Wireless connectivity is becoming common in increasingly diverse personal devices, enabling various interoperation- and Internet-based applications and services. More and more interconnected devices are simultaneously operated by a single user with short-lived connections, making usable device authentication methods imperative to ensure both high security and seamless user experience. Unfortunately, current authentication methods that heavily require human involvement, in addition to form factor and mobility constraints, make this balance hard to achieve, often forcing users to choose between security and convenience. In this work, we present a novel over-the-air device authentication scheme named AEROKEY that achieves both high security and high usability. With virtually no hardware overhead, AEROKEY leverages ubiquitously observable ambient electromagnetic radiation to autonomously generate spatiotemporally unique secret that can be derived only by devices that are closely located to each other. Devices can make use of this unique secret to form the basis of a symmetric key, making the authentication procedure more practical, secure and usable with no active human involvement. We propose and implement essential techniques to overcome challenges in realizing AEROKEY on low-cost microcontroller units, such as poor time synchronization, lack of precision analog front-end, and inconsistent sampling rates. Our real-world experiments demonstrate reliable authentication as well as its robustness against various realistic adversaries with low equal-error rates of 3.4% or less and usable authentication time of as low as 24 s.


In cooperation with Cyprus Twentymile Coal Co., researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Spokane Research Laboratory, conducted a study at the Foidel Creek Mine, an underground coal mine near Oak Creek, CO, to evaluate the stability of underground working conditions as a longwall advanced through a series of backfilled cross-panel entries. Instruments installed in the cross-panel entry pillars, backfill, longwall panel, and adjacent headgate entry were continuously monitored by a computeri~ed data acquisition system as the longwall approached and advanced through the backfilled section of the panel. Data collected from these instruments were analyzed to determine the magnitude and direction of the secondary principal stress changes ahead of the longwall face, deformation and closure of the headgate entry, and stability of the cross-panel entry pillars and backfill. A three-dimensional, boundary element model was calibrated to accurately predict mining-induced stress changes and the distance they occurred ahead of the longwall face. As the longwall advanced through the backfilled entries, most of the mining-induced load was supported by the cross-panel entry pillars. The backfill provided stability for the roof and floor of the in-panel entries and also confined the entry pillars significantly improving their load-carrying capacity. Comprehensive information derived frorn backfill material property tests, instrument data, undergrourld observations, and numeric modeling results document the safety and stability of the 8-Right mincthrough and should provide beneficial case study information for other longwall backfilling applications in the future.


I. MARVELL underestimates the amorous imagination when he says that "the grave's a fine and private place, / But none ... do there embrace." In Bartholomew Fair Quarlous argues almost the opposite, that suitors must "visit [a widow] as thou wouldst doe a Tombe, with a Torch ... flaming hot." (1) Sex in the cemetery, it seems, is not an impossibility but a positive convention. (2) The eroticized widow, that epitome of the sexual attractiveness of grief and a standby in early modern drama, is rendered still more dramatic when she is encountered in the graveyard itself. Here both setting and role make her a walking social embodiment of the very idea of secret desire. Her veiled disguise, her carefully managed enactment of sorrow, her curiously masked and anomalously public social role, and especially her public sexual secrecy all make her a figure whose private interiority is urgently in question. In Jacobean tragicomedies, this disguised self-dramatization means that the widow in a tomb raises in her most complicated characterizations the same questions about embodied performance that playwrights asked of drama itself. Chapman's play The Widow's Tears (ca. 1605) offers fascinating insights into these concerns, as in it Chapman questions the sexual privacy of the tomb and the widow who symbolizes it by creating an extended graveyard-performance within the play itself, one which invents the most extravagantly sexualized widow's grief imaginable while theatricalizing and burying its meaning from the scrutiny of the inquisitorial characters and from the audience. (3) More explicitly and yet more ambiguously than Shakespeare does in Hamlet, Chapman's whole play-structure questions whether anything can really be known about a widow's love and grief through its analogy to dramatic performance itself. With a theatrical test more personally enacted than Hamlet's professional players', Chapman's characters stage-manage a test of a widow's loyalty in the charnel-house. In Chapman's hands the "play-memorial" of Shakespeare's revenge-tragedy becomes instead a much more realistically enacted "theatrical fiction," paradoxically much less transparent than Hamlet's staged "images of the occluded truth" (Neill 259). Chapman's play has been particularly elusive of judgment precisely because The Widow's Tears' reinvention of a popular widow-narrative so closely interweaves the inscrutability assigned to womanly grief and the inscrutability of a theatrical performance. Reenacting the "Widow of Ephesus" legend which forms his central source and citing the idiom of performance so visible in conductbooks for widows, Chapman engages in but also challenges cultural efforts to locate a widow's meaning by pressing the relationship between her affect and performativity tout court. (4) Francis Barker, Katharine Eisaman Maus, and others have argued for the complex interrelationships between theatricality and different ideologies of inwardness and privacy in the period, and this particular play by Chapman pursues similar questions in relation to the particularly troubling subject of a widowed woman's sexual value and meaning. (5) The double meanings of those theatrical categories which suggest both revelation and concealment ("perform," "act," "show") are invoked in relation to feminine knowability, a question which the play asks on both linguistic and structural levels through the figure of the widow. Chapman is after a more profound question than Hamlet's of how to understand or how to judge widows. (6) Not just a simple satire, either, of womanly constancy or of "the ideal of widowhood," (7) Chapman's play, through its explicit dramatizations of cemetery-seductions, questions the very meaning of such a "discovery." The impossibility and inadvisability of seeing through the widow's tears, or The Widow's Tears, on all of these levels, would seem to be Chapman's point. (8) The misogynist assertion of woman's doubleness (9) and the ideological privileging of inwardness collide with particular force in the presence of the widow's tears, especially as Chapman stages such a direct intersection of theatrical and widowly performativity. …


Summary The study evaluated the effect of different sublethal concentrations of copper in water (0, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.5 p.p.m.) on the behavioural response, growth performance, and whole body and liver composition of Oreochromis niloticus. Hyperactivity and reduced exploratory behaviour were observed when fishes were subjected to different levels of copper in water as compared with the control. Fish refused to accept the feed immediately after exposure and only began taking it up after about 4–5 h as compared with the control. Weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor (k) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as compared with the control; this decrease was linearly correlated with the increase of copper concentration in water. Exposure of the fish to different copper concentrations in water significantly (P < 0.05) reduced their feed consumption as compared with the control. Values for the feed conversion ratio increased (P < 0.05) whereas the protein efficiency ratio and net protein retention values decreased (P < 0.05) with the copper level increase in water. The hepatosomatic index increased with the copper concentration increase in water. Body moisture and ash contents were the highest (P < 0.05) whereas the fat and gross energy contents were the lowest (P < 0.05) in fish reared in water containing 0.5 p.p.m. of copper as compared with others. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in the whole body crude protein content of fish exposed to different concentrations of copper as compared with the control. Liver moisture and ash contents increased (P < 0.05) whereas the crude protein, fat, nitrogen free extract and gross energy contents decreased (P < 0.05) when the fish were exposed to different concentrations of copper as compared with the control. The liver glycogen level decreased whereas the copper level in the whole body and liver increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the copper concentration increase in water.


Miniature curved artificial compound eyes (CURVACE) represent a promising tool to assist in navigation of mobile robots. In particular, they feature ideal properties for minidrones to navigate safely in indoor environments due to its panoramic field of view, high temporal resolution, on-board data processing, small size and lightweight. However, the latter limits on-board available resources significantly, including processing power. In this paper, we demonstrate optic flow extraction by means of a CURVACE prototype with on-board processing and using two different methods. First results on fast optic flow extraction with miniature artificial compound eyes are presented. On one hand, 2D optic flow is calculated on-board using a customized version of Lucas-Kanade method at 1000 optic flow vectors per second across a field of view of 180×60 degrees. As well, we demonstrate the on-board processing of 2D optic flow vectors at a rate of more than 21000 vectors per second from the full field of view as well. For this, we utilize an existing assembly language version of the I2A algorithm.


Reflection of early Soviet dialects of national languages in Russian bilingual dictionaries published in Moscow After the October Revolution, over half of the citizens of the new Russian state were non-Russians. The historical homeland of some of them was outside the Soviet Union. The experiences of two largest national minorities: the Germans (1 238 000) and the Poles (782 000) were similar in many respects. Members of both nations were persecuted, suffered massive repression, and were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The new cultural and political reality (separation from the historical homeland and national languages, influence of Russian and other languages of Soviet Union nations, necessity to use new Soviet lexis and technical/scientific terminology on a daily basis) forced changes in German and Polish used in the Soviet Union. Soviet dialects of national languages were reinforced in books, handbooks, the press, and propaganda materials etc. published in German and Polish in huge number of copies. The Soviet dialects of German and Polish were reflected on the right side of Russian-German and Russian-Polish dictionaries published in the 1930s by "Sovetskaya Entsyklopedia". The analysis and comparison of the language material excerpted from the dictionaries show that Soviet dialects of both languages were characterized by the presence of orientalisms (result of the constant contact with the nations and nationalities of the Soviet Union and their culture) and unique lexis related to the Russian way of life (Russian culinary lexis, names of musical instruments, names of garments) and Sovietisms (i.e. new political terminology and words related to the Soviet way of life). The Germans found it more difficult to adapt their native code to life in the Soviet Union.


