This paper introduces a new stabilized finite element method based on the finite calculus (Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 1998; 151:233–267) and arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian techniques (Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 1998; 155:235–249) for the solution to free surface problems. The main innovation of this method is the application of an overlapping domain decomposition concept in the statement of the problem. The aim is to increase the accuracy in the capture of the free surface as well as in the resolution of the governing equations in the interface between the two fluids. Free surface capturing is based on the solution to a level set equation. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved using an iterative monolithic predictor–corrector algorithm (Encyclopedia of Computational Mechanics. Wiley: New York, 2004), where the correction step is based on imposing the divergence‐free condition in the velocity field by means of the solution to a scalar equation for the pressure. Examples of application of the ODDLS formulation (for overlapping domain decomposition level set) to the analysis of different free surface flow problems are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We present the results of SPT-GMOS, a spectroscopic survey with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini South. The targets of SPT-GMOS are galaxy clusters identified in the SPT-SZ survey, a millimeter-wave survey of 2500 deg2 of the southern sky using the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Multi-object spectroscopic observations of 62 SPT-selected galaxy clusters were performed between 2011 January and 2015 December, yielding spectra with radial velocity measurements for 2595 sources. We identify 2243 of these sources as galaxies, and 352 as stars. Of the galaxies, we identify 1579 as members of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters. The primary goal of these observations was to obtain spectra of cluster member galaxies to estimate cluster redshifts and velocity dispersions. We describe the full spectroscopic data set and resulting data products, including galaxy redshifts, cluster redshifts, and velocity dispersions, and measurements of several well-known spectral indices for each galaxy: the equivalent width, W, of [O ii] λλ3727, 3729 and H-δ, and the 4000 Å break strength, D4000. We use the spectral indices to classify galaxies by spectral type (i.e., passive, post-starburst, star-forming), and we match the spectra against photometric catalogs to characterize spectroscopically observed cluster members as a function of brightness (relative to m⋆). Finally, we report several new measurements of redshifts for ten bright, strongly lensed background galaxies in the cores of eight galaxy clusters. Combining the SPT-GMOS data set with previous spectroscopic follow-up of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters results in spectroscopic measurements for >100 clusters, or ∼20% of the full SPT-SZ sample.


We address the task of annotating images with semantic tuples. Solving this problem requires an algorithm which is able to deal with hundreds of classes for each argument of the tuple. In such contexts, data sparsity becomes a key challenge, as there will be a large number of classes for which only a few examples are available. We propose handling this by incorporating feature representations of both the inputs (images) and outputs (argument classes) into a factorized log-linear model, and exploiting the flexibility of scoring functions based on bilinear forms. Experiments show that integrating feature representations of the outputs in the structured prediction model leads to better overall predictions. We also conclude that the best output representation is specific for each type of argument.


The basis for the determination of diabetes mellitus is the classification studies that constitute the infrastructure of clinical decision support systems. The main purpose of classification studies is to increase the classification performance and increase the diagnostic rate. Different classification methods and different optimization algorithms are used for this. In this context, in this study, a classification study with Autoencoder deep neural networks was performed for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The Pima Indian diabet dataset in the UCI machine learning laboratory, which is widely used in the classification study, was used. The results of the study were compared with the results of previous which focuses on the diagnosis of diabetes studies using the same UCI machine learning dataset. The obtained classification accuracy is 97.7% and higher than the previously mentioned classification methods. The obtained evaluations show that the proposed method is very efficient and increases the classification success.


There has been a recent interest in cutting planes generated from two or more rows of the optimal simplex tableau. One can construct examples of integer programs for which a single cutting plane generated from two rows dominates the entire split closure. Motivated by these theoretical results, we study the effect of adding a family of cutting planes generated from two rows on a set of instances from the MIPLIB library. The conclusion of whether these cuts are competitive with Gomory mixed-integer cuts is very sensitive to the experimental setup. In particular, we consider the issue of reliability versus aggressiveness of the cut generators, an issue that is usually not addressed in the literature.


The Ada Adoption Handbook provides program managers with information about how best to tap Ada's strengths and manage the transition to fully using this software technology. Although the issues are complex, they are not all unique to Ada. Indeed, many of the issues addressed in this handbook must be addressed when developing any software-intensive system in any programming language. The handbook addresses the advantages and risks in adopting Ada. Significant emphasis has been placed on providing information and suggesting methods that will help program and project managers succeed in using Ada across a broad range of application domains. The handbook focuses on the following topics: Ada's goals and benefits; program management issues; implications for education and training; software tools with emphasis on compiler validation and quality issues; the state of Ada technology as it relates to system design and implementation; and the pending update of the Ada language standard (Ada 9X).


While the globalization of the styles and ideas has smoothed geographical and cultural borders,the contemporaryJapanesearchitecturehasretainedaverydistinctive style.SANAAisaninternationallysignificantandprize-winningfirmofarchitectswhose works seem to exemplify this kind of architecture.Some of the distinctive features of their work are simplicity, transparency and formal austerity,as well as a peculiar ambiguity in the expression of materiality. What role does the materiality play in creating something uniquely Japanese out of modern architecture? Through a case-study of Louvre-Lens Museum, the paper investigates the role that materiality plays in realising the Japanese aesthetics, focusing primarily on two key material features that have been identified in SANAA's work: transparency and whiteness. Some concepts of Japanese aesthetics are investigated in order to have a better understanding of the idea of ambiguity and weakness embedded in Japanese culture, including the concepts of mono no aware, superflat and philosophy of Rikyu Grey. By analysing the materiality and luminance conditions of interior space of the Louvre-Lens Museum and impact of the environment and time on exterior materiality, the paper suggests that materiality turns out to be a vital tool in the creation of a more tactile and ambiguous experience of vision, which transformed the focus of architecture from form to sensibility and perception. The Japanese aesthetic of simplicity, ambiguity and ephemerality is subtly applied through the seemingly neutral expression of materiality in SANAA's architecture.


Over the last decade Japanese researchers have taken the lead in the emerging discipline of molecular robotics. This new technology aims to produce artificial molecular systems that can adapt to changes in the environment, self-organize and evolve. This paper explores the question of how to stimulate responsible research and innovation in the field of molecular robotics technologies. For this, we first draw lessons from earlier societal responses in Japan to emerging technologies, such as genetic engineering, nanotechnology, synthetic biology and genomic research. Next we describe various real-time technology assessment (TA) activities on molecular robotics in Japan to depict the state-of-the-art of the academic and public debate on the social aspects of molecular robotics. Lessons from earlier societal responses to emerging technologies demonstrated three potential challenges: finding and involving the 'right' experts and stakeholders, keeping regulations up to date, and getting scientists and citizens involved in science communication. A literature review, 'future workshop' and scenario workshop raised a number of ethical, social, political and cultural issues, and addressed desirable and undesirable scenarios for the next few decades. Twitter text mining analysis indicates that the level of attention, knowledge and awareness about molecular robots among a broader audience is still very limited. In conclusion, we identify four activities crucial to enable responsible innovation in molecular robotics—getting to grips with the speed of the development of molecular robotics, monitoring related technical trends, the establishment of a more stable TA knowledge base, and a sustained interaction between molecular roboticists and social scientists.


The present study was conducted to determine the effects of curve of Spee leveling on three-dimensional arch length and specific components of arch form. The mandibular pretreatment and posttreatment dental casts of 33 patients treated orthodontically without the extraction of teeth were digitized with a three-dimensional positioning transducer integrated with a graphics calculator. Statistical analysis was carried out with general linear models and the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients of the relationships between the dependent variable of the curve of Spee leveling and the independent variables of arch length, arch depth, and three arch widths. The regression and correlation analyses essentially showed no relationship between the independent variables (arch length, arch depth, and the three arch widths) and the dependent variable (curve of Spee leveling). Although the three-dimensional arch length was increased after leveling of the curve of Spee in 24 of the 33 dental casts evaluated, the results from the statistical analyses indicated that this increased arch length was not necessarily the result of the curve of Spee leveling but may have been caused by other variables.


Abstract : ESPRIT is a successful algorithm for determining the constant directions of arrival of a set of narrowband signals on an array of sensors. Unfortunately, its computational burden makes it unsuitable for real time processing of signals with time-varying directions of arrival. In this work we develop a new implementation of ESPRIT that has potential for real time processing. It is based on a rank-revealing URV decomposition, rather than the eigendecomposition or singular value decomposition used in previous ESPRIT algorithms. We demonstrate its performance on simulated data representing both constant and time-varying signals. We find that the URV-based ESPRIT algorithm (total least squares variant) is effective for time-varying directions-of- arrival using either rectangular or exponential windowing techniques to diminish the effects of old information.


