Thanks to extraordinary and exponential improvements in data storage and computing capacities, it is now possible to collect, manage, and analyze data in magnitudes and in manners that would have been inconceivable just a short time ago. As the world has developed this remarkable capacity to store and analyze data, so have the world's governments developed large-scale, comprehensive data files on tax programs, workforce information, benefit programs, health, and education. While these data are collected for purely administrative purposes, they represent remarkable new opportunities for expanding our knowledge. This chapter describes some of the benefits and challenges associated with the use of administrative data in education research. We also offer specific case studies of data that have been developed in both the Nordic countries and the United States, and offer an (incomplete) inventory of data sets used by social scientists to study education questions on every inhabited continent on earth.


This article examines the use of metaphors of disability in feminist texts. Starting from an understanding of feminism as a movement to end sex and gender oppression in the lives of all people, a movement aligned with anti-racist, anti-homophobic, anti-classist and anti-ableist movements, I make connections between sexist and ableist rhetoric in order to expose the political and intellectual repercussions for feminist work that relies upon metaphors of disability. I argue that most current uses of disability metaphors promote an ideology of impairment as a negative form of embodiment. In order to articulate my claims, I provide a close reading of extended disability metaphors used in work by bell hooks and Tania Modleski, identifying the implications about disability and problems that occur in their overall arguments when the metaphors are read from a disability studies perspective. The article ends by offering recommendations for a feminist philosophy of language, calling for a reflective political commitment by feminists to interrogate our theoretical assumptions and consider the effects of our language so as to prevent further marginalization of disempowered groups in general and disabled people in particular. Keywords: metaphor; language; ableism; feminism


The utilization of advanced, high-powered nuclear-electric spacecraft in the near future for the unmanned scientific exploration of space will provide significant weight allowances and power levels for scientific payloads and communication equipment. The electronic system designer, presently faced with minimum weight and power limitations imposed by today's chemically-propelled spacecraft, must develop new techniques to take advantage of the greater capabilities promised by nuclear-electric spacecraft. Power levels approaching 1 Mwe may be expected. Systems capable of employing this power must operate under an intense nuclear radiation flux at elevated temperatures for long time periods. Development of such equipment must be initiated at an early date.


The argument being made here is that democratic life is more likely if educators actually 'educate', rather than comply with quality of teaching approaches as promoted by the Australian federal government. Engaging with some philosophy of education can assist educators to resist being seduced by notions such as 'quality teaching', 'evidence-based' practices and 'impact' and to exercise the intellectual and political resolve necessary to ensure educational practices promote democracy (Biesta, 2010a) and are not surrendered to the control of non-educators. Blake et al. (2000, p. xiii) identify that philosophy is usually avoided in discussions regarding quality, evidence-based approaches and accountability because bureaucrats are "intolerant of philosophical debate". By drawing largely upon the works of Dewey and his notions of education, democracy and the science of education, it is argued that what is needed is for teachereducators to focus on 'educating' teachers, as professionals, to be critically scientific and democratic.


Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and functioning are associated with outcomes in schizophrenia; however, there is heterogeneity in measured HRQOL and functioning concepts and incongruence among raters (patients, caregivers, and physicians). This study aimed to explore the meaning and relevance to patients and caregivers of the concepts measured in two commonly used measures of HRQOL and functioning in schizophrenia: the clinician-administered Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QLS) and the patient-rated Subjective Well-being Under Neuroleptics–Short Form (SWN-S). Interviews with adults with schizophrenia (n=12) and focus groups with caregivers (n=17) were conducted to assess the meaning and importance of concepts from these measures. For both patients and caregivers, the Intrapsychic Foundations domain of the QLS and the Mental Functioning domain of the SWN-S were identified as the most important contributors to patient HRQOL and functioning. General congruence was observed in patients' and caregivers' interpretations of the concepts on both measures.


This article gives a comprehensive account of 'The Critical Tradition' in today's study of visual culture. The Critical Tradition encompasses approaches which focus explicitly on the power struggles between different social groups, institutions and ideologies. A content analysis of articles published in Visual Studies and Journal of Visual Culture in 2002–2008 shows a rejection of material and political reality as a starting point and a favouring of relative and constructivist forms of criticism in humanist approaches of visual culture, and emphasis on empirical instead of critical perspectives in social scientific visual studies. Poststructural and postmodern criticism has dominated in visual studies. What visual studies needs, this article suggests, is a new focus on real power relationships.


Background Decathlon and heptathlon are track and field disciplines during which participants run, jump, and throw. The training and the competitions are highly demanding from both the physical and psychological standpoints because of the frequency and intensity of the events that could lead to important risk of injury. Objective To prospectively determine the frequency, location and types of injuries suffered by the high-level decathletes and heptathletes. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Athletes selected from the combined events French National team for heptathlon or decathlon competitions during the 1994 to 1998 seasons. Participants 69 international level athletes: 30 heptathletes (21±4 yr, 176±6 cm, 61±4 kg) and 39 decathletes (22±6 yr, 186±6 cm, 80±8 kg). Main outcome measurements All injuries were recorded during the 1994 to 1998 seasons. For each injury data, the circumstances of onset (training or competition), the injured body part, the type and the cause of injury were collected. Results Among the 69 athletes included in this study, 32 athletes presented a total of 86 injuries. The injured rate was 31.1 injuries per 100 athletes per season. 43% of the injuries occurred during competitions, 30% during training and 27% unknown. In approximately half of the cases, the injuries were caused by overuse (49%), and in the other half by non-contact trauma (43%). The majority of injuries were located on the lower extremity (77%), and 9% on the lower back. The injuries concerned tendons (41%) and muscles (23%). The most common diagnoses were knee tendinopathy (14%), followed by lower leg strain (13%), thigh strain (11%) and Achilles tendinopathy (11%). Conclusion Injuries are common in high-level decathletes and heptathletes. Specific preventive measures of the most common injuries (knee and Achilles tendinopathies, lower leg and thigh strains) should be introduced and their effectiveness evaluated by prospective surveillance.


The Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014 (the Bill) would amend the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 (the TIA Act) to require service providers to retain certain types of telecommunications data for a two year period and to introduce certain reforms to the regimes applying to access to stored communications and telecommunications data under the TIA Act. The following submissions were made by the Australian Privacy Foundation on 19 January 2015, to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security, concerning the Committee's Inquiry into the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014:1. The APF opposes mandatory blanket data retention schemes, such as that proposed in the Bill, as they impose a high level of interference that is not necessary nor proportionate to the objectives of law enforcement and national security. The conclusion that blanket data retention breaches human rights, and especially the right to privacy, has been reached by every court and human rights body that has examined the issue.2. Mandatory data retention is not necessary nor proportionate because it entails the indiscriminate collection and retention of all forms of data about all persons, where there is no necessary link to investigations of serious crimes or threats to national security. The aims of the Bill can be achieved by measures that are less intrusive and more highly targeted than blanket retention of telecommunications data.3. Claims that 'metadata' (or non-content telecommunications data) are less intrusive than communications content are misleading, as metadata reveals highly personal information about communications users. Especially when combined with contemporary data analytics, telecommunications data may reveal more about people than communications content. Therefore legal safeguards on the collection of, and access to, telecommunications data should be at least as strong as those that apply to communications content.4. While access to telecommunications data can clearly be helpful to investigations conducted by law enforcement and security agencies, the evidence indicates that claims that mass collection and retention of metadata is essential are often over-stated. Independent analyses suggest that serious crime and terrorism may be just as effectively investigated by more targeted investigation techniques, which do not rely on mass data retention and which, accordingly, are less privacy-intrusive.5. The ready availability of techniques for masking metadata to users with no more than average sophistication suggests that blanket data retention regimes may be counter-productive, as they create an incentive for users to conceal their communications.6. Blanket data retention regimes pose a range of risks, which do not seem to have been taken into account by proponents of the Bill. In particular, the Bill will result in the collection and retention of much more data about users than would otherwise be the case, with the attendant risks associated with such large data sets. These risks include: risks associated with unanticipated uses of the data by service providers; risks associated with disclosures to third parties; and risks associated with the difficulties of adequately ensuring the security of large data sets. The APF submits that the current legal controls on the use, disclosure and security of such data, including those established under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) and Part 13 of the Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth), are inadequate.7. Further risks posed by the mass collection and retention of telecommunications data include risks arising from Australians feeling they may be subject to constant mass surveillance and the potential for scope creep, including the use of such data in litigation unrelated to crime prevention and national security.8. The APF submits that there are a number of problems with the way in which the proposed data set is dealt with in the Bill. In particular, the data set is not appropriately limited to that which is necessary and proportionate for law enforcement and national security and the statutory categories in the Bill are too broad and uncertain, leaving too much detail to the regulations.9. The APF recommends the introduction of a definition of 'telecommunications data' for the purposes of the access regime in Chapter 4 of the TIA Act. Such a definition is required to remove uncertainty about the data that can be accessed under that regime.10. The APF submits that there are serious problems with the way in which browsing history is dealt with in the Bill, including in proposed s 187A(4(b). In particular, as there is no prohibition on service providers collecting and retaining Internet browsing history, which may be accessed as telecommunications data under Chapter 4 of the TIA Act, claims that the exclusion of browsing history from the data set means that the Bill is not privacy-intrusive are disingenuous. Moreover, as some technologies currently deployed by service providers require the logging of destination IP addresses in order to determine the source of a communication, the collection and retention of some browsing history data may be required in order for service providers to comply with their data retention obligations. The APF therefore recommends that the 'browsing history' exclusion be revisited with a view to addressing these problems.11. APF submits that the two year retention period is excessive in relation to the objectives of the Bill, and recommends that this be reduced to six months.12. The APF submits that too much discretion is given to the Attorney-General to declare bodies or authorities to be a 'criminal law-enforcement agency' for the purposes of the stored communications regime in Chapter 3 of the TIA Act. The APF recommends that the ability to seek a stored communications warrant, or authorise access to historical telecommunications data, should be confined to authorities or bodies responsible for investigating serious criminal offences, serious allegations of public corruption, or serious threats to national security. The APF further recommends that, in exercising the determination-making power, the Attorney-General be specifically required to take into account the effect of a determination on the right to privacy.13. The APF submits that, given the highly privacy-intrusive nature of metadata, the definition of an 'enforcement agency' for the purposes of access to historical telecommunications data is too broad. The APF therefore recommends that access to telecommunications data for the purposes of Chapter 4 of the TIA Act should be confined to authorities or bodies responsible for investigating serious criminal offences, serious allegations of public corruption, or serious threats to national security.14. The APF submits that the thresholds for access to stored communications and telecommunications data under the TIA Act are too low. The APF recommends that the threshold for access to stored communications should be brought into line with the threshold for interceptions of real-time communications such that access must relate to investigations of offences punishable by imprisonment for at least 7 years. The APF further recommends that the same thresholds should apply to access to telecommunications data under Chapter 4 of the TIA Act.15. The APF submits that, given the highly privacy-intrusive nature of metadata, the procedural safeguards for access to telecommunications data under Chapter 4 of the TIA At are inadequate. The APF therefore recommends that procedural safeguards be introduced to regulate access to non-content telecommunications data, which involve a decision of an independent body required to balance the objectives of access against the intrusion on the right to privacy. The safeguards should involve a process analogous to applications for a warrant for access to real-time communications and stored communications. 16. The APF welcomes the enhancement to the oversight and accountability mechanisms for access to stored communications and telecommunications data, including the enhanced role of the Commonwealth Ombudsman, contained in Schedule 3 of the Bill. Especially given the highly privacy-intrusive nature of both stored communications and metadata, the APF recommends that consideration be given to establishing a Commonwealth Public Interest Monitor (PIM), who would be empowered to appear and make submissions on applications for warrants and access.17. The APF submits that, in proposing a mandatory blanket data retention regime, the government has given insufficient consideration to the potential benefits of a targeted data preservation regime, in which relevant agencies may selectively require the preservation of telecommunications data, provided that satisfactory procedural safeguards are met. The APF therefore recommends that: (a) The mandatory blanket data retention regime embodied in the Bill be abandoned, on the basis that it is neither necessary nor proportionate, and its effectiveness is questionable, at least in the light of the very high level of interference with privacy entailed by such a regime; and(b) Consideration be given to the introduction of a more targeted and circumscribed data preservation regime, which may include a modified version of the preservation notice regime established under Chapter 3 of the TIA Act.


