Objective Neurocognitive changes have been found in football players without documented concussion raising concerns regarding the long term consequences of subconcussive head impacts in sport. It remains unknown if similar neurocognitive changes are found in female soccer athletes without concussion. Females have been found to have higher concussion rates compared to males and soccer is the most popular sport internationally providing a compelling area of study. Design Observational study. Setting American collegiate women's soccer team. Participants 16 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III women's soccer athletes (19.88±1.1 years old, 163.7±4.9 cm, 61.2±4.9 kg) volunteered and provided consent for the study. Assessment of risk factors We measured head impacts during practices and games throughout the 15 week season with the xPatch (X2 Biosystems, Seattle, WA, USA). All participants completed ImPACT and the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool – 3rd Edition (SCAT3) prior to the season's start and at the end of the season. Outcome measures The xPatch stored location, frequency, and magnitude (linear and rotational accelerations) of head impacts. Event film was used to verify each head impact. Changes in neurocognitive function were determined by comparing the baseline ImPACT and SCAT3 scores with the post-season scores. Main results A stepwise regression found a significant relationship between weekly head impact frequency during practices and the ImPACT measures of Visual Motor Speed (P=0.03) and Symptom Score (P=0.03). Conclusions Soccer activity may lead to lower visual motor speed and higher symptom scores. Future studies should use additional screening tools to verify these preliminary findings. Competing interests None.


Plant viruses are thought to be essentially harmful to the lives of their cultivated crop hosts. In most cases studied, the interaction between viruses and cultivated crop plants negatively affects host morphology and physiology, thereby resulting in disease. Native wild/non-cultivated plants are often latently infected with viruses without any clear symptoms. Although seemingly non-harmful, these viruses pose a threat to cultivated crops because they can be transmitted by vectors and cause disease. Reports are accumulating on infections with latent plant viruses that do not cause disease but rather seem to be beneficial to the lives of wild host plants. In a few cases, viral latency involves the integration of full-length genome copies into the host genome that, in response to environmental stress or during certain developmental stages of host plants, can become activated to generate and replicate episomal copies, a transition from latency to reactivation and causation of disease development. The interaction between viruses and host plants may also lead to the integration of partial-length segments of viral DNA genomes or copy DNA of viral RNA genome sequences into the host genome. Transcripts derived from such integrated viral elements (EVEs) may be beneficial to host plants, for example, by conferring levels of virus resistance and/or causing persistence/latency of viral infections. Studies on viral latency in wild host plants might help us to understand and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of latency and provide insights into the raison d'être for viruses in the lives of plants.


Society uses many methods for social control, including the legal system. In the past, society erected a formidable barrier, fault-based divorce law, to prevent (or at least to hinder) the dissolution of a marriage. However, over time, social reforms have led to fewer restrictions regarding divorce in the United States. Perhaps the most profound social reform has been the switch from fault-based divorce law to no-fault divorce law. Fault-based divorce law was a restrictive law designed to protect marriage. A divorce was granted under the traditional fault-based law only if one spouse was found at fault or "guilty" (e.g., of adultery or cruelty) and the other spouse was found "innocent" (Weitzman, 1985). Furthermore, the consent of the "innocent" spouse was needed to grant the divorce (Weitzman, 1985). Divorce was denied if both spouses were at fault. In theory, fault law awarded alimony, child support, and property distribution to the "innocent" spouse and the monetary value of the economic settlement was linked, in part, to the income level of the "guilty" spouse. Thus, financial gain resulted from proving fault of the other spouse. However, in practice, fault law treated the two genders differently in divorce in that the husband was generally responsible for alimony and child support and the wife was generally responsible for child custody (Weitzman, 1985). Perhaps the most fundamental drawback of the fault-based system was the requirement that at least one spouse be found guilty and the other spouse be found innocent of marital fault, because this framework of guilt and innocence perpetuated acrimony and conflict in the social-psychological and communication climate of the divorce. In contrast, no-fault divorce law, now law in all 50 states, is a law designed to make divorce less restrictive. The essence of no-fault divorce law is that it does not attribute fault and thus does not require one of the spouses to be considered "innocent" and the other "guilty" (Weitzman, 1985). Rather, no-fault divorce law recognizes the breakdown of the marriage in that the spouses can no longer function as a married couple. Consent of both spouses is not required; rather, one spouse can decide unilaterally to divorce. No-fault divorce law is gender-neutral in that both spouses are responsible for alimony and child support and both spouses are eligible far child custody. Financial awards in terms of alimony, child support, and property distribution are no longer linked to fault but, rather, to the spouses' current financial needs and resources (Weitzman, 1985). The final but perhaps the most fundamental axiom of the no-fault divorce law is to improve the social-psychological and communication climate of divorce by abolishing the concept of fault (the framework of guilt and innocence) and by tempering the adversarial process surrounding divorce proceedings. No-fault divorce law might logically lead us to expect an increase in the divorce rates because it has reduced the legal obstacles, the economic costs, and the psychological consequences of divorce. However, previous research (e.g., Allen, 1992; Marvell, 1989; Peters, 1986, 1992; Sepler, 1981; Wright & Stetson, 1978; Zelder, 1993) that has examined the effect of no-fault divorce law on the divorce rate has produced inconclusive results. This is probably due in part to the use of cross-sectional designs (e.g., Marvell, 1989; Peters, 1986, 1992; Wright & Stetson, 1978; Zelder, 1993). Hence, the first focus of the current research was to use longitudinal data to simply test the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: No-fault divorce law results in an increase in the divorce rate. The reduction of the legal obstacles and the economic costs of divorce that came with no-fault divorce legislation might have had differential effects on families with disparate income levels. That is, we might expect no-fault divorce to be more attractive to low-income families who could not afford divorce under fault-based legislation. …


Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic multifactorial skin disease that causes skin inflammation owing to defects in the skin barrier, immune dysregulation, or infectious agents. The most common treatment of AD utilizes wet-occlusion therapies to create a protective skin barrier by providing moisture to the epidermis. However, these treatments are suboptimal in managing disease symptoms owing to their limited ability to retain or restore skin hydration and inefficient drug delivery. Currently, there are no effective approaches for treating AD that are specifically designed to improve drug delivery efficacy and skin hydration. This study aims to introduce a new approach of localized drug delivery and facilitate more efficient dermal hydration using hydrogels and elastomers. Herein, we report a simple yet effective bilayer elasto-hydrogel adhesive film (BEHAF) dressing made from an interpenetrating alginate and polyacrylamide (alginate/AAm) hydrogel layer backed by a thin film of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer. In an in vitro hydration study, it was found that the BEHAF dressing enabled efficient retention and delivery of hydration to porcine skin and model epidermis for more than 48 h and showed potential for drug delivery of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Furthermore, mechanical testing results indicate that the BEHAF mimics the elastic behavior of human skin and shows good adhesion sensitivity, thereby suggesting biomechanical compatibility and suitability for long-term usage. Overall, the BEHAF dressing may provide a viable vehicle for dermal hydration and drug delivery, thereby improving the efficacy of wet-occlusive therapy for treating AD.


OBJECTIVE
To examine associations between clinics' extent of patient-centered medical home (PCMH) implementation and improvements in chronic illness care quality.

DATA SOURCE
Data from 808 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) primary care clinics nationwide implementing the Patient Aligned Care Teams (PACT) PCMH initiative, begun in 2010.

DESIGN
Clinic-level longitudinal observational study of clinics that received training and resources to implement PACT. Clinics varied in the extent they had PACT components in place by 2012.

DATA COLLECTION
Clinical care quality measures reflecting intermediate outcomes and care processes related to coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes, and hypertension care were collected by manual chart review at each VHA facility from 2009 to 2013.

FINDINGS
In adjusted models containing 808 clinics, the 77 clinics with the most PACT components in place had significantly larger improvements in five of seven chronic disease intermediate outcome measures (e.g., BP < 160/100 in diabetes), ranging from 1.3 percent to 5.2 percent of the patient population meeting measures, and two of eight process measures (HbA1c measurement, LDL measurement in CAD) than the 69 clinics with the least PACT components. Clinics with moderate levels of PACT components showed few significantly larger improvements than the lowest PACT clinics.

CONCLUSIONS
Veterans Health Administration primary care clinics with the most PCMH components in place in 2012 had greater improvements in several chronic disease quality measures in 2009-2013 than the lowest PCMH clinics.


One of the limitations of the meaning focused instruction in an EFL situation such as Iran is that a communicative approach helps Iranian learners to become fluent, but is insufficient to ensure comparable levels of oral accuracy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether planned focus on form, and also what type of corrective feedback, would be useful for Iranian EFL learners' oral accuracy. To this end, the study employed a quasi experimental design. Three intact classes were randomly selected as the control group (n=17), recast group (n=19) as experimental group 1, and delayed explicit and metalinguistic group (n=21) as the experimental group 2 respectively. All groups participated in six sessions of the task of story retelling. For all groups, learners were asked to read and summarize their own assigned story in a time limit of four minutes and retell it to the class. For the recast group, students were provided with recasts on their simple past tense errors; for the delayed explicit and metalinguistic group, the researcher corrected the learners' errors after they finished the retelling; and for the control group, there were no feedback on learners' errors. Learners' improvement was measured by their oral accuracy during the six sessions of story retelling. One-way ANOVAs with post hoc comparisons indicated that all CF groups significantly outperformed the control group in the session six of story retelling and that the two feedback types were equally effective in promoting learners' oral accuracy. These findings suggest that the planned focus on form can be an effective tool for the development of oral accuracy in the EFL situations. It can also be concluded that intensive recasts which are repeatedly focused on a particular structure are not different from explicit types of feedback in terms of their effectiveness.


