Following recent studies using Bourdieusian field theory to examine journalistic freedom and media criticism, we investigated the Turkish press using a comparative perspective focusing on the media's interaction with the nexus of power/government and market mechanisms. Using a snapshot of four Turkish newspapers in 2013, we analyzed their critical content vis-a-vis reporting about the government. To explain differences of criticism across these media outlets, we extended our qualitative and quantitative analyses to three sociopolitically key years with regard to the consolidation of governmental power. Our results indicate that what explains media criticism goes beyond structural factors and should also involve both between- and within-field variations, emphasizing media as a semiautonomous field.


Progressive dyspnea following childbirth warrants a prompt suspicion into the diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy, PPCM. Pump failure causes an inadequate cardiac output which ultimately contributes to PPCM high mortality rate; however early airway control, vigilant fluid balance and vasoactive support will substantially reduce the incidence of patients falling into decompensated heart failure. More importantly, it is imperative that these patients are cared in a setting where continuous hemodynamic monitoring is available. This case report serves as a reminder not to focus end-point therapy solely on blood pressure readings, but to observe signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion such as cold clammy skin, cool extremities, decreased urine output and mental status.


This report considers the influence of the rising powers on the governance of international peace and security, and especially United Nations (UN) peacekeeping and peacebuilding. It argues that the rising powers are committed to the reform of the global order, and that they are pursuing a multilateral rulebased global architecture that can provide the legal and political framework necessary to ensure a more equitable, enforceable and stable global order, in which it would be impossible for any one country, or bloc of countries, to dominate the system. However, this reform agenda needs to be understood in long-term evolutionary terms. The rising powers have a strong incentive to be cautious in their approach, because disruptions to the global order would harm their own economic growth and thus their own internal developmental agendas. In the context of peacekeeping and peacebuilding, the report argues that the reform of the international peace and security system is not a high priority for the rising powers in the short to medium term, bar exceptional cases like Libya and Syria. However, the influence of these powers may gradually result in UN peacekeeping and peacebuilding becoming more sensitive to respect for sovereignty and national ownership.


The interview was recorded at Washington, DC, on October 7, 2000 . The Interviewers was James Sutterlin. Known for leading the Iraq Survey Group (ISG) that conducted investigation of the scope of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and releasing the final report on Iraq's purported WMD programs (the Duelfer Report), Charles A. Duelfer's career in national security agencies began working at the White House Office of Management and Budget, where he was responsible for Department of Defense strategic nuclear forces and space programs. He joined the United Nations, after working as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for arms control and multilateral defence matters in 1993, as Deputy Executive Chairman for the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM). Mr. Duelfer served in UNSCOM until its termination in 1999; he eventually became acting Executive Chairman.

The interview was conducted on 7 October 2000, shortly after the end of UNSCOM. Giving special insight to Iraqi relations, Mr. Duelfer relays his experiences with working in the Special Commission


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to determine the effect of preconception-initiated daily low-dose aspirin (LDA; 81 mg/day) treatment on time to pregnancy in women with a history of pregnancy loss.

DESIGN
This was a multicenter, block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were block-randomized by center and eligibility stratum.

SETTING
The study was conducted at four U.S.A. medical centers (2007-2012).

PARTICIPANTS
Participants women aged 18-40 years actively attempting pregnancy, stratified by eligibility criteria: the "original" stratum, women with one loss <20 weeks' gestation during the previous year; and the "expanded" stratum, women with one or two previous losses of any gestational age regardless of time since loss.

INTERVENTION
Daily LDA was compared with matching placebo for up to six menstrual cycles of attempting pregnancy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Time to hCG detected pregnancy and clinically confirmed pregnancy, analyzed by intention-to-treat, was measured.

RESULTS
Of the 1228 women randomly assigned to LDA (n = 615) or placebo (n = 613), 410 (67%) women receiving LDA achieved pregnancy compared to 382 (63%) receiving placebo, corresponding to a fecundability odds ratio (FOR) of 1.14 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.33). Among women in the original stratum (n = 541), LDA was associated with increased fecundability compared to placebo (FOR: 1.28; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.62).

CONCLUSIONS
Preconception-initiated LDA treatment resulted in a nonsignificant increase in fecundability of 14% in women with a history of 1-2 pregnancy losses, and a significant increase of 28% in women with a history of only one pregnancy loss of <20 weeks' gestation in the preceding year. Preconception-initiated LDA may increase fecundability in certain women with a recent early pregnancy loss.


PURPOSE
An estimated 150,000 children are born with birth defects each year. One of the most frequent genitourinary abnormalities is horseshoe kidney (HSK). The incidence of HSK in the population is estimated to be 1/400 to 1,600 births based on autopsy data from the 1940s and 1950s. We prospectively evaluated the incidence of HSK based on radiographic studies to determine the contemporary incidence of HSK.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In a 6-month period patients undergoing abdominal computerized tomography, renal ultrasonography and excretory urography were screened for HSK. After identification medical charts were reviewed for demographics, history, study indication and findings. A literature review of 12 studies of 825 patients with HSK was compared with the current series with regard to common associated findings.

RESULTS
From 15,320 radiographs 23 patients were identified with HSK for an overall incidence of 1/666. Computerized tomography, excretory urography and ultrasound identified 16, 5 and 2 patients, respectively, while 16 were male, 7 were female, 20 were adults and 3 were children. The most common concomitant urological disorder was nephrolithiasis in 9 patients (39%), prompting operative intervention in 4. The radiographic incidence of HSK closely matched data from autopsy series and yet it differed from that in current radiographic series using ultrasound in the perinatal period.

CONCLUSIONS
Our radiographic evaluation of the HSK incidence closely matches past autopsy series. This finding suggests that the incidence of HSK remains stable despite an increasing number of birth defects. Moreover, it appears that radiographic studies can accurately estimate the incidence of congenital anatomical disorders. Our data suggest that HSK is a relatively benign condition with a low requirement for operative intervention in these incidentally identified patients.


The amphipod family Stenothoidae contains more than 200 species in about 40 genera; these genera are at present often defi ned not by the presence, but by the absence of synapomorphies, thus defi ning grades rather than clades. Our phylogenetic analyses yielded 4 groups of stenothoids: a basic proboloidid clade; an advanced and always clearly separated Austral-Antarctic thaumatelsonid clade, with a possibly related Arctic mesometopid clade; and fi nally a poorly resolved group, the stenothoids sensu stricto, including the large and probably polyphyletic genera Stenothoe and Metopa, each with more than 50 species. It is proposed to study and analyse these groups separately in future, based on better redescriptions of the individual species. Our analyses support the family status of the Thaumatelsonidae, erected as a family by Gurjanova in 1938, but reduced to subfamily rank by Barnard in 1972.


The polynomial regression (PR) technique is used to estimate the parameters of the dependent variable having a polynomial relationship with the independent variable. Normality and nonlinearity exhibit polynomial characterization of power terms greater than 2. Polynomial Regression models (PRM) with the auxiliary variables are considered up to their third order interactions. Preliminary, multicollinearity between the independent variables is minimized and statistical tests involving the Global, Correlation Coefficient, Wald, and Goodness-of-Fit tests, are carried out to select significant variables with their possible interactions. Comparisons between the polynomial regression models (PRM) are made using the eight selection criteria (8SC). The best regression model is identified based on the minimum value of the eight selection criteria (8SC). The use of an appropriate transformation will increase in the degree of a statistically valid polynomial, hence, providing a better estimation for the model.


This beautifully produced, richly detailed and comprehensive survey of fifty influential women artists from the Renaissance to the Post-Modern era details their vast contributions to the art world. From the Early Baroque painter Artemisia Gentileschi and the seventeenth-century illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian to Impressionists Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot, and to modern icons such as Frida Kahlo, Georgia O Keefe and Louise Bourgeois, the most important female artists are profiled in this book in chronologically arranged double-page spreads. For each artist there is a timeline highlighting significant events in her life; a succinct biography and information outlining her accomplishments and influence; additional resources to further study of the artist and, best of all, brilliant full-color reproductions of the artist s works. Packed with information, here is a stunning and absorbing book that clearly illustrates the remarkable artistic contributions of women throughout history.


In this paper, we propose an automated approach to facilitate the deobfuscation of Android native binary code. Specifically, given a native binary obfuscated by Obfuscator-LLVM (the most popular native code obfuscator), our deobfuscation system is capable of recovering the original Control Flow Graph. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first work that aims to tackle the problem. We have applied our system in different scenarios, and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our system based on generic similarity comparison metrics.


The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of extrinsic motivation provided through an Accelerated Reading program (AR) on gifted students' reading levels as indicated by a voluntary test. Fifty-six gifted students enrolled at two middle schools located in central Georgia participated in this study. Twenty of the students received extrinsic motivation through AR during this research. Thirty-four of them also read through the AR program, but without any additional extrinsic motivation. Their scores on the voluntary test indicate that the group who did not receive extrinsic motivation actually gained more between the pretest to the posttest than the group who did receive extrinsic motivation, even though both groups of students made some gains from the pretest to the posttest. One implication of this study is that intrinsic instead of extrinsic motivation may be more effective for gifted students. Another implication for future research is to compare the effects of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation on improving reading across different groups of students including regular education, special education, and gifted students.