The research aims to explore relationships and dynamics affected by the change and innovation processes in higher education institutions, in order to contribute to the comprehension of innovation in the university at a time when important changes are taking place within higher education in Europe. Six innovations from three universities in Catalonia (Spain) were studied using were focus interviews, focus groups and document analysis. The main results are the following: in relation to the degree of change, innovations differ in the type of leadership required, and in the values and resistances associated with them. The type of leadership, strategies, impact and financing involved vary according to the scope of the innovation. Innovations show different origins according to their nature, being mainly curricular or organizational


Objective: Evidence regarding post traumatic growth (PTG) as a predictor of future reductions in distress has been inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine this relationship in a multiple-observation prospective study, to provide a more rigorous test of prediction over time. This longitudinal study extended previous work by taking into account perceptions of vulnerability and explored the buffering role of PTG on the links between vulnerability and psychological distress. We also explored whether individual differences in demographic and medical characteristics moderate the relationship of interests. Method: Participants were 312 Taiwanese women (Mage = 46.7 years) who underwent surgery for breast cancer. Measures of PTG, perceived vulnerability, and distress were assessed at Day 1 and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to investigate whether PTG and vulnerability and their interaction predicted distress over time. Results: A significant direct effect of PTG on distress was found: higher PTG was followed by lower distress. Analysis also yielded a significant buffering effect of PTG on vulnerability leading to distress. However, this effect was moderated by type of surgery. The buffering effect of PTG occurred only among women having mastectomy. Conclusions: We conclude that PTG tends to lead to less psychological distress overall but particularly so in a high impact context.


textabstractThe majority of clinical trials, investigating the effects of angiotensin-receptor antagonists
on the diabetic kidney, have focused on hypertensive patients, thereby leaving the possibility that reduction of the systemic blood pressure explains for (most of ) the renoprotective
eff ects1-5. Therefore, we studied the effects of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist losartan
on urinary albumin excretion, renal function and blood pressure in normotensive patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria. The significant reduction in urinary
albumin excretion rate by 35%, which we observed after 10 weeks of losartan treatment,
is quantitatively comparable to the antiproteinuric effects of losartan in hypertensive diabetic patients1,2,4,6,7. In our normotensive patients, this reduction could not be explained by
changes in systemic blood pressure or creatinine clearance, suggesting the involvement of
other losartan-mediated mechanisms.

First, antagonising the intrarenal angiotensin II leads to favorable intraglomerular haemodynamics, like reduction in arteriolar resistance and intraglomerular pressure, thereby increasing renal plasma flow, reducing the filtration fraction and thus urinary albumin excretion8,9.
These changes mainly account for the early rapid component of albuminuria reduction,
which parallels the time-course of changes in renal haemodynamics and is thought to be
maximal within the first weeks of treatment10,11. Our results of the order of magnitude of the
antiproteinuric effect after 5 respectively 10 weeks of losartan treatment, as well as the fact
that urinary albumin excretion returned to pretreatment levels in the 5-week placebo washout period, are in concordance with these observations and thus probably result mostly from
renal haemodynamic factors.

Secondly, losartan treatment probably results in slower, non-haemodynamic renal changes
as well, contributing to the well-established long-term renoprotective effects of angiotensin
II antagonists in patients with diabetes mellitus3-5. These changes possibly involve improvement of endothelial function and reduction of the chronic low-grade infl ammatory state12,13.
However, we have no data on this in our patient population to support this assumption in
our studies. Furthermore, the interference of losartan with various growth factor systems is
thought to reduce the production of extracellular matrix proteins, finally resulting in slowing
down the progression of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fi brosis14.


The present research was an exploratory laboratory and field Investigation of possible sources of bias In self-report job analysis data* Because of the similarity between task perceptions and job analysis data, the research into task perceptions was used as a starting point for the present study. In the laboratory study, 129 undergraduate psychology students were asked in Session 1 to complete measures of field independence, mental ability, intrinsic work orientation, and self-esteem. In Session 2, subjects were assigned to either a clerical or manufacturing task in wnich student confederates expressed either positive or negative cues about the task. Subjects then completed a job analysis instrument and a measure of job satisfaction. Results Indicated some main effects for these variables on job analysis data, although effects were often task specific. In a partial replication in a field setting, 56 bank tellers were asked to complete measures of job satisfaction, intrinsic work orientation, demographic variables, and a job analysis instrument. Results indicated some main effects for some demographic variables on job analysis data. The results of these two studies were discussed in terms of their implications for future job analysis research as well as for job analysis in organizational settings.


Congestive heart failure causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Symptoms and physical findings can help in diagnosis, but have limited sensitivity and specificity. Objective measurement of ventricular function is essential in virtually all patients in whom heart failure is suspected; reversible causes of heart failure must be sought. Out-patient management includes education and counseling, emphasis on and assessment of compliance with diet, and pharmacological treatment. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment but are underused, and maximal doses are not given, apparently because of concern about side-effects. Diuretics should be administered only as needed to manage fluid overload. Calcium channel blockers are relatively contraindicated in patients with impaired ventricular function. Patient follow-up should be guided by results of the medical history and physical examination. Routine serial testing of ventricular function and exercise performance is discouraged.


Wind flows over the 8.2-m Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea in Hawaii were analyzed with a correlation method. Three or four wind flows were detected from our measurements. Spatial and temporal resolution of the wind-flow analysis across the 8.2 m pupil were investigated experimentally. A three-dimensional spatiotemporal-frequency analysis was also applied to the wind-flow data.


Charles Henry Brian Priestley was born and educated in England. After completing the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, he joined the Meteorological Office in 1939. For the next seven years he was engaged mostly in wartime work, including a two-year spell in Canada (1941–43) and three years with the Meteorological Office upper-air unit at Dunstable, UK (1943–46). In 1946, aged 31 years, he took up an Australian appointment with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (later to become the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)) to establish and develop a group to undertake research in meteorological physics. Thereafter he was based in Melbourne, Australia, with his career in the CSIRO extending to 1977. Priestley's own early research focused on large-scale atmospheric systems, including substantial work on global-scale transport, and later on small-scale atmospheric convection and heat transfer, in which he established some significant results. He had a leading role in the development of the atmospheric sciences in Australia, and was strongly involved in international meteorology.


The Federal Trade Commission is surveying Internet privacy practices. Here's why you should care This month, businesses that maintain sites on the World Wide Web face their own version of television's ratings "sweeps." The client to impress, in this case, isn't an advertiser, but the Federal Trade Commission. The agency plans to conduct a survey of commercial Web site privacy practices and notices, and report its findings to Congress by June 1. The stakes: the degree to which government becomes involved in what companies do with their Web sites. Banks are part of this scrutiny, but unfortunately, all signs point to an industry that may be unprepared for it, and may even be largely unaware of it. It all boils down to a single issue: privacy. Banks' challenge is to demonstrate that they are providing sufficient privacy protection for users of their Web sites to avoid adding yet another layer of regulation. What the FTC has been up to Financial privacy on the Internet has been the subject of congressional hearings as well as discussions at a series of FTC workshops. Prime concerns are: (1) What do banks do with the data they gather from customer interactions with their Web site? This data can be provided voluntarily when a customer fills out a form or sends an e-mail, or it can be accumulated automatically through such technologies as "cookies." (Cookies are small data packets that record information about a user's visit to a Web site, which an Internet server computer stores on the user's hard drive for future visits.) (2) Do banks provide notice to Web visitors about their policies on use of data obtained through the Web? For banks, this disclosure is the most immediate challenge. Even as members of Congress push for various forms of legislation regarding on-line privacy, the Administration and the FTC thus far have favored a "hands off" policy regarding Internet privacy. In testimony and other efforts, ABA has been encouraging this attitude, as part of a campaign to let the industry police itself. This effort has included publication of privacy principles for financial institutions and distribution of a special ABA compendium, Privacy in Electronic Commerce. (For more information, see the association's Web site . For a more general site dealing with Web privacy from a business perspective, see .) "Banking is already covered by a plethora of privacy laws," insists John Byrne, ABA senior counsel and manager of its compliance center. "We don't think that banking needs to fall under the same umbrella as all the other industries that are trying to catch up." The association believes the existing laws and regulations already provide sufficient control to cover banks' efforts on the Web. Further, the industry faces concerns not posed to many other industries; for instance, the "know-your-customer" requirements of anti-money-laundering regulations, which take on a whole new meaning in cyberspace. Banking regulators, for the most part, have been mum on the matter, putting far more stress in their Web scrutiny on bread-and-butter compliance issues such as truth-in-lending. For many banks, "that's probably seemed more pressing than privacy," says Steve Neel, vice-president of customer operations at nFront, a consultant to numerous Web banks. Neel points to a customer bank's recent experience with federal compliance examiners who included an exhaustive evaluation of its Web site in their review. To the degree that banking regulators have addressed the matter publicly, it has been in the context of security. One example of this is FDIC's Financial Institution Letter 131-97, "Security Risks Associated With The Internet." Still, federal banking regulators will, no doubt, catch up on the privacy front, and FTC is already there. FTC has been pushing the privacy issue from two perspectives. …


1. General Introduction David Egan, Stephen Reynolds, & Aaron James Wendland 2. The Meaning of Being and the Possibility of Discourse: Heidegger and Wittgenstein Converse Stephen Mulhall 3. Wittgenstein and Heidegger and the "Face" of Life in Our Time Simon Glendinning 4. The Provocation to Look and See: Appropriation, Recollection, and Formal Indication Denis McManus 5. The Authenticity of the Ordinary David Egan 6. Wittgenstein, Heidegger, and the Question of Phenomenology Charles Guignon 7. Understanding the Being of the "We": Wittgenstein, Heidegger, and Idealism Edward Minar 8. Heidegger and Wittgenstein on External World Skepticism Herman Philipse 9. What Science Leaves Unsaid Taylor Carman 10. Disintegrating Bugbears: Heidegger and Wittgenstein on Basic Laws of Thought Lee Braver 11. Understanding as a Finite Ability Joseph K. Schear 12. Human Activity as Indeterminate Social Event Theodore R. Schatzki 13. Heidegger's Religious Picture Stephen Reynolds 14. Words as Works of Art Aaron James Wendland 15. Wittgenstein and Heidegger as Romantic Modernists Anthony Rudd 16. Dwelling on Rough Ground: Heidegger, Wittgenstein, Architecture David R. Cerbone


Archie's Caves is a puzzle platform game inspired by the history of the Marble Arch Caves in Enniskillen. The game is a prototype funded by The Arts Council and DCAL addressing new ways to use mobile based video games to explore history, engage visitors and promote tourism.The game tells the story of Archie; the grandson of one of the famous Yorkshire Ramblers. The Ramblers ventured to the caves every summer in the 1940s to plot the caverns and extend Martel's original exploration. Archie, following in is grandfathers footsteps sets out to explore the caves and the magic that lays under the hills of Fermanagh. Players can unlock additional audio and history by playing the game onsite at Marble Arch Caves Geo Park and is designed to extend the visitors experience and memory of their visit while they are travelling to and from the site.


