1 This paper is excerpted from a longer draft paper with the same title. The project is a collaboration 1. Introduction This paper presents the methodology used in a longitudinal study of poverty dynamics in KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. The study combines socioeconomic panel survey data with in-depth, semi-structured household and key informant interviews, group interviews, and observation. It also developed unique participatory methods to conduct qualitative household interviews, with multiple household members constructing visual family histories. Notably, qualitative methods were used to delve underneath apparent relationships derived from quantitative statistics and regressions, in order to understand what the numbers were measuring or missing. Iterative analysis of the longitudinal quantitative data and retrospective qualitative data enabled greater analytical insight than is normally available from either type of data alone. In addition, visual methods were developed to explore the composition of " the household " , and to gather data from and about household members that may be missed in surveys. The study focused on changes in the poverty status of households, primarily through the periods 1993 to 1998. The qualitative research also traced some changes through 2001. 2 This was the period surrounding and following South Africa's transition to democracy, and the introduction of policies reflecting the new government's initial commitment to poverty alleviation, embodied in its Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP 1994) and the programs of sector-specific government departments. There were also immense new challenges to reducing poverty: South Africa's abrupt entrance into the international global economic system; the need for institutional transformation at all three levels of government, and the need to address the legacies of apartheid such as poor education, poor health, underdeveloped markets and racial discrimination, among others. The study's focus on poverty dynamics was based on concern about the extensive and deep poverty and inequality in South Africa, and the desire to understand what contributes to the persistence of poverty or the ability to transcend it.


BACKGROUND
There is an inverse relation between mortality from cardiovascular causes and the number of elective cardiac procedures (coronary angioplasty, stenting, or coronary bypass surgery) performed by individual practitioners or hospitals. However, it is not known whether patients with acute myocardial infarction fare better at centers where more patients undergo primary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy than at centers with lower volumes.

METHODS
We analyzed data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction to determine the relation between the number of patients receiving reperfusion therapy (primary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy) and subsequent in-hospital mortality. A total of 450 hospitals were divided into quartiles according to the volume of primary angioplasty. Multiple logistic-regression models were used to determine whether the volume of primary angioplasty procedures was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality among patients undergoing this procedure. Similar analyses were performed for patients receiving thrombolytic therapy at 516 hospitals.

RESULTS
In-hospital mortality was 28 percent lower among patients who underwent primary angioplasty at hospitals with the highest volume than among those who underwent angioplasty at hospitals with the lowest volume (adjusted relative risk, 0.72; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.87; P<0.001). This lower rate, which represented 2.0 fewer deaths per 100 patients treated, was independent of the total volume of patients with myocardial infarction at each hospital, year of admission, and use or nonuse of adjunctive pharmacologic therapies. There was no significant relation between the volume of thrombolytic interventions and in-hospital mortality among patients who received thrombolytic therapy (7.0 percent for patients in the highest-volume hospitals vs. 6.9 percent for those in the lowest-volume hospitals, P=0.36).

CONCLUSIONS
Among hospitals in the United States that have full interventional capabilities, a higher volume of angioplasty procedures is associated with a lower mortality rate among patients undergoing primary angioplasty, but there is no association between volume and mortality for thrombolytic therapy.


The policy and transformation choices facing the nursing profession
are considerable and complex. This chapter focuses on two responses
of the nursing profession to the far-reaching challenges posed by the
transformation process. The first part of this chapter examines the supply of nurses as recorded in
the South African Nursing Council register and roll of nurses. It points to a
low level of training for all categories of nurses which, combined with a
high attrition rate, raises serious concerns about the ability of the nursing
profession to cope with increasing health needs and challenges of the
South Africans. The second part focuses on scope of practice of the nursing profession
and the proposed changes to the practice of nursing. These changes if
passed into legislation, will lead to revising the curriculum that will better
prepare the various categories of nurses and also offer nurses improved
career path options. The chapter calls for guidelines for planning and managing the human
resources requirements for nursing and greater involvement of the private
sector in the production of nurses.


Covering the topics of my conceptual interests overlapping with the production of several bodies of work over the three years of my academic curriculum, this report addresses how my theoretical ideas and commitment to materials have shaped and informed my work. The work produced at my time in the Studio Arts Program at the University of Texas at Austin has indeed come full circle, with subjects and themes growing out of and eventually returning to some of the first work that I produced here. This work discussed is organized in a non-chronological order to expose similarities in approach over the course of time. Coming into the program I wanted to focus on developing the content in my work. Reshaping the way I thought and approached sculpture, I have adapted my previous investment in materials and incorporated my greater interests in the human condition as expressed through the cultural relics of society.


Background and Aim: Malnutrition is one of the causative agents of death in children. So, this study was done for assessment of anthropometric indices of students and malnutrition status in Golpayegan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This research was done as a descriptive – analytical (inferential) study. Sampling was done as clusters and multistage. In order to collect data, the standard questionnaire of anthropometric indicators standards (ANIS) pattern was used. Low and low height was used based on Z score. Collected data was analyzed by Epi-info and SPSS software. Results: Of 1062 schoolboys, 550 were male and 512 were female. Anthropometric indicators including age (month), weight (kg) and height (Cm) showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The mean of malnutrition index was 5.4 % (WAZ<-2) and 3% (WAZ<-2) in our study. Conclusion: The significant difference between prevalence of slimness, low weighting and low growth in rural and urban Schoolboys is an indicator of the undesirable situation in rural areas. Therefore, nutritional planning should be considered in rural children.


Approximately 450,000 cases of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are annually diagnosed worldwide, resulting in ~240,000 deaths. An augmented understanding of the common mechanisms of pathology among larger numbers of B-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (BCNHL) patients is sorely needed. We consequently performed a large joint secondary transcriptomic analysis of the available BCNHL RNA-sequencing projects from GEO, consisting of 322 relevant samples across ten distinct public studies, to find common underlying mechanisms and biomarkers across multiple BCNHL subtypes and patient subpopulations; limitations may include lack of diversity in certain ethnicities and age groups and limited clinical subtype diversity due to sample availability. We found ~10,400 significant differentially expressed genes (FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.05) and 33 significantly modulated pathways (Bonferroni-adjusted p-value < 0.05) when comparing BCNHL samples to non-diseased B-cell samples. Our findings included a significant class of proteoglycans not previously associated with lymphomas as well as significant modulation of genes that code for extracellular matrix-associated proteins. Our drug repurposing analysis predicted new candidates for repurposed drugs including ocriplasmin and collagenase. We also used a machine learning approach to identify robust BCNHL biomarkers that include YES1, FERMT2, and FAM98B, which have not previously been associated with BCNHL in the literature, but together provide ~99.9% combined specificity and sensitivity for differentiating lymphoma cells from healthy B-cells based on measurement of transcript expression levels in B-cells. This analysis supports past findings and validates existing knowledge while providing novel insights into the inner workings and mechanisms of transformed B-cell lymphomas that could give rise to improved diagnostics and/or therapeutics.


The main purpose of this study was to develop an optimum flow prediction model, based on data mining process. The data mining process was applied to predict river flow of Seyhan Stream in the southern part of Turkey. Hydrological time series modeling was applied using monthly historical flow records to predict Seyhan Stream flows. Seyhan Stream flows were modeled by Markov models and it was seen that it adapted AR(2). Hence, F t –2 and F t –1 flows in ( t –2) and ( t –1) months were the taken inputs. For monthly streamflow predictions, data were taken from the General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration. Used data covered 35 years between 1969 and 2003 for monthly streamflows. Furthermore, for the effect of monthly periodicity in hydrological time series cos (2 π i /12), sin (2 π i /12) ( I = 1, 2,…, 12) were included as inputs. Then, F t flows in ( t ) months were modeled by data mining process. It was concluded that with using data mining process for streamflow prediction, it was possible to estimate missing or unmeasured data.


Multiple imputation provides a useful strategy for dealing with data sets that have missing values. Instead of filling in a single value for each missing value, a multiple imputation procedure replaces each missing value with a set of plausible values that represent the uncertainty about the right value to impute. These multiply imputed data sets are then analyzed by using standard procedures for complete data and combining the results from these analyses. No matter which complete-data analysis is used, the process of combining results of parameter estimates and their associated standard errors from different imputed data sets is essentially the same. This process results in valid statistical inferences that properly reflect the uncertainty due to missing values. This paper reviews methods for analyzing missing data and applications of multiple imputation techniques. This paper presents the SAS/STAT MI and MIANALYZE procedures, which perform inference by multiple imputation under numerous settings. PROC MI implements popular methods for creating imputations under monotone and nonmonotone (arbitrary) patterns of missing data, and PROC MIANALYZE analyzes results from multiply imputed data sets.


