Abstract. The effects of changes in catchment nutrient loading and composition on the phytoplankton dynamics, development of hypoxia and internal nutrient dynamics in a stratified coastal lagoon system (the Gippsland Lakes) were investigated using a 3-D coupled hydrodynamic biogeochemical water quality model. The study showed that primary production was equally sensitive to changed dissolved inorganic and particulate organic nitrogen loads, highlighting the need for a better understanding of particulate organic matter bioavailability. Stratification and sediment carbon enrichment were the main drivers for the hypoxia and subsequent sediment phosphorus release in Lake King. High primary production stimulated by large nitrogen loading brought on by a winter flood contributed almost all the sediment carbon deposition (as opposed to catchment loads), which was ultimately responsible for summer bottom-water hypoxia. Interestingly, internal recycling of phosphorus was more sensitive to changed nitrogen loads than total phosphorus loads, highlighting the potential importance of nitrogen loads exerting a control over systems that become phosphorus limited (such as during summer nitrogen-fixing blooms of cyanobacteria). Therefore, the current study highlighted the need to reduce both total nitrogen and total phosphorus for water quality improvement in estuarine systems.


Research in automatic differentiation has led to a number of tools that implement various approaches and algorithms for the most important programming languages. While all these tools have the same mathematical underpinnings, the actual implementations have little in common and mostly are specialized for a particular programming language, compiler internal representation, or purpose. This specialization does not promote an open test bed for experimentation with new algorithms that arise from exploiting structural properties of numerical codes in a source transformation context. OpenAD is being designed to fill this need by providing a framework that allows for relative ease in the implementation of algorithms that operate on a representation of the numerical kernel of a program. Language independence is achieved by using an intermediate XML format and the abstraction of common compiler analyses in Open-Analysis. The intermediate format is mapped to concrete programming languages via two front/back end combinations. The design allows for reuse and combination of already implemented algorithms. We describe the set of algorithms and basic functionality currently implemented in OpenAD and explain the necessary steps to add a new algorithm to the framework.


In conventional digital computation, continuous quantities are quantized and represented by binary words in which the number of bits determines the precision of representation. In stochastic computation, as described in this paper, continuous quantities are represented as a sequence of one-bit binary words (i. e., as a pulse stream or sequence of logic levels) in which the probability of an ON logic level is a measure of the quantity. Since probability is a continuous variable in the range O≤p≤1, this removes the effects of quantization. However, a probability cannot be measured precisely, only estimated subject to random variance, and hence there is an effective random noise in the output of the computer.


The ArtCity Cultural Mapping research project investigated components of the cultural environment in Stoke-on-Trent. The purpose was to provide information about arts venues, resources for local artists, and arts networks in the Stoke-on-Trent area. Designed to provide baseline information for the larger ArtCity project. The ArtCity project will explore the use of neglected buildings in the city to create venues for local artists and aims to encourage the retention of arts graduates in the local area.

The aims of the project were to:
• Train local artists in creative research techniques enabling co-production of the research agenda
• Enable local artists to undertake research into the provision of arts activity in the local area and into the needs of local artists
• Develop and implement an on-line survey to widen the reach of the research
• Analyse the data provided by the artists/researchers and on-line survey
• Provide the ArtCity Consortium with a report outlining the key findings of the research project.

The ArtCity Consortium has received a grant from the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation to undertake a project focused on disused city buildings and the retention in the city of student graduates in the arts.

The retention of graduates from local universities is a topic of great concern to the universities and the local authorities. According to Staffordshire University's 2012Graduate Destinations Survey (Staffordshire University, 2012), 58% of respondents who are employed full-time work in the region, and 54% of respondents who are employed part-time work in the region. For these students, the top employers are educational institutions, local authorities, the NHS and the supermarkets. The ArtCity project is concerned with the retention of students with degrees in the arts, and these students are unlikely to be employed by the institutions mentioned above. Arts students who wish to practice their art form tend to be self-employed and only 2% of respondents are self-employed. Of these, only half work in the region. The ArtCity project recognises that, in order to retain arts graduates, the local area requires additional arts workspaces and studios, and further opportunities for collaboration between a wide varieties of practitioners.


