where p is the allele frequency of A, and q = 1-p.
There are many statistical tests being used to check whether empirical marker data obeys the
Hardy-Weinberg principle. Among these are the classical xi-square test (with or without
continuity correction), the likelihood ratio test, Fisher's Exact test, and exact tests in combination
with Monte Carlo and Markov Chain algorithms. Tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE)
are numerical in nature, requiring the computation of a test statistic and a p-value.
There is however, ample space for the use of graphics in HWE tests, in particular for the ternary
plot. Nowadays, many genetical studies are using genetical markers known as Single
Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). SNP data comes in the form of counts, but from the counts
one typically computes genotype frequencies and allele frequencies. These frequencies satisfy
the unit-sum constraint, and their analysis therefore falls within the realm of compositional data
analysis (Aitchison, 1986). SNPs are usually bi-allelic, which implies that the genotype
frequencies can be adequately represented in a ternary plot. Compositions that are in exact
HWE describe a parabola in the ternary plot. Compositions for which HWE cannot be rejected in
a statistical test are typically "close" to the parabola, whereas compositions that differ
significantly from HWE are "far". By rewriting the statistics used to test for HWE in terms of
heterozygote frequencies, acceptance regions for HWE can be obtained that can be depicted in
the ternary plot. This way, compositions can be tested for HWE purely on the basis of their
position in the ternary plot (Graffelman & Morales, 2008). This leads to nice graphical
representations where large numbers of SNPs can be tested for HWE in a single graph. Several
examples of graphical tests for HWE (implemented in R software), will be shown, using SNP
data from different human populations


The Vietnam War has been analyzed, dissected, and debated from multiple perspectives for decades, but domestic considerations - such as partisan politics and election-year maneuvering - are often overlooked as determining factors in the evolution and outcome of America's longest war. In "Vietnam's Second Front: Domestic Politics, the Republican Party, and the War", Andrew L. Johns assesses the influence of the Republican Party - its congressional leadership, politicians, grassroots organizations, and the Nixon administration - on the escalation, prosecution, and resolution of the Vietnam War. This groundbreaking work also sheds new light on the relationship between Congress and the imperial presidency as they struggled for control over U.S. foreign policy. Beginning his analysis in 1961 and continuing through the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, Johns argues that the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations failed to achieve victory on both fronts of the Vietnam War - military and political - because of their preoccupation with domestic politics. Johns details the machinations and political dexterity required of all three presidents and of members of Congress to maneuver between the countervailing forces of escalation and negotiation, offering a provocative account of the ramifications of their decisions. With clear, incisive prose and extensive archival research, Johns' analysis covers the broad range of the Republican Party's impact on the Vietnam War, offers a compelling reassessment of responsibility for the conflict, and challenges assumptions about the roles of Congress and the president in U.S. foreign relations. This title presents a fascinating look at the Republican Party's impact on the Vietnam War.


The purpose of this paper is to discuss and classify the roles of customers in innovations. In literature on innovations, customers have been increasingly emphasised as a source for innovations and also in how they help develop ideas in their early phases. This paper exemplifies various customer roles in innovations through three case studies. These describe the customer as initiator, as co-producer and as inspiration for business development. Through using role theory to discuss customers in innovations, it becomes explicit how customers may play their traditional roles, add roles or transfer to new roles beyond the scope of being a customer. Furthermore, the paper shows that customer roles change during the innovation process from added or transferred towards more traditional ones.


This brief presents a hardware architecture and algorithmic improvements for list successive cancellation (SC) decoding of polar codes. More specifically, we show how to completely avoid copying of the likelihoods, which is algorithmically the most cumbersome part of list SC decoding. The hardware architecture was synthesized for a block length of N=1024 bits and list sizes L=2, 4 using a UMC 90 nm VLSI technology. The resulting decoder can achieve a coded throughput of 181 Mb/s at a frequency of 459 MHz.