Magmatic epidote in a plutonic rock signifies that the rock probably crystallized at pressures of at least 8 kbar (25–30 km depth). In western North America, undeformed Late Cretaceous plutons containing magmatic epidote occur within a mobile belt extending from northern California to southeastern Alaska; this belt has been interpreted as consisting of accreted terranes. Because the present crustal thickness within this belt is about 30 km, the plutons imply a crustal thickness at the time of emplacement of 55–60 km, comparable to that in the central Andes. The plutons further imply paleogeothermal gradients in the host country rock at the time of intrusion of not more than 20 °C/km and may be closer to 12 °C/km. Such cool, thick crust suggests that subduction and piling of thrust sheets were probably the principal processes of crustal accretion in western North America. The implications regarding the depth of crystallization of the plutons can be used to estimate the minimum rate of regional uplift; it is on the order of 1 mm/yr. The rapid uplift of the mobile belt by and large did not affect the craton.


To the Editor: Pulmonary involvement is a well-documented complication of scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (1). Lung involvement manifests as bronchitis and interstitial pneumonitis of various grades that progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a serious complication that occurs in ≈11% of scrub typhus patients (2). The death rate among scrub typhus patients with ARDS can reach 25% (3). Older age, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of early pneumonitis have been proposed as risk factors for the development of ARDS in scrub typhus patients (3). We report the detection and culture of O. tsutsugamushi in a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen from a patient with scrub typhus–associated ARDS.

A 50-year-old woman from Lyon, France, was admitted to the hospital in November 2013 with fever (39°C), dizziness, diarrhea, dyspnea, and nonproductive cough. The woman, who had just returned from travel to a jungle in Laos, reported that the fever and diarrhea had begun immediately before her return home. Examination revealed that she had an oval eschar on her back and a faint maculopapular rash. Laboratory values showed elevated C-reactive protein and liver enzyme levels, lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Extensive microbiological testing was done, including tests to rule out malaria, dengue, viral hepatitis, and leptospirosis; all results were negative. Salmonella sp. infection was suspected, and treatment with ofloxacin was started.

On hospitalization day 5, the patient showed development of septic shock, renal failure, and ARDS. She was transferred to an intensive care unit, and treatment with ceftriaxone was started. On hospitalization day 6, a skin biopsy of the eschar (2 mm × 5 mm) and blood, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (0.5 mL), and bronchoalveolar lavage (1 mL) samples were obtained and sent to the National Reference Center for Rickettsiae (Marseille, France) for analysis. Total genomic DNA was extracted (Biorobot EZ1 Workstation; QIAGEN, Courtaboeuf, France) from 200 μL of each sample and used as template in a real-time PCR, which used primers and probes targeting a 47-kDa outer membrane protein gene, as described (4). Blood, skin biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were positive for O. tsutsugamushi; the cerebrospinal fluid sample was negative. The serum sample was positive for O. tsutsugamushi by indirect immunofluorescence assay (serotypes Gilliam, Kuroki, Sennetsu, and Kawasaki) (5) and positive for O. tsutsugamushi IgM. Oral doxycycline (200 mg/day) was started on hospital day 7; the fever resolved 4 days later.

For culture, the positive samples were directly inoculated into monolayers of L929 cells, as described (6). Cultures of blood and skin biopsy samples were negative, but O. tsutsugamushi was isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage sample after 40 days of culture (Figure); 500 μL of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was used for culture. We performed PCR amplification and sequencing of the isolate, targeting a 372-bp fragment of the 56-kDa protein gene, and compared the sequences with O. tsutsugamushi 56-kDa protein–encoding gene sequences available in GenBank (7). The sequences showed 99% similarity with strains Jin/2012 and Zhou/2013 (GenBank accession nos. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ001159","term_id":"594615391","term_text":"KJ001159"}}KJ001159 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ001163","term_id":"594615400","term_text":"KJ001163"}}KJ001163, respectively), which were obtained from febrile patients in Zhejiang Province, China, and have not been linked to a reference serotype (Technical Appendix Figure). In light of the test results and the patient's recent travel to Laos, she was given a diagnosis of O. tsutsugamushi infection–associated ARDS.

Figure

Orientia tsutsugamushi (arrows) in culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (Diff-Quick stain, VWR International, France). Original magnification ×100.

Our isolation of O. tsutsugamushi in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a patient with scrub typhus shows that this bacterium can be present in such samples. We also showed that skin biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage samples can be used for the diagnosis of scrub typhus. To be suitable for culture, samples must be collected as early as possible in the disease course. In this case, blood and skin biopsy samples were obtained late in the disease, which may explain why O. tsutsugamushi was not isolated from these samples. Endothelial cells are the target cells of O. tsutsugamushi in the lung (8), and it has been proposed that ARDS in scrub typhus is associated with a cytokine increase as part of the immune response to O. tsutsugamushi infection (9).

Rickettsial diseases are increasingly being diagnosed in international travelers: one report showed that 2% of imported fevers are caused by rickettsioses, and hospitalization was necessary for the 38% of O. tsutsugamushi–infected travelers (10). The diagnosis of rickettsial infections is challenging because many physicians are unfamiliar with these diseases. However, the diagnosis of scrub typhus in patients with ARDS is critical for initiating appropriate and timely doxycycline treatment. In the case reported here, a diagnosis of scrub typhus was not suspected even though the patient had compatible exposure and travel histories and clinical findings consistent with the disease. The delay in diagnosis led to a life-threatening condition for the patient. Physicians in areas where scrub typhus is nonendemic should have a high index of suspicion for rickettsial infections in patients with recent travel histories to areas where the disease is endemic and consider treatment with tetracyclines whenever rickettsial infection is suspected. Furthermore, the potential for aerosol transmission of O. tsutsugamushi from patients with scrub typhus–associated ARDS to health care workers should be evaluated.

Technical Appendix:
Phylogenetic tree for Orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kDa protein–encoding gene sequences obtained from GenBank.

Click here to view.(77K, pdf)


Lighting conditions in workplaces contribute to a variety of factors related to work satisfaction, productivity and well-being. We tested whether different photometric variables also influence visual perception and the comfort of the lighting, as well as subjective non-visual variables such as mood, alertness and well-being. Twenty-five young subjects spent two afternoons either under electric light or daylighting conditions (without view from the window). Subjects overall preferred the daylighting for visual acceptance and glare. Changes of photometric variables modulated changes in visual light perception, alertness and mood in the course of the afternoon. Finally, we found several associations of visual and non-visual functions, indicating a potential relationship of visual comfort with other circadian and wake-dependent functions in humans, which consequently could impact office lighting scenarios in the future.


Many if not most markets with network externalities are two-sided. To succeed, platforms in industries such as software, portals and media, payment systems and the Internet, must "get both sides of the market on board". Accordingly, platforms devote much attention to their business model, that is to how they court each side while making money overall. The paper builds a model of platform competition with two-sided markets. It unveils the determinants of price allocation and end-user surplus for different governance structures (profit-maximizing platforms and not-for-profit joint undertakings), and compares the outcomes with those under an integrated monopolist and a Ramsey planner.


This paper presents an Object-Oriented Modeling (OOM) approach to model development of marine operation systems, specifically the hydraulic systems of marine cranes. Benefited from the rapid development of computation technology, many modeling and simulation techniques and software tools have proved to be very useful during the product and system development process. However, due to the increasing complexity of the physical systems, many challenges still exist regarding model flexibility, model integration, simulation accuracy, stability and efficiency. The goal of introducing OOM to complex dynamic systems is to provide flexible, effective and efficient models for different simulation applications. Previous work presented a virtual prototyping framework based on the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) standard. The advantage of using FMI co-simulation is that modeling and simulation of stiff and strongly-coupled systems can be distributed. As a result, the modeling tradeoffs between simulation accuracy and efficiency can be evaluated. The essential features of OOM and its application within dynamic operation system domain are highlighted through a case study. These features include model causality, model encapsulation and inheritance that facilitate the decomposition and coupling of complex system models for co-simulation. The simulation results based on the proposed virtual prototyping framework showed speedups in the computation efficiency at the cost of moderate accuracy loss.


Plagiothecium nemorale sensu lato is described as a variable Eurasian taxon. Recent studies indicate that this variability is reflected in both qualitative and quantitative features of its gametophyte and its genetic variation. This taxon comprises at least two separate species: P. nemorale (Mitt.) A. Jaeger and P. longisetum Lindb. The present paper examines whether the gametophyte variability of these species is reflected in the micromorphological variation of the sporophyte. The analysis revealed that the seta of P. nemorale is shorter than that of P. longisetum. In addition, regarding the exostome teeth, the lower portion of the outer surface is characterised by loosely-arranged, moniliform cristae in P. nemorale, with conical papillae on the upper side; however, in P. longisetum it possesses tightly arranged, epapillose cristae, with clearly flattened papillae on the upper side. In addition, the inner surface is more gently papillose in P. nemorale than in the latter. These findings not only describe hitherto unknown features of the sporophyte of these species, but also justify the resurrection of P. longisetus as separate from P. nemorale.