This thesis addresses how leaders find themselves doing something even when they don't know what to do. It is based on my own practice as an experienced team leader and it deals with questions of action, time, identity and leadership. A classic understanding of action usually reflects an expectation of a rational means-ends relationship where actions are designed and applied by individuals to reach well-defined goals within a certain context and within a certain time. In contrast, in this thesis, I describe acting as a much more complex process, as something becoming, as a patterning of activities involving multiple actors in a continuous and complex interweaving of relationships. I describe my experience of leading a team of consultants in international development projects where I inquire into how we often find ourselves acting into uncertainty even when we are not at all sure what to do. Adopting the theory of complex responsive processes of relating, which combines insights from the complexity sciences, social psychology and process sociology, I have come to see acting in our projects as complex, unpredictable, emerging themes and patterns of dialogues between colleagues, clients and other actors, rather than as an activity undertaken by an individual such as a team leader. I do not have an outside position to acting in a project as I am fully involved in the process while this paradoxically influences me at the same time. I argue that acting is related to identity, which can be understood as a sense of self, a person's moral self-interpretation which has a narrative structure and which is continuously being formed by (and is forming) one's acting. I argue that my experience of our practice may be explained by the pragmatists' understanding of acting based on actual lived experience where the means paradoxically become our 'ends-in-view' and vice versa, meaning that we do not just try to maintain a theoretical, future goal but move forwards towards what is practically possible, what we find useful and what makes sense in the present. Acting happens in a living present, meaning that we understand the present through our interpretation of the past as well as our expectation of the future, and we construct this living present as something that works for us when we pursue our collective aims and interests. In the process of acting, there is an arrow on time, meaning that what has been said cannot be unsaid, wherefore it is important to reflect on the perspective of 'ends-in-view' and to understand how acting into a situation may reveal new opportunities. The thesis contributes to knowledge within my profession as an original invitation to think differently about two aspects: first, seeing acting in a project with a much more processual, temporal and encompassing understanding where action is not located in an individual; second, understanding how acting is influenced by one's identity, a sense of self, which is paradoxically being formed by the acting at the same time. Further, the thesis identifies sociality, being different things at the same time (Mead, 1932/2002), as a new aspect in the theory of complex responsive processes of relating (Stacey, Griffin, & Shaw, 2000), recognising its significance in the process of understanding of how novelty occurs. The thesis contributes to my practice in terms of an increased reflexivity and acceptance that a team leader cannot determine outcomes in advance; that leadership is a complex process involving many actors; and that observing ends-in-view may create new and surprising ways forward. I find that these insights can lead to an increased acceptance of how we can act under conditions of uncertainty. Key Authors: H. Bergson, S. Brinkmann, J. Dewey, D. Griffin, H. Joas, G.H. Mead, C. Mowles, I. Prigogine, P. Shaw, B. Simpson, R. Stacey.


The recent poor performance of the equity market in the UK has meant that real estate is increasingly been seen as an attractive addition to the mixed-asset portfolio. However, determining whether the good return enjoyed by real estate is a temporary or long-term phenomenon is a question that remains largely unanswered. In other words, there is little or no evidence to indicate whether real estate should play a consistent role in the mixed-asset portfolio over short- and long-term investment horizons. Consistency in this context refers to the ability of an asset to maintain a positive allocation in an efficient portfolio over different holding periods. Such consistency is a desirable trait for any investment, but takes on particular significance when real estate is considered, as the asset class is generally perceived to be a long-term investment due to illiquidity. From an institutional investor's perspective, it is therefore crucial to determine whether real estate can be reasonably expected to maintain a consistent allocation in the mixed-asset portfolio in both the short and long run and at what percentage. To address the question of consistency the allocation of real estate in the mixed-asset portfolio was calculated over different holding periods varying from 5- to 25-years.


One of the aims of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is to increase the competitiveness of farmers through increasing their exposure to markets. An aspect of competitiveness is the gains in economic efficiency. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to estimate indicators of farm efficiency for the period 1989 to 2008 by farm type and to analyse what the effect on efficiency of changes in the CAP has been. In terms of the methodology, the information used comes from the Scottish Farm Account Scheme (FAS) survey, which allows us to assemble panel dataset and to construct cost efficiency indicators. The results indicate while mixed farms and lowland farms have maintain their levels of efficiency. LFA farms have seen their efficiency reduced since approximately 2004 or 2005 (especially LFA sheep farm specialists). Also, the analysis shows that there seems to be an increase in the dispersion of farmers in terms of efficiency for some farm types in periods of change in agricultural policy.


Diffraction holograms are used to create electron vortex beams that should enable higher-resolution imaging. Electron beams with helical wavefronts carrying orbital angular momentum are expected to provide new capabilities for electron microscopy and other applications. We used nanofabricated diffraction holograms in an electron microscope to produce multiple electron vortex beams with well-defined topological charge. Beams carrying quantized amounts of orbital angular momentum (up to 100ℏ) per electron were observed. We describe how the electrons can exhibit such orbital motion in free space in the absence of any confining potential or external field, and discuss how these beams can be applied to improved electron microscopy of magnetic and biological specimens.


Previous reports have indicated morphologic hippocampal asymmetry in thickness in male and female rats. In the present study, the possible sex differences and right-left asymmetries in rat hippocampal components were investigated. Pyramidal cells in four hippocampal sectors on thionin-stained sections were counted and the thickness of the hippo campal components was measured on microslide-projected images. The present study showed significant sexual dimorphism in two hippocampi as well as asymmetry in male. These findings agree with those found in humans.


Recently, an alternative definition of a black hole horizon was proposed; such geometric definition is afforded by curvature invariants-scalars formed from the contractions involving the curvature tensor and its derivatives. It has been shown that for any stationary horizon, one can construct certain combinations of the gradient of curvature invariants such that they have vanishing norm on the horizon; this allows us to define a geometric horizon. However, its role in dynamical spacetimes is still not yet fully understood. In this work, we study the geometric horizon of a static spherically symmetric spacetime under first-order metric perturbations. Specifically, we derive an equation for a perturbed geometric horizon - defined by the vanishing squared norm of the gradient of the Kretschmann scalar; this equation is valid for any static spherically symmetric background spacetime in dimension d ≥ 4, as long as the gradient of the Kretschmann scalar is well-defined.


Abstract Southern Utah comprises 4 major physiographic divisions: the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, Central Rocky Mountains, and Southern Rocky Mountains, which have been partitioned into faunal regions. We discuss the uniqueness of southern Utah and the amount of land set aside for recreation and preservation, and we encourage the study and preservation of its water resources. The stonefly (Plecoptera) fauna of 13 counties in southern Utah was surveyed. We found 58 species representing 34 genera and 8 families. Three new state records for Utah and many new county records for southern Utah are presented, along with a discussion of distribution patterns and faunal affinities of each species. Distribution patterns indicate a historical connection between the Sevier River and the Colorado drainage and a separation of faunal areas within the Central Rocky Mountains at boundaries between the Wasatch Mountains, Wasatch Plateau, and the Southern High Plateau. The uniqueness of the isolated Abajo and LaSal Mountains, the Virgin River valley, and other faunal areas in southern Utah is presented.


In Genres of Listening Xochitl Marsilli-Vargas explores a unique culture of listening and communicating in Buenos Aires. She traces how psychoanalytic listening circulates beyond the clinical setting to become a central element of social interaction and cultural production in the city that has the highest number of practicing psychologists and psychoanalysts in the world. Marsilli-Vargas develops the concept of genres of listening to demonstrate that hearers listen differently, depending on where, how, and to whom they are listening. In particular, she focuses on psychoanalytic listening as a specific genre. Porteños (citizens of Buenos Aires) have developed a "psychoanalytic ear" that emerges during conversational encounters in everyday interactions in which participants offer different interpretations of the hidden meaning the words carry. Marsilli-Vargas does not analyze these interpretations as impositions or interruptions but as productive exchanges. By outlining how psychoanalytic listening operates as a genre, Marsilli-Vargas opens up ways to imagine other modes of listening and forms of social interaction.


The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions was adopted in 1997. During the last ten years the OECD has been extremely busy monitoring the implementation of this Convention in contracting states. During this process a number of issues have emerged. This article examines some of these: (1) the role and impact of the functional equivalence approach, (2) the effect of gaps and flexibility surrounding international business transactions and corporate liability, and (3) Article 5 and the defence of necessity available to a State under customary international law in the context of the UK decision to end the BAE investigations.


Abstract This study investigated social studies achievement as a result of utilizing a multimedia-based American history software program (Ignite Early American History, 2003) to augment textbook and lecture materials for seventh-grade middle school history students in an ethnically and linguistically diverse urban school district. The instructional software used was an interactive multimedia program designed to teach middle school students through video, song, animation, text, and other media to develop critical thinking skills while acquiring knowledge of required content strands (Ignite Learning, 2003). Teacher and student activities, pretest and posttest scores, and instructional methods for experimental and control conditions were documented in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the results.


This thesis begins by reviewing the literature pertaining to Scottish English pronunciation which has been produced since the late-eighteenth century. The world of authors, such as Sylvester Douglas, Melville Bell, James Murray, James Wilson, William Grant, Anne McAllister, Jack Aitken and David Abercrombie, is reviewed and its contribution to our understanding of the nature of Scottish English pronunciation is assessed.