This paper explores the socio-economic identity of Public Works Programme (PWP) participants in two programmes in South Africa, in order to establish the incidence of PWP participation, a question which is central to assessing the social protection impact of PWPs, but which is frequently omitted from programme analysis, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper focuses on an analysis of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of PWP participants. As in many PWPs, no baseline data on participants in these programme were collected. Therefore, it is not possible to ascertain a priori who the beneficiaries of the programmes are, a situation which fundamentally challenges any attempt to or to assess incidence or the social protection impact of such an intervention. The research interrogates the assumption that the 'less eligibility criteria' central to the design of PWPs (the work requirement and low wages) will lead to participation of the poorest, thereby reducing the likelihood of inclusion errors, attempting first to ascertain who the participants in the programmes are. The question is explored using survey data gathered in 2003 on two case study PWPs implemented simultaneously in South Africa, which adopt different design and targeting approaches. Programme incidence is then considered in relationship to targeting and programme objectives, and the conclusion drawn that in order for PWPs to reach the poorest in a given community, reliance on self targeting through the work requirement and a low wage is not adequate, and explicit targeting measures are needed during participant selection.


Background: This study aimed to examine the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and avoidance of tobacco smoke among pregnant non-smoking women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to obtain a representative sample of non-smoking pregnant women who attended health clinics (n = 661) six states in Malaysia. The durations of ETS exposure within and outside of the home were obtained by self-report. Exposure to ETS was assessed by the second-hand smoke (SHS) avoidance subscale. The analyses were conducted using logistic regression adjusted for demographic variables and other variables. Results: Among non-smoking pregnant women, the prevalence of ETS exposure was 66.3%. The overall knowledge of ETS was good (>50%). The odds of ETS exposure were higher among those in the low-salary (RM1000-RM1999) group (OR=2.37; 95% CI=1.22, 4.62) and those with a history of chronic disease (OR=2.47; 95% CI=1.09, 5.62), whereas ETS exposure was significantly lower among those working full time during pregnancy (OR=0.31; 95% CI=0.17, 0.59). In the multivariate model, compared with non-ETS-exposed individuals, ETS-exposed individuals showed significantly different avoidance behaviour in situations that involved speaking to smokers who were smoking in same room (OR=2.31; 95%CI= 1.26, 4.21), sitting in a smoking section on public transport (OR=2.15; 95% CI= 1.07, 4.34) and frequently associating with smokers (OR=3.01; 95% CI=1.14-8.30). Conclusions: Our findings revealed that knowledge about ETS exposure failed to manifest as avoidance behaviour. The knowledge was good but avoidance was poor, especially among women frequently exposed to ETS.


Japan, being the third largest market in the world with a population that is well educated and has a high buying power, is one of the most interesting markets for internationally active companies. However, old and recent studies show the same result; the Japanese market is also one of the most difficult to enter. This empirical study is made on small and large Scandinavian companies with business operations in Japan. It sets out to answer what the most important challenges on the Japanese market are as well as which market entry strategies that lead to superior performance. Findings are that the most important barriers to entry in Japan are non-institutional and relate to consumers, competitors and business people. There are differences in perceived intensity and importance of entry barriers between entry modes, industry types and market experience. Examining both financial and non-financial performance this study also investigates how market entry mode and degree of adaptation and standardization of the marketing mix can be selected to achieve superior performance. An important theoretical reference in this analysis is the OLI framework, which is a model extended from the transaction cost view. It proposes that ownership- , location- , and internalization advantages can explain entry mode choice. This study found that entry modes selected based on the OLI parameters do not tend to perform better than others. However, companies that in the study report higher degrees of ownership advantages and location advantages, irrespective of entry mode, seems to have achieved superior performance in Japan. This implies that managers of Scandinavian companies entering the Japanese market should strive to create ownership advantages and better utilize location advantages in order to reach a better performance. Analysis of the result also suggests that in general adaptation of the brand, promotion/communication and price result in better performance in Japan. In particular, adaptation to create a fit between the marketing strategy and stage of the product life cycle, degree of cultural differences and level of competition has the potential to lead to better performance. The Scandinavian companies on the market perceive that the most important entry barrier in Japan is competitive intensity. Encouraging to managers is the fact that companies reporting this perception also have achieved superior performance.


Limited-Resource Feature Detection, Description, and Matching Spencer G Fowers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Doctor of Philosophy The aims of this research work are to develop a feature detection, description, and matching system for low-resource applications. This work was motivated by the need for a vision sensor to assist the flight of a quad-rotor UAV. This application presented a realworld challenge of autonomous drift stabilization using vision sensors. The initial solution implemented a basic feature detector and matching system on an FPGA. The research then pursued ways to improve the vision system. Research began with color feature detection, and the Color Difference of Gaussians feature detector was developed. CDoG provides better results than gray scale DoG and does not require any additional processing than gray scale if implemented in a parallel architecture. The CDoG Scale-Invariant Feature Transform modification was developed which provided color feature detection and description to the gray scale SIFT descriptor. To demonstrate the benefits of color information, the CDSIFT algorithm was applied to a real application: library book inventory. While color provides added benefit to the CDSIFT descriptor, CDSIFT descriptors are still computationally intractable for a low-resource hardware implementation. Because of these shortcomings, this research focused on developing a new feature descriptor. The BAsis Sparse-coding Inspired Similarity (BASIS) descriptor was developed with low-resource systems in mind. BASIS utilizes sparse coding to provide a generic description of feature characterstics. The BASIS descriptor provided improved accuracy over SIFT, and similar accuracy to SURF on the task of aerial UAV frame-to-frame feature matching. However, basis dictionaries are non-orthogonal and can contain redundant information. In addition to a feature descriptor, an FPGA-based feature correlation (or matching) system needed to be developed. TreeBASIS was developed to answer this need and address the redundancy issues of BASIS. TreeBASIS utilizes a vocabulary tree to drastically reduce descriptor computation time and descriptor size. TreeBASIS also obtains a higher level of accuracy than SIFT, SURF, and BASIS on the UAV aerial imagery task. Both BASIS and TreeBASIS were implemented in VHDL and are well suited for low-resource FPGA applications. TreeBASIS provides a complete feature detection, description, and correlation system-on-a-chip for low-resource FPGA vision systems.


Landslides pose significant risks to communities and infrastructure, and mitigating these risks relies on understanding landslide causes and triggering processes. It has been shown that geophysical surveys can significantly contribute to the characterization of unstable slopes. However, hydrological processes can be temporally and spatially heterogeneous, requiring their related properties to be monitored over time. Geoelectrical monitoring can provide temporal and volumetric distributions of electrical resistivity, which are directly related to moisture content. To date, studies demonstrating this capability have been restricted to 2‐D sections, which are insufficient to capture the full degree of spatial heterogeneity. This study is the first to employ 4‐D (i.e., 3‐D time lapse) resistivity imaging on an active landslide, providing long‐term data (3 years) highlighting the evolution of moisture content prior to landslide reactivation and showing its decline post reactivation. Crucially, the time‐lapse inversion methodology employed here incorporates movements of the electrodes on the unstable surface. Although seasonal characteristics dominate the shallow moisture dynamics during the first 2 years with surficial drying in summer and wetting in winter, in the months preceding reactivation, moisture content increased by more than 45% throughout the slope. This is in agreement with independent data showing a significant rise in piezometric heads and shallow soil moisture contents as a result of prolonged and intense rainfall. Based on these results, remediation measures could be designed and early‐warning systems implemented. Thus, resistivity monitoring that can allow for moving electrodes provides a new means for the effective mitigation of landslide risk.


Tool condition evaluation and prognosis has been an arduous challenge in the modern semiconductor manufacturing environment. More and more embedded and external sensors are installed to capture the genuine tool status for fault identification. Therefore, tool condition analysis based on real-time equipment data becomes not only promising but also more complex with the rapidly increased number of sensors. In this paper, the idea of generalized moving variance (GMV) is employed to consolidate the pure variations within tool fault detection and classification data into one single indicator. A hierarchical monitoring scheme is developed to generate an overall tool indicator that can coherently be drilled down into the GMVs within functional sensor groups. Therefore, we will be able to classify excursions found in the overall tool condition into sensor groups and make tool fault detection and identification more efficient.


To say that the price of some good is inflexible over time has little meaning if the "good" is changing over time. In this paper we concentrate on delivery lags as being the only dimension other than price that varies. We show how one can predict the relative importance of price and delivery lag fluctuations as equilibrating mechanisms. The complications of the theory as well as the surprising results underscore the complexity of predicting price behavior when the characteristics of the good are endogenous. The empirical results provide strong support for the theory that delivery lags are an important influence on market behavior and therefore that an understanding of their influence is crucial in predicting how markets will respond to supply and demand shocks.