Abstract Using efficient marketing strategies for understanding and improving the relation between vendors and clients rests upon analyzing and forecasting a wealth of data which appear at different time resolutions and at levels of aggregation. More often than not, market success does not have consistent explanations in terms of a few independent influence factors. Indeed, it may be difficult to explain why certain products or services tend to sell well while others do not. The rather limited success of finding general explanations from which to draw specific conclusions good enough in order to generate forecasting models results in our proposal to use data driven models with no strong prior hypothesis concerning the nature of dependencies between potentially relevant variables. If the relations between the data are not purely random, then a general or flexible enough data driven model will eventually identify them. However, this may come at a high cost concerning computational resources and with the risk of overtraining. It may also preclude any useful on-line or real time applications of such models. In order to remedy this, we propose a modeling cycle which provides information about the adequacy of a model complexity class and which also highlights some nonstandard measures of expected model performance.


Nanotechnology processes and nanoscale particles are widely used in consumer products. Yet relatively few products containing nanomaterials reveal this fact on the product label. Is this a problem? The use of nanotechnology in consumer products has many potential benefits, but it may also pose unforeseen risks. There is as yet no definitive evidence that nanoscale materials used in consumer products pose a threat to human health, but such risks may still exist. Do such risks justify mandatory labeling requirements? Mandatory labels would not reduce the threat posed by the use or disposal of nanotech products, but could increase consumer awareness and empower concerned consumers to limit their exposure. Properly designed product labels can help consumers manage their exposure to risky or unproven products without unduly inhibiting consumer preferences generally. On the other hand, poorly developed labeling requirements could frustrate market responses to changes in scientific understanding or consumer preferences, impose unnecessary costs on manufacturers, and fail to address marketplace inefficiencies. In the United States, mandatory labeling requirements also raise potential First Amendment concerns. Before adopting a mandatory labeling requirement, policymakers should consider whether mandatory labels are necessary, or whether voluntary labeling regimes may be superior, with or without government assistance.


More than 98 percent of human genes are shared with two species of chimpanzee. The 'third' chimpanzee is man. Jared Diamond surveys out life-cycle, culture, sexuality and destructive urges both towards ourselves and the planet to explore the ways in which we are uniquely human yet still influenced by our animal origins.


This volume attempts to build a bridge between POB and Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS). Similar to POB, but different from positive psychology, the primary emphasis of POS is on the workplace and on the accomplishment of work-related outcomes. The volume includes contributions from both fields, and theories and studies in which a positive individual perspective (POB) is combined with a positive organization perspective (POS).


Cycle stratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic analyses of a -5000-m-thick composite section obtained by scientific coring in the Newark rift basin of eastern North America provide a high-resolution astronomically calibrated geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS) spanning over 30 m.y. of the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic. Only normal polarity is found in -1000 m of interbedded volcanics and continental sediments of earliest Jurassic age but a total of 59 normal and reverse polarity magnetozones are delineated in the underlying 4000+ m of Late Triassic continental sediments. Lithologic facies response to climatically induced lake level variation provides a full spectrum of Milankovitch cyclicity; the prominent 404 kyr orbital eccentricity climate cycle has a mean thickness of about 60 m and is the basis for scaling most of the stratigraphic section in time. When indexed to available radioisotopic dating, the resulting astronomically calibrated GPTS spans from the 202 Ma TriassicIJurassic boundary to 233 Ma. Results of detailed sampling profiles across 42 magnetozone boundaries representing 35 different polarity reversals indicate transition durations that average 7.9 kyr, comparable to the estimated duration of recent polarity reversals. The polarity intervals have, a mean duration of 0.53 m.y. with a corresponding reversal rate of 1.88 m.y:' and no significant polarity bias and are closely approximated by an exponential distribution with a gamma index k indistinguishable from 1. The longest polarity interval is about 2 m.y., and the shortest is about 0.02 m.y. The overall statistical properties indicate that the behavior of the geomagnetic field in the Late Triassic was not very different from that in the Cenozoic. This geomagnetic polarity record of the Late Triassic provides a well-dated chronostratigraphic framework suitable for detailed global correlation.


Many fiber-fed spectroscopic survey projects, such as DESI, PFS and MOONS, will use thousands of fiber positioners packed at a focal plane. To maximize observation time, the positioners need to move simultaneously and reach their targets swiftly. We have previously presented a motion planning method based on a decentralized navigation function for the collision-free coordination of the fiber positioners in DESI. In MOONS, the end effector of each positioner handling the fiber can reach the centre of its neighbours. There is therefore a risk of collision with up to 18 surrounding positioners in the chosen dense hexagonal configuration. Moreover, the length of the second arm of the positioner is almost twice the length of the first one. As a result, the geometry of the potential collision zone between two positioners is not limited to the extremity of their end-effector, but surrounds the second arm. In this paper, we modify the navigation function to take into account the larger collision zone resulting from the extended geometrical shape of the positioners. The proposed navigation function takes into account the configuration of the positioners as well as the constraints on the actuators, such as their maximal velocity and their mechanical clearance. Considering the fact that all the positioners' bases are fixed to the focal plane, collisions can occur locally and the risk of collision is limited to the 18 surrounding positioners. The decentralizing motion planning and trajectory generation takes advantage of this limited number of positioners and the locality of collisions, hence significantly reduces the complexity of the algorithm to a linear order. The linear complexity ensures short computation time. In addition, the time needed to move all the positioners to their targets is independent of the number of positioners. These two key advantages of the chosen decentralization approach turn this method to a promising solution for the collision-free motion-planning problem in the next- generation spectroscopic survey projects. A motion planning simulator, exploited as a software prototype, has been developed in Python. The pre-computed collision-free trajectories of the actuators of all the positioners are fed directly from the simulator to the electronics controlling the motors. A successful demonstration of the effectiveness of these trajectories on the real positioners as well as their simulated counterparts are put side by side in the following online video sequence (https://goo.gl/YuwwsE).


As the notes on WHO's agenda for mental health point out, disability-adjusted life years are a useful way of measuring some aspects of mental health, but other ways are needed too (1). Socioeconomic indicators also directly affect epidemiology. The political, economic and social changes since 1989 in Hungary have had a major impact on health care (2). Suicides and disability contribute significantly to the burden of mental disorders. In this paper we would like to highlight recent changes in suicide rates and disability rates in Hungary, which is a good example of a country making the transition from communism to a market economy. We will look first at the correlation between decreasing suicide rates and improved treatment of depression, then at social and occupational dysfunctions in relation to changing market forces. Depression and suicide rates in Hungary Epidemiological data on depression and suicide before and after the major political changes in Hungary show an increase in depression (see Fig. 1), a decrease in suicide and an increase in the use of antidepressants (3-5). [Figure 1 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The improvement in the treatment of depression has been a result of changes in the Hungarian health care system. General practitioners have been motivated by privatization and capitation to provide better services. Several antidepressants were marketed in Hungary, and until July 1999 they enjoyed 100% reimbursement. A nationwide educational campaign for the general public, general practitioners and psychiatrists began in 1990, and contributed to better recognition and treatment of depression. The continuing decrease in suicide rates and increase in the use of antidepressants (Fig. 2) supports the hypothesis of Rihmer, that recognition and treatment of depression strongly influence suicide rates (4). [Figure 2 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Employment and disability rates Since the collapse of communism, the cost of making the transition to a market economy has been overwhelming: after 1989 the volume of gross domestic product decreased by one quarter and in 1998 still had not reached the level of 1989. Big state factories with accommodation for their workers were shut down, and this resulted in a wave of unemployed and homeless people. Psychiatric patients were among the first to be hit by unemployment and homelessness. There was increasing competition for employment, and government and health workers lost their control over employment and housing. The communist governments left behind them a weak social support network and no self-help groups. Unemployment was zero from 1950 to the end of the 1980s, and stood at 8-12% in the 1990s. A 47-fold increase was registered in the unemployment rate in 1992 as compared to 1989, and there has been an 80-150% increase in the number of disability pension applications since 1989. The number of approved disability pension claims also had a transitory increase (Table 1). Of the newly disabled, 15-16% have mental disorders, which is the second largest group after patients suffering from cardiovascular disorders. Many data, such as those missing in Table 1 and approved disability claims in different diagnostic categories, could not be obtained, because the Hungarian insurance system was not computerized until recently. Table 1. Selected data on unemployment and disability, Hungary Year Population Number of Number of (x [10.sup.6]) registered new unemployed disabled 1989 10.5886 14 200 - 1990 10. …


In 2017, Canada's Parliament partially decriminalized "Medical Assistance in Dying" [MAID] (the term the law uses for euthanasia and physician assisted suicide) and allowed the practice in specific circumstances at the end of life. Canadian advocates of broad access to MAID have criticized the new legislation for being too restrictive, and particularly rejected the law's end-of-life access criteria of 'reasonably foreseeable death' and 'irreversible decline of capabilities'. Two legal challenges have already been launched that aim at broadening the category of people who can access MAID. In these lawsuits, an analysis of what happens in jurisdictions that allow broad access to MAID, and a comparison with other jurisdictions that restrict access to end-of-life situations, could play an important role as it reveals why a restriction to the end-of-life context is important.
This paper provides such a comparison, and discusses in detail the most recent developments of the euthanasia practices in Belgium and the Netherlands, two jurisdictions with broad access to euthanasia without end-of-life restriction. This discussion, informed by many sources that are not available in English and that are quoted in translation, reveals why giving physicians discretionary power to decide who has access to MAID, on the basis of broad access criteria without restriction to the end-of-life context, risks undermining important legislative goals that are enumerated in Canada's MAID law. These include: the protection against errors and abuse; the protection of vulnerable people from being induced, in moments of weakness, to end their lives; the equal value of every person's life and the avoidance of negative perceptions of the quality of life of persons who are elderly, ill, or disabled; and the prevention of suicide. The paper shows the most recent trends in Belgium and the Netherlands and discusses in particular growing controversies related to the expansion of euthanasia practices outside the end-of-life context and in the context of mental health. It discusses further the problems with the various safeguards in the Belgian and Dutch regimes, which are also increasingly becoming apparent. This analysis shows how a restriction of access to the end-of-life context is essential to ensure a reasonable balance between providing access and protecting the important human rights related goals embedded in the legislation.