This work pioneers the systematic study and classification (up to Lie algebra automorphisms) of finite-dimensional coboundary Lie bialgebras through Grassmann algebras. Several mathematical structures on Lie algebras, e.g. Killing forms or root decompositions, are extended to the Grassmann algebras of Lie algebras. This simplifies the description of the procedures and tools appearing in the theory of Lie bialgebras and originates novel techniques for its study and classification up to Lie algebra automorphisms. As a particular case, the classification of real three-dimensional coboundary Lie bialgebras is retrieved.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small noncoding RNAs that function as negative gene regulators. miRNA deregulation is involved in the initiation and progression of human cancer; however, the underlying mechanism and its contributions to genome-wide transcriptional changes in cancer are still largely unknown. We studied miRNA deregulation in human epithelial ovarian cancer by integrative genomic approach, including miRNA microarray (n = 106), array-based comparative genomic hybridization (n = 109), cDNA microarray (n = 76), and tissue array (n = 504). miRNA expression is markedly down-regulated in malignant transformation and tumor progression. Genomic copy number loss and epigenetic silencing, respectively, may account for the down-regulation of ≈15% and at least ≈36% of miRNAs in advanced ovarian tumors and miRNA down-regulation contributes to a genome-wide transcriptional deregulation. Last, eight miRNAs located in the chromosome 14 miRNA cluster (Dlk1-Gtl2 domain) were identified as potential tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, our results suggest that miRNAs may offer new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in epithelial ovarian cancer.


This paper proposes a multi-regional growth model with endogenous human and physical capital in a perfectly competitive economy. Structurally it is an extension of the Uzawa-Lucas model to an interregional economy, even though this paper models behavior of households in an alternative way and introduce Arrow's learning by doing and Zhang's creative leisure (or learning through consuming) in modeling human capital accumulation. The small-open economy consists of multiple regions and each region has production, one education and one housing sector. The production side is the same as in the neoclassical growth theory. Households move freely among regions, making decisions on levels of choosing housing, education, good, consumption and saving. A region's amenity which affects households' decisions is endogenous, depending on the region's output and population. The model describes a dynamic interdependence among wealth accumulation, human capital accumulation, time distribution (among leisure, work and education) and division of labor with endogenous wealth and income distribution among regions under perfect competition. This study also simulates the motion of the national economy and examines effects of changes in some parameters.


If you're looking for a book about the experience and adventure industry, a manual in designing authentic places, tips on how to market an attractive destination, or a guide for event fixers, then you've picked up the wrong book. If, on the other hand, you're looking for critical depictions of the grip that tourism has on our existence, you have come to the right place.Privileged Mobilities contributes to a growing school of critical studies of tourism. Mobility is about power and space. In this anthology, a series of questions are raised regarding privileged mobiles –who travels, where and whence, and why – not least from the standpoint of class, gender, ethnicity and citizenship. The authors portray tourism as a force of re- and de-terrritorialization: tourism conquers, re-encodes and exploits everything from sea bottom to outer space: places, cultures, histories and life sequences.To paraphrase Guy Debord, tourism "is the mode of appropriation of the natural and human environment by capitalism, which true to its logical development toward absolute domination, can (and now must) refashion the totality of space into its own decor." In a touristified world, we all become tourists and are fostered to see, experience and act accordingly - whether we want to or not. The tourist emerges as the ideal subject: an a-political being, steeped in experience, adventure and enjoyment.


The second edition of this highly acclaimed book offers an unrivalled level of advice and guidance on this rapidly expanding and constantly developing subject. Offering clear descriptions of the nature and consequence of Limited Liability Partnerships, it enables practitioners to undertake with confidence the process of conversion from a partnership. This latest edition covers the latest revisions to the Accounting SORP, the replacement of Stamp Duty with SDLT, brand new tax regulations, changes in the Companies Act and the Insolvency Act, plus some essential guidance from the Law Society covering terms of debentures to be issued by law firms, and the use of the word 'partners' to describe members and others.


The hallmark of Network Text Analysis (NTA) is the creation of semantic networks or concept maps from linguistic data. Its key insight—one borrowed from studies in Social Network Analysis—is that the position of concepts within such networks reveals vital information about the meaning of the text as a whole. A second hallmark of NTA is that the structure and size of a network are independent of the frequency of the words of which it is comprised. In this paper we demonstrate the application of NTA to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (HoD). Using morphological and etymological relationships as the basis for the network, we first represent HoD as a network consisting of over 385 nodes. We then compare and contrast the results of our network analysis with those reported in a widely-cited corpus stylistic analysis of HoD. While our results are remarkably consistent with and complementary to results in that study, we also report results not identified in that analysis, results which could only have been identified using NTA.