In recent years, due to the increasing global warming, food security is one of the world's biggest problems. Each country is willing to take under guarantee the safety of their food in order to feed the population. In order to realize this strategy, rather than increasing the number of animals in production to increase yield obtained per animal. The most effective and accurate way to increase productivity per animal is breeding. Breeding success depends on agricultural policies applied, in addition to the objectives to be accomplished. Breeding activities started with the republic in Turkey, but could not achieve the desired success. Herd book records belongs to species are collected by the cattle, sheep and goat breeders associations. Type of pedigree cattle records history dates back to 1995. Projects carried out jointly by Turkey, Germany and Italy began pedigree studies resulted in the establishment of Cattle Breeders' Association. By means of this associations, breeding activities have gained momentum and National Breeding Program was started in 1999, Cattle Breeders' Association of Turkey, in partnership with the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. In this program, pre-herdbook and herdbook records are kept by the Association and, Progeny Testing System are applied in conditions of the country. Organizational model in small ruminants are applied similar to cattle, however keeping herdbook records and breeding activities are implemented at the beginning stage yet. In this study, animal breeding applications in Turkey are evaluated generally.


International honey standards are specified in a European Honey Directive and in the Codex Alimentarius Standard for Honey, both of which are presently under revision. In this article, present knowledge on the different quality criteria is reviewed. The standard drafts include standards and methods for the determination of the following quality factors: moisture, ash, acidity, HMF, apparent reducing sugars, apparent sucrose, diastase activity and water-insoluble matter. International honey standards for fructose/glucose content, the sucrose content and electrical conductivity are proposed. Also the use of other quality factors, such as invertase activity, proline and specific rotation, used in many countries, is also discussed.


Abstract This paper presents a reliability modelling strategy of a single-unit PLC's controlled system and its application to industries. Because many industries are operated and controlled by programmable logic controllers, the authors suggest a modelling strategy inspired by reliability analysis and using the data from a biscuit manufacturing factory controlled by a single-unit PLC system under various failure and repair situations. Further, the paper outlines the mathematical technique using semi-Markov and regenerative processes for extracting various reliability indices. Profit incurred to the system is obtained. A particular case using the proposed model is examined graphically.


The increasing availability of downscaled climate projections and other data products that summarize or predict climate conditions, is making climate data use more common in research and management. Scientists and decisionmakers often need to construct ensembles and compare climate hindcasts and future projections for particular spatial areas. These tasks generally require an investigator to procure all datasets of interest en masse, integrate the various data formats and representations into commonly accessible and comparable formats, and then extract the subsets of the datasets that are actually of interest. This process can be challenging and time intensive due to data-transfer, -storage, and(or) -processing limits, or unfamiliarity with methods of accessing climate data. Data management for modeling and assessing the impacts of future climate conditions is also becoming increasingly expensive due to the size of the datasets. The Climate Geo Data Portal (http://cida.usgs.gov/climate/gdp/) addresses these limitations, making access to numerous climate datasets for particular areas of interest a simple and efficient task. The portal allows a user to process data by:


The functional demand placed on older adults while conducting activities of daily life is of concern to a number of health professionals and designers as well as the client and their carer. In this study we attempted to produce a first generation model of the human subject in motion performing activities of daily living and to use Isometric strength data measured using a perpose built dynamometer and biomechanical functional movement data recorded with a VICON movement analysis system to express and visually present the functional demand placed on the various joints of the human body while executing the 5 daily living tasks. Data from 84 older adults subjects from Glasgow, Scotland, UK, was recorded and included in the model. It was found helpful to represent the level of demand placed on the joint by a variable colour sphere located at the joint which changed from gree through yellow and orange to red with increasing levels of demand. The project has shown that with this system it is possible to visually portray complex biomechanical and strength data data to a variety of users and professionals in a simple, understandable, scientific and suitably analytical manner.


Clinical patient records are an example of high-dimensional data that is typically collected from disparate sources and comprises of multiple likelihoods with noisy as well as missing values. In this work, we propose an unsupervised generative model that can learn a low-dimensional representation among the observations in a latent space, while making use of all available data in a heterogeneous data setting with missing values. We improve upon the existing Gaussian process latent variable model (GPLVM) by incorporating multiple likelihoods and deep neural network parameterised back-constraints to create a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique for heterogeneous data. In addition, we develop a variational inference method for our model that uses numerical quadrature. We establish the effectiveness of our model and compare against existing GPLVM methods on a standard benchmark dataset as well as on clinical data of Parkinson's disease patients treated at the HUS Helsinki University Hospital.


Summarywell-known, borderline personality disorder is a highly variegated clinical constellation, so that it might be better pictured as an area rather than a line. It is in this clinical area that we encounter particularly difficult patients who, subject to emotional dysregulation and tendency to impulsive action, cause much trouble to clinicians and health workers committed to their treatment. The contribution of psychopathology becomes essential whenever it allows the clinician to move from the level of symptoms to that of lived experience. When this shift is not attempted, the clinician's gaze remains dominated by the triad of stigmatisation, intractability and chronicity. To ask "what is it like to be a person with BPD" means, for example, to identify the characteristics of a perpetually dysphoric mood condition that forces the subject to look for ways to quickly reduce such uncomfortable state. Psychopathology allows us to shed light on the dynamics of dysphoric mood and the transformation of dysphoria into anger: this knowledge can also help reduce the risk of emotional mirror-involvement in the clinician.


Abstract For marine top predators like seabirds, the oceans represent a multitude of habitats regarding oceanographic conditions and food availability. Worldwide, these marine habitats are being altered by changes in climate and increased anthropogenic impact. This is causing a growing concern on how seabird populations might adapt to these changes. Understanding how seabird populations respond to fluctuating environmental conditions and to what extent behavioral flexibility can buffer variations in food availability can help predict how seabirds may cope with changes in the marine environment. Such knowledge is important to implement proper long‐term conservation measures intended to protect marine predators. We explored behavioral flexibility in choice of foraging habitat of chick‐rearing black‐legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla during multiple years. By comparing foraging behavior of individuals from two colonies with large differences in oceanographic conditions and distances to predictable feeding areas at the Norwegian shelf break, we investigated how foraging decisions are related to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We found that proximity to the shelf break determined which factors drove the decision to forage there. At the colony near the shelf break, time of departure from the colony and wind speed were most important in driving the choice of habitat. At the colony farther from the shelf break, the decision to forage there was driven by adult body condition. Birds furthermore adjusted foraging behavior metrics according to time of the day, weather conditions, body condition, and the age of the chicks. The study shows that kittiwakes have high degree of flexibility in their behavioral response to a variable marine environment, which might help them buffer changes in prey distribution around the colonies. The flexibility is, however, dependent on the availability of foraging habitats near the colony.