BACKGROUND
Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) in health care has captured the interest of doctors, healthcare professionals, and managers.

AIM
To evaluate the effects of NLP on health-related outcomes.

DESIGN AND SETTING
Systematic review of experimental studies.

METHOD
The following data sources were searched: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ASSIA, AMED, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, CENTRAL, NLP specialist databases, reference lists, review articles, and NLP professional associations, training providers, and research groups.

RESULTS
Searches revealed 1459 titles from which 10 experimental studies were included. Five studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and five were pre-post studies. Targeted health conditions were anxiety disorders, weight maintenance, morning sickness, substance misuse, and claustrophobia during MRI scanning. NLP interventions were mainly delivered across 4-20 sessions although three were single session. Eighteen outcomes were reported and the RCT sample sizes ranged from 22 to 106. Four RCTs reported no significant between group differences with the fifth finding in favour of the NLP arm (F = 8.114, P<0.001). Three RCTs and five pre-post studies reported within group improvements. Risk of bias across all studies was high or uncertain.

CONCLUSION
There is little evidence that NLP interventions improve health-related outcomes. This conclusion reflects the limited quantity and quality of NLP research, rather than robust evidence of no effect. There is currently insufficient evidence to support the allocation of NHS resources to NLP activities outside of research purposes.


What law applies to real property? At one time the answer to this question was simple: the law of the situs. But then the choice-of-law revolution came and legal scholars began to see reasons to depart from the situs law rule. As interest analysis and the most-significant-relationship test developed, legal theorists undermined the logical and normative basis for such a simple solution to the choice-of-law problem. In recent years, however, the situs rule has been rehabilitated and increasingly defended by some scholars while others have continued to subject it to criticism. And in fact, the rule was never dislodged in practice and it remained the presumptive rule in the Second Restatement of Conflict of Laws. Even today, courts generally apply situs law to real property issues, although important exceptions have developed over time and some brave judges have deviated from the rule in certain classes of cases.Rather than argue for or against the rule, this article explains the difference between the false conflicts cases where only one state has a legitimate interest in applying its law and the true conflicts cases where two (or more) states have such interests. That analysis shows cases under which situs law clearly should and clearly should not apply, as well as the true conflict cases that are hard because they present value conflicts generating good reasons both for application of situs law and for deviating from it. Those hard cases are of four types: (a) conflicts between situs law and the law of the domicile of one of the parties; (b) conflicts between situs law and the place where a contractual relationship is centered; (c) nuisance-type cases where the conduct is in one state and the injury is in another; and (d) the special case of federal Indian law which involves the paradoxical case of overlapping situses. The article concludes by addressing the renvoi problem. Real property law has traditionally required application of renvoi for issues involving title to real property. This article explains the reasons why that is so and why those reasons are less powerful than we may have thought.


INTRODUCTION
Physiotherapy practice in Africa faces a number of challenges, one of which is the limited number of therapists in most public hospitals. In Africa, physiotherapy is still mainly institution based with very little community-based practice, leading to lack of access to services for a large part of the population. This study explores users' perceptions of physiotherapy, challenges faced by users, possible options for management, and determines whether current physiotherapy practice in a rural Kilifi District general hospital in Kenya facilitates future self-management of chronic conditions.

METHODS
Eight in-depth interviews, 3 focus groups discussions and 4 participant observations were conducted for data collection. All interviews and focus group discussions were recorded using a digital recorder, transcribed into the Swahili language and then translated into English. The transcriptions were imported to NVivo 9 (www.qsrinternational.com) for management and storage. Inductive data analysis was used to generate themes from the rich-text data of the transcriptions.

RESULTS
Many of the users perceived physiotherapy as being effective. Challenges included distance from health facilities, negative experiences with some therapists, and lack of staff and equipment. Rehabilitation options included community- and home-based programs fostering self-management of chronic conditions. Current hospital practice lacks emphasis on self-management skills for patients with chronic conditions who can do their physiotherapy at home.

CONCLUSIONS
Users' experiences of physiotherapy treatment in this rural hospital indicate that a host of challenges exist. In the face of these challenges, the needs of the users seemed to be compromised, especially those with chronic conditions. Rehabilitation services that are accessible and affordable would be better options in rural and low-resource settings. There is therefore need for community-based services that place emphasis on self-management of chronic conditions for fostering better health outcomes in rural communities.


Establishing a link between the consumption of fossil fuels and global climate change has depended both on scientific research as well as assumptions about the pace of social change, technological innovation, and economic growth. Late 19th century research into the role of carbon dioxide and climate focused on explaining the historical cooling of the ice ages; consideration of future warming as a result of energy use remained theoretical and focused on benefits centuries away. After declining scientific interest in the carbon dioxide theory in the early 20th century, it was revived again in the late 1930s, gradually stimulating further research that led to a more sophisticated understanding of the global carbon cycle and prospects for future warming. This research began incorporating more realistic expectations of future energy growth. In the early 1970s, scientists, politicians, and the general public began paying more attention to research into anthropogenic climate change, in part due to a renewed attention to the social costs of energy systems alongside a growing focus on global environmental issues. Future historical research into energy and climate change should examine the role of predictions and expectations of social change in shaping the agenda of scientific research. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 773–780 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.78


This rich study explores the elements of Hegel's social and political thought that are most relevant to our society today. Combating the prevailing post-World War II stereotype of Hegel as a proto-fascist, Charles Taylor argues that Hegel aimed not to deny the rights of individuality but to synthesise them with the intrinsic good of community membership. Hegel's goal of a society of free individuals whose social activity is expressive of who they are seems an even more distant goal now, and Taylor's discussion has renewed relevance for our increasingly globalised and industrialised society. This classic work is presented in a fresh series livery for the twenty-first century with a specially commissioned new preface written by Frederick Neuhouser.


As a physician trainee, I used several different electronic health records at different institutions. In an e-prescribing training environment, I once wrote an electronic order for a large overdose of digoxin for a neonatal test patient. I was disturbed to find that the electronic prescribing system printed that order without any warnings or alerts because it fit within the normal adult dosing limits for the medication. For special patient populations, such as children, electronic health records, particularly prescribing systems, require special features.1 Children have higher rates of potentially dangerous medication errors than adult patients, due to the complexity of paediatric medication ordering with individualised weight-based dosing.2 Electronic prescribing systems designed for adult patients may not contain the paediatric decision support needed to prevent paediatric medication errors or may even cause new paediatric errors to occur.

The Jani et al paper ( see page 337 ) raises several important issues regarding the effect of electronic prescribing on paediatric dosing errors.3 Prominent among them are: first, the role of clinician decision support in electronic prescribing; …


The decision to forsake large or long-term benefits, or incur large costs, for small, short term benefits is often referred to as irrational, as are people who make such a decision. The author suggests that some people making these "irrational" decisions may have a rational basis that derives from a view that the world is unjust or not just. Policy-makers' main tool to influence socially undesirable behaviour is to assess penalties such as monetary fines or prison sentences. The author contends that for people who do not hold a just world view, this approach may be less effective than policy-makers believe it to be. Following a detailed examination of the literature on just and unjust world views, the author defines a "just enough" world view, according to which people believe the world is sufficiently just that they behave as if it is just. This, she argues, is the world view that lawmakers and policy-makers assume people to have. She then considers how cost-benefit computations differ as between someone with a just enough world view and someone who believes that the world is not just enough. People may assess the benefits of an action offering short-term benefits but long-term costs similarly, whatever their world view. But people who think the world is not just enough may assess the costs of such an action to be much lower. They may think that whatever they do, they could be penalized; they may compute the additional penalty for the action offering the short-term benefit as comparatively small. Policy-makers fail to take this into account. Finally, the author encourages further research to determine how people who do not believe the world is just enough may respond differently to law's attempts to influence their behaviour.


