How do European Union (EU) member states communicate risks to their citizens? In this study, we define risk communication as the information provided by different levels of government to citizens regarding possible future crises to which the general public might be subjected. We seek to answer the following questions: Are there any patterns in the risk communication strategies among EU member states in terms of the sender of information, the message conveyed, the method used, and the intended audience? Finally, to what extent is the state involved in ensuring the safety of its citizens? To tackle these questions, we examine the risk communication strategy of eight countries: Sweden, Finland, Germany, England, France, Estonia, Greece, and Cyprus. Our data consist of governmental web sites, publications, campaigns, and other modes of communication, such as videos posted on YouTube, with questions centering on institutional actors, methods of delivery, content, and effectiveness. We find that the institutional architecture of risk communication aligns with the broad administrative system of each member state. Countries tend to focus on risks that are specific to their context, with Sweden and, to a lesser extent, Germany having a special focus on consequences and providing guidelines to the public on how to survive for a certain period of time in the absence of the state. Especially in Sweden, though the state is a salient actor in risk communication through the dissemination of information at the agency level, the state retreats while urging the resilient citizen to take control of his or her own crisis management.


Background Kidney transplantation corrects or improves many complications of chronic kidney disease, but its impact on disordered mineral metabolism is incompletely understood. Methods We performed a multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study of 246 kidney transplant recipients in the United States to investigate the evolution of mineral metabolism from pretransplant through the first year after transplantation. Participants were enrolled into 2 strata defined by their pretransplant levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), low PTH (>65 to ⩽300 pg/mL; n = 112), and high PTH (>300 pg/mL; n = 134) and underwent repeated, longitudinal testing for mineral metabolites. Results The prevalence of posttransplant, persistent hyperparathyroidism (PTH >65 pg/mL) was 89.5%, 86.8%, 83.1%, and 86.2%, at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively, among participants who remained untreated with cinacalcet, vitamin D sterols, or parathyroidectomy. The results did not differ across the low and high PTH strata, and rates of persistent hyperparathyroidism remained higher than 40% when defined using a higher PTH threshold greater than 130 pg/mL. Rates of hypercalcemia peaked at 48% at week 8 in the high PTH stratum and then steadily decreased through month 12. Rates of hypophosphatemia (<2.5 mg/dL) peaked at week 2 and then progressively decreased through month 12. Levels of intact fibroblast growth factor 23 decreased rapidly during the first 3 months after transplantation in both PTH strata and remained less than 40 pg/mL thereafter. Conclusions Persistent hyperparathyroidism is common after kidney transplantation. Further studies should determine if persistent hyperparathyroidism or its treatment influences long-term posttransplantation clinical outcomes.


" Winner of the MLA Prize for Independent Scholars A Choice Outstanding Academic Title The captivity narrative has always been a literary genre associated with America. Joe Snader argues, however, that captivity narratives emerged much earlier in Britain, coinciding with European colonial expansion, the development of anthropology, and the rise of liberal political thought. Stories of Europeans held captive in the Middle East, America, Africa, and Southeast Asia appeared in the British press from the late sixteenth through the late eighteenth centuries, and captivity narratives were frequently featured during the early development of the novel. Until the mid-eighteenth century, British examples of the genre outpaced their American cousins in length, frequency of publication, attention to anthropological detail, and subjective complexity. Using both new and canonical texts, Snader shows that foreign captivity was a favorite topic in eighteenth-century Britain. An adaptable and expansive genre, these narratives used set plots and stereotypes originating in Mediterranean power struggles and relocated in a variety of settings, particularly eastern lands. The narratives' rhetorical strategies and cultural assumptions often grew out of centuries of religious strife and coincided with Europe's early modern military ascendancy. Caught Between Worlds presents a broad, rich, and flexible definition of the captivity narrative, placing the American strain in its proper place within the tradition as a whole. Snader, having assembled the first bibliography of British captivity narratives, analyzes both factual texts and a large body of fictional works, revealing the ways they helped define British identity and challenged Britons to rethink the place of their nation in the larger world.


Osmotic dehydration is becoming more popular as a complementary treatment in the processing of dehydrated foods, since it presents some advantages such as minimising heat damage to the colour and flavour, inhibiting enzymatic browning and thus dispensing the addition of sulphite and, mainly, reducing energy costs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of using inverted sugar and sucrose syrups as osmotic agents in the dehydration of mango. The conditions used in the dehydration process were: syrup/fruit ratio of 3:1 (v/w); temperature of 45oC and constant stirring. The in natura and osmo-dehydrated fruits were evaluated in relation to pH, moisture content, water activity (aw) and soluble solids (oBrix). Solids incorporation and loss in mass after the dehydration process were also determined. The sensory acceptance of the in natura and osmo-dehydrated fruits was determined for the attributes of aroma, flavour, texture and overall acceptance using a hedonic scale. Osmotic dehydration resulted in a reduction in moisture content and water activity, an increase in Brix and maintenance of the pH. The treatment with inverted sugar syrup resulted in more significant alterations in moisture content, aw, Brix, solids incorporation and loss in mass than the treatment with sucrose syrup. Mangos osmo-dehydrated with inverted sugar (55.3% inversion rate) syrup obtained acceptance similar to in natura mangos, this treatment being considered the most adequate for dehydration purposes.


Understanding the ecology and evolutionary history of symbionts and their hosts requires accurate taxonomic knowledge, including clear species boundaries and phylogenies. Tortoise mites (Mesostigmata: Uropodoidea) are among the most diverse arthropod associates of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), but their taxonomy and host associations are largely unstudied. We tested the hypotheses that (1) morphologically defined species are supported by molecular data, and that (2) bark beetle uropodoids with a broad host range comprise cryptic species. To do so, we assessed the species boundaries of uropodoid mites collected from 51 host species, across 11 countries and 103 sites, using morphometric data as well as partial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S). Overall, morphologically defined species were confirmed by molecular datasets, with a few exceptions. Twenty-nine of the 36 uropodoid species (Trichouropoda, Nenteria and Uroobovella) collected in this study had narrow host ranges, while seven species had putative broad host ranges. In all but one species, U. orri, our data supported the existence of these host generalists, which contrasts with the typical finding that widespread generalists are actually complexes of cryptic specialists.


In the article disclosing and investigation of crimes with illegal circulations of narcotics are discussed. It is stated that there are questions which decision is impossible without use of special knowledge. In the work questions of usage forms and some criminalities aspects of special knowledge are analyzed. Opportunities to use special knowledge of medicine, narcology and their value carrying out a pre-judicial investigation of interrogation are estimated, using the materials of the survey, carried out in the biggest towns of Lithuania. The author of the article notes that inspectors of these crimes always invite on performance actions of investigation the experts of chemistry, medicine. Prospects of research of the criminalities objects related to drugs, their opportunities in Lithuania are also mentioned. Those are the profiling of synthetic drugs and usage of dogs. One of basic conclusions is, that in future a variety of already existing drugs and development of new – earlier unknown ones, will demand the use of special knowledge of botany, chemistry, computer technology.


Dengue fever is caused by infection with one of the four serotypes of dengue virus (I to 4). Clinically, it is characterized by a febrile illness associated with generalized body aches, and occasional minor bleeding manifestations. A more severe form of the disease, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), is being increasingly recognized worldwide. This latter disease has been associated, in an epidemiological sense, with second or subsequent dengue infections (Morens 1994). Dengue fever epidemics were well recognized in Australia in the late 19'h century and DHF was first described in 1898 in Charters Towers, north Queensland (Hare 1898). A large epidemic of dengue fever in Townsville and Charters Towers in 1992 and 1993 gave rise to fears of a reemergence ofDHF in Australia (McBride et al. 1998). These fears have been echoed with each subsequent epidemic (Hanna et al. 2001).

The Torres Strait Islands, between the tip of Cape York (Australia) and mainland Papua New Guinea, has had recorded epidemics of dengue fever in 1981 (dengue 1) and 1996 (dengue 2) (Hanna et al. 1998). In late 2003, two patients were admitted to the intensive care unit at the Cairns base hospital. These patients had severe hepatitis and led to the recognition of a dengue 2 epidemic affecting the region. Both patients fulfilled the clinical criteria for DHF. Two further cases of DHF, with fatal outcomes, were recorded during the epidemic.

The current paper will describe the clinical manifestations observed in the cases of DHF from the Torres Strait Islands. There will also be a discussion of the epidemiological context in which these cases occurred. Planning for future epidemics involving cases ofDHF will also be discussed.


BACKGROUND Takotsubo syndrome (TS) represents a form of nonischemic cardiomyopathy characterized by sudden and temporary weakening of the myocardium. Many data suggest a primary role for sympathetic overstimulation in its pathogenesis. Nevertheless, these correlates are less easily identified during anesthesia. OBSERVATIONS A 50-year-old female patient with a 4-year history of drug-resistant left trigeminal neuralgia. She was scheduled for surgical microvascular decompression. In the operating room, after induction of general anesthesia and oral intubation, the electrocardiogram revealed a significant ST segment elevation along with a sudden decrease in systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Administration of atropine caused a conversion into ventricular tachycardia. The advanced cardiac life support protocols were applied with prompt defibrillation and rapid recovery at sinus rhythm. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed apical akinesia with ballooning of the left ventricle with a reduction of systolic function. An emergency coronary arteriography was performed, showing normal epicardial coronary vessels. After 4 days, echocardiography revealed normalization of the left ventricular function with improvement of the ejection fraction. LESSONS In patients affected by trigeminal neuralgia, chronic pain can lead to a state of adrenergic hyperactivation, which can promote TS during the induction of general anesthesia, probably through the trigeminocardiac reflex.