In the crystalline southern Appalachians, the Carolina are terrane is in fault contact with the Piedmont terrane along a seismically reflective surface dipping toward the hinterland and called the central Piedmont suture. The central Piedmont suture may be interpreted as a thrust, but existing data also support a Silurian-Devonian, normal-slip origin: (1) There are lower-grade rocks in the hanging wall than in the footwall. (2) A normal-fault solution allows simultaneous metamorphism of the Piedmont terrane and Carolina terrane, prior to their juxtaposition along the central Piedmont suture. (3) Mineral ages in the Piedmont terrane are older in the west than in the east, consistent with an eastward-progressive unroofing. (4) Along the western edge of the Carolina terrane, a linear belt of Devonian subalkalic to alkalic granitoids and gabbro-norites with low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios may represent mantle-derived magmas along the axis of rifting that are contemporary with major crustal extension. The westernmost Piedmont terrane includes the Chauga belt. The Chauga belt comprises metavolcanic and metaplutonic units similar in rock type and age to those of the western Carolina terrane. Chauga belt rocks are interpreted to be the westernmost exposures of the Carolina terrane, translated west on the lower plate by extension. The Piedmont and Carolina terranes may thus compose a single lithotectonic element. The Piedmont terrane would represent the basement on which the arc was constructed; the terrane was uplifted during extension along a major low-angle normal fault, recognized today as the central Piedmont suture.


Few texts have argued for the artistic rights of female authors as passionately as Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own, a provocative essay that joined the ranks of essential feminist texts by defending the ideal of an independent, creative working woman. Both Woolf's arguments for the breaking of patriarchal norms and her artful fictional depiction of the damage done by patriarchy have inspired her categorization as an empowering feminist author. However, upon closer examination, the positive, almost utopian vision of selfsufficient women found in A Room is surprisingly absent from two of her best-known novels, To the Lighthouse and Mrs. Dalloway. The female characters portrayed therein, such as Lily Briscoe or Clarissa Dalloway, do not in fact strive for independence but rather fail to seize opportunities for social change, falling into obedience under traditional patriarchal control. Meanwhile, socially dictated feminine roles like Mrs. Ramsay's are portrayed in an accepting if not fairly positive light, with no equally strong models of successful working women to counter them. The range and setup of Woolf's fictional characters provide examples curiously unlike the standard striven for in A Room, calling into question whether she considered it genuinely possible, and furthermore casting doubt on the classification of these novels as patently feminist. Building upon such considerations, this project argues that the social vision proposed in A Room is more a quixotic ideal than a workable goal for Woolf, and that the failures of her characters reflect her underlying pessimism about the likelihood of women overcoming oppression in practice. This demands a reconsideration of Woolf's social philosophy, viewing her not as an optimistic and action-oriented feminist but as a critic of the fallibility of both men and women, who saw potential avenues for social improvement but did not confidently expect them to be fulfilled.


Electrophysiological Study of Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Sperm and Egg S. Miyazaki The Development of Amphibian Spinal Neurons in Vivo and in Culture N.C. Spitzer Alteration of Na and Ca Spikes in Adult Mammalian Neurons during Neurite Growth in Tissue Culture J. Fukuda The Role of Active Zones in Developing Neuromuscular Junctions T. Takahishi, Y. Nakajima, K. Hirosawa, S. Nakajima and K. Onodera Basal Lamina and the Topography of Synapse Formation in Muscle J.R. Sanes Regeneration of Specific Synapses and Triggers of Axon Growth K.J. Muller Specific Terminal Elimination at Neuromuscular Junctions during Postnatal Development Y. Miyata Properties of a Steady Electric Current Generated at Rat Lumbrical Muscle End Plates W.H. Betz, J.H. Caldwell, G.L. Harris and S.C. Kinnamon Competitive Apportionment of Innervation to Individual Rabbit Ciliary Neurons and Its Signifiance for the Innervation of Other Classes of Target Cells D. Purves and C.J. Forehand The Response of Embryonic Chick Motoneurons to an Altered Periphery L.T. Landmesser On the Specificity of Sensory-Motor and Peripheral Synaptic Connections J.W. Lichtman and E. Frank Postnatal Development of the Monosynaptic Reflex in the Rat: an in Vitro Study N. Kudo Survival Factors for Motoneurons and Other Neurons of Chick Embryo Spinal Cord H. Tanaka Synaptic Plasticity in the Cerebellar Cortex M. Sakurai Modification of the Rubral Activities during Classical Conditioning of the Cat Y. Oda Activity-Dependent Neuromodulation: a Mechanism for Associative Plasticity E.T. Walters and J.H. Byrne The Postnatal Development and Plasticity ot the Somatosensory System T.A. Woolsey Mode of Axonal Growth in Developing and Regenerating Retinotectal Projection H. Fujisawa The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns S. LeVay Differences in the Rate of Postnatal Neuronal Maturation among Cortical Layers: Early- and Late-Maturing Neurons in the Kitten Visual Cortex T. Tsumoto and K. Suda