Doctors and nurses work together every day. But is there more to working together than making sure that the work of the one profession dovetails with that of the other? Is there really any content in the "co" words, so popular in government policy documents—coordination, collaboration, and cooperation?

Researchers are beginning to understand what working together can achieve. The settings are different—how work groups in the private sector can perform better, 1 how democracies can involve people more directly, 2–4 how conflict can be resolved5—but the message is the same. Working "together" rather than working "alongside" can energise people and result in new ways of tackling old problems. We have had glimpses of this in patient participation in the NHS. We know much more than we did even five years ago about giving lay people the support and information they need to have a meaningful dialogue with managers and clinicians and to make an input into how services are run. We need to encourage real …


by Abraham B. Yehoshua, translated by Ora Cummings. Syracuse University Press, 2000. 145 pp. $26.95.Israel's prominent novelist and essayist, A.B. Yehoshua, is also a professor of literature. In this book, which grew out of a course he has taught, he examines moral issues in a broad array of literary texts.His point of departure is a lament that literary criticism has by and large withdrawn from moral discussion. Yehoshua outlines a number of reasons for this phenomenon. Chief among them is the growth of psychology and psychological reading, which encourages readers to analyze characters rather than judge them. In addition, in contemporary society legal debate often crowds out moral debate. Similarly, with its speed and ability to reach mass audiences, media treatment of social issues has preempted literature as a forum for discussion of new developments and ethical challenges. Academics, for their part, have come to focus on aesthetics and prefer to address a narrow professional readership. A final factor Yehoshua mentions is a fear, on the part of critics, that if they direct attention to moral issues they will introduce ideological censorship into their work. This assertion at first seems anomalous, since there is in fact a great deal of ideological reading and interpretation nowadays -- in, for example, post-colonial, feminist, and canon studies. Yehoshua's explanation makes sense, though, in the specific context of Israeli literary history; he is not discounting recent critical trends so much as commenting on a longstanding aversion, in Israel, to the excesses of dogmatic reading that prevailed there in the 1940s and 1950s.All told, the status of literature has changed and the nature of literary study is quite different now from what it was in the past. Once widely regarded as a source of moral guidance, it has a much diminished role today. At times, Yehoshua observes, "it seems to literature that nothing is left but to save its honor and hide away in its own little neurotic comer and try to pluck out yet another undiscovered psychological nuance or two -- or to bemoan the superficiality of modern life". A corrective to this sorry state of affairs is what Yehoshua hopes to offer through his approach. Convinced of the distinctiveness of literature and advocating for it, he argues that imaginative writing brings people to empathy in ways that the media cannot. He also believes that literary rhetoric shapes readers' thinking and moral direction in ways that open debate would not -- that is, through identification with characters. What he means by "moral" he indicates by noting, "every image or statement that contains a demand for absoluteness and generality -- that signals to an individual what he or she must and must not do with regard to human relations -- is of moral significance." Furthermore, he adds, "the moral statement incorporates a demand whose force lies in the fact that it does not relate to a personal issue. Rather it is a general demand that is unbound by time or person". Yet those moral truths are reached in fiction not through abstractions or generalities but through identifying with individuals and their particular circumstances.The texts Yehoshua deals with include Euripides' Alcestis, Camus' "The Guest," Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," and Raymond Carver's "The Cathedral." The title of the volume, The Terrible Power of a Minor Guilt, is drawn from a chapter on Dostoevsky's The Eternal Husband, a novel that offers rich and complex psychological explorations of its characters' behavior. Despite all the psychological investigation, Yehoshua claims, at the core of the narrative stands a very small transgression that, minor as it is, nonetheless governs all other events. "[N]one of the complex psychological rationales has the ability to cancel out the power of that guilt". Of most interest in this volume for Jewish studies are three chapters: one on the biblical story of Cain and Abel; one on fiction by J. …


Stock selection models have been, and can be, effectively employed in Japan to deliver excess returns. In 1992, in the initial year of this Journal's publication, Guerard and Takano (1992) reported mean-variance efficient portfolios for the Japanese and U.S. equity markets, and show that the use of a regression-weighted composite model of earnings, book value, cash flow, sales, and their relative variables outperformed their respective equity benchmarks by approximately 400 basis points annually. Markowitz and Xu (1994) tested the composite model strategy and found that its excess returns were statistically significant from a variety of models tested, and the composite model strategy was not the result of data mining. In this analysis, the Guerard and Takano stock selection models are updated through 2001 using a similar Japanese-only database. The sophisticated regression model continues to produce the highest information coefficients in Japan and the U.S. We include a consensus analyst derived forecast, revisions, and breadth variable, and show its contribution to stock selection. Several Japanese-only analyst forecasting model results are similar to U.S.-only results. The use of the Global Compustat database allows the construction of global variables that produce similar stock selection models. The effectiveness of these quantitative models has not lessened during the 1992-2003 period.


Interest in derivative-free optimization (DFO) and"evolutionary strategies"(ES) has recently surged in the Reinforcement Learning (RL) community, with growing evidence that they match state of the art methods for policy optimization tasks. However, blackbox DFO methods suffer from high sampling complexity since they require a substantial number of policy rollouts for reliable updates. They can also be very sensitive to noise in the rewards, actuators or the dynamics of the environment. In this paper we propose to replace the standard ES derivative-free paradigm for RL based on simple reward-weighted averaged random perturbations for policy updates, that has recently become a subject of voluminous research, by an algorithm where gradients of blackbox RL functions are estimated via regularized regression methods. In particular, we propose to use L1/L2 regularized regression-based gradient estimation to exploit sparsity and smoothness, as well as LP decoding techniques for handling adversarial stochastic and deterministic noise. Our methods can be naturally aligned with sliding trust region techniques for efficient samples reuse to further reduce sampling complexity. This is not the case for standard ES methods requiring independent sampling in each epoch. We show that our algorithms can be applied in locomotion tasks, where training is conducted in the presence of substantial noise, e.g. for learning in sim transferable stable walking behaviors for quadruped robots or training quadrupeds how to follow a path. We further demonstrate our methods on several $\mathrm{OpenAI}$ $\mathrm{Gym}$ $\mathrm{Mujoco}$ RL tasks. We manage to train effective policies even if up to $25\%$ of all measurements are arbitrarily corrupted, where standard ES methods produce sub-optimal policies or do not manage to learn at all. Our empirical results are backed by theoretical guarantees.


Defending Data proposes a data-driven, systems-based approach to improving public defense in America. Public defenders represent millions of defendants every year. Yet public defense remains a largely data-less enterprise, a black box of discretionary decisions disconnected from any systemic analysis about the relationship between defender practices and case outcomes. Defending Data adopts a novel approach to the crisis of public defense. Building off of the successful implementation of systembased approaches in other complex, high-risk industries such as aviation and medicine, Defending Data explains how defenders can develop a datadriven systems approach to public defense.


Web cache deception (WCD) is an attack proposed in 2017, where an attacker tricks a caching proxy into erroneously storing private information transmitted over the Internet and subsequently gains unauthorized access to that cached data. Due to the widespread use of web caches and, in particular, the use of massive networks of caching proxies deployed by content distribution network (CDN) providers as a critical component of the Internet, WCD puts a substantial population of Internet users at risk. We present the first large-scale study that quantifies the prevalence of WCD in 340 high-profile sites among the Alexa Top 5K. Our analysis reveals WCD vulnerabilities that leak private user data as well as secret authentication and authorization tokens that can be leveraged by an attacker to mount damaging web application attacks. Furthermore, we explore WCD in a scientific framework as an instance of the path confusion class of attacks, and demonstrate that variations on the path confusion technique used make it possible to exploit sites that are otherwise not impacted by the original attack. Our findings show that many popular sites remain vulnerable two years after the public disclosure of WCD. Our empirical experiments with popular CDN providers underline the fact that web caches are not plug & play technologies. In order to mitigate WCD, site operators must adopt a holistic view of their web infrastructure and carefully configure cache settings appropriate for their applications.