Background and Objectives: Left bundle branch block is an electrical conduction disturbance that can be present with various cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is the most frequent underlying cause of ischemic heart disease with left bundle branch block. This study was carried out to analyze the angiographic and echocardiographic findings in patients with left bundle branch block. Left ventricular systolic function had also been assessed and correlated with measured QRS width and angiographic findings. Methods: A total of 100 patients with left bundle branch block, 66 males and 34 females, with a ratio of about 2:1 with an age ranged from 30-75years (mean age 58.5 ± 8.1 years). The study was conducted in Al-Sadr teaching hospital in Basrah, South of Iraq during the period from January 2009 to April 2010. Echocardiography was done for all patients to assess left ventricular function and regional wall motion abnormalities, Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was considered if the ejection fraction was less than 50%. The QRS width recorded from the ECG was calculated, and compared with echocardiographic and coronary angiographic findings. Coronary angiography was performed to define coronary lesions for all patients. Results: Fifty seven percent of patients had left bundle branch block of ischaemic origin and forty three percent of non ischaemic left bundle branch block. The predictors of ischaemic left bundle branch block were male, age older than 50 years, diabetes mellitus, and regional wall motion abnormalities. The QRS complex width as recorded from the ECG was predictor of left ventricular systolic dysfunction irrespective of other risk factors. Conclusion: Left bundle branch block was correlated with more extensive coronary heart disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction as studied by ECG, echocardiography and coronary angiography.


On Bloody Sunday, January 30, 1972, British paratroopers killed thirteen innocent men in Derry. It was one of the most controversial events in the history of the Northern Ireland conflict and also one of the most mediated. The horror was recorded in newspapers and photographs, on TV news and current affairs, and in film and TV drama. In a cross media analysis that spans a period of almost forty years up to the publication of the Saville Report in 2010, The British Media and Bloody Sunday identifies two countervailing impulses in media coverage of Bloody Sunday and its legacy: an urge in the press to rescue the image and reputation of the British Army versus a troubled conscience in TV current affairs and drama about what was done in Britain's name. In so doing, it suggests a much more complex set of representations than a straightforward propaganda analysis might allow for – one that says less about the conflict in Ireland than it does about Britain, with its loss of empire and its crisis of national identity.


The special issue has been focussed to overcome the challenges of scalability, which includes size scalability, geographical scalability, administrative scalability, network and synchronous communication limitation, etc.The challenges also emerge with the development of recent applications. Hence this proposal has been planned to handle the scalability issues in recent applications. This special issue invites researchers, engineers, educators, managers, programmers, and users of computers who have particular interests in parallel processing and/or distributed computing and artificial intelligence to submit original research papers and timely review articles on the theory, design, evaluation, and use of artificial intelligence and parallel and/or distributed computing systems for emerging applications. The ten papers in this special issue cover a range of aspects of theoretical and practical research development on scalable computing. The proposal provides an effective forum for communication among researchers and practitioners from various scientific areas working in a wide variety of problem areas, sharing a fundamental common interest in improving the ability of parallel and distributed computer systems, intelligent techniques, and deep learning mechanisms and advanced soft computing techniques. The issue covers wide range of applications, but with scalable problems that to be solved by perfect hybridization of distributed computing and artificial intelligence.The first paper is "CPU-Memory Aware VM Consolidation for Cloud Data Centers" introduced a CPU Memory aware VM placement algorithm is proposed for selecting suitable destination host for migration. The Virtual Machines are selected using Fuzzy Soft Set (FSS) method VM selection algorithm. The proposed placement algorithm considers CPU, Memory, and combination of CPU-Memory utilization of VMs on the source host.In "Bird Swarm Optimization-based stacked autoencoder deep learning for umpire detection and classification", presented the umpire detection and classification by proposing an optimization algorithm. The overall procedure of the proposed approach involves three steps, like segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Here, the classification is done using the proposed Bird Swarm Optimization-based stacked autoencoder deep learning classifier (BSO-Stacked Autoencoders), that categories into umpire or others.In "Enhanced DBSCAN with Hierarchical tree for Web Rule Mining", proposed an enhanced web mining model based on two contributions. At first, the hierarchical tree is framed, which produces different categories of the searching queries (different web pages). Next, to hierarchical tree model, enhanced Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) technique model is developed by modifying the traditional DBSCAN. This technique results in proper session identification from raw data. Moreover, this technique offers the optimal level of clusters necessitated for hierarchical clustering. After hierarchical clustering, the rule mining is adopted. The traditional rule mining technique is generally based on the frequency; however, this paper intends to enhance the traditional rule mining based on utility factor as the second contribution. Hence the proposed model for web rule mining is termed as Enhanced DBSCAN-based Hierarchical Tree (EDBHT).In "A comprehensive survey of the Routing Schemes for IoT applications", this review article provides a detailed review of 52 research papers presenting the suggested routing protocols based on the content-based, clustering-based, fuzzy-based, Routing Protocol for Low power (RPL) and Lossy Networks, tree-based and soon. Also, a detailed analysis and discussion are made by concerning the parameters, simulation tool, and year of publication, network size, evaluation metrics, and utilized protocols. In "Chicken-Moth Search Optimization-Based Deep Convolutional Neural Network For Image Steganography", proposed an effective pixel prediction based on image stegonography is developed, which employs error dependent Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) classifier for pixel identification. Here, the best pixels are identified from the medical image based on DCNN classifier using pixel features, like texture, wavelet energy, Gabor, scattering features, and so on. The DCNN is optimally trained using Chicken-Moth search optimization (CMSO). The CMSO is designed by integrating Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) and Moth Search Optimization (MSO) algorithm based on limited error.In "An Efficient Dynamic Slot Scheduling Algorithm for WSN MAC: A Distributed Approach", an effective TDMA based slot scheduling algorithm needs to be designed. In this paper, we propose a TDMA based algorithm named DYSS that meets both the timeliness and energy efficiency in handling the collision. This algorithm finds an effective way of preparing the initial schedule by using the average two-hop neighbors count. Finally, the remaining un-allotted nodes are dynamically assigned to slots using a novel approach.In "Artefacts removal from ECG Signal: Dragonfly optimization-based learning algorithm for neural network-enhanced adaptive filtering", proposed a method utilizes the adaptive filter termed as the (Dragonfly optimization + Levenberg Marqueret learning algorithm) DLM-based Nonlinear Autoregressive with eXogenous input (NARX) neural network for the removal of the artefacts from the ECG signals. Once the artefact signal is identified using the adaptive filter, the identified signal is subtracted from the primary signal that is composed of the ECG signal and the artefacts through an adaptive subtraction procedure.In "A Comprehensive Review on State-of-the-Art Image Inpainting Techniques", this survey makes a critical analysis of diverse techniques regarding various image inpainting schemes. This paper goes under (i) Analyzing various image inpainting techniques that are contributed in different papers. (ii) Makes the comprehensive study regarding the performance measures and the corresponding maximum achievements in each   contribution. (iii) Analytical review concerning the chronological review and various tools exploited in each of the reviewed works.In "An Efficient Way of Finding Polarity of Roman Urdu Reviews by Using Boolean Rules", proposed a novel approach by using Boolean rules for the identification of the related and non-related comments. Related reviews are those which show the behavior of a customer about a particular product. Lexicons are built for the identification of noise, positive and negative reviews.The final paper is "Forecasting the Impact of Social Media Advertising among College Students using Higher Order Statistical Functions", this research work plans to develop a statistical review that concerns on social media advertising among college students from diverse universities. The review analysis on social media advertising is given under six sections such as: (i) Personal Profile; (ii) Usage; (iii) Assessment; (iv) Higher Order statistics like Community, Connectedness, Openness, Dependence, and Participation; (v) Trustworthiness such as Trust, Perceived value and Perceived risk; and (vi) Towards advertisement which involves attitude towards advertisement, response towards advertisement and purchase intension.


Defined tertiary structures allow proteins to bind to and communicate with other proteins. The PDZ domain, identified in several signaling proteins located at the plasma membrane, binds to a (T/S)XV motif found in the COOH-terminus of other proteins. Garner et al. review the role of the PDZ domain in protein complex assembly in pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and the formation of signaling "active zones." Garner, C.C., Nash, J. and Huganir, R.L. (2000) PDZ domains in synapse assembly and signalling. Trends Cell Biol. 10: 274-280. [Online Journal]


Rhodolith beds are major marine benthic macrophyte communities, comparable in size and significance to kelp beds, seagrass meadows and coralline reefs. Rhodolith beds are currently 'at risk', both around the world and in Australia, from anthropogenic disturbances such as ocean acidification, coastal degradation and sedimentation. However, knowledge of rhodolith distribution in Australia is limited and beds are currently largely considered to be uncommon and isolated. An extensive review was undertaken using herbarium collections, and relevant scientific and grey literature (journal publications, marine surveys, ships' logs, reference books and websites) for references to rhodoliths and rhodolith beds. Our study has shown that rhodoliths are common throughout 70% of Australia's coastline, ranging from tropical to cold-temperate waters, down to 117m, forming a vast natural resource in terms of area covered, biodiversity and carbonate production. This review has created a solid foundation for future rhodolith research in Australia by documenting the extent of known rhodolith distribution. It will help inform and influence future research and policy planning on these largely unexplored, highly diverse marine ecosystems.