Sediment fillings in valleys of the Ruhr area resulting from human impact in different periods of history. This paper deals with the Holocene sediment filling in the Kalwes Valley, a small valley in Bochum, which lies in the southern Ruhr area of Germany. The Kalwesbach catchment was affected by humans from the Neolithic period. Coal mining occurred at different phases until the 1960s, when the Ruhr-University was built on the loess-plateau surrounding the valley. Since that time rainwater from sealed surfaces has been fed into the Kalwes Valley via several drain inlets. It has been possible to differentiate the valley fill into four different strata. Overlying two periglacial layers, a stratum of humous and silty alluvia has been found that forms the major part of the sediment filling. 14C-analysis of wood fragments found in these "floodplain fines" suggests that accumulation began in modern times. The "floodplain fines" contain heterogeneously distributed hard coal particles of extremely high content in some thin layers. Coal content has been quantified by density separation in heavy liquid. The sedimentary depth containing the most coal was dated to the 18 th or 19 th century by 14C-analysis. Hence, coal particles seem to derive from early coal mining in small open pits near the banks. Only in a certain reach of the valley bottom has another layer of up to 1 m in thickness been detected covering the "floodplain fines". The very coarse-grained material with a more than 60 % content of gravel and stones derives from a small tributary where excessive erosion has been caused by direct runoff from the university area since the 1960s.


Abstract
 We investigated moss flora distribution and their relationship to substrates of a semi-arid environment in Cankiri, northwest Turkey. Moss samples were taken from soil surfaces, rock, and tree barks. Soil samples were taken from underneath mosses at 17 sites and soil texture, CaCO3, pH, electrical conductivity, and soil organic matter were measured. Rock samples were collected from 15 different rock types and some mosses were collected from the oak barks. Identification of the moss specimens revealed the presence of 58 taxa belonging to 23 genera and 10 families — three species included in the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes. The relationship between moss occurrence patterns and terrestrial variables was evaluated by multiple linear regression analysis. No significant relationship could be established between Syntrichia ruralis and any of the studied terrestrial variables. Silt content correlated to the greatest number of moss taxa while pH could correlate with only one taxon. Grimmia trichophylla and Syntrichia ruralis were the most abundant species within the collected mosses and Tortula revolvens and Ceratodon purpureus were specific to calcareous soils in the study area.


Around the millennium, I published my book, E-moderating (Salmon, 2000). Soon after, with a colleague, David Shepherd, we started to offer online courses for any teacher, tutor, facilitator or group leader who wished to experience and explore the skills needed in the virtual environment for him or herself (see www.atimod.com). Then I wrote about designing for online groupwork (Salmon, 2002), aimed at a similar audience, and we began a short online 'E-tivities course'. The 2nd edition of E-moderating (Salmon, 2004) was then updated, as e-moderators everywhere tried out the ideas and let me know how it was going.
To my astonishment, by 2006 more than one thousand people had taken part in online e-moderating courses and more than 20,000 have bought and apparently read and used the books. Many people used the medium itself to give feedback and comments to David and me on how they've adapted and applied the ideas on designing for participation and intervening for learning in low cost, online and asynchronous group environment and their special contexts. At every eLearning conference, I found commentary and exploration reported.
On review and reflection from all the feedback, I realised that the 80:20 rule applies to e-moderating. The 80:20 principle suggests that there may be an inherent imbalance between cause and effect, effort and reward, inputs and outputs and that imbalance tends to the ratio of 80:20. The 80:20 principle is a very simple approximation of the value of work, but it seems to hold true pretty often for us. So, I began to ask my correspondents and visitors: 'do you know which 20% of our e-moderating work produces 80% of the results?' What follows is a summary of many ideas based on those years of feedback.