The methodology and findings of the present study are then presented. The data is gathered from speakers from Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen and it centres around their pronunciation of /r, l, w/ and /m/ and their voice onset times for voiceless plosives. Certain discrepancies are noted between the description of these features in the existing literature and the realisations produced by the speakers informing the present study.

The articulatory nature and acoustic characteristics of all allophones of /r, l, w/ and /m/ are described. Moreover, their incidence in all phonotactic contexts is set out. Hitherto unattested realisations (such as [f] for /r/, and [w] for 1/1) are noted and discussed at length. The lexical incidence of /w/ and /m/ is investigated and a sound change is observed. Voice onset times of /p, t/ and /k/ are measured in #CV and #CCV position. Statistical analysis finds no demographic difference in VOT values, but consistent significant differences emerge between the phonemic environments.

Finally, it is argued that the gulf that exists between the literature pertaining to Scottish English pronunciation and the results of the present study is indicative of the state of our knowledge of the phonetic characteristics of most English accents. Consequently, a case is made for the renaissance of phonetic investigation into all English accents.


This study examined how speech rate reduction affects speech intelligibility in speakers with dysarthria associated with diverse neurological conditions. Three speakers with dysarthria were recorded reading a paragraph using conversational and reduced speech rates. The samples of both the conversational and slow rates were digitally edited to include silent pauses at the speakers' natural breaks. The samples were then segmented into breath group utterances. Five samples with the greatest rate reductions from each speaker were used as stimuli, each presented in four rate conditions: conversational, slow, synthesized conversational, and synthesized slow. The listeners rated the intelligibility of 60 samples using direct magnitude estimation (DME), a simple scaling technique used to rate items in comparison to a standard. Though each of the speakers successfully reduced their rates, none of their intelligibility ratings improved using rate reduction. In fact, the intelligibility of two of the speakers significantly decreased when rate reduction was employed. Analysis of the acoustic vowel space showed some articulatory changes were made by the speakers. Possible reasons for the negative effects of rate reductions are explored along with clinical implications.


The goal of this project was to design and implement a smartphone-based wearable system to detect fall events in real time. It has the acronym STEADI. Rather than have expensive customised hardware STEADI was implemented in a cost effective manner using a generic mobile computing device. In order to detect the fall event, we propose a fall detector that uses the accelerometer available in a mobile phone. As for detecting a fall we mainly divide the system in two sections, the signal processing and classification. For the processing both a median filter and a high pass filter are used. A Median filter is used to amplify/enhance the signal by removing impulsive noise while preserving the signal shape while the High pass filter is used to emphasise transitions in the signal. Then, in order to recognize a fall event, our STEADI system implements two methods that are a simple threshold analysis to determine whether or not a fall has occurred (threshold-based) and a more sophisticated Naive-Bayes classification method to differentiate falling from other mobile activities. Our experimental results show that by applying the signal processing and Naive-Bayes classification together increases the accuracy by more than 20% compared with using the threshold-based method alone. The Naive-Bayes achieved a detection accuracy of 95% in overall. Furthermore, an external sensor is introduced in order to enhance its accuracy. In addition to the fall detection, the systems can also provide location information using Google Maps as to the whereabouts of the fall event using the available GPS on the smartphone and sends the message to the caretaker via an SMS.


During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board of the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K.
Analysis of transport across TTL is performed using a new version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In this new version, the stratospheric model has been extended to the earth surface. Above the tropopause, the isentropic and cross-isentropic advection in CLaMS is driven by ECMWF winds and heating/cooling rates derived from a radiation calculation. Below the tropopause the model smoothly transforms from the isentropic to hybrid-pressure coordinate and, in this way, takes into account the effect of large-scale convective transport as implemented in the ECMWF vertical wind. As with other CLaMS simulations, the irreversible transport, i.e. mixing, is controlled by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates.
Stratospheric and tropospheric signatures in the TTL can be seen both in the observation and in the model. The composition of air above ≈350 K is mainly controlled by mixing on a time scale of weeks or even months. Based on CLaMS transport studies where mixing can be completely switched off, we deduce that vertical mixing, mainly driven by the vertical shear in the outflow regions of the large-scale convection and in the vicinity of the subtropical jets, is necessary to understand the upward transport of the tropospheric air from the main convective outflow around 350 K up to the tropical tropopause around 380 K. This mechanism is most effective if the outflow of the mesoscale convective systems interacts with the subtropical jets.


This study analyzes the change in whole-farm net revenues and nutrient reduction from the implementation of five best management practices (BMPs) on a typical beef and beef-poultry farm in Shenandoah County. Whole-farm net revenues, resource allocation, nutrient loss reductions, and the cost efficiency of reducing nutrient losses were analyzed to assess which BMPs are the most cost efficient to implement, assuming the baseline scenarios have no voluntarily applied BMPs. The effects of stacking additional BMPs, in combinations of two or more, were also assessed. No-till cropping, winter wheat cover crop, herbaceous riparian buffer, fencing, and P-based NMP were the BMPs that were analyzed. Incentive payments from state and federal governments were incorporated into the cost of BMP adoption. A brief analysis of a farmer's time value of money, with respect to incentive payments, was also conducted. Results indicated that no-till crop management was the most cost efficient BMP, and was the only BMP to increase net revenues for both farm models. Fencing and P-based NMP were the least cost efficient for the beef farm. For the beef-poultry farm, fencing was the least cost efficient. The implications of this study are that farmers that choose to adopt BMP should evaluate both their interests in maintaining (or increasing) farm net revenues along with their interest in improving water quality through the reduction of nutrient losses. There is potential for implementing multiple BMPs, while increasing net revenues from a farm's baseline scenario. For farmers and policy makers, no-till cropping can be a profitable and therefore cost efficient BMP to implement. Incentive payments are intended to encourage the adoption of BMPs by subsidizing a portion of the start-up costs. Policy makers should attempt to make cost-share payments reflect nutrient reduction goals. This can be done by analyzing both the compliance cost to farmers and the nutrient reduction effectiveness of BMPs.


Explains the phenomenon of "shaktipat, " the spiritual transmission of power from a teacher to a devotee - Shows how technology has eroded personal power and how insight and awareness can play a higher role in our lives - Reveals how insight is the vehicle for profound self-transformation "Shakti" is the creative force, the bonding power, that holds the universe together. "Shaktipat" is the moment when enlightenment is conferred upon a student instantaneously by his master's touch. The guru conferring "shaktipat" creates a bond of power in those who have accepted him or her as their teacher. In "Spiritual Initiation and the Breakthrough of Consciousness "Joseph Chilton Pearce describes his experience of "shaktipat "from his teacher Swami Muktananda. From this awakening Pearce experiences a dramatic shift of mind and comes to the realization that perception is reality and that insight is our only vehicle for profound self-transformation. Oneness with God is the birthright of every individual, though we are culturally vaccinated to resist experiencing this higher consciousness. Our search for objective truth has lead us not to wholeness, but instead to the belief that we have no bond to each other, to God, or to an inanimate, physical world. Our technology reduces our ability to experience revelation and leads us instead toward the chatter of confused thinking. The challenge faced by modern humanity, which is the challenge Muktananda gave to his students, is to passionately gather up the scattered fragments of our lives and channel them into the creative realm, where with insight or revelation we will be able to become more than ourselves.


The variant forms of idioms that have so far been encountered represent a broad class of relatively unmarked variation types in that despite the variety of their instantiations, none except red rag to a bull has involved the substitution of an idiomatic key word. This opens up marked variation, which will be discussed from this chapter forward. While idioms and their unmarked variants can be quite easily located in corpus data, the same cannot be said for marked variants. A study of variations made to the most salient constituents of an idiom, its key words or core collocation, necessarily involves the retrieval of versions which do not contain those words. This is exceptionally problematic in a corpus study: corpus query software is designed to retrieve specified words, but if those words cannot be identified before the data is analysed, how can they be extracted in the first place? This chapter starts with an overview of the paradox of finding the unfindable in corpus data, followed by an explanation of how it can be overcome. Later sections then deal with the variation tendencies that can be observed when colour words are substituted by replacement colour words, finding connections between referential, metaphorical and propositional meaning.


We studied the response in development times of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus to changes in temperature and food conditions. Grazing experiments were performed at different temperatures for both species, and the results were implemented in a stage‐resolved zooplankton population model that predicted development times from biomass increments controlled by ingestion and metabolic losses. Predictions were validated against development data from the literature, and show that C. finmarchicus develops faster than C. helgolandicus below 11°C and slower above. The different relative development rates of the species are related to different temperature responses in ingestion rates. A temperature increase of 1°C to 2°C may have consequences for the relative contribution of C. helgolandicus and C. finmarchicus to the copepod community, and both seasonal and spatial displacements of the Calanus populations can be expected under climate change.