An experimental investigation of the coherent interaction of femtosecond pulses with two resonant sequential transitions of Rb atoms is presented. Fluorescence from the atomic system exhibits beating at a frequency given by difference in the sequential atomic transitions. The results are interpreted in terms of quantum interference in the induced coherence and its interaction with the field that results from a cooperative emission process.


This memo addresses the case of using IP as the delivery protocol or
the payload protocol and the special case of IP as both the delivery
and payload. This memo also describes using IP addresses and
autonomous system numbers as part of a GRE source route. This memo
provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not
specify an Internet standard of any kind.


Following the seminal idea of Tukey, data depth is a function that measures how close an arbitrary point of the space is located to an implicitly defined center of a data cloud. Having undergone theoretical and computational developments, it is now employed in numerous applications with classification being the most popular one. The R-package ddalpha is a software directed to fuse experience of the applicant with recent achievements in the area of data depth and depth-based classification.
ddalpha provides an implementation for exact and approximate computation of most reasonable and widely applied notions of data depth. These can be further used in the depth-based multivariate and functional classifiers implemented in the package, where the $DD\alpha$-procedure is in the main focus. The package is expandable with user-defined custom depth methods and separators. The implemented functions for depth visualization and the built-in benchmark procedures may also serve to provide insights into the geometry of the data and the quality of pattern recognition.


Background: Adequate staffing is key to the delivery of nursing care and thus to improved inpatient and health service outcomes. Several systematic reviews have addressed the relationship between nurse staffing and these outcomes. Most primary studies within each systematic review are likely to be from high-income countries which have different practice contexts to low and middle-income countries (LMICs), although this has not been formally examined. We propose conducting an umbrella review to characterise the existing evidence linking nurse staffing to key outcomes and explicitly aim to identify evidence gaps in nurse staffing research in LMICs. Methods and analysis: This protocol was developed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Literature searching will be conducted across Ovid Medline, Embase and EBSCO Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. Two independent reviewers will conduct searching and data abstraction and discordance will be handled by discussion between both parties. The risk of bias of the individual studies will be performed using the AMSTAR-2. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical permission is not required for this review as we will make use of already published data. We aim to publish the findings of our review in peer-reviewed journals. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021286908 Open Peer Review


Complex legal issues often involve contested facts that require expert knowledge. In such cases, legal decision makers look to experts from fields as diverse as the behavioral, social, biomedical, or physical sciences to help settle disputes. More Than the Law provides a fascinating and accessible introduction for students and other readers to the ways in which behavioral and social knowledge can and should inform legal decisions, as well as ways in which such knowledge can be misused. Eleven different stories are presented, highlighting major legal decisions such as mandatory testing for drug use in schools, abortion, use of the death penalty, and jury selection, among others. Chapters include a presentation of each decision and an analysis that critically explores the behavioral and social facts relevant to the case. Through these stories, students will discover the complexities and problems that can result from the application of behavioral science to legal decisions. Behavioral and social science experts will come to understand the special duty they bear to provide legal decision makers with the most accurate information available. And empirical researchers will recognize vast opportunities for research that could have a real impact in the courts, legislatures, and administrative agencies. This exceptional book fills a gap in the field of legal studies, offering a sophisticated examination of the use of behavioral and social science facts in judicial, legislative, and administrative determinations.


This document is from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is a letter written by G. W. Duncan and is addressed to Mary Ann Moore. Duncan details that he has deposited twenty-five dollars in the Collin County Bank for Moore and he is enclosing the receipt for the money. In the letter's closing, Duncan mentions that his family is well and he hopes that the letter finds Moore well too. He closes by stating that they may visit Moore in the summer. The letter is dated January 6, 1903 and was written in Princeton, TX.


The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that is activated by a structurally diverse array of synthetic and natural chemicals, including toxic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Analysis of the molecular events occurring in the AhR ligand binding and activation processes requires structural information on the AhR Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) B-containing ligand binding domain, for which no experimentally determined structure has been reported. With the availability of extensive structural information on homologous PAS-containing proteins, a reliable model of the mouse AhR PAS B domain was developed by comparative modeling techniques. The PAS domain structures of the functionally related hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha (HIF-2alpha) and AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) proteins, which exhibit the highest degree of sequence identity and similarity with AhR, were chosen to develop a two-template model. To confirm the features of the modeled domain, the effects of point mutations in selected residue positions on both TCDD binding to the AhR and TCDD-dependent transformation and DNA binding were analyzed. Mutagenesis and functional analysis results are consistent with the proposed model and confirm that the cavity modeled in the interior of the domain is indeed involved in ligand binding. Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics of some residues and of their mutants, along with the effects of mutagenesis on TCDD and DNA binding, also suggest some key features that are required for ligand binding and activation of mAhR at a molecular level, thus providing a framework for further studies.


As easily recoverable hydrocarbon resources are depleting, the oil and gas industry focuses more on producing oil and gas from ultra-deep, tight and scattered pockets of reserves. However, these recoveries are not only difficult and expensive, but also require the development of new technologies and materials that can meet stringent requirements regarding operation in sub-surface environment. The emergence of expandable tubular in the late 1990s has opened a new avenue for oil and gas wells design and remediation processes. However, these tubular go through large expansion in diameter at kilometers depths in onshore and offshore wells. This alters the post expansion mechanical and microstructural properties of the tubular that may lead to premature failure during operation. The idea of understanding such variations revolve around complex mechanisms occurring at micro level including multiphase microstructure, grains sizes and morphology, and crystallographic orientations. Initial grains morphology and distribution of phases, and the subsequent changes due to the expansion process lead to significant variations in material properties at macro level. Optical micrographs showed that the expandable tubular material is composed of fine grained microstructure of ferrite phase with some traces of martensite and plate-like structures. Induced martensite results from the phase transformation of metastable austenite induced by thermomechanical processing applied during the manufacturing stage. A reasonable presence of martensite phase in the tubular material enhances its structural integrity, collapse and burst strengths, as well as provides a safeguard against possible mechanical failures such as buckling. On the other hand, the ferrite phase is a soft phase and its presence improves the formability of the tubular resulting in higher expansion ratio. It was also observed that the grains size is affected by the tubular expansion. The presence of elongated grains in the microstructure is due to the excessive deformation as well as the crystallographic reorientation of grains due to the course of tubular expansion. However, no strong texture has been found in the expanded tubular material, which may be attributed to the complex nature of loadings induced during the expansion process. In order to understand the influence of tubular expansion process on mechanical properties of tubular, samples from un-expanded and expanded sections of the tubular (expanded at 16%, 20% and 24% of the tubular original inner diameter) are investigated using standard mechanical testing procedures. Mechanical testing results revealed an increase in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and hardness, whereas ductility and impact toughness tend to decrease. Fracture surface analysis of fractured tensile samples has also been done using scanning electron microscope (SEM). At lower expansion ratio, fracture surface micrographs revealed a predominantly ductile nature of failure with clusters of fine microscopic dimples intermingled with voids. However, at higher expansion ratio, the test specimens revealed a mixed mode of failure with both brittle and ductile features.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


The aim of this study was to optimize methods for quantifying 13 uridine 59-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, and 2B17) in human liver, intestinal, and kidney microsomes, and in recombinant human UGT-expressing insect cell membranes (rhUGTs) by targeted peptide–based quantification using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Production of targeted peptides was compared by combining three denaturing agents (urea, sodium deoxycholate, and octyl glucoside) and three denaturing temperatures (37°C, 60°C, and 95°C) followed by tryptic digestion for 2–20 hours. Denaturing conditions and digestion times yielding high production efficiency varied markedly among isoforms and specimens, indicating the importance of specific optimization. Each UGT isoform was quantified using the methods found to be optimal. The expression of 10 (1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, and 2B17), 6 (1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A10, 2B7, and 2B17), and 3 (1A6, 1A9, and 2B7) isoforms was detected in human liver, intestinal, and kidney microsomes, respectively, and levels were reproducible using multiple protocols. All isoforms were quantified in rhUGTs. Determining the levels of UGTs in human tissue specimens and those in rhUGTs is important for estimating the contribution of glucuronidation to body clearance based on in vitro–in vivo


Oppidum Bibracte (Mont Beuvray) is a well known archaeological site situated in central France (region Bourgogne-Franche-Comte). The site is protected by a fortification of the murus gallicus type, enclosing an internal area of 135 hectares, or an external area of 200 hectares respectively. Czech research team of the Department of Archaeology and Museology (DAM), Masaryk University has been participating in the research since 2009. Since 2011 we began to carry out geophysical survey with intention of receiving valuable knowledge about areas where excavations are planned in near future. New and relevant information about the character of particular areas of the oppidum is a great benefit for the planning and archaeological research itself. Survey and excavation activities are aimed to the interpretation of space organisation and urbanisation at the oppidum. So far, almost 20ha were surveyed from which about 80 % fall within magnetic survey.Excavation activities of DAM focused in 2009-2016 on different parts of the oppidum. In 2017 our research concentrated on the area of La Chaume, on the highest part of the oppidum, where geophysical survey detected long line structure.