I made other alterations in my portrayal of myself, most of which pictured me in ways that made me tougher and more daring and more aggressive than in reality I was, or I am. People cope with adversity in many different ways, ways that are deeply personal. I think one way people cope is by developing a skewed perception of themselves that allows them to overcome and do things they thought they couldn't do before. My mistake, and it is one I deeply regret, is writing about the person I created in my mind to help me cope, and not the person who went through the experience. -James Frey's "a note to the reader," A Million Little Pieces The imagined person we encounter in James Frey's blockbuster "memoir," A Million Little Pieces (AMLP) (2003), proved alluring not just to the author and supposed addict himself, but to an American public deeply interested in stories of recovery, personal transformation, and heroic self-reliance. The "James" of AMLP-troubled, swaggering, prone to violence, intimate with death, in hot pursuit of a radically autonomous selfhood-is close kin to a prominent type in the national literary canon, as well as a familiar protagonist in what Mark Seltzer calls contemporary "wound culture," where versions of that type and their relationship to "torn and opened private bodies and torn and opened psyches" (Seltzer 109) command extraordinary attention. The popularity of "James," up until the public debunking of his authenticity, had much to do with his status as a contemporary permutation (if a rather bathetic one) of D. H. Lawrence's "essential American soul," the mythical New World man who is "hard, isolate, stoic, and a killer" (Lawrence 68). Fantasies of "regeneration through violence," as Richard Slotkin has so compellingly demonstrated in his studies of frontier mythology, still linger long after the closing of geographic frontiers (Slotkin, Regeneration; Gunfighter). Commenting from across the Atlantic on "the brash explicitness of American capitalism," Terry Eagleton puts the point bluntly: "The pioneer spirit [of the nation] was displaced rather than dissolved. The epic rapacity which subdued the land in the first place carried on as regular business. Probably no other people on earth use the word 'aggressive' in such a positive fashion, and no group outside psychoanalytic circles is so fond of the word 'dream'" (Eagleton 66). We find in AMLP an evocation-profound, timely, and disturbing-of the enduring magic of these words in the popular imagination. Teasing out the literary and cultural affinities of Frey's imagined person or personified coping strategy helps us understand better, I suggest, the abiding attraction of radical autonomy as a personal ideal, along with the inevitable implication of violent action in such autonomy. Frey's "non-fiction" book explores a young addict's time at a rehabilitation clinic, and it presents to us a pop-cultural protagonist we know well: the injured soul who overcomes daunting challenges, manages to heal, grow strong, and flourish, and who brings his pain and redemption to the public as abject confession and spiritual guide. The initial success of AMLP depended heavily on its claims to gritty realism in its public probing of private wounds, its supposed "honesty" in relaying the harrowing details of personal redemption, and of course also its visual legitimization in the form of the photogenic and brash young author himself, alive to tell the tale, who claimed in early interviews that he wanted to be "the f-ing best" writer of his generation (qtd. in Valby 64).1 This was a story, above all, about success in self-creation. When Frey's claims to have written a true story were revealed as largely fraudulent by journalists at thesmokinggun.com and by Oprah Winfrey, a former patron, his authority as an honest evangelist was sabotaged.2 That the book strains credulity (or should) on nearly every page-from its preternaturally stoic and arrogant narrator, to its preposterously stereotyped supporting cast, to its relentlessly maudlin plot twists-is a curious and rather overlooked element of this saga. …


The recent case of Stransham-Ford v. Minister of Justice and Correctional Services and Others held that voluntary active euthanasia and doctor-assisted suicide may be legally justified in certain circumstances. The court observed that the distinction between 'active' and 'passive' voluntary euthanasia is not legally tenable as, in both instances, the doctors concerned have the 'actual' or 'eventual' intention to terminate the patient's life and have caused or hastened the patient's death. It is argued that as the South African Constitution is the supreme law of the country, the fundamental rights of patients guaranteed in the Constitution cannot be undermined by ethical duties imposed on healthcare practitioners by international and national professional bodies. The court in the Stransham-Ford case did not use ethical theories and principles to decide the matter. It simply applied the values in the Constitution and the provisions of the Bill of Rights. However, in order to assist medical practitioners with practical guidelines with which many of them are familiar - rather than complicated unfamiliar philosophical arguments - the biomedical ethical principles of patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice or fairness are applied to active voluntary euthanasia and doctor-assisted suicide in the context of the Stransham-Ford case. Although the case has not set a precedent or opened the floodgates to doctor-assisted voluntary active euthanasia and it is open to Parliament, the Constitutional Court or other courts to develop the concept or outlaw it, some guidelines are offered for doctors to consider should they be authorised by a court to assist with voluntary active euthanasia.


Despite decades of varied conservation and management interventions, tropical forests remain one of the world's most threatened biomes. Tropical forests directly support the livelihoods of millions of people in poverty through the provision of food and fuel, while also delivering vital ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and watershed protection. Approaches to conserve and manage tropical forests have evolved in recent decades, reflecting an increasing appreciation for the multiple ecological, social and economic services they provide. However, growing appreciation for the multiple benefits of forests has arguably not been met with their growing realisation in practice. Indeed, it is becoming apparent that trade-offs in forest conservation and management are common, whereas 'win-win' outcomes for both development and conservation are rare. Despite this, emerging policies aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) have harnessed international attention, given theoretical benefits not just for climate change mitigation, but biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. For REDD+ to succeed where other policies arguably have failed, critical examination of existing tropical forest conservation and management policies is necessary to provide implementation recommendations.

In this thesis I critically review the history of interventions to conserve and manage tropical forests (Chapter 2), and highlight three repeated failures in implementation that are common to all examined policies: low appreciation by management for the heterogeneity of target communities and dependence on forest resources; low levels of community inclusion and participation in management; and a continued deficit in clearly defined social and economic indicators of intervention success. To address these concerns I suggest examination of policy implementation at the local level is needed, with focus on what works where, for whom, and why, rather than what the 'silver bullet' for tropical forest conservation and management might be. Using a case-study approach in Tanzania, I examine the implementation of different management regimes, including strict protection and Participatory Forest Management (PFM), from the local socio-economic perspective.

In the first empirical chapter (Chapter 3), I measure household awareness of the different forest management regimes in the study area using household questionnaire surveys. Results show that awareness of forest management and rules and regulations was clear, however confusion in the type of regime in place was apparent. Overall, awareness for top-down management structures was high, yet few households were engaged in rule formation of the PFM forests and none were aware of joint-management status. Findings indicate that forest management implementation must consider heterogeneity in villager awareness for management regimes, yet logistic regression models show this heterogeneity cannot necessarily be defined in a predictable way based on household socio-economic characteristics. Management implementation that focuses on transparent, uniform and consistent communication of information across whole forest- adjacent communities is therefore more likely to succeed.

In the second empirical chapter (Chapter 4), I quantify household forest product use in the study area to examine the impact of forest access restrictions on household ability to meet firewood needs. Household perceived need for firewood was compared with quantity consumed to provide an indication of household firewood sufficiency. Results indicate management effectiveness is reflected by this measure of firewood sufficiency. Harvest from non-forest areas was found to significantly reduce firewood sufficiency, presenting concerns for household welfare and/or leakage of harvesting activities to other less-well protected forests in the area given a recent ban on firewood collection in a nearby National Park. Results of this chapter support suggestions that forest management adopt a landscape approach in planning, to account for local resource needs and avoid the negative impacts of leakage and detriment to local welfare.

Finally, in Chapter 5 I use a qualitative approach to examine local perceptions of the challenges for forest protection, and compare these across stakeholder groups from the villager to management level. Issues that permeate the discourses are categorised into three themes: education, governance and forest dependency. The importance of each issue was found to vary by stakeholder group, identifying a disconnect and division in accountability for forest protection between villagers and management officials. Results suggest more novel approaches for social engagement and community inclusion in forest management are necessary. I suggest that facilitation of villager empowerment is needed for village institutions to be effectively accountable for forest protection, thereby aiding long term management success.

Overall, the thesis shows that forest conservation and management interventions need to account for the perspectives and needs of local forest-adjacent communities. In Chapter 6, results are discussed in light of the three repeated failings of tropical forest conservation and management interventions, as outlined in Chapter 2. Results confirm these failings in implementation exist in the study area. As such, I suggest that the local socio-economic measures used in this thesis can be used in future evaluations of global tropical forest policy. Results also present important implications for emerging REDD+ policies, as limits to achieving the multiple benefits of climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and poverty alleviation are identified.


The record of geomagnetic intensity captured in the 2.7 Ga Stillwater Complex (Montana, USA) provides a statistical description of the Archean geodynamo. We present results of modified Thellier paleointensity experiments on 441 core specimens, 114 of which pass strict reliability criteria. The specimens are from 53 sites spanning most of the Banded Series rocks in the Stillwater Complex. On the basis of thermochronologic and petrologic evidence, we interpret the highest temperature component of remanence to be a late Archean thermoremanence, though the possibility remains that it is a thermochemical remanence. Thermal models indicate that the highest temperature magnetization component at each of the sites averages ∼20–200 ka of geomagnetic secular variation. The suite of sites as distributed through the Banded Series samples a roughly a 1 Ma time interval. The average of the most reliable paleointensity measurements, uncorrected for the effects of anisotropy or cooling rate, is 38.2 ± 11.3 μT (1σ). Remanence anisotropy, cooling rate, and the nonlinear relationship between applied field and thermoremanence have a significant effect on paleointensity results; a corrected average of 30.6 ± 8.8 μT is likely a more appropriate value. Earth's average dipole moment during the late Archean (5.05 ± 1.46 × 1022 Am2, λpmag = 44.5°) was well within the range of estimates from Phanerozoic rocks. The distribution of site‐mean paleointensities around the mean is consistent with that expected from slow cooling over timescales expected from thermal models and with secular variation comparable to that of the Phanerozoic field.