Gaelic Football is the most popular sport in Ireland and is characterized by irregular changes of pace and high-intensity efforts interspersed with periods of light to moderate intensity activity. Speed, power and aerobic capacity are essential fitness components for optimal performance during match play. A high level of aerobic conditioning is required to generate and maintain power output during repeated high intensity activities.
Study 1: Anthropometric, physiological, metabolic and endurance exercise performance were evaluated in club level Gaelic football players (n=15) in response to 2 weeks of low volume short duration high-intensity interval training (LS-HIT) or high volume endurance training (HVET). Six sessions of LS-HIT and HVET induced similar improvements in endurance exercise performance. VO2max was increased significantly in the LS-HIT group only. There was no change in running economy or vVO2max following LS-HIT or HVET.
Study 2: This study compared the effect of 6 weeks of LS-HIT and HVET on anthropometric, physiological, metabolic and performance indices in club level Gaelic football players (n=25). Both groups had a similar significant increase in VO2max, vVO2max, Wingate anaerobic performance and endurance exercise performance. Running speed and jump performance did not change following LS-HIT and decreased significantly in response to HVET.
Study 3: The construct validity and determinants of repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests were evaluated in club and county level Gaelic football players (n=30). The RSA test involving 8 maximal 30 m sprints on a 22.5 sec cycle demonstrated construct validity. The ability to perform repeated sprints has a greater relation to running speed and power and blood lactate levels than indices of endurance performance.
Conclusion: LS-HIT is a time efficient strategy to induce aerobic adaptations normally associated with traditional HVET and maintain indices of speed and power in club level Gaelic football players. An RSA test involving 8 x 30 m sprints on a 22.5 sec cycle was superior in county than club level Gaelic football players.


The development of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) gateway is challenging for sites where limited infrastructures lead to frequent power shortages and network unreliability. In this paper, we present a low-power, low-cost 802.15.4 and 802.11 compatible solution which uses open source software to meet local conditions. Using the SunSPOT motes on a system which is mostly platform independent, our system is based on the Fox embedded Linux board and equipped with a USB flash drive and a USB WiFi adapter. The system can be solar powered, and the results of a solar system design are presented. All the hardware components are available off-the-shelf and are easy to assemble. We conclude that our system is preferred for applications in remote areas, where a stable power supply and a reliable network infrastructure are lacking. Furthermore, it can be used to extend the range of WSNs by layering a network of long-range motes above islands of low-range motes.


A regional unconformity lies beneath Harebell-Lance-Hell Creek nonmarine facies and above much older Meeteetse and Fox Hills marginal marine facies. This pre-Lancian unconformity (U 1 ) extends eastward from the Sevier overthrust belt in northwestern Wyoming to the southwest margin of the Williston cratonic basin in the tri-state area of Montana and the two Dakotas. Chronostratigraphic data from five areas scattered from west to east across 600 km of the Western Interior Basin bracket the ages of this unconformity with precision that is based on isotopic ages, magnetozone boundaries, and ammonite range zones. Deposition on top of this unconformable surface occurred 3.5 Myrs earlier in NW Wyoming than in SE Montana. The erosion represented by the unconformity migrated eastward with time, generally removing 2 Myrs of strata as it went. A tectonic cause is more probable than a eustatic one for the U 1 unconformity. If an erosional gap resulted from lowering global sea level, a larger time gap would have been produced on the eastern side of the Western Interior Basin than on the western side. Our data show the opposite pattern of ages: older and wider time gaps occur in the Jackson Hole Basin of NW Wyoming than are found in north-central Wyoming or in SE Montana. Sedimentological studies in the tri-state area in this and previous research shows that at the beginning of Lancian time, neither the Big Horn Mountains nor the Black Hills were uplifted source areas. Detailed sedimentological investigation has identified a trunk paleodrainage of the Hell Creek Formation in southeastern Montana (67 Ma to 65 Ma) that flowed to the east and southeast. Hell Creek and Lance drainage in central Montana and central northern Wyoming flowed northeast to east (Connor, 1992; Lillegraven and Ostresh, 1988) and represented tributary drainage to the trunk system of eastern Montana. The position of this trunk drainage follows the axis of the foreland basin, which by 67 Ma had shifted eastward into eastern Montana, half way between the Sevier overthrust belt and the North American craton. The Big Horn Mountains were uplifted approximately at the time of the K/T boundary, but this uplift lay sufficiently to the west that it did not divert southeast flowing Puercan drainages of the Tullock and Lower Ludlow members of the Fort Union Formation. At some time after the Puercan and prior to the mid-Torrejonian, the Black Hills were uplifted. This uplift produced a local unconformity (U 2 ) along the Miles City Arch, a structure that is co-axial with the Black Hills. This uplift diverted the regional paleodrainages of eastern Montana and western North Dakota from southeast to northeast. Early Paleocene Cannonball oscillatory, but generally westward transgressing changes in sea level seem to have been independent of the Black Hills uplift event that produced the U 2 unconformity along the Miles City Arch. Transgressions and regressions of the Cannonball sea were also apparently independent of the U 3 unconformity, and its correlative conformity that regionally lies beneath the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation, and above nonmarine facies of the Lebo and Ludlow members in eastern Montana and western North Dakota.


We report our observations on probe transmission, four-wave mixing (FWM), and fluorescence signals with dressing effect in two V-type three-level as well as in two two-level atomic systems. According to the phenomena observed in such systems, we find that the dressing effect at the same energy level can be affected by hyperfine structure and at different energy levels by transition dipole moment. We also find that both the x- and y-directional spatial splittings of probe beam and FWM signals are affected greatly by the dressing effect, which can also control the spatial shift and focusing of FWM signal. Studies on such controllable beam splitting can be very useful in understanding spatial pattern formation and applications of spatial signal processing.


In Wordsworth's Salisbury Plain (1793–94) and Adventures on Salisbury Plain (1795–99) the poet's sense of the congruence of human mind and nature is aligned to the relationship between affect and history. This interest in the emotional binding or severing of people and their environments speaks to the comfort asserted by the dwelling space's pastoral antecedents, particularly bringing into relief social inequity and the displaced working class. These concerns were part of Wordsworth's engagement with enclosure in England, and its close relation, the Poor Laws. His departures from the pastoral mode represent his response to an emerging predicament, something that is clearest at those points in the poems at which the innocence of the Golden Age is met with a murder, a sacrifice and a hanging. This concern with the capacity of pastoral to establish relationships between trauma and transfigurative accounts of nature takes place while Wordsworth is reworking pastoral for Lyrical Ballads – the high point in British Romantic poetry which gives birth to the modern lyric (Kane 271). In the two poems under discussion, speaking subjects evoke a large canvas of sombrous allegories of communities in crises. I consider Wordsworth's use of landscape and narrative that frames and colours dialogue through his modernising of a type of Eclogue, during a period that was to produce the social pattern of modern industrial England.


Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate attitudinal themes to antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs) in patients in an early intervention team (EIT). Methods: Interviews were carried out with outpatients purposively sampled from an EIT to represent patients currently prescribed antipsychotic LAIs, oral antipsychotics and those not prescribed antipsychotic medication. Interviews were conducted and analysed according to grounded theory. Recruitment stopped when saturation of themes was reached. Results: Interviews from 11 patients were analysed (median age 24 years). Attitudes to LAIs were condensed into three key categories: therapeutic alliance and the psychiatrists' recommendation of antipsychotic medication; patients' knowledge and beliefs about LAIs; and patients' views regarding the appropriateness of LAIs. Participants valued their psychiatrist's recommendation as to the most appropriate antipsychotic. Attitudes to LAIs varied but were most positive among those currently receiving a LAI. Among those not prescribed LAIs, some were open to considering a LAI if their clinician recommended it but others were opposed to such treatment and preferred tables. There was a lack of awareness of LAIs as a treatment option among those not prescribed a LAI. Delay in being offered a LAI was reported in the group currently prescribed a LAI. Several participants associated oral antipsychotics, LAIs and mental illness with stigma. Some not prescribed a LAI had misperceptions about the nature of this treatment. Participants regarded the advantages of LAIs as convenience and avoiding forgetting to take tablets, while disadvantages included injection pain, fear of needles and coercion. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge, misperceptions and stigma related to LAIs and other treatment options should be addressed by providing patients with accurate information. This will facilitate patients being involved in choices about treatment, and should they decide to accept medication, which drug and formulation is most appropriate for their needs. Clinicians should avoid making assumptions about patients' attitudes to LAIs; attitudes vary but some early intervention patients not prescribed LAIs are open to considering this treatment. Antipsychotic prescribing should result from a shared decision-making process in which clinicians and patients openly discuss the pros and cons of different formulations and drugs. The themes identified in this qualitative study require further exploration using quantitative methodology.


The interrelationship between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton in mechanoregulation of integrin-mediated adhesions is poorly understood. Here, we show that the effects of microtubules on two major types of cell-matrix adhesions, focal adhesions and podosomes, are mediated by KANK family proteins connecting the adhesion protein talin with microtubule tips. Both total microtubule disruption and microtubule uncoupling from adhesions by manipulations with KANKs trigger a massive assembly of myosin-IIA filaments. Myosin-IIA filaments, augmenting the focal adhesions and disrupting the podosomes, are indispensable effectors in the microtubule-dependent regulation of integrin-mediated adhesions. Myosin-IIA filament assembly depends on Rho activation by the RhoGEF, GEF-H1, which is trapped by microtubules when they are connected with integrin-mediated adhesions via KANK proteins but released after their disconnection. Thus, microtubule capturing by integrin-mediated adhesions modulates the GEF-H1dependent effect of microtubules on the myosin-IIA filaments. Subsequent actomyosin reorganization then remodels the focal adhesions and podosomes, closing the regulatory loop.