Motivation A major challenge in molecular and cellular biology is to map out the regulatory networks of cells. As regulatory interactions can typically not be directly observed experimentally, various computational methods have been proposed to disentangling direct and indirect effects. Most of these rely on assumptions that are rarely met or cannot be adapted to a given context. Results We present a network inference method that is based on a simple response logic with minimal presumptions. It requires that we can experimentally observe whether or not some of the system's components respond to perturbations of some other components, and then identifies the directed networks that most accurately account for the observed propagation of the signal. To cope with the intractable number of possible networks, we developed a logic programming approach that can infer networks of hundreds of nodes, while being robust to noisy, heterogeneous or missing data. This allows to directly integrate prior network knowledge and additional constraints such as sparsity. We systematically benchmark our method on KEGG pathways, and show that it outperforms existing approaches in DREAM3 and DREAM4-challenges. Applied to a perturbation data set on PI3K and MAPK pathways in isogenic models of a colon cancer cell line, it generates plausible network hypotheses that explain distinct sensitivities towards EGFR inhibitors by different PI3K mutants. Availability and Implementation A Python/Answer Set Programming implementation can be accessed at github.com/GrossTor/response-logic. Contact email@example.com


Nationalism is often blamed for the devastating wars of the modern period, but is this fair? Critics pinpoint four dangerous aspects of nationalism: its utopian ideology (originating in the late 18th century), its cult of the war dead, the mass character of its wars, and its encouragement of the break-up of states. I argue, however, that the case against nationalism is not proven.


After the age of 70 the accident liability of drivers increases dramatically with distance driven. It has been suggested, however, that the effects of age per se are unlikely to be of sufficient magnitude to account for many accidents and, given that driving can be a complex and cognitively demanding task, cognitively impaired subsets of the older driver population may be disproportionately accounting for large numbers in the accident statistics. In recent years, attention has been given to the role dementia may play in the accident liability of older drivers. Dementia is an age-related medical condition that results in a general impairment of intellect and memory. Cognitive impairments associated with dementia can include difficulty in recall, disorientation, lack of insight and judgment, and disorders of attention. Such impairments typically lead to changes in behavior and personality, and may affect driving. Although it is not known what proportion of older drivers have dementia, it is known that older drivers represent the most rapidly growing segment of the driver population, both in terms of the total number of drivers on the road and the number of miles driven annually per driver. Given the relatively high prevalence rates of dementia among older people, this suggests that increased numbers of cognitively impaired drivers will be on the road in the future. There may therefore be a need to conduct some kind of standard screening procedure to ensure the fitness to drive of older drivers or, alternatively, to introduce standard assessment procedures for people suspected of having a dementing illness. These procedures could not only identify who should have their driving license revoked, but could also be used to help people to continue driving. However, before such procedures can be put in place, it will be necessary to demonstrate both their reliability and validity. From a policy point of view, the safety benefits of introducing such procedures would also need to be weighed against the resultant reductions in mobility. This paper summarizes the findings from a literature review carried out by the Transport Research Laboratory into dementia and driving. The aim of this review was to find out whether drivers with dementia represent an increased risk while driving on the road, what the behavioral manifestations of this increased risk are, and whether screening tests of cognitive function and driving performance can identify those drivers who are at risk so that remedial action can be taken. Evidence shows that drivers with more severe dementia represent a greater risk while driving than do drivers with mild dementia or older healthy controls. However, evidence for an increased risk among drivers with mild dementia is not convincing. Research is fraught with methodological deficiencies such as small sample sizes, poor control groups, and a lack of consideration of important variables including driving exposure and appropriate measures of dementia severity. These problems affect reliability and validity, and may account for inconclusive research findings. There are also problems of reliability and validity concerning research into screening procedures, especially with regard to the outcome measure that should be used to establish their predictive validity. Such issues along with policy implications and recommendations for further research are discussed.


Using Probabilistic Graphical Models to Solve NP-complete Puzzle Problems Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGMs) are commonly used in machine learning to solve problems stemming from medicine, meteorology, speech recognition, image processing, intelligent tutoring, gambling, games, and biology. PGMs are applicable for both directed graph and undirected graph. In this work, I focus on the undirected graphical model. The objective of this work is to study how PGMs can be applied to find solutions to two puzzle problems, sudoku and jigsaw puzzles. First, both puzzle problems are represented as undirected graphs, and then I map the relations of nodes to PGMs and Belief Propagation (BP). This work represents the puzzle grid as a bipartite graph, which contains disjoint sets S and C such that the graph's edges connect vertices in S only with vertices in C, and vice versa. S contains all the cells. C contains all constraint groups. Then, I apply the well-known sum-product message passing (MP) algorithm, which is also known as BP. In the jigsaw puzzle problem, I aim to reconstruct an image from a collection of square image patches. I use the neighborhood pairwise compatibility and local evidence similarity to evaluate the correctness of a reconstruction. The sudoku and the jigsaw puzzle problems are known to be NP-complete [16, 6]. In this work, I implement the algorithms mentioned above, and show that PGMs are quite successful in rapidly tackling these two problems. I am able to solve 90% of hard sudoku puzzles within 17 rounds of MP. The jigsaw images that are reconstructed by the chosen algorithm are reasonable.


We present a citizen-candidate model on a multidimensional policy space with lobbying, where citizens regard some issues more salient than others. We find that special interest groups that lobby on less salient topics move the implemented policy closer to their preferred policy, compared to the ones that lobby on more salient issues. When we introduce two types of citizens, who differ with respect to the salience of issues, we find pooling equilibria where voters are not able to offset the effect of lobbying on the implemented policy. This result is in sharp contrast with previous work on unidimensional citizen-candidate models that predict the irrelevance of lobbying on the implemented policy. In an extension of the model we provide citizens with the possibility of giving monetary contributions to lobbies in order to increase their power. With more than one lobby per dimension we have two findings. First, under some conditions only the most extreme lobbies receive contributions. Second, the effectiveness of a lobby is maximized when the salience of an issue is low in the population and high for a small group of citizens.


Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly popular in machine learning and have achieved the state-of-the-art performance in a range of tasks. Typically, the best results are achieved using a large amount of training data and large models, which make both training and inference complex. While GPUs are used in many applications for the parallel computing they provide, lower energy platforms have the potential to enable a range of new applications. A trend being observed is the ability to reduce the precision of weights and activations, with previous research showing that in some cases, weights and activations can be binarized [i.e., binarized neural networks (BNNs)], significantly reducing the model size. Exploiting this toward reduced compute energy and reduced data-movement energy, we demonstrate the BNN mapped to a previously presented in-memory-computing architecture, where binarized weights are stored in a standard 6T SRAM bit cell and computations are performed via an analog operation. Using a reduced size BNN, chosen to fit on the CMOS prototype (in 130 nm), MNIST classification is achieved with only 0.4% accuracy degradation (from 94%), but at $26\times $ lower energy compared to a digital approach implementing the same network. The system reaches over 700-TOPS/W energy efficiency and 6-TOPS/mm2 throughput.


Sea ice features and processes in the Barents Sea were studied during the Seasonal Ice Zone Experiment 1992 (SIZEX92), a dedicated ERS 1 satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) field campaign carried out in March 1992. SIZEX92 was based around the research vessels Polarsyssel and Hakon Mosby. In situ oceanographic, meteorological, and ice measurements were made, coordinated with low-altitude aerial observations and ERS 1 SAR data acquired in near real time. Fifty-eight low-and full-resolution SAR scenes were obtained during SIZEX92, which provided a validation data set for ERS 1 SAR backscatter under winter conditions in the Barents Sea. Analysis of SIZEX92 data has provided geophysical insights, including a better understanding of Barents Sea ice edge freezing processes and ice edge development in response to atmospheric forcings. In particular, areas of new ice formation were found to be related to bathymetric features through their influence on the circulation of Arctic and Atlantic water masses. ERS 1 SAR image sequences revealed rapid, mesoscale variations in new ice areas and the ice edge in response to wind conditions. In addition to geophysical insight, SIZEX92 demonstrated some of the technical capabilities and limitations of ERS 1 SAR to identify new ice areas, the ice edge, ice floes, and ice types. Mapping new ice areas using satellite SAR data may be considered the most promising new application. The limitations of ERS-1 SAR-derived ice classification and ice motion estimates in the marginal ice zone are identified.


This paper re-examines the standard 'unbiasedness' hypothesis in foreign exchange markets, according to which the forward premium should be an unbiased predictor of the future change of the spot exchange rate. If traders are heterogeneous, they may consist of 'fundamentalists' who correctly forecast the future spot rate changes, and 'chartists' who use a different information set and pay attention to past exchange rate changes. In this case, the coefficient on the forward premium will deviate from its theoretical value, and will converge to one only if past spot rates are taken into account for the calculation of exchange rate changes and forward premia. The magnitude of the deviation and the speed of convergence are found to depend both on the proportion of each type of traders in the market and on the memory length of 'chartists'. The analysis is used to explain the bias in the Deutsche Mark/US Dollar exchange rate in the early 1990s and estimates the proportion of traders that is found to be consistent with the deviation from the unbiasedness hypothesis.