The Yemen conflict has had a catastrophic effect on its people, with specific impacts on already-vulnerable women and girls. But political talks about Yemen's future have almost exclusively been conducted by male politicians and combatants. This contrasts with the 2011 uprising, when women helped set Yemen on a path towards political reform. However, the 2011 peace initiative which followed the uprising lacked inclusivity and proved to be unsustainable. The forthcoming talks about Yemen's future must not repeat these flaws. Ensuring women have a meaningful voice in the peace process increases the likelihood that its outcomes benefit the majority of Yemenis and enjoy their support.


The use of 'explicitly metacognitive' learning strategies has been proposed as an explanation for uniquely human capacities for cumulative culture. Such strategies are proposed to rely on explicit, system-2 cognitive processes, to enable advantageous selective copying. To investigate the plausibility of this theory, we investigated participants' ability to make flexible learning decisions, and their metacognitive monitoring efficiency, under executive function (EF) load. Adult participants completed a simple win-stay lose-shift (WSLS) paradigm task, intended to model a situation where presented information can be used to inform response choice, by copying rewarded responses and avoiding those that are unrewarded. This was completed alongside a concurrent switching task. Participants were split into three conditions: those that needed to use a selective copying, WSLS strategy, those that should always copy observed information, and those that should always do the opposite (Expt 1). Participants also completed a metacognitive monitoring task alongside the concurrent switching task (Expt 2). Conditions demanding selective strategies were more challenging than those requiring the use of one rule consistently. In addition, consistently copying was less challenging than consistently avoiding observed stimuli. Differences between selectively copying and always copying were hypothesised to stem from working memory requirements rather than the concurrent EF load. No impact of EF load was found on participants' metacognitive monitoring ability. These results suggest that copying decisions are underpinned by the use of executive functions even at a very basic level, and that selective copying strategies are more challenging than a combination of their component parts. We found minimal evidence that selective copying strategies relied on executive functions any more than consistent copying or deviation. However, task experience effects suggested that ceiling effects could have been masking differences between conditions which might be apparent in other contexts, such as when observed information must be retained in memory.


Covering 400 years of Shakespeare scholarship, Schoenbaum's now classic William Shakespeare: A Documentary Life received high acclaim from critics and scholars. The New York Review of Books called it "a masterpiece," and the Guardian labeled it "our best life of Shakespeare." Making the resources of the world's greatest Shakespeare collections more accessible to all readers, this updated "Compact Life" contains a refined and amplified version of the original text and fifty of the original documents reproduced in smaller format. Schoenbaum has incorporated new material into his narrative, including an eyewitness account, in harrowing detail, of a murder believed to have occurred in New Place, the house that Shakespeare bought in Stratford in 1597. He also provides a new postscript which includes newly-compiled information from recent research on Shakespeare.


The Fate of Family Farming employs a hands-on approach, with much local New England detail, in its exploration of the history and future of American family farming as an idea and as an ongoing way of life. Early chapters situate family farming within American history, beginning with Jamestown and Plymouth, continuing with Jefferson, Emerson and others, and including the technological transformations occuring in farming during the twentieth century. An extended chapter deals with the idea of "agrarianism," and considers in detail the work of Louis Bromfield, Victor Hanson, and Wendell Berry. The middle section of the book opens a window on present-day farming with detailed portraits of four farms devoted, respectively, to the production of maple syrup, eggs and corn, milk, and apples. The author takes the reader to the barns and fields of these farms, introduces the farm families, helps the reader taste the syrup and corn and smell the silage and, ultimately, enables others to see the economic and ecological challenges that farmers today face, and to consider their strategies for survival. In the last portion of the book the author provides a very accessible examination of the role of farm technology and global economics, including the many ironies of farming "success," followed by a chapter that balances the threat and promise of biotechnology, and a concluding analysis of the current struggle for "the soul of agriculture."


The White Devil is one of the most violent and most fascinating plays in English theatrical history. It is also a notoriously challenging work; this volume offers a practical, accessible and thought-provoking guide to the play, surveying its major themes and critical reception. It also provides a detailed and up-to-date history of the play's performance, beginning with its first staging in 1611 staging and ending with the RSC's 2014 revival. Moving through to four new critical essays, it opens up cutting-edge perspectives on the work, and finishes with a practical guide to pedagogical approaches and resources. Detailing web-based and production-related resources, and including an annotated bibliography of critical works, the guide will equip teachers and facilitate students' understanding of this complex play.