Agglomeration economies are a persistent subject of debate in regional science and city planning. Their definition turns on whether or not larger cities are more efficient than smaller ones. Here, we complement existing discussions on agglomeration economies by providing a sensitivity analysis of estimated externalities to the definitions of urban agglomeration. We regress wages versus population and jobs over thousands of different definitions of cities in France, based on an algorithmic aggregation of spatial units. We also search for evidence of larger inequalities in larger cities. This paper therefore focuses on the spatial and economic complexity of the mechanisms defining agglomeration within and between cities.


Somatic DNA copy number variations (CNVs) are prevalent in cancer and can drive cancer progression albeit with often uncharacterized roles in altering cell signaling states. Here, we integrated genomic and proteomic data for 5598 tumor samples to identify CNVs leading to aberrant signal transduction. The resulting associations recapitulated known kinase-substrate relationships and further network analysis prioritized likely driver genes. A total of 44 robust pan-cancer gene-phosphosite associations were replicated in cell line samples. Of these, ARHGEF17, a predicted regulator of hippo-signaling, was further studied through (phospho)proteomics analysis where ARHGEF17 knockdown cells showed dys-regulation of hippo- and p38 signaling as well as immune related pathways. Using, RNAi, CRISPR and drug screening data we find evidence of kinase addiction in cancer cell lines identifying inhibitors for targeting of 'kinase-dependent' cell lines. We propose copy number status of genes as useful predictors of differential impact of kinase inhibition, a strategy that may be of use in the future for anticancer therapies.


What do narratives by British suffragettes of being forcibly fed have in common with the representation of indigenous women in Canadian police archives? How are literary representations of domestic violence related to the use of silence as a strategy of resistance in African American women's writing? How are modernist fictions of gay male desire connected with ambiguous sexual performances in rock music or with images of Vietnam veterans in American horror movies? What does a narrative of women's participation in Bengali national resistance movements share with an ethnographic study of prostitution in Papua New Guinea? These are the some of the specific questions raised by the essays in this volume, which examines a wide variety of historical and cultural locations where differently sexed, gendered, and racialized bodies have been constructed. More generally, this volume addresses theoretical debates over whether embodiment is best understood through representations or performances. Are bodies written or enacted? The different answers to these questions have important consequences for how we understand the inscription of bodies with systems of power and the possibilities that exist for resisting those systems. [ go to the Genders website ]


Resonance-domain diffractive optics covers the region where the characteristic feature sizes in the surface-relief modulation structure of the diffractive optical element are comparable to the wavelength of light; it may be viewed as a bridge between synthetic holography and the electromagnetic theory of diffraction gratings and rough surfaces. We consider the problem of synthesizing, in the framework of the electromagnetic theory, various types of periodic resonance-domain diffractive optical elements that utilize several diffraction orders. Parametric optimization is used to design one-to-N fan-out elements, N-to-N star couplers, and polarization-controlled optical beam splitters and switches with close to 100% efficiencies and no undesired diffraction orders in the image half-space. Reflection-type fan-out gratings with six and seven output beams are demonstrated experimentally at λ = 10.6 μm.


Abstract Many archaeological sites with jadeitite artefacts are known in the Caribbean region, but defining the source of the raw material is a major problem because of great mineralogical heterogeneity both in potential sources and in artefacts. The archaeological settlement site of Playa Grande on the northern coast of the Dominican Republic is particularly significant because it yielded evidence of on-site axe manufacture, and lies only 20–30 km NE of a recently discovered potential source area of serpentinite mélanges in the nearby Río San Juan Complex (RSJC). A suite of nine artefacts was chosen from a collection of over 100 excavated woodworking tools rich in jadeite, as well as two blueschist artefacts. Permission to perform destructive analysis allowed data on petrography, mineral chemistry and bulk-rock chemistry to be obtained. Seven of the nine artefacts are jadeitite sensu stricto (>90 vol% jadeite), which are identical to material known from the RSJC. Two artefacts are jadeite–lawsonite rocks. These and the two blueschists show only minor differences from corresponding rocks of the RSJC source. With this direct linking of source and site material, it is now possible to better define source discriminators for the Caribbean and to assess sampling bias.


Since the 1980s anthropogenic aerosols have been considerably reduced in Europe and the Mediterranean area. This decrease is often considered as the likely cause of the brightening effect observed over the same period. This phenomenon is however hardly reproduced by global and regional climate models. Here we use an original approach based on reanalysis‐driven coupled regional climate system modeling to show that aerosol changes explain 81 ± 16% of the brightening and 23 ± 5% of the surface warming simulated for the period 1980–2012 over Europe. The direct aerosol effect is found to dominate in the magnitude of the simulated brightening. The comparison between regional simulations and homogenized ground‐based observations reveals that observed surface solar radiation and land and sea surface temperature spatiotemporal variations over the Euro‐Mediterranean region are only reproduced when simulations include the realistic aerosol variations.


We consider a Bayesian approach to nonlinear inverse problems in which the unknown quantity is a random field (spatial or temporal). The Bayesian approach contains a natural mechanism for regularization in the form of prior information, can incorporate information from heterogeneous sources and provide a quantitative assessment of uncertainty in the inverse solution. The Bayesian setting casts the inverse solution as a posterior probability distribution over the model parameters. The Karhunen-Loeve expansion is used for dimension reduction of the random field. Furthermore, we use a hierarchical Bayes' model to inject multiscale data in the modeling framework. In this Bayesian framework, we show that this inverse problem is well-posed by proving that the posterior measure is Lipschitz continuous with respect to the data in total variation norm. Computational challenges in this construction arise from the need for repeated evaluations of the forward model (e.g., in the context of MCMC) and are compounded by high dimensionality of the posterior. We develop two-stage reversible jump MCMC that has the ability to screen the bad proposals in the first inexpensive stage. Numerical results are presented by analyzing simulated as well as real data from hydrocarbon reservoir. This article has supplementary material available online.


Born in 1965 as an organizing tool within Cesar Chavez's United Farm Workers union, El Teatro Campesino became the premier Chicana/o performance ensemble to emerge out of the Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s. This study demythologizes and reinterprets the company's history from its origins in California's farm labor struggles to its successes in Europe and on Broadway until the disbanding of the original collective ensemble in 1980 with the subsequent adoption of mainstream production techniques. Yolanda Broyles-Gonzalez corrects many misconceptions concerning the Teatro's creation and evolution. She draws from a rich storehouse of previously untapped material, such as interviews with numerous ensemble members, production notes, and unpublished diaries, to highlight the reality of the collective creation that characterized the Teatro's work.Writing within contemporary cultural studies theory, Broyles-Gonzalez sheds light on class, gender, race, and cultural issues. Her work situates the Teatro within working-class Mexican performance history, the Chicano movement, gender relations, and recent attempts to mainstream.


As immigration and mobility increases, so do interactions between people from different linguistic backgrounds. Yet while linguistic diversity offers many benefits, it also comes with a number of challenges. In seven empirical articles and one commentary, this Special Issue addresses some of the most significant language challenges facing researchers in the 21st century: the power language has to form and perpetuate stereotypes, the contribution language makes to intersectional identities, and the role of language in shaping intergroup relations. By presenting work that aims to shed light on some of these issues, the goal of this Special Issue is to (a) highlight language as integral to social processes and (b) inspire researchers to address the challenges we face. To keep pace with the world's constantly evolving linguistic landscape, it is essential that we make progress toward harnessing language's power in ways that benefit 21st century globalized societies.


The uptown girls are headed downtown as Serena and Jenny take on their new fabulous roles as rock-star model girlfriends of New York's hottest band, The Raves. Meanwhile, Dan is to busy drowning his sorrows in empty bottles to notice a mysterious French beauty who has a penchant for dirty, Jim Morrison-wannabe lead singers. Blair takes residence at the Plaza to think about her future. Will she become a gun-toting international spy or Manhattan's snobbiest society hostess? Decisions are so difficult! Sounds like everyone needs a day off at the spa. And Senior Spa Day promises to serve up further doses of scandal for New York's busiest private-school vixens.


This proceeding contains 375 papers presented at the 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering which was held in Orlando, Florida, 2-6 September, 1996. The book is divided into six parts: 1) Characteristics of coastal waves and currents; 2) long waves and storm surges; 3) coastal structures; 4)coastal processes and sediment transport; 5) coastal, estuarine and environmental problems; and 6) case studies. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms and currents as well as the study of sedimentation, erosion and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both theoretical and practical information, these papers provide the civil engineer and professionals in related fields with a broad range of information on coastal engineering.