This paper identifies the cumulative impact of early schooling investments on later schooling outcomes in the context of a developing country, using enrollment status and relative grade attainment (RGA) as short- and long-run measures of schooling. Using a child-level longitudinal dataset from rural Ethiopia, we estimate a dynamic conditional schooling demand function where the coefficient estimate on the lagged dependent variable captures the impact of all previous periods' schooling inputs and resources. We find that this lagged dependent variable indicates a strong positive association between current and lagged schooling. Past history matters more for girls than boys and for children from higher-income households compared with the poor.


Laser-ion acceleration has been of particular interest over the last decade for fundamental as well as applied sciences. Remarkable progress has been made in realizing laser-driven accelerators that are cheap and very compact compared with conventional rf-accelerators. Proton and ion beams have been produced with particle energies of up to 50MeV and several MeV/u, respectively, with outstanding
properties in terms of transverse emittance and current. These beams typically exhibit an exponentially decaying energy distribution, but almost all advanced applications, such as oncology, proton imaging or fast ignition, require quasimonoenergetic beams with a low energy spread. The majority of the experiments investigated ion acceleration in the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) regime with comparably thick targets in the μm range.
In this thesis ion acceleration is investigated from nm-scaled targets, which are partially produced at the University of Munich with thickness as low as 3 nm. Experiments have been carried out at LANL's Trident high-power and high-contrast laser (80,J, 500 fs, t=1054nm), where ion acceleration with these nano-targets occurs during the relativistic transparency of the target, in the so-called Breakout afterburner (BOA) regime. With a novel high resolution and high dispersion Thomson parabola and ion wide angle spectrometer, thickness dependencies of
the ions angular distribution, particle number, average and maximum energy have been measured. Carbon C6+ energies reached 650MeV and 1GeV for unheated and heated targets, respectively, and proton energies peaked at 75MeV
and 120MeV for diamond and CH2 targets. Experimental data is presented, where the conversion efficiency into carbon C6+ (protons) is investigated and found to have an up to 10fold (5fold) increase over the TNSA regime. With circularly polarized laser light, quasi-monoenergetic carbon ions have been generated from the same nm-scaled foil targets at Trident with an energy spread
of as low as ±15% at a central energy of 35MeV. High resolution kinetic simulations show that the acceleration is based on the generation of ion solitons due to the circularly polarized laser. The conversion efficiency into monoenergetic ions is increased by an order of magnitude compared with previous results in the TNSA regime. The advances in ion energies and the control over the spectra
mark an important basis for future research of laser-driven ion acceleration and might enable laser-based implementation of these applications in the future.


In this research, we investigate the impact of signiWcant life experiences on intertemporal decisions among young adults. A series of experiments focus speciWcally on the impact of experiencing the death of a close other by cancer. We show that such an experience, which bears information about time, is associated with making decisions that favor the long-term future over short-term interests (Studies 1 and 2). Underlying this eVect appears to be increased salience and concreteness regarding one's future life course, shifting focus away from the present toward the long run (Studies 3 and 4). Finally, we explore the shift caused by a cancer death of a public Wgure and examine its stability over time (Study 5). Implications for research on intertemporal decision making and the impact of life events on perceptions and preferences are discussed.


Introduction: Immunologically mediated-adverse drug reactions threaten the viability of drugs and the health of patients (1, 2). The mechanistic basis for abacavir hypersensitivity is understood and preventable through HLA-B*57:01 screening. The immunopathogenesis of most immunologically mediated-adverse drug reaction remain unsolved, representing an opportunity to improve drug safety.

Methods: Using a repository of clinically phenotyped and HLA typed human Donors and Controls, this work aimed to shed light on the immunopathogenesis of nevirapine and carbamazepine severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Cellular and molecular, techniques were employed including ex-vivo/in-vitro immunophenotyping, detection, stimulation and expansion of drug-specific responses, and characterisation of the specific T-cell receptor using droplet digital PCR. Virtual and Bioinformatics approaches were used to define potential interactions between nevirapine and class-I HLA

Results and discussion: In carbamazepine associated Steven-Johnson's Syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis, increased expression of granulysin was seen ex-vivo in CD8+ T cells exposed to carbamazepine. To explore the hypothesis that this is related to a cross-reactive memory cytotoxic T-cell response, we examined responses to human simplex virus 1 / 2 responses in HLA-B*15:02 carbamazepine associated Steven-Johnson's Syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis patients and identified a shared epitope. Common T-cell receptor clonotypes were identified using droplet digital PCR in HLA-B*15:02 carbamazepine associated Steven-Johnson's Syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis patients. Nevirapine severe cutaneous adverse reactions are associated with multiple class-I HLA alleles across differing ethnicities. The hypothesis that this relates to shared peptide-binding specificities between these alleles was confirmed using bioinformatics, statistical, and virtual approaches. This showed the strongest association across European, Asian and African-American ethnicities to be with two HLA class C alleles HLA-C*04:01 and C*05:01 defined by a unique F-binding pocket.

Conclusion: Continuing work should build on the results presented and the unique techniques used, to further understand the underlying immunopathogenesis and the mechanistic basis for these adverse reactions, leading to the development of screening strategies to improve drug and patient safety.


Vestibulocollic reflex responses of several neck muscles in decerebrate cats were studied during angular rotations of the whole body in a large number of vertical and horizontal rotation planes, at frequencies from 0.07 to 1.6 Hz. Vestibulocollic responses were compared to eye muscle and forelimb muscle vestibular responses. Electromyographic activity was recorded by fine wires inserted in biventer cervicis, complexus, longus capitis, obliquus capitis inferior, occipitoscapularis, rectus capitis major, splenius, lateral rectus, and triceps brachii. At frequencies of approximately 0.5 Hz and above, neck muscle electromyographic response gains were sinusoidal functions of stimulus orientation within a set of vertical or horizontal planes, and a muscle's response phase remained constant across rotation planes, or reversed by 180 degrees. Response patterns at high frequencies were consistent with vestibulocollic reflex activation by semicircular canals through brain circuitry that modifies canal dynamics. At frequencies of approximately 0.5 Hz and above, the stimulus orientation in which a given neck muscle's response was maximal remained nearly constant across frequencies. Thus, we used responses to rotations at high frequencies to calculate axes of maximal response of each muscle in three-dimensional space. Lateral rectus, obliquus, and to a lesser extent, splenius and longus capitus were activated predominantly by horizontal rotations. Biventer was activated predominantly by pitch, triceps predominantly by roll, and complexus, occipitoscapularis, and rectus major significantly excited by rotations in all three coordinate planes. In some cases, at frequencies less than 0.5 Hz, neck muscle response phase varied depending on the vertical plane in which the cat was rotated, and the optimal response plane was poorly defined and varied with frequency. These responses indicated that, at some frequencies, neck muscle activity can result from summation of inputs with differing spatial orientation and dynamics (spatial-temporal convergence). Differences between responses to vertical and horizontal rotations suggested that low-frequency spatial-temporal convergence behavior of the vestibulocollic reflex during vertical rotations was due to convergent semicircular canal and otolith receptor inputs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Background and Purpose— This study describes the development of a Rasch-built scale measuring activity limitations in stroke patients, named ACTIVLIM-Stroke. Method— This new Rasch-built measure was constructed based on stroke patients' perceptions of difficulty in performing daily activities. Patients were recruited from inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation departments in Belgium and Benin. A 73-item questionnaire was completed by 204 participants. A random subsample of 83 subjects was given the questionnaire a second time. Data were analyzed using RUMM2030 software. Results— After successive Rasch analyses, the ACTIVLIM-Stroke questionnaire, a unidimensional and linear 20-item measure of activity limitations, was constructed. All 20 items fulfilled Rasch requirements (overall and individual item fit, category discrimination, invariance, local response independence, and nonredundancy in item difficulty). This simple patient-based scale encompasses a large range of activities related to self-care, transfer, mobility, manual ability, and balance. The ACTIVLIM-Stroke questionnaire exhibited high internal validity, excellent internal consistency, and good crosscultural validity. The test–retest reliability of item difficulty hierarchy (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.99) and patient location (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.92) were both excellent. Furthermore, it showed good external construct validity using correlations with the Functional Independence Measure motor and the Barthel Index and a higher discriminating capacity than either of these widely used indices. Conclusions— The ACTIVLIM-Stroke questionnaire has good psychometric qualities and provides accurate measures of activity limitations in patients with stroke. It is recommended for evaluating clinical and research interventions in patients with stroke, because it provides a higher discrimination and might be more sensitive to change.