Using a combination of public and internal information, this paper compares and contrasts European Union (EU) and United States (US) merger policies. Common economic analysis leads both authorities to subject remarkably comparable portfolios of mergers to close scrutiny. Vertical mergers account for less than 10%, and potential competition matters for around 5%, of in-depth merger investigations in both jurisdictions, while purely conglomerate mergers are extremely rare or non-existent. The share of collusion investigations falls over time in both jurisdictions. However, the US relies on collusion theory more than three times as often as the EU, where over 80% of the horizontal cases address dominance. Across both regimes, roughly one eighth of all recent horizontal investigations have been analysed as non-dominance unilateral-effects cases. Only minor differences in the average probability of a merger being challenged are observed when controlling for market share. The 2004 EU reforms seem to be leading towards at least some convergence of enforcement policy.


We consider the problem of off-policy evaluation in Markov decision processes. Off-policy evaluation is the task of evaluating the expected return of one policy with data generated by a different, behavior policy. Importance sampling is a technique for off-policy evaluation that re-weights off-policy returns to account for differences in the likelihood of the returns between the two policies. In this paper, we study importance sampling with an estimated behavior policy where the behavior policy estimate comes from the same set of data used to compute the importance sampling estimate. We find that this estimator often lowers the mean squared error of off-policy evaluation compared to importance sampling with the true behavior policy or using a behavior policy that is estimated from a separate data set. Intuitively, estimating the behavior policy in this way corrects for error due to sampling in the action-space. Our empirical results also extend to other popular variants of importance sampling and show that estimating a non-Markovian behavior policy can further lower large-sample mean squared error even when the true behavior policy is Markovian.


Simulation studies have demonstrated that the effect of a band shift may be completely removed from two-dimensional (2D) synchronous spectra if a shifting band simultaneously changes its intensity. In contrast, the corresponding asynchronous spectrum develops at least two peaks, even for a small shift coupled with an appreciable intensity variation. The separation between these peaks increases upon an increase in the bandwidth. If the spectral data are changing monotonically, the number and positions of the synchronous features can be readily determined from the difference between the first and the last spectrum in the series. The correlation spectrum calculated without the subtraction of reference spectrum, for a single band that shifts with constant intensity, is similar to that calculated without the subtraction of reference, for a band undergoing shift combined with significant intensity variations. The synchronous peaks resulting from the exponentially decaying intensity changes alone are at least 10 times more intense than the corresponding asynchronous peaks, whereas the analogous intensity ratio due to a moderate band shift is discernibly lower. This result proves that the asynchronous spectra are more sensitive to the band shift than the synchronous spectra. Also, the effect of noise is more apparent in the case of the asynchronous spectrum. The bandwidth variation alone generates noticeably weaker correlation intensity than that due to the band position or intensity changes. It has been shown that the asynchronous intensity strongly depends on the overall extent of the intensity changes at particular wavenumbers. As a result, the bands changing their intensities extensively but at similar rates may develop more intense asynchronicity than the bands with distinct difference in the rates of the intensity changes but smaller magnitude of these changes.


OBJECTIVE
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by profound, debilitating fatigue and a combination of several other symptoms resulting in substantial reduction in occupational, personal, social, and educational status. CFS is often misdiagnosed as depression. The objective of this study was to evaluate and discuss different etiologies, approaches, and management strategies of CFS and to present ways to differentiate it from the fatigue symptom of depression.

DATA SOURCES
A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify existing information about CFS and depression using the headings chronic fatigue syndrome AND depression. The alternative terms major depressive disorder and mood disorder were also searched in conjunction with the term chronic fatigue syndrome. Additionally, MEDLINE was searched using the term chronic fatigue. All searches were limited to articles published within the last 10 years, in English. A total of 302 articles were identified by these searches. Also, the term chronic fatigue syndrome was searched by itself. This search was limited to articles published within the last 5 years, in English, and resulted in an additional 460 articles. Additional publications were identified by manually searching the reference lists of the articles from both searches.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION
CFS definitions, etiologies, differential diagnoses (especially depression) and management strategies were extracted, reviewed, and summarized to meet the objectives of this article.

DATA SYNTHESIS
CFS is underdiagnosed in more than 80% of the people who have it; at the same time, it is often misdiagnosed as depression. Genetic, immunologic, infectious, metabolic, and neurologic etiologies were suggested to explain CFS. A biopsychosocial model was suggested for evaluating, managing, and differentiating CFS from depression.

CONCLUSIONS
Evaluating and managing chronic fatigue is a challenging situation for physicians, as it is a challenging and difficult condition for patients. A biopsychosocial approach in the evaluation and management is recommended. More studies about CFS manifestations, evaluation, and management are needed.


1. History 342 2. Activation barriers 343 2.1 Redox potentials 344 2.2 Reorganization energy 344 3. Electronic coupling 345 4. Ru-modified proteins 348 4.1 Reorganization energy 349 4.1.1 Cyt c 349 4.1.2 Azurin 350 4.2 Tunneling timetables 352 5. Multistep tunneling 357 6. Protein–protein reactions 359 6.1 Hemoglobin (Hb) hybrids 359 6.2 Cyt c/cyt b5 complexes 360 6.3 Cyt c/cyt c peroxidase complexes 360 6.4 Zn–cyt c/Fe–cyt c crystals 361 7. Photosynthesis and respiration 362 7.1 Photosynthetic reaction centers (PRCs) 362 7.2 Cyt c oxidase (CcO) 364 8. Concluding remarks 365 9. Acknowledgments 366 10. References 366 Electron transfer processes are vital elements of energy transduction pathways in living cells. More than a half century of research has produced a remarkably detailed understanding of the factors that regulate these 'currents of life'. We review investigations of Ru-modified proteins that have delineated the distance- and driving-force dependences of intra-protein electron-transfer rates. We also discuss electron transfer across protein–protein interfaces that has been probed both in solution and in structurally characterized crystals. It is now clear that electrons tunnel between sites in biological redox chains, and that protein structures tune thermodynamic properties and electronic coupling interactions to facilitate these reactions. Our work has produced an experimentally validated timetable for electron tunneling across specified distances in proteins. Many electron tunneling rates in cytochrome c oxidase and photosynthetic reaction centers agree well with timetable predictions, indicating that the natural reactions are highly optimized, both in terms of thermodynamics and electronic coupling. The rates of some reactions, however, significantly exceed timetable predictions; it is likely that multistep tunneling is responsible for these anomalously rapid charge transfer events.


We study the computational complexity of computing Nash equilibria in generalized interdependent-security (IDS) games. Like traditional IDS games, originally introduced by economists and risk-assessment experts Heal and Kunreuther about a decade ago, generalized IDS games model agents' voluntary investment decisions when facing potential direct risk and transfer-risk exposure from other agents. A distinct feature of generalized IDS games, however, is that full investment can reduce transfer risk. As a result, depending on the transfer-risk reduction level, generalized IDS games may exhibit strategic complementarity (SC) or strategic substitutability (SS). We consider three variants of generalized IDS games in which players exhibit only SC, only SS, and both SC+SS. We show that determining whether there is a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium (PSNE) in SC+SS-type games is NP-complete, while computing a single PSNE in SC-type games takes worst-case polynomial time. As for the problem of computing all mixed-strategy Nash equilibria (MSNE) efficiently, we produce a partial characterization. Whenever each agent in the game is indiscriminate in terms of the transfer-risk exposure to the other agents, a case that Kearns and Ortiz originally studied in the context of traditional IDS games in their NIPS 2003 paper, we can compute all MSNE that satisfy some ordering constraints in polynomial time in all three game variants. Yet, there is a computational barrier in the general (transfer) case: we show that the computational problem is as hard as the Pure-Nash-Extension problem, also originally introduced by Kearns and Ortiz, and that it is NP-complete for all three variants. Finally, we experimentally examine and discuss the practical impact that the additional protection from transfer risk allowed in generalized IDS games has on MSNE by solving several randomly-generated instances of SC+SS-type games with graph structures taken from several real-world datasets.


When the 1990 English docudrama "Who Bombed Birmingham?" cast serious doubt on the guilt of six men convicted of bombing two British pubs in 1974, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher declared that "a television programme alters nothing". But, as Alan Rosenthal concludes, Thatcher was wrong. The film engendered a new inquiry that led to the release of the convicted men. Rosenthal notes that docudrama wields more influence than the average documentary and that "reality-based stories taken from topical journalism are the most popular drama genre on US and British television today". This three-part collection of diverse and provocative essays addresses the dominant questions and controversies the genre poses. Defining and examining the rationale of docudrama, the nine essayists in the first part discuss the history and development of docudrama on TV and in film; they also consider the place of truth in docudrama, the main critiques of the form, and the audience's susceptibilities and expectations. In investigating the actual film-making process, the eight essays in the second part focus on how "docudrama as a 'commodity' is created in the United States and England". Part essay, part case study, and part interview, this section also explores how Hollywood and the commercial networks as well as producers and writers work and think. The final part presents an in-depth critique of a number of controversial docudramas that have helped form and shape public opinion, including "Battleship Potemkin", "Roots", "Reds", "JFK", "Mississippi Burning", "Schindler's List" and "In the Name of the Father". In addition to Rosenthal, the contributors are John Corner, George F. Custen, David Edgar, Leslie Fishbein, George MacDonald Fraser, Todd Gitlin, Douglas Gomery, Richard Grenier, Sumiko Higashi, Tom W. Hoffer, Jerry Kuehl, Steve Lipkin, Yosefa Loshtinsky, Ian McBride, Richard Alan Nelson, Conor Cruise O'Brien, Derek Paget, Robert A. Rosenstone, Betsy Sharkey, Irene Shubik, Jeff Silverman, D.J. Wenden, Sita Williams and Leslie Woodhead.