The research conducted in many Programs and Areas at IIASA-- such as the Energy Program, the Food and Agriculture Program, and the Human Settlements and Services Area --is often concerned with projections of economic growth. Since 1978, the Task Economic Modeling within System and Decision Sciences Area has contributed to these and related issues through investigations of different methodologies of projecting economic growth. This paper addresses the important question of defining natural growth paths of potential output of an economy, obtained under the assumptions of nearly full employment, with demographic projections of changes in the labour force and projections of average labour productivity being the main driving forces of growth. Many of the results contained in this paper are based on investigations conducted by the authors over a number of years before coming to IIASA; however many of the computational experiments and final conclusions reported here were prepared during their stay with the System and Decision Sciences Area in 1979-80.


Problem Polygamy, or marriage to more than one spouse at the same time, is a worldwide practice that still affects the lives of many people. As such it must be given serious attention by any Christian group involved in mission work. As a denomination with a global mission emphasis, the Seventh-day Adventist Church is often confronted with the issue of polygamy. The question as to how these practicing polygamists should be treated must be approached from a biblical perspective. Method Accepting the Bible as the authoritative revelation of the will of God, this project set out to make a hermeneutically sound and contextually valid investigation of the passages and pericopes related to polygamy. Linguistic, grammatical, theological, historical, and cultural contexts were taken into account in order to determine which interpretation of the texts under consideration proved to be the most reliable based on the weight of evidence. The writings of Ellen G. White were given serious consideration throughout this study. In addition, the many books, articles, and unpublished documents related to a biblical perspective on polygamy, as produced by Christians, Jews, and Muslims, were critically assessed and discussed. However, accepting the Bible as the final norm, none of these extra-biblical sources was given any authority over the text of Scripture itself. Following an examination of the original institution of marriage in Eden and the form of marriage evident at the flood, the following Old Testament passages were sequentially analyzed: Exod 21:7-11, Lev 18:18, Deut 17:17, Deut 21:15-17, Exod 22:16, 17 and Deut 22:28, 29, Deut 25:5-10, Gen 38, Ruth 4, and Ezek 23:1-49. The accounts of the marriages of the antediluvians, Lamech, Abraham, Jacob, Esau, Moses, Gideon, Elkanah, David, Solomon, and Joash were examined. After a discussion of passages from Matt 19 and 22, Acts 15, 1 Cor 7, 1 Tim 3, and Titus 1, a synopsis of the principles arising from the research was made. Based on these biblical principles, missiological implications for a sound policy on polygamy were outlined. Results This study shows that God was the originator of marriage. According to Genesis, monogamy was established as the law of marriage for all humanity. While every one of the passages related to marital forms harmonizes well with this monogamous standard, it was discovered that certain Old Testament laws as well as some New Testament passages prohibit the practice of polygamy for all. Close analysis of all texts related to marital forms indicated that none permits, promotes, or prescribes polygamy. Careful examination of the lives of the major polygamists selected for this study showed that there is no evidence of any divine approval or sanction for their practice of polygamy. On the contrary, there are several indications of condemnation, judgment, or punishment on these polygamists for this violation of God's marital requirements. Those who responded to the divine intervention in their lives went through a transformation, resulting in the termination of polygamy, together with proper care for all members of the family. Conclusions Based on the fact that the Bible shows monogamy to be a universal moral requirement and polygamy to be a violation of the divine principle, it was concluded that all Christians are to abstain from polygamy. Furthermore, in order to have a scripturally reliable and missiologically sound policy on polygamy, the Seventh-day Adventist Church needs to ensure that its position on this issue is in harmony with the fundamental theological principles that emerge from the Bible.


changes in organic product retailing. In the late 1990s, the natural products channel—independent and small-chain natural products stores, food cooperatives, and large natural products retailers, such as Whole Foods—was the primary outlet for organic food. By 2006, approximately half of all organic food was sold through the conventional channel, which includes such stores as Safeway and Costco. The types of products that consumers purchase have also changed. Although organic fruit and vegetables have been the top-selling organic products since 1997, consumers have started purchasing a wider range of other organic foods. By 2008, nonproduce items, such as dairy, beverages, packaged and prepared foods, snack foods, and bread and grains, accounted for 63 percent of consumer spending for organic food products, up from 54 percent in 1997. Both the number and type of new products reflect the expanding consumer appetite for organic foods. In 2007, 1,107 organic products were introduced, with beverages accounting for 251 of the total; snack foods, 211; and prepared or packaged foods, 167. Traditional marketing strategies for organic foods, including organic versions of conventional brands (such as organic Heinz ketchup), have accompanied the growing organic sales in conventional channels. The recent burgeoning of organic private-label products also has contributed significantly to increased organic sales. In 2000, few organic private labels existed— with the exception of Whole Foods' 365 Organic, which has been available since the mid-1990s. Now, almost every large conventional supermarket sells private label organic products, many of which were introduced after the 2002 promulgation of organic standards. The share of organic foods sold in the U.S. under private labels more than doubled between 2003 and 2008 to an estimated 17.4 percent. Organic private label product introductions expanded from 35 in 2003 to 540 in 2007. According to 2007 ERS data, approximately 43 percent of certified organic handlers manufactured private label products, which made up approximately 19 percent of their organic sales.


Abstract. We present a new modular Bayesian inversion framework, called FLEXINVERT, for estimating the surface fluxes of atmospheric trace species. FLEXINVERT can be applied to determine the spatio-temporal flux distribution of any species for which the atmospheric loss (if any) can be described as a linear process and can be used on continental to regional and even local scales with little or no modification. The relationship between changes in atmospheric mixing ratios and fluxes (the so-called source–receptor relationship) is described by a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) run in a backwards-in-time mode. In this study, we use FLEXPART but any LPDM could be used. The framework determines the fluxes on a nested grid of variable resolution, which is optimized based on the source–receptor relationships for the given observation network. Background mixing ratios are determined by coupling FLEXPART to the output of a global Eulerian model (or alternatively, from the observations themselves) and are also optionally optimized in the inversion. Spatial and temporal error correlations in the fluxes are taken into account using a simple model of exponential decay with space and time and, additionally, the aggregation error from the variable grid is accounted for. To demonstrate the use of FLEXINVERT, we present one case study in which methane fluxes are estimated in Europe in 2011 and compare the results to those of an independent inversion ensemble.


The Wasserstein barycenter is a geometric construct which captures the notion of centrality among probability distributions, and which has found many applications in machine learning. However, most algorithms for finding even an approximate barycenter suffer an exponential dependence on the dimension $d$ of the underlying space of the distributions. In order to cope with this"curse of dimensionality,"we study dimensionality reduction techniques for the Wasserstein barycenter problem. When the barycenter is restricted to support of size $n$, we show that randomized dimensionality reduction can be used to map the problem to a space of dimension $O(\log n)$ independent of both $d$ and $k$, and that \emph{any} solution found in the reduced dimension will have its cost preserved up to arbitrary small error in the original space. We provide matching upper and lower bounds on the size of the reduced dimension, showing that our methods are optimal up to constant factors. We also provide a coreset construction for the Wasserstein barycenter problem that significantly decreases the number of input distributions. The coresets can be used in conjunction with random projections and thus further improve computation time. Lastly, our experimental results validate the speedup provided by dimensionality reduction while maintaining solution quality.


The northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), once the most common amphibian in North America, has declined dramatically, particularly across the western portion of its range. In British Columbia and Alberta, recovery efforts are currently underway. The captive rearing of R. pipiens larvae for release has been a significant aspect of each province's recovery effort; however, because the availability of resources and the status of R. pipiens vary between the two provinces, each jurisdiction has taken a different approach to the rearing of R. pipiens larvae in captivity. In Alberta, R. pipiens were reared in two seminatural, outdoor ponds at the Raven Brood Trout Station from 1999 to 2003. Tadpoles were reared at densities of 0.005–0.020 tadpoles per litre. Due to the self-contained nature of the ponds, a natural diet of algae and other wetland vegetation was available to the larvae, and a number of steps were taken to reduce depredation from aquatic insects, American mink (Mustela vison), and great blue herons (Ardea herodias). Survival to metamorphosis ranged from 14 to 33%, while average size at metamorphosis was consistent with that of wild populations and ranged from 30.6 to 40.7 mm. In British Columbia, R. pipiens were reared in 4000-L tanks from 2001 to 2003. The tanks were located outside and were exposed to ambient environmental conditions. Mixed vegetables and bloodworm were provided to supplement a diet of locally collected marsh vegetation. Depredation was controlled by screening the tanks with mosquito netting and thoroughly cleaning the marsh vegetation to avoid the introduction of predators. Initially, tadpoles were reared at a density of 1.0 tadpoles per litre, but this was reduced to 0.25 tadpoles per litre after 30 days. Mean size at metamorphosis in the rearing tanks ranged from 24.8 to 32.9 mm while survival to metamorphosis ranged from 55 to 97%. Drawing from eight years of data, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches with respect to survival to metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis, and cost.