One of the key challenges arising from the recent increase in international involvement in post-conflict situations has been to establish security and to transfer responsibility to local institutions in ways compatible with principles of ownership, accountability and economic sustainability. While there is no lack of prescriptions for security transitioning, there has been little analysis of past efforts. The author suggests a list of criteria for the evaluation of success and failure of security sector reconstruction and reform in post-conflict situations. He also describes various dilemmas for external actors and concludes with a hypothesis on how the behaviour of external actors influences success and failure of security sector reconstruction and reform.


This article is aimed firstly at providing an empirical test of the causality link between fertility and education in France after World War II and subsequently at determining whether the underlying mechanism of the link was in agreement more with Becker's theory or that of Easterlin. It was found that the ideas of the two schools of thought are similar and complementary as the results show that a rise in the level of education causes a decrease in the fertility of couples and this link is triggered by an increase in opportunities and in the scope for investment in human capital. This follows a change in the situation on the labour market that means that women join the labour force in order to attain the desired standard of living. An accompanying effect is a decrease in child mortality, which also allows an increase in investment in education and hence a decrease in fertility.


This article examines some of the inherent inequities that exist for music vocalists under the United States Copyright Act and related music industry practices, due to the limited scope of protection given to sound recordings and the absence of an express inclusion of nondramatic music performance as a protected work under Section 102(a). It argues for expansion of the rights afforded to include, for music vocalists with respect to nondramatic works, an inalienable copyright, separate from the sound recording copyright, based upon a sole right of authorship in their performance as an applied composition, once fixed. It also argues for a restriction of the sound recording copyright to limit derivative works thereof to use of the integrated whole, thereby enabling the vocalist to control the use of an isolated vocal performance and the resulting applied composition embodied therein.


Background
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play key roles in the early development of the central auditory pathway and the inner ear. Both have been successfully employed to treat experimental forms of hearing loss and are likely to operate in a broad spectrum of auditory phenotypes, including phantom perceptions of sound. We conducted a genetic association study addressing five biallelic candidate variants in 240 Caucasian subjects who had been diagnosed with tinnitus for more than 6 months.
Findings
Allele frequencies were determined for three GDNF and two BDNF markers, including a functional missense substitution (V66M). When data were compared to previously examined control populations, no significant allelic associations were noted after corrections for multiple testing. However, using a multiple regression approach and scores from a validated self-report questionnaire, GDNF and BDNF genotypes jointly predicted tinnitus severity in women (N=69, uncorrected p=0.04) but not in men (N=171, n.s.).
Conclusions
The present findings serve as an incentive for further explorations of neurotrophic factors' role in predicting clinical features of tinnitus. Possible implications of sexually dimorphic at-risk genotypes are discussed with regard to hearing and neural plasticity.


Abstract. Continuous monitoring of atmospheric humidity and temperature profiles is important for many applications, e.g. assessment of atmospheric stability and cloud formation. While lidar measurements can provide high vertical resolution albeit with limited coverage, microwave radiometers receive information throughout the troposphere though their vertical resolution is poor. In order to overcome these specific limitations the synergy of a Microwave Radiometer (MWR) and a Raman Lidar (RL) system is presented in this work. The retrieval algorithm that combines these two instruments is an Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) that allows for a uncertainty analysis of the retrieved profiles. The OEM combines measurements and a priori information taking the uncertainty of both into account. The measurement vector consists of a set of MWR brightness temperatures and RL water vapor profiles. The method is applied for a two month field campaign around Julich, Germany for clear sky periods. Different experiments are performed to analyse the improvements achieved via the synergy compared to the individual retrievals. When applying the combined retrieval, on average the theoretically determined absolute humidity error can be reduced by 59.8% (37.9%) with respect to the retrieval using only-MWR (only-RL) data. The analysis in terms of degrees of freedom for signal reveals that most information is gained above the usable lidar range. The retrieved profiles are further evaluated using radiosounding and GPS water vapor measurements. Within a single case study we also explore the potential of the OEM for deriving the relative humidity profile, which is especially interesting to study cloud formation in the vicinity of cloud edges. To do so temperature information is added both from RL and MWR. For temperature, it is shown that the error is reduced by 47.1% (24.6%) with respect to the only-MWR (only-RL) profile. Due to the use of MWR brightness temperatures at multiple elevation angles, the MWR provides significant information below the lidar overlap region as shown by the degrees of freedom for signal. Therefore it might be sufficient to combine RL water vapor with multi-angle, multi-wavelength MWR for the retrieval of relative humidity, however, long-term studies are necessary in the future. In general, the benefit of the sensor combination is especially strong in regions where Raman Lidar data is not available (i.e. overlap region, poor signal to noise ratio), whereas if both instruments are available, RL dominates the retrieval.


This paper describes a technique that uses the information gathered from the geostationary instrumentation [Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI)] to investigate the pixels detected as ¿uncertain¿ by the operational Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud-mask algorithm. This technique analyzes the uncertain MODIS areas by using a time series of MSG-SEVIRI images taken at infrared (IR) and visible (VIS) wavelengths. In order to classify the uncertain pixels related to the granules acquired during the daytime and completely included in the high-resolution visible (HRV) image, the spectral and textural features derived from a time series of HRV images are used as inputs in a K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) classifier. For the areas not included in the HRV image and for those acquired during nighttime, the input parameters are determined from a time series of IR/VIS and IR images, respectively. The K-NN classifier detected 52.0%, 48.7%, and 37.0% of the MOD35/MYD35 uncertain pixels analyzed over land and 54.5%, 45.4%, and 49.7% of those analyzed over sea as cloud free, when using HRV, IR, and IR/VIS features as inputs, respectively. Percentages of 39.8%, 31.8%, and 37.3% of the pixels analyzed over land and 40.7%, 47.4%, and 38.0% of those analyzed over sea were classified as cloudy when using HRV, IR, and IR/VIS features as inputs, respectively. The remaining uncertain pixels were classified as low confidence cloudy or cloud free by the K-NN classifier. A set of comparisons was made with cloud-profiling radar/cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization 2B-Geometrical Profiling-Lidar product results.


The event of the Diamond Princess, with a total of 712 (as of 17 March 2020) persons infected on the cruise ship, attracted global attention as the largest disease cluster outside China for the period 7 to 24 February 2020. Representing the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the authors were heavily engaged in the quarantine operation on the cruise ship ourselves. During the quarantine period from 5 to 23 February 2020, when the last group of the quarantined passengers left the ship, a series of measures have been conducted under the principles of i) zero deaths among all on board, ii) rapid establishment and thorough implementation of an infection control system, and iii) maintenance of health conditions and relief of anxieties among passengers and crew members. The case of Diamond Princess has implications of more than a cruise ship but deserves full scientific analysis to learn lessons from this operation as well as to study the characteristics, particularly the transmission of COVID-19.


This paper argues a 'thought structure' and narrative of 'seeing' exists through critical gaze when viewing and engaging with fashion practice. Through the creative practice of curatorial project work the unity of discourse between reflection and practice can be attributed to mapping and developing the knowledge's of fashion practice experienced and exploited through the practice portfolio or exhibition.

There is opportunity for professional doctorates of design practice to develop insightful methodological approaches informed through the design process of practice. The context of this research paper is the learning experience of a professional doctorate study that focuses on developing and evaluating a fashion (design) practice process of constructing the fashion narrative in a contemporary context.

Research suggests that present texts on design practice, reflective practice, visual anthropology and curation are still not effectively informing creative-authorship of practice as portfolio or exhibition of Design Practice. The fashion commerce and fashion cultural industries have much to gain in linking theory with practice towards a better understanding of what designers do, in, through and of practice.

The research concludes that a conscious 'seeing' exists as a pure discourse of fashion practice toward an understanding of what designers 'do' in thought and action and how the spectator can apply critical gaze to understand, perform, and respond to fashion practice in both a commercial and cultural context that is to be collectively understood; and that this achievement can be effectively facilitated through engagement with a professional doctorate programme.


Over the past twenty years, there have been many contributions in the area of automated analysis of variability models. However, the majority of these researches are focused on feature models. We propose that the knowledge obtained during recent years on the analysis of feature models can be applied to automatically analyse different variability models. In this paper we present FaMa OVM and FaMa DEB, which are prototypical implementations for the automated analysis of two distinct variability models, namely Orthogonal Variability Models and Debian Variablity Models, respectively. In order to minimise efforts and benefit from the feature model know–how, we use FaMa Framework which allows the development of analysis tools for diverse variability modelling languages. This framework provides a well tested system that guides the tool development. Due to the structure provided by the framework, FaMa OVM and FaMa DEB tools are easy to extend and integrate with other tools. We report on the main points of both tools, such as the analysis operations provided and the logical solvers used for the analysis.


Nowadays, the vast amount of produced mobility data (by sen-sors, GPS-equipped devices, surveillance networks, radars, etc.) poses new challenges related to mobility analytics. In several application, such as maritime or air-traffic data management, data analysis of mobility data requires weather information related to the movement of objects, as this has significant effect on various characteristics of its trajectory (route, speed, and fuel consump-tion). Unfortunately, mobility databases do not contain weather information, thus hindering the joint analysis of mobility and weather data. Motivated by this evident need of many real-life applications, in this paper, we develop a system for integrating mobility data with external weather sources. Our system is designed to operate at the level of a spatio-temporal position, and can be used to efficiently produce weather integrated data sets from raw positions of moving objects. Salient features of our approach include operating in an online manner and being re-usable across diverse mobility data (urban, maritime, air-traffic). Further, we extend our approach: (a) to handle more complex geometries than simple positions (e.g., associating weather with a 3D sector), and (b) to produce output in RDF, thus generating linked data. We demonstrate the efficiency of our system using experiments on large, real-life data sets.