Abstract. A comprehensive suite of instruments was used to quantify the emissions of over 200 organic gases, including methane and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 9 inorganic gases from 56 laboratory burns of 18 different biomass fuel types common in the southeastern, southwestern, or northern US. A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument provided extensive chemical detail of discrete air samples collected during a laboratory burn and was complemented by real-time measurements of organic and inorganic species via an open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) instrument and three different chemical ionization-mass spectrometers. These measurements were conducted in February 2009 at the US Department of Agriculture's Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana and were used as the basis for a number of emission factors reported by Yokelson et al. (2013). The relative magnitude and composition of the gases emitted varied by individual fuel type and, more broadly, by the three geographic fuel regions being simulated. Discrete emission ratios relative to carbon monoxide (CO) were used to characterize the composition of gases emitted by mass; reactivity with the hydroxyl radical, OH; and potential secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors for the 3 different US fuel regions presented here. VOCs contributed less than 0.78 % ± 0.12 % of emissions by mole and less than 0.95 % × 0.07 % of emissions by mass (on average) due to the predominance of CO2, CO, CH4, and NOx emissions; however, VOCs contributed 70–90 (±16) % to OH reactivity and were the only measured gas-phase source of SOA precursors from combustion of biomass. Over 82 % of the VOC emissions by mole were unsaturated compounds including highly reactive alkenes and aromatics and photolabile oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) such as formaldehyde. OVOCs contributed 57–68 % of the VOC mass emitted, 41–54 % of VOC-OH reactivity, and aromatic-OVOCs such as benzenediols, phenols, and benzaldehyde were the dominant potential SOA precursors. In addition, ambient air measurements of emissions from the Fourmile Canyon Fire that affected Boulder, Colorado in September 2010 allowed us to investigate biomass burning (BB) emissions in the presence of other VOC sources (i.e., urban and biogenic emissions) and identify several promising BB markers including benzofuran, 2-furaldehyde, 2-methylfuran, furan, and benzonitrile.


A zigzag array structure is proposed for passive coherent beam combining. Modal analysis was conducted via a transfer matrix method to demonstrate the support of a single supermode in this structure with a large modal discrimination. The performance of the proposed structure against the phase variation is also investigated by calculating the modal loss with different strengths of phase variation. The scalability of this structure is estimated from the perspective of brightness in two situations: the fully correlated one and the adjacent-correlated one. A brightness saturation behavior is observed for the latter with a sufficiency of available emitters in an array.


Tekin, S. (2016). Eliciting admissions from suspects in criminal investigations. Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg. The psycho-legal literature is scarce with respect to specific interviewing tactics aimed at eliciting new and critical information (admissions) from suspects in criminal cases. The first major aim of this thesis was to fill this void by introducing and testing a novel evidence disclosure tactic, called the SUE-Confrontation, which draws on the general principles underlying the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) framework. The comparative efficacy of the SUE-Confrontation interview was examined in a series of laboratory-based studies. In addition, a number of dependent measures was used to test the relationships between the principles behind the SUE framework. The participants either committed a mock crime (guilty) or performed equivalent noncriminal activities (innocent) divided into three phases, after which they were interviewed as suspects. The interviewer possessed evidence pertaining to two (less critical) phases of the crime, but lacked information about the third and more critical phase. For the SUE-Confrontation interview, the interviewer initially aimed to obtain verbal cues to deceit (statement-evidence inconsistencies) by using the evidence strategically. Thereafter, the interviewer used these cues (confronted the suspect with his or her inconsistencies) to elicit admissions about the critical phase for which the interviewer lacked information. In Study I (N = 120), the SUE-Confrontation interview was compared to two control interviews: Early Disclosure of Evidence and No Disclosure of Evidence. As predicted, the innocent suspects (compared with the guilty suspects) were more forthcoming regarding their activities related to the critical phase. No difference was found between the interview conditions with respect to the guilty suspects' forthcomingness regarding the critical phase. Nonetheless, the results were promising in terms of eliciting admissions through strategic interviewing. For Study II (N = 90), the interview protocols were revised. As predicted, the guilty suspects in the SUE-Confrontation condition (compared with the Early Disclosure and No Disclosure conditions) perceived the interviewer to have had more information about the critical phase and disclosed more admissions about this particular phase. In Study III (N = 75), the aim was to improve the ecological validity of the tactic by providing the suspects with the opportunity to explain the discrepancies in their statements (labelled the SUEConfrontation/Explain condition). The guilty suspects in the SUE-Confrontation (following the same protocol as used in Study II) and the SUE-Confrontation/Explain conditions combined (versus the Early Disclosure condition) overestimated the amount of evidence that the interviewer possessed about the critical phase. The SUE-Confrontation/Explain condition did not differ from either the SUE-Confrontation condition or the Early Disclosure condition with respect to the number of admissions made by the guilty suspects. Importantly, the SUE-Confrontation interview resulted in more admissions than the Early Disclosure interview. The second major aim of this thesis was to explore police officers' planned use of the available evidence to elicit admissions. Study IV was designed as a survey study in which police officers (N = 69) planned an interview with a suspect in a fictitious murder case. The investigators planned to disclose the evidence more often in a strategic manner (i.e. obtain the suspect's statement and/or exhaust alternative scenarios before revealing the evidence) than in a non-strategic manner (i.e. reveal the evidence before requiring an explanation). It was rare that the investigators planned to use the evidence pertaining to the less critical phases of the crime so as to elicit admissions about the critical phase (about which they lacked information). Taken together, this thesis demonstrates the development of, and support for, an effective evidence disclosure tactic for eliciting admissions from suspects. Furthermore, the findings lend support to the predicted relationships between the principles underlying the SUE framework. These principles can be tailored to meet the needs of an interviewer, and may be utilised in different criminal cases. Lastly, it is recommended that the SUE-Confrontation tactic be included as part of police officers' training on how to effectively conduct interviews with suspects.


BACKGROUND The entrepreneurial sector plays a vital role in the design of strategies for economic recovery and growth in many nations. According to Hornaday (1992:12) ". . . the desperate desire for economic growth among developing countries has placed the spotlight squarely on entrepreneurship as a major factor in the success of capitalist economies." Further, it is well recognised that small business development provides one of the few opportunities for employment growth to counter high rates of unemployment (Lumpkin & Ireland, 1988). In Australia, economic dependence on small business has increased in recent years as a result of retrenchments in the public sector and by large organizations (Kotey & Meredith, 1997). However, growth in the number of new businesses will not alter significantly the employment rates, particularly when the failure rate for new enterprises is considered to be as high as 60 per cent in the first three years of operation (Williams, 1987, cited in Reynolds, Savage & Williams, 1989:23). Therefore, a major hope for employment growth is that successful small businesses will expand and generate extra jobs. Extensive research has been conducted to delineate the characteristics, behaviors, and managerial skills which may identify potentially successful small businesses. Studies of entrepreneurial personality characteristics have not yielded a clear picture (Boshoff, Bennett & Owusu, 1992). In addition, personality traits are not reliable predictors of future behavior (Gartner, 1989). Thus, attempts to develop a personality profile of a typical entrepreneur have been largely unsuccessful (Low & MacMillan, 1988). Further, a census-taking approach focuses mainly on documenting and reporting the occurrence of entrepreneurs or their personality characteristics with little attempt to uncover causal relationships or to explore implications for practice (Low & MacMillan, 1988). The current study addresses this deficiency evident in past research. Research has attempted to identify key success factors that enhance the chances of survival in business (Huck & McEwen, 1991; Vesper, 1990). Some of the conditions that affect business success include level of education, previous work experience, availability of venture capital, the economic environment, role models, and access to support services (Birley, 1989a). Entrepreneurial competencies identified for success include management, planning, and budgeting skills (Huck & McEwen, 1991). However, previous studies have not examined the combination of perceptual factors which may explain how some entrepreneurs utilize resources to build successful businesses. Locus of control (Rotter,1966) is a perceptual variable which holds promise in predicting small business success (Brockhaus,1986a; Gilad, 1982; Nwachukwu, 1995). Kuypers (1971) claimed that those who experience an internal locus of control believe that they can affect the outcomes of events in their lives and score higher on measures of coping. Phares (1976) noted that in contrast to externals, internals exert greater efforts to control their environment, exhibit better learning, and make better use of information in complex decision-making situations. A more recent study by Howell and Avolio (1993) of 78 managers in a large Canadian financial institution found that internal locus of control significantly and positively predicted business-unit performance. The current study examined this trend in the context of small business performance (success). Several researchers have examined the decision-making characteristics of managers in large organizations (Buttner & Gryskiewicz, 1993; Mosley, O'Brien, & Pietri, 1991). However, the use of various business and economic principles that assist in explaining corporate manoeuvres may be of little assistance in understanding the successes and failures of small business. Although the importance of decision-making in emerging ventures has been recognized (Hambrick & Crozier, 1985; Mosley, O'Brien, & Pietri, 1991), little attention has been paid to styles of decision-making and their relationships to success in small business. …


PURPOSE
Panitumumab, a fully human antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has activity in a subset of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Although activating mutations in KRAS, a small G-protein downstream of EGFR, correlate with poor response to anti-EGFR antibodies in mCRC, their role as a selection marker has not been established in randomized trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
KRAS mutations were detected using polymerase chain reaction on DNA from tumor sections collected in a phase III mCRC trial comparing panitumumab monotherapy to best supportive care (BSC). We tested whether the effect of panitumumab on progression-free survival (PFS) differed by KRAS status.