Abstract Background MDR and hypervirulence (hv) are typically observed in separate Klebsiella pneumoniae populations. However, convergent strains with both properties have been documented and potentially pose a high risk to public health in the form of invasive infections with limited treatment options. Objectives Our aim was to characterize the genetic determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in two ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates belonging to the international MDR clone ST15. Methods The complete genome sequences of both isolates, including their plasmids, were resolved using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Results Both isolates carried large mosaic plasmids in which AMR and virulence loci have converged within the same vector. These closely related mosaic hv-MDR plasmids include sequences typical of the K. pneumoniae virulence plasmid 1 (KpVP-1; including aerobactin synthesis locus iuc) fused with sequences typical of IncFIIK conjugative AMR plasmids. One hv-MDR plasmid carried three MDR elements encoding the ESBL gene blaCTX-M-15 and seven other AMR genes (blaTEM, aac3'-IIa, dfrA1, satA2, blaSHV, sul1 and aadA1). The other carried remnants of these elements encoding blaTEM and aac3'-IIa, and blaCTX-M-15 was located in a second plasmid in this isolate. The two isolates originated from patients hospitalized in Norway but have epidemiological and genomic links to Romania. Conclusions The presence of both virulence and AMR determinants on a single vector enables simultaneous transfer in a single event and potentially rapid emergence of hv-MDR K. pneumoniae clones. This highlights the importance of monitoring for such convergence events with stringent genomic surveillance.


Image-based high-throughput phenotyping technologies have been rapidly developed in plant science recently and they provide a great potential to gain more valuable information than traditionally destructive methods. Predicting plant biomass is regarded as a key purpose for plant breeders and ecologist. However, it is a great challenge to find a suitable model to predict plant biomass in the context of high-throughput phenotyping. In the present study, we constructed several models to examine the quantitative relationship between image-based features and plant biomass accumulation. Our methodology has been applied to three consecutive barley experiments with control and stress treatments. The results proved that plant biomass can be accurately predicted from image-based parameters using a random forest model. The high prediction accuracy based on this model, in particular the cross-experiment performance, is promising to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck in biomass measurement in breeding applications. The relative contribution of individual features for predicting biomass was further quantified, revealing new insights into the phenotypic determinants of plant biomass outcome. What's more, the methods could also be used to determine the most important image-based features related to plant biomass accumulation, which would be promising for subsequent genetic mapping to uncover the genetic basis of biomass. One-sentence Summary We demonstrated that plant biomass can be accurately predicted from image-based parameters in the context of high-throughput phenotyping. Footnotes This work was supported by the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), the Robert Bosch Stiftung (32.5.8003.0116.0) and the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BEL, 15/12-13, 530-06.01-BiKo CHN) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 0315958A and 031A053B). This research was furthermore enabled with support of the European Plant Phenotyping Network (EPPN, grant agreement no. 284443) funded by the FP7 Research Infrastructures Programme of the European Union.


Therapeutic ultrasound angioplasty is an emerging minimally invasive cardiovascular procedure for disrupting atherosclerotic lesions using small diameter wire waveguides. The lesions are damaged through a combination of direct ablation, pressure waves, cavitation and acoustic streaming caused by distal-tip displacements at ultrasonic frequencies.

Numerical and experimental methods are used to investigate the outputs of the wire waveguides during ultrasonic activation. A commercially available generator and acoustic horn are used in combination with Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) wire waveguides in this study. A laser sensor is used to measure the frequency and amplitude output of the distal tip of the wire waveguide, and this is compared to amplitude estimations obtained using an optical microscope. Power is observed to affect both amplitude and frequency.

Clinical devices will require long, flexible waveguides with diameters small enough to access the coronary arteries. A finite element model is used to design tapered sections in long wire waveguides in order to achieve low profile distal geometry, and improve ultrasonic wave transmission. These tapered sections reduce the wire waveguide diameter in two stages, firstly from 1 to 0.35mm and then from 0.35 to 0.2, while increasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave by factors of 2.85 and 1.75, respectively. The numerical model also showed damping could potentially be a significant problem in long untapered wire waveguides (>l.5m).