The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between stereotype confirmation concerns (SCC) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE). It is hypothesized that SCC will predict FNE, and that this effect will be moderated by race, such that SCC and FNE will be stronger among African Americans than among European Americans. A sample of 53 Caucasians and 41 African Americans were diagnosed with social anxiety. A hierarchical multiple regression was run to predict FNE with SCC, race, and the product of the two. The final model explained 27.9% of the variance in participants' FNE. Race significantly moderated the effects of SCC on FNE; SCC had a stronger effect on FNE for Caucasian (b = .380, p < .01) than for African Americans (b = .140, p < .05). This study shows that it may be helpful in treatment of social anxiety to address stereotype confirmation concerns and to discuss social situations during which negative stereotypes become salient. INDEX WORDS: Social Anxiety, Fear of negative evaluation, Race, Stereotypes THE EFFECT OF STEREOTYPE CONFIRMATION CONCERNS ON FEAR OF NEGATIVE EVALUATION AND AVOIDANCE FOR THOSE WITH SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER


This article describes the pedagogy, conceptual framework, outcomes and experiences of an annual Interdisciplinary Cluster Competition (ICC) organized at the beginning of every spring semester for junior students in the disciplines of Architecture, Industrial Design, Interior Design, Landscape Architecture and Visual Communication at a major University in the United States southwest. It is descriptive a study. Students' teams applied Studio Based Learning pedagogy applied to a real world problem. This combination enhanced the competition learning outcomes because of the impact of intraprofessional experience on student learning and their ability to generate holistic and resourceful solutions (Shraiky J. & Lamb 2012). The result was a win-win experience that empowered students to become social changers, and exposed them to an understanding of interdisciplinary collaborative practice. Students' motivation to win the competition increased in comparison with previous years with the implementation of a "priceless" award.


"This reviewer has no doubts that Dr. Cushman has written a controversial book on Plato and in doing so has not only shown impressive familiarity with solid Platonic literature but is also very much at home with all the dialogues and salient passages bearing upon his thesis."-John P. Anton, Ohio Wesleyen University "Whoever the reader is, he willafind a hearty incitement to the articulation of ideas that American thought needs."-L. W. Norris, Saturday Review Although modernity often seems to be crisis-ridden, human history shows that every age is beset by problems. These are rooted in the human psyche and derive from man's "divorce from his ground of Being." Cushman's superb study of Plato illuminates how a transcendentally open soul deals with the universal resolution of humanity's most basic spiritual disorder. In Therapeia Cushman focuses on Plato's central theme: the soul's search for ultimate fulfillment and salvation from psychological, social, and political disorders. His detailed analysis begins with the critical importance of Socrates as the ideal of the well-rdered and rightly oriented soul, an then considers the essential ontological interdependence of virtue and knowledge. He explores the meaning of anamnesis, eros, and inner conversion, the epistemological value of right belief and its relation to true knowledge, and the proper and improper uses of rhetoric, so that the soul might finally attain the wisdom that flows from its natural affinity for the Good. Cushman regarded Therapei a as his greatest achievement. It is clear that he inhabited Plato's mind and steeped himself in Plato's thoughts, while paying due regard to numerous other commentaries on Plato. His purpose, simple in conception but extraordinarily difficult in execution, is to communicate an intense awareness of Plato's thought as a living philosophy. One of the most profound and luminous books about Plato, this book will be of interest to philosophers, philosophy students (graduate and undergraduate), and anyone interested in philosophy in general and/or Plato in particular. Robert Earl Cushman (1913-1993) was research professor emeritus of Systematic Theology and dean of the Divinity School of Duke University. He was the author of Faith Seeking and Understanding, John Wesley's Experimental Divinity: Studies in Methodist Doctrinal Standards, and The Heritage of Christian Thought. Michael Henry studied with Gerhart Niemeyer at Notre Dame where he received his advanced degree in political theory in 1974. Since 1977, he has been teaching philosophy at St. John's University in New York.


Due to recent urbanization and changing lifestyles, many people have been spending more time indoors. Hence, they tend to receive less direct sunlight than ever before. Although excessive/inadequate UV exposure can be harmful to human health leading to illnesses such as skin cancer, spots, or depression, moderate UV exposure is necessary for vitamin D production in the body. Therefore, estimating UV exposure with a commonly used device is useful for maintaining a healthy lifestyle from excessive/inadequate UV exposure in our daily life. In this study, we aim to estimate UV exposure, and to this end, we used the GPS signal strength (C/No) collected from an off-the-shelf smartphone for exploring the relationship between UV values and C/No. We conducted an experiment and measured UV values and C/No from 10 places in two different situations. From the results, we observed a significant correlation (R2 more than 0.87) between UV values and C/No when all the data were divided by the sun/shade condition. This result supports the fact that UV values potentially can be inferred from C/No to some degree if the sun/shade condition can be detected.