Study objective: To review the tobacco industry's Asian environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) consultants programme, focusing on three key nations: China, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. Methods: Systematic keyword and opportunistic website searches of formerly private internal industry documents. Main results: The release of the 1986 US Surgeon General's report on second hand smoke provoked tobacco companies to prepare for a major threat to their industry. Asian programme activities included conducting national/international symposiums, consultant "road shows" and extensive lobbying and media activities. The industry exploited confounding factors said to be unique to Asian societies such as diet, culture and urban pollution to downplay the health risks of ETS. The industry consultants were said to be "…prepared to do the kinds of things they were recruited to do". Conclusions: The programme was successful in blurring the science on ETS and keeping the controversy alive both nationally and internationally. For the duration of the project, it also successfully dissuaded national policy makers from instituting comprehensive bans on smoking in public places.


A country needs a well nourished population of children for a productive future. Malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child morbidity and mortality; therefore, combating malnutrition in our communities should be an issue to policy makers. With the use of anthropometric indices derived from survey data collected from 150 randomly selected children from 150 farming households in Kabba Bunu Local Government Area of Kogi State, this study assessed malnutrition of children in the Central part of Nigeria. Logit model was used to examine the relationship between some anthropometric indices and the general characteristics of the household and the children. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from the sampled households. The result showed that about one-quarter of the children are underweight while a very insignificant number of the sampled children were wasted. The probit result showed that daily calorie intake and access to safe water had significant effect on underweight of children in the study area. Daily calorie intake per child was also significant on stunting and wasting. Over 66% of the farming households had access to well water and only 21% had access to bore-hole. Majority of the children could be said to be more susceptible to water borne diseases. Provision of better domestic water source, mass food production strategies can be policy options for a virile labour force in the study area.


Working Horizons is an intervention designed to prevent work disability by addressing the internal and external barriers faced by people with arthritis in their attempts to enter or maintain their positions in the employment arena. The aim of the pilot study was to determine whether Working Horizons influenced participants' self-efficacy and psychological well-being and to describe the experience of Working Horizons from the perspectives of participants and employment advisors (EAs). The study was a pre-test post-test design with an Intervention Group (n = 22) and Comparison Control Group (n = 22). Quantitative data were collected by self-completed questionnaires at baseline and at six-months follow-up. Qualitative data were collected via open questions on the questionnaires, interviews with a sub-sample of 10 participants, and a focus group with EAs at the end of the programme. Pilot data suggested that Working Horizons was effective in terms of increasing participants' job-seeking self-efficacy. In addition, the Intervention Group showed significant improvements on self-esteem and satisfaction with life. Qualitative findings confirmed that participants felt more 'confident' in relation to seeking employment, were more accepting of their condition, felt more positive and had greater awareness of the social model of disability. Participants valued the emotional and instrumental support provided by the EAs, who acted as successful 'work' role models. Interventions, such as Working Horizons, may be an effective means of addressing work disability, acting as a gateway to statutory services. The value of suitable role models in mentoring capacities was highlighted.


Background Few investigations have examined the impact of childhood trauma, and domains of childhood abuse, on outcome in bipolar disorder. Aims To evaluate the prevalence and subtypes of childhood abuse reported by adult patients with bipolar disorder and relationshipto clinical outcome. Method Prevalence rates of childhood abuse were retrospectively assessed and examined relative to illness complexity in a sample of 100 patients at an academic specialty centre for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Results Histories of severe childhood abuse were identified in about half of the sample and were associated with early age at illness onset. Abuse subcategories were strongly inter-related. Severe emotional abuse was significantly associated with lifetime substance misuse comorbidity and past-year rapid cycling. Logistic regression indicated a significant association between lifetime suicide attempts and severe childhood sexual abuse. Multiple forms of abuse showed a graded increase in risk for both suicide attempts and rapid cycling. Conclusions Severe childhood trauma appears to have occurred in about half of patients with bipolar disorder, and may lead to more complex psychopathological manifestations.


Despite the growing body of literature examining the effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives, there remains limited substantiation for whether and how open budgeting contributes to reductions in poverty and improvements in the lives of the poor. This paper reviews available evidence and conclude that institutional changes can contribute to higher-level outcomes in certain contexts. The approach first draws from existing studies of transparency and accountability initiatives and then follows their references to broaden the evidence base. The findings highlight the importance of measuring budget transparency, accountability, and participation and tracing their outcomes along an incremental, nonlinear results chain. Logical links or ongoing loops in this sequence include the interplay or interdependency among these three dimensions; the subsequent achievement of key, often mutually reinforcing, intermediate development outcomes; and ultimately, improved program or service delivery as the key lever for influencing development impact. Rather than establishing standard indicators, the process begins to identify which aspects of the institutional change are valid for measurement and what contextual factors to consider. Overall, this review serves as a starting point and underscores the need for further investigation to establish effective measurement practices of institutional change and build an evidence base for understanding the relative robustness of institutional change paths and the context in which they are likely to matter.


Down syndrome (DS) leads to complex phenotypes and is the main genetic cause of birth defects and heart diseases. The Ts65Dn DS mouse model is trisomic for the distal part of mouse chromosome 16 and displays similar features with post-natal lethality and cardiovascular defects. In order to better understand these defects, we defined electrocardiogram (ECG) with a precordial set-up, and we found conduction defects and modifications in wave shape, amplitudes, and durations in Ts65Dn mice. By using a genetic approach consisting of crossing Ts65Dn mice with Ms5Yah mice monosomic for the App-Runx1 genetic interval, we showed that the Ts65Dn viability and ECG were improved by this reduction of gene copy number. Whole-genome expression studies confirmed gene dosage effect in Ts65Dn, Ms5Yah, and Ts65Dn/Ms5Yah hearts and showed an overall perturbation of pathways connected to post-natal lethality (Coq7, Dyrk1a, F5, Gabpa, Hmgn1, Pde10a, Morc3, Slc5a3, and Vwf) and heart function (Tfb1m, Adam19, Slc8a1/Ncx1, and Rcan1). In addition cardiac connexins (Cx40, Cx43) and sodium channel sub-units (Scn5a, Scn1b, Scn10a) were found down-regulated in Ts65Dn atria with additional down-regulation of Cx40 in Ts65Dn ventricles and were likely contributing to conduction defects. All these data pinpoint new cardiac phenotypes in the Ts65Dn, mimicking aspects of human DS features and pathways altered in the mouse model. In addition they highlight the role of the App-Runx1 interval, including Sod1 and Tiam1, in the induction of post-natal lethality and of the cardiac conduction defects in Ts65Dn. These results might lead to new therapeutic strategies to improve the care of DS people.


Hsp33, an Escherichia coli cytosolic chaperone, is inactive under normal conditions but becomes active upon oxidative stress. It was previously shown to dimerize upon activation in a concentration- and temperature-dependent manner. This dimer was thought to bind to aggregation-prone target proteins, preventing their aggregation. In the present study, we report small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), steady state and time-resolved fluorescence, gel filtration, and glutaraldehyde cross-linking analysis of full-length Hsp33. Our circular dichroism and fluorescence results show that there are significant structural changes in oxidized Hsp33 at different temperatures. SAXS, gel filtration, and glutaraldehyde cross-linking results indicate, in addition to the dimers, the presence of oligomeric species. Oxidation in the presence of physiological salt concentration leads to significant increases in the oligomer population. Our results further show that under conditions that mimic the crowded milieu of the cytosol, oxidized Hsp33 exists predominantly as an oligomeric species. Interestingly, chaperone activity studies show that the oligomeric species is much more efficient compared with the dimers in preventing aggregation of target proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that in the cell, Hsp33 undergoes conformational and quaternary structural changes leading to the formation of oligomeric species in response to oxidative stress. Oligomeric Hsp33 thus might be physiologically relevant under oxidative stress.


Integration Up North research is part of a wider project led by Migration Yorkshire (the regional migration partnership for Yorkshire and the Humber region), which aims to gain a better understanding of Third Country Nationals' (TCN) integration experiences in the region. The whole project aims to improve the integration of TCNs through a comprehensive and co-ordinated programme of research, training, guidance, strategic support and migrant participation for Local Authorities, key policy-makers and practitioners.

As part of the Integration Up North project funded by the European Integration Fund (EIF), the University of Salford undertook a research project to explore the settlement experiences of Third Country Nationals who were living and working in the North of England. The following issues were explored: the settlement and integration experiences of Third Country Nationals and how they differ according to gender, route in, and vulnerability; how and in what ways particular actors - such as services, employers and communities - assist in the process of integration; the nature and context of social relations between new migrants and local community members; and what local authorities and other services can do to enhance positive experiences of settlement and integration in the future. This involved qualitative longitudinal in-depth interviews and photo elicitation with three different groups of individuals: highly skilled migrants; family joiners; and former asylum seekers. This summary report includes the main research findings and recommendations.


Interactive computing systems are able to receive, as inputs, activity generated by the user's physiology (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, brain potentials, and so forth). Besides health-related applications, this type of physiological sensing enables systems to infer users' states (e.g., task engagement, anxiety, workload, and so forth). More recently, a number of techniques emerged that can also stimulate physiological activity (e.g., electrical muscle stimulation, galvanic vestibular stimulation, transcranial stimulation). These can serve as outputs of an interactive system to induce desired behavior in the user. Taken together, we envision systems that will close the loop between physiological input and output—interactive systems able to read and influence the user's body. To realize this, we propose a Special Interest Group on Physiological I/O that will consolidate successful practices and identify research challenges to address as a community.