Nietzsche characterized the philosopher as the man of tomorrow and the day after tomorrow - a description befitting Stanley Cavell, with his longtime interest in freedom in the face of an uncertain future. This interest, particularly in the role of language in freedom of the will, is fully engaged in this volume, a collection of retrospective and forward-thinking essays on performative language and on performances in which the question of freedom is the underlying concern. Seeking for philosophy the same spirit and assurance conveyed by an artist like Fred Astaire, Cavell presents essays that explore the meaning of grace and gesture in film and on stage, in language and in life. Cavell's range is broad - from Astaire to Shakespeare's soulful Cordelia. He also analyzes filmic gestures that bespeak racial stereotypes, opening a key topic that runs through the book: What is the nature of praise? The theme of aesthetic judgment, viewed in the light of "passionate utterance," is everywhere evident in Cavell's effort to provoke a renaissance in American thought. Critical to such a rebirth is a recognition of the centrality of the "ordinary" to American life. Here Cavell, who has alluded to Thoreau throughout, takes up the quintessential American philosopher directly, and in relation to Heidegger, he also returns to his great philosophical love, Wittgenstein. His collection of essays ends, appropriately enough, with an essay on collecting.


The brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis regulates the activation of the endocrine machinery that triggers reproduction, which is a typical rhythmic process. In this research we focused on investigating the daily expression rhythms of the key reproductive genes involved in the BPG axis and the liver of zebrafish. To this end, male and female zebrafish were subjected to a stimulating photoperiod with a 14h light:10h dark cycle. Brain, pituitary and gonads, as well as female liver samples, were taken every 4 hours during a 24 h cycle. The results revealed that most genes exhibited statistically significant daily rhythms. Most of the brain reproductive genes (gnrh2, gnrh3, kiss1, kiss2 and gnrhr3) displayed a daily rhythm of expression with a nocturnal acrophase (between Zeitgeber Time [ZT] 14:34h and ZT18:34h, lights off at ZT=14h). The male kiss2 gene presented neither significant rhythms nor daily variations, while the male gnrh3 and female kiss2 genes exhibited diurnal peaks of expression at ZT06:34h and ZT04:34h, respectively. In contrast, the pituitary genes (fshβ, lhβ, gnrhr2) showed daily rhythms of expression with an acrophase during the light phase (between ZT02:10h and ZT10:35h). The female gnrhr3 gene exhibited neither significant rhythms nor daily variations. The male gnrhr3 gene presented a nocturnal acrophase (ZT14:32h). The gonad genes (star, cyp17a1, 20βhsd, lhr, fshr, cyp19a1a, foxl2, amh, dmrt1 and 11βhsd) revealed statistically significant daily rhythms with nocturnal acrophases, except for female cyp17a1a (ZT06:21h) and 20βhsd (ZT05:19h). Lastly, the female liver genes presented daily rhythms with a maximum peak of expression around the transition phase from darkness to light (ZT01:00h for erα and at ZT23:09h for vtg2). These findings are consistent with the daily reproduction rhythms displayed by zebrafish, which are timed by the reproductive axis. Considering that reproductive success is critical for survival of the species, the knowledge of the rhythms of the endocrine BPG machinery provides useful information to understand the reproduction process and to establish optimal protocols and conditions for reproductive treatments.


Objectives
Human breastmilk contains complete nutrient composition required for the developing infant, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). These complex carbohydrates are indigestible by the infant alone, and require digestion by gut microbes, namely Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis). However, decades of C-section delivery, formula feeding and increasing exposure to antibiotics have contributed the loss of this critical infant-associated gut bacterium in developed countries. Therefore, restoring B. infantis to the infant gut was hypothesized to improve the nutritional utilization of human breastmilk in healthy term infants.

Methods
In an open trial, healthy, exclusively breastfed term infants were fed 1.8 × 1010 CFU B. infantis EVC001 daily from day 7-27 postnatal (n = 34; EVC001-fed), or breastmilk alone (n = 32; control group). Fecal samples, milk samples, and weekly self-reported data were collected and analyzed for infant gut microbiome composition and function, human milk oligosaccharide composition, and fecal metabolites. 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenome sequencing provided characterization of microbial communities from birth through 60 days postnatal.

Results
Infants fed B. infantis EVC001 were uniformly colonized with this organism at 1011 CFU/g feces, while infants in the control group had a median total Bifidobacterium level below 10^5 CFU/g feces, despite exclusive breastfeeding. Mass spectrometry of fecal samples from B. infantis EVC001-fed infants showed that the resulting microbial community produced higher concentrations of lactate and acetate and lower excretion of HMO, while control infants showed significantly lower ability to capture and utilize these carbohydrates from human milk. Importantly, HMO content of breastmilk was not significantly different between groups and no difference was found in the gut microbiome of infants based on secretor status of mothers (presence or absence of 2'FL in breastmilk). Further, these changes were associated with reductions in taxa that have been associated with negative health outcomes including colic, asthma, eczema and allergy.

Conclusions
Overall, colonization with B. infantis is observed to be an effective way to restore maximal function of the infant gut microbiome to improve nutrient availability in the breastfed infant.

Funding Sources
This study was funded by Evolve BioSystems, Inc.


Soil classification systems are not consistent among countries or organizations thereby hindering the communication and organizational functions they are intended to promote. The development of translations between systems will be critical for overcoming the gap in understanding that has resulted from the lack of a single internationally accepted classification system. This paper describes the application of a process that resulted in the translation of the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) to Soil Taxonomy (ST). A brief history of soil classification in China is also provided to familiarize readers with GSCC and its origins. Genetic Soil Classification of China is the attribute base for the recently assembled digital form of the 1:1 000 000 soil map of The People's Republic of China. The translation between GSCC and ST was based on profile, chemical, and physical descriptions of 2540 soil series. First, the 2540 soil series were classified to their equivalent soil order, suborder, great group, and subgroup according to ST and GSCC subgroup descriptors. Order names for both classification systems were then linked to corresponding map units in the 1:1 000 000 digital soil map of China using a geographic information system (GIS). Differences in classification criteria and in the number of orders of the two systems (there are more GSCC orders than ST orders) meant that each GSCC order could possibly be assigned to more than one ST order. To resolve the differences, the percent correspondence in area between orders was determined and used as the criterion for assigning GSCC orders to ST orders. Some percentages of correspondence were low so additional processing was used to improve the assignment process. The GSCC suborders were then matched with ST orders. When the area for each order was summarized, the percentage of correspondence increased except for two subgroups in the Ferrasols order.


A blind deconvolution algorithm based on the Richardson–Lucy deconvolution algorithm is presented. Its performance in the presence of noise is found to be superior to that of other blind deconvolution algorithms. Results are presented and compared with results obtained from implementation of a Weiner filter blind deconvolution algorithm. The algorithm is developed further to incorporate functional forms of the point-spread function with unknown parameters. In the presence of noise the point-spread function can be evaluated with 1.0% error, and the object can be reconstructed with a quality near that of the deconvolution process with a known point-spread function.


ABSTRACT The global COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates how states and companies mobilise new sociotechnical systems to track, trace, evaluate, and modulate the behaviour of citizens. This development illustrates an already-existing transformation of citizenship governance, which this article captures as the move to 'cybernetic citizenship'. First, the article explores the concept of cybernetic citizenship, providing an overview of the concepts of 'cybernetic' and 'citizenship' and synthesising these in a discussion of the cybernetic modulation of citizenship. Second, it presents the rise of cybernetic citizenship in the urban realm, zooming in on the case of the Chinese social credit system and the way it affects civic life in the urban realm. Third, it turns into the normative implications of cybernetic citizenship, arguing that it confronts the idea of citizens as equal, free, and vigilant. It challenges equality by turning rights into ends, freedom by turning status into process, and civic virtue by turning excellence into effectiveness.


Four alginates possessing different guluronic/mannuronic acid ratios and one acetylated alginate were investigated with respect to their behaviour during intercalation into layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Two alginates were commercial products while the others were synthesised by way of bacterial fermentation and in one sample followed by enzymatic treatment. Intercalation was performed by way of co-precipitation of aluminium nitrate and zinc nitrate in alginate solution at a pH of 8·5–9. The products were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, wide-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. All alginates intercalate well into the Zn2Al-LDH host structure. With an increase in the content of guluronic acid in the alginate, the d-spacing (interlayer distance) in the alginate-LDH compound increases from 1·28 to 1·85 nm. Similarly, acetylation of the carboxylic groups leads to an increased steric volume of such alginate and t...


As seen on Oprah's Super Soul Sunday A New York Times and Wall Street Journal Bestseller In this book, Whole Foods Market cofounder John Mackey and professor and Conscious Capitalism, Inc. cofounder Raj Sisodia argue for the inherent good of both business and capitalism. Featuring some of today's best-known companies, they illustrate how these two forces can--and do--work most powerfully to create value for all stakeholders: including customers, employees, suppliers, investors, society, and the environment. These "Conscious Capitalism" companies include Whole Foods Market, Southwest Airlines, Costco, Google, Patagonia, The Container Store, UPS, and dozens of others. We know them; we buy their products or use their services. Now it's time to better understand how these organizations use four specific tenets--higher purpose, stakeholder integration, conscious leadership, and conscious culture and management--to build strong businesses and help advance capitalism further toward realizing its highest potential. As leaders of the Conscious Capitalism movement, Mackey and Sisodia argue that aspiring leaders and business builders need to continue on this path of transformation--for the good of both business and society as a whole. At once a bold defense and reimagining of capitalism and a blueprint for a new system for doing business grounded in a more evolved ethical consciousness, this book provides a new lens for individuals and companies looking to build a more cooperative, humane, and positive future.