Experimental ablation trials were conducted using the tapered long wire waveguides, including assessment of the effect of various combinations of bend radii and bend angles. The waveguide was found to perform well, but increased power levels were required to transmit ultrasound through tortuous waveguide configurations.


Gastrin releasing peptide-receptor (GRPR) is ectopically expressed in over 60% of colon cancers. GRPR expression has been correlated with increased colon cancer cell migration. However, the signaling pathway by which GRPR activation leads to increased cancer cell migration is not well understood. We set out to molecularly dissect the GRPR signaling pathways that control colon cancer cell migration through regulation of small GTPase RhoA. Our results show that GRP stimulation activates RhoA predominantly through G13 heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. We also demonstrate that PDZ-RhoGEF (PRG), a member of RGS-homology domain containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RH-RhoGEFs), is the predominant activator of RhoA downstream of GRPR. We found that PRG is required for GRP stimulated colon cancer cell migration, through activation of RhoA-ROCK signaling axis. In addition, PRG-RhoA-ROCK pathway also contributes to Cox-2 expression. Increased Cox-2 expression is correlated with increased production of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), and Cox-2-PGE2 signaling contributes to total GRPR mediated cancer cell migration. Our analysis reveals that PRG is over-expressed in colon cancer cell lines. Overall, our results have uncovered a key mechanism for GRPR regulated colon cancer cell migration through Gα13-PRG-RhoA-ROCK pathway.


Why is it that stellar students sometimes fail in the workplace while dropouts succeed? One reason is that most, if not all, of our current assessment practices are inauthentic. Just as the lecture focuses on the delivery of information to students, so does assessment often focus on having students regurgitate that same information back to the instructor. Consequently, assessment fails to focus on the skills that are relevant in life in the 21st century. Assessment has been called the "hidden curriculum" as it is an important driver of students' study habits. Unless we rethink our approach to assessment, it will be very difficult to produce a meaningful change in education.


Twice in Luke's gospel, and only ever in Luke's gospel, we are presented with the curious response of Mary to mysterious events concerning her son: "but Mary kept all these things, pondering them in her heart" (Lk 2:19) and "but his mother kept all these things in her heart" (Lk 2:52). We are never told exactly what Mary makes of these things she witnesses and hears. Her silence extends to us here, in the present, from this distant past. And indeed, this is quite a different response to that which she earlier gives her cousin Elizabeth, when she bursts into song. Of course, many have offered their own interpretations of Mary's silence, especially that she ideally demonstrates the piety required in the face of the divine truth of the son and as such is a Christian role model. Mary's response is not just silence, but a contemplative silence. However, rather than universalising Mary's meditative reaction, as indicative of the best way for men and women to respond to what is deemed the truth of the divine, I want to insist on interpreting these biblical moments as a contemplative silence for women. I shall do so by developing Irigaray's work on the cultivation of the breath and silence to promote the possibility of "becoming woman". Here, I draw specifically from Irigaray's stunning, though, to many perplexing recasting of the Madonna, and her insistence that "women mindful of their liberation" need to imitate Mary and not Jesus.


Abstract It is common practice to incorporate deterministic transmissibility multipliers into simulation models of siliciclastic reservoirs to take into account the impact of faults on fluid flow, but this is not common practice in carbonate reservoirs due to the lack of data on fault permeability. Calculation of fault transmissibilities in carbonates is also complicated by the variety of mechanisms active during faulting, associated with their high heterogeneity and increased tendency to react with fluids. Analysis of the main controls on fault-rock formation and permeability from several carbonate-hosted fault zones is used to enhance our ability to predict fault transmissibility. Lithological heterogeneity in a faulted carbonate succession leads to a variety of deformation and/or diagenetic mechanisms, generating several fault-rock types. Although each fault-rock type has widely varying permeabilities, trends can be observed dependent on host lithofacies, juxtaposition and displacement. These trends can be used as preliminary predictive tools when considering fluid flow across carbonate fault zones. Fewer mechanisms occur at lower displacements (<30 m), creating limited fault-rock types with a narrow range of low permeabilities regardless of lithofacies juxtaposition. At increased displacements, more fault-rock types are produced at juxtaposition of different lithofacies, with a wide range of permeabilities.