A cluster-based hierarchical location model for the selection of the proper locations and scales of urban transit hubs was developed with the objective of minimizing the demand-weighted total travel time. As an improvement to previous work, the proposed model has the following unique features: (a) it incorporates a hierarchical hub network topology that uses the concept of hub hierarchy establishment, route categorization, and service zone clustering to capture the critical operational issues for the transit network in an efficient manner and (b) it extends the previous nonhierarchical model to account for the impacts of hubs with various hierarchies as well as their interactions with lane use restrictions. An enhanced set of formulations along with the linearization approach was used to reduce significantly the number of variables and the computing time required to achieve the global optimum. The results of a case study in Suzhou Industrial Park in China revealed that the proposed model and solution method are quite promising for use in the planning of hub locations for the transit network. Sensitivity analysis of the performance of the system was also done to assist planners with the selection of the hierarchical structure and the design of transit routes.


UNLABELLED
Teratoma is a rare cause of thyrotoxicosis. Among the different types of teratoma, struma ovarii is the main type which contains thyroid tissue. There is no evidence in the literature that would indicate mediasternal teratoma would also lead to thyrotoxicosis or thyroid storm. Herein we report a 37-year-old woman who suffered from palpitation. Her chest X-ray showed a mass lesion at the left hilum, and chest computed tomography scan yielded a suspicion of pericardial cyst. Thereafter, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed, and thymic cyst was diagnosed during the operation. However, subsequent pathological studies confirmed a diagnosis of mature cystic teratoma. A thyroid function test demonstrating hyperthyroidism was completed prior to the patient's operation, and thyroid storm was diagnosed by clinical presentation. The patient's symptoms did not improve after the operation until we added beta blocker and anti-thyroid agents. Therefore, was the presence of thyroid storm and anterior mediastinal teratoma coincident or correlative in this case? The special stain of teratoma tissues did not reveal any thyroid tissues. In conclusion, thyroid storm and anterior mediastinal teratoma in our case occurred coincidentally. However, a survey of possible hyperthyroidism in patients with anterior mediastinal tumor before operation is critical to avoid perioperative complications.

KEY WORDS
Anterior mediastinal tumor; Hyperthyroidism; Teratoma.


The growth of mobile communications in recent years has transformed the way in which people and organisations communicate and interact. It has revolutionised the construction industry in the way in which information is exchanged and viewed. Moreover, the use of various mobile project management tools and enterprise project management systems in construction management has been on the increase. The construction industry has greatly benefited from the advances in mobile communication technologies. However, the existing mobile applications in construction management only support the delivery of static modes of information (such as project data, technical drawings, risk assessment etc), it is pre-programmed and thus not able to take into account the workers' changing context, the dynamic project conditions and the level of project information. Mobile applications could be made responsive to users' wishes if they were context-aware. This is done by using technology that is capable of understanding the users' intentions by taking into account any relevant supporting information supplied for the purpose.


Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important veterinary pathogen of domestic cats. It is highly variable and rapidly evolving such that many different strains of varying pathogenicity exist from avirulent, to mildly virulent and hypervirulent. FCV is one of only a small number of viruses within the Caliciviridae to propagate readily in vitro. This property has made FCV a model for the study of the viruses of the calicivirus family. However, relatively little remains known about the way in which these viruses affect host cellular mechanisms. Despite the increasing use of post-genomic technologies in other areas of science, what is known about the effects of calicivirus replication upon host cells has generally relied on relatively conventional technologies to target known defined pathways.
In order to investigate FCV modulation of the host cell proteome a 2D-DIGE experiment was performed upon a single viral strain (FCV-F9) with four time points analysed. The results of this analysis showed that 30 host proteins were differentially expressed in the cells infected with FCV-F9 and of these 30 proteins, 14 were successfully identified using mass spectrometry and 11 of these had cytoskeletal proteins within their identifications.
To further evaluate these host proteome changes and to explore whether variations in strain pathogenicity were associated with varying affects in the host proteome, a second 2D-DIGE experiment was performed upon four strains of FCV isolated from cats exhibiting a range of clinical signs. As in the first experiment, host cytoskeletal proteins appeared to be targeted for modulation during infection. Overall, this experiment uncovered 131 modulated host proteins with 61 proteins successfully identified by mass spectrometry and 16 of these had cytoskeletal proteins within their identifications. Also found within this experiment was evidence of the putative virulent FCV strain UKOS-A having a different affect upon 14 of the differentially expressed proteins to the other three FCV strains tested. UKOS-A was found to down-regulate these proteins whereas the other strains had an up-regulatory effect, these proteins could be a potential marker of hypervirulence but would need further study to confirm their validity.
To follow the modulation of the identified host cytoskeletal proteins, immunofluorescent staining coupled with confocal microscopy was used to track FCV capsid protein and two cytoskeletal proteins vimentin and tubulin. Results showed that during infection with the four FCV strains tested both vimentin and tubulin were both significantly altered during infection with the intensity of fluorescent staining increasing in all cases.
To complement the proteomic analyses, an experiment designed to discover differentially expressed gene transcripts was conducted using RNA-seq technology. Overall, there were 354 genes found to be differentially transcribed within the infected cells at both four and seven hrs post infection (p.i.) with the majority of modulated genes experiencing down-regulation at four hrs p.i. and up-regulation at seven hrs p.i.. Once again, genes within the cytoskeletal regulation pathway were up-regulated alongside genes from the apoptosis regulatory pathway and immune system response pathways.
To further characterise the putative virulent strain used in earlier studies, attempts were made to sequence the rest of this virus using polymerase chain reaction and conventional Sanger sequencing technologies. Although almost 50% of the UKOS-A strain was sequenced, the sequence obtained was no more similar or different to other virulent systemic disease (VSD) causing strains.
Overall, the most marked effects of FCV infection upon the host were found amongst the cytoskeletal genes and proteins which have been demonstrated to undergo extensive modification. This is a completely novel finding in this family of viruses. Further studies will be needed to identify the consequences of the identified cytoskeletal changes to both the host and the virus.


The Papuan language Teiwa has a small set of sortal numeral classifiers: one human classifier, three fruit classifiers, and a general classifier. The classifiers vary widely in function and distribution, and it is argued that it is unlikely that they have inherited. Instead, it is proposed that Teiwa inherited a class of part-of-whole nouns from which certain members were recruited to be grammaticalised into numeral classifiers through the reanalysis of ambiguous structures. Two more factors have enhanced this development. First, the existence of number neutral nouns in Teiwa implies that nouns must be individuated before they can be counted, a function fulfilled by numeral classifiers. Second, areal pressure from Austronesian classifier languages has reinforced the development of classifiers. Connecting the numeral classifier system of Teiwa with those of its sister languages and the wider linguistic context of eastern Indonesia, we can thus identify structural, semantic and areal factors playing a role when classifiers are born into a language.


Abstract The red algal genus Stenogramma (Gigartinales, Phyllophoraceae) was not recorded in the Indian Ocean. In this study, we used molecular assisted alpha taxonomy to assess the algal diversity of the algal flora of the southern coasts of Madagascar. Using COI-5P sequences as barcode marker and LSU and rbcL sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships, a novel species of Stenogramma has been uncovered at Manantenina, Anosy, Madagascar, which is here described. The species diversity within the genus Stenogramma is discussed and in light of our phylogenetic inference we hypothesized that species of northern and southern hemispheres may have diversified separately. This novel species, being found on subtidal rocks surrounded by sands, the habitat preference of the genus is discussed.


Marco Cicala, a Leftist Italian journalist, told me about his recent weird experience: when, in an article, he once used the word "capitalism," the editor asked him if the use of this term is really necessary - could he not replace it by a synonymous one, like "economy"? What better proof of the total triumph of capitalism than the virtual disappearance of the very term in the last 2 or 3 decades? No one, with the exception of a few allegedly archaic Marxists, refers to capitalism any longer. The term was simply struck from the vocabulary of politicians, trade unionists, writers and journalists - even of social scientists... But what about the upsurge of the anti-globalization movement in the last years? Does it not clearly contradict this diagnostic? No: a close look quickly shows how this movement also succumbs to "the temptation to transform a critique of capitalism itself (centered on economic mechanisms, forms of work organization, and profit extraction) into a critique of 'imperialism'." In this way, when one talks about "globalization and its agents," the enemy is externalized (usually in the form of vulgar anti-Americanism). From this perspective, where the main task today is to fight "the American empire," any ally is good if it is anti-American, and so the unbridled Chinese "Communist" capitalism, violent Islamic anti-modernists, as well as the obscene Lukashenko regime in Belarus may appear as progressive anti-globalist comrades-in-arms... What we have here is thus another version of the ill-famed notion of "alternate modernity": instead of the critique of capitalism as such, of confronting its basic mechanism, we get the critique of the imperialist "excess," with the (silent) notion of mobilizing capitalist mechanisms within another, more "progressive," frame.