RESULTS
KRAS status was ascertained in 427 (92%) of 463 patients (208 panitumumab, 219 BSC). KRAS mutations were found in 43% of patients. The treatment effect on PFS in the wild-type (WT) KRAS group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.45; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.59) was significantly greater (P < .0001) than in the mutant group (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.36). Median PFS in the WT KRAS group was 12.3 weeks for panitumumab and 7.3 weeks for BSC. Response rates to panitumumab were 17% and 0%, for the WT and mutant groups, respectively. WT KRAS patients had longer overall survival (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.82; treatment arms combined). Consistent with longer exposure, more grade III treatment-related toxicities occurred in the WT KRAS group. No significant differences in toxicity were observed between the WT KRAS group and the overall population.

CONCLUSION
Panitumumab monotherapy efficacy in mCRC is confined to patients with WT KRAS tumors. KRAS status should be considered in selecting patients with mCRC as candidates for panitumumab monotherapy.


Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a vegetatively propagated tropical root crop. Viral infections have been identified as an important biotic component limiting cassava production (2). To survey for virus diseases, symptomatic samples of cassava plants were collected from the Venezuelan cassava production states Amazonas, Aragua, Barinas, Cojedes, Monagas, and Portuguesa. Mechanical transmissions to a differential host (Chenopodium quinoa) and a previously described double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) procedure (3) were used to test for the presence of Cassava virus X (CsVX). The DAS-ELISA procedure used gamma globulin diluted 1/2,000, conjugate diluted 1/2,000, and leaf sap extracts diluted 1/100 (1). CsVX and frog skin disease (detected graft inoculation tests with cultivar Secundina and electron microscopy) were detected in mixed infections in plants collected in Barinas. CsVX was not detected in any of the plants collected in the other surveyed areas. The low incidence of the virus (11.43%; 4 of 35 samples) suggests that CsVX has been introduced only recently via infected planting stock. Transmission of the virus is 100% when infected cuttings are used as propagation material. CsVX caused no symptoms on any of the cultivars examined in the field, and the occurrence of symptomless CsVX in Venezuela may result from the inadvertent use of cuttings from virus-infected plants. This is the first report of CsVX in cassava in Venezuela. References: (1) B. L. Nolt et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 118:105, 1991. (2) B. L. Nolt et al. Plant Pathol. 41:348, 1992. (3) A. C. Velasco et al. 1994. Prog. Virol. Yuca, CIAT, Cali, Colombia.


Housing stability is an important focus in research on homeless people. Although definitions of stable housing differ across studies, the perspective of homeless people themselves is generally not included. Therefore, this study explored the inclusion of satisfaction with the participant's current housing status as part of the definition of housing stability and also examined predictors of housing stability with and without the inclusion of homeless person's perspective. Of the initial cohort consisting of 513 homeless participants who were included at baseline in 2011, 324 (63.2%) were also interviewed at 2.5-year follow-up. To determine independent predictors of housing stability, we fitted multivariate logistic regression models using stepwise backward regression. At 2.5-year follow-up, 222 participants (68.5%) were stably housed and 163 participants (51.1%) were stably housed and satisfied with their housing status. Having been arrested (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.20-0.63), a high level of somatisation (physical manifestations of psychological distress) (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.91) and having unmet care needs (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.99) were negative predictors of housing stability. Having been arrested (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.25-0.75), high debts (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24-0.84) and a high level of somatisation (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28-0.84) were negative predictors of stable housing when satisfaction with the housing status was included. Because inclusion of a subjective component revealed a subgroup of stably housed but not satisfied participants and changed the significant predictors, this seems a relevant addition to the customary definition of housing stability. Participants with characteristics negatively associated with housing stability should receive more extensive and individually tailored support services to facilitate achievement of housing stability.


Background:
Delivering high quality health care requires an ongoing effort at all levels of the health system to adopt new knowledge in routine practice, to identify and resolve persistent quality problems, and to meet the evolving needs of populations. Continuous quality improvement (CQI) is among the most promising approaches for tackling these challenges in primary care. CQI brings teams of health professionals together to develop and test changes to the systems and processes used to deliver care. The result is expected to be substantial and sustained improvement in healthcare quality. Yet limited research on how (and indeed if) CQI works creates uncertainty over its true value and weakens our ability to predict the circumstance in which CQI will be effective.
Aims
The overarching aim of this thesis is to examine what we know about the effectiveness of CQI in primary care and develop a framework to strengthen future research. More specifically, the aims are to: (1) synthesise existing research on the effects, and factors that modify the effects, of CQI in primary care, (2) support the design of CQI research by developing a framework intended to help evaluators identify and measure factors salient to our understanding of CQI in primary care, and (3) guide selection of the best available instruments for measuring factors in the framework.
Methods
Three types of research synthesis methods were used in this thesis. Systematic review methods and metaanalysis of randomised trials were used to evaluate the effectiveness of CQI. Qualitative synthesis of prevailing concepts of CQI and factors thought to influence its effectiveness was used to develop a theorybased framework for evaluating CQI. Systematic review methods were used to identify and evaluate the measurement properties of quantitative self-report instruments suitable for measuring factors in the developed framework. Framework-based synthesis methods were used to categorise instrument content in a taxonomy designed to enable direct comparison of instruments and illustrate coverage of the framework.
Results
Based on existing evidence from randomised trials, the effects of CQI on health professional performance and patient outcomes in primary care are uncertain. AnalysiS of more than 170 papers contributed to development of the lnforming Q!!ality Improvement Research (InQuiRe) framework. InQuiRe covers four domains (CQI process, implementation approaches, enabling context, outcomes) and includes (1) a -taxonomy of factors thought relevant to understanding and predicting the process and outcomes of CQI, (2) definition of these factors, and (3) description of the mechanism by which CQI process and context are thought to interact to yield improvements in health care. Content analysis of 319 instruments identified 160 instruments measuring factors in the InQuiRe framework, 78 of which are suitable for primary care.
Conclusions
Despite an expansive literature, existing evidence is yet to address important policy and practice questions about how best to implement and ensure the success of CQI in different contexts. Addressing these questions will require evaluations that examine the interplay between CQI process, context, and outcomes. The InQuiRe framework provides a tool and suite of instruments to support the design of such evaluations.


Despite a rich body of research on factors contributing to attrition of women during the college, women continue to be underrepresented in the graduating classes of most traditional engineering disciplines. We present our Four-Domain Development Diagram (4DDD) in an attempt to enable a systems approach to managing all the factors that contribute to retention. This diagram makes explicit the connections between the learnerspsila response factors in the learning environment, including motivation, interest, and ultimately retention. Although we are only three years into our use of the diagramspsila relationships, we have seen a lower overall net attrition rate (male and female) from freshman year from ~50% to ~20%, seeing a net influx of female students, from numbers as low as 2 of 44 in the entering freshmen cohort to 6 out of 40 (now sophomores) in that same cohort. In this paper, we present the diagram, briefly introduce the theoretical underpinnings with preliminary quantitative and qualitative data.


The molecular bases for sex differences in cancer remain undefined and how to incorporate them into risk stratification remains undetermined. Given sex differences in metabolism and the inverse correlation between fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and survival, we hypothesized that glycolytic phenotyping would improve glioma subtyping. Using retrospectively acquired lower-grade glioma (LGG) transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we discovered male-specific decreased survival resulting from glycolytic gene overexpression. Patients within this high-glycolytic group showed significant differences in the presence of key genomic alterations (i.e., 1p/19q codeletion, CIC, EGFR, NF1, PTEN, FUBP1, and IDH mutations) compared with the low-glycolytic group. Although glycolytic stratification defined poor prognostic males independent of grade, histology, TP53, and ATRX mutation status, we unexpectedly found that females with high-glycolytic gene expression and wild-type IDH survived longer than all other wild-type patients. Validation with an independent metabolomics dataset from grade 2 gliomas determined that glycolytic metabolites selectively stratified males and also uncovered a potential sexual dimorphism in pyruvate metabolism. These findings identify a potential synergy between patient sex, tumor metabolism, and genomic alterations in determining outcome for glioma patients.


This paper proposes a new way of decomposing net present values and net final values in periodic shares. Such a decomposition generates a new notion of residual income, radically different from the classical one available in the financial and accounting literature. While the standard residual income is formally computed as profit minus cost of capital times actual capital invested, the new paradigm introduces a fourth element: the capital invested in the so-called shadow project. Such a capital is the counterfactual capital that the investor would own if, at time 0, he invested his funds at the cost of capital, rather than in the project. Two important features are found: in primis, the new residual income is obtained as the sum of the standard residual incomes and the interest earned on past standard residual incomes; in secundis, the new paradigm is shown to be additive: the net final value of the project is computed as the sum of all periodic shares (residual incomes) with no capitalization process (abnormal earnings aggregation). A generalization is provided for a levered portfolio of projects, and a fourthfold decomposition is reached: (i) periodic decomposition, (ii) opportunity account decomposition, (iii) project decomposition, (iv) financing decomposition.