This paper presents a system for visually analyzing the electromagnetic fields of electrical machines used in the energy conversion laboratory. The system utilizes the finite element method as well as various modules to achieve a real-time effect in the analysis of electrical machines while hands-on experimentation is in progress. The proposed system is aimed at developing a tool that would help improve the student's understanding of electromagnetic fields inside these machines and its use in calculating performance measures as well as operational concepts pertaining to the practical study of electrical machines.


Small-strain behavior is a key indicator for assessing the performance of compacted fills. Compaction conditions, i.e., initial moisture content and applied energy, govern compaction effectiveness and thus, the structure and matric suction of compacted soil. This paper presents an experimental study of the small-strain behavior of compacted silty sand prepared with different compaction conditions. Specimens with varying initial moisture contents and compaction energies were tested with bender elements to determine the small-strain shear modulus (G0), while the post-compaction matric suction was measured using the filter paper method and tensiometer. The experimental data suggest a pronounced relationship between G0 and the degree of saturation (Sr) of the as-compacted soil specimens. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans were performed to examine structural changes of selected specimens upon compaction. The laboratory results are also examined in light of common end-product specifications, which show that ...


A random mating design comprising 6 varieties (FH-142, MS-DK, IUB-63, KZ-189, FB-3159, and VH-300) and F1 crosses was used to check gene action for yield contributing traits in upland cotton.  Heritability and correlation were calculated from F3 populations of the cross CRS-456×Jumbo okra. The randomized complete block design was used in both experiments with three replication at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2015-2017. In both experiments, analysis of variance indicated significant variation present among the accessions of the upland cotton for all the traits (plant height, sympodial and monopodial branches, nodes number of 1st sympodial branch, height of 1st sympodial branch, bolls per plant, boll weight, lint weight, seed cotton yield, seed index, lint percentage, lint index, seeds per boll, fiber fineness, fiber strength, fiber length and fiber uniformity) under study. Mean values of all genotypes were significantly different from each other for all the traits studied. All the parameters manifested positive correlation with seed cotton yield except plant height, monopodia per plant, nodes number of 1st sympodia, height of 1st sympodia, bolls per plant, seed index and lint index. The inheritance of all the traits in F1 crosses was generally controlled by overdominance gene action except monopodial branches, nodes number of 1st sympodial branch, height of 1st sympodial branches, boll weight, fiber length and fiber uniformity that were partially controlled under additive gene action. Epistasis was not found to be involved in any of the traits. Estimation of broad sense heritability (h2 b. s) in F3 populations were high (60-97%) for all the traits under study. Results suggested form heritability and correlation that these traits can be improved either through appropriate selection method or hybrid breeding programme.


Completed in 1938, the Trans-Iranian Railway connected Tehran to Iran's two major bodies of water: the Caspian Sea in the north and the Persian Gulf in the south. Iran's first national railway, it produced and disrupted various kinds of movement—voluntary and forced, intended and unintended, on different scales and in different directions—among Iranian diplomats, tribesmen, migrant laborers, technocrats, railway workers, tourists and pilgrims, as well as European imperial officials alike. Iran in Motion tells the hitherto unexplored stories of these individuals as they experienced new levels of mobility.
Drawing on newspapers, industry publications, travelogues, and memoirs, as well as American, British, Danish, and Iranian archival materials, Mikiya Koyagi traces contested imaginations and practices of mobility from the conception of a trans-Iranian railway project during the nineteenth-century global transport revolution to its early years of operation on the eve of Iran's oil nationalization movement in the 1950s. Weaving together various individual experiences, this book considers how the infrastructural megaproject reoriented the flows of people and goods. In so doing, the railway project simultaneously brought the provinces closer to Tehran and pulled them away from it, thereby constantly reshaping local, national, and transnational experiences of space among mobile individuals.


Primary immune responses are thought to be induced by dendritic cells. To promote such responses, dendritic cells must be activated by exogenous agonists, such as LPS, or by products of activated leukocytes, such as TNF-α and IL-1. How dendritic cells might be activated in the absence of exogenous stimuli, or without the immediate presence of activated leukocytes, as might occur in immunity to tumor cells or transplants, is unknown. We postulated that heparan sulfate, an acidic, biologically active polysaccharide associated with cell membranes and extracellular matrices, which is rapidly released under conditions of inflammation and tissue damage, might provide such a stimulus. Incubation of immature murine dendritic cells with heparan sulfate induced phenotypic maturation evidenced by up-regulation of I-A, CD40, CD54 (ICAM-1), CD80 (B7-1), and CD86 (B7-2). Dendritic cells exposed to heparan sulfate exhibited a markedly lowered rate of Ag uptake and increased allostimulatory capacity. Stimulation of dendritic cells with heparan sulfate induced release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, although the maturation of dendritic cells was independent of these cytokines. These results suggest that soluble heparan sulfate chains, as products of the degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, might induce maturation of dendritic cells without exogenous stimuli, thus contributing to the generation and maintenance of primary immune responses.


In the year 1000, the economy of the Middle East was at least as advanced as that of Europe. But by 1800, the region had fallen dramatically behind--in living standards, technology, and economic institutions. In short, the Middle East had failed to modernize economically as the West surged ahead. What caused this long divergence? And why does the Middle East remain drastically underdeveloped compared to the West? In The Long Divergence, one of the world's leading experts on Islamic economic institutions and the economy of the Middle East provides a new answer to these long-debated questions. Timur Kuran argues that what slowed the economic development of the Middle East was not colonialism or geography, still less Muslim attitudes or some incompatibility between Islam and capitalism. Rather, starting around the tenth century, Islamic legal institutions, which had benefitted the Middle Eastern economy in the early centuries of Islam, began to act as a drag on development by slowing or blocking the emergence of central features of modern economic life--including private capital accumulation, corporations, large-scale production, and impersonal exchange. By the nineteenth century, modern economic institutions began to be transplanted to the Middle East, but its economy has not caught up. And there is no quick fix today. Low trust, rampant corruption, and weak civil societies--all characteristic of the region's economies today and all legacies of its economic history--will take generations to overcome. The Long Divergence opens up a frank and honest debate on a crucial issue that even some of the most ardent secularists in the Muslim world have hesitated to discuss.


Toxic air pollutants, also known as hazardous air pollutants, are those that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as birth defects or adverse environmental outcomes. The aim of this research was to predict air toxics related health risks due to different emission scenarios by linking Models-3/CMAQ and cancer risk assessments. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, this study was performed on the priority mobile source air toxics (PMSAT) of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and diesel particulate matter (DPM), based on data from 2003. The analysis was carried out in the eastern US, and mainly in Nashville, TN. Ten emissions scenarios were examined, including a 2020 scenario with the effects of on-road mobile source regulations. The results show that DPM poses a cancer risk that is 4.2 times higher than the combined total cancer risk from all of four other PMSAT. These high cancer risk levels are mainly due to non-road sources (57.9%). The main cancer risk from acetaldehyde, benzene, formaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene (4HAPs) is due to biogenic sources, which account for 32.2% of this risk, although these cannot be controlled. Excluding DPM, the main on-road cancer risk contribution was due to the air toxics generated by gasoline light duty vehicles (LDVs), principally benzene and 1,3-butadiene. The scenario for 2020 showed reductions in the adverse health effects related to DPM and 4HAPs of 32.8 and 19.4%, respectively. This research provides strong evidence that reducing ambient DPM concentrations will lead to greater improvements in human health than other air toxics, indicating that better technologies and regulations must be applied to mobile diesel engines, as these have more significant adverse health effects than non-road diesel sources.


Unsightly hair and scalp conditions may cause adult patients great concern, as will premature thinning of the hair and unusual hair loss. Young children may sporadically suffer from infestation of head lice and require prompt and effective treatment while babies may develop cradle cap in the first few weeks of life.
It is important for the pharmacist and the pharmacist's assistant to have a good knowledge of the products that are available to treat minor hair and scalp conditions and to be able to advise their customers on how these products should be used.


The supervision of students for ministry is of primary importance for the Church today. In a context where religion is becoming increasingly privatised and the Church increasingly marginalised, not only are there fewer candidates presenting for ministry, and fewer ministers, the challenges facing these ministers become ever more complex. Although the study of theology is basic to the exercise of ministry, the skills for ministry are learned on placement, where a student engages in the practice of ministry supervised by an experienced and trained minister. It is from this supervisor that the trainee minister learns how to deal with the complexities of ministry today. It follows, therefore, that the training given to such supervisors must be developed to take account of the changing role of ministry. The Church of Scotland has an intensive training course for these supervisors whom I will refer to as 'formational supervisors'. This thesis aims to evaluate this training to ascertain the extent to which it equips formational supervisors for the task.
To do this, I interviewed six formational supervisors and the six probationer ministers on placement in their congregations to determine the extent to which supervisory practice was sharpened and enhanced by the Church of Scotland's current training programme, where any weaknesses lay, and, therefore, whether the training was fit for purpose.
The results of my research show that the training offered is very good but could be excellent. I outline the strengths and weaknesses of the training as it is currently configured and suggest areas for development. I make ten recommendations for improvements to the training. I also identify the characteristics of the formational supervisor which sets this type of supervision apart from pastoral or clinical supervision. This is significant in enabling appropriate training in formational supervision.
The results of the research, while being of importance for the training of formational supervisors of ministry students in the Church of Scotland, have wider application. These results would also be helpful for reflecting on training in other churches and could be developed for the training of formational supervisors in any discipline.


Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae used to make beer, bread and wine are genetically and phenotypically distinct from wild populations associated with trees. The origins of these domesticated populations are not always clear; human-associated migration and admixture with wild populations have had a strong impact on S. cerevisiae population structure. We examined the population genetic history of beer strains and find that ale strains and the S. cerevisiae portion of allotetraploid lager strains were derived from admixture between populations closely related to European grape wine strains and Asian rice wine strains. Similar to both lager and baking strains, ale strains are polyploid, providing them with a passive means of remaining isolated from other populations and providing us with a living relic of their ancestral hybridization. To reconstruct their polyploid origin we phased the genomes of two ale strains and found ale haplotypes to both be recombinants between European and Asian alleles and to also contain novel alleles derived from extinct or as yet uncharacterized populations. We conclude that modern beer strains are the product of a historical melting pot of fermentation technology.


A Multiregression Dynamic Model (MDM) is a class of multivariate time series that represents various dynamic causal processes in a graphical way. One of the advantages of this class is that, in contrast to many other Dynamic Bayesian Networks, the hypothesised relationships accommodate conditional conjugate inference. We demonstrate for the first time how straightforward it is to search over all possible connectivity networks with dynamically changing intensity of transmission to find the Maximum a Posteriori Probability (MAP) model within this class. This search method is made feasible by using a novel application of an Integer Programming algorithm. The efficacy of applying this particular class of dynamic models to this domain is shown and more specifically the computational efficiency of a corresponding search of 11-node Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) model space. We proceed to show how diagnostic methods, analogous to those defined for static Bayesian Networks, can be used to suggest embellishment of the model class to extend the process of model selection. All methods are illustrated using simulated and real resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data.


Crop breeding has contributed significantly to the increase in world food and feed productivity. It has evolved from selection efforts for better plants during early human domestication of crops, to classical breeding, and presently to modern marker assisted
breeding. Crop breeding is conducted on the principle of Mendelian genetics, exploiting genes and genetic variations for traits to be improved through manipulation of the available genetic resources or introgression of genes from introduced materials. Significant impact of crop breeding has been seen in the development of food crop varieties including wheat, rice, maize and soybeans. The Green Revolution which was instrumented by Norman Borlaug, the Nobel Laureate for Agriculture, is a classic example of the meaningful
contribution of crop breeding in alleviating famine and food shortages in the rapid population growth scenario. Through long years of systematic crop breeding efforts, significant achievements have been made in polyploid breeding, mutation breeding, hybrid
breeding, molecular assisted breeding and breeding through genetic engineering. Hybrid breeding has revolutionised the breeding methods of maize, where single cross, double cross as well as three-way cross hybrids have been utilised in the industry, although single crosses are presently almost solely used for production.
Food crop breeding efforts in Malaysia have seen the successful development of superior varieties of rice, maize, papaya, pineapple and banana, while breeding successes in oil palm and rubber have also been well realized. Maize breeding work conducted at Universiti Putra Malaysia has focused on grain maize for animal feed, as well as sweet corn for human consumption. The current grain maize breeding programme at UPM was initiated in 1987 with the acquisition of germplasm from foreign countries. These germplasm materials, together with the locally available varieties, were subjected to a recurrent selection programme employing both half-sib and full-sib selection methods. Concurrently, inbred lines were developed from these populations through continuous self pollinations and tests of combining ability. Selected inbred lines were utilized in diallel crosses, and subsequently, single crosses, double crosses and three-way crosses were developed and then tested for performance in replicated trials. After repeated evaluation
at various selected locations and large scale plantings, the F1 hybrid variety Putra J-58 was released in 1998, with high yield, uniformity and possessing high grain nutritional quality. The locally developed inbred lines were then further involved in crosses with introduced
lines from Indonesia and acid soil tolerant lines from CIMMYT, in efforts to develop hybrids that are tolerant to acid soils which make up 72% of the arable lands in Malaysia. SSR molecular markers were also used to assist in the selection of suitable cross combinations, and promising hybrids are expected to be released in the near future. The present sweet corn breeding work at UPM
was initiated in 1990, with the application of recurrent selection on the local varieties, Manis Madu and Bakti-1. This led to the development of improved populations which were subsequently utilized in crosses with the modern hybrid varieties introduced from other countries. Subsequently, more cycles of recurrent selection
for fresh ear yield, ear length and eating quality were imposed.
The resulting improved populations were then utilized in breeding programmes introgressing genes from Ethiopian synthetic varieties, leading to the development and release of the synthetic variety, Putra GS-2002 in 2003, with superior fresh ear yield and taste
quality. Along the way, inbred lines were developed from various local and imported genetic resources, for the purpose of hybrid variety development. Presently, these inbred lines are approaching complete homozygosity and awaiting combining ability analysis for production of hybrid varieties. Molecular assessment utilising SSR
markers are also being used to predict performance of the inbred lines in hybrid combinations. As a design science, crop breeding is a long term effort, and therefore requires long term research funding and strategies to increase success in developing new varieties to meet the changing human needs and climatic conditions.


Cardiovascular variables such as heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) are regulated by an underlying control system, and therefore, the time series of these vital signs exhibit rich dynamical patterns of interaction in response to external perturbations (e.g., drug administration), as well as pathological states (e.g., onset of sepsis and hypotension). A question of interest is whether "similar" dynamical patterns can be identified across a heterogeneous patient cohort, and be used for prognosis of patients' health and progress. In this paper, we used a switching vector autoregressive framework to systematically learn and identify a collection of vital sign time series dynamics, which are possibly recurrent within the same patient and may be shared across the entire cohort. We show that these dynamical behaviors can be used to characterize the physiological "state" of a patient. We validate our technique using simulated time series of the cardiovascular system, and human recordings of HR and BP time series from an orthostatic stress study with known postural states. Using the HR and BP dynamics of an intensive care unit (ICU) cohort of over 450 patients from the MIMIC II database, we demonstrate that the discovered cardiovascular dynamics are significantly associated with hospital mortality (dynamic modes 3 and 9, p = 0.001, p = 0.006 from logistic regression after adjusting for the APACHE scores). Combining the dynamics of BP time series and SAPS-I or APACHE-III provided a more accurate assessment of patient survival/mortality in the hospital than using SAPS-I and APACHE-III alone (p = 0.005 and p = 0.045). Our results suggest that the discovered dynamics of vital sign time series may contain additional prognostic value beyond that of the baseline acuity measures, and can potentially be used as an independent predictor of outcomes in the ICU.


| After legislating the rules on children's rights and focusing on their citizen's rights since1980 s ,children's cooperative participation has been considered by urban designers and planners .Participation in design process of urban spaces let children to be shared in creating their life's spaces and making their environment proportional to their opinions and ideas. Since children have their unique physical ,mental and personality characteristics ,their participation process will be defined proportionally to their settings in the society .The aim of this research is to investigate the experiences of administrative projects on children's participation in the process of urban spaces design in Iran and in the world ,so in this way ,the practical principles could be suggested for regulating the process of children's cooperative participation in Iran's society .The research method in this article is descriptive – analytic. The article has assessed the approach and process of children's participation in designing urban spaces in Iran and in the world ,and used library resources and reviewed the results of practical experiences. The results of the research show that focus on theoretical basics and principles of backup theory are not enough for planning the process of children's participation .It is necessary to identify the effective factors in success or failure of children's cooperative participation using administrative solutions of experiences in different societies and apply them to accomplish children participatory urbanism project in the process of urban spaces design in Iran.


By allowing parties to proceed on an informed basis, liberal discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure was intended to support the Rule 1's idealized goal of securing the "just, speedy, and inexpensive" resolution of civil cases. The large costs of conducting discovery may instead produce the opposite result. The creation of cross-party agency costs and the litigants' ability to externalize much of the effort and costs of discovery to their adversary can generate litigation that is expensive, slow, and unjust. The problem may be particularly acute in cases involving vast amounts of electronically stored information, where the amount of data and potential for externalized costs of discovery can rise exponentially. This paper examines how the expanded use of technology can serve as de facto procedural reform. Use of advanced technological tools such as predictive search allow the tasks and costs to be allocated in a way that simultaneously yields better incentives, mitigates asymmetric cost and information problems, and reduces cross‐party agency costs. This in turn mitigates both the problems of overdiscovery and the in terrorem effect of discovery costs on pre‐discovery settlements. The result is more information and lower costs, allowing the system of legal discovery to move toward fulfilling the idealized goals of Rule 1.


Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), consisting of Macro NodeBs (macros) and low power Pico NodeBs (picos), can increase system capacity by offloading some users to the picos. However, this offloading may be limited due to intercell interference from macros to picos that reduces their coverage. HSPA Multi-carrier HetNets allow the use of range expansion techniques to achieve more offloading, such as power reduction from the macros on one carrier. This paper provides a system level analysis of the gain provided by power reduction on one carrier of the macros in a HetNet environment. As the interference from the macros is reduced, more capacity offloading to picos occurs and higher system capacity can be achieved. By considering cell biasing in serving cell selection, further gains can be observed.


GPUs have become part of most commodity systems. Nonetheless, they are often underutilized when not executing graphics-intensive or special-purpose numerical computations, which are rare in consumer workloads. Emerging architectures, such as integrated CPU/GPU combinations, may create an opportunity to utilize these otherwise unused cycles for offloading traditional systems tasks. Garbage collection appears to be a particularly promising candidate for offloading, due to the popularity of managed languages on consumer devices.
 We investigate the challenges for offloading garbage collection to a GPU, by examining the performance trade-offs for the mark phase of a mark & sweep garbage collector. We present a theoretical analysis and an algorithm that demonstrates the feasibility of this approach. We also discuss a number of algorithmic design trade-offs required to leverage the strengths and capabilities of the GPU hardware. Our algorithm has been integrated into the Jikes RVM and we present promising performance results.