Abstract. Prior to installation of a fishway at a road crossing in 2001, a remnant population of endangered Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica) was confined to a 6-km section of the Cotter River, Australian Capital Territory. The purpose of the fishway was to provide passage past a barrier and to increase the extent of spawning grounds for M. australasica to an additional 22 km of river. The aim of the current study was to quantify the extent of nursery grounds of M. australasica in the Cotter River catchment by developing and applying a rapid, non-destructive technique for surveying juvenile M. australasica. From October to January in 2006–07 and 2007–08, pools were surveyed by snorkelling in the lower Cotter River to detect juvenile and larval M. australasica. The 9-km study reach consisted of the four pools immediately upstream of Cotter Reservoir, seven pools further upstream but still downstream of the rockramp fishway and 14 pools upstream of the fishway. In 2006–07, juvenile M. australasica were detected at 22 of 25 pools, including 13 of 14 pools upstream of the fishway. In spring/summer 2007–08, low visibility conditions frequently occurred throughout the river preventing survey on several occasions. However, recruitment of M. australasica was again detected upstream of the fishway. The increased extent of the nursery grounds of this M. australasica population has proven to be timely as an enlargement of the Cotter Reservoir, due for completion in 2012, will inundate more than 90% of prefishway nursery grounds in the Cotter River. Our study has demonstrated the benefit of installing a fishway in expanding the nursery grounds and the number of recruits of a remnant population of the endangered M. australasica. We also demonstrate the benefits of employing a visual survey technique to quantify the extent of the riverine nursery grounds of a fish population.


The Report This report, 'Strategies towards universal smartphone access' by the Broadband Commission Working Group on Smartphone Access represents the first multi-stakeholder analysis on the topic of smartphone access. The Working Group on Smartphone Access was co-chaired by Nick Read, CEO of Vodafone Group, Houlin Zhao, Secretary General of the ITU and Rabab Fatima, UN High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS). The Working Group included representatives from: America Móvil; the government of Benin; the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN; the government of Ghana; the GSMA; the International Trade Centre; Intelsat; the International Science Technology and Innovation Centre for South-South Cooperation; Millicom; Smart Africa; ZTE; and the World Wide Web Foundation. The lead author of the report was Professor Christopher Yoo, John H. Chestnut Professor of Law, Communication, and Computer & Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania. The report has been informed by research from GSMA, ITU and 19 structured expert interviews, as well as insights from International Trade Centre (ITC) convened focus group of entrepreneurs and extensive desk research.


We present novel estimates of the quality of targeting of conditional cash transfer (CCT) and non-contributory pension (NCP) programs in Latin-America and the Caribbean. Our contribution is novel in that we use both national and international poverty lines, provide differentiated estimates for urban and rural areas, and compare CCT and NCP programs. We show that leakage to the non-poor coexists with pervasive under-coverage of all poor, including the extreme poor. On average, CCTs cover only 50.6 percent of the extreme poor in households with children under 18 years of age. Similarly, NCPs cover only 53.2 percent of the extreme poor in households with elderly members who do not receive a contributory pension. At the same time, 39.2 percent of CCT beneficiaries and 48.6 percent of NCP beneficiaries are not poor, highlighting the potential need for retargeting and recertification. In most countries, retargeting could produce a substantial double benefit in terms of poverty reduction and fiscal savings.


The purpose of this study was to attempt to better outfit the Kidike Pemba Flying Fox Ecotourism Center of Pemba Island, Zanzibar, in order to increase its appeal to a wider audience of tourists and to benefit the surrounding community of Mjini Ole. This goal was specifically carried out by establishing and marketing cultural tourism under the Kidike brand. In Kidike's initial condition, guests were able to see the roost site of this endemic giant fruit bat – the Pemba Flying Fox – and continue on to see historical ruins and a mangrove forest, but the presentation and experience as a whole was very straightforward and somewhat lacking in originality. In order to diversify this initial attraction, cultural activities specific to Pemba were organized and prepared for a tourist audience and appropriately marketed as a means of maintaining a sustainable eco-tourism venture and simultaneously providing an alternative, non-consumptive source of income for the community members. A brief history of each activity was compiled to be read to future guests during each tour, as were suggested tour outlines so as to provide tour consistency and direction. On-site assessments, interviews and surveys of tourists, hoteliers, and village members, and the generation of a Kidike promotional brochure and its distribution to major Pemba hotels were all components of this study. This study is significant as it attempts to offer a means for and provide an example of a non-consumptive livelihood in a precarious environment that faces almost certain degradation in the future as Pemba's population continues to rise. Its relevance to the study site and similar external locations is manifest in the inherent problems associated with the indisputable advent of growing tourism and growing population, albeit the small size and finite resources of the Island


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A challenge facing buyers in the delivery of innovative construction and facility services is to utilize expertise without increasing project risk. The traditional price-based Design-Bid-Build approach minimizes the utilization of expertise of expert construction vendors by using an owner driven specification. The non-traditional approaches such as design-build, construction management @ risk (CM@Risk), and integrated project delivery are more flexible but still have no methodology to minimize the risk caused by innovative practices. The Best Value Approach utilizing the Performance Information Procurement System (PIPS) and the Information Measurement Theory (IMT) has been tested for over 20 years with high customer satisfaction and performance. However, the use of past performance information still gave the perception of high risk when considering innovative concepts that have never been previously utilized. This research uses a case study of a hospital owner competing the risk of innovative systems with existing, proven systems. The research group had the opportunity to interject the Best Value Approach into the case study delivering the innovative service/equipment requirement, allowing them to see how the approach and created Best Value environment reacted to the expertise that uses innovation. The case study involves the delivery of cutting edge cancer technology, the proton cancer treatment equipment/system. Even though the delivered service is not standard construction, the delivery approach can be easily used in construction.


Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with stochastic momentum is popular in nonconvex stochastic optimization and particularly for the training of deep neural networks. In standard SGD, parameters are updated by improving along the path of the gradient at the current iterate on a batch of examples, where the addition of a ``momentum'' term biases the update in the direction of the previous change in parameters. In non-stochastic convex optimization one can show that a momentum adjustment provably reduces convergence time in many settings, yet such results have been elusive in the stochastic and non-convex settings. At the same time, a widely-observed empirical phenomenon is that in training deep networks stochastic momentum appears to significantly improve convergence time, variants of it have flourished in the development of other popular update methods, e.g. ADAM, AMSGrad, etc. Yet theoretical justification for the use of stochastic momentum has remained a significant open question. In this paper we propose an answer: stochastic momentum improves deep network training because it modifies SGD to escape saddle points faster and, consequently, to more quickly find a second order stationary point. Our theoretical results also shed light on the related question of how to choose the ideal momentum parameter--our analysis suggests that $\beta \in [0,1)$ should be large (close to 1), which comports with empirical findings. We also provide experimental findings that further validate these conclusions.


The aim of the present work was formulation and evaluation of in situ gelling system of cytarabine. Cytarabine is an anti-cancer agent, which exhibits less oral absorption, less site targeted ability and show toxic effect (higher amount), when given in the form of conventional injectable solutions. To overcome this, an attempt has been made to formulate pH-triggered or ion exchange in situ gelling system of cytarabine to provide sustained release of drug based on polymeric carriers that undergo sol-to-gel transition upon change in pH. The cytarabine in situ gelling system formulated by using poly acrylic acid (Carbopol 934 NF) in combination with sodium alginate, which acted as viscosity enhancing agent. The developed formulation was stable, non-irritant and provided sustained release over 24-hour period and it is a viable alternative to conventional injectable.


The South African water resource management institutional landscape has seen some dramatic changes since the new dispensation came into power in 1994. Not only have legislation and policies changed, but there has also been a significant increase in the number of non-state actors in the policy development process. Water resource governance has therefore become more complex and its regulatory component is being implemented by a number of legislative institutions: catchment management agencies, water user associations, irrigation boards, and international water management bodies. Policy development is influenced by a myriad of non-state actors, scientists included. A comprehensive literature review of research on water resource management institutions published between 1997 and 2011 shows that scientists are focusing predominantly on catchment management agencies and aspects regarding their institutionalisation and organisational functionality. There is much less of a focus on other entities, such as advisory committees, international water management bodies, irrigation boards, the water tribunal and water user associations. What the review has also revealed is that research on water resource management institutions has been conducted predominantly by scientists from the natural sciences. There is therefore an evident need for a research focus on water resource management institutions other than catchment management agencies. In addition, there should be a focus on informal aspects of water resource governance and new theoretical developments, also from disciplines other than the natural sciences, in the fields of water resource governance and politics.