 Abstract — The paper describes the design and simulation of dual-polarization antennas that use the resonance and radiating properties of the H 00 mode of metal open waveguides. The proposed antennas are formed by two orthogonal slots in a finite conducting ground plane. The slots are backed by metal screens connected to the ground plane forming open waveguides. It has been shown that the antenna designs can be efficiently used in mm-wave bands. The antenna single mode operational bandwidth is higher than 10%. The antenna designs are very simple and low-cost. They allow flush installation and can be efficiently used in various communication and remote sensing devices on fast moving carriers. Mutual coupling between antennas of the proposed design is very low. Thus, multiple antenna structures with proposed antennas can be efficiently employed in multi-band and in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)


A perfect blend of modernity and tradition and the perplexity of the immigrant youth struck at the crossroads of this merger, is, the story of Turkish writer Elif Shafak's fascinating world of Honour . The backdrop of the novel keeps shifting from the idyllic Kurdish village of Mala Car Bayan, "House of Four Winds" to the city of Istanbul and finally to the London of 1967 to the London of 1992. The story of three generations— Berzo and Naze; Pembe and Adem Toprak; and Iskender, Esma and Yunus Toprak— the centric theme of the novel revolves around the tradition bound male psychology devoted to the preservation of the honour of their families which sadly for these men rests only on the actions of their women. Whereas men can go scot free and have the privilege of indulging in extramarital affairs, for which ironically again the wife is to be blamed who cannot keep her husband home, the woman even though dumped by the erring husband has no right to love another man or lead her life according to her wishes. The novel begins with the revelation by the young woman, Esma, that her own elder brother Iskender is the murderer of their mother. He has been convicted and it's the day of his release from the prison when Esma relates the entire story to the readers. Iskender comes to know about his mother's extramarital affair. He approaches the estranged father, Adem— a drunkard and gambler living with a strip bar dancer, Roxanna. He urges the father to protect the family honour by taking the mother to task. When the father refuses, Iskander decides to be the head of the family and protect the honour of the Topraks. He stabs his mother on the road leading to their house on Lavender Grove in full public view. But here comes the twist in the tale. Did he or did he not kill his mother? If he didn't kill his mother then for whose murder was he convicted? If he did kill his mother then who is the woman who dies a natural death in the village of Mala Car Bayan? Well, to unveil the truth the novel deserves a reading. Written in a charming and enchanting style, the novel charts the life span of three generations and their peculiar complexities. The novel also highlights, though on a minor scale, the London of the era of high racism and the age of growth of socialism among its youth. Overall a gripping story with twists and turns of the Euphrates.


Some coral reefs, such as patch reefs along the Florida Keys reef tract, are not showing significant reductions in calcification rates in response to ocean acidification. It has been hypothesized that this recalcitrance is due to local buffering effects from biogeochemical processes driven by seagrasses. We investigated the influence that pore water nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) have on aragonite saturation states (Ωaragonite) in the sediments and waters overlying the sediment surfaces of sand halos and seagrass beds that encircle Alinas and Anniversary reefs in Biscayne National Park. Throughout the sampling period, sediment pore waters from both bottom types had lower oxidation/reduction potentials (ORP), with lower pH relative to the sediment surface waters. The majority (86.5%) of flux rates (n = 96) for ΣNOx, PO4, NH4, SiO2, DIC and TA were positive, sometimes contributing significant concentrations of the respective constituents to the sediment surface waters. The Ωaragonite values in the pore waters (range: 0.18 to 4.78) were always lower than those in the overlying waters (2.40 to 4.46), and 52% (n = 48) of the values were <2.0. The DIC and TA fluxes at the sediment–water interface reduced Ωaragonite in 75% (n = 16) of the samples, but increased it in the remainder. The elevated fluxes of nutrients, DIC and TA into the sediment–water interface layer negatively alters the suitability of this zone for the settlement and development of calcifying larvae, while enhancing the establishment of algal communities.


Categories are often organized into hierarchical taxonomies, that is, tree structures where each node represents a labeled category, and a node's parent and children are, respectively, the category's supertype and subtypes. A natural question is whether it is possible to reconstruct category taxonomies in cases where we are not given explicit information about how categories are related to each other, but only a sample of observations of the members of each category. In this paper, we introduce a nonparametric Bayesian model of multi-level category learning, an extension of the hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) that we call the tree-HDP. We demonstrate the ability of the tree-HDP to reconstruct simulated datasets of artificial taxonomies, and show that it produces similar performance to human learners on a taxonomy inference task.


Congress created the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) in 1986, in the most sweeping overhaul of retirement benefits for civilian workers in modern times. The law is now 25 years old, has changed little (other than modest expansion of investment choices), and remains the basis for retirement benefits provided to some 3 million civilian federal workers. With state governors and legislators currently grappling with many of the same issues Congress faced in 1986, FERS may provide useful background for their deliberations. This paper provides a legislative history of the arduous five-year effort to overhaul the federal retirement system by enacting FERS and how various forces affected the passage of the law. This landmark legislation resulted in large part from the need to shore up the Social Security system by broadening its base (by mandating coverage of the federal civilian work force), along with pressure from then-President Ronald Reagan to reduce federal spending. Through a remarkable combination of bipartisanship and trust among the key players in both the House and Senate (at the time, controlled by different parties), and shrewd legislative strategizing, lawmakers enacted a sweeping and cost-cutting law that fundamentally restructured the retirement benefits. The success of the law can be seen in the fact that, in the current debate over cutting federal spending, no sweeping proposals have been made to cut federal retirement benefits (although there is a proposal to raise workers' contributions to their retirement plan). Congress created FERS with three basic elements: mandatory Social Security coverage of civilian federal workers as a base; a basic and mandatory defined benefit pension plan, but with a lower level of benefits than the rich plan that existed at the time; and a new voluntary thrift savings 401(k)-type plan (patterned after the private sector) where worker contributions matched by the employer would be invested in a limited variety of investment funds. The changes applied to most federal civilian workers hired after 1983, including the foreign service and intelligence agencies. Despite initial opposition from labor groups and veto threats from the Reagan administration, Congress ultimately enacted a plan that reduced federal spending and eventually won strong support from federal workers, particularly because of the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP). Lawmakers deliberately and carefully insulated the TSP from political manipulation and minimized the impact of the federal workers' investments in the financial markets.


Rainer Simon Telecommunications Research Center (ftw.) | firstname.lastname@example.com Mobile computers are increasingly used as a link between the physical and the digital worlds. This innovation demands a more sophisticated multidisciplinary approach to the modeling of spatial interaction than has yet been developed. Our aim in this article is to open up the "black box" of mobile spatial interaction (MSI) and discuss some issues and possible approaches that could be taken. Groundbreaking concepts that proposed how to combine virtual information with the user's direct surroundings arose as early as the 1990s. Two early examples include Egenhofer's Smart Compasses, which point and direct people to places of interest, and Geo-Wands, virtual geographic pointers for the selection of surrounding objects and


The historiography of Irish theatre has largely been dependent on in-depth studies of the play-text as the definitive primary source. This volume explores the processes of engaging with the documented and undocumented record of Irish theatre and broadens the concept of evidential study of performance through the use of increasingly diverse sources. The archive is regarded here as a broad repository of evidence including annotated scripts, photographs, correspondence, administrative documents, recordings and other remnants of the mechanics of producing theatre. It is an invaluable resource for scholars and artists in interrogating Ireland's performance history.
This collection brings together key thinkers, scholars and practitioners who engage with the archive of Irish theatre and performance in terms of its creation, management and scholarly as well as artistic interpretation. New technological advances and mass digitization allow for new interventions in this field. The essays gathered here present new critical thought and detailed case studies from archivists, theatre scholars, historians and artists, each working in different ways to uncover and reconstruct the past practice of Irish performance through new means.


A rumour about an internet-based "Blue Whale" suicide game has spread across the globe and teenager suicides attributed to it have been reported from many countries. Beginning on July 31, 2017, many cases were reported from India, triggering much public alarm. Based on a theory of rumour panic, this article is an exploration of its local spread in India by examining the media reports connected with it. The psycho-social responses from professionals are elaborated. Key observations are: Blue Whale in India was a perceived threat, the social responses to it were mediated by a rumour-panic and individual behavioral responses to it had features of imitative contagion and wrongful attribution. The media played as the major vehicle for the spread of the rumor, and there were iatrogenic effects in the professional responses to it. The implication for professionals and authority figures with media presence is to diligently fact check before risk communication. Media personnel need to adhere to guidelines on suicide reporting to avoid harm from reportage per se.


The CTL response to HIV-1 is more vigorous than for any known human pathogen and may be a significant factor in preventing the progression to symptomatic disease. T cell lines, generated by non-specific stimulation with PHA and IL-2, may be reproducibly used to identify HIV-1 isolate-invariant epitopes recognized by the CTL of infected individuals. The CTL response in each of 12 infected individuals to envelope and reverse transcriptase (RT) is dominated by the recognition of one or two viral isolate-invariant epitopes. Seven subjects respond to a single gp160 epitope; three subjects recognize 2 gp160 epitopes. There is a significant increase in recognition of epitopes in the C terminal 104 amino acids of gp41 (p less than 0.002); in fact 40% of the subjects that respond to gp160 recognize the C terminal 20-mer. The CTL-mediated lysis of gp160-expressing targets is MHC restricted, but not all individuals that share the same serologically defined class I-restricting element respond to the same epitope. Recognition of the terminal 20mer is restricted by both A30 and B8. The response to RT in six subjects is distributed over the RT protein. The six subjects recognize four separate regions defined by truncated RT-vaccinia recombinants, but none of the subjects' CTL demonstrate significant recognition of the RT epitope identified in H-2k mice and some humans.