In the context of the rapid growth of mobile phone penetration in developing countries, mobile telephony is currently considered to be particularly important for development. Yet, until recently, very little systematic evidence was available that shed light on the developmental impacts of mobile telecommunication. The Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) program of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, has played a critical role in filling some of the research gaps through its partnerships with several key actors in this area. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the case of mobile phones as a tool in solving development problems drawing from the evidence of IDRC supported projects. IDRC has supported around 20 projects that cut across several themes such as livelihoods, poverty reduction, health, education, the environment and disasters. The projects will be analyzed by theme in order to provide a thematic overview as well as a comparative analysis of the development role of mobile phones. In exploring the evidence from completed projects as well as the foci of new projects, the paper summarizes and critically assesses the key findings and suggests possible avenues for future research.


Utilize Python 3 to get network applications up and running quickly and easily About This BookLeverage your Python programming skills to build powerful network applicationsExplore steps to interact with a wide range of network servicesDesign multithreaded and event-driven architectures for echo and chat serversWho This Book Is ForIf you're a Python developer or a system administrator with Python experience and you're looking to take your first steps in network programming, then this book is for you. Basic knowledge of Python is assumed.What You Will Learn Develop an understanding of network stacks and the power of encapsulation Design high-performance network server applications Implement socket-based network applications using asynchronous models Build client applications for major web APIs, including Amazon S3 and Twitter Interact with e-mail servers using SMTP, POP3, and IMAP protocols Deal with remote network servers using SSH, FTP, SNMP, SMB/CIFS, and LDAP protocols Work with IP addresses including Geo-IP lookups Download objects from the Web and craft custom HTTP requests with urllib and the Requests library In DetailNetwork programming has always been a demanding task. With full-featured and well documented libraries all the way up the stack, Python makes network programming the enjoyable experience it should be.Starting with a walkthrough of today's major networking protocols, with this book you'll learn how to employ Python for network programming, how to request and retrieve web resources, and how to extract data in major formats over the Web. You'll utilize Python for e-mailing using different protocols and you'll interact with remote systems and IP and DNS networking.As the book progresses, socket programming will be covered, followed by how to design servers and the pros and cons of multithreaded and event-driven architectures. You'll develop practical client-side applications, including web API clients, e-mail clients, SSH, and FTP. These applications will also be implemented through existing web application frameworks.


OBJECTIVE Proinflammatory activation of Kupffer cells is implicated in the effect of high-fat feeding to cause liver insulin resistance. We sought to determine whether reduced endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling contributes to the effect of high-fat feeding to increase hepatic inflammatory signaling and if so, whether this effect 1) involves activation of Kupffer cells and 2) is ameliorated by increased NO signaling. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Effect of NO/cGMP signaling on hepatic inflammation and on isolated Kupffer cells was examined in C57BL/6 mice, eNos−/− mice, and Vasp−/− mice fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. RESULTS We show that high-fat feeding induces proinflammatory activation of Kupffer cells in wild-type mice coincident with reduced liver endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and NO content while, conversely, enhancement of signaling downstream of endogenous NO by phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition protects against high fat–induced inflammation in Kupffer cells. Furthermore, proinflammatory activation of Kupffer cells is evident in eNos−/− mice even on a low-fat diet. Targeted deletion of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a key downstream target of endothelially derived NO, similarly predisposes to hepatic and Kupffer cell inflammation and abrogates the protective effect of NO signaling in both macrophages and hepatocytes studied in a cell culture model. CONCLUSIONS These results collectively imply a physiological role for endothelial NO to limit obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in hepatocytes and support a model in which Kupffer cell activation during high-fat feeding is dependent on reduced NO signaling. Our findings also identify the NO/VASP pathway as a novel potential target for the treatment of obesity-associated liver insulin resistance.


Two problems plague the proportionality test under the Human Rights Act 1998. The first is the tension between substantive and process review. Another is potential judicial fallibility. This article aims to pull these seemingly unrelated issues together to provide the court with some useful guidance on calibrating a suitable intensity of review in the application of proportionality test and interpretation of the Human Rights Act. When the court is uncertain about the cogency of the substance of the case, judges are required to examine the second-order reasoning to determine the level of deference, if any, to be accorded to the government. The author argues that adoption of a thorough and conscientious legislative or policy-making procedure can increase the democratic and institutional legitimacy of the parliament or administration under the second order reasoning. In this premise, the author proposes a comprehensive process-oriented review whereby procedural evidence leading up to the consultation documents, select committee reports and Hansard should be admissible to prove the propriety of the decision-making process. The higher quality the procedure is, the more persuasive the second-order reasoning is. Courts should thus ascribe more weight to these types of evidence to strengthen the substantive merits of the case in applying the proportionality review under the Human Rights Act.


The use of oxo-transition metal complexes (particularly molybdenum and vanadium) as catalysts for a number of synthetically important reactions is described.

The ability of alkyl hydroperoxides to epoxidise alkenes in the presence of transition metal catalysts is well known and is reviewed here along with the more conventional methods of preparing epoxides in the laboratory, with particular emphasis on their application in asymmetric epoxidations.

In this work a number of novel oxo-vanadium and oxo-molybdenum complexes containing bulky and/or chiral ligand systems have been prepared and their application as potential catalysts for regio and/or asymmetric epoxidation has been studied.

A synthesis of the oxo-vanadium complex of the known ligand NN''-ethylenebis(iminomethylCcunphof ) was developed and the complex characterised. The synthesis and structure of oxo-molybdenum complexes containing novel tridentate ligands derived from substituted salicylaldehydes and chiral 2-aminoalcohols are also described along with a D(-)-2,3- butandiol complex of dioxomolybdeniam(VI ). As in a number of examples recently reported in the literature, epoxidation of geraniol and related compounds in the presence of these catalysts showed regioselectivity with exclusive reaction of the allylic double bond. The latter complex was also found to give low asymmetric induction in epoxidations of geraniol.

In addition to using pre-formed chiral complexes as asymmetric epoxidation catalysts the possibility of using chiral catalysts prepared in situ from simple molybdenum complexes and an excess of the chiral ligand has also been studied. Some of these systems appeared to give the highest asymmetric inductions in epoxidations of geraniol.

During the studies of the epoxidation reaction it was found that some of the oxo-vanadium and oxo-molybdenum complexes were very efficient catalysts for the isomerization of allylic alcohols. The scope of rearrangement reactions of this type was examined for ten structurally different allylic alcohols. It was shown that in most cases isomerization leads to an equilibrium mixture and in some cases the position of equilibria differ from that which would be predicted from classical considerations. Several attempts were also made to prepare more reactive isomerization catalysts by synthesising oxo-vanadium complexes with fluorine containing ligands.


Author(s): UCSC Library, Regional History Project; White, Hayden; Vanderscoff, Cameron | Abstract: Hayden White was born in Martin, Tennessee in 1928. During the Depression he moved with his family to Detroit in search of work, where his father became a union organizer in the automotive world. This urban scene of workers' struggles to organize in the face of sometimes-violent corporate opposition was a watershed moment in informing White's political consciousness.After a stint in the military, he used the GI Bill to go to Wayne State University. White went on to graduate school at the University of Michigan. Dr. White spent a full twenty-three years teaching at other institutions before 1978, when he found a fertile space for his interdisciplinary conception of scholarly work as the chair of the University of California Santa Cruz's History of Consciousness program.In this oral history, White relates that history of consciousness gradually came to occupy a shifting territory that ranged from deep in the artistic side of the humanities well into the social sciences, and served as a haven for people interested in studying unconventional or cutting edge topics that weren't at home in disciplinary graduate programs. The program actively recruited both gay students and students of color, seeking traditionally devalued perspectives, and ultimately, according to White, had a higher percentage of non-white students than any other humanities doctoral program anywhere. By late 80s and early 90s it was one of the most renowned humanities Ph.D. programs in the country, with an annual acceptance rate of five to six students for three to four hundred applicants. In a field where competing private schools and more well-funded public schools could offer big fellowships, histcon students had little to no fellowship money, but in spite of this fiscal obstacle the program built an international reputation, and had an unusually high rate of post-degree job placement for its students. In these interviews, White candidly charts the personalities and ideas and debates that gave shape and direction to this flagship humanities program, including those perspectives that changed the program—and him personally—in ways he hadn't anticipated, like feminist studies and cultural studies.In these sessions White discusses not just histcon and UCSC, but illuminates their broader contexts, discussing at length the fiscally slashed state of the humanities, the changing academic scene and wider geopolitical issues. More personally, he reflects on his philosophies on teaching, which he terms "a nobler designation," and discusses his own writing and the historiographical subject matter that has inspired so much of his work. These interviews provide a vehicle for White to track the relationship of metahistory (the subject of his landmark book of thesame name) to history, and explain his conception of moral relativism and different means of interacting with the past.


PURPOSE
To develop an active high-dose chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Due to the rapid development a drug resistance, conventional chemotherapy cures only 20% of patients with advanced disease. However, in vitro data demonstrate a steep dose-response curve to a variety of agents, most notably mitoxantrone.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
A phase I study of escalated bolus mitoxantrone (10 to 25 mg/m2 x 3) and cyclophosphamide (30 to 50 mg/kg x 3) with a 5-day infusion of carboplatin (1,500 mg/m2) and an autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) was performed. Mitoxantrone pharmacokinetics were performed to document levels required to kill platinum-resistant ovarian carcinoma in vitro.