In the early mammalian embryo, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) achieves dosage parity between males and females for X-linked genes. During mouse development, imprinted paternal XCI is observed first and switches to random XCI in the epiblast but not placental lineages. The mechanism by which this epigenetic switch occurs is currently unknown. Here, we establish an ex vivo model for imprinting and identify a novel trans-acting regulatory factor for imprinted XCI. Using an induced trophoblast stem cell (iTS) model, we show that embryonic stem (ES) cells transdifferentiated into trophoblasts retain partial memory of the XCI imprint. Cdx2, a stem cell factor that determines commitment to the extraembryonic lineage, directly binds Xist and activates expression of Xist RNA in extrembryonic cells. Cdx2 competes with Oct4, a stem cell factor that determines commitment to the embryonic lineage, for overlapping binding sites within Xist. We propose that mutually exclusive binding between Cdx2 and Oct4 in Xist underlies the switch between imprinted and random XCI in the early mouse embryo.


The tort system, once designed solely to redress wrongs, now focuses more and more on criminal-style retribution and redistribution of wealth. This expansion in tort liability is both a cause and effect of the mind-set that any injury, damage or untoward turn of events in a person's life is the fault of another, for which a lawsuit should bring hefty monetary returns. In response, state and federal legislatures enact tort reform laws to balance the risks and benefits of the free enterprise system in a way that protects consumers and promotes a healthier economy. The article describes how tort reforms are premised on three important policies: (1) American society as a whole benefits when the freedom to innovate and make mistakes allows entrepreneurs to bring ever-better products to market; (2) people must accept responsibility for the consequences of their (potentially foolish) choices; and (3) individuals must be allowed to assess what the level of risk they are willing to assume.


Artist and illustrator Barbara Nessim was one of the formative graphic stylists of the 1960s, she created memorable imagery that captured the spirit of the feminist upheaval of the 1970s, pioneered computer generated art in the 1980s and has continued to be an innovator ever since, exploring contemporary ideas of identity with fresh forms and techniques. What unifies this diverse body of work is her masterful drawing, skill as a colourist and conceptual intelligence: her graceful female figures dance off the page and into the mind. This book captures not only the work; ranging from the sketchbooks that are the wellspring of her art to prominent magazine assignments, like a Rolling Stone cover of John Lennon, to elaborate large scale projects, but also the life that carried her from New York's high Bohemia as a young artist to the world of cutting edge visual journalism. Like other artists whose work captured the mood of their times, such as Keith Haring, Milton Glaser, and Peter Max, Nessim's work arouses deep and pleasurable associations.


This work aims to increase the modelling accuracy of two important problems for the wave energy industry. One concerns the mooring dynamics in the presence of snap loads (shock waves in cable tension). The other is related to nonlinear effects in the resonance region of moored wave energy converters (WECs). The thesis describes the development of Moody, a high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) model for mooring dynamics aimed at capturing snap loads. Two different DG formulations are presented. The first version uses the local DG method, while the second is based on the Lax-Friedrich (LF) approximative Rie- mann solver. Exponential convergence for smooth cases and excellent agreement with experimental data are shown for both versions. The LF-based solver is ex- tended to include shock-identifiers, slope limiters and hp adaptive mesh refinement. Computational results show good shock resolution in both linear and non- linear cable materials. We further develop an automated program interface to provide dynamic mooring response to volume of fluid Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes (VOF-RANS) simulations of WECs in OpenFOAM®. Model scale experiments of a moored vertical cylinder are carried out with the partial aim to provide validation data for the coupled VOF-RANS-Moody model. The validation shows very good agreement between experimental and numerical results of surge and heave motion, from which we conclude that the coupling is working as expected. We get a good match in mooring force response, but the pitch response is shown to be more sensitive to model input parameters. Valida- tion of high-fidelity models puts tough requirements on experimental data quality, which are difficult to meet in small scales. The experiments also assess the performance of three types of mooring con- figurations for WECs. Results show how cable slack-snap events are important for the dynamic range of mooring force response in survival conditions. As the steepness of the waves increase, the response amplitude per wave height decreases in the resonance region for all three configurations. This nonlinear effect is con- sistently seen throughout the results from experiments and coupled simulations of both model scale and full-scale geometries. Although paid for with a substantial computational effort, we conclude that the high-fidelity VOF-RANS-Moody model is able to predict the fully nonlinear response of WECs with good accuracy.


Why do we care if our teammates are not human? This study seeks to uncover whether or not the perception of other players as human or artificial entities can influence player experience. We use both deception and a between-participants blind study design to reduce bias in our experiment. Our qualitative results show that people do care about the perceived nature of other players, even though they are not always able to correctly identify them as human or as non-player character teammates. Interview data suggest believing that one is playing with other humans can positively affect a player's subjective experience. Furthermore, our qualitative results indicate that players view their non-player character teammates as humanized entities, but adopt a neo-feudalistic (i.e., an unequal rights) view of them. Based on our results, we establish game design guide- lines for non-player character teammates leading to stronger, emotional human-computer relationships in video games.


This paper identifies an alternative perspective on Knowledge Management (KM) in
multinational organisations by definition of the concept of Ignorance Management. Furthermore, this
paper discusses the difficulties employees face in understanding and comprehending what they need
to know to do their jobs, and what implications this can have within global technology intensive
environments. The focus is given in particular on multinational organisations where innovation and
new knowledge is essential to both short-term opportunistic value capture and longer term business
sustainability. Hence, this paper discusses why managing ignorance is essential for maintaining a
strategic knowledge sharing culture within multinational organisations. Furthermore, it develops a
novel theory on the nature of knowledge and ignorance while making the distinction between knowns
and unknowns as well as between consciousness and ignorance. The theoretical findings have been
applied to technology intensive and innovative environments. A case study is explored within the
paper, based on findings from one of the largest military contractors in the world, which employs over
100,000 people across the globe. The paper adopts an interpretivist philosophy, using the primary
strategy of qualitative research. In addition, due to the complexity of the topic, a mixed methods
approach has been used for the data collection process. Moreover, participatory action research is
undertaken to study individuals' actions in a particular context and improve organisational strategies
and KM practices. The study shows that managing ignorance and adaptiveness in multinational
organisations is becoming increasingly important. Thus, the critical question is not just managing what
is known but also trying to find ways to manage the unknown. This viewpoint of acknowledging
ignorance, if successfully incorporated within a company's KM strategy, will not only facilitate and
enhance knowledge storage and transmission processes but will also undoubtedly play a vital role
when referring to a company's efficiency, productivity and overall performance.


Integrated multi-port driven (MPD) radiator design is presented as an approach that takes advantage of the increased design space offered by using a hybrid design of an antenna with multiple ports and its driver circuitry integrated together on a single substrate. This reduces costly losses by eliminating independent elements for power combination, output impedance matching networks, and power transfer by engineering current patterns on a chip based on the desired far field pattern. The electromagnetic radiation produced by a circularly polarized MPD antenna is calculated analytically to provide design intuition, with supporting electromagnetic simulations. A single element 160 GHz MPD antenna and the supporting driver circuitry is designed and fabricated in a 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS process. A tuned 8 phase ring oscillator generates the signal with each phase feeding class A power amplifiers that drive the antenna. The radiator achieves 4.6 dBm single element effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and total radiated power of -2.0 dBm at 161 GHz while consuming 117.5 mA DC current from a 3.3 V source. Measurements of three frequency bands at 145, 154 and 161 GHz show greater than 0 dBm EIRP for each band, demonstrating the wide band nature of the antenna.


On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act), the most far-reaching healthcare reform legislation since the establishment of the Medicare program in 1965. The Affordable Care Act directs the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to establish a minimum level of health benefits, called the essential health benefits, that must be offered by certain health plans, including all plans participating in the individual and small group health insurance markets. This Article argues that this process for defining the essential health benefits will fail to produce coverage standards that are both fair and serve the public interest, as political considerations will lead politicians to mandate coverage of health benefits desired by the public and special interest groups, regardless of the merits of doing so. To reduce the influence of short-term politics in the development of national coverage standards, the Article recommends two fundamental changes to the process. First, Congress should establish an independent commission that would make recommendations to Congress regarding the essential health benefits. Second, Congress should adopt internal rules of congressional procedure that, in the event that lawmakers modify the commission's recommendations, obligate them to offset the costs of mandating coverage of certain conditions or procedures by excluding other benefits from the essential health benefits. Together, these requirements would make it more difficult for lawmakers to modify the shape of the essential health benefits for political gain, as they would intensify conflict among interest groups and place procedural hurdles in the path of mandated benefits legislation. With significant independence from both Congress and the president, a commission would then have the freedom to engage in a thoughtful, deliberative review of the relevant scientific, economic, and moral factors, with primary consideration given to the overall fairness of the coverage standards rather than their political impact.