The experts of the IW Financial Expert Survey predict a steeper yield curve with a larger increase in long-term than in short-term interest rates by the end of 2018. Moreover, the average forecasts indicate higher stock market indices, a mild depreciation of the Euro vis-a-vis the US-Dollar, but a larger drop in oil prices by the end of the fourth quarter of 2018. However, despite the expectation of higher interest rates, the short-term interest rate is predicted to remain in negative territory. The 3-month Euribor is, on average, expected to reach -0.31 percent at the end of the fourth quarter of 2018, while the yield on German government bonds with 10-year maturity is expected to reach 0.75 percent by then. Stock markets are, on average, expected to increase by 6.8 percent (Stoxx 50) and 9.4 percent (DAX 30) until the end of the year 2018. During that same period, the experts predict a mild depreciation of the Euro by 0.89 percent vis-a-vis the US Dollar, while oil prices are expected to drop by 9.0 percent. The expectation of an increase in the long rate and a slight increase in the short rate, together with the expected delayed monetary tightening of the ECB, hint at a financial market outlook characterised by a cautious approach to monetary normalisation. In this cautious approach, the ECB lets the market determine the first increases in long-term interest rates before it stops intervening at the long end of the yield curve, while keeping the short end of the yield curve lower. This cautious approach to monetary policy normalization is reflected in the projection of the yield curve. Moreover, the experts expect that the development of the Euro and the development of oil prices as well as the development of the stock market will support the ECB's cautious approach to monetary normalization instead of forcing a faster exit from low interest rates. Each quarter we ask the participants alternating questions on current topics. At this time, we were interested in their opinion on the proposed Euro area reforms. The majority of the surveyed experts is of the opinion that a European monetary fund is needed in the Euro area. Moreover, a majority of the same size thinks that macroprudential policies are worthwhile for stabilizing the Euro area. In addition to that, the same majority sees the need for insolvency proce-dures for states. A small number of experts only sees a European finance minister and the introduction of sovereign-bond-backed securities as worthwhile. These proposals have the highest number of experts who think of them as counter-productive. The evaluation of the forecasting performance of the latest forecasts yielded the result that Deutsche Bank performed best in predicting trends in the long-term ranking, which covers all forecasts from March 2015 to March 2018. The experts of Deutsche Bank also performed best in the short-term ranking, which covers the surveys from December 2017 and March 2018 for the 3-months ahead prediction and the survey for December 2017 for the 6-month forecasts. When it comes to point prediction, in the long-term evaluation of the period running from March 2015 to March 2018, the experts of National-Bank performed best in predicting all indicators, while the Commerzbank experts produced the most precise point forecasts for all indicators for the short-term evaluation period.


Abstract The effect of irrigation system uniformity on the selection of risk-efficient irrigation strategies is evaluated using crop simulation and stochastic dominance procedures. Alternative strategies are evaluated under assumptions of both uniform and non-uniform application. Results indicate that the variability of net returns resulting from the employment of a specified schedule increases when irrigation uniformity is explicitly represented. Solutions derived using economic efficiency and stochastic dominance criteria indicate that the uniformity with which irrigations are applied contributes to the application of water-intensive irrigation schedules.


Introduction :  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative chronic disease that is often experienced by the elderly. The chronic process of chronic osteoarthritis causes clients to choose non-medical treatments. Various factors can influence the tendency of people to choose the method of treatment for the disease. These factors may come from internal, external or client environments.
Objective : Analyze factors related to the use of complementary treatments in elderly with osteoarthritis in Surabaya.
Methods : The research used cross sectional design with cluster  random sampling technique selected 101 respondents. Statistical test with multiple logistic regression.
Results : The results showed that client knowledge of osteoarthritis disease had a meaningful relationship with the selection of complementary care use in elderly with osteoarthritis with p = 0.040
Conclusions : The dominant factor that influences the selection of complementary care in elderly with osteoarthritis is client knowledge of osteoarthritis.


Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have become common parts of modern concrete practice. The blending of two or three cementitious materials to optimize durability, strength, or economics provides owners, engineers, materials suppliers, and contractors with substantial advantages over mixtures containing only portland cement. However, these advances in concrete technology and engineering have not always been adequately captured in specifications for concrete. Users need specific guidance to assist them in defining the performance requirements for a concrete application and the selection of optimal proportions of the cementitious materials needed to produce the required durable concrete. The fact that blended cements are currently available in many regions increases options for mixtures and thus can complicate the selection process. Both portland and blended cements have already been optimized by the manufacturer to provide specific properties (such as setting time, shrinkage, and strength gain). The addition of SCMs (as binary, ternary, or even more complex mixtures) can alter these properties, and therefore has the potential to impact the overall performance and applications of concrete. This report is the final of a series of publications describing a project aimed at addressing effective use of ternary systems. The work was conducted in several stages and individual reports have been published at the end of each stage.