Based on the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering and by calculating the shadowing function of the rough surface, the formula of the scattering cross section of the dielectric rough surface is presented with consideration of the shadowing effect for the optical wave incidence. It is obtained that in comparison with the conventional Kirchhoff solution, the shadowing effect should not be neglected for the optical wave scattering from the rough surface. The influence of the shadowing effect for different incidence angle, surface root mean square slope, and surface roughness on the scatteringcross section is discussed in detail.


Reversible cryogenic blockade of neural systems in the brain may be accomplished by local cooling. A small cryoprobe is described which may be implanted in the brain of an unrestrained, behaving animal. Cooling may be restricted to the tip of the cryoprobe and the temperature of the tip and the shaft may be regulated and monitored independently by miniature thermocouples and appropriate control and indicator devices. Electrophysiological results are presented which show that the cryogenic blocking effect may be localized to within a few millimeters of the tip of the cryoprobe and that the size of the region blocked is proportional to the tip temperature. The system described has been shown to be effective in both electrophysiological and behavioral studies.


Among several Green house gases, CO2 is a main contributor and accounts for about 60% of the greenhouse effect because of its huge emission amount. The iron and steel sector has showed one of the largest energy intensity among manufacturing sectors. 31% of CO2 emission in the industrial sectors is caused by the production of iron and steel and the amount of CO2 emission corresponds to nearly 6-10% of global CO2 emission. The potential of CCS in the industrial sectors is considered to be significant to mitigate CO2 emission to the atmosphere. IEA has estimated that, in a scenario to halve global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 compared to 2007 level, nearly half of all CCS deployed (up to more than 10Gt/yr) would be in industrial processes. In the study, the environmental performance of CCS deployment in blast furnace (BF), top gas recycling blast furnace (TGRBF) and COREX processes which are technologies for producing pig iron has been evaluated by Hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA). In terms of BF with a capture unit of chemical absorption by MEA solvent, expect for the GWP, other environmental impacts showed increases. As for TGRBF with PSA (pressure swing adsorption), while GWP and TAP decreased compared to TGRBF without CCS, the other environmental impacts were increased. COREX with physical absorption by Selexol solvent showed same trend with the BF+MEA. The net reduction of GWP was 26% in the BF+MEA, 31% in the TGRBF+PSA, and 48% in the COREX+Selexol when performing CCS technologies into pig iron production in life cycle boundary. When it comes to the change range of the environmental impacts, the BF+MEA presented the higher increases on overall environmental impact categories except for GWP than other technologies with CCS. Regardless of CCS implementation, the COREX technology showed the highest benefits for most environmental impact factors aside from IRP and POFP. Overall, additional energy requirements by CO2 capture unit in all technologies for pig iron production mainly contributed increases in terms of most environmental impacts. The impacts of transport and storage, and other materials such as solvent and sorbent production were negligible. This study has shown that hybrid LCA method is a helpful tool to support the discussion about environmental effects with respect to CCS technologies depended on different ironmaking technologies.


Using the past to orientate on the present and the future can be seen as one of history's main contributions to educating future citizens of democratic societies. Because teachers often lack useful methods for pursuing this goal, this study explores three pedagogical approaches that may help them making connections between the past, the present and the future: working with longitudinal lines (LL), with enduring human issues (EHI) and with historical analogies (HA). The efficacy of these approaches was examined in three case studiesconducted in two Dutch secondary schools with eighth- to tenth-grade students ( N =135) and their teachers ( N =4) as participants. Explorations took place within the boundaries of the existing history curriculum and in close collaboration with the teachers who participated because they felt a need to motivate their students by means of a pedagogy to make history more useful. Findings suggest that implementing the LL- and EHI-approaches in a traditional history curriculum with chronologically ordered topics is more complicated than implementing the HA-approach. The HA-approachappears to have more potential to encourage students to use historical knowledge in present-day contexts than the other two approaches. In terms of students' appraisals of the relevance of history, the application of the EHI-approach showed positive effects.


Pattern formation in early development is a well-established process. One mechanism for the induction of these patterns is juxtacrine signaling in which the receptor and the ligand are both membrane anchored so that the signal is limited to adjacent cells. Lateral inhibition, exemplified by the Notch-Delta interaction, provides one method for establishing patterns that alternate with a frequency of exactly two cells. Owen et al. have developed a mathematical model for lateral induction that could explain how lateral induction can lead to patterns that are not restricted to the two-cell alternating pattern. Their model provides a mechanism by which juxatracine signaling can lead to patterns that occur with frequencies greater than two cells. Owen, M.R., Sherratt, J.A., and Wearing, H.J. (2000) Lateral induction by juxtacrine signaling is a new mechanism for pattern formation. Dev. Biol. 217: 54-61 [Abstract]


This capstone asks how individual narrative can transform collective awareness through the sharing of story, and how these stories might be a force for social change. Insights from the research pose the argument that it is empathy and empowerment that leads to individual and collective healing, understanding and social change. We learn by listening as people open up and share their accounts of experiences that hold meaning in their lives. Sharing a story can transcend experience, and create a ripple effect within society. The intimacy born from these connections nurtures empathy which can in turn expand our perceptions of identity, the world, our place in it, and our relationships with one another and the environment. Yet as important as empathy is in the process of social change, it is only a seed. Through this research I explore not only the impact that narrative has on storytellers and listeners, but also the steps that turn story telling into a tool for social change.


A large number of estate agents entered the real estate industry in the last few years. At the same time the client rating of the quality of services offered by estate agents in the industry followed a downward trend. This perception of poor quality is causing a negative impact on the industry. Research done in 2004 has identified that clients within the Bloemfontein region are generally not satisfied with the level of service delivery by estate agents within the industry. Respondents did identify certain areas that could be improved in order for estate agents to deliver a superior level of service. On the basis of this research and recommendations, it was possible to develop a model of the service delivery that will maximise the satisfaction of both buyers and sellers.


This study addressed several inconsistencies and omissions in golf putting research by testing the performance impact of target focused aiming. Participants were 22 high-level and experienced golfers, currently using ball focused aiming. Participants were allocated in a quasi-random fashion to ball or target focused aiming conditions and each performed 32 putts under competitive conditions on a natural putting green from a distance of 8 ft. Data were recorded as putts holed or missed and further categorised into putts missed long, short, left, right, short left, short right, long left and long right. There was no significant difference between conditions (p > 0.05) for any of the categories tested, despite participants' prior extreme familiarity and expressed preference for the ball focused technique. These results notwithstanding, we discuss possible explanations for target focused benefits, including the role of vision during putting, the impact of intention during execution and possible expectancy effects. While these findings hold potential implications for golf coaching, more research is clearly required to further understand causative mechanisms and to clarify the existence and nature of advantage for one technique over the other. Based on this study, we recommend that high-level and experienced golfers might try target focused aiming as a 'cost-free' experiment.


A geological and geophysical investigation of several key transects ofthe 1989 vintage seismic grid in the Sarawak deepwater was conducted in order to understand the sedimentation history and structural geology of the area. In the study area, two tectonostratigraphic provinces can be recognised, namely the North Luconia and West Luconia Provinces. The deep sedimentary basin of North Luconia is filled with 7-8 km of Tertiary sediments and are characterised by NNE-SSW trending extensional fault bounded features, buried hills and local occurrences of forced folds. On the eastern boundary, a major, NNE-SSW trending basin boundary fault separates it from the Northwest Sabah Platform. The latter by contrast is an attenuated crustal terrain characterised by NE-SW trending rift systems and generally thinner sedimentary cover of about only 2-4 km thick. To the southeast, the West Luconia Province which is a thick sedimentary basin with up to about 13 km of sediments, contains a very thick pile of post mid Miocene sedimentary section and is characterised by E-W trending growth faults and °a series of slumps and toe thrusts formed by gravity gliding. These overlie an older normal-faulted section at a mid Miocene unconformity. Generally, the crustal extension in the South China Sea and peripheral areas have generated various patterns of rift orientation and extensional axes. In North Luconia the NNE-SSW trending extensional elements parallel some of the basin axes in the N am Con Son Basin, offshore Vietnam. Finally, based on sequence stratigraphic framework, up to five sub-megasequences are recognised in the Sarawak deepwater. The age determination from well controls and correlation with the episodic crustal rifting and seafloor spreading in the South China Sea Basin has provided some insight on the tectonic evolution.


Aquatic ecologists have many models for size distributions of pelagic communities. However, few studies have looked for discontinuities (clumps of similarly sized species or gaps of sizes that contain no or relatively few species) in pelagic community size structure. We investigated size distribution characteristics in aquatic communities by calculating kernel density functions for plankton and fish in 11 lakes in Wisconsin. Size distributions in aquatic communities of these lakes were not smooth. Rather, multiple lump and gap regions were found within each functional group of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish. Simulations showed the gaps could not be explained by incomplete censuses of species or by systematic underestimation of intraspecific size variation. In an experimentally enriched lake, before and after comparisons showed lumps were not affected by large additions of P and N, even though biomass and production changed substantially. Lump regions in the two lakes with both food web manipulations and nutrient enrichment were substantially less similar pre‐ versus postenrichment than the reference lake and the lake with only nutrients added, but lump number remained relatively unchanged. Lakes that differed widely in nutrient status, trophic structure, species diversity, and area had similar size distributions. Comparisons of functional groups showed that phytoplankton had more lumps than zooplankton. In these north temperate lakes, size distribution characteristics seem to be conservative properties shaped by common regional ecosystem processes and organism patterns and not by lake‐specific factors.