We provide a framework for the analysis of term structures of credit spreads on corporate bonds in the presence of informational asymmetries. While bond investors observe default incidents, we suppose that they have incomplete information on the firm's assets and/or the threshold asset level at which informed equity investors liquidate the firm. As a natural tool for the characterization of conditional default probabilities, prices of default-contingent claims, and credit spreads, we construct the compensator of default in terms of investors' threshold prior and the conditional running minimum asset distribution. With perfect asset observation, a new phenomenon appears: the default compensator is singular. Here an arrival intensity for default does not exist even though the default is completely unpredictable. In a setting where the assets of the firm follow a geometric Brownian motion, we show that the term structure of credit spreads is decreasing or hump-shaped, depending on the level of the current asset value. Spreads for maturities going to zero are only positive if the assets are at an historic low and the firm is quite risky. With imperfect asset observation, an arrival intensity for default does exist. This intensity is characterized through the compensator. In the geometric Brownian motion setting, the spread term structure is always decreasing with strictly positive spreads.


This chapter presents a broad overview of the likely benefits that nanotechnologies can bring to the consumer, and discusses the main drivers for the new technological innovations that are likely to revolutionise the food sector. It analyses the role of nanotechnologies in meeting the global challenges that have placed increasing demands on the agri-food sector, in terms of provision of a sustainable supply of food for the growing world population, whilst maintaining food safety and quality, and enhancing the crucial role of food in preventive healthcare. It highlights the various positive aspects of nanotechnology applications in everyday food products, which are aimed at benefiting the consumer, for example in terms of healthy, affordable, and tasteful food products. Nanotechnologies will also enable a reduction in food waste by extending the shelf life of food products, and will cater for different lifestyles and individual needs of the consumer. The chapter concludes that, to benefit from the new developments, consumers need to develop a trust in the applications, and that the new technological advancements must be aimed at addressing the needs and aspirations of the consumers, and not for the benefit of the industry alone.


In this contribution we introduce an extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart matching technique for the design of two serially concatenated irregular codecs, each constituted by a variety of component codes. This approach facilitates a higher degree of design freedom than matching the EXIT function of an irregular codec to that of a regular codec, comprising only a single component code. As a result, a narrower EXIT chart tunnel can be created, facilitating operation at Eb/N0 values that are closer to the channel's capacity bound. This is demonstrated for a serial concatenation of iteratively decoded irregular variable length coding (IrVLC) and irregular unity rate coding (IrURC), which is favourably compared with an IrVLC and regular unity rate coding (URC) based benchmarker. Finally, we show that the iterative decoding complexity of our IrVLCIrURC scheme can be reduced by about 25% upon employing a method of jointly performing EXIT chart matching, while seeking a reduced iterative decoding complexity.


Artificial organs are manmade organ devices that are implanted in human living tissue to replace a natural organ when there is a necessity to perform a specific function. The main aim of this study was to assess the awareness about the risk factors and complications in artificial organ transplants among college students. A self-structured questionnaire was circulated among college students through online google forms link. The responses were collected, and the results were statistically analysed in SPSS software. The results were represented in the form of pie charts and graphs. Results and conclusion: Majority of the survey population are aware that there are artificial organs engineered. They also think artificial organs can be as effective as natural organs and they may also have some side effects. Hence the awareness and knowledge about artificial organs is assessed. This survey may bring out changes in the field of organ transplants in the future.


Religious studies of fertility typically focus on the effect of religious affiliation on fertility; the role of religiosity in determining fertility remains overlooked. Meanwhile, most studies focus on studying female fertility; whether religion and religiosity have significantly different impacts on men's and women's fertility rarely has been examined. To fill these gaps, this study uses data from the 2002 NSFG Cycle 6 on religious affiliation, religiosity, and children ever born (CEB) for both men and women to investigate the effects of religious affiliation and religiosity on male and female fertility. A series of hypotheses which aim to demonstrate the critical role of religiosity, particularly the importance of religious beliefs in people's daily life in shaping people's fertility behavior are tested. The findings show a shrinking pattern of fertility differentials among religious groups. However, religiosity, particularly religious beliefs, shows a substantially positive effect on fertility. The gender interaction terms are not significant which indicates that the effects of religion and religiosity on fertility do not vary by gender.


The health development and critical transition period of preteen to adolescence are subject to adverse experiences and prevalent risk behaviors that may negatively influence mental health. Emerging issues of depression and suicide among school-aged youths present a global epidemic. Well-designed interventions, such as school-based programs, align with national strategies and health initiatives to reduce suicide rates and facilitate treatment of concerning symptoms. Database searches for school-based, suicide, depression, prevention, and screening literature from 2012-2017 identified 12 relevant studies selected for review. Mental wellness and suicide prevention curricula must successfully improve wisdom, enhance coping skills/resilience, and foster relationships which support help-seeking behavior and provide intervention services. Health promotion, mental health assessment, and subsequent treatment addressing elements of suicidal ideation and self-harm are critical to plan design. Research findings continue to emphasize the need for validated effective prevention programs and additional research. Adopting ongoing intervention strategies is necessary to prevent further disparity. Innovative approaches to care possess significant value in addressing the dynamic health needs of adolescents suffering from depression and suicide. SCHOOL-BASED SUICIDE PREVENTION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION 3


We report the observation of giant quantum coherence effects in the localized modes of ionized hydrogen in synthetic fluorite. Infrared free induction decay experiments on the substitutional H- center show dramatic modulations at negative delay times due to interference between multiple vibrational levels. Spectrally resolving the degenerate four wave mixing signal allows unambiguous assignments of the participating vibrational states. The dependence of the signal intensity upon the delay path between the exciting free electron laser pulses can be accounted for in terms of the resonant third order polarization with a common dephasing time for the excited states.


In Ktunaxa Nation v British Columbia (Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations), the Supreme Court of Canada addressed, for the first time, a religious freedom claim under the Charter based on Indigenous spiritual beliefs and practices. The Indigenous Ktunaxa Nation had opposed the development of a ski resort in the area of Qat'muk, also called Upper Jumbo Valley. They said Qat'muk is sacred because of its association with the Grizzly Bear Spirit and, should the proposed development be carried out, the Grizzly Bear Spirit would leave, destroying Qat'muk's spiritual significance. The Court held that the Charter right of religious does not protect the "spiritual focal point of worship." Because the Ktunaxa Nation was seeking to protect the Grizzly Bear Spirit itself, the Court reasoned, its claim fell outside the Charter's ambit.

We argue that this development could yield results inconsistent with the purposes of protecting religious freedom and is likely to have disproportionately onerous effects on Indigenous spiritual practices. We highlight these effects by presenting some of the historical context of land grants made by colonial powers to dominant religious groups allied with the settler state. To the extent that Ktunaxa suggests that religious groups should rely on property rights rather than religious freedom, the approach privileges dominant groups over non-Indigenous religious minorities because of historical grants made by the state, which also dispossessed Indigenous groups. We suggest that a more appropriate approach to reconciling religious freedom interests with the property interests of the Crown or third parties is to be found in the existing case law on the interaction of religious freedom and zoning regulations. Finally, we suggest that land selection processes under modern treaty negotiations present yet another way to avoid conflict.


We review recent progress in inducing and harnessing stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in integrated photonic circuits. Exciting SBS in a chip-scale device is challenging due to the stringent requirements on materials and device geometry. We discuss these requirements, which include material parameters, such as optical refractive index and acoustic velocity, and device properties, such as acousto-optic confinement. Recent work on SBS in nano-photonic waveguides and micro-resonators is presented, with special attention paid to photonic integration of applications such as narrow-linewidth lasers, slow- and fast-light, microwave signal processing, Brillouin dynamic gratings, and nonreciprocal devices.


Embodied conversational agents (ECA) have potential as facilitators for health interventions. However, their utility is limited as long as people must sit down in front of a computer to access them. This paper describes a project that is deploying an ECA on a handheld computer, and using it to assist in a psychosocial intervention aimed at providing training in problem solving skills. The agent is based upon the virtual trainer/counselor in the pedagogical drama Carmen's Bright IDEAS, adapted for handheld use and for interaction with a human caregiver. The system will go into clinical trails in August of 2004. The paper discusses the design and technical issues involved in the transition from laptop computer to handheld device and from 3rd-person view to first-person interaction, and the plan for evaluation. The clinical trial is designed both to evaluate psychosocial outcomes and to assess user preferences in ECA interaction modalities over the course of multiple sessions of use.


The feeding behavior, digestive efficiency, growth, and survival of post-larval abalone Haliotis asinina fed with 5 species of locally isolated benthic diatom strains ( Navicula mollis , N. ramosissima , Stauroneis sp., Pleurosigma sp., and Cocconeis sp.) were examined in the laboratory. Two 15-day feeding trials using 1 mm post-larvae were conducted. No significant differences were observed in sizes of post-larval abalone after 15 days in all diatom treatments ( P >0.05). However, in both trials, Cocconeis sp. resulted in high survival rates (88.9±5.6% and 80.0±20.0% for Trials 1 and 2, respectively). Cocconeis sp. was efficiently digested by post-larval abalone, with most of the cells being ruptured during ingestion and/or passage through the gut. One diatom strain, Pleurosigma sp., resulted to a high survival but produced the slowest growth rate ( -1 SL). It was probably not ingested easily during the experiment due to its large size or mobility. For the other diatom strains, N. mollis and N. ramosissima , most cells passed through the gut with the cells left intact. Stauroneis sp. is highly digestible, but did not result to high survival, although the remaining live post-larval abalone fed on this diatom as well as on N. mollis grew faster during the second week of both feeding trials. N. ramosissima resulted to poorest survival rate ( Cocconeis sp. showed a fairly high growth rate, digestion efficiency, and survival rate. N. mollis which gave a fairly high survival rate and Stauroneis may be added towards the later stages of post-larval rearing as well as other large diatoms. The digestion efficiency of diatom strains is considered an important factor determining its dietary value, but other factors may also be important such as volume contents, biochemical composition, and other physical characteristics.