This publication is an update of Prevention of substance abuse, published in 2007. Like the previous analysis, it is a translation of a German study that presents a state-of-the-art review of prevention science. Although originally targeted at the German audience, the evidence base addressed is global in its scope. The review is broad in its considerations, covering not only the main topic of drug abuse but also alcohol and tobacco, as well as behavioural addictions, such as gambling.

Table of contents:
• Foreword to the English version
• Summary
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Methodology
• Chapter 3: Results
• Chapter 4: Discussion
• References / Glossary


The relations between explicit and implicit racial bias measures were examined in the present study, along with the predictive validity of these measures for juror verdict tendency for criminal case summaries as a function of case type and defendant ethnicity. Participants completed a general implicit racial bias measure, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and two explicit measures of racial bias, of which the Modern Racism Scale (MRS) was a general measure and of which the Racial Bias Scale (PJBQ-RB) of the Pretrial Juror Bias Questionnaire (PJBQ) was a legal specific measure. Participants read two criminal case summaries, the first of which was an assault case and the second of which was a robbery case. Defendant ethnicity (African American or European American) was varied between participants through the presentation of defendant photographs. Results demonstrated that explicit and implicit bias measures are related with one another, although the relations do not always emerge between the different types of bias measures or only between bias measures assessing the same construct. The more general MRS and IAT were significantly related to one another, while the more specific PJBQ-Race did not relate to the IAT. Additionally, the IAT measure was significantly related to several other legal bias measures that were not direct assessments of racial bias, indicating that perhaps implicit measures are not measuring an individual's beliefs about racial bias so much as perhaps the degree to which an individual is aware of societal attitudes towards ethnic minority members. Both the PJBQ scales and the IAT predicted verdict tendency, although the specific results varied depending on both case type and defendant ethnicity. Predictive validity for the assault case was poor. The PJBQ scales displayed predictive validity for the robbery case across defendant ethnicity conditions, while the IAT had predictive utility solely when examining verdict tendency for specific defendant-case combinations. These findings demonstrate that although explicit and implicit measures are not entirely independent of each other, they do appear to be assessing largely independent constructs. Similarly, both explicit and implicit bias measures displayed evidence of their potential utility as predictors of juror verdict tendency for criminal cases.


Background: Cement in one hand is the most used substance for construction all over the world but on the other hand prolonged exposure from cement dust particles along with smoking, long working duration in dusty environments and increasing age impairs pulmonary functions. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effect of cement dust on the pulmonary functions of cement factory workers. Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study conducted from October 2019 to February 2020 among 360 workers of cement factories of Chhattisgarh state selected by systematic random sampling who were interviewed. Spirometry was done and their forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, Forced expiratory flow, peak expiratory flow rate, and lung age were determined with a flow-sensing spirometer. Data were collected, entered in MS Excel spreadsheet, and analyzed using SPSS software (version 20.0) for Chi-square test, linear regression, and general linear model. Results: One-third of the study subjects had pulmonary dysfunction, out of which 10% and 30% were having severe and moderate dysfunction, respectively. Significant higher Odds for developing impaired pulmonary functions were seen among >40 years of age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.88 [1.13, 3.12]), more than 10 years of service (AOR = 4.69 [2.32, 9.53]) and smokers (AOR = 4.45 [2.53, 7.83]) Conclusion: Working in dusty environment along with other factors in cement factories significantly decrease lung parameters. Exposure with dust is strong predictor for chronic respiratory symptoms.


It has been more than 30 years since the first Chinese Antarctic Expedition took place. Polar upper atmospheric observations started at this time. First began at Great Wall Station and then at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica, and later in the Arctic at Yellow River Station, Kjell Henriksen Observatory on Svalbard, and at the China-Iceland Joint Aurora Observatory in Iceland. In this paper, we reviewed the advances in polar upper atmosphere physics (UAP) based on the Chinese national Arctic and Antarctic research over the last five years. These included newly deployed observatories and research instruments in the Arctic and Antarctic; and new research findings, from ground-based observations, about polar ionosphere dynamics, aurora and particle precipitation, polar plasma convection, geomagnetic pulsations and space plasma waves, space weather in the polar regions, simulations of the polar ionosphere-magnetosphere. In conclusion, suggestions were made for future polar upper atmosphere physics research in China. Citation: He F, Hu H Q, Yang H G, et al. Recent progress in Chinese polar upper-atmospheric physics research: review of research advances supported by the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. Adv Polar Sci, 2016, 27: 219-232, doi:10.13679/j.advps.2016.4.00219


Notch inhibitors may prevent a metastatic transition in melanoma. Melanoma metastasis involves a shift from radial (lateral) growth in the epidermis to vertical invasion into the dermis. Golan et al. found that contact with differentiated keratinocytes in the upper epidermis triggered vertical invasion by melanoma cells. Various signaling pathways, including Notch, are active in the epidermis. The authors found that the Notch receptor was present on the surface of both invasive and noninvasive melanoma cell lines, and Notch ligands and nuclear-localized Notch intracellular domain (NICD, a cleavage product of the Notch receptor that is the active mediator of this pathway) were present in the upper layer of the epidermis in human skin samples (where keratinocytes are present), but not in the normal melanocytes in the basal epidermis. Noninvasive melanoma cells became invasive in Matrigel when cocultured with differentiated keratinocytes but not with basal keratinocytes or fibroblasts, and transfection with an mCherry Notch reporter revealed that coculture with keratinocytes induced Notch signaling in melanoma cells. Treating cocultures with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT that blocks the production of the NICD or depleting the Notch ligand DLL1 from keratinocytes prevented invasion into Matrigel. Compared with mice injected with melanoma cells and either basal keratinocytes or fibroblasts, mice injected with melanoma cells and differentiated keratinocytes had greater numbers of lung metastases. In melanoma patient samples, contact between melanoma cells and DLL1-positive upper epidermal cells correlated with invasive grades. Sequencing of the small RNAs in melanoma cells cultured on DLL1-coated plates or cocultured with keratinocytes revealed that Notch signaling induced the expression of the miR-222 and miR-221 (miR-222/221) cluster, the expression of which was observed only in invasive melanoma samples. Expressing miR-222 in noninvasive melanoma xenografts promoted metastasis in mice. Various cell culture experiments, involving promoter histone methylation analysis, luciferase reporter assays and RNA interference, revealed that the transcription factor MITF formed a complex with RBPJK that bound the promoter of miR-222/221 and recruited the demethylase KDM5A to repress miR-222/221 expression, but that when Notch signaling is stimulated, the NICD disrupted this repressive complex by reducing the binding of MITF to the miR-222/221 promoter. In invasive melanoma samples, the expression of Notch target genes was increased, and expression of miR222/221 target genes was decreased. Knocking down MITF or overexpressing the NICD in noninvasive cells conferred invasive properties in culture, which were blocked by DAPT to inhibit Notch signaling or an miR222/221 antagomir. Overexpressing MITF reduced invasive behavior in highly invasive cells. The findings suggest that inhibiting intercellular Notch signaling may prevent melanoma metastasis. T. Golan, A. R. Messer, A. Amitai-Lange, Z. Melamed, R. Ohana, R. E. Bell, O. Kapitansky, G. Lerman, S. Greenberger, M. Khaled, N. Amar, J. Albrengues, C. Gaggioli, P. Gonen, Y. Tabach, D. Sprinzak, R. Shalom-Feuerstein, C. Levy, Interactions of melanoma cells with distal keratinocytes trigger metastasis via Notch signaling inhibition of MITF. Mol. Cell 59, 664–676 (2015). [PubMed]


Focusing upon solicitors working in private law firms in England and Wales, the study investigates the interrelationships between domain-specific and work-home interference factors and their predictive value in relation to different categories of strain symptomatology and satisfaction outcomes. The research also examines the moderating influences of gender and
family type on the interface between work and home, and their differential impacts on well-being. Data were gathered in two stages. Stage one involved 20 interviews that allowed respondents to identify sources of work and home pressures for themselves. Content analysis of the interview transcripts facilitated the development of separate work and home pressure inventories. In addressing the difficulties associated with construct measurement, stage two developed an unorthodox approach for measuring both forms of work-home interference, which was part of an extensive survey instrument that included established outcome measures. The sample group was devised using a cluster sampling strategy whereby legal firms were grouped according to their size and then by regional cities. Nearly 2,500 surveys were distributed with a return rate of nearly 30%. The data set was split into two sub-sets via a cluster sampling strategy based on gender and family type to allow for a series of exploratory and confirmatory analyses in the development and testing of structural equation models of the work and home domain.
A distinguishing feature of this study is its examination of the work-home interface at the microlevel, which involved developing a series of structural equation models relevant to the most salient sources of work-home interference and domain-specific pressures experienced by solicitors. Through a series of exploratory and confirmatory analyses, the study' tested three differing sets of explanatory relations as to the interplay between specific aspects of the two domains, and the implications of this interplay for a range of outcomes. The findings provide strong empirical support to assert that work-to-home interference (e. g., concerns over ability) and home-to-work interference (e. g., unfulfilled domestic responsibilities) represent two distinct dimensions of individuals functioning with different rates of prevalence and different role related antecedents and outcomes that indicate that solicitors are being stretched in both domains. The empirical evidence indicates an increasing convergence in the public and private roles of male and female solicitors, highlighting the importance of both sexes having the opportunity to attain a balance between the domains of work and home. The study also demonstrates that work-home interference is not exclusively a problem for employees located in traditional nuclear families and shows that solicitors within differing familial situations (e. g., single persons) experience high levels of work-home interference that can exacerbate domainspecific pressures resulting in a poor state of health and low levels of work and home satisfaction.