This research aim to to study influence of usage of type fertilize dose and majemuk which both for growth of adenium. This research can give information usage of type fertilize and fertilization dose which both for for the growth of crop vegetatif of adenium. Hypothesis anticipated there are influence of real interaction of dose and type fertilize to parameter growth of adenium vegetatif, anticipated manure type can repair growth of crop vegetatif of adenium, and fertilization dose improve growth of adenium vegetatif.
Research executed in Countryside of Mulyoagung District of Dau Malang, with height of place more or less 560 dpl m, start July until October 2007. Appliance which used in this research for example, plastic pot, sand sieve, weighing-machine, ruler, meter shove, measure glass, sprayer, plastic, equipments and book write. While materials which used in this research seed of adenium, sand of malang, chaff charcoal, fertilize NKP pearl, dekastar, plus dekastar, fungicide and insektisida.
This research executed to use Random Device of compiled Group factorially by 3 restating. First factor is Type fertilize (P) which consist of 3 level that is : P1 : fertilize Dekastar Plus , P2 : fertilize NPK Pearl, P3 : fertilize Dekastar. While second factor is fertilization dose which consist of 4 level that is : D0 : Control (Without fertilization), D1 : dose 1 g / crop, D2 : dose 2 g / crop , D3 : dose 3 g / crop.
Pursuant to result of research can be concluded that not happened interaction between dose and type fertilize to growth of adenium vegetatif. Separately treatment of fertilize type have an effect on reality to accretion of cusp diameter of adenium, and type fertilize plus dekastar which is good to be compared to and dekastar of NPK pearl. Treatment of fertilize dose have an effect on reality to high accretion of crop, cusp diameter, amount of leaf and wide of leaf. Dose fertilize 2 gram / crop which good to high growth of cusp diameter and crop, and also 3 g / crop which good to amount and wide of leaf.


SYNOPSISThe absorption of ice is dependent upon the direction of the plane of polarization for the near infrared region. Crystals were cut with the optic axis parallel to the surface. Plane polarized radiation was allowed to fall upon the crystal and the per cent transmission determined. The crystal was set in three positions: first, so that the transmitted radiation constituted the ordinary ray, second, so that the transmitted radiation constituted the extraordinary ray, third, so that the incident energy was about equally divided into two rays. For the first position, with a thickness of 5mm, absorption bands were observed at the following wavelengths with the corresponding per cent transmission: .81μ—55 per cent, .92μ—54 per cent 1.06μ—46 per cent, 1.29μ—27 per cent. For the second position the values were: .79μ—93 per cent, .89μ—94 per cent, 1.02μ—93 per cent, 1.26μ—57 per cent. For the third position the transmission curve fell between that of the first and second positions and showed both sets of bands. The region from 1.4μ to 1.7μ was studied by using a specimen 1 mm thick. The position of maximum absorption was located at 1.5μ. The incident energy was unpolarized.


Abstract Recent observations of divergence between tree growth at high-latitude sites and temperature, as well as the decline of yellow cedar [Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst. ex D.P. Little] in southeast Alaska due to warming, emphasize a need to investigate nonstationary climate response of Alaskan coastal forests to warming in other tree species. Comparison of annual tree growth in mountain hemlock [Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière] to mean monthly temperature and precipitation data from Sitka, Alaska, from A.D. 1830s to 1990s along an elevational transect reveals nonstationarity in tree growth response to climate that suggests an ongoing biome shift. We observe a marked weakening in the positive relationship between annual growth and warmer growth season temperatures at low-elevation hemlock sites, and a concurrent increase in growth and sensitivity at higher elevations coupled with increased correlation between growth and April precipitation at all sites along our transects. As previously observed with yellow cedar, the mechanism of the hemlock biome shift may be due to an increased susceptibility of roots to damage from late frosts resulting from earlier seasonal loss of protective snowpack.


Antitrust law has long condemned tying arrangements when they are imposed by a single dominant firm. However, tying jurisprudence does not recognize that tie-ins can also occur as the result of a conspiracy among competitors. Consequently, antitrust doctrine fails to appreciate the unique anticompetitive dangers of concerted tying arrangements. After providing real-world examples of tying conspiracies, Professor Leslie explains how concerted tying arrangements present a far greater threat to competitive markets than traditional, unilaterally imposed tying arrangements. Because tying jurisprudence evolved without considering the existence or effects of concerted tie-ins, the current test for evaluating the legality of tying arrangements is inappropriately lenient to tying conspiracies. This is completely inconsistent with one fundamental principle of American antitrust law: concerted action should be treated more harshly than unilateral conduct. Finally, the Article advocates per se illegality for tying conspiracies and argues that greater appreciation of concerted tie-ins can inform the ongoing academic debate about tying arrangements more generally.


Take advantage of JavaScript's power to build robust web-scale or enterprise applications that are easy to extend and maintain. By applying the design patterns outlined in this practical book, experienced JavaScript developers will learn how to write flexible and resilient code that's easier - yes, easier - to work with as your code base grows. JavaScript may be the most essential web programming language, but in the real world, JavaScript applications often break when you make changes. With this book, author Eric Elliott shows you how to add client- and server-side features to a large JavaScript application without negatively affecting the rest of your code. Examine the anatomy of a large-scale JavaScript application Build modern web apps with the capabilities of desktop applications Learn best practices for code organization, modularity, and reuse Separate your application into different layers of responsibility Build efficient, self-describing hypermedia APIs with Node.js Test, integrate, and deploy software updates in rapid cycles Control resource access with user authentication and authorization Expand your application's reach through internationalization


Reflective architectures are a powerful solution for code browsing, debugging or in-language process handling. However, these reflective architectures show some limitations in edge cases of self-modification and self-monitoring. Modifying the modifier process or monitoring the monitor process in a reflective system alters the system itself, leading to the impossibility to perform some of those tasks properly. In this paper we analyze the problems of reflective architectures in the context of image based object-oriented languages and solve them by providing a first-class representation of an image: a virtualized image. We present Oz, our virtual image solution. In Oz, a virtual image is represented by an object space. Through an object space, an image can manipulate the internal structure and control the execution of other images. An Oz object space allows one to introspect and modify execution information such as processes, contexts, existing classes and objects. We show how Oz solves the edge cases of reflective architectures by adding a third participant, and thus, removing the selfmodification and self-observation constraints.


Exploring the Interface negotiates the boundaries between the often‐disparate practices of art and craft. The interface, as the point of interplay between these practices, is offered as a metaphor for the negotiation of the physical and psychical boundaries of self. This project asks how these practices can be navigated and if the interface can signify the spaces of one's emotional and corporeal identities. It also questions how the maternal relationship and feminine and domestic archetypes contribute to the construction of gender.
The project aims to extend the traditional use of domestic craft while honouring the semiotic potential of its feminine associations. I endeavour to create an expressive device from mute craft materials and techniques using the language of the object and the poetics of metaphor. I seek to evoke memory and the senses by activating the gallery space in a series of narrative dramas that play out inside domestic constructs.
My artwork takes the form of a series of installations using various materials ranging from those traditionally associated with domestic craft to more ephemeral organic matter. Handcrafted objects reside with ready‐mades while garments and domestic artefacts nestle amongst furniture.
The project commenced with an investigation of various hierarchies pertaining to gender and practice. An exploration of traditional craft materials and techniques led to innovative approaches and a consideration of the maternal legacies of the craft tradition. The amassing of craft materials and objects suggested a wealth of memories, histories and untold narratives. The expressive potential of the craft object was explored and what emerged was the performative function of the artwork as a means of activating senses, memory and space.
Artists who extend craft beyond traditional application, including Judy Chicago, Fiona Hall, Freddie Robins, Anne Farren and Dave Cole, have influenced experimentation with the expressive potential of materials and techniques. The maternal relationship is explored through the work of Barbara Hanrahan, Lindsay Obermeyer and Kay Lawrence. Artworks by Anne Wilson, Jana Sterbak and Magdelena Abakanowicz inform body‐specific work that focuses on corporeal elements of gender. Mnemonic artworks by Louise Bourgeois, Tracey Emin, Magdalena Bors and Doris Salcedo provide a reference for memory, narrative and domestic based installations.
Exploring the Interface focuses on negotiating various boundaries as a metaphor for the construction and deconstruction of ideas of self. The work takes up a symbolic position swaying between the physical and psychical spaces of subjectivity. Inner and outer domains manifest in narrative constructs that inspire and are inspired by memory and lived experience.


H2S is an unwelcome accompaniment to natural hydrocarbon gas but, in sufficient volumes, it can provide an economic source of sulphur, termed a 'gaseous sulphur' accumulation. Such accumulations are an important component of the sulphur reserves of Russia and other countries. A comparative study of the distribution of economic gaseous sulphur accumulations, together with native sulphur deposits, in the Amu Dar'ya, Volga–Urals, North Caspian and other basins of the former Soviet Union and elsewhere shows that they occur only within large hydrocarbon basins and are restricted to thick and regionally persistent evaporite–carbonate successions. The lithological and geochemical controls and various types of sulphur paragenesis result in a zoned series of accumulations, from gaseous sulphur to sulphur-rich oils to native sulphur, which can be traced from the deep central regions of hydrocarbon-bearing basins with sulphate–evaporite successions towards the shallow basin margins.