Urban planning in Ghana in the last few decades has been constrained by the rapid pace of urbanisation. Despite the prospects of urbanisation in economic growth and socio-political advancement, it has the tendency to generate unprecedented cultural, political, social and environmental challenges which limit the effectiveness of urban planning. Evidence the world over reveals that though there is no rigid blue-print for urban planning, the traditional planning practices have been renounced to contain the current trends in urban spread and development. In Ghana however, the traditional planning practices are still in use manifesting in poor coordination among urban planners and the use of obsolete city bylaws, which results in creating further urban problems such as slums development. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that poor coordination among city authorities and inflexible city bylaws and regulations could lead to the formation of slums. Quantitative and qualitative data on access to basic infrastructure and utilities were gathered from households, enterprise owners and community leaders at Old Fadama in Accra, Amui Dzor in Ashaiman and Akwatia Line in Kumasi, using semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides, respectively. Key informant interviews were also held with utility providers to understand how they work together as a team. The findings show that traditional bureaucratic cultures contributed to the development of informal settlements in Ghana. Electricity Company of Ghana, the Ghana Water Company Limited and the Town and Country Planning Department has not been working closely with slum dwellers that also form part of the urban milieu. Thus, access to basic life-sustaining utilities is limited and unplanned resulting in losses to the utility companies due to illegal tapping of such services. The paper concludes that where coordination among the city authorities is weak and regulations are inflexible, the development of slums is very fast and at an unprecedented rate, as is observed in the three informal settlements studied.


New Jersey's Rules on Coastal Zone Management define coastal policies which guide public decisions about significant proposed development and management of resources of New Jersey's coastal zone. These Rules establish criteria for permit decisions under the Coastal Area Facility Review Act, the Waterfront Development Law and the Wetlands Act. One area of increasing regulatory concern, particularly with the prospect of accelerated sea level rise, is the oceanfront zone, which is vulnerable to repeated beach and dune erosion. In an effort to regulate development in this sensitive area, an Erosion Hazard Areas policy was developed and incorporated into the above Rules, as adopted in September 1978. The original policy set forth a procedure for identifying erosion hazard areas along the New Jersey shore, through the use of an aerial photograph comparison technique. However, this technique was limited to a data set which included only two years (1952 and 1971), and essentially represented a simple time/distance measurement of shoreline movement. These data did not provide for a long-term shoreline change evaluation. In an effort to collect more reliable long-term data, and to develop a more effective Erosion Hazard Areas policy, the Division of Coastal Resources obtained a series of historical shoreline change maps, and an associated computer mapping program, which were produced using the metric mapping technique. This technique utilizes the high-speed data processing capabilities of the computer to compile, correct and compare various shoreline data from different years and at different scales. These maps, which meet or exceed National Map Accuracy Standards, are used to establish long-term annual rates of shoreline change and to implement the revised Erosion Hazard Areas policy.


Mammalian multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are classified into three subfamilies: classes I, II, and III. We previously showed that two of these families act as polyspecific H(+)-coupled transporters of organic cations (OCs) at final excretion steps in liver and kidney (Otsuka et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 17923-17928, 2005; Omote et al. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27: 587-593, 2006). Rodent MATE2 proteins are class III MATE transporters, the molecular nature, as well as transport properties, of which remain to be characterized. In the present study, we investigated the transport properties and localization of mouse MATE2 (mMATE2). On expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, mMATE2 localized to the intracellular organelles and plasma membrane. mMATE2 mediated pH-dependent TEA transport with substrate specificity similar to, but distinct from, that of mMATE1, which prefers N-methylnicotinamide and guanidine as substrates. mMATE2 expressed in insect cells was solubilized and reconstituted with bacterial H(+)-ATPase into liposomes. The resultant proteoliposomes exhibited ATP-dependent uptake of TEA that was sensitive to carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone but unaffected by valinomycin in the presence of K(+). Immunologic techniques using specific antibodies revealed that mMATE2 was specifically expressed in testicular Leydig cells. Thus mMATE2 appears to act as a polyspecific H(+)/OC exporter in Leydig cells. It is concluded that all classes of mammalian MATE proteins act as polyspecific and electroneutral transporters of organic cations.


Tardive dyskinesia (TD), characterized by oro-buccal-lingual stereotypy, can manifest in the form of akathisia, dystonia, tics, tremor, chorea, or as a combination of different types of abnormal movements. In addition to movement disorders (including involuntary vocalizations), patients with TD may have a variety of sensory symptoms, such as urge to move (as in akathisia), paresthesias, and pain. TD is a form of tardive syndrome—a group of iatrogenic hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents. The pathophysiology of TD remains poorly understood, and treatment of this condition is often challenging. In this update, we provide the most current information on the history, nomenclature, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, phenomenology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of TD.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to define the metabolic abnormalities underlying the prediabetic status of isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and combined IFG/IGT in obese youth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used state-of-the-art techniques (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamps), applying a model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion to the glucose and C-peptide concentration, in 40 normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 17 IFG, 23 IGT, and 11 IFG/IGT obese adolescents. Percent fat (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), age, gender and ethnicity were comparable among groups.

RESULTS
Peripheral insulin sensitivity was similar between the IFG and NGT groups. In contrast, the IGT and IFG/IGT groups showed marked reductions in peripheral insulin sensitivity (P < 0.002). Basal hepatic insulin resistance index (basal hepatic glucose production x fasting plasma insulin) was significantly increased in IFG, IGT, and IFG/IGT (P < 0.009) compared with NGT. Glucose sensitivity of first-phase insulin secretion was progressively lower in IFG, IGT, and IFG/IGT compared with NGT. Glucose sensitivity of second-phase secretion showed a statistically significant defect only in the IFG/IGT group. In a multivariate regression analysis, glucose sensitivity of first-phase secretion and basal insulin secretion rate were significant independent predictors of FPG (total r(2) = 25.9%).

CONCLUSIONS
IFG, in obese adolescents, is linked primarily to alterations in glucose sensitivity of first-phase insulin secretion and liver insulin sensitivity. The IGT group is affected by a more severe degree of peripheral insulin resistance and reduction in first-phase secretion. IFG/IGT is hallmarked by a profound insulin resistance and by a new additional defect in second-phase insulin secretion.


A model is proposed to describe the fundamental read range limitation due to the local oscillator phase noise in the reader, in IF-based, far-field RFID systems using amplitude-shift keying backscatter modulation. The relation between the system parameters (such as the data transfer rate) and the read range is discussed. The model is validated by measurements done on two different laboratory tag-reader systems.


In the first part of this article I propose a reflection on the religious experience such as it is recounted by certain adolescents during the celebration of the « mystery ». I will then review succinctly the social order established by religion. In this confrontation between « subjective and objective rite », the second part of the article will show how it is necessary to situate their encounter at the deepest level which is that of otherness, that is, of the inter-subjectal bond. The argument will follow accounts by two writers on the mystery in question : that of F.-R. de Chateaubriand and that of A. Gide.


For some years a shift has been observable in many European countries towards stricter conditions for people who want to enter, settle or apply for citizenship in the country. One of the new (or renewed) conditions for obtaining citizenship is language proficiency. Because of the diversity in Europe, the socio-political context in which these conditions have been set up and in which language tests have been developed differs considerably. At the same time policy makers strive for transparency and uniformity in migration policies across Europe. This chapter identifies and illustrates cross-national tendencies regarding conditions for admission, integration and naturalization of immigrants.


Oxygen consumption rates (OCR), aerobic mineralization and sulfate reduction rates (SRR) were studied in the permeable carbonate reef sediments of Heron Reef, Australia. We selected 4 stations with different hydrodynamic regimes for this study. In situ oxygen penetration into the sediments was measured with an autonomous microsensor profiler. Areal OCR were quantified from the measured oxygen penetration depth and volumetric OCR. Oxygen penetration and dynamics (median penetration depths at the 4 stations ranged between 0.3 and 2.2 cm), OCR (median 57 to 196 mmol C m(-2) d(-1)), aerobic mineralization (median 24 to 176 mmol C m(-2) d(-1)) and SRR (median 9 to 42 mmol C m(-2) d(-1)) were highly variable between sites. The supply of oxygen by pore water advection was a major cause for high mineralization rates by stimulating aerobic mineralization at all sites. However, estimated bottom water filtration rates could not explain the differences in volumetric OCR and SRR between the 4 stations. This suggests that local mineralization rates are additionally controlled by factors other than current driven pore water advection, e.g. by the distribution of the benthic fauna or by local differences in labile organic carbon supply from sources such as benthic photosynthesis. Carbon mineralization rates were among the highest reported for coral reef sediments, stressing the role of these sediments in the functioning of the reef ecosystem.