The French National Library (BnF*) has launched many mass digitization projects in order to give access to its collection. The indexation of digital documents on Gallica (digital library of the BnF) is done through their textual content obtained thanks to service providers that use Optical Character Recognition softwares (OCR). OCR softwares have become increasingly complex systems composed of several subsystems dedicated to the analysis and the recognition of the elements in a page. However, the reliability of these systems is always an issue at stake. Indeed, in some cases, we can find errors in OCR outputs that occur because of an accumulation of several errors at different levels in the OCR process. One of the frequent errors in OCR outputs is the missed text components. The presence of such errors may lead to severe defects in digital libraries. In this paper, we investigate the detection of missed text components to control the OCR results from the collections of the French National Library. Our verification approach uses local information inside the pages based on Radon transform descriptors and Local Binary Patterns descriptors (LBP) coupled with OCR results to control their consistency. The experimental results show that our method detects 84.15% of the missed textual components, by comparing the OCR ALTO files outputs (produced by the service providers) to the images of the document.


The southern Tongue of the Ocean is a 1300-m-deep, flat-floored basin in the Bahamas that receives large amounts of sediment from the carbonate platforms surrounding it on three sides. We have examined five 8–13-m-long piston cores and determined bulk sedimentation rates, turbidite frequency, and turbidite accumulation rates for the past two glacial and interglacial periods. The mean of bulk sedimentation rates is four to six times higher in interglacial periods; average accumulation rates of recognizable turbidites are higher by a factor of 21 to 45, and interglacial turbidite frequency is higher by a factor of 6 to 14. Sediment composition indicates that increased interglacial rates are due to higher accumulation of platform-derived material. Additional data from other Bahamian basins as well as published material from the Caribbean strongly suggest that highstand shedding is a general trend in pure carbonate depositional systems. Carbonate platforms without a siliciclastic component export more material during highstands of sea level when the platform tops are flooded and produce sediment. The response of carbonate platforms to Quaternary sea-level cycles is opposed to that of siliciclastic ocean margins, where sediment is stored on the inner shelf during highstands and passed on to continental rises and abyssal plains during lowstands of sea level.


In 2008, the Central Government of India granted 122 telecom licenses to various companies in response to 575 applications for licenses. In a report in 2010-11, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India concluded that the allocation of these 122 licenses was characterised by policy gaps and irregularities in procedure. The Government was criticised for cherry-picking the telecom regulators recommendations; for ignoring market based mechanisms like auctions; and for administratively allocating licenses at prices discovered in 2001 on the pretext of providing a level playing field with incumbent operators. The estimated loss by the CAG according to three different estimates ranged from Rs 53523 to 139652 crores. Media coverage of the report and license allocation, hyped as the "2G Scam," was followed by public outrage and protests. On the 2nd of February 2012, the Supreme Court of India, in response to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL), cancelled all 122 telecom licenses granted in 2008 and directed that the spectrum linked with these licenses be auctioned.The verdict took the telecom industry by surprise and left the Government running for cover. The unaffected incumbent operators praised the verdict for giving a blank slate to the Government - an opportunity to chalk out a fresh concrete policy for efficient management of spectrum and maximization of government revenues. The affected licensees, however, complained that the Supreme Court left a question mark with respect to the future of operators who had already rolled out their networks. Many investors such as the Telenor Group (of Uninor) had already invested over Rs 6,100 crores in equity and over Rs 8,000 crores in corporate guarantees as a foreign investor that trusted a telecom licence stamped by the Government of India. The company had appealed to the government for a solution so that its customers are not affected by the verdict. ''We also expect the authorities to ensure that our 36 million customers, 17500 workforce and 22000 partners are not unjustly affected,'' said Uninor . A few other foreign investors even threatened to invoke foreign investment treaties to indemnify their losses. Some others have decided to write off the losses and exit the market completely.Industry experts fear that the reduced competition by the mass cancellation of licenses is expected to lead to an increase in tariffs in the near future. Further, experts also fear that a few telecom infrastructure companies are expected to become unsustainable as their primary customers were the cancelled licensees. The Supreme Court ruling comes in a scenario wherein telecommunications in India is torn between the New Telecom Policy of 1999 (NTP 1999) and the Draft New Telecom Policy of 2011 (DNTP 2011), which is yet to be finalised and notified in February 2012. In these times of uncertainty, all stakeholders look towards the Central Government for guidance with very high expectations.