This paper describes the twin-roll casting technology of magnesium alloys that contain relatively high weight ratios of aluminum, such as AZ91, AZ101 and AZ111. The magnesium alloy sheets were cast by a horizontal twin roll caster to manufacture relatively high-strength Mg alloys with high aluminum content. The influences of such process parameters as casting temperature and roll speed were ascertained. The microstructures of cast magnesium alloy sheets are observed to investigate the effects of roll-casting conditions on crystal growth in the cast products. It was found that Mg alloys with high aluminum content can be fabricated at a roll speed of 15 m/min with a horizontal-roll caster. The grain size of the manufactured wrought magnesium alloy sheet was about 10 micrometers due to rapid solidification in the proposed process.


Light vehicle engine pistons have traditionally been cast from near eutectic Al-Si cast alloys due to several favourable functional and processing attributes. The increasingly demanding engine performance requirements have necessitated the need for the development of multicomponent alloys with high alloy content and highly complex microstructure. In this regard, recent trends in new piston alloy development have been to increase the level of various alloying elements such as Cu, Ni and even Si. However, low Si compositions of ?7 wt% Si and ?0.7 wt% Si have also been proposed largely due to observations that the large blocky primary Si particles found in the near-eutectic alloys are potent fatigue crack initiators. Nonetheless, previous research on these low Si piston alloys has demonstrated that their fatigue performance is significantly impaired by porosity which increases with decreasing Si content. With improved processing techniques, porosity can be reduced to levels that make it impotent in fatigue failure processes. The aim of this work was therefore to characterise the microstructure and fatigue micromechanisms of the low Si piston alloys after hot isostatic pressing (hipping) to reduce porosity. This was achieved using a combination of various imaging tools and fatigue testing to establish the role of microstructure on initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. It has been demonstrated using X-ray microtomography that hipping significantly reduces porosity, especially in the 0.7 wt% Si alloy, while the intermetallic structures remain largely unaffected. The eutectic Si particles in the 7 wt% Si alloy are however transformed from a fine fibrous interconnected structure to coarse, spheroidised and discrete particles. Hipping has also been observed to improve the fatigue performance of the 0.7 wt% Si alloy due to the significant reduction in porosity. Fatigue crack initiation has been observed to occur mainly at intermetallic particles in both alloys after hipping and, consistent with previous work, the most frequent crack initiating phase is found to be Al 9 FeNi. Analysis of short fatigue crack growth profiles has shown that intermetallics and eutectic Si particles preferentially debond, thus providing a weak path for crack propagation along their interfaces with the ?-Al matrix. However, grain boundaries as well as these hard particles have also been shown to frequently act as effective barriers to crack growth. On the other hand, long fatigue crack growth analysis has shown that fatigue cracks tend to avoid Si and/or intermetallic particles at low ?K levels (up to ?K?7 MPa?m). At higher levels of ?K, the cracks increasingly seek out these hard particles up to a ?K of ?9 MPa?m after which the crack preferentially propagates through them. It has also been observed that crack interaction with intermetallics causes significant crack deflection which may result in roughness related closure mechanisms to be activated.


With recent enhancements in semiconductor technology the microwave frequency range beyond 50 GHz becomes more and more attractive especially for wideband communication applications like 802.11ad, microwave links or automotive RADAR. Low phase noise is essential for these applications to work properly. Accurate measurement of phase noise is needed to improve the performance. However, test setups at these frequencies become difficult, especially when cross correlation of two receive paths is needed to suppress additional phase noise added by the local oscillators or mixer stages. Two external harmonic mixers in combination with a commercially available phase noise tester are used for phase noise analysis. Signal sources with frequencies up to 500 GHz can theoretically be measured with this setup. Keywords— Phase noise, harmonic mixer, millimeter wave, Pulsed phase noise, I/Q mixer, Cross Correlation


Research type is research of case study that is research with the problem characteristic of related to background and condition in this time and also its interaction environmentally with the research title that is: " Evaluate The Invesment of For Plant Asset of At PT. Varia Usaha Beton Waru" Intention of this research that is to know the invesment elegibility of at machine used by company in this time still be competent to be continued. Usefulness from this research specially for company that is expected serve the purpose of consideration in determining invesment wisdom of at plant asset. Pursuant to result of research and solution which have been conducted, concerning invesment evaluation for plant asset of at PT. Variety of is Effort Concrete hence can be pulled by a the following conclusion: Result of analysis by using obtainable method NPV of positive value, thereby mean that the invesment for plant asset [done/conducted] by company give the result which to the advantage of company in the future. Analyse by using knowable method IRR that invesment conducted competent be achieved, the mentioned of because of value IRR obtained by bigger than COC. Result of analysis by mengunakan is knowable method MIRR that invesment of plant asset [done/conducted] competent be achieved that is entire/all project expense invested by regain in the form of capital instalment. After learning, analysing and concluding from above research result, is hence raised by some suggestion which can be raised, that is as follows: expected by a company to realize for invesment of plant asset in order to executing production process, so that able to improve the amount produce and in the end able to improve the sale for product yielded by a company. Expected by a company always perform a the observation of either through direct and also indirectly to each;every activity of production process take place to give the impact which are positive to efficient storey;level and efektifitas of company of having taken steps of plant asset invesment. The effort conducted by invesment to conducted ambulatory or pursuant to which have been specified. In effort improvement for product amount after process of plant asset addition, unrightious of company expected also pay attention to the yielded product quality storey;level, the mentioned conducted by because quality or quality of product represent the guarantee for accepting of product accepted in market Keyword : Net Present Value, Cost Of Capital, Internal Rate of Return, Modified Internal Rate of Return. Link Terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/292/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2008-watik03610-14574-PENDAHUL-N.pdf


We present efficient algorithms for finding a minimum cost perfect matching, and for serving the transportation problem in bipartite graphs, G = (Sinks ∪ Sources, Sinks × Sources), where |Sinks| = n, |Sources| = m, n ≤ m, and the cost function obeys the quadrangle inequality. First, we assume that ah the sink points and ah the source points lie on a curve that is homeomorphic to either a line or a circle and the cost function is given by the Euclidean distance along the curve. We present a linear time algorithm for the matching problem that is simpler than the algorithm of Karp and Li (Discrete Math.13 (1975), 129-142). We generalize our method to solve the corresponding transportation problem in O((m + n)log(m + n)) time, improving on the best previously known algorithm of Karp and Li. Next, we present an O(n log m) time algorithm for minimum cost matching when the cost array is a bitonic Monge array. An example of this is when the sink points lie on one straight line and the source points lie on another straight line. Finally, we provide a weakly polynomial algorithm for the transportation problem in which the associated cost array is a bitonic Monge array. Our algorithm for this problem runs in O(m log(Σmj = 1sj)) time, where di is the demand at the ith sink, sj is the supply available at the jth source, and Σni = 1di ≤ Σmj = 1sj.


The studies of Cyclops O.F. Muller, 1776 have more than two centuries of tradition in Fenno-Scandinavia, yet, basic taxonomic questions remain unresolved and the limits of the distributional area are very poorly understood in the majority of the taxa (11+) occurring in the region. Based on the types and other materials we redescribe two species, C. lacustris G.O. Sars, 1863 and C. bohater Koźminski, 1933, the latter being reported here for the first time from Fenno-Scandinavia; lectotypes of both species have been designated herein. Setulation characters of the antennal coxobasis- and maxillulary palp setae and P1 medial spine, as well as the spine formula of the terminal exopodal segments of the swimming legs (3433) in the adult female distinguish C. lacustris and C. bohater from their congeners. An identification key is provided to the Cyclops species of Fenno-Scandinavia, including information about both the female and male morphology. Although the limited material does not allow us to define the species range limits, our data nevertheless support a Northern European distribution in C. lacustris , and Northern and Central European distribution in C. bohater , while the records from the southern Palearctic need further verification.


Despite their central position, workers' relationships have often been a neglected issue in commodity chain approaches. This article analyses how the social relations of workers are affected by economic upgrading in the wild berry global commodity chain (GCC). It is argued that the social effects in a GCC are the result of multiple power spatialities, which must be analysed both according to workers' rights and from a household perspective. In the Swedish wild berry GCC, foreign workers are contracted on a seasonal basis to collect the raw material. The regulated workers, who are principally from Thailand, are subject to social upgrading as well as social downgrading, involving the potential for both exploitation in the Swedish labour market and social empowerment in their homeland. It is concluded that a complex mix of hierarchical, networked and topological power spatialities explain the construction of the wild berry GCC and its effects on worker relations.