I investigate the argument that, in a two–party system with different regulatory objectives, political uncertainty generates regulatory risk. I show that this risk has a fluctuation effect that hurts both parties and an output–expansion effect that benefits one party. Consequently, at least one party dislikes regulatory risk. Moreover, both political parties gain from eliminating regulatory risk when political divergence is small or the winning probability of the regulatory–risk–averse party is not too large. Because of a commitment problem, direct political bargaining is insufficient to eliminate regulatory risk. Politically independent regulatory agencies solve this commitment problem.


Abstract The theoretical perspective of the resource based view has contributed to the understanding of strategic management and entrepreneurs actions. Given its significant relevance, this article aims to identify the competitive resources developed by international entrepreneurs of exporting companies. A multiple case study was carried out with four companies located in the Brazilian Northeastern semi-arid region. We carried out 31 interviews and analyzed them along with documents and bibliographic material. Content analysis was supported by the ATLAS.ti software. The resources knowledge, team, liquidity, brand, production, quality and relationships stand out in the results. Therefore, the tangible and intangible nature of resources is evidenced and reveals the importance of the development of resources for internationalization by international entrepreneurs.


We present images of 29 post-starburst quasars (PSQs) from a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) Wide Field Channel Snapshot program. These broadlined active galactic nuclei (AGNs) possess the spectral signatures of massive (Mburst ∼ 1010 M ), moderate-aged stellar populations (hundreds of Myr). Thus, their composite nature provides insight into the AGN–starburst connection. We measure quasar-to-host galaxy light contributions via semi-automated two-dimensional light profile fits of point-spread-function-subtracted images. We examine the host morphologies and model the separate bulge and disk components. The HST/ACS-F606W images reveal an equal number of spiral (13/29) and early-type (13/29) hosts, with the remaining three hosts having indeterminate classifications. AGNs hosted by early-type galaxies have on average greater luminosity than those hosted by spiral galaxies. Disturbances such as tidal tails, shells, star-forming knots, and asymmetries are seen as signposts of interaction/merger activity. Disturbances like these were found in 17 of the 29 objects and are evenly distributed among early-type and spiral galaxies. Two of these systems are clearly merging with their companions. Compared to other AGNs of similar luminosity and redshift, these PSQs have a higher fraction of early-type hosts and disturbances. Our most luminous objects with disturbed early-type host galaxies appear to be consistent with merger products. Thus, these luminous galaxies may represent a phase in an evolutionary scenario for merger-driven activity. Our less luminous objects appear to be consistent with Seyfert galaxies not requiring triggering by major mergers. Many of these Seyferts are barred spiral galaxies.


This paper aims at determining the relationship between writing in chats and features from different writing systems. Although net users do not realise it, they recreate features mainly from morphographic systems and consonantal scripts and, consequently, they seem to be searching for a more economical way of conveying meaning through writing. When carrying out a corpus-based study, involving 90 minutes of real-time conversations in a Portuguese chat programme, we observed tendencies concerning spelling changes: the syllable onset is usually preserved, which resembles consonantal scripts; the number of syllables is frequently maintained, in common with syllabaries; the use of emoticons reminds us of morphographic systems, and spelling words as they are heard imitates phonemically transparent orthographies. This paper aims to reflect on the phenomenon that net users unconsciously recreate features which make spelling more efficient. Tracing the deviations occuring in chats may be seen as a way of accessing the speakers' intuitive knowledge. Keywords: chat; writing system; spelling; deviation; syllable; corpus study; Portuguese


BACKGROUND
Weight gained during pregnancy and not lost postpartum may contribute to obesity in women of childbearing age.

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to determine whether breastfeeding reduces postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in a population among which full breastfeeding is common and breastfeeding duration is long.

DESIGN
We selected women from the Danish National Birth Cohort who ever breastfed (>98%), and we conducted the interviews at 6 (n = 36 030) and 18 (n = 26 846) mo postpartum. We used regression analyses to investigate whether breastfeeding (scored to