Field experiments have been conducted for the past 19 seasons at three Arizona locations on University of Arizona Agricultural Centers (Maricopa, MAC; Marana, MAR; and Safford, SAC. aimed at investigating nitrogen (N) fertilizer management in irrigated cotton (Gossypium spp.) production. The MAC and SAC experiments have been conducted each season since 1989 and the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The original purposes of the experiments were to test N fertilization strategies and to validate and refine N fertilization recommendations for Upland (G. hirsutum L.) and American Pima (G. barbadense L.) cotton. The experiments have each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO3-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments ranged from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. The integrity of the experimental sites at each location was maintained in each consecutive season. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive N application regimes did not consistently benefit yields at any location. Generally, the more conservative, feedback approach to N management provided optimum yields at all locations. In 2001, a transition project evaluating the residual N effects associated with each treatment regime was initiated and no fertilizer N was applied. From 2001 to 2005 the residual N studies were conducted at two of these locations (MAC and MAR). In 2006, the residual N study was conducted only at MAC (the University of Arizona ceased operations at SAC in 2004 and MAR at the end of the 2005 season). Irrigation water analysis showed that NO3-N concentration levels added to the crop ranged from about 5 to 15 ppm. In 20012005 there were no significant differences among the original fertilizer N regimes in terms of residual soil NO3-N concentrations, crop growth, development, lint yield, or fiber properties. In 2006 however, significant differences in lint yield among N fertilization regimes for the Maricopa location were found, suggesting a possible pattern associated with the residual fertilizer N effects in relation to the original treatments at the Maricopa site. Mineralization estimates of the residual soil-N (by difference from total plant N uptake minus irrigation water and pre-season NO3N soil-N) revealed rates of 115-35 lbs. N/acre/year from 2000 to 2006 and a decline at a rate of approximately 10 lbs. N/acre/year. Thus, residual soil-N contributions from low organic matter desert soils can be significant and difficult to predict.


It is a common and useful task in a web of trust to evaluate the trust value between two nodes using intermediate nodes. This technique is widely used when the source node has no experience of direct interaction with the target node, or the direct trust is not reliable enough by itself. If trust is used to support decision-making, it is important to have not only an accurate estimate of trust, but also a measure of confidence in the intermediate nodes as well as the final estimated value of trust. The present paper thus aims to introduce a novel framework for integrated representation of trust and confidence using intervals, which provides two operations of trust interval multiplication and summation. The former is used for computing propagated trust and confidence, whereas the latter provides a formula for aggregating different trust opinions. The properties of the two operations are investigated in details. This study also proposes a time-variant method that considers freshness, expertise level and two similarity measures in confidence estimation. The results indicate that this method is more accurate compared to the existing ones. In this regard, the results of experiments carried out on two well-known trust datasets are reported and analyzed, showing that the proposed method increases the accuracy of trust inference in comparison with the existing methods. c © 2012 ISC. All rights reserved.


ABSTRACT While the concept of immunotherapy for cancer has been proposed for many years, proof of principle did not exist. In the context of prostate cancer, the allogeneic cell based agent, GVAX has been tested. GVAX consists of a platform of irradiated hormone sensitive (LNCaP) and hormone resistant (PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines transduced with a replication-defective retrovirus bearing GM-CSF. Unfortunately, two phase III studies in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) failed to demonstrate a survival advantage. More recently, the improved survival observed with sipuleucel-T, an autologous antigen presenting cell (APC)-based agent, for the treatment of patients with metastatic CRPC supports immunotherapy as a valid approach for this disease. Sipuleucel-T uses a fusion antigen of prostatic acid phosphatase and GM-CSF. Evidence exists to support activation of APCs and T cells in an antigen specific fashion and that the degree of activation correlates with overall survival. PROSTVAC-VF TRICOM, a poxvirus vector based PSA antigen targeted vaccine showed promising results in a randomized Phase II study and is now being tested in a international Phase III study. The CTLA-4 inhibiting human monoclonal antibody, ipilimumab, has extended survival in advanced melanoma. Early phase I clinical trials of ipilimumab have yielded clinical and PSA responses in advanced CRPC. A Phase I/II trial was conducted using ipilimumab 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks x 4 with or without prior priming by single fraction of radiation to a metastatic bony site. Results were promising enough to launch 2 phase III clinical trials in men with metastatic CRPC who were either chemo-naive or following prior chemotherapy. The outcomes of these 2 studies are pending. Disclosure P.W. Kantoff: Amgen USA consultant (con), Bayer con, Bellicum con, BIND Biosciences SAB, BN Immunotherapeutics con, Celgene DSMB, Dendreon con, Genetech con, Progenics Pharmaceuticals con, Janssen con, Takeda/Millenium DSMB, Oncogenex DSMB, Tokai con


Measuring how much citizens care about dierent policy issues is critical for political scientists,
yet existing measurement approaches have signicant limitations. We provide a new surveyexperimental,
choice-based approach for measuring the importance voters attach to dierent
positional issues, including issues not currently contested by political elites. We combine information
from (i) direct questions eliciting respondents' positions on dierent issues with (ii) a
conjoint experiment asking respondents to trade-o departures from their preferred positions
on those issues. Applying this method to study the relative importance of 34 issues in the UK,
we show that British voters attach signicant importance to issues like the death penalty which
are not presently the subject of political debate and attach more importance to those issues
associated with social liberal-conservative rather than economic left-right divisions.


Abstract The development of nuclear power in Belarus is an important issue addressed by Lithuanian foreign policy due to a mixture of geographic, political and nuclear safety concerns. Despite the pronounced relevance, the topic has received very limited academic attention. The paper attempts to fill this gap by identifying key objectives of Lithuanian foreign policy towards Ostrovets NPP and strategy for attaining them. The research is based on the analysis of high-level meetings and statements of six Lithuanian decision makers and a wide range of official documents. The paper argues that despite the apparent focus on nuclear safety of Ostrovets NPP, Lithuanian foreign policy aims to prevent its construction or at least to prolong the process. In order to do this, Lithuanian pressures Belarus via European Union and other international organizations and platforms by highlighting the nuclear safety issues of the plant, Belarusian non-compliance with Espoo and Aarhus conventions and presenting it as matter of international concern.


Future low cost wireless networks are expected to provide high data rates with low power consumption. A dense deployment of distributed small-cells, within the existing network infrastructure, is one of the candidate solutions to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, the aggregate signal resulting from the transmission of these multiples small cells can be considered as an electromagnetic (EM) pollution for passive users who do not carry wireless devices. These users are victim of primary electromagnetic "smokers" and request from operators to be spared from these new base stations. The aim of this contribution is to propose an electromagnetic friendly environment with minimum EM pollution, while satisfying the quality of service requirements. The technique employed, called Distributed Space-Time Reversal (DSTR), focuses the energy on active users (equipped with wireless devices) and is able to spare passive users from EM waves. In this contribution, we provide a theoretical analysis of the technique and show the impact of active/passive users with respect to the number of cells.


John Snow's leadership in epidemiology as well as anaesthesia resulted from his research as much as his clinical practice. In anaesthesia, Snow's research concerned the regulation of concentrations of volatile agents and the development of efficient inhalers; the uptake and elimination of volatile agents; stages of anaesthesia; carbon dioxide metabolism and rebreathing; and metabolism in anaesthesia and the theory of anaesthesia. In epidemiology, Snow investigated the relationship of water supplies to mortality in cholera during the London epidemic in 1854, which led him to formulate an original and valid theory of the transmission of cholera. Snow's research, which has received less attention than anecdotes concerning his career (e.g., his anaesthetizing Queen Victoria and urging removal of the handle of a contaminated water pump), was always directed towards solving specific problems. The significance of his research is evident in its leading not only to improvements in health care but also to the evolution of anaesthesia and epidemiology as professional disciplines.


Throughout the past several years, a major push has been made for the automotive industry to provide vehicles with lower environmental impacts while maintaining safety, performance, and overall appeal. Various legislation has been put into place to establish guidelines for these improvements and serve as a challenge for automakers all over the world. In light of these changes, hybrid technologies have been growing immensely on the market today as customers are seeing the benefits with lower fuel consumption and higher efficiency vehicles. With the need for hybrids rising, it is vital for the engineers of this age to understand the importance of advanced vehicle technologies and learn how and why these vehicles can change the world as we know it. To help in the education process, this thesis seeks to define a powertrain model created and developed to help users understand the basics behind hybrid vehicles and the effects of these advanced technologies. One of the main goals of this research is to maintain a simplified approach to model development. There are very complex vehicle simulation models in the market today, however these can be hard to manipulate and even more difficult to understand. The 1 Hz model described within this work aims to allow energy to be simply and understandable traced through a hybrid powertrain. Through the use of a "backwards" energy tracking method, demand for a drive cycle is found using a drive cycle and vehicle parameters. This demand is then used to determine what amount of energy would be required at each component within the powertrain all the way from the wheels to the fuel source, taking into account component losses and accessory loads on the vehicle. Various energy management strategies are developed and explained including controls for regenerative braking, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Thermostatic and Load-following Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles. These strategies can be easily compared and manipulated to understand the tradeoffs and limitations of each. After validating this model, several studies are completed. First, an example of using this model to design a hybrid powertrain is conducted. This study moves from defining system requirements to component selection, and then finding the best powertrain to accomplish the given constraints. Next, a parameter known as Power Split Fraction is studied to provide insight on how it affects overall powertrain efficiency. Since the goal with advanced vehicle powertrains is to increase overall system efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption, it is important to understand how all of the factors involved affect the system as a whole. After completing these studies, this thesis moves on to discussing future work which will continue refining this model and making it more applicable for design. Overall, this work seeks to provide an educational tool and aid in the development of the automotive engineers of tomorrow.