CHEF provides knowledge about flood protection of cultural heritage objects and directly supports the European Floods Directive by giving recommendations on how to assess the vulnerability of monuments. A comprehensive analysis of protective measures BEFORE, DURING and AFTER a flood has been carried out within the project, including technical and administrational measures. An overview of these measures is given, followed by recommendations on how to establish the most effective protective strategies.


A planar concave diffraction grating for integrated optics is created by using a grating-distributed Bragg reflector based on dielectric materials. By combining the Bragg condition which leads to very high reflection with the grating diffraction condition which provides wavelength spreading, a mono-order diffraction grating was built with the use of elliptical facets. A computed grating efficiency of 99% was achieved by this new proposed configuration of mono-order grating by suppressing unwanted diffraction orders, while keeping aberration-free focusing.


The heterogeneous palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reactions between model aryl bromides (4-bromoanisole, 4-bromoaniline, 4-amino-2-bromopyridine, and 2-bromopyridine) and phenylboronic acid have been successfully conducted in water with no added ligand at the 100 mL scale using 20–40 mmol of aryl bromide. The product yields associated with these substrates were optimized, and key reaction parameters affecting the yields were identified. The results clearly indicate that the reaction parameters necessary to achieve high yields are substrate-dependent. In addition, it is demonstrated that aqueous Suzuki reactions of substrates containing basic nitrogen centers can produce quantitative yields of desired products in the absence of added ligand.


Several promoters of different origins have been used to drive expression of transgenes in pig with variable results. However, there has not been a systemic search to identify the most reliable, ubiquitous, and tissue-specific promoters, such as endothelium-specific promoters, to drive expression of transgenes with high predictability. In this study we tested 9 ubiquitous mammalian promoters, generated by assembling enhancers, minimal promoters, and 5′untranslated region of different origins (Table 1) and 5 endothelial-specific promoters: hFlt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase), hICAM-2 (intercellular adhesion molecule-2), andhEndoglin promoters from human; mouse Tie-2 promoter (Schlaeger et al. 1997 PNAS 94, 3058-3063); and pig ICAM-2 promoter (Godwin et al. 2006 Xenotransplantation 13, 514-521). These promoters drive the expression of either GFP or LacZ reporter genes and were electroporated into 9 different pig cell types: endothelium-derived 2A2 and PEDSV15 cells (Seebach et al. 2001 Xenotransplantation 8, 48-61), nasal fibroblasts, kidney epithelial cells, and lung macrophages (ATCC, CRL-2528, 2842, and 2843), pig fetal fibroblasts, liver stem cells, fat-derived stem cells, and immortalized liver endothelial cells (generated in the lab). The expression was graded as week, moderate, or strong depending on the brightness of GFP signal or intensity of LacZ staining. Out of 9 ubiquitous promoters, 7 showed either low expression in all cell types or different levels of expression in some of the cell types. However, 2 promoters, hCMV-hCMV-HTLV and SV40-hCMV-HTLV, showed strong and stable expression across all 9 cell types. Among endothelial-specific promoters, pig ICAM-2 promoter showed moderate and specific expression in all 3 endothelial cell types (strong expression with the enhancer) and no expression in non-endothelial cells. Human EC-specific promoter hFlt-1 showed moderate expression in all 3 endothelial cell types, as well as in some of the non-endothelial cells such as liver stem cells, fat-derived stem cells, and lung macrophages. The other endothelial-specific human and mouse promoters did not show any expression in both endothelial and non-endothelial cells. In summary, we identified hCMV-hCMV-HTLV and SV40-hCMV-HTLV as 2 ubiquitous promoters and pICAM2 as an endothelial-specific promoter for expression of transgenes in pig. In the future, we will test these 3 promoters for in vivo expression studies. Table 1.Ubiquitous promoter characteristics


Abstract : The U.S. Army Office of The Surgeon General (OTSG) tasked IDA with developing human response models for five prospective chemical agents. The models are intended to be placed in Allied Medical Publication 7.5(A) (AMedP-7.5), which will be the doctrinal replacement of Allied Medical Publication 8(C): NATO Planning Guide for the Estimation of CBRN Casualties (AMedP-8(C)), and is currently in development at IDA, also in support of OTSG.The five agents considered in this document are ammonia, tabun, soman, cyclosarin, and lewisite. For each agent, the authors propose or use existing toxicity and lethality estimates, and describe the progression of injury over time and outcome for a person who received no medical treatment. A separate model that includes the effects of medical treatment is also discussed and derived. The work described in this document is based on an extensive review of available literature, including experimental animal data, human case reports, and human disease outbreak reports.


Why have nuclear weapons not been used since Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945? Nina Tannenwald disputes the conventional answer of 'deterrence' in favour of what she calls a nuclear taboo - a widespread inhibition on using nuclear weapons - which has arisen in global politics. Drawing on newly released archival sources, Tannenwald traces the rise of the nuclear taboo, the forces that produced it, and its influence, particularly on US leaders. She analyzes four critical instances where US leaders considered using nuclear weapons (Japan 1945, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War 1991) and examines how the nuclear taboo has repeatedly dissuaded US and other world leaders from resorting to these 'ultimate weapons'. Through a systematic analysis, Tannenwald challenges conventional conceptions of deterrence and offers a compelling argument on the moral bases of nuclear restraint as well as an important insight into how nuclear war can be avoided in the future.


This review critically assesses a large and growing literature on multiactor environmental governance. The first section provides an historical and conceptual background to the observed increase in such arrangements. The second section describes the diversity of governance arrangements and the related actor constellations to address environmental issues, and the third section offers some explanations for the origins, form, and effectiveness of multiactor governance arrangements. The conclusion reflects on some of the key challenges in advancing and deepening research in this area and suggests some fruitful avenues for future work.


From one of the world's most passionately engaged literary citizens comes Writing with Intent, the largest collection to date of Margaret Atwood's nonfiction, ranging from 1983 to 2005. Composed of autobiographical essays, cultural commentary, book reviews, and introductory pieces written for great works of literature, this is the award-winning author's first book-length nonfiction publication in twenty years. Arranged chronologically, these writings display the development of Atwood's worldview as the world around her changes. Included are the Booker Prizewinning author's reviews of books by John Updike, Italo Calvino, Toni Morrison, and others, as well as essays in which she remembers herself reading Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse at age nineteen, and discusses the influence of George Orwell's 1984 on the writing of The Handmaid's Tale. Atwood's New York Times Book Review piece that helped make Orhan Pamuk's Snow a bestseller can be found here, as well as a look back on a family trip to Afghanistan just before the Soviet invasion, and her "Letter to America," written after September 11, 2001. The insightful and memorable pieces in this book serve as a testament to Atwood's career, reminding readers why she is one of the most esteemed writers of our time.


In the last decade, supply chain management has played an important role to lead agribusiness today to succeed in their business goals, to gain competitive advantages, and to improve business performance. As the result of that, there has been extensive studying in a popular topic of strategic supply chain management in order to improve business performance as well as along supply chain performance under the real situation. This is because in current business world, supply chain practices are crucial to influence many agribusinesses to continuously adapt proper supply chain management in their nature of business. This paper will propose a conceptual framework of supply chain practices and supply chain performance indicators of the Australian Lamb Industry.


CONTEXT
Growth of at-risk managed care contracts between health plans and medical groups has been well documented, but less is known about the nature of financial incentives within those medical groups or their effects on health care utilization.

OBJECTIVE
To test whether utilization and cost of health services per enrollee were influenced independently by the compensation method of the enrollee's primary care physician.

DESIGN
Survey of medical groups contracting with selected managed care health plans, linked to 1994 plan enrollment and utilization data for adult enrollees.

SETTING
Medical groups, major managed care health plans, and their patients/enrollees in the state of Washington.

STUDY PARTICIPANTS
Sixty medical groups in Washington, 865 primary care physicians (internal medicine, pediatrics, family practice, or general practice) from those groups and affiliated with 1 or more of 4 managed care health plans, and 200 931 adult plan enrollees.

INTERVENTION
The effect of method of primary care physician's compensation on the utilization and cost of health services was analyzed by weighted least squares and random effects regression.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Total visits, hospital days, and per member per year estimated costs.

RESULTS
Compensation method was not significantly (P>.30) related to utilization and cost in any multivariate analyses. Patient age (P<.001), female gender (P<.001), and plan benefit level (P<.001) were significantly positively related to visits, hospital days, and per member per year costs. The primary care physician's age was significantly negatively related (P<.001) to all 3 dependent measures.

CONCLUSIONS
Compensation method was not significantly related to use and cost of health services per person. Enrollee, physician, and health plan benefit factors were the prime determinants of utilization and cost of health services.