RESULTS
We treated 25 patients; the maximum-tolerated total doses (MTD) were 75 mg/m2 for mitoxantrone, 120 mg/kg for cyclophosphamide, and 1,500 mg/m2 for carboplatin. The dose-limiting toxicity was gastrointestinal, with severe diarrhea, ileus, and resulting sepsis. Transient partial deafness was seen in four patients, and acute renal failure (ARF) occurred in one patient at the first dose level, but was eliminated in subsequent patients with aggressive hydration. There were four early deaths due to ARF (n = 1), Legionella pneumonia (n = 1), and sepsis (n = 2). Peak mitoxantrone levels at the MTD were 623 to 2,810 ng/mL, and the area under the curve (AUC) values of the concentration versus time measurements were 560 to 1,700 ng/mL/h. Of 20 assessable patients, 65% responded, with a 45% complete remission (CR) rate. All six of the assessable patients with ovarian cancer responded: CR in five (83%) and partial remission (PR) in one (17%); the CRs have lasted 7 to 30+ months. Responses were also seen in testicular and breast carcinoma.

CONCLUSION
This regimen was well tolerated at the MTD and appears promising for relapsed/refractory ovarian carcinoma, with mitoxantrone levels achieved that are active in vitro against platinum-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells.


In this paper we describe the Unified Cybersecurity Ontology (UCO) that is intended to support information integration and cyber situational awareness in cybersecurity systems. The ontology incorporates and integrates heterogeneous data and knowledge schemas from different cybersecurity systems and most commonly used cybersecurity standards for information sharing and exchange. The UCO ontology has also been mapped to a number of existing cybersecurity ontologies as well as concepts in the Linked Open Data cloud. Similar to DBpedia which serves as the core for general knowledge in Linked Open Data cloud, we envision UCO to serve as the core for cybersecurity domain, which would evolve and grow with the passage of time with additional cybersecurity data sets as they become available. We also present a prototype system and concrete use cases supported by the UCO ontology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cybersecurity ontology that has been mapped to general world ontologies to support broader and diverse security use cases. We compare the resulting ontology with previous efforts, discuss its strengths and limitations, and describe potential future work directions.


In this paper, we focus on the performance of TCP enhancements for a hybrid terrestrial-satellite network. While a large body of literature exists regarding modeling TCP performance for the wired Internet, and recently over a single-hop wireless link, the literature is very sparse on TCP analysis over a hybrid wired-wireless (multi-hop) path. We seek to make a contribution to this problem (where the wireless segment is a satellite uplink) by deriving analytical estimates of TCP throughput for two widely deployed approaches: TCP splitting and E2E (End-to-End) TCP with link layer support as a function of key parameters such as terrestrial/satellite propagation delay, segment loss rate and buffer size. Our analysis is supported by simulations; throughput comparisons indicate superiority of TCP splitting over E2E scheme in most cases. However, in situations where end-to-end delay is dominated by terrestrial portion and buffering is very limited at intermediate node, E2E achieves higher throughput than TCP splitting


Laguerre-Gaussian (LG0n) laser beams with a donut-shaped profile are attracting growing interestdue to a wealth of applications in areas such as optical manipulation of particles, trapping and guiding of atoms, laser drilling and writing and super-resolution microscopy. Here we report a diode-end-pumped single-frequency Nd:YAG laser using a novel fiber-based pump beam conditioning element to achieve lasing on the lowest order donut (LG01) mode. The pump conditioning element was fabricated from a capillary (hollow-core) silica fiber with a 200 µm outer diameter and a 105 µm diameter inner air hole. The fiber was tapered and spliced to a fiber-coupled laser diode with a maximum output power of 4 W at 808 nm. The capillary fiber yielded ~3.5 W of output in a beam with a ring-shaped near-field profile. The latter was imaged into a Nd:YAG rod in a two-mirror plano-concave resonator to selectively excite the LG01 mode. The laser produced up to 1.71 W of multi-axial-mode output at 1064 nm for 3.5 W of incident pump power. The corresponding slope efficiency was 57%. Single-axial-mode operation was achieved by inserting quarter-wave plates at both ends of the Nd:YAG rod to suppress spatial hole- burning together with an intracavity etalon. Using this set-up, we obtained 810 mW of single-frequency LG01 mode output with a well-defined sense of spiral phase for ~3.1 W of incident pump power. The beam propagation factor (M2) was measured to be ~2.09 and hence in close agreement with the theory. The prospects for further improvement in performance will be discussed


Abstract. Launched on 2011, December 16th by the second Soyuz operated in French Guiana, PLEIADES-HR acquired its first high resolution images 3 days after. The PLEIADES program is a space Earth Observation system led by the French Space Agency (CNES), it provides the first european high resolution satellite which will simultaneously acquire in Panchromatic and Multi- Spectral modes 20 km wide images with a 70 cm nadir resolution. Imaging capabilities have been highly optimized in order to acquire, in the same pass, along-track mosaics, stereo pairs and triplets, and multi-targets. Ground segment processes automatically data to ensure operational requirements and quick access to images for the users. Since ground processing capabilities have been taken into account very early in the mission development, it has been possible to relax some costly on-board components requirements, in order to achieve a cost effective on-board/ground compromise. Starting from the PLEIADES system and on board characteristics, this paper first presents an overview of ground segment functional breakdown. Then it focuses more precisely on the different levels of products and associated processing performances. Finally the paper shows how appropriate ground processing systems allowed CNES Image Quality team to assess radiometric and geometric performances during the 6 first months of PLEIADES 1A.


Four new species of unilocular calcareous foraminifera are described from Holocene sediments of the southwest Pacific Ocean. Vasicostella cranimorpha sp. nov. is distinguished by a lenticular tubule that pierces each margin of the peripheral carina. Globofissurella pattersoni sp. nov. is characterized by a large, produced circular apertural area ornamented in part by costae continuing from the chamber surface. Palliolatella peponisema sp. nov. bears a strong resemblance to a pumpkin seed, and has quite variable development of its central keel. Parafissurina thryptica sp. nov. is distinctly teardrop-shaped, with its greatest diameter near the base, and a mildly acute apertural end.


This paper considers how an intervening security force can implement the relevant components of the suite of United Nations Security Council resolutions on Women, Peace and Security (WPS). The analytical framework of the paper is a generic operational cycle comprised of preplanning, planning, conduct, and transition. Specific tasks identified in the resolutions are organised in this generic operational cycle. The tasks are those commonly led by security forces, or directed by government, and include: conflict analysis or intelligence; deliberate planning; force structure; population protection; female engagement; support to the rule of law; security sector reform; and disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration. This paper focuses on the experiences of the Australian Defence Force, with additional examples from militaries of Canada, Ireland, Sweden and the United States as well as organisational experiences from NATO and the United Nations. The paper draws on operations including, but not limited to, in Afghanistan, Rwanda, Yugoslavia and East Timor. Overall, the paper makes a unique contribution to the military operationalisation of the WPS agenda.


This article considers the legitimacy deficits of immigration control in the eyes of unwanted migrants. We explore the consequences of globalisation-related changes in the institution of citizenship for the perceived legitimacy and operation of immigration control. The study is based on ethnographic research and in-depth interviews in 2018 with 35 migrants in the Detention Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands. We find that immigration detainees use both denationalised and transnational/cosmopolitan definitions of citizenship and belonging to contest the legitimacy of restrictive admission requirements and, to a lesser extent, the authority of states to stipulate and implement admission requirements. Based on these narratives, immigration detainees engage in forms of resistance that are meant to diminish the likelihood of deportation ('instrumental resistance') and in forms of resistance that are unlikely to change the outcome of the deportation procedure yet do make immigration control more costly for states ('expressive resistance'). The narratives and strategies of resistance seem correlated with length of stay: settled migrants seem more inclined to use denationalised repertoires and instrumental resistance. Our analysis confirms the need for migration scholars to pay more attention to changing social norms regarding the perceived legitimacy of immigration control for the operation and outcomes of immigration control. The results are therefore relevant for our thinking about the future of migration governance in the context of globalisation-related changes in the institution of citizenship.


Insect Malpighian tubules secrete fluid into the lumen as part of their function as excretory organs. The underlying ion transport is, when stimulated, faster than in any other known tissue. It is driven by the activity of an H+-transporting V-ATPase situated on the luminal cell membranes. This ATPase, together with cation/H+ antiporter(s), constitutes a common cation pump which can transport sodium ions, potassium ions or both. Treatments that selectively slow cation transport across the epithelium cause the secreted fluid to become alkaline, whereas those that selectively reduce the rate of anion passage lead to secretion of acid fluid.


This study evaluates the effect of climate change and population growth on the water supply and demand for Las Vegas Valley (LVV), located in semi-arid region in southern Nevada. Colorado River is main source of water supply for LVV. The impact of climate change on Colorado River flow was modeled using ensemble of projections from global climate models for different emission scenarios. Various scenarios of population growth and water conservation were evaluated for future. With the projected population growth and no demand management policies, the LVV would not be able to meet the water demand in the near future. With changing climate, water supply reliability also decreased significantly. However, with the combination of reduced population growth rate and water conservation policies, the Colorado River supply could meet the future demand of the LVV. The reduction in water demand in 2035 was estimated to be 30.6%, i.e., 327 million cubic meters (MCM) for 'status quo' population growth and 38%, i.e., 408 MCM for 50% of the projected growth.