GUBATOV, T., I. YANCHEV and N. TSENOV, 2016. Effect of the environments on the productivity-related characters in common winter wheat. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 22: 927–935 Aims: In order to determine the effect of the characters, which are in high correlation with grain yield under contrasting conditions of growing, the nature of the interaction of the cultivar with the growing conditions was analyzed. Methods: Bulgarian wheat cultivars were investigated during four successive years at fi ve locations within the country. The locations were chosen to cover the variety of soils and climate in all grain-production regions of Bulgaria. The complex interaction of the genotype with the environment was analyzed in relation to three characters – grain yield, and two characters (date to heading and number of grains per spike) with determining effect on it. Different statistical approaches were used to analyze the interaction of these characters with the environment and their effect on grain yield. Key results: The genotype x environment interaction was signifi cantly high according to the factor year, as well as to the factor location of testing. The interaction year x location was low and insignifi cant. The variation determined in this experiment through principal component analysis reached third level, which complicated the assessment of the individual cultivars by two of the three investigated characters. Only with date to heading predominant linear interaction of the genotype with the environment was observed, which allowed determining of the cultivars' stability by this character. Conclusions: Grain yield can be correctly evaluated against the background of contrasting environmental conditions, through characters in positive correlation with it. In our case, these were the date to heading and the number of grains per spike. Each of the investigated characters revealed different nature and direction of the genotype's interaction with the environment. It is possible, through the established regularities, to objectively evaluate the cultivars which differ from the group mean. It is demonstrated how the stability of the grain yield is related to the stability of another two characters in the same cultivars.


Introduction: Future is unpredictable and we need futuristic strategies for planning in higher education. If universities managed in a traditional manner, they would not react to the needs of future accordingly. The objective of this study is to investigate dimensions of futuristic universities and components of such a model. Methods: This qualitative research thematic analysis was used. We gathered data from 18 experts through exploratory interviews. The reliability coefficient was calculated by intra-subject agreement using phi coefficient. Results: According to the exploratory interviews, and existing literature, 38 factors with a Fi coefficient over 80 percent were identified. They were classified in eight dimensions with 100 percent agreement. Conclusion: The findings indicate that a futuristic organization and specifically, a futuristic university should be future-oriented, observant of environment, agile, multi-facet, and attentive to future values of all stakeholders. Such universities should have futuristic culture, be equipped with positive people and science oriented.


We report a systematic and quantitative study of near-infrared intersubband absorption in strained AlGaN/GaN and lattice-matched AlInN/GaN superlattices grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy as a function of Si-doping profile with and without δ doping. For AlGaN/GaN, we obtained good theoretical agreement with experimental measurements of transition energy, integrated absorbance and linewidth by considering many-body effects, interface roughness, and calculations of the transition lifetime that include dephasing. For the AlInN/GaN system, experimental measurements of the integrated absorbance due to the superlattice transitions produced values more than one order of magnitude lower than AlGaN/GaN heterostructures at similar doping levels. Furthermore, observed transition energies were roughly 150 meV higher than expected. The weak absorption and high transition energies measured in these structures is attributed to columnar alloy inhomogeneity in the AlInN barriers observed in high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. We simulated the effect of these inhomogeneities using three-dimensional band-structure calculations. The inhomogeneities were modeled as AlInN nanorods with radially varying In composition embedded in the barrier material of the superlattice. We show that inclusion of the nanorods leads to the depletion of the quantum wells (QWs) due to localization of charge carriers in high-In-containing regions. The higher energy of the intersubband transitions was attributed to the relatively uniform regions of the QWs surrounded by high Al (95%) composition barriers. The calculated transition energy assuming Al0.95In0.05N barriers was in good agreement with experimental results.


The aim of this paper is to analyze the real impact of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) skills mismatch on SME's (small and medium enterprises) sustainable competitiveness in the presence of a guaranteed minimum wage. As part of public policies—the minimum wage needs to maintain a balance between increasing employment and not being a burden for the companies, leading them to bankruptcies, especially in times of disruptive change, in which economies have to be more resilient. The rapid progress in information and communication technologies has dramatically redefined rising unemployment as a result of skills mismatch. This paper aims to understand, on the one hand, whether there is a match between the supply demand of ICT skills, and how increasingly powerful digital technologies affect the skills, jobs, and demand for human labor. On the other hand, it aims to understand whether increasing productivity and a fair minimum wage could be an integrated approach for stimulating SME's in increasing sustainable competitiveness.


Live media streaming is a challenging task by itself, and when it comes to use cases that define low-latency as a must, the complexity will rise multiple times. In a typical media streaming session, the main goal can be declared as providing the highest possible Quality of Experience (QoE), which has proved to be measurable using quality models and various metrics. In a low-latency media streaming session, the requirements are to provide the lowest possible delay between the moment a frame of video is captured and the moment that the captured frame is rendered on the client screen, also known as end-to-end (E2E) latency and maintain the QoE. This paper proposes a sophisticated cloud-based and open-source testbed that facilitates evaluating a low-latency live streaming session as the primary contribution. Live Low-Latency Cloud-based Adaptive Video Streaming Evaluation (LLL-CAdViSE) framework is enabled to asses the live streaming systems running on two major HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) formats, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) and HTTP Live Streaming (HLS). We use Chunked Transfer Encoding (CTE) to deliver Common Media Application Format (CMAF) chunks to the media players. Our testbed generates the test content (audiovisual streams). Therefore, no test sequence is required, and the encoding parameters (e.g., encoder, bitrate, resolution, latency) are defined separately for each experiment. We have integrated the ITU-T P.1203 quality model inside our testbed. To demonstrate the flexibility and power of LLL-CAdViSE, we have presented a secondary contribution in this paper; we have conducted a set of experiments with different network traces, media players, ABR algorithms, and with various requirements (e.g., E2E latency (typical/reduced/low/ultra-low), diverse bitrate ladders, and catch-up logic) and presented the essential findings and the experimental results.


Catadioptric sensors refer to the combination of lens-based devices and reflective surfaces. These systems are useful because they may have a field of view which is greater than hemispherical, providing the ability to simultaneously view in any direction. Configurations which have a unique effective viewpoint are of primary interest, among these is the case where the reflective surface is a parabolic mirror and the camera is such that it induces an orthographic projection and which we call paracatadioptric. We present an algorithm for the calibration of such a device using only the images of lines in space. In fact, we show that we may obtain all of the intrinsic parameters from the images of only three lines and that this is possible without any metric information. We propose a closed-form solution for focal length, image center, and aspect ratio for skewless cameras and a polynomial root solution in the presence of skew. We also give a method for determining the orientation of a plane containing two sets of parallel lines from one uncalibrated view. Such an orientation recovery enables a rectification which is impossible to achieve in the case of a single uncalibrated view taken by a conventional camera. We study the performance of the algorithm in simulated setups and compare results on real images with an approach based on the image of the mirror's bounding circle.


ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate if ionic strength variation causes differential accumulation of heavy metals in plants of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer var. 'terra-fria', modifying gas exchange and dry matter production. The seedlings were cultivated under different ionic strengths of the 'Hoagland and Arnon's' nutrient solution (75% I, 50% I and 25% I). At 180 days after the application of the treatments, the effects of the essential heavy metals on the physiological parameters and foliar ionic concentration were assessed. The leaf gas exchanges and vegetative growth were affected by the variation in the essential heavy metals, with positive effects on the plants that were treated with 75%I. The seedlings that were grown under 75% I presented higher concentrations of Zn (24.2mg kg-1). On the other hand Fe (453mg kg-1) e Mn (803.5mg kg-1) accumulated more under 25% I, but gas exchanges and vegetative growth were reduced, compared to 50%I and 75%I. We can conclude that the ionic strength variation alters gas exchange and the dry matter accumulation, causing differential accumulation of Fe, Mn and Zn in A. emarginata, occurring inverse relationship between increased ionic strength and Fe and Mn content, besides directly relationship to the Zn content.


Global warming is predicted to have a profound effect on livestock production in developing countries. An improved understanding of the adaptation of livestock to such changing production environments is thus important, but the measurement of adaptation is complex and difficult. Proxy-indicators for adaptation, such as reproductive and production traits, however, can be used. Livestock industries have a responsibility to reduce the release of greenhouse gases (i.e. the carbon footprint) and water use (i.e. the water footprint). An effective way of decreasing the carbon and water footprints from livestock is to reduce livestock numbers and increase the production per animal. Increased production generates less greenhouse gas emissions per unit of livestock product. Proper definition of breeding objectives and trait definition is essential in implementing efficient breeding systems to cope with climate change. Sophisticated statistical models continue to support animal breeding and improvement, especially with respect to production traits. Traits linked to fertility and survival are still problematic and appropriate genetic technology to properly characterize these traits needs to be developed. Gene or marker-assisted selection may play an important role in selection for disease and parasite resistance or tolerance, since it is generally difficult to measure these traits directly. Strategies that utilize breeding values derived from genomic analyses may speed up the process of breeding animals with higher and more efficient production and that are adapted to the changing environments as a result of global warming. However, both genetic and epigenetic controls influence genetic expression and should be taken into account when formulating breeding programmes. Subsistence farmers keep livestock for multiple purposes and the formulation of breeding objectives/strategies will have to consider these dynamics. Keywords: Breeding objectives, epigenetics, genomics, production systems, quantitative breeding, residual efficiency traits