Predictors of Treatment Outcome of Elderly Substance Abusers in Treatment Facilities by Renata Raye Bosek M.S., Walden University, 2009 B.A., Metropolitan State University, 2005 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University May, 2016 Abstract Research in the late 1990s and early 2000s projected that the number of people aged 50 and older who needed treatment for illicit drug use and abuse of prescribed medications to increase from approximately 1.7 million in 2001 to approximately 4.4 million in 2020. The purpose of this study was to examine how gender, marital status, employment status, and primary referral source predicted treatment outcomes with this older population. Of interest was how these predictions could better prepare treatment providers to treatResearch in the late 1990s and early 2000s projected that the number of people aged 50 and older who needed treatment for illicit drug use and abuse of prescribed medications to increase from approximately 1.7 million in 2001 to approximately 4.4 million in 2020. The purpose of this study was to examine how gender, marital status, employment status, and primary referral source predicted treatment outcomes with this older population. Of interest was how these predictions could better prepare treatment providers to treat individuals born between 1946 and 1964 who are addicted to substances. This quantitative study used an archival database, the Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharges (TEDS-D) from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. A discriminant function analysis revealed significance in the predictor variables with treatment outcomes. The second research question asked whether the criminal justice system/legal system alone, as the primary referral source, could predict treatment outcomes. A chi-square test revealed the primary referral source had a significant impact on treatment outcomes. These findings have implications for positive social change by empowering practitioners working with the older adult generation in substance abuse treatment to recognize the changing roles of retirement. These findings may, in turn, help those adults cope with physical health problems and loss of mobility, foster social supports within the community, and address the mental health problems among this


The deep water of the western Mediterranean Sea is known to have become warmer and saltier since about the 1950s. The causes of these changes have, however, not yet been sactisfactorily determined. Previous studies speculated on decreasing precipitation, greenhouse warming and/or anthropogenic reduction of the freshwater flux into the eastern Mediterranean. Here we report on results from a new oceanographic database of the western Mediterranean Sea together with determinations of longterm changes of the fresh water budget. We analyzed temperature and salinity data of the past 40 years to detect deviations from the longterm average. Certain areas and depth ranges are showing increases in temperature or salinity some of which have been found earlier and some which are new. From the regional and vertical distribution we conclude that the observed increases of temperature and salinity in the western Mediterranean Sea are caused both by changes in atmospheric conditions as described by the NAO‐index and by the regulation of Spanish rivers.


Many recent successes in sentence representation learning have been achieved by simply fine-tuning on the Natural Language Inference (NLI) datasets with triplet loss or siamese loss. Nevertheless, they share a common weakness: sentences in a contradiction pair are not necessarily from different semantic categories. Therefore, optimizing the semantic entailment and contradiction reasoning objective alone is inadequate to capture the high-level semantic structure. The drawback is compounded by the fact that the vanilla siamese or triplet losses only learn from individual sentence pairs or triplets, which often suffer from bad local optima. In this paper, we propose PairSupCon, an instance discrimination based approach aiming to bridge semantic entailment and contradiction understanding with high-level categorical concept encoding. We evaluate PairSupCon on various downstream tasks that involve understanding sentence semantics at different granularities. We outperform the previous state-of-the-art method with 10%–13% averaged improvement on eight clustering tasks, and 5%–6% averaged improvement on seven semantic textual similarity (STS) tasks.


In this paper, we demonstrate fabrication and characterization of a nanofluidic channel with embedded transverse nanoelectrodes using a combination of conventional photolithography and focused ion beam technologies. Glass-capped silicon dioxide nanochannels having 20 nm depth, 50 nm width, and 2 µm length with embedded platinum nanoelectrodes were fabricated. Channel patency was verified through measurements of the resistivity in phosphate buffered saline and electrostatic action on charged fluorescent nanospheres. Platinum nanoelectrode functionality was also tested using transverse resistance measurements in nanochannels filled with air, deionized water, and saline solution.


We consider the setting of distributed empirical risk minimization where multiple machines compute the gradients in parallel and a centralized server updates the model parameters. In order to reduce the number of communications required to reach a given accuracy, we propose a \emph{preconditioned} accelerated gradient method where the preconditioning is done by solving a local optimization problem over a subsampled dataset at the server. The convergence rate of the method depends on the square root of the relative condition number between the global and local loss functions. We estimate the relative condition number for linear prediction models by studying \emph{uniform} concentration of the Hessians over a bounded domain, which allows us to derive improved convergence rates for existing preconditioned gradient methods and our accelerated method. Experiments on real-world datasets illustrate the benefits of acceleration in the ill-conditioned regime.


The objectives of the present work is to theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the advantages of a two-stage cycle equipped with an economizer and single variable speed compressor for heat pumps using air as cold source. Furthermore, an efficient deicing device based on the two-stage concept is discussed in this paper. A two-stage cycle numerical model has also been developed allowing fast determination of the heat pump's steady-state operating range as a function of the principal design variables. The experimental validation has been carried out using two successive heat pump biPAC1 uses a two-stage cycle with an economizer and a variable speed compressor with a mid-stage casing pressure (two scroll compressors, the first one with a 30 to 110 Hz frequency range). The second heat pump biPAC2 uses a two-stage cycle with a two-phase injection (limitation of the distillation effect of the non-azeotropic refrigerant in the economizer) for further optimization. Furthermore, another first stage compressor type has been used (piston compressor with a frequency range of 45 to 65 Hz) as well as a new evaporator with an enhanced tube surface and a new plat condenser. The experiments using the biPAC2 have resulted in a 70% increase of the condenser's power and a 14% increase of the performance coefficient for an operating regime L-7/W50 with the HCFC 22 refrigerant. The good performances of the biPAC2 have been confirmed through further testing using HFC407C, the de-icing cycle and following the normalized test case EN255. These results have been compared to the three best commercial heat pumps. Two-stage cycle results show an excellent exergetic efficiency for the extreme temperatures (50% at L-10/W60). The simulations based on the experimental results are given for a temperature range between L-8/W50 and L-12/35 for typical household requirements (degrees-day of Zurich). the numerical simulations lead to an average annual performance coefficient (with de-icing) of 3.9 in a monovalent operation.


In his monograph Verlorenes Mittelalter, Thomas Haye discusses the question of why the greater part of the Latin texts which were produced over the course of the Middle Ages has not been preserved.


In this study, extraction of Chamaecyparis obtusa oil from leaf, wood, bark, cone using supercritical CO2 was carried out. The highest yield was obtained from leaves. The supercritical CO2 extraction of C. obtusa was influenced by temperature. When the temperature increased from 40℃ to 50℃ and 60℃, the yield increased. Among various parts of C. obtusa, the cone showed higher temperature dependency on extraction yield and rate than other parts. The color of oils extracted was different. The oil color from leaves was deep green. The oil from wood was brown red. Oil colors from bark and cone were yellow and brown respectively.


In this thesis I examine the ways in which Judith Wright refigures colonial representations of Australia as 'silent'. In place of a silence that implies the land's emptiness or lack of meaning, I argue that silence in Wright's poetry is essential to representing the other-than-human world. Wright employs silence in her poetry to signify the infinite and complex ecological and historical contexts all human and other-than-human beings both exist within, and are signifiers of. In the first chapter I identify the basis to colonial perceptions, descriptions, and constructions of the land as silent. I argue that descriptions of the land as 'silent' were based less in a lack of sound, than the absence of sounds of European civilisation, and a lack of words to fully describe it. Insofar as this silence (as absence) represented an existential threat, I argue these lexical lacunae were obscured through the use of 'silence' as a trope. As a trope, 'silence' was used to deny that there were parts of the country that remained linguistically uncolonised. In addition, it provided an expedient means of suggesting that the land was lacking in meaning or agency before the arrival of Europeans. In Chapter 2 I establish the terms of Wright's challenge to these colonial constructions of the land as silent. Wright's counter-claim is grounded in a particular approach to the concept of wilderness, closely resembling its etymological meaning, which pays attention to the presence of autonomous (or 'wild') other-than-human beings, rather than a place where human beings are absent. In Wright's work, other-than-human autonomy, or wildēorness, is evident in her observation of signs or 'voices' in the land produced and read by other-than-human beings, which I read in biosemiotic terms. However, inasmuch as such voices challenge the claim that the land is absent of meaning, they also signify broader (hidden) networks of meaning that Wright is unable to access or interpret, a fact she comes to increasingly accept, as her later poems demonstrate. In the third chapter I account for how she arrived at this refigured view of wilderness. I argue that a contemplative approach forms the context through which Wright 'heard' the voice of the other-than-human. I also argue that such an approach does not see Wright return with more adequate descriptions of her subjects, but leads her to a deeper silence, as the apophatic element in many of her poems demonstrate. This apophatic silence is grounded, I argue, in a Heraclitean ontology of flux. In the fourth and final chapter I provide an outline of the way silence is refigured by Wright as a means of poetically disclosing these biosemiotic networks and ontologies that her own verse could not adequately decipher or evoke. Wright locates silence in an 'aesthetic-contemplative' context, placing it in a dialectical relation with the poetic or visual image. Rather than treating silence as the opposite to speech or meaning, in its 'holy uselessness' silence suggests greater depths of meaning, or aspects of phenomena ungraspable in ordinary language. In this way Wright engages silence in the service of tacitly disclosing the whole of an ecosystem or a being that inhabits it.