ABSTRACT In the bloodstream of mammalian hosts, the sleeping sickness parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, exists as a proliferative slender form or a nonproliferative, transmissible, stumpy form. The transition between these developmental forms is controlled by a density-dependent mechanism that is important for the parasite's infection dynamics, immune evasion via ordered antigenic variation, and disease transmissibility. However, stumpy formation has been lost in most laboratory-adapted trypanosome lines, generating monomorphic parasites that proliferate uncontrolled as slender forms in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, these forms are readily amenable to cell culture and high-throughput screening for trypanocidal lead compounds. Here, we have developed and exploited a high-throughput screen for developmental phenotypes using a transgenic monomorphic cell line expressing a reporter under the regulation of gene control signals from the stumpy-specific molecule PAD1. Using a whole-cell fluorescence-based assay to screen over 6,000 small molecules from a kinase-focused compound library, small molecules able to activate stumpy-specific gene expression and proliferation arrest were assayed in a rapid assay format. Independent follow-up validation identified one hit able to induce modest, yet specific, changes in mRNA expression indicative of a partial differentiation to stumpy forms in monomorphs. Further, in pleomorphs this compound induced a stumpy-like phenotype, entailing growth arrest, morphological changes, PAD1 expression, and enhanced differentiation to procyclic forms. This not only provides a potential tool compound for the further understanding of stumpy formation but also demonstrates the use of high-throughput screening in the identification of compounds able to induce specific phenotypes, such as differentiation, in African trypanosomes.


Recommender system has become an indispensable component in many e-commerce sites. One major challenge that largely remains open is the coldstart problem, which can be viewed as an ice barrier that keeps the cold-start users/items from the warm ones. In this paper, we propose a novel rating comparison strategy (RAPARE) to break this ice barrier. The center-piece of our RAPARE is to provide a fine-grained calibration on the latent profiles of cold-start users/items by exploring the differences between cold-start and warm users/items. We instantiate our RAPARE strategy on the prevalent method in recommender system, i.e., the matrix factorization based collaborative filtering. Experimental evaluations on two real data sets validate the superiority of our approach over the existing methods in cold-start scenarios.


Why cyberinsurance has not improved cybersecurity and what governments can do to make it a more effective tool for cyber risk management. As cybersecurity incidents—ranging from data breaches and denial-of-service attacks to computer fraud and ransomware—become more common, a cyberinsurance industry has emerged to provide coverage for any resulting liability, business interruption, extortion payments, regulatory fines, or repairs. In this book, Josephine Wolff offers the first comprehensive history of cyberinsurance, from the early "Internet Security Liability" policies in the late 1990s to the expansive coverage offered today. Drawing on legal records, government reports, cyberinsurance policies, and interviews with regulators and insurers, Wolff finds that cyberinsurance has not improved cybersecurity or reduced cyber risks.
 Wolff examines the development of cyberinsurance, comparing it to other insurance sectors, including car and flood insurance; explores legal disputes between insurers and policyholders about whether cyber-related losses were covered under policies designed for liability, crime, or property and casualty losses; and traces the trend toward standalone cyberinsurance policies and government efforts to regulate and promote the industry. Cyberinsurance, she argues, is ineffective at curbing cybersecurity losses because it normalizes the payment of online ransoms, whereas the goal of cybersecurity is the opposite—to disincentivize such payments to make ransomware less profitable. An industry built on modeling risk has found itself confronted by new technologies before the risks posed by those technologies can be fully understood.


Water availability is an ever increasing issue for agricultural production around Australia. Australia's south-eastern high-rainfall zones (annual rainfall between 500 and 900 mm) allow for extensive cropping. In Tasmania, this often requires supplemental irrigation to maximise yields. Texture contrast soils occupy 80% of southern Australian agricultural regions and can be difficult to irrigate due to hydraulic complexities, particularly with a vertic, clay subsoil.

This thesis assesses how strategic irrigation can be used to overcome the complexities of texture contrast soils to improve grain yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of barley through maximising root depth and distribution. Detailed root spatial data and growth rates were used to present a method to improve the simulation of barley growth and development on texture-contrast soils in the high rainfall zone.

Barley (cv. Gairdner) was grown under waterlogged, optimal irrigation and rainfed conditions with five replicates on a texture contrast soil in southern Tasmania. Plants were sampled three times through the season for yield and yield components. Following harvest, 1 m\(^2\) pits were excavated and root number, soil moisture and soil strength were measured on horizontal soil faces to a depth of 110 cm. Volumetric soil moisture was recorded in each treatment throughout the growing season with a Sentek EnviroSCAN to a depth of 110 cm. Soil, plant and weather data were collated to parameterise the crop simulation model APSIM for the calculation of WUE.

Increased root depth significantly improved grain yield and WUE. Maximum rooting depth was greatest under optimal irrigation and shallowest under rainfed conditions. Increased root depth was associated with improved grain yield. Grain yield was greatest under optimal irrigation, followed by the waterlogging and rainfed conditions, respectively. Optimal irrigation had the greatest WUE. Even though the rainfed conditions lead to the poorest yield, WUE was greater than the crop subjected to waterlogged conditions.

Increasing the frequency and amount of irrigation led to waterlogging of the A horizon, which is a potential issue in texture contrast soils. The abrupt change in texture means there is a large contrast in the permeability of the two soil horizons. The low permeability of the B horizon and the low water holding capacity of the A horizon makes the soils very prone to waterlogging, particularly under irrigation. Although the soil in the waterlogged treatment had a lower penetration resistance, root depth was shallower than for the optimum treatment.

The default capacity of APSIM to simulate barley grown on Tasmanian vertic texture contrast soils was relatively poor and parameters such as yield and root growth were overestimated. This was addressed by revising the root exploration factor and root water extraction parameters of APSIM, based on detailed root density curves.

Strategic irrigation of barley improved grain yield, rooting depth and distribution in vertic, texture contrast soils. A better understanding of root-soil interactions can be used to develop more effective irrigation to increase yields and water-use efficiency of grain crops in these hydraulically complex soils.


These proceedings present results from research done for a decade in the CIFOR project Site Management and Productivity in Tropical Plantations. They include papers presented at a workshop in Brazil in November 2004 and then updated at a workshop in November 2006 at Bogor, Indonesia. These papers complement the proceedings in the series published by CIFOR in 2004, 2000, and 1999. Currently the research network includes 16 sites in 8 countries representing a range of biophysical environments, species, productivity potentials and management strategies. Research is focused on inter-rotation site management. Good management of this phase, between harvesting and tree establishment in the next rotation, is critical for the future outcome of plantations. During this phase, there is potential for soil degradation, but also opportunities to introduce sound new technologies to improve long-term productivity and soil properties. Although the species, the site, and soil problems vary according to local conditions, all experiments are designed to provide knowledge that will benefit all plantation growers and our understanding of the underlying processes which enable us to increase and sustain plantation productivity with environmental care.


Volume IV of The Cambridge History of War offers a definitive new account of war in the most destructive period in human history. Opening with the massive conflicts that erupted in the mid nineteenth century in the US, Asia and Europe, leading historians trace the global evolution of warfare through 'the age of mass', 'the age of machine' and 'the age of management'. They explore how industrialization and nationalism fostered vast armies whilst the emergence of mobile warfare and improved communications systems made possible the 'total warfare' of the two World Wars. With military conflict regionalized after 1945 they show how guerrilla and asymmetrical warfare highlighted the limits of the machine and mass as well as the importance of the media in winning 'hearts and minds'. This is a comprehensive guide to every facet of modern war from strategy and operations to its social, cultural, technological and political contexts and legacies.


Several last mile high-speed technologies have been explored to provide Internet access and multimedia services to end users. Most notable of those technologies are hybrid fiber coax (HFC) cable networks, digital subscriber line (DSL), satellite access, and fixed broadband wireless access (BWA) systems. The de facto standard for delivering broadband services over HFC networks is the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) protocol. For BWA systems, on the other hand, a new protocol, called IEEE 802.16, was developed for the same purpose. This paper presents a new and efficient scheduling architecture to support bandwidth and delay quality of service (QoS) guarantees for both DOCSIS and IEEE 802.16. Our design goals are simplicity and optimum network performance. The architecture we develop supports various types of traffic including constant bit rate, variable bit rate (real-time and non-realtime) and best effort.


Analyses of aeolian sediments present two main challenges: (1) when aerosol particles are collected on atmospheric filters, only a small amount of aeolian material is normally present, and (2) in these and other samples, the aeolian sediment is typically mixed with other types of particles and the aeolian material often makes up only a small percentage of the total sample. Diffuse Reflectance Spectrophotometry (DRS) holds the promise of overcoming these problems by making it possible to analyse small samples with the specificity and sensitivity needed to study materials indicative of aeolian transport. Unlike many other methods used to analyse aeolian sediments, DRS provides semi-quantitative information about mineral content which can be related to dust provenance. In this paper, we assess the effectiveness of DRS in analysing atmospheric filters from islands in the equatorial and tropical Atlantic and from desert regions in north central China. We also investigate the aeolian particles deposited on the Loess Plateau of central China, in marine sediments from the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean between northwest Africa and South America, and the western Pacific off Japan. As shown in these studies, DRS has become an increasingly valuable tool for the analysis of aeolian sediments, especially those containing iron oxides.