. As the world population continues to grow, the demand for human food and animal feed grows exponentially. Aquaculture is the food sector, which has been growing at the greatest rate for several years. Because of the expense of fishmeal in aquaculture fees, an inexpensive protein source could be corn-based proteins. Although many studies have focused on the effects of extruding corn-based blends along with other supplement ingredients, few studies have focused on the extrusion of individual corn-based ingredients. This study examined physical effects of extrusion on distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) and corn. Specific objectives included determining moisture content, water activity, color, unit density, durability, water stability, floatability, and bulk density for each corn-based extrudate. Blends were prepared with three levels of moisture (15, 25, and 35% db), and extrusion conditions included three screw speeds (50, 75, and 100 rpm) and three barrel temperatures (100, 125, and 150 ° C). Results showed that as the moisture content increased, the water activity increased in the raw ingredients, and the moisture content of the extrudates increased. As the screw speed increased, the bulk density decreased in the extrudates, and the mass flow rate increased. As the temperature increased, the floatability of the extrudates increased, while the bulk density decreased. The amount of protein and starch content in the corn products affected the physical quality of the pellets, which is important in aquaculture feed.


Under political uncertainty, legislative coalitions have incentives to insulate policy from future coalitions. While there is evidence of legislators' use of agency design to insulate the bureaucracy from elected officials, little is known about the ultimate consequences of such design choices on the policy participation of interest groups. How such design choices affect group access is important because of the centrality of groups in providing both bureaucratic accountability and information for policy development. Accordingly, we examine the consequences of the so-called "insulation game" on group access to the bureaucracy. We develop an information exchange theory that portrays the impact of agency design choices on group-reported access as a function of the level of design-induced political insulation and the quality of the information offered by a given group. We test our theory with two original datasets that include design parameters of US state environmental agencies and survey data measuring reported agency access by state-level interest groups. Our results suggest that insulating agencies via design does lead to lower reported access to regulators by interest groups, but only among those groups who supply less valuable information.


This paper is essentially tutorial in nature. We show how any discrete wavelet transform or two band subband filtering with finite filters can be decomposed into a finite sequence of simple filtering steps, which we call lifting steps but that are also known as ladder structures. This decomposition corresponds to a factorization of the polyphase matrix of the wavelet or subband filters into elementary matrices. That such a factorization is possible is well-known to algebraists (and expressed by the formula ); it is also used in linear systems theory in the electrical engineering community. We present here a self-contained derivation, building the decomposition from basic principles such as the Euclidean algorithm, with a focus on applying it to wavelet filtering. This factorization provides an alternative for the lattice factorization, with the advantage that it can also be used in the biorthogonal, i.e, non-unitary case. Like the lattice factorization, the decomposition presented here asymptotically reduces the computational complexity of the transform by a factor two. It has other applications, such as the possibility of defining a wavelet-like transform that maps integers to integers.


In this paper we present a FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)-based control design for electromechanical oscillation damping in large power systems, facilitated by aggregate models that can be constructed using Synchronized phasor measurements. Our approach consists of three steps, namely-1. Model Reduction, where Synchrophasors are used to identify second-order models of the oscillation clusters of the power system retaining the inter-ties on which FACTS devices such as Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) are installed, 2. Aggregate Control, where feedback controllers are designed to achieve a desired closed-loop transient response between every pair of clusters, and finally 3. Control Inversion, where the aggregate control design is distributed and tuned to actual TCSC controllers in the full-order model until its inter-area responses match the respective inter-machine responses of the reduced-order system. It is shown that the inversion problem can be posed equivalently as decomposing the swing dynamics into fast and slow states, and designing the controllers such that the slow dynamics can optimally track a desired closed-loop signal designed for the aggregate model. Application of the approach to two-area power systems is demonstrated through topological examples inspired by the US west coast grid.


Problematic alcohol consumption and anxiety are common co-occurring issues among college students and have been linked to impairment in multiple areas of life (e.g., interpersonal stress, academic performance). The main goal of the present study was to examine the impact of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol use on anxiety symptoms and anxiety-related variables (e.g., anxiety sensitivity) that relate to both anxiety and alcohol use. College student participants (N = 25) were randomly assigned to a researcher-driven brief intervention condition or to a consumer-driven condition, which emphasized additional participant choice. It was hypothesized that anxiety would decrease across time for participants in both conditions, and would decrease more in the consumer-driven relative to the researcher-driven condition as a function of increased control. Quantity and frequency of alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences decreased across time in both conditions but did not vary across conditions. Similarly, anxiety sensitivity in the areas of social and cognitive concerns significantly decreased across time, but not across conditions. However, anxiety symptoms and sensitivity related to physical concerns did not significantly decrease across time. These findings are consistent with past brief alcohol interventions for college students and suggest that such interventions may simultaneously address comorbid concerns.


Since the 1990s, a number of multi-service prevention programs working with women who have substance use, mental health, or trauma and/or related social determinants of health issues have emerged in Canada. These programs use harm reduction approaches and provide outreach and "one-stop" health and social services on-site or through a network of services. While some of these programs have been evaluated, others have not, or their evaluations have not been published. This article presents interim qualitative findings of the Co-Creating Evidence project, a multi-year (2017–2020) national evaluation of holistic programs serving women at high risk of having an infant with prenatal alcohol exposure. The evaluation utilizes a mixed-methods design involving semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and client intake/outcome "snapshot" data. Findings demonstrated that the programs are reaching vulnerable pregnant/parenting women who face a host of complex circumstances including substance use, violence, child welfare involvement, and inadequate housing; moreover, it is typically the intersection of these issues that prompts women to engage with programs. Aligning with these results, key themes in what clients liked best about their program were: staff and their non-judgmental approach; peer support and sense of community; and having multiple services in one location, including help with mandated child protection.


Using data from 217 research reports (N = 36,071, compared to 3,471 and 5,433 in previous meta-analyses), this meta-analysis investigated the conceptual and methodological conditions under which Implicit Association Tests (IATs) measuring attitudes, stereotypes, and identity correlate with criterion measures of intergroup behavior. We found significant implicit-criterion correlations (ICCs) and explicit-criterion correlations (ECCs), with unique contributions of implicit (β = .14) and explicit measures (β = .11) revealed by structural equation modeling. ICCs were found to be highly heterogeneous, making moderator analyses necessary. Basic study features or conceptual variables did not account for any heterogeneity: Unlike explicit measures, implicit measures predicted for all target groups and types of behavior, and implicit, but not explicit, measures were equally associated with behaviors varying in controllability and conscious awareness. However, ICCs differed greatly by methodological features: Studies with a declared focus on ICCs, standard IATs rather than variants, high-polarity attributes, behaviors measured in a relative (two categories present) rather than absolute manner (single category present), and high implicit-criterion correspondence (k = 13) produced a mean ICC of r = .37. Studies scoring low on these variables (k = 6) produced an ICC of r = .02. Examination of methodological properties-a novelty of this meta-analysis-revealed that most studies were vastly underpowered and analytic strategies regularly ignored measurement error. Recommendations, along with online applications for calculating statistical power and internal consistency are provided to improve future studies on the implicit-criterion relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


Spotted hyaena Crocula cracuta demography was studied in Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia. In central and eastern Etosha, spotted hyaenas were most abundant in areas occupied by the migratory plains ungulates, eg. zebras Equus burchelli, springbok Antidorcas marsupiaIis, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus. Hyaena density (5 adults and subadults/100 km2) estimated in a portion of the migratory plains ungulate range was low compared with densities reported from most other conservation areas.


Pyruvate kinase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body's tissues. People with this disorder have a condition known as chronic hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are broken down (undergo hemolysis) prematurely, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). Specifically, pyruvate kinase deficiency is a common cause of a type of inherited hemolytic anemia called hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. In hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, the red blood cells do not assume a spherical shape as they do in some other forms of hemolytic anemia.


The recent 20th anniversary of the Berlin Wall's collapse provided an opportunity for many to revisit the heady days of 1989--the era of Walesa, Havel, and jubilant crowds literally and figuratively smashing longstanding barriers between East and West. With communism in tatters, Eastern Europeans eagerly embraced democracy and capitalism. Two decades later, post-communist publics still support democratic institutions and free markets, but their initial enthusiasm has waned and public frustrations with democracy and the free market are evident in most countries. Struggling with an economic crisis and disheartened by the current state of politics in their countries, many Eastern Europeans are in a grim mood. There is a widespread consensus that political and business elites, not ordinary citizens, reaped most of the benefits from the transition. And while there is conceptual support for multiparty governance, many people have yet to fully accept democratic values, or accept them but are frustrated with the way democracy works. At the same time, the global recession has made acceptance of the free market economy particularly difficult. The most heartening development in the region is that life satisfaction has improved substantially in all former communist nations over the past two decades. Younger people have registered the greatest gains in well-being, and perhaps as a consequence express the strongest commitment to democracy and the free market in former communist countries. These are some of the major findings from a fall 2009 survey by the Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project that included nine former Eastern bloc nations. The survey repeated a number of questions from one of the first cross-national polls conducted in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Iron Curtain, a 1991 study by the Times Mirror Center (a forerunner of today's Pew Research Center). Then, as now, the region served as an important laboratory for studying public opinion toward democracy and free market economics. Life Satisfaction Up First, the good news: people in post-communist societies say they are living better lives than they were in 1991. For example, when asked to rate their lives on a 0-10 scale, where zero represents the worst possible life and 10 the best possible life, 49 percent in the Czech Republic now rate their lives at least a seven, whereas in 1991 only 23 percent of Czechs (those living on the Czech side of what was then still Czechoslovakia) gave their lives a rating of seven or higher. There has been even more change in Poland, where 44 percent say their lives merit a 7-10 on the scale, compared with only 12 percent in 1991. Big gains have also occurred in East Germany, Slovakia, Lithuania, Russia, and Ukraine (at the time of the 1991 poll, East Germany had been incorporated as part of a reunified Germany, while Russia, Ukraine, and Lithuania were still republics within a rapidly decaying Soviet Union). Hungarians and Bulgarians offer somewhat more glum assessments--only 15 percent in each country assign their lives a high rating, but even these numbers represent an improvement. Today, younger Eastern Europeans tend to see their lives more positively than older people. Consistently, those under age 50 are more likely to rate their lives a seven or higher. The well-educated also give their lives higher marks. These gaps were largely absent in the 1991 survey--still struggling with the aftermath of communist rule, few people placed themselves at a high spot on the scale, regardless of age or education status. Democracy and Capitalism: Curbed Enthusiasm? When asked whether they approve of the shifts to democracy and capitalism that occurred two decades ago, Eastern Europeans generally say they do. However, the share of the public who approve has shrunk since 1991 in most of the nations surveyed, and there are vast differences among nations. …