Studies of brain-damaged patients have revealed the existence of a selective impairment of face processing, prosopagnosia, resulting from lesions at different loci in the occipital and temporal lobes. The results of such studies have led to the identification of several cortical areas underlying the processing of faces, but it remains unclear what functional aspects of face processing are served by these areas and whether they are uniquely devoted to the processing of faces. The present study addresses these questions in a positron emission tomography (PET) study of regional cerebral blood flow in normal adults, using the 15 oxygen water bolus technique. The subjects participated in six tasks (with gratings, faces and objects), and the resulting level of cerebral activation was mapped on images of the subjects' cerebral structures obtained through magnetic resonance and was compared between tasks using the subtraction method. Compared with a fixation condition, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes were found in the striate and extrastriate cortex when subjects had to decide on the orientation of sine-wave gratings. A face-gender categorization resulted in activation changes in the right extrastriate cortex, and a face-identity condition produced additional activation of the fusiform gyrus and anterior temporal cortex of both hemispheres, and of the right parahippocampal gyrus and adjacent areas. Cerebral activation during an object-recognition task occurred essentially in the left occipito-temporal cortex and did not involve the right hemisphere regions specifically activated during the face-identity task. The results provide the first empirical evidence from normal subjects regarding the crucial role of the ventro-medial region of the right hemisphere in face recognition, and they offer new information about the dissociation between face and object processing.


Real-Time Calculus (RTC) is a modular performance analysis framework for real-time embedded systems. It can be used to compute the worst-case and best-case response times of tasks with general activation patterns and configurations, such as pipelines of tasks that are connected via finite buffers. In this paper, we extend the existing RTC framework to analyze arbitrary graph configurations of tasks and messages, with mixed periodic and event-based activation models and finite buffers between any pair of nodes. Our extension also improves upon several sources of pessimism in the existing analysis. We present an application of the extended RTC to the Loosely Time-Triggered Architecture (LTTA) implementation of synchronous models, commonly used in the development of embedded automotive, avionics and control systems. We show how our method can be used to model scheduling and communication delays in an LTTA mapping, which gives tighter analysis bounds on the output rate and the latency compared to existing techniques. The evaluation on automotive workloads shows that our approach is scalable and outperforms existing techniques in terms of analysis accuracy.


Mary C. Beaudry mines archaeological findings of sewing and needlework to discover what these small traces of female experience reveal about the societies and cultures in which they were used. Beaudry's geographical and chronological scope is broad: she examines sites in the United States and Great Britain, as well as Australia and Canada, and she ranges from the Middle Ages through the Industrial Revolution.The author describes the social and cultural significance of "findings": pins, needles, thimbles, scissors, and other sewing accessories and tools. Through the fascinating stories that grow out of these findings, Beaudry shows the extent to which such "small things" were deeply entrenched in the construction of gender, personal identity, and social class.


The case, Ghana Post Company Limited, allows for the observation of internal control activities as a tool for financial management in the public sector. The objective of the research is to examine the control environment of the Ghana Post Company to ensure there is segregation of duties, proper information and communication between employees and management; and monitoring of the policies implemented by management. The sample size of 36 included individuals from all of the departments within the company. The departments are Auditing and Finance, Human Resource, Mail and Parcels, and Financial Services. The work established had continued lapses in the internal control system of public sector organizations which makes it a fertile ground for fraudulent activities. It was discovered that the perpetrators do not face any serious sanctions to prevent others from engaging in such fraudulent activities. The recommendations from the study are that the auditors should be allowed to perform their duties and there should be a continuous review of the audit manual of the public-sector organizations. These recommendations are to ensure the entity is able to achieve its' objectives, segregation of duties, effective communication between management and employees and monitoring. It was concluded that internal controls exist at Ghana Post Company Limited, but they are not effective, making it easier for people to commit fraud.


A 100-Hz bone-conducted vibration applied to either mastoid induces instantaneously a predominantly horizontal nystagmus, with quick phases beating away from the affected side in patients with a unilateral vestibular loss (UVL). The same stimulus in healthy asymptomatic subjects has little or no effect. This is skull vibration-induced nystagmus (SVIN), and it is a useful, simple, non-invasive, robust indicator of asymmetry of vestibular function and the side of the vestibular loss. The nystagmus is precisely stimulus-locked: it starts with stimulation onset and stops at stimulation offset, with no post-stimulation reversal. It is sustained during long stimulus durations; it is reproducible; it beats in the same direction irrespective of which mastoid is stimulated; it shows little or no habituation; and it is permanent—even well-compensated UVL patients show SVIN. A SVIN is observed under Frenzel goggles or videonystagmoscopy and recorded under videonystagmography in absence of visual-fixation and strong sedative drugs. Stimulus frequency, location, and intensity modify the results, and a large variability in skull morphology between people can modify the stimulus. SVIN to 100 Hz mastoid stimulation is a robust response. We describe the optimum method of stimulation on the basis of the literature data and testing more than 18,500 patients. Recent neural evidence clarifies which vestibular receptors are stimulated, how they cause the nystagmus, and why the same vibration in patients with semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD) causes a nystagmus beating toward the affected ear. This review focuses not only on the optimal parameters of the stimulus and response of UVL and SCD patients but also shows how other vestibular dysfunctions affect SVIN. We conclude that the presence of SVIN is a useful indicator of the asymmetry of vestibular function between the two ears, but in order to identify which is the affected ear, other information and careful clinical judgment are needed.


Paper analyses the influence of different values of the angle of the deformation zone in the forming tool on severe plastic deformation (SPD) process and on mechanical properties of resulting steel strip. Forming equipment using the severe plastic deformation (SPD) process and DRECE (Dual Rolling Equal Channel Extrusion) method builded and installed in the laboratory for the development of new technologies at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of VSB – Technical University of Ostrava is described. Tests were carried out at selected low-carbon deep-drawing steel DC01. By magnetoelastic method the residual stresses in material after separate passes were analyzed. DRECE method of forming brings compression stress into the material, which is favorable for further use.


Introduction & Materials and Methods : The effect of N-Phthaloyl GABA on the levels of circulatory lipid peroxidation products such as TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), antioxidants: SOD (superoxide dimutase), CAT (catalase), GSH (reduced glutathione), and GPx (glutathione peroxidase), liver markers such as AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine transaminase), and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), were studied for its protective effect during constant light (LL) exposure in rats. Results: A significant increase in the levels of circulatory TBARS, AST, ALT, and ALP were found in LL exposed rats. These changes were significantly decreased in N-Phthaloyl GABA and LL-exposed rats. The levels of antioxidants were significantly decreased in LL-exposed rats and administration of GABA normalized these changes. Conclusions: Our results indicated that NPhthaloyl GABA offered protection by influencing the levels of the lipid peroxidation products, antioxidants, and liver markers during LL-exposed stress. This might be due to the antistress, anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, and antiulcer activities of N-Phthaloyl GABA. The exact mechanism remains to be explored and further research is needed.


The Western Ghats of India are very rich in amphibian species with 117 species of frogs, toads and caecilians. Eighty-nine species are endemic to this biogeographical region. Analysis of ranges and patterns of geographical distribution of amphibians on the Western Ghats suggest that the southern half of the Western Ghats and the low-medium elevation hills are more diverse in species than the northern half and higher hills. This is attributed to the more widespread rainfall and the less variable climatic conditions in the south. About half the species are apparently localized. Of those species with wider ranges, a majority show patchy distribution. Species preferring the moist evergreen forests as habitats tend to have patchy distributions. This appears to be a result of habitat destruction and fragmentation. The overall patterns of species richness and local endemism are rather different from those of the angiosperms and birds. In birds and angiosperms, a significant proportion of endemics are found on the higher hills. On the contrary, endemic amphibian species are found in the lower altitudinal range of 0-1000 m, with a majority between 800 and 1000 m.


The Manual of the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation for Practitioners aims:

The Manual highlights the human rights principles and criteria in relation to drinking water and sanitation. It explains the international legal obligations in terms of operational policies and practice that will support the progressive realisation of universal access.

The Manual introduces a human rights perspective that will add value to informed decision making in the daily routine of operators, managers and regulators. It also encourages its readership to engage actively in national dialogues where the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation are translated into national and local policies, laws and regulations. Creating such an enabling environment is, in fact, only the first step in the process towards progressive realisation. Allocation of roles and responsibilities is the next step, in an updated institutional and operational set up that helps apply a human rights lens to the process of reviewing and revising the essential functions of operators, service providers and regulators.

ISBN: 9781780407449 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781780407432 (Print)


Electric power generation often involves the use of water for power plant cooling and steam generation, which typically involves the release of cooling water to nearby rivers and lakes. The resulting thermal pollution may negatively impact the ecosystems of these water bodies. Water resource systems models enable the examination of the implications of alternative electric generation on regional water resources. This letter documents the development, calibration, and validation of a climate-driven water resource systems model of the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint, the Alabama–Coosa–Tallapoosa, and the Tombigbee River basins in the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, in the southeastern US. The model represents different water users, including power plants, agricultural water users, and municipal users. The model takes into account local population, per-capita use estimates, and changes in population growth. The water resources planning model was calibrated and validated against the observed, managed flows through the river systems of the three basins. Flow calibration was performed on land cover, water capacity, and hydraulic conductivity of soil horizons; river water temperature calibration was performed on channel width and slope properties. Goodness-of-fit statistics indicate that under 1980–2010 levels of water use, the model robustly represents major features of monthly average streamflow and water temperatures. The application of this integrated electricity generation–water resources planning model can be used to explore alternative electric generation and water implications. The implementation of this model is explored in the companion paper of this focus issue (Yates et al 2013 Environ. Res. Lett. 8 035042).