Objective To quantify the burden of selected congenital anomalies in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) that could be reduced should surgical programmes cover the entire population with access to quality care. Design Burden of disease and epidemiological modelling. Setting LMICs from all global regions. Population All prevalent cases of selected congenital anomalies at birth in 2010. Main outcome measures Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Interventions and methods Surgical programmes for three congenital conditions were analysed: clefts (lip and palate); congenital heart anomalies; and neural tube defects. Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study were used to estimate the combination of fatal burden that could be addressed by surgical care and the additional long-term non-fatal burden associated with increased survival. Results Of the estimated 21.6 million DALYs caused by these three conditions in LMICs, 12.4 million DALYs (57%) are potentially addressable by surgical care among the population born with such conditions. Neural tube defects have the largest potential with 76% of burden amenable by surgery, followed by clefts (59%) and congenital heart anomalies (49%). Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the greatest proportion of surgically addressable burden for clefts (68%), North Africa and Middle East for congenital heart anomalies (73%), and South Asia for neural tube defects (81%). Conclusions There is an important and neglected role surgical programmes can play in reducing the burden of congenital anomalies in LMICs.


This study of the theatre of the British Labour Movement had
its roots in 1985 when History Workshop published a collection
of documents relating to the Workers' Theatre Movements in
Britain and America between 1880 and 1935. In his introductory
essay in Theatres of the Left, Raphael Samuel concludes that
there are no traditions in British Labour Theatre except those
which have been broken or lost, that
There is no continuous history of socialist or
alternative history to be discovered, rather a
succession of moments separated from one another by
a rupture (1).
Since this conclusion was reached, others have repeated
Samuel's assertion in varying forms. So, Andrew Davies talks
of "scanty Chartist theatrical activity" and of the mainstream
lab6ur movement in the 1920s remaining "uninterested in
cultural matters" and Ian Saville asserts that
the conception of a partisan, organised theatre
devoted to spreading the socialist message
throughout the working classes only began to take
shape in Britain in the mid-1920s (2).
Yet a cursory glance at the theatre which preceded the
Workers' Theatre Movement, a glance which Raphael Samuel
provides in his introductory essay on theatre and socialism in
Britain, reveals I a plethora of activity in the labour
movement. From the Chartists and the Owlenites in the nineteenth century, through the Socialist Sunday Schools and
the Socialist League to the Clarion movement, the Independent
Labour Party and the Labour Party, the theatrical activity
pointed to by Samuel is startling in comparison to anything we
can see today. What follows is an attempt to look at some of
those moments, to look at the plays they produced and at both
how and why working class political organisations looked to
the theatre, to try to ascertain if they were indeed no more
than broken threads and if so to try to account for why this
may be the case. It is also an attempt to re-examine some of
our notions of what is political theatre, for since the
discovery of the work of the Workers' Theatre Movement and
subsequently of the Actresses Franchise League much has been
made of these as the starting point of political theatre in
Britain. Yet, for a country with one of the longest traditions
of organised working class movements, such assertions seem at
best strange, at worst dishonest.
One clue as to the reason for such claims can be found in the
characterisation of the theatre of the organised working class
prior to the Workers' Theatre Movement which has become common
currency. It was, in the words of Colin Chambers, primarily
of ethical and anti-militarist rather than directly political",
or in the words of Raphael Samuel:
First, the belief that it is their mission to bring
the working class into contact with "great" art (ie
capitalist art) and second, the tendency to produce
plays which may deal with the misery of the workerss
may even deal with the class struggleg but which
show no way out, and which therefore spread a
feeling of defeat and despair (3).
Such definitions of what is (or rather what is not) political
theatre rest very heavily on a notion that political is most
importantly propaganda. If the theatre that existed in
connection with political organisations prior to 1926 was not
propagandist then it follows for some that it was not
political. What follows is therefore also an attempt to
uncover a different approach, by looking at the groups own
justifications for their involvement in theatrical ventures as
part of the struggle for socialism.