The positive correlation between planet detection rate and host star iron abundance lends strong support to the core accretion theory of planet formation. However, iron is not the most significant mass contributor to the cores of giant planets. Since giant planet cores are thought to grow from silicate grains with icy mantles, the likelihood of gas giant formation should depend heavily on the oxygen and silicon abundance of the planet formation environment. Here we compare the silicon and oxygen abundances of a set of 76 planet hosts and a control sample of 80 metal-rich stars without any known giant planets. Our new, independent analysis was conducted using high resolution, high signal-to-noise data obtained at McDonald Observatory. Because we do not wish to simply reproduce the known planet–metallicity correlation, we have devised a statistical method for matching the underlying [Fe/H] distributions of our two sets of stars. We find a 99% probability that planet detection rate depends on the silicon abundance of the host star, over and above the observed planet–metallicity correlation. We do not detect any such correlation for oxygen. Our results would thus seem to suggest that grain nucleation, rather than subsequent icy mantle growth, is the important limiting factor in forming giant planets via core accretion. Based on our results and interpretation, we predict that planet detection should correlate with host star abundance for refractory elements responsible for grain nucleation and that no such trends should exist for the most abundant volatile elements responsible for icy mantle growth.


It has been shown that deep approaches to learning, intrinsic motivation, and self-regulated learning have strong positive effects on learning. How those pedagogical theories can be integrated in computing curricula is, however, still lacking empirically grounded analyses. This study integrated, in a robotics-based programming class, a method of learning-by-inventing, and studied its qualitative effects on students' learning through 144 interviews. Five findings were related with learning theories: changes in students' problem management cycle, problem-rich learning environment, conceptions of the nature of computing, extension of deep and surface approaches to problem solving and management, and the use of robotics to facilitate deep learning strategies. Our analysis suggests that a combination of an open learning environment, robotics as the learning tool, and learning-by-inventing provides a conducive environment for deep learning strategies, intrinsic motivation, and self-regulated learning, which are prerequisite conditions for creativity and inventing.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Yosemite, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Feel the mist of Yosemite's iconic waterfalls, attempt to climb to the pinnacle of the Half Dome, or see the massive ancient sequoias; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Yosemite, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Yosemite, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks Travel Guide: *Color maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries show you the simplest way to tailor your trip to your own personal needs and interests *Insider tips save you time and money and help you get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots and being safe and responsible *Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, prices, transit tips, emergency information, park seasonality, and hiking trail junctions, viewpoints, landscapes, elevations, distances, difficulty levels, and durations *Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, camping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, summer and winter activities, and hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Contextual insights give you a richer and more rewarding travel experience - including history, geology, wildlife, and conservation *Over 45 trail and park maps *Useful features - including Driving Tours, Travel with Children, and Day and Overnight Hikes *Coverage of Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, Kings Canyon National Park, Around Yosemite, Oakhurst, Eastern Sierra, Bishop, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Yosemite, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, our most comprehensive guide to Yosemite, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, is perfect for those planning to both explore the top sights and take the road less traveled. * Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's California guide for a comprehensive look at all the state has to offer, or Lonely Planet's Discover California, a photo-rich guide to the state's most popular attractions. * Looking to visit more than one national park in the USA? Check out Lonely Planet's Discover USA's Best National Parks, a photo-rich guide to the country's 27 most popular natural attractions. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Beth Kohn, and Sara Benson. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveler community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travelers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)


The use of double cross hybrids in maize was suggested to overcome the problem of seed production related to single
cross resulting from low vigor and yield associated with the inbred parents. Double cross hybrids were known to
perform quite well under a wide range of environmental conditions. As a part of an ongoing grain maize
improvement program at Universiti Putra Malaysia, the best performing inbred lines were selected and crossed to
produce single crosses. These single crosses were further used to produce some double cross hybrids. In this study,
the performance of ten selected double cross hybrids was evaluated at two environments in the research areas of
Universiti Putra Malaysia. The predicted performance of these double cross hybrids was also compared with the
actual, using the method based on the mean values of non.parental single crosses. The best performing double cross hybrids, DC-26 and DC-34 were found to have high yields at both environments as well as in the combined
analysis. DC-26 and DC-34 gave mean grain yields of 6125.0 and 5917.8 kg/ha respectively, at Field 2, 5648.9 and 5676.2 kg/ha respectively, at Share Farm, and 5887.0 and 5797.0 kg/ha respectively, in the combined analysis. From the correlation analysis, the actual and the predicted performances of the double cross hybrids were found to be in good agreement at each location and locations combined (r = 0.38, 0.46 and 0.27, respectively, at Field 2, Share Farm and at the two locations combined), implying that the method used for yield predictions in the crosses was appropriate.


For pt.I see ibid., vol.51, no.6, p.1534-46 (2002). A novel signaling scheme is presented, where a set of orthogonal signals is transmitted in parallel. The signals are selected according to the so-called residue number system (RNS). Hence the system is essentially a multiple code parallel communication scheme using high-modulation alphabets. It is demonstrated that the system performance can be substantially improved by exploiting a number of advantageous properties of the RNS arithmetic. The model treated in part I of this paper is extended here to account for the effects of the multipath Rayleigh fading channel when using noncoherent demodulation. Diversity reception techniques with equal gain combining (EGC) or selection combining (SC) are concerned. The related performance is evaluated for both nonredundant and redundant RNS-based orthogonal signaling. Interleaving and forward error-correction techniques are introduced for enhancing the system's bit error rate (BER) performance. The concept of concatenated coding with a Reed-Solomon (RS) code as the outer code and a redundant RNS code as the inner code is presented, and the performance of the proposed concatenated code is evaluated. Expressions of the error probability for the above-mentioned scenarios are presented, and the associated BER performance is evaluated numerically with respect to specific system parameters. Without concatenated coding, coding gains up to 8.5 or 11 dB are achieved at a BER of 10/sup -6/ using the lowest reliability dropping technique of part I and one or two redundant moduli, respectively. The BER is substantially higher than that over the additive white Gaussian noise channel reported in part I. With the aid of RS coding, an additional 7.5-dB coding gain is achieved.


In this report, the authors review the existing literature on compost leachates, with special emphasis on the chemical and physical characteristics of the leachate constituents. The authors briefly summarize the biochemical processes occurring during composting and the use and applications of compost in the environment. They then review the chemical and physical characteristics of feedstock, compost, and compost leachate. They finally discuss environmental implications of the compost leachate. The compost source material, i.e., the feedstock, determines to a large degree the types of leachates. Well-cured compost has been found to eliminate phytotoxic effects of raw feedstock and promote nutrient availability when applied as soil amendment. Feedstock selection and waste-stream separation play an important role in keeping non-degradable contaminants, like heavy metals and plastics, out of the compost. Leachate from compost is yellow to dark-brown in color, mainly due to the presence of dissolved and particulate organic matter. Characterization of the amount and type of organic material (both dissolved and particulate) in compost leachate indicates that, in the early stages of composting, the leached organic matter contains oxidized functional groups, and in the later stages of composting, there is an increase of phenolic (a benzene ring with an OH group) functional groups. The increase of phenolic groups indicates degradation of lignin in the maturing compost. Together with the leaching of organic matter, there is evidence for leaching of various nutrients and contaminants present in the original feedstock. Contaminants can leach by direct dissolution out of the compost, as well as with the help of dissolved and particulate organic matter, both of which have a high sorption affinity for inorganic and organic constituents, and which can enhance contaminant leaching via the mechanism of colloid-facilitated transport. Organic matter, nutrient, and contaminant concentrations are highest in the initial leachate, and the concentrations decrease considerably with increasing amount of rain or runoff water leaching through the compost.