Prior work has shown that extremely small code patterns, such as the conditional operator and implicit type conversion, can cause considerable misunderstanding in programmers. Until now, the real world impact of these patterns - known as 'atoms of confusion' - was only speculative. This work uses a corpus of 14 of the most popular and influential open source C and C++ projects to measure the prevalence and significance of these small confusing patterns. Our results show that the 15 known types of confusing micro patterns occur millions of times in programs like the Linux kernel and GCC, appearing on average once every 23 lines. We show there is a strong correlation between these confusing patterns and bug-ix commits as well as a tendency for confusing patterns to be commented. We also explore patterns at the project level showing the rate of security vulnerabilities is higher in projects with more atoms. Finally, we examine real code examples containing these atoms, including ones that were used to ind and ix bugs in our corpus. In total this work demonstrates that beyond simple misunderstanding in the lab setting, atoms of confusion are both prevalent - occurring often in real projects, and meaningful - being removed by bug-fix commits at an elevated rate.


In Queensland, school zones are not permitted on multilane roads. However, a number of multi-lane roads in the State have school zones installed that do not comply with the current guidelines. There is increasing demand to install school zones on multilane roads. While some other states permit school zones on multi-lane roads, there is very little information on compliance rates with the reduced speed zones. The Department of Transport and Main Roads in Queensland commenced a year long trial at the start of the 2010 school year of school zones on multilane roads throughout the State to determine driver compliance with the reduced speed limit over a sustained period. Four types of school zones signs were installed to determine if any particular type of sign was more effective than the others in regulating vehicle speeds during the school zone times. These included static school zone signs, enhanced school zone signs, variable speed limit signs and vehicle activated signs. This paper outlines experiences in Queensland with the installation of school zones on multilane roads including site selection, before and after speed surveys and signage installation challenges and presents the findings of the trial.


Characterization of blue light receptors in wheat reveals that they have roles in responding to osmotic stress and abscisic acid. Cryptochromes (CRYs) are proteins that sense blue light, and in plants these proteins play important roles in regulating growth, development, and circadian responses. Xu et al. identified two cryptochrome genes in wheat, TaCRY1a and TaCRY2, and characterized the structure and function of these proteins. Some CRY proteins exhibit light-induced nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. TaCRY2 contained a putative nuclear localization signal; expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein showed that TaCRY2 was restricted to the nucleus in the dark and that, when exposed to blue light, the signal for TaCRY2 disappeared, suggesting that it was degraded in a light-dependent manner. In contrast, TaCRY1a did not have a consensus nuclear localization or nuclear export signal. A GFP fusion protein with TaCRY1a revealed that, in the dark, this protein was localized to the nucleus and along the inner cell wall, suggesting association with the plasma membrane. In response to blue light, TaCRY1a moved from the plasma membrane and nucleus and became diffusely located in the cytoplasm. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments revealed that TaCRY1a and TaCRY2 were both expressed in seedling leaves and roots, as well as in germinating embryos. TaCRY1a transcripts were more abundant in leaves than in roots or embryos, and TaCRY2 showed the inverse pattern. RT-PCR showed that when seedlings or germinating embryos were exposed to osmotic stress (high salt or polyethylene glycol), within 12 hours TaCRY2 expression was repressed in leaves and increased in seedling roots and germinating embryos. In contrast, TaCRY1a expression was unchanged until 24 hours of osmotic stress, at which time expression of TaCRY1a in roots was increased. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a hormone produced in response to stress, and application of ABA to seedling roots or germinating embryos stimulated the transcription of TaCRY2. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TaCRY1a-GFP or TaCRY2-GFP were more severely affected by osmotic stress or ABA than were wild-type plants. These experiments suggest that CRYs have roles beyond those of responding to light, and it may be that light affects plant sensitivity to stress by crosstalk mediated at the CRYs. P. Xu, Y. Xiang, H. Zhu, H. Xu, Z. Zhang, C. Zhang, L. Zhang, Z. Ma, Wheat cryptochromes: Subcellular localization and involvement in photomorphogenesis and osmotic stress responses. Plant Physiol. 149, 760–774 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text]


At NREL's Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) in Golden, Colo., scientists and engineers work to overcome challenges related to how the nation generates, delivers and uses energy by modernizing the interplay between energy sources, infrastructure, and data. Test facilities include a megawatt-scale ac electric grid, photovoltaic simulators and a load bank. Additionally, a high performance computing data center (HPCDC) is dedicated to advancing renewable energy and energy efficient technologies. A key design strategy is to use waste heat from the HPCDC to heat parts of the building. The ESIF boasts an annual EUI of 168.3 kBtu/ft2. This article describes the building's procurement, design and first year of performance.


Nothing is neutral, all things we create narrate. Manufactured objects enforce and support mythology and ritual, willingly or unwillingly. In this thesis I have been investigating how we structure reality and identification through narration. The approach ties in cultural anthropology and psychology. I have looked at how craft can support and embody values through the relationship of narration and reinforcement that it has with mythology and in turn with our inner stories. As such the thesis relates to both the collective and personal and attempts to raise questions about the original purpose of body related items, craft and art. My research has led me to believe that the purpose of the first items of craft and jewellery was to maintain the community. To maintain it through the mythologization of the environment and the world, creating the consensus needed for living as larger groups. In drawing my conclusions regarding jewellery and objects of craft I have tried to open the discussion within the field up to include the limited yet existing knowledge we have about our prehistoric heritage in Europe. Prehistory ends with the invention of writing systems through symbols. In this essay I have tied in the relevance of seeing jewellery and corpus as symbols and how these can aids us in the process of identification and personal growth. I have also considered the global overview we have access to today and I present jewellery and craft objects as potential anchor points or compasses on the increasingly vast ocean of values that the global perspective offers.


In this carefully reasoned and thoroughly researched analysis, Stanley Grenz asks: are same-sex relationships a viable, God-given way of giving expression to our sexuality? He reviews scientific research, the history of Christian teaching on homosexuality, the issue of biblical authority today, and the practical issues the church now faces, such as the blessing of same-sex unions, the ordination of homosexuals, and the church's public stance on gay rights issues. Ultimately he proposes that it is possible for Christian communities to welcome homosexuals without affirming same-sex unions.


I have thought it might be useful to our profession, and appropriate to a foreword to a collection of reviews of newly published books on law, to set forth some ideas on how books can best serve members of the different branches of the legal profession-specifically judges, practicing lawyers, law students, and academic lawyers-plus persons outside the legal profession who are interested in law. I am not interested in which already published books should be retained and which discarded, but in what type of book about law should be written from this day forward. I will mention a few existing books but only as examples of the sort of law-related book for which there is a current need.I mentioned four legal audiences. I'll begin with judges because, as I'll explain, the best books for practicing lawyers, law students, and academic lawyers are books that judges should also read.It might seem that a judge, time permitting, would or should be interested in reading any worthwhile book about law. But this is not correct. Judges are either generalists or specialists. In the American judicial system, they are mainly, though not exclusively, generalists. Specialists, of course, can benefit from books in their specialized field. But no generalist judge can read books about every field of law within his jurisdiction or if he reads them remember them. I will confine this discussion to books for generalist judges.I'm a generalist judge, and (here speaking, I think, for most generalist judges) I can't say I've read a great many books for their bearing on my judicial work. Certainly not in their entirety. The books most likely to be of use to a judge are, for the most part, books that, like a dictionary or an encyclopedia, are not intended to be read through but rather to be dipped into, such as legal treatises and the American Law Institute's Restatements.These are valuable works, increasingly searchable online, and give judges and lawyers quick access to essential legal information, authorities, and materials. I'm sure that all judges would agree with me that they should continue to be produced and updated. Their format, however, will change. I am uncertain whether treatises should continue to be printed or just published online. It is much easier to search a book online; one is not tied to an index or table of contents but can search for a word or a name or phrase of one's choice. But I will ignore the format issue and call a book a book whether it is printed or electronic.There are books about judges or judging that new judges should read and that experienced judges should, if time permits, reread at some point in their careers. There are several distinct genres of such book. One is judicial biography. It is a genre of mixed quality, but there are some excellent judicial biographies, such as Andrew Kaufman's biography of Benjamin Cardozo, 1 Dennis Hutchinson's biography of Byron White,2 and David Dorsen's recent biography of Henry Friendly.3 Years ago I wrote a short (156 pages) critical study of Cardozo and suggested in it that a critical study of a judge might be a quite adequate, and efficient, substitute for a biography,4 especially of so shy, secretive, and introverted a judge as Cardozo, who led such a dull life-but most judges, like most lawyers, live rather dull lives. (Holmes, Douglas, and White are notable exceptions,5 and there are some others.) The reason I think such a substitute adequate is not that the details of a judge's life can't shed any light on his work or outlook, etc., as a judge, but that a judge reading a biography can't benefit in his own work from the details of someone else's life. But I'm not aware that anyone has been inspired by my suggestion for book-length critical studies of judges.There are valuable collections of judicial opinions, and other published writings, including books, articles, and correspondence, by the great judges, such as Holmes, Hand, and Friendly. …