Chapter 1: Quantities and Units 1-1 Units of Measurement 1-2 Scientific Notation 1-3 Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes 1-4 Metric Unit Conversions Chapter 2: Voltage, Current, and Resistance 2-1 Atomic Structure 2-2 Electrical Charge 2-3 Voltage, Current, and Resistance 2-4 Voltage and Current Sources 2-5 Resistors 2-6 The Electric Circuit 2-7 Basic Circuit Measurements 2-8 Electrical Safety A Circuit Application Chapter 3: Ohmâ s Law 3-1 The Relationship of Current, Voltage, and Resistance 3-2 Calculating Current 3-3 Calculating Voltage 3-4 Calculating Resistance 3-5 Introduction to Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 4: Energy and Power 4-1 Energy and Power 4-2 Power in an Electric Circuit 4-3 Resistor Power Ratings 4-4 Energy Conversion and Voltage Drop in Resistance 4-5 Power Supplies A Circuit Application Chapter 5 Series Circuits 5-1 Resistors in Series 5-2 Current in a Series Circuit 5-3 Total Series Resistance 5-4 Application of Ohmâ s Law 5-5 Voltage Sources in Series 5-6 Kirchhoffâ s Voltage Law 5-7 Voltage dividers 5-8 Power in Series Circuits 5-9 Voltage Measurements 5-10 Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 6 Parallel Circuits 6-1 Resistors in Parallel 6-2 Voltage in a Parallel Circuit 6-3 Kirchhoffâ s Current Law 6-4 Total Parallel Resistance 6-5 Application of Ohmâ s Law 6-6 Current Sources in Parallel 6-7 Current Dividers 6-8 Power in Parallel Circuits 6-9 Parallel Circuit Applications 6-10 Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 7 Series-Parallel Circuits 7-1 Identifying Series-Parallel Relationships 7-2 Analysis of Series-Parallel Resistive Circuits 7-3 Voltage Dividers with Resistive Loads 7-4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter 7-5 Ladder Networks 7-6 The Wheatstone Bridge 7-7 Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 8 Circuit Theorems and Conversions 8-1 The DC Voltage Source 8-2 The Current Source 8-3 Source Conversions 8-4 The Superposition Theorem 8-5 Theveninâ s Theorem 8-6 Nortonâ s Theorem 8-7 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 8-8 Delta-to-Wye ( -toY) and Wye-toDelta (Y-to- ) Conversions A Circuit Application Chapter 9 Branch, Loop, and Node Analyses 9-1 Simultaneous Equations in Circuit Analysis 9-2 Branch Current Method 9-3 Loop Current Method 9-4 Node Voltage Method A Circuit Application Chapter 10 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 10-1 The Magnetic Field 10-2 Electromagnetism 10-3 Electromagnetic Devices 10-4 Magnetic Hysteresis 10-5 Electromagnetic Induction 10-6 Applications of Electromagnetic Induction A Circuit Application Chapter 11 Introduction to Alternating Current and Voltage\ 11-1 The Sinusoidal Waveform 11-2 Sinusoidal Voltage Sources 11-3 Sinusoidal Voltage and Current Values 11-4 Angular Measurement of a Sine Wave 11-5 The Sine Wave Formula 11-6 Introduction to Phasors 11-7 Analysis of AC Circuits 11-8 Superimposed DC and AC Voltages 11-9 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 11-10 The Oscilloscope A Circuit Application Chapter 12 Capacitors 12-1 The Basic Capacitor 12-2 Types of Capacitors 12-3 Series Capacitors 12-4 Parallel Capacitors 12-5 Capacitors in DC Circuits 12-6 Capacitors in AC Circuits 12-7 Capacitor Applications 12-8 Switched-Capacitor Circuits A Circuit Application Chapter 13 Inductors 13-1 The Basic Inductor 13-2 Types of Inductors 13-3 Series and Parallel Inductors 13-4 Inductors in DC Circuits 13-5 Inductors in AC Circuits 13-6 Inductor Applications A Circuit Application Chapter 14 Transformers 14-1 Mutual Inductance 14-2 The Basic Transformer 14-3 Step-Up and Step-down Transformers 14-4 Loading the Secondary Winding 14-5 Reflected Load 14-6 Impedance Matching 14-7 Nonideal Transformer Characteristics 14-8 Tapped and Multiple-Winding Transformers 14-9 Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 15 RC Circuits PART 1: Series Circuits With an Introduction to Complex Numbers 15-1 The Complex Number System 15-2 Sinusoidal Response of Series RC Circuits 15-3 Impedance of Series RC Circuits 15-4 Analysis of Series RC Circuits PART 2: Parallel Circuits 15-5 Impedance and Admittance of Parallel RC Circuits 15-6 Analysis of Parallel RC Circuits PART 3: Series-Parallel Circuits 15-7 Analysis of Series-Parallel RC Circuits PART 4: Special Topics 15-8 Power in RC Circuits 15-9 Basic Applications 15-10 Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 16 RL Circuits PART 1: Series Circuits 16-1 Sinusoidal Response of RL Circuits 16-2 Impedance of Series RL Circuits 16-3 Analysis of Series RL Circuits PART 2: Parallel Circuits 16-4 Impedance and Admittance of Parallel RL Circuits 16-5 Analysis of Parallel RL Circuits PART 3: Series-Parallel Circuits 16-6 Analysis of Series-Parallel RL Circuits PART 4: Special Topics 16-7 Power in RL Circuits 16-8 Basic Applications 16-9 Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 17 RLC Circuits and Resonance PART 1: Series Circuits 17-1 Impedance of Series RLC Circuits 17-2 Analysis of Series RLC Circuits 17-3 Series Resonance PART 2: Parallel Circuits 17-4 Impedance of Parallel RLC Circuits 17-5 Analysis of Parallel RLC Circuits 17-6 Parallel Resonance PART 3: Series-Parallel RLC Circuits 17-7 Analysis of Series-Parallel RLC Circuits PART 4: Special Topics 17-8 Bandwidth of Resonant Circuits 17-9 Applications A Circuit Application Chapter 18 Passive filters 18-1 Low-Pass Filters 18-2 High-Pass Filters 18-3 Band-Pass Filters 18-4 Band-Stop Filters Chapter 19 Circuit Theorems in AC Analysis 19-1 The Superposition Theorem 19-2 Theveninâ s Theorem 19-3 Nortonâ s Theorem 19-4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Chapter 20 Time Response of Reactive Circuits 20-1 The RC Integrator 20-2 Response of an RC Integrator to a Single Pulse 20-3 Response of RC Integrators to Repetitive Pulses 20-4 Response of an RC Differentiator to a Single Pulse 20-5 Response of RC Differentiators to Repetitive Pulses 20-6 Response of RL Integrators to Pulse Inputs 20-7 Response of RL Differentiators to Pulse Inputs 20-8 Relationship of Time Response to Frequency Response 20-9 Troubleshooting A Circuit Application Chapter 21 Three-Phase Systems in Power Applications 21-1 Introduction to Three-Phase Machines 21-2 Generators in Power Applications 21-3 Types of Three-Phase Generators 21-4 Three-Phase Source/Load Analysis 21-5 Three-Phase Power Appendices A Table of Standard Resistor Values B Derivations C Capacitor Color Coding Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Glossary Index


Domestic Novelists of the Old South: Defenders of Southern Culture. Elizabeth Moss. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State UP, 1992.In Domestic Novelists of the Old South, Elizabeth Moss tours the Action of Caroline Gilman, Caroline Hentz, Maria McIntosh, Mary Virginia Terhune [Marion Harland] and Augusta Evans, arguing that their work constitutes a special category of southern domestic fiction. She contends that these five writers "developed a compelling, if not altogether convincing, defense of slavery in terms of southern culture that reflected their perceptions of southern society and women's place within it" (10).Moss's thesis depends on the claim of distinctiveness. Although southern domestic fiction has roots in both domestic fiction it departs in important ways from both traditions. Unlike plantation fiction, the work of these women focuses not on the planter-cavalier but on his "lady-wife" (20). And unlike the domestic fiction of non-southern women, these novels "evidence none of that preoccupation with restructuring society pivotal to northern domestic fiction (19).The second of these differentiations is the more important, providing the key to the essential unity of theme in the novels of these five women. If northern domestic novelists criticized the new materialism of Jacksonian American and "used their Action to protest its implications for women" (19), southern domestic novelists located this materialism specifically in the North and developed a new, distinctly regional and fundamentally conservative message: "southern women of privilege must take an active role in protecting their region from northern encroachment; only through the efforts of the planter class, specifically planter-class women, could the northern threat [of materialism, and later abolition] be averted" (23).Moss's argument for a genre of southern domestic fiction faces two complications. First, she must deal with the fact that the five women in question belong to two different generations. The first generation, which includes Gilman, Hentz and Terhune (born between 1794 and 1803), grew up in post-Revolutionary America; sectional differences existed but the faith in union prevailed. Terhune and Evans (born in 1830 and 183) came to adulthood as the exacerbation of sectional differences threatened secession and civil war. Moss manages this problem well, dealing clearly with the changes that occurred in the work of the second generation. …


Wavefunction collapse is usually seen as a discontinuous violation of the unitary evolution of a quantum system, caused by the observation. Moreover, the collapse appears to be nonlocal in a sense which seems at odds with general relativity. In this article the possibility that the wavefunction evolves continuously and hopefully unitarily during the measurement process is analyzed. It is argued that such a solution has to be formulated using a time symmetric replacement of the initial value problem in quantum mechanics. Major difficulties in apparent conflict with unitary evolution are identified, but eventually its possibility is not completely ruled out. This interpretation is in a weakened sense both local and realistic, without contradicting Bell's theorem. Moreover, if it is true, it makes general relativity consistent with quantum mechanics in the semiclassical framework. Quanta 2016; 5: 19–33.