Anthropogenic land-use and land cover changes (LULCC) affect global climate and global terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. However, relatively few studies have quantified the impacts of future LULCC on terrestrial carbon cycle. Here, using Earth system model simulations performed with and without future LULCC, under the RCP8.5 scenario, we find that in response to future LULCC, the carbon cycle is substantially weakened: browning, lower ecosystem C stocks, higher C loss by disturbances and higher C turnover rates are simulated. Projected global greening and land C storage are dampened, in all models, by 22% and 24% on average and projected C loss by disturbances enhanced by ~49% when LULCC are taken into account. By contrast, global net primary productivity is found to be only slightly affected by LULCC (robust +4% relative enhancement compared to all forcings, on average). LULCC is projected to be a predominant driver of future C changes in regions like South America and the southern part of Africa. LULCC even cause some regional reversals of projected increased C sinks and greening, particularly at the edges of the Amazon and African rainforests. Finally, in most carbon cycle responses, direct removal of C dominates over the indirect CO2 fertilization due to LULCC. In consequence, projections of land C sequestration potential and Earth's greening could be substantially overestimated just because of not fully accounting for LULCC.


The proposed system utilizes the concept of multi hop communication in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). On the other hand, the single hop communication leads to more power dissipation in the nodes at the time of transmitting sensed data. The proposed system rectifies the above mentioned problem with the multi hop communication among the finite number of nodes to determine the distance for transferring information from source node to base station using the Fuzzy logical method. In a nutshell, the multi hop communication leads the better solution for saving the transmission energy in the wireless environment.


The Hermetic Museum takes its readers on a magical mystery tour spanning an arc from the mediaeval cosmogram and images of Christian mysticism, through the fascinating world of alchemy to the art of the Romantic era. The enigmatic hieroglyphs of cabbalists, Rosicrucians and freemasons are shown to be closely linked with the early scientific illustrations in the fields of medicine, chemistry, optics, and color theory.


The performance of density functional theory methods for the modeling of condensed aqueous systems is hard to predict and validation by ab initio molecular simulation of liquid water is absolutely necessary. In order to assess the reliability of these tests, the effect of temperature on the structure and dynamics of liquid water has been characterized with 16 simulations of 20 ps in the temperature range of 280-380 K. We find a pronounced influence of temperature on the pair correlation functions and on the diffusion constant including nonergodic behavior on the time scale of the simulation in the lower temperature range (which includes ambient temperature). These observations were taken into account in a consistent comparison of a series of density functionals (BLYP, PBE, TPSS, OLYP, HCTH120, HCTH407). All simulations were carried out using an ab initio molecular dynamics approach in which wave functions are represented using Gaussians and the density is expanded in an auxiliary basis of plane waves. Whereas the first three functionals show similar behavior, it is found that the latter three functionals yield more diffusive dynamics and less structure.


Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2003. 307 pp. $58.50. This book deals with the fabric of relations between Israel, Syria, and Lebanon, three neighboring countries whose destiny has been combined ever since they emerged as independent states and even before that. Their joint history is a history of conflict and struggle. The book focuses on this conflict, its roots and its development along the years. At the same time, it gives special emphasis to the futile efforts during the 1990s to bring this conflict to an end. The last part of the book thus raises the question of why the three states failed to overcome the difficulties and bridge the wide gap of hostility and animosity that separated them. The book starts with a quote from a book written in 1905 by one of the founders and the first thinkers of the Arab national movement, Najib Azory. The quote deals with the unavoidable conflict, according to the writer, between Jews and Arabs in Palestine that might even spread all over the entire region. In his book Le Reveil de la Nation Arabe dans l'Asie Turque, which should be considered as a prophecy, Azory writes: "Two important phenomena, of the same nature but opposed, are emerging at this moment in Asiatic Turkey. They are the awakening of the Arab nation and the latent effort of the Jews to reconstitute on a very large scale the ancient kingdom of Israel. These two movements are destined to confront each other continuously, until one prevails over the other. The final outcome of this struggle, between two peoples that represent two contradictory principles, may shape the destiny of the whole world." Rabil's decision to start his book with this quote is not accidental and does reflect one of the main and central arguments of his research. Indeed, according to Rabil the Israeli-Syrian-Lebanese conflict should be looked at as a deep and ideological conflict with historical background that should not be ignored. It is not merely a conflict between two states, but one between two ideological concepts. After all, Syria emerged from Arabism and still considered itself Arab before being Syrian. This is an important and significant argument especially against the background of the arguments that were heard often after the collapse of the Israeli-Syrian peace negotiations in early 2000, according to which this collapse was a result of a disagreement about a small piece of land of about ten meters along the northern part of the shore of the Sea of Galilee. In Rabil's eyes this is to ignore the essence of the conflict and its deep roots and diversity of dimensions. …


Although the collection of biometrics — including face recognition-ready photographs — seems like science fiction; it is already a well-established part of our lives in the United States. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) each have the largest biometrics databases in the world, and both agencies are working to add extensive facial recognition capabilities. The FBI has partnered with several states to collect face recognition-ready photographs of all suspects arrested and booked, and, in December 2011, DHS signed a $71 million dollar contract with Accenture to incorporate facial recognition and allow real-time biometrics sharing with the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Department of Defense (DOD). State and local law enforcement agencies are also adopting and expanding their own biometrics databases to incorporate face recognition, and are using handheld mobile devices to allow biometrics collection in "the field." The scope of government-driven biometrics data collection is well-matched by private-sector collection. Facebook, which uses face recognition by default to scan all photos uploaded to its site, states that its users uploaded more than 300 million photos every day in the three months ending on March 31, 2012. And Face.com, which developed Facebook's face recognition tools and was recently acquired by the company, stated in March that it had indexed 31 billion face images. Other companies, from large technology companies like Google and Apple to small smartphone app providers, also provide face recognition products to their customers, and private companies are using biometric identification for everything from preventing unauthorized access to computers and corporate facilities to preventing unauthorized access to the gym. Face recognition is here to stay, and, though many Americans may not realize it, they are already in a face recognition database. Facebook refuses to say how many face prints it has in its database and whether it creates a face print for photos of non-Facebook users. However, given that Facebook has approximately 170 million active monthly users in the United States alone, at least 54% of the United States population already has a face print. Face recognition technology, like other biometrics programs that collect, store, share and combine sensitive and unique data poses critical threats to privacy and civil liberties. Biometrics in general are immutable, readily accessible, individuating and can be highly prejudicial. Face recognition, though, takes the risks inherent in other biometrics to a new level because Americans cannot take precautions to prevent the collection of their image. Face recognition allows for covert, remote and mass capture and identification of images — and the photos that may end up in a database include not just a person's face but also how she is dressed and possibly whom she is with. This creates threats to free association and free expression not evident in other biometrics. Americans cannot participate in society without exposing their faces to public view. Similarly, connecting with friends, family and the broader world through social media has quickly become a daily (and some would say necessary) experience for Americans of all ages. Though face recognition implicates important First and Fourth Amendment values, it is unclear whether the Constitution would protect against over-collection. Without legal protections in place, it could be relatively easy for the government or private companies to amass a database of images on all Americans. This presents opportunities for Congress to develop legislation that would protect Americans from inappropriate and excessive biometrics collection. The Constitution creates a baseline, but Congress can legislate significant additional privacy protections. As I discuss further below, Congress could use statutes like the Wiretap Act and the Video Privacy Protection Act as models for this legislation. Both were passed in direct response to privacy threats posed by new technologies and each includes meaningful limits and protections to guard against over-collection, retention and misuse of data. This testimony will discuss some of the larger current and proposed facial recognition collection programs and their implications for privacy and civil liberties in a democratic society. It will also review some of the laws that may govern biometrics collection and will outline best practices for developing effective and responsible biometrics programs — and legislation to regulate those programs — in the future.


Case-Based Reasoning is one of the methods used in expert systems. Calculation of similarity degree among the cases has always been an important aspect in CBR as the system will attempt to identify cases with the highest of similarity degree in a case-base to provide solutions for new problems. In this research, a CBR model with input text processing for diagnosing mood [affective] disorder is developed. It correlates with the increased tendency of mood disorder in accordance with the dynamics of the economic and political situation. Calculation of similarity degree among the cases is one of the main focuses in this research. This study proposed a new method to calculate similarity degree between cases, Modified-Tversky. The analysis performed to assess the method used in measuring case similarity reveals that the Modified-Tversky Method surpasses the other methods. In the all tests conducted, the results of case similarity measures using the Modified-Tversky method is greater than or equal to the calculations performed using the Jaccard dan Tversky methods. The test results also provide an average level of performance in processing text input is 89.3 %.