National Australian reviews advocate exploring new models for preservice teacher education. This study investigates the outcomes of the School-Community Integrated Learning (SCIL) pathway as a model for advancing preservice teachers' understandings of teaching. Thirty-two final-year preservice teachers were surveyed with extended written responses on how the SCIL pathway advanced their understandings of teaching. Results indicated 100% agreement on 6 of the 27 survey items. Indeed, 78% or more preservice teachers agreed that they had a range of experiences across the five categories (i.e., personal-professional skill development, understandings of system requirements, teaching practices, student behaviour and reflective practices). Extended responses suggested they had developed understandings around setting up classrooms, whole school planning processes with professional development, the allocation of teacher responsibilities (e.g., playground duties), parent-teacher interviews, diagnostic testing for literacy and numeracy, commencing running records of students' assessment results, and the development of relationships (students, teachers and parents). Although a longitudinal study is required to determine long-term effects, the SCIL pathway may be viewed as a positive step towards preparing final-year preservice teachers for their first year as fully-fledged teachers.


Most motion estimation algorithms (optical flow, layered models) cannot handle large amount of occlusion in textureless regions, as motion is often initialized with no occlusion assumption despite that occlusion may be included in the final objective. To handle such situations, we propose a local layering model where motion and occlusion relationships are inferred jointly. In particular, the uncertainties of occlusion relationships are retained so that motion is inferred by considering all the possibilities of local occlusion relationships. In addition, the local layering model handles articulated objects with self-occlusion. We demonstrate that the local layering model can handle motion and occlusion well for both challenging synthetic and real sequences.


One notable feature about the debate between "liberal" and "political" constitutionalism has been its elite focus. The courts and the legislature are discussed in efforts to determine the appropriate role of each in processes of constitution-framing and changing. But this task is often set up implicitly as a zero-sum game. Although it might be claimed that citizens are tangentially relevant to this power struggle, a detailed account of whether citizens should, and how they might, play a direct role in constitutional authorship is seldom, if ever, placed on the table. This paper considers the elite orientation of this debate, questioning whether this is in normative terms acceptable, and in empirical terms credible, particularly as we consider how, over the past three decades, the referendum has emerged as an important vehicle for constitutional change in so many states.


Determining the nature of water flow and contaminant dispersion in karst requires far more information than can be provided by simple dye traces. Tracing can delineate drainage divides, flow directions, and flow velocities at various stages, but from water management purposes it is also important to determine such variables as groundwater storage, retention times, patterns of convergence and divergence, and response to wet-dry cycles in the soil. These are most significant in the non-conduit portions of the karst aquifer, which supply most wells. Dye tracing can be augmented by hydrograph analysis at various stages, tracing with tagged solid particles or microbes, evaluation of dissolved solids and chemical equilibria, and isotopic analysis. This paper concentrates on some of the uses of chemical equilibria and isotopes. Stable isotopes (e.g. 18 O and deuterium) and the various radium isotopes are among the most useful. Ratios among the four radium isotopes ( 228 Ra and 224 Ra, with half-lives in years; and 223 Ra and 226 Ra with half-lives in days) are well suited to karst studies. These techniques are time-consuming and costly, so a full analysis of a karst aquifer is rarely feasible. Instead, it is recommended that selective analyses be made of representative parts of the aquifer, and that they be applied as follows: (1) Develop conceptual models based on field observation, which allow one to anticipate a range of probable scenarios of contaminant transport and remediation. (2) If digital models are used, it is most effective to design simple generalized models in which the boundary conditions are clearly defined, and then to gain insight into real aquifers by noting the differences between the model and field observations. (3) Use field techniques to become familiar with the local hydrology and then apply hydraulic and chemical principles to anticipating contaminant behavior, rather than reacting only to emergencies. These approaches encourage the growth of interpretive skills based on the same scientific principles that govern the origin of caves and karst.


Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterised by the minimal expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), is an aggressive clinical phenotype. Its expression profile means it is not amenable to hormone therapy or HER-2 directed treatments with systemic treatment options limited to cytotoxic chemotherapy. There is therefore an unmet need for new targeted treatments for this cancer subtype. Transcription factor c-Myc (Myc) is frequently deregulated in these cases and is implicated in breast cancer development and progression. Omomyc is a peptide able to interfere with the protein-protein interactions of Myc, inhibiting transcriptional activation of its target genes. Here I report on the use of a new cell penetrating peptide (CPP), 1746, to deliver Omomyc to TNBC cells and on a truncated version of the Omomyc peptide (Omi) linked to 1746 (1746-Omi) and the traditional CPP Penetratin (Penetratin-Omi). I found 1746-Omomyc reduced the viability of TNBC cells overexpressing Myc by reducing proliferation. The truncated peptides were not as potent but demonstrated greater selectivity towards cancer cells. Penetratin-Omi had a greater activity than 1746-Omi and reduced cell viability primarily through cell death rather than reduced proliferation. The effect of 1746-Omomyc and Penetratin-Omi on the regulation of selected downstream Myc targets was determined by qRT-PCR and was consistent with but does not confirm Myc inhibition. This demonstrates the potential of 1746-Omomyc as an effective Myc inhibitor in TNBC. The shortening of Omomyc's sequence reduced the peptides activity with much higher concentrations of 1746-Omi and Penetratin-Omi required to effect cancer cell viability. The mechanism of action of Penetratin-Omi also differed from 1746-Omomyc, indicating the possibility of a cargo-dependent cytotoxicity at high concentrations. Improving the design of the peptides could increase efficiency and reduce the possibility of any cytotoxic side effects.


A meeting entitled Displaced Terranes in Britain and Ireland was held at Burlington House on 2 November 1988. This was the third 'terranes' meeting held in Britain since the inception of International Geological Correlation Project No 233 'Terranes in the Circum-Atlantic Palaeozoic Orogens', the others having been held at Cardiff in 1986 and Glasgow in 1987. IGCP 233 grew out of IGCP 27 ('The Caledonide Orogen'), many of the developments promoted by which are recorded within two Special Publications of the Geological Society (Harris et al. 1979; Harris & Fettes1988). Over the last few years research on displaced terranes in the British Caledonides has accelerated, with new data now challenging what have become traditional applications of plate tectonic theory to the British Caledonides. The reports of work in progress on Caledonian terranes, and it was thought appropriate to take advantage of the rapid publication facilities afforded by the Short Papers scheme. Because of the four-page limit on Short Papers, much introductory material has had to be omitted so that we provide here an introduction to the concept of displaced terranes and its applications to British Palaeozoic geology. Displaced terranes. The essential value of the terrane concept lies in its recognition of the likelihood of large scale lateral fault movements occurring along active plate margins. The concept of terrane tectonics is therefore no more than a fuller appreciation of the kinematic implications of plate tectonic theory. The impact of this recognition upon our perception of geotectonic processes in general, and the


Have the technological and regulatory changes in the U.S. equity markets in recent years improved or impaired market quality? As "market quality" is an ambiguous concept that is neither readily quantifiable nor amenable to straightforward empirical analysis, the authors have surveyed the opinions of sell–side and buy–side participants and academic financial economists. Academic respondents in general, and the microstructure subset in particular, are relatively positive about market quality and the efficacy of regulatory initiatives. The predominant response on both the sell–side and the buy–side is that the quality of the U.S. equity markets has deteriorated in recent years. Technology is broadly thought to be a great tool, but many industry participants believe that market structure regulation is not helping.


Large transformer-based language models have been shown to be very effective in many classification tasks. However, their computational complexity prevents their use in applications requiring the classification of a large set of candidates. While previous works have investigated approaches to reduce model size, relatively little attention has been paid to techniques to improve batch throughput during inference. In this paper, we introduce the Cascade Transformer, a simple yet effective technique to adapt transformer-based models into a cascade of rankers. Each ranker is used to prune a subset of candidates in a batch, thus dramatically increasing throughput at inference time. Partial encodings from the transformer model are shared among rerankers, providing further speed-up. When compared to a state-of-the-art transformer model, our approach reduces computation by 37% with almost no impact on accuracy, as measured on two English Question Answering datasets.


Chapter I gives a brief account of the work already done by other scholars, the original sources which have been user by us and points out the import of the terms used in the present study. In chapter II we discuss some of the important factors which lead to the origin of feudalism in northern India. Chapter III deals with the growth of feudal elements in the composition of the royal armies of the period and the dependence of the kings on the levies of their feudatories. Chapter IV concerns the role of forts in the wars of the period. In chapter V we deal with the growing tendency to remunerate state servants with feudal assignments and emphasise that royal kinsmen often received similar assignments for their maintenance. In chapter VI we analyse the terms for various administrative units in the records of the period and point out the growth of feudal elements in the administration of the kingdoms. Chapter VIII attempts to determine the meaning of several of the feudal titles appearing in the records of the period and demonstrates that there were many grades of feudatories. In chapter VIII we discuss the import of the title pacamahasabda and the nature of this privilege, which was conferred by an overlord over persons from among his feudatories. Chapter IX deals with the relations of a feudatory with his overlord, the rights he enjoyed, the control exercised by his overlord and the obligations which a feudatory owed to his overlord. In chapter X we discuss all the available references to the existence of a samanta assembly or to the samanta as functioning as a body. Chapter XI focuses attention on the increased burdens of taxation which resulted from the feudalisation of state structure. In chapter XII we call attention to the chivalric rules which guided the conduct of a warrior and some interesting customs which appear to be connected with feudal ideas of honour and dishonour. In chapter XIII we attempt, on the basis of a comparison with the European Middle Ages, to determine whether the term feudalism is suitable for describing the institutions of the early mediaeval period in India. The Appendix deals with the date of the Lekhapaddhati, which is found to reflect the institutions of the early mediaeval period.


Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) is critical for the induction of Ag-specific immunity. Ag-loaded DC matured with LPS, which mediates its effects by binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), induce Ag-specific CTL in vitro and in vivo in animal models. However, clinical use of LPS is limited due to potential toxicity. Therefore, we sought to mimic the maturation-inducing effects of LPS on DC by stimulating TLR4-mediated signaling in the absence of exogenous LPS. We developed a constitutively active TLR4 (caTLR4) and demonstrated that transfection of human DC with RNA encoding caTLR4 led to IL-12 and TNF-α secretion. Transfection with caTLR4 RNA also induced a mature DC phenotype. Functionally, transfection of DC with caTLR4 RNA enhanced allostimulation of CD4+ T cells. DC transfected with RNA encoding the MART (Melan-A/MART-1) melanoma Ag were then used to stimulate T cells in vitro. Cotransfection of these DC with caTLR4 RNA enhanced the generation of MART-specific CTL. This CTL activity was superior to that seen when DC maturation was induced using either LPS or a standard mixture of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2). We conclude that transfection of DC with RNA encoding a functional signaling protein, such as caTLR4, may provide a new tool for studying TLR signaling in DC and may be a promising approach for the induction of DC maturation for tumor immunotherapy.


Background: The increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is being associated with many complications among diabetic patients. Foot complications are a leading cause of mortality in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and practice of foot care among diabetes patients attending the Diabetic Center in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 250 patients attending Jazan Diabetes Center. Structured questionnaires were administered by medical students to diabetic patients. The outcome variables were knowledge and practice regarding foot care. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics based on Chi-square test were used for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of diabetic foot (DF) among males and females was 58.0% and 52.9%, respectively, without significant difference between both sexes. Eighteen percent of study population reported history of foot ulcer. Almost 53.6% patients had good foot care knowledge. Gender, duration of DM, marital status and age had no significant association with knowledge. Males were more adherent to foot drying by 65.2%, while females are applying more attention to softening of skin by 72.3%. There were no significant differences between males and females regarding foot inspection, nail care, adherence to medication and shoes check. Conclusion: In conclusion, the knowledge and practice of foot care among DM patients in our study participants were not adequate. The result of this study has highlighted the gaps in their knowledge and practice and underscores the urgent need for a patient friendly educational intervention. It is important to activate the role of health education to everyone who has direct contact with the patient, to minimize the DF complications. J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;6(6):172-177 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem388e


The National Library of Medicine (NLM) has developed People LocatorTM (PL), a Web-based system for family reunification in cases of a natural or man-made disaster. PL accepts photos and brief text meta-data (name, age, etc.) of missing or found persons. Searchers may query PL with text information, but text data is often incomplete or inconsistent. Adding an image-based search capability, i.e., matching faces in query photos to those already stored in the system, would significantly benefit the user experience. We report on our face matching R&D that aims to provide robust face localization and matching on digital photos of variable quality. In this article, we review relevant research and present our approach to robust near-duplicate image detection as well as face matching. We describe the integration of our face matching system with PL, report on its performance, and compare it to other publicly available face recognition systems. In contrast to these systems that have many good quality well-illuminated sample images for each person, our algorithms are hampered by the lack of training examples for individual faces, as those are unlikely in a disaster setting.


Drought represents a major abiotic constraint to plant growth and survival. On one hand, plants keep stomata open for efficient carbon assimilation, while on the other hand, they close them to prevent permanent hydraulic impairment from xylem embolism. The order of occurrence of these two processes (stomatal closure and the onset of leaf embolism) during plant dehydration has remained controversial, largely due to methodological limitations. However, the newly developed Optical Visualisation (OV) method now allows concurrent monitoring of stomatal behaviour and leaf embolism formation in intact plants. We used this new approach directly by dehydrating intact saplings of three contrasting tree species and indirectly by conducting a literature survey across a greater range of plant taxa. Our results indicate that increasing water stress generates the onset of leaf embolism consistently after stomatal closure, and that the lag time between these processes (i.e. the safety margin) increases with increasing embolism resistance. This suggests that during water stress, embolism-mediated declines in leaf hydraulic conductivity are unlikely to act as a signal for stomatal down-regulation. Instead, these species converge towards a strategy of closing stomata early to prevent water loss and delay catastrophic xylem dysfunction.


We consider a wireless sensor network whose nodes may enter the so-called sleep mode, corresponding to low power consumption and reduced operational capabilities. We develop a Markov model of the network representing: 1) the behavior of a single sensor as well as the dynamics of the entire network, 2) the channel contention among sensors, and 3) the data routing through the network. We use this model to evaluate the system performance in terms of energy consumption; network capacity, and data delivery delay. Analytical results present a very good matching with simulation results for a large variety of system scenarios, showing the accuracy of our approach


The glorious, classical legacy of Greece is universally revered. But this legacy has come at a price. How will Greece ever move beyond its ties with the past? Is there such a thing as modern Greece? This book is the first to present an alternative cultural history of Greece. Beginning with the growth of Greece as a nation-state through to the present, it shows how modern Greece has long been undervalued and neglected. From the compositional process of the first National Poet to the first feminist text, the first sustained Marxist treatise of Greek society to the Athens subway system, this groundbreaking book brings together a fascinating mix of literary texts, maps and aspects of material culture to uncover the identity of modern Greece. In considering these rich cultural landmarks, Calotychos argues that a new relationship with the past must be forged if Greek literature, culture and society are to be truly part of the present and meet the challenges of modernity.Modern Greece: A Cultural Poetics fills a major gap. Its refreshing approach provides an original insight into the everyday, lived experience of Greece. The intriguing range of case studies, the historical depth, and the engagement with cultural and literary theory will be of great value to literature students, cultural theorists, anthropologists, philologists and historians alike.


To know the decision strategy and the underlying information acquisition behavior of a person is essential for the design of computer programs that support managerial and consumer decision making. Both quantitative methods (e.g. computer-assisted process-tracing systems) and qualitative methods (e.g. verbal protocols) are used to investigate information acquisition behavior of managers and consumers, respectively, and to detect their decision strategies. This article presents measures that allow for the detection of important decision strategies—that is, one is able to distinguish decision strategies from each other. The presented measures are the methodological basis of widely used quantitative process-tracing methods such as computerized process-tracing (CPT) tools or eye-tracking systems. The article concludes that the measures and their application within CPT tools or eye-tracking systems constitute the basic foundation of an emerging research field called clickstream analysis, which is a method to investigate human decision processes by analyzing computer log files.


The great earthen mounds of southern Ohio have attracted archaeological attention since the first half of the nineteenth century. Until now, little has been known of the social organization of the Native Americans who constructed these spectacular ceremonial monuments. In the early 1960s, Olaf Prufer argued that the Ohio Hopewell societies that built the mounds that characterize the Middle Woodland Period (200 B.C. to A.D. 400) lived in small, scattered hamlets. Prufer's thesis was evaluated at the symposium "Testing the Prufer Model of Ohio Hopewell Settlement Pattern" at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Pittsburgh, April 10, 1992. Several of those essays and others, including two by Professor Prufer, are included in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization. Within the last decade, more than 100 instances of Middle Woodland domestic sites have been documented. The authors examine plant and animal remains, ceramic and stone fragments, and traces of structures and facilities recovered through survey and excavation. The essays illustrate many of the controversies revolving around scientific study of the Hopewellian lifeway. In an Afterword, James B. Griffin shows that the problem of Hopewellian settlement pattern has deep intellectual roots, and its solution will be significant not only for the Ohio Valley but for world prehistory as well. While the volume holds obvious interest for professional archaeologists, it will also appeal to amateur archaeologists and visitors to prehistoric sites and museums.


Recent research suggests that our understanding of the abstract domain of time is dependent on the more concrete domain of space. At once time is measurable and abstract, thus we often think of it both temporally as well as spatially. Boroditsky and Ramscar (2002) find that the spatial domain influences whether people see themselves as moving through time (ego-moving perspective) or as time moving towards them (timemoving perspective). Might there be other factors at work influencing these perspectives other than just representations of spatial experience? The current studies investigate the role that emotion plays in construal of time. Specifically, do people's feelings about an event influence how they perceive time and do people's perception of time influence how they feel about an event? Consistent with egomoving and time-moving perspectives, results suggest a significant effect of emotion on time construal such that people who have negative feelings about an event report that event as approaching them while people who have positive feelings about an event see themselves as approaching that event. A follow-up study shows the reverse process to be true such that ego-moving and time-moving language influence subjective positivity and negativity, respectively.