Abstract The Upper Ordovician glacial record of southern Jordan (Ammar Fm.) essentially consists of palaeovalley infills and of a subordinate time-transgressive fluvial to shallow-marine succession overstepping both the palaeovalleys and interfluvial areas. Valley size (depth, 60–160 m; width, 1–3 km), steep (20–50°) margins, internal organization and depositional facies point to an origin as tunnel valleys. The tunnel valleys are infilled by either fluvioglacial sandstones or fluviodeltaic coarsening-upward successions including fine-grained clayey sediments. Re-occupation of previous valleys is evident in places. At least three generations of tunnel valleys are inferred from cross-cutting relationships, although they most probably only reflect temporary standstills and minor re-advances related to the overall recession following the main glacial advance recorded in Saudi Arabia. Petrophysical measurements indicate that higher permeabilities are located in the glacially related strata (1.5–3 darcy in fluvioglacial infills), with a somewhat reduced porosity (22–28%) relative to the preglacial sandstones owing to a higher clay content, probably of diagenetic origin. Sandstone amalgamation, however, gives the fluvioglacial sandstones a high reservoir quality.


The treatment of prostate cancer with radiotherapy might be improved by either increasing the radiation dose on the most important tumor areas with focal boosting or by reducing the dose on healthy prostate tissue by means of focal therapy. In both scenarios, selection of the tumor areas is a critical step. As local recurrences often originate at the side of the dominant tumor lesion, especially this region is important. Second criterion is the presence of aggressive characteristics like high Gleason score and high cell density. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for the visualization of tumor areas. In this thesis, focus was on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging. The main goal of this thesis was to understand the histological background of functional MRI of the prostate, to come to more robust, MRI-based voxel-wise prostate tumor delineation. To this end, we created a logistic regression model based on functional MRI parameters to predict tumor presence on a voxel level. Validation of the model on pathology specimen showed that the performance of the model was good, although not perfect. Correlation with prostate histology revealed in correctly detected tumor voxels high cell density, high microvessel density and a trend towards higher Gleason scores. On the other hand, non-detected tumor voxels had cell densities and microvessel densities resembling normal tissue. This indicates that the detection of voxels depends on their histological characteristics. Additionally, larger tumors volumes were associated with lower apparent diffusion coefficient values and higher expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α.These larger tumours are detected more frequently and determine outcome after radiotherapy. Altogether these results indicate that the clinically most important tumour voxels, which are likely in need of higher radiation doses, are detected accurately. In conclusion, this thesis addresses several aspects regarding prostate tumor voxel detection and delineation, in relation to histological characteristics. Relevant tumor voxels, most in need of aggressive treatment, can be detected with high accuracy. The obtained knowledge of histological characteristics of detected and missed tumor voxels is of relevance when in the future the treatment of prostate cancer becomes more personalized with focal boost and focal therapy.


This collection of new writing on contemporary Greek cinema builds and expands on existing work in the field, providing a coherent analysis of films which, despite their international importance, have so far received limited critical attention. The volume maps key trends in Greek cinema since the 1990s within the wider context of production and consumption at both national and international levels. It offers a wide range of critical analyses of documentary and avant-garde filmmaking, art house and popular cinema, and the work of established and new directors as well as deliberations on teaching methodologies and marketing strategies. The book seeks to highlight the continuities, mutual influences and common contexts that inform, shape and inspire filmmaking in Greece today.


The Moon's time-variable exosphere Earth's Moon does not have a conventional gaseous atmosphere, but instead an "exosphere" of particles ejected from the surface. Colaprete et al. have used NASA's LADEE orbiter to investigate how the exosphere varies over time, by using the glow from sodium and potassium atoms as a probe (see the Perspective by Dukes and Hurley). The exosphere composition varies by a factor of 2 to 3 over the course of a month, as different parts of the Moon are exposed to sunlight. There are also increases shortly after the Moon passes through streams of meteoroids. Science, this issue p. 249; see also p. 230 The Moon's tenuous atmosphere varies over each month and after meteoroid streams. [Also see Perspective by Dukes and Hurley] Despite being trace constituents of the lunar exosphere, sodium and potassium are the most readily observed species due to their bright line emission. Measurements of these species by the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVS) on the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) have revealed unambiguous temporal and spatial variations indicative of a strong role for meteoroid bombardment and surface composition in determining the composition and local time dependence of the Moon's exosphere. Observations show distinct lunar day (monthly) cycles for both species as well as an annual cycle for sodium. The first continuous measurements for potassium show a more repeatable variation across lunations and an enhancement over KREEP (Potassium Rare Earth Elements and Phosphorus) surface regions, revealing a strong dependence on surface composition.


BACKGROUND
Fruit juice clarification is a challenging aspect of beverage industry which needs to be addressed for economical and hygienic production of fruit juices.

OBJECTIVE
Current study is focused on the complete purification, characterization and thermodynamic analysis of an efficient mannanase enzyme to analyze its applicability in biological clarification fruit juice.

METHODS
Mannanase production using Aspergillus awamori IIB037 in a 25 L stirred fermenter at pre optimized reaction conditions was carried out. Enzyme purification was carried out via series of steps. Characterization of enzyme along with kinetics and thermodynamic studies was conducted. Purified and characterized enzyme was assessed for its applicability in fruit juice clarification through clarification experiments on fresh apple juice.

RESULTS
Purification fold of 3.98 was obtained along with 86.80% purification yield of mannanase with specific activity of 158.16 U/mg. The molecular size of purified enzyme was determined as 66 kDa. The enzyme depicted 56% residual activity at 60°C after 8 hrs. Thermodynamic studies of an enzyme revealed enthalpy of activation (ΔH) and activation energy (Ea) as 30.53KJ/mol, 27.76KJ/mol, respectively. The enzyme activity increased in the presence of ß-mercaptoethanol surprisingly. On the other hand, methyl alcohol, ethanol, Hg2+ and Cu2+ inhibited enzyme activity. The enzyme showed Km and Vmax values of 11.07 mM and 19.08 µM min-1 for Locust Bean Gum (LBG) under optimal conditions. Juice treated with mannanase showed decrease in absorbance and increase in reducing sugar content.

CONCLUSION
The current study demonstrated that mannanase from Aspergillus awamori in its purified form has significant characteristics to be employed industrially for juice clarification.


This study was conducted to develop regional hydraulic geometry curves for the Santa Cruz Mountains that could be used in stream related and/or engineering projects. Data used to form these curves was collected from the USGS and by conducting stream geometry surveys. The resulting regional curves had high R2 values ranging from .82 to .92. Compared to other regional curves in nearby areas, the Santa Cruz Mountains regional curve equations have higher exponents, meaning bankfull channel measurements increase at faster rates as drainage areas increases. Further measurements and analysis should be done before applying these curves to project sites.


It is surprising to learn what people pay for water in Southern California. Of course, it depends on what you need the water for, when you need it, and where it comes from. Rates for the least expensive water, for agricultural use, are $15 (€12) or more per acre-foot (1,230 m). The highest-cost wholesale water is desalinated seawater at a cost of $800 to $900 per acre-foot (AF). The base treated and untreated water rates for the largest wholesale water purveyor in California, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, are $371 and $478 per AF (€232 and €300 per 1000 m). Actual rates paid by water districts for Metropolitan water vary depending on the type of service and the costs to deliver the water to the service location. Residential water rates in California, which include delivery and service charges, averaged $905 per AF in 2005 (€567/1000 m). The average residential user in 2005 required 0.4 AF (490 m) of water for the year. Residential water rates have increased over the last 15 years, from approximately $20 (€15) per month in 1991 to approximately $35 (€27) per month in 2005, representing an average annual increase of 3.8%. As the need for reliable water supplies increases so does the cost. Informal and formal water markets are increasing. Markets for permanent water rights and annual water rights have been incorporated into recent legal judgments for groundwater basins in Southern California. Water markets are helping to reduce over pumping of groundwater basins. They promote better planning for droughts, water conservation, and increased water system reliability.


Thin film ethanol sensors made from α-Fe2O3 decorated with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were manufactured by the electron beam deposition method. The morphology of the decorated α-Fe2O3/MWCNTs (25:1 weight ratios) nanocomposite powder was investigated using the scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The thickness of thin films has been determined from ellipsometric measurements. The response of manufactured sensors was investigated at different temperatures of the sensor work body and concentration of gas vapors. Good response of prepared sensors to ethanol vapors already at work body temperature of 150°С was shown.


Algal/invertebrate endosymbiose are common in the marine environment and appear to be nutritional in nature. The giant Tridacnid clams form a mutualistic extracellular endosymbiosis with dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) of the species Symbiodiniunt microadriaticum. The large size of the Tridacnids is generally attributed to the nutritional role of their endosymbionts. This thesis examines the nature and mechanisms by which important biochemicals, such as lipids, are translocated from the symbionts to the host.

Methodologies have been developed to enable the determination of the carbon isotope composition of individual saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids to enable natural abundance isotopic variations in these compounds to be investigated in the Tridacnid-algal symbiosis.

Compound specific isotope analysis of fatty acids in different species of Tridacnids, their zooxanthellae and non-symbiotic species reveal that several fatty acids are apparently directly translocated from algae to host. Evidence is presented for the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate by the clam. Carbon isotopic data also reveal that carbon limitation may play a role in lipid metabolsim in giant clams.

Compound specific isotope analysis has also been used to investigate the contribution of translocated compounds during a diel cycle in clam haemolymph and reveals that concentrations of key metabolites vary over the diel cycle as a function of irradiance. The cyclic sugar alcohol scyllo-inositol was detected in clam haemolymph, which may be related to osmoregulation in the clam or to a signalling role in cell proliferation.

Oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions and strontium abundances of shell carbonate are examined in several clams subjected to varying degrees of phosphate and ammonium nutrient supplementation to investigate the relationship between growth rate and stable isotope compositions and strontium contents.


A series of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins (TPPs) bearing different numbers and orientations of β-ethyl substituents have been used for studies on the functionalization of non-planar porphyrins. Attempts to monofunctionalize the diethyl-TPP via monobromination failed and resulted in the isolation of two different regioisomers. All ethyl-TPPs were easily converted into the perbrominated porphyrins bearing twelve peripheral substituents but with different numbers of β-bromo and -ethyl groups. These porphyrins are interesting precursors for further mixing of the substituent pattern and are novel push-pull porphyrins bearing electron donating and withdrawing groups in a defined pattern directly on the ring system. They have a similar degree of overall conformational distortion, however each with considerably altered electronic effects due to the different number of bromine atoms. In order to gain access to monofunctionalized derivatives, some of the ethyl-TPPs were converted into the monoformyl derivatives. In a similar manner, a number of 5,10,15,20-tetraalkylporphyrins were formylated, albeit in lower yields than the ethyl-TPPs. Several compounds were investigated in detail by single crystal X-ray crystallography and allowed a comparison of the influence of different substituent patterns on the conformation. The structural analyses include a comparison of different crystalline modifications for some compounds. Structural data for perbrominated ethyl-TPPs present the first examples of highly non-planar, dodecasubstituted porphyrins bearing two different types of β-substituents.


The use of a one-dimensional lake temperature model was investigated using long series of meteorological input data. These data were mainly based on one station. Effects of morphology on water temperature conditions were considered over this long period. The studied lakes are from the Finnish Lake District. Concerning their dynamics, they are small with areas ranging from 257 km 2 to 0.14 km 2 with the largest depth about 80 m, but typically less than 50 m. The strength of thermal stratification varies. Verification was made using test summers: for two larger lakes longer periods could be used. Summer stratification periods could finally be resolved satisfactorily, but only after adjusting with data from each lake. For some years the vertical temperature simulations are not as successful as for others, indicating the importance of local weather differences. For lakes with a large area to depth ratio heat is absorbed freely, while when it is small heat is blocked more into the epilimnion. For very small lakes sheltering is essential. Large total volume delays cooling, when stratification prevails. Sheltering is important and also very small lakes cool slowly due to their strong stability.


In controlling vibrations in elastic structures such as trusses, damping treatment is sometimes applied only in parts of the overall structure. In this case, it is important to confine vibrations to such parts to maximize dissipation. This paper demonstrates that this vibration confinement can be achieved by suitable design of structural joints that connect members of the overall structure. For example, joints with flexibility in rotation and with finite mass and eccentricity can practically reflect all bending waves incident upon the joints within a wide frequency domain. [Work supported by ONR.]


ABSTRACT All countries, especially developing countries with limited financial resources, face difficult decisions in prioritising public funds for investment projects in the face of multiple demands in order to achieve strategic public goals. Effective investment often requires coordination between different institutions and the management of political pressure to divert investment in support of private interests. It also requires the identification of appropriate sources of funds for different purposes. The preparation of an integrated infrastructure investment plan (IIIP) that uses structured approaches to review investment proposals has been suggested, and adopted in some cases, as an instrument to address these challenges and bridge the gap between national planning and sectoral budgeting. This article considers the experience of Mozambique in deploying an IIIP as well as some recent events and concludes that the instrument may be helpful as part of a system of investment planning and allocation but that it has significant limitations.


OBJECTIVE
To assess whether exercise capacity is related to left atrial dimension (LAD) in patients with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis.

METHODS
This study comprised 38 patients in sinus rhythm, with a mean age of 37.5 +/- 11.5 years (range, 11 to 59 years), 25 of whom were women. They were divided into 2 groups according to the NYHA functional class on hospital admission as follows: group A (12 patients) and group B (26 patients). All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to determine their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and their left atrial dimension was determined on echocardiography.

RESULTS
The VO2max values for groups A and B were 21.8 +/- 4.8 mL.kg(-1).min(-1) and 13.7 +/- 3.5 mL.kg(-1).min(-1), respectively, and the left atrial dimensions were 3.7 +/- 0.7 cm and 4.4 +/- 0.7 cm for groups A and B, respectively. A significant and inverse correlation was found between VO2max and LAD in the groups studied.

CONCLUSION
The increase in left atrial dimension is associated with impairment in exercise capacity in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Our findings support the use of left atrial dimension to estimate a more complex and difficult to assess index of functional capacity, such as VO2max.


The Ural Mountains mark a 2500 km long, linear mid-Palaeozoic orogenic zone representing the closure of an ocean basin-island arc system between the European Plate to the west and the Siberian Plate to the east. Within the orogenic belt there are over 150 ophiolitic masses displaying sections of oceanic lithosphere with both harzburgitic and lherzolitic restites. These occur as tectonic slices and allochthons within volcano-sedimentary sequences and melanges. The paper concentrates on the main lines of evidence which form the basis for the palaeo-reconstruction of the collision zone. In particular, it reviews the stratigraphic, sedimentological and structural evidence which is used to support a model in which the ophiolites were emplaced from the east onto the continental margin of the European Plate. In general the evidence is that as older oceanic crust was obducted, new arc and oceanic crust was being created to the east. As well as providing a general geological map which locates the major ophiolites, the paper presents cross sections across the major zones of the belt, showing current views on palaeo-reconstructions. A tectonic model is presented which attempts to integrate the volcanic-sedimentary history of the belt with the emplacement history of the ophiolites.


Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for all organisms. Cereal-based diets typically do not provide an adequate source for Zn nutrition of human beings, particularly when cereals are cultivated on Zn-deficient soils. This study investigates the potential of wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccoides) for better Znuptake, translocation and mobilization (retranslocation). These traits can be further utilized in breeding new genotypes with enriched grain Zn concentration. Solution culture experiments were conducted with selected wild emmer wheats (TTD 172, 24-39, TD 153, TD 531, TD 678, TTD 96, TTD 21, TTD 27, TD 536, TD 510) along with cultivated modern wheats (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum genotypes, Saricanak 98 and Balcali 2000) for a comparison of findings. Genotypes tested at early growth stage showed large differences in root Zn uptake and in mobilization (retranslocation) from older leaves into roots and young parts of shoots. The differences found in root uptake and leaf mobilization of Zn among the genotypes were not related to the differences in seed concentrations of those genotypes used in the experiments. These results indicate that genotypic variation in seed Zn concentrations among and within the modern and wild tetraploid wheat genotypes seem to be not related to the differences in root Zn uptake rate or Zn mobilization rate from older leaves during the early growth stage under given conditions. It is concluded that for better understanding and characterization of genotypic variation in differential accumulation of Zn in seeds, an increasing attention should be paid to the i) mobilization ii) phloem transport and iii) seed deposition of Zn during late (generative) growth stage of plants.


Some recent writing on the history of American law, notably that of Morton Horwitz,1 has observed a "transformation" in the early years of the nineteenth century as a new legal culture replaced the pre-commercial regime and altered rules of law in favor of the commercially active founders of industrial capitalism.2 In the course of this transformation, Horwitz argues, merchants and lawyers identified possible grounds for an "alliance," in which the lawyers gained social status and a monopoly in adjudicative institutions, while the commercial classes gained a system of law which subsidized their interests at the expense of other classes in society. This alliance also required the dismantling of the alternative institutions by which merchants had avoided the anti-commercial characteristics of earlier law. Prominent among these alternative institutions was the system of commercial arbitration, which some evidence suggests declined in importance at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The observed decline, along with an alleged judicial assault upon the principles and practices of the institution, is thus claimed as one of the harbingers of the forthcoming transformation.' This Note explores the details of the history of commercial arbitration in colonial New York in order to examine the historical underpinnings of the Horwitz thesis. Part I presents the results of historical research into the growth and development of arbitration in eighteenth-century New York. Part II discusses the light cast by the investigation on the work of Horwitz and others, and suggests some implications for future work in American legal history.


Every year much of the nation becomes engulfed in the NCAA basketball postseason tournament more affectionately known as "March Madness." The tournament has received the name because of the ability for any team to win a single game and advance to the next round. The purpose of this study is to determine whether concrete statistical measures can be used to predict the final outcome of the tournament. The data collected in the study include 13 independent variables ranging from the 2003-2004 season up until the current 2009-2010 season. Different tests were run in an attempt to achieve the most accurate predictive model. First, the data were input into Excel and ordinary least squares regressions were run for each year. Then the data were compiled into one file and an ordinary least squares regression was run on that collection of data in Excel. Next, the data were input into Minitab and a stepwise regression was run in order to keep only the significant independent variables. Following that, a regression analysis was run in Minitab. The coefficients from that regression analysis were input into a file with the 2009-2010 data in an attempt to test the model's results against the actual results. All of the models developed, except one for the year 2005-2006, were determined to be significant. There were 6 significant independent variables determined. The final results showed that although the model developed through the study was significant, the ability to accurately predict the outcomes is very difficult.


Objective: To assess spatial bias changes with aging. Background: On the horizontal line bisection test, adult healthy people have a leftward bias called 'pseudoneglect.' There have been reports that this bias diminishes with age. Because there is convergent evidence of right hemisphere dominance in controlling aspects of spatial attention, one hypothesis for this decrease of pseudoneglect is right hemi-aging, but another may be a decrease in asymmetrical hemispheric activation when performing spatial judgments. If, with aging there is a decrease in specialized asymmetrical hemispheric activation; older participants may show a reduced bias in all spatial tasks, regardless of leftward or rightward biasing. Design/Methods: 70 right handed healthy participants, 33 younger and 37 older, were asked to bisect solid and character-letter lines presented at their egocentric midline as well as to perform left and right trisections. Results: In all bisection and trisection conditions, the direction of deviation was the same in both age groups. In solid line bisections and left trisections both groups deviated toward the left of midline. In right trisections and character line bisections, both groups deviated toward the right side of the line. However, in all tasks the older participants deviated less from the target than did the younger participants. Conclusions: The finding that older participants were more accurate than younger participants across all bisection and trisection conditions suggests that the right hemi-aging hypothesis might be inadequate in explaining the changes in spatial attention with aging. Trisections, character line bisections and solid line bisections recruit different areas of the brain when performed and, in young people, this specialization results in different biases. The older participants' increased accuracy might be induced by a decrease in the asymmetrical hemispheric activation of these specialized networks important in the allocation of contralateral spatial attention or spatial action intention. Study Supported by: VA Merit Review, Heilman PI Disclosure: Dr. Schwartz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Williamson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lamb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Szeles has nothing to disclose. Dr Heilman has nothing to disclose.


Across sign languages, topic constructions are marked by nonmanual features such as a brow raise and head tilt. This study investigates whether a topic constituent is marked nonmanually in Hong Kong Sign Language. Spontaneous and elicited data show that the majority of 'scene-setting' topics, which provide a temporal, spatial or individual framework for the proposition in the sentence, are accompanied with a brow raise and a specific head/body position different from the rest of the sentence. In contrast, 'aboutness' topics that represent what a sentence is about are neither marked by nonmanuals consistently nor separated intonationally from the rest of the sentence. Grammatical objects fronted to the sentence-initial position are not marked nonmanually, either. The findings suggest that there are cross-linguistic differences with respect to the functions of nonmanuals in the information structuring of sign languages.


The mixed-signal circuits with both analog and digital blocks on a single chip have wide applications in communication and RF circuits. Integrating these two blocks can cause serious problems especially in applications with fast digital circuits and high performance analog blocks. Fast switching in digital blocks generates a noise which can be introduced to analog circuits by the common substrate. This noise can decrease the performance of mixed-signal circuits; therefore, studying this noise and the way it is transmitted will lead to solutions for reducing it and improving mixed-signal circuit's performance. In this paper, an efficient model for substrate is extracted from Green's function in MATLAB environment, and its accuracy is demonstrated. Using a VCO and a multiplier as analog and digital blocks, respectively and connecting them with the proposed model of the substrate, the effects of substrate noise coupled to analog blocks are shown. Finally, some methods for reducing this noise are applied to the circuit, and the results are compared to each other. The results indicate that using P+ Guard Rings is the best method for reducing substrate noise in the mixed-signal circuits.


Dr William Stukeley (1687-1765) was the most renowned English antiquary of the eighteenth century. This study discusses his life and achievements, placing him firmly within his intellectual milieu, which he shared with his illustrious friend Isaac Newton and with other natural philosophers, theologians and historians. Stukeley's greatest memorial was his work on the stone circles of Stonehenge and Avebury: at a time when most historians believed they were Roman or medieval monuments, he proved that they were of much greater antiquity, and his influence on subsequent interpretations of these monuments and their builders was enormous. For Stukeley, these stone circles - the work of 'Celtic Druids', were a link in the chain that connected the pristine religion of Adam and Noah with the modern Anglican Church. Historians today belittle such speculations, but Stukeley shared his vision of lost religious and scientific knowledge with many of the great minds of his day; this account shows how throughout his distinguished career his antiquarian researches fortified his response to Enlightenment irreligion and the threat he believed it posed to science and society


Objective: To identify the possible subcutaneous and peri/intraosseous injection risks with different needle lengths in adults using adrenaline autoinjectors (AAI) with different needle lengths. In addition, optimum needle lengths with the lowest injection failure risk were determined for both genders. Materials and Methods: Skin-to-muscle distance (STMD) and skin-to-bone distance (STBD) were measured under minimal and maximum pressures at the anterolateral aspect of the thigh by ultrasound. Risks of subcutaneous injection, peri/intraosseous injection, and total events were calculated for both genders by taking a 15.2 mm needle length as reference for calculations. Possible subcutaneous injection and peri/intraosseous injection risks with different needle lengths were calculated and the most optimal needle lengths with the least total event risk were determined for each gender using different body mass index (BMI) threshold levels. Results: A total of 208 adults (118 women, 90 men) with a mean age of 46.3±15.7 were enrolled. BMI had the highest correlation with all ultrasonographic measures for each gender. STMDmax of 45 women (38%) and one man (1.1%) were longer than 15.2 mm. For men, total event risk was similar (3.3%) with needle lengths ranging from 12 to 18 mm. For women, considering two different BMI threshold levels with two different needle lengths (20 mm for 28 kg/m2 and 26 mm for 32 kg/m2) reduced total event risk to 6.7% for both BMI thresholds. Conclusion: The risk for inadequate intramuscular delivery is higher in women, especially those with higher BMI. Individualization of AAI needle lengths according to certain BMI values can improve the outcome, especially for obese women.


Although wheat cultivation in practiced in the humid highlands of Ethiopia, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the agronomic and economic performance of wheat under the different levels of mineral and organic fertilization in the midlands of North Ethiopia during the main rainy season. Highest wheat growth, yield and yield components was recorded when wheat was cultivated under 150 kg/ha mineral fertilizer (DAP and urea) along with 12 ton/ha of farm yard manure. Particularly, grain yield was more than seven times higher when wheat was cultivated under 150 kg/ha mineral and 12 ton/ha farmyard manure fertilization compared to wheat cultivated with no farmyard manure and/or mineral fertilizer application. Though the wheat cultivated under 150 kg/ha mineral fertilization together with 12 ton/ha farmyard manure seemed to be superior; according to the economic analysis, 50 kg/ha of mineral fertilizer together with 12 ton/ha of farmyard manure fertilizer application was agronomically suitable and economically profitable.


BACKGROUND
Incisional hernias can cause chronic pain and complications and affect quality of life. Surgical repair requires health-care resources and has a significant associated failure rate. A prospective, multicentre, single-blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted to investigate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Hughes abdominal closure method compared with standard mass closure following surgery for colorectal cancer. The study randomised, in a 1 : 1 ratio, 802 adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer from 28 surgical departments in UK centres.

INTERVENTION
Hughes abdominal closure or standard mass closure.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was the incidence of incisional hernias at 1 year, as assessed by clinical examination. Within-trial cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses over 1 year were conducted from an NHS and a social care perspective. A key secondary outcome was quality of life, and other outcomes included the incidence of incisional hernias as detected by computed tomography scanning.

RESULTS
The incidence of incisional hernia at 1-year clinical examination was 50 (14.8%) in the Hughes abdominal closure arm compared with 57 (17.1%) in the standard mass closure arm (odds ratio 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.55 to 1.27; p = 0.4). In year 2, the incidence of incisional hernia was 78 (28.7%) in the Hughes abdominal closure arm compared with 84 (31.8%) in the standard mass closure arm (odds ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.59 to 1.25; p = 0.43). Computed tomography scanning identified a total of 301 incisional hernias across both arms, compared with 100 identified by clinical examination at the 1-year follow-up. Computed tomography scanning missed 16 incisional hernias that were picked up by clinical examination. Hughes abdominal closure was found to be less cost-effective than standard mass closure. The mean incremental cost for patients undergoing Hughes abdominal closure was £616.45 (95% confidence interval -£699.56 to £1932.47; p = 0.3580). Quality of life did not differ significantly between the study arms at any time point.

LIMITATIONS
As this was a pragmatic trial, the control arm allowed surgeon discretion in the approach to standard mass closure, introducing variability in the techniques and equipment used. Intraoperative randomisation may result in a loss of equipoise for some surgeons. Follow-up was limited to 2 years, which may not have been enough time to see a difference in the primary outcome.

CONCLUSIONS
Hughes abdominal closure did not significantly reduce the incidence of incisional hernias detected by clinical examination and was less cost-effective at 1 year than standard mass closure in colorectal cancer patients. Computed tomography scanning may be more effective at identifying incisional hernias than clinical examination, but the clinical benefit of this needs further research.

FUTURE WORK
An extended follow-up using routinely collected NHS data sets aims to report on incisional hernia rates at 2-5 years post surgery to investigate any potential mortality benefit of the closure methods. Furthermore, the proportion of incisional hernias identified by a computed tomography scan (at 1 and 2 years post surgery), but not during clinical examination (occult hernias), proceeding to surgical repair within 3-5 years after the initial operation will be explored.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
This trial is registered as ISRCTN25616490.

FUNDING
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 26, No. 34. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.


Abstract–  The fall of meteorites has been interpreted as divine messages by multitudinous cultures since prehistoric times, and meteorites are still adored as heavenly bodies. Stony meteorites were used to carve birds and other works of art; jewelry and knifes were produced of meteoritic iron for instance by the Inuit society. We here present an approximately 10.6 kg Buddhist sculpture (the "iron man") made of an iron meteorite, which represents a particularity in religious art and meteorite science. The specific contents of the crucial main (Fe, Ni, Co) and trace (Cr, Ga, Ge) elements indicate an ataxitic iron meteorite with high Ni contents (approximately 16 wt%) and Co (approximately 0.6 wt%) that was used to produce the artifact. In addition, the platinum group elements (PGEs), as well as the internal PGE ratios, exhibit a meteoritic signature. The geochemical data of the meteorite generally match the element values known from fragments of the Chinga ataxite (ungrouped iron) meteorite strewn field discovered in 1913. The provenance of the meteorite as well as of the piece of art strongly points to the border region of eastern Siberia and Mongolia, accordingly. The sculpture possibly portrays the Buddhist god Vaiśravana and might originate in the Bon culture of the eleventh century. However, the ethnological and art historical details of the "iron man" sculpture, as well as the timing of the sculpturing, currently remain speculative.


The tropospheric response to midlatitude SST anomalies has been investigated through a series of aquaplanet simulations using a high-resolution version of the Hadley Centre atmosphere model (HadAM3) under perpetual equinox conditions. Model integrations show that increases in the midlatitude SST gradient generally lead to stronger storm tracks that are shifted slightly poleward, consistent with changes in the lower-tropospheric baroclinicity. The large-scale atmospheric response is, however, highly sensitive to the position of the SST gradient anomaly relative to that of the subtropical jet in the unperturbed atmosphere. In particular, when SST gradients are increased very close to the subtropical jet, then the Hadley cell and subtropical jet is strengthened while the storm track and eddy-driven jet are shifted equatorward. Conversely, if the subtropical SST gradients are reduced and the midlatitude gradients increased, then the storm track shows a strong poleward shift and a well-separated eddy-driven jet is produced. The sign of the SST anomaly is shown to play a secondary role in determining the overall tropospheric response. These findings are used to provide a new and consistent interpretation of some previous GCM studies concerning the atmospheric response to midlatitude SST anomalies.


The successful use of object technology requires far more than simply the adaptation of UML, Java, CORBA, or Active X. It is crucial to understand the process of how to use these notations and technologies to build commercially robust software systems. In this session the speaker draws from his experience at NASA, NORTEL, AT&T, IBM, and other leading companies to illustrate the pitfalls and best practices of the process of OO software development. Attendees walk through the complete development process from use case development to pattern application and coding. Participants gain a clear understanding of the distinction between domain models, application models, and architectures. The course goes beyond notation and cookbook methods to address the key principles of Object-Oriented Software Development. A percentage of the time is spent discussing the rationale underlying each step of the process so that engineering concepts behind the specific techniques is presented. Several case studies are woven through the presentation."


With the growth of internet the need for a secure network has also grown. Internet is used in various educational institutes and universities by the students and research scholars.  It is convenient on the other hand unsafe to use internet. Therefore network security management has become one of the important issues for the network administrator in the campus. This paper puts light on some of the problems faced by the campus networks and gives solutions to tackle them.


The effect of meteorological factors on the composition and the energy recovery of the landfill gas (LFG) were evaluated in this study. Landfill gas data consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen content as well as LFG temperature were collected from April 2009 to March 2010 along with meteorological data. The data set were, first, used to visualize the similarity by using self-organizing maps and to calculate correlation factors. Then, the data was used with ANN to further analyze the impacts of meteorological factors. In both analysis, it is seen that the most important meteorological parameter effective on LFG energy content is soil temperatures. Furthermore, ANN was found to be successful in explaining variations of methane content and temperature of LFG with correlation coefficients of 0.706 and 0.984, respectively. ANN was proved itself to be a useful tool for estimating energy recovery of the landfill gas.


This study uses German social security records to provide novel evidence about the heterogeneity in life expectancy by lifetime earnings and, additionally, documents the distributional implications of this earnings-related heterogeneity. We find a strong association between lifetime earnings and life expectancy at age 65 and show that the longevity gap is increasing across cohorts. For West German men born 1926-28, the longevity gap between top and bottom decile amounts to about 4 years (about 30%). This gap increases to 7 years (almost 50%) for cohorts 1947-49. We extend our analysis to the household context and show that lifetime earnings are also related to the life expectancy of the spouse. The heterogeneity in life expectancy has sizable and relevant distributional consequences for the pension system: when accounting for heterogeneous life expectancy, we find that the German pension system is regressive despite a strong contributory link. We show that the internal rate of return of the pension system increases with lifetime earnings. Finally, we document an increase of the regressive structure across cohorts, which is consistent with the increasing longevity gap.


Evolution of Science and Engineering has led to the growth of several commercial applications. The wide spread implementation of commercial based applications has in turn directed the emergence of advanced technologies such as cloud computing. India has well proven itself as a potential hub for advanced technologies including cloud based industrial market. Microfinance system has emerged out as a panacea to Indian economy since the population encompasses of people who come under poverty and below poverty index. However, one of the key challenges in successful operation of microfinance system in India has given rise to integration of financial services using sophisticated cloud computing model. This paper, therefore propose a fundamental cloud-based microfinance model in order to reduce high transaction risks involved during microfinance operations in an inexpensive and efficient manner.


In recent decades, the spread of information technology, industrial automation, and other innovations has inspired visions of a coming "postindustrial society of services," in which the proletariat as it existed in earlier eras would effectively disappear. However, even a cursory survey of the reality of contemporary global labour markets belies this myth. The emergence of a new class of educated, salaried workers in high-tech fields is predicated on the increasing invisibility of workers employed in sectors and settings ranging from call centres and telemarketing to hotels and cleaning companies to retail, fast food, and care services. The great majority of these jobs are precarious in one way or another: seasonal, part-time, temporary, informal, or freelance, with little or no security or benefits.


The recent discovery of ALHA81005, a small meteorite that undoubtedly came from the moon, has raised questions about how an intact rock fragment could survive acceleration to planetary escape velocities. This acceleration could only have been produced by a large impact on the lunar surface. A small amount of material (0.005 to 0.02 projectile volume) may be ejected from an impact crater at speeds exceeding lunar escape velocity without suffering petrographically detectable shock damage. The ejected material is protected by stress-wave interference close to the free surface. The existence and size of this zone depend upon parameters such as the rise time of the stress pulse produced by an impact. The fragment size is a function of ejection velocity. The lunar meteorite was ejected during an impact event that produced a crater at least 3.6 km in diameter. Other meteorites may have originated in a similar way.


The present thesis examines the determinants of the bankruptcy protection duration for Canadian firms. Using a sample of Canadian firms that filed for bankruptcy protection between the calendar years 1992 and 2009, we fmd that the firm age, the industry adjusted operating margin, the default spread, the industrial production growth rate or the interest rate are influential factors on determining the length of the protection period. Older firms tend to stay longer under protection from creditors. As older firms have more complicated structures and issues to settle, the risk of exiting soon the protection (the hazard rate) is small. We also find that firms that perform better than their benchmark as measured by the industry they belong to, tend to leave quickly the bankruptcy protection state. We conclude that the fate of relatively successful companies is determined faster. Moreover, we report that it takes less time to achieve a final solution to firms under bankrupt~y when the default spread is low or when the appetite for risk is high. Conversely, during periods of high default spreads and flight for quality, it takes longer time to resolve the bankruptcy issue. This last finding may suggest that troubled firms should place themselves under protection when spreads are low. However, this ignores the endogeneity issue: high default spread may cause and incidentally reflect higher bankruptcy rates in the economy. Indeed, we find that bankruptcy protection is longer during economic downturns. We explain this relation by the natural increase in default rate among firms (and individuals) during economically troubled times. Default spreads are usually larger during these harsh periods as investors become more risk averse since their wealth


With the prospect of an increasing shortage of energy resources, there has been a growing interest in renewable alternative sources of energy. An increasing effort is being directed towards the problem of extracting energy from the world's oceans since the oceans represent a vast potential resource of renewable energy. To help meet a response to national energy concerns, the Task Committee on Ocean Energy of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers has compiled this bibliography of over 1300 entries on ocean energy. Subjects covered include wind-generated waves, tides, ocean temperature gradients, salinity gradients and ocean currents.


We have shown previously that soil with historical (> 150 years) applications of charcoal had larger recent (C4‐maize derived) carbon content than adjacent soil; however, we could not determine whether there was an effect on older, C3‐plant‐derived, soil organic carbon (SOC). Therefore, we assessed the effect of historical additions of charcoal on the sequestration of recent and older SOC with a combination of δ13C analysis and different quantification techniques for black carbon (BC): dichromate oxidation (Cr2O7), chemo‐thermal oxidation (CTO‐285) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Topsoils cropped with maize (Zea mays) under former charcoal production sites (N = 12) were identified in the field as black spots and had a larger (3.5%, P < 0.05) percentage of organic carbon (OC) contents than adjacent soil outside these spots (2.0%). The charcoal content varied with the detection technique used as follows: CTO‐285 > DSC > Cr2O7. Black spots contained 1.6–1.7 times more (P < 0.05) maize‐derived OC content than adjacent soil, irrespective of the BC quantification technique. The content of non‐charcoal OC was 1.0–1.4 times larger in black spots than in adjacent soil, but differences were significant only for the Cr2O7 method. Soil physicochemical fractionation showed that at charcoal production sites more OC was recovered in the particulate organic matter and silt and clay fractions. The δ13C analysis suggested that additional maize‐OC in black spots was in the physically more protected silt and clay fraction. Overall, this study shows that historical charcoal amendment in soil enhances the accumulation of recent maize‐derived OC in a temperate climate without replacing the older C stocks.


Objects have been categorised into classes that declare and implement their behaviour ever since the paradigm of object-orientation in programming languages was first conceived. Classes have an integral role in the design and theory of object-oriented languages, and often appear alongside objects as a foundational concept of the paradigm in many theoretical models.  A number of object-oriented languages have attempted to remove classes as a core component of the language design and rebuild their functionality purely in terms of objects, to varying success. Much of the formal theory of objects that eschews classes as a fundamental construct has difficulty encoding the variety of behaviours possible in programs from class-based languages.  This dissertation investigates the foundational nature of the class in the object-oriented paradigm from the perspective of an 'objects-first', classless language. Using the design of theoretical models and practical implementations of these designs as extensions of the Grace programming language, we demonstrate how objects can be used to emulate the functionality of classes, and the necessary trade-offs of this approach.  We present Graceless, our theory of objects without classes, and use this language to explore what class functionality is difficult to encode using only objects. We consider the role of classes in the types and static analysis of object-oriented languages, and present both a practical design of brand objects and a corresponding extension of our theory that simulates the discipline of nominal typing. We also modify our theory to investigate the semantics of many different kinds of implementation reuse in the form of inheritance between both objects and classes, and compare the consequences of these different approaches.


There has been little research into the experiences of and connections between language retention and identity construction among bilingual Spanish speaking children from Latin American backgrounds living in urban communities in Australia. Theoretical frameworks and research that examine the intersections between language retention and identity construction in the early years of children's lives is a crucial in understandings the complexity of identity and bilingualism from a sociocritical perpective (Jones Diaz 2007). This is of particular relevance to educators working with families raising bilingual children as the formation of identity is constantly negotiated, transformed and contested amidst a background of dominant English-speaking social fields that exist in multicultural Australia. This chapter draws on selected findings from recent qualitative research that examined young children's bilingual voices and experiences using Spanish and English across a range of family, educational and community settings. The analysis draws on Bourdieu's (1990, 1991) theory of social practice to examine the children's views and perceptions of their proficiency and use of Spanish which constructed various dispositions through which they were able to deploy linguistic, cultural and social capital in these social fields. Other questions investigated in this chapter detail the importance of the linguistic habitus in shaping identity which can permit or prohibit the children's use of Spanish in educational, family and community contexts.


In the context of bioactivity prediction, the question of how to calibrate a score produced by a machine learning method into reliable probability of binding to a protein target is not yet satisfactorily addressed. In this study, we compared the performance of three such methods, namely Platt Scaling, Isotonic Regression and Venn-ABERS in calibrating prediction scores for ligand-target prediction comprising the Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machines and Random Forest algorithms with bioactivity data available at AstraZeneca (40 million data points (compound-target pairs) across 2112 targets). Performance was assessed using Stratified Shuffle Split (SSS) and Leave 20% of Scaffolds Out (L20SO) validation.


Interprofessional education may be defined as an occasion when two or more professions learn with, from, and about each other in order to improve collaboration and quality of care. We studied the self-reported experiences from Norwegian health care students participating in interprofessional workplace learning in primary care. We discuss the results particularly in light of self-determination theory. During 2012, 24 students from eight different health educations at the University of Bergen and Bergen University College participated in interprofessional learning in primary care organized by the Center for Inter-professional Workplace Learning in Primary Care, Bergen. The students had their training in nursing homes and public health clinics, and they wrote reflective notes describing their learning experiences. The material was analyzed by systematic text condensation. The qualitative data analyses revealed five major areas of learning experiences from workplace practice: learning in an interprofessional setting, teamwork, relationships among the teamwork members, consequences for the patient, and consequences for the future. The results indicate that there is a high degree of learning potential in interprofessional workplace activity in primary care. This kind of learning strategy is an important supplement to traditional training within all health professions.


CASE DESCRIPTION The following case demonstrates how local businesses can flourish even in tough economic times. The case highlights two dominant marketing topics, relationship marketing and customer gratitude, and reveals their favorable effects for a small local business. The case is particularly applicable in an introductory marketing course, although it is also suited for undergraduates enrolled in management, fashion merchandising or retailing courses. It is recommended that students will assess the company's marketing strategy as well as target market, and examine the company's practice of relationship marketing and generation of customer gratitude. Students should expect to spend two hours outside of class reviewing and responding to the case questions in groups. An in class discussion can follow, in which the class hears all of the different group responses. CASE SYNOPSIS Audubon Hill Antiques and Gifts is a gift shop located in Saint Francisville, Louisiana. Saint Francisville was founded in 1809 and has traditionally been a popular tourist attraction due to its historic plantations, churches, cemeteries, gardens and renowned golf course. Audubon Hill is located in the downtown market district and the rustic design of the store fits in well with the town's history. The store has been in business for six years and carries a wide assortment of high-end merchandise including gifts, antiques, home decor, jewelry, bath and body products, children and baby items, women's and men's clothing, accessories, seasonal merchandise, souvenirs, and traditional Louisiana specialty foods. Gifts can be found for weddings, baby showers, holidays, and birthdays for all ages. The owner, Kathleen, describes the store as being the place where you can find a gift for anyone and take a little piece of Louisiana home with you. Although Audubon Hill has survived the 2008-2012 global recession thus far, the owner worries about the company's future. Since 2008, tourism in Saint Francisville has been unpredictable and Audubon Hill's current year-to-date sales are down from last year. Kathleen's afraid that Audubon Hill may not experience enough sales to keep the business operating. AUDUBON HILL OVERVIEW The downtown market district in Saint Francisville, LA has been steadily experiencing fewer customers than prior years. In the past five years, various local retailers have gone out of business, including clothing and antique shops, video stores, and a neighborhood meat market. The decline in Saint Francisville patronage is likely due to turbulent economic conditions and decreased tourism. According to statistics provided by the director of the West Feliciana Parish Tourism Commission, Katie Smith, Saint Francisville tourism has declined from 2008-2011 (See Table 1) and has not experienced nearly the same tourism levels as New Orleans. In fact, Saint Francisville recently had to increase sales tax, which is another indication of the financial hardship being experienced. After seeing several of the local businesses close as well as experiencing a decline in sales, Kathleen, the owner of Audubon Hill Antiques & Gifts, a shop located in Saint Francisville, is worried about her own business and whether it can stand these market conditions. Kathleen states, "In the past few years, I've witnessed many nearby businesses close, and I don't want to end up like one of them. My sales have been mediocre, and I know I need to change some things around this shop to stay afloat, but I don't know what to change." Saint Francisville was established in 1809 and rests on bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River. The town and its surrounding parish (i.e. county), West Feliciana, has traditionally generated a large amount of tourism. In fact, the annual financial impact for tourism in the West Feliciana Parish is roughly $18 million. Saint Francisville's plantations such as the Myrtle Plantation, which is proclaimed as one of America's most haunted homes; as well as the picturesque Rosedown, Butler Greenwood, and Greenwood Plantations, are primary tourism venues. …


Many of the authentication schemes for mobile devices that were proposed lately complicate shoulder surfing by splitting the attacker's attention into two or more entities. For example, multimodal authentication schemes such as GazeTouchPIN and GazeTouchPass require attackers to observe the user's gaze input and the touch input performed on the phone's screen. These schemes have always been evaluated against single observers, while multiple observers could potentially attack these schemes with greater ease, since each of them can focus exclusively on one part of the password. In this work, we study the effectiveness of a novel threat model against authentication schemes that split the attacker's attention. As a case study, we report on a security evaluation of two state of the art authentication schemes in the case of a team of two observers. Our results show that although multiple observers perform better against these schemes than single observers, multimodal schemes are significantly more secure against multiple observers compared to schemes that employ a single modality. We discuss how this threat model impacts the design of authentication schemes.


Conversation Analysis (CA) has been used to reveal cultural groups with which an individual identifies him- or herself as interactants are found to practice identity group categories in discourse. In this study, a CA approach — the organisation of turn-taking in particular — was adopted to explore how a senior Chinese immigrant in Australia perceived her own identity through naturally occurring conversations with two local secondary school students, one being a non-Chinese-background English monolingual and the other a Chinese-background Cantonese-English bilingual. How the senior initiated and allocated her turns in four conversations is taken to reflect the way in which she perceived herself and her relationship with her interlocutor(s). The findings suggest that the senior's cultural identity is not static but emerging and constructed in the conversations with her interlocutors over interactive activities. As such, this study contributes to our understanding of the nature of identity and the role of conversational interaction in negotiating cultural identities.


The MILAGRO field campaign was a multi-agency international collaborative project to evaluate the regional impacts of the Mexico City air pollution plume as a means of understanding urban impacts on the global climate. Mexico City lies on an elevated plateau with mountains on three sides and has complex mountain and surface-driven wind flows. This paper asks what the wind transport was in the basin during the field campaign and how representative it was of the climatology. Surface meteorology and air quality data, radiosondes and radar wind profiler data were collected at sites in the basin and its vicinity. Cluster analysis was used to identify the dominant wind patterns both during the campaign and within the past 10 years of operational data from the warm dry season. Our analysis shows that March 2006 was representative of typical flow patterns experienced in the basin. Six episode types were identified for the basin-scale circulation providing a way of interpreting atmospheric chemistry and particulate data collected during the campaign. Decoupling between surface winds and those aloft had a strong influence in leading to convection and poor air quality episodes. Hourly characterisation of wind circulation during the MILAGRO, MCMA-2003 and IMADA field campaigns enables the comparisons of similar air pollution episodes and the evaluation of the impact of wind transport on measurements of the atmospheric chemistry taking place in the basin.


Low levels of yeast assimilable nitrogenous compounds (YANC) in grape juice have been associated with sluggish or stuck fermentations. In contrast, excessive levels may lead to the increased formation of ethyl carbamate. Wine yeasts mainly consume primary amino acids and ammonium during vinification. While the ammonium fraction is easily determined by the winemaker, no winery-suitable analytical method has been available to estimate the primary amino nitrogen fraction. This research evaluated a spectrophotometric procedure to measure the primary amino nitrogen fraction. The assay was based on the derivatization of primary amino groups with an o -phthaldialdehyde/N-acetyl-L-cysteine (OPA/NAC) reagent. The resulting isoindole derivatives formed rapidly and were stable at a wavelength of 335 nm. The procedure used a juice blank to account for the absorbance of non-derivative forming compounds in the juice. The assay was insensitive to proline, showed a 3.5% response to ammonium, and correlated with HPLC estimates (R 2 = 0.988). The relative standard deviations for replicated analyses ranged from 0.27 to 3.20%. Estimates made using this procedure were within the systematic errors for model solutions, and known additions of isoleucine to grape juices had recoveries of 97.6 to 101.3%. The relative accuracy, precision, rapid analysis times and use of low-toxic reagents suggest that this procedure, dubbed NOPA for `nitrogen by OPA9, is appropriate for use in wineries.


Covert channels evade isolation mechanisms between multiple parties in the cloud. Especially cache covert channels allow the transmission of several hundred kilobits per second between unprivileged user programs in separate virtual machines. However, caches are small and shared and thus cache-based communication is susceptible to noise from any system activity and interrupts. The feasibility of a reliable cache covert channel under a severe noise scenario has not been demonstrated yet. Instead, previous work relies on either of the two contradicting assumptions: the assumption of direct applicability of error-correcting codes, or the assumption that noise effectively prevents covert channels. In this paper, we show that both assumptions are wrong. First, error-correcting codes cannot be applied directly, due to the noise characteristics. Second, even with extraordinarily high system activity, we demonstrate an error-free and highthroughput covert channel. We provide the first comprehensive characterization of noise on cache covert channels due to cache activity and interrupts. We build the first robust covert channel based on established techniques from wireless transmission protocols, adapted for our use in microarchitectural attacks. Our errorcorrecting and error-handling high-throughput covert channel can sustain transmission rates of more than 45 KBps on Amazon EC2, which is 3 orders of magnitude higher than previous covert channels demonstrated on Amazon EC2. Our robust and errorfree channel even allows us to build an SSH connection between two virtual machines, where all existing covert channels fail.


To achieve a sustainable or steady-state economy a society must be able to hold
negative environmental impacts, whether defined as resource depletion or as
pollution, to desired maxima. That is, it must control throughput defined as resource
inputs plus low-value outputs. This can be done directly through capping input
substances or approached indirectly through various sustainability paths, fruitfully
classified into three groups: control of the number of people, control of the quantity
of goods and services per person, and increasing the ratio of goods and services
per unit of either resource consumption or pollution. This taxonomy coincides with
the formula I = PAT.
It is found that each indirect path suffers from rebounds: whatever inputs are left
temporarily fallow after reducing population, and/or the affluence of some people,
and/or the technological ratio of inputs to economic output, are merely consumed to
support more people, raise the affluence of others, and/or increase the amount of
economic output. In order however to decrease throughput to sustainable levels –
solving the primary problem of human ecology, that of the scale of the human
economy in relation to biophysical limits – we needn't measure exact levels of
rebound: directly imposing caps achieves this goal. Once overall caps are in place,
population, affluence and efficiency will find their levels decentrally and
democratically.
Social problems to be addressed in a lower-throughput economy concern the just
distribution of rights to consume or pollute common property, unemployment that
can result from economic shrinkage, and in general just distribution of the pie when
the pie is getting smaller. It is suggested that environmental research should focus
on winning democratic majorities for sustainability and identifying the ethical,
aesthetic and quality-of-life benefits of a smaller economy. Only worldwide political
action – not that of individuals, firms or even countries – is likely to achieve
sustainability.


Dispersal via animals (zoochory) is a primary mechanism for seed exchange between habitat patches. Recent studies have established that many plant species can survive waterbird gut passage. To quantify the patterns and consequences of waterbird‐mediated dispersal, information on ingestion and gut passage must be combined with bird movement data. Such analysis has recently revealed seed dispersal kernels by migrating waterbirds. However, since many waterbird populations are largely resident, and migrating populations spend only a minor part of the main dispersal season (autumn–winter) on active migration, daily regional‐scale movements probably cause more frequent dispersal. We synthesized high‐resolution empirical data on landscape‐scale movements and seed gut passage times in a key disperser species, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), using a spatially explicit, mechanistic model to quantify dispersal distributions resulting from daily autumn–winter movements. We evaluated how landscape composition and seed traits affect these dispersal patterns. The model indicates that mallards generate highly clumped seed deposition patterns, dispersing seeds primarily between core areas used for foraging and resting. Approximately 34% of all dispersed seeds are transported to communal roost areas, which may function as reservoirs for mallard‐dispersed species, and 7% are transported between foraging areas. Landscape‐dependent movement patterns strongly affect the dispersal distributions, resulting in multi‐modal dispersal kernels, with dispersal distances increasing with fragmentation of freshwater foraging habitat. Seed size‐related gut retention times determine the proportion of seeds being dispersed away from the ingestion area, with larger seeds (20 mm3) having a 8–10% higher potential for long‐distance dispersal than smaller seeds (0·2 mm3), if surviving gut passage. However, twice as many small seeds will finally accomplish long‐distance dispersal due to their higher gut passage survival. Synthesis. Firstly, this study reveals how seed dispersal patterns resulting from daily waterfowl movements are shaped by landscape‐dependent differences in movement patterns. Secondly, seed survival appears more important than retention time in determining the scale of long‐distance dispersal by non‐migrating mallards. We conclude that the frequent flights of staging waterbirds result in directed dispersal over distances inversely related to wetland availability, indicating that they maintain landscape connectivity across a range from wet to increasingly dry landscapes.


OBJECTIVE: To describe the areas affected and the scale of an epidemic of thunderstorm associated asthma on the night of 24/25 June 1994 and to explore the spatial and temporal relationship between the thunderstorm and the associated epidemic. SETTING: The 29 offices of a deputising service for general practitioners' (GP) out of hours calls (Healthcall). At the time of the storm the deputising service provided out of hours cover for about 8500 out of about 30000 GPs in England, Scotland, and Wales. METHODS: Patients who phoned the Healthcall offices to request a home visit were categorised as "asthma" or "other causes" based on their presenting complaint. The number of calls on the night of 24/25 June 1994 was compared in areas affected by thunderstorms and areas not affected by thunderstorms and with the night of 17/18 June 1994, when there were no thunderstorms. RESULTS: A large area of the south and east of England was affected by an epidemic of asthma closely related both temporally and spatially with the thunderstorms on 24/25 June 1994. The pooled Mantel-Haenszel estimate for the risk of asthma in thunderstorm affected areas compared with the control night was 6.36 (95% confidence interval 4.97, 8.32) compared with a value of 1.01 (0.80, 1.27) for those not exposed. Extrapolation suggests about 1500 extra patients were likely to have requested a visit from a GP that night because of epidemic asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Under certain circumstances thunderstorms are associated with asthma and can affect many patients. Deputising services are a useful source of data for the investigation of epidemics in primary care.


Streebog and Kuznyechik are the latest symmetric cryptographic primitives standardized by the Russian GOST. They share the same S-Box, π, whose design process was not described by its authors. In previous works, Biryukov, Perrin and Udovenko recovered two completely different decompositions of this S-Box.We revisit their results and identify a third decomposition of π. It is an instance of a fairly small family of permutations operating on 2m bits which we call TKlog and which is closely related to finite field logarithms. Its simplicity and the small number of components it uses lead us to claim that it has to be the structure intentionally used by the designers of Streebog and Kuznyechik.The 2m-bit permutations of this type have a very strong algebraic structure: they map multiplicative cosets of the subfield GF(2m)* to additive cosets of GF(2m)*. Furthermore, the function relating each multiplicative coset to the corresponding additive coset is always essentially the same. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to expose this very strong algebraic structure.We also investigate other properties of the TKlog and show in particular that it can always be decomposed in a fashion similar to the first decomposition of Biryukov et al., thus explaining the relation between the two previous decompositions. It also means that it is always possible to implement a TKlog efficiently in hardware and that it always exhibits a visual pattern in its LAT similar to the one present in π. While we could not find attacks based on these new results, we discuss the impact of our work on the security of Streebog and Kuznyechik. To this end, we provide a new simpler representation of the linear layer of Streebog as a matrix multiplication in the exact same field as the one used to define π. We deduce that this matrix interacts in a non-trivial way with the partitions preserved by π.


57 This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact email@example.com Published online at https://www.cjrt.ca on 30 October 2020 LETTER TO THE EDITOR


Land development projects often involve external costs within the host community. For example, new retail space might generate more traffic, requiring improvements to roads. A new residential development might require new roads altogether as well as enhancements to police and fire services, schools, libraries and even sewers. Historically, these external costs fell on the community. However, increasingly, in both the United States and in England and Wales private land developers, rather than public agencies, are bearing these externalities. This article explores the issues that arise when governments shift the burden of these externalities back on the developer and compares the processes by which the United States and England and Wales have attempted to accomplish this shift in externalities. U.S. jurisdictions use exactions, impact fees and linkage fees to transfer the burden of adverse development impacts to the developer. England and Wales use the concept of planning gain to extract planning conditions or planning obligations from developers before granting development rights. Because of the high level of government involvement in this process of accounting for development externalities, public and private abuse is a concern in the U.S. and in England and Wales.Part II of this Article identifies the different impacts that occur during land development, including the impacts on municipalities, their citizens, competing developers, competing communities and the environment. Part III compares how development rights are obtained in the U.S. with the approaches used in England and Wales to obtain planning permission and discusses how the respective countries compel developers to internalize the external costs of development. Part IV concludes by proposing the developers and local government use bargaining tools, such as the U.S. development agreements and the section 106 agreements in England and Wales, to distribute development burdens. Further, private and public abuses should be controlled by the market and the requirements that the government act for the benefit of the public, rather than be constrained by existing judicial, legislative and constitutional complexities.


The reasons for the excess propagation of Copepod in an ozone-granular activated carbon filter were investigated and batch experiments were conducted to analyze the influences of CT value, pH and organic matter on the efficiency of disinfection of Copepod using chlorine and chloramines. The experimental results revealed that Copepod accounted for 70% of the zooplankton in the sand filter effluent that flowed into the ozone contact tank. Complete inactivation of Copepod was attained when the ozone dosage was 6 mg/I for 15 min contact time. The high bromide concentration in the raw water prevented increasing the ozone dosage due to the formation of bromate during ozone oxidation. Live Copepod entered the GAC filter via the ozone contact tank effluent. The average period of Copepod growth was approximately 8 days when cultured in the GAC filter water at 25°C and the survival ratio of the Copepod nauplii was greater than 80%. The number of Copepod in the GAC filter effluent was three times greater than the survival in the sand filter. Varying the pH from 6 to10 did not influence the disinfection efficiency of chloramines and the organic matter had rather low negative effects on the inactivation rate.


Soil fertility in smallholder farming areas is known to vary strongly on multiple scales. This study measures the sensitivity of the recorded satellite signal to on-farm soil fertility treatments applied to five crop types, and quantifies this fertilization effect with respect to within-field variation, between-field variation and field position in the catena. Plant growth was assessed in 5–6 plots per field in 48 fields located in the Sudano-Sahelian agro-ecological zone of southeastern Mali. A unique series of Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images were used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In this experiment, for half of the fields at least 50% of the NDVI variance within a field was due to fertilization. Moreover, the sensitivity of NDVI to fertilizer application was crop-dependent and varied through the season, with optima at the end of August for peanut and cotton and early October for sorghum and maize. The influence of fertilizer on NDVI was comparatively small at the landscape scale (up to 35% of total variation), relative to the influence of other components of variation such as field management and catena position. The NDVI response could only partially be benchmarked against a fertilization reference within the field. We conclude that comparisons of the spatial and temporal responses of NDVI, with respect to fertilization and crop management, requires a stratification of soil catena-related crop growth conditions at the landscape scale.


Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has been shown recently to be tractable under the separability assumption, under which all the columns of the input data matrix belong to the convex cone generated by only a few of these columns. Bittorf, Recht, Re and Tropp ('Factoring nonnegative matrices with linear programs', NIPS 2012) proposed a linear programming (LP) model, referred to as Hottopixx, which is robust under any small perturbation of the input matrix. However, Hottopixx has two important drawbacks: (i) the input matrix has to be normalized, and (ii) the factorization rank has to be known in advance. In this paper, we generalize Hottopixx in order to resolve these two drawbacks, that is, we propose a new LP model which does not require normalization and detects the factorization rank automatically. Moreover, the new LP model is more flexible, significantly more tolerant to noise, and can easily be adapted to handle outliers and other noise models. Finally, we show on several synthetic data sets that it outperforms Hottopixx while competing favorably with two state-of-the-art methods.


We considered the problem of constructing nonparametric confidence intervals for the difference in the means of two independent skewed populations which contain zero values. To account for zero values, we used a two-part model to separately estimate the probability of having any non-zero value and the expected value of positive observations. Under such a two-part model we developed the empirical likelihood (EL) based interval for the difference in the two population means. We then derived asymptotic properties of the proposed method. In a simulation study, we showed that the EL-based interval outperforms the existing normal approximation method and the bootstrap method. Finally, we illustrated the application of the proposed method in a study that assessed the relationship between the excess charges among older patients and the burden of their medical illness.


Indigenous Australians have often been described as highly mobile people--particularly in historical and remote 'wilderness' contexts. The literature paints a picture of regular, short-term population movement within and between desert, hinterland, and tropic regions of Australia, with significant implications for targeting and delivering a range of health, housing, and education services in these regions. To date though, very little research has examined the nature of Indigenous temporary mobility in and through urban environments. Scant scholarly consideration has been given to how cities and large regional centres feature in the mobility networks of Indigenous peoples. This paper examines the relationship between Indigenous temporary mobility and service delivery in the town of Broome, Western Australia. It explores various kinds of data—both qualitative and quantitative—that can be drawn upon to better characterise, explain and engage with Indigenous temporary mobilities through regional centres such as Broome. In particular, it focuses on experience in the formal primary school sector as a window onto the relationship between temporary mobility and service delivery in the town. Administrative education data generally supported the existing local narratives: that most Indigenous temporary movement through Broome is the product of service-related in- and out-moves amongst Indigenous people whose primary connections lie outside the town; and that Indigenous Broome locals were generally less mobile than many Indigenous groups in other parts of the Kimberley. While these administrative data are limited in their capacity to render statistically visible the full spectrum of temporary population dynamics, they can be used to develop a clearer picture of the frequency, duration, direction and scale of temporary movement through regional centres. Because these locales play a particularly critical role in shaping Indigenous mobility practices and networks across the settlement hierarchy, there is a strong imperative for policy makers and service providers to utilise all available data to more effectively define and cater to the actual service populations associated with them. These are necessary steps to improving service delivery to highly mobile Indigenous people in not just in urban environments, but in the often expansive service catchment areas that surround them.


This paper develops new tools for the analysis of Random Utility Models (RUM). The leading application is stochastic revealed preference theory, that is, the modeling of aggregate choice behavior in a population characterized by individual rationality and unobserved heterogeneity. We test the null hypothesis that a repeated cross-section of demand data was generated by such a population, without restricting unobserved heterogeneity in any form whatsoever. Equivalently, we empirically test McFadden and Richter's (1991) Axiom of Revealed Stochastic Preference (ARSP, to be defined later), using only nonsatiation and the Strong Axiom of Revealed Preference (SARP) as restrictions on individual level behavior. Doing this is computationally challenging. We provide various algorithms that can be implemented with reasonable computational resources. Also, new tools for statistical inference for inequality restrictions are introduced in order to deal with the high-dimensionality and non-regularity of the problem at hand.


Security issues in MANET are a challenging task nowadays. MANETs are vulnerable to passive attacks and active attacks because of a limited number of resources and lack of centralized authority. Blackhole attack is an attack in network layer which degrade the network performance by dropping the packets. In this paper, we have proposed a Secure Fault-Tolerant Paradigm (SFTP) which checks the Blackhole attack in the network. The three phases used in SFTP algorithm are designing of coverage area to find the area of coverage, Network Connection algorithm to design a fault-tolerant model and Route Discovery algorithm to discover the route and data delivery from source to destination. SFTP gives better network performance by making the network fault free.


Hospitality has become a dominant notion in relation to asylum and immigration. Not only is it often used in public and state discourses, it is also prevalent in social analysis, in its ambivalent relationship with hostility and the control and management of population. Grounded in the Derridean suggestion of hospitality as "giving place" (2000: 25), we offer a reflection on hospitality centered around the notion of inhabitation. Framing hospitality as inhabitation helps to move away from problematic asymmetrical and colonial approaches to migration toward acknowledging the multiplicity of transformative experiences embedded in the city. It also enhances a more nuanced understanding of the complex entanglements of humanitarian dilemmas, refugees' struggle for recognition and their desire for "opacity." This article draws on five years of teaching-based engagement with the reality of refugees and asylum seekers hosted in the Sistema di Protezione Richiedenti Asilo e Rifugiati in Brescia, Italy.


Introduction: Infertile women encounter with many problems such as family dysfunction and cognitive emotion regulation because of their illness and stress involved them.Objectiv: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of problem-solving skills training and cognitive restructuring on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and family functioning in infertile women. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. All infertile women of Kermanshah in 1393 participate in this study. 49 subjects randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The intervention group received 10 sessions training but the control group did not receive any intervention. Software spss22 and paired t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze data. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) shows that there is significant difference in two variables; cognitive emotion regulation (F= 43/19, 001/0> p) and the family functioning (F = 51/26, 001/0> p). Results from Analysis of Bonferni shows that cognitive restructuring group has more growth in cognitive emotion regulation compared with problem solving and control groups, also problem solving group has more growth in family functioning compared with cognitive restructuring and control groups. Discussion: As regards problem solving training and Cognitive restructuring have effective roles on family functioning and cognitive emotion regulation strategies therefore therapists can applied these trainings to resolve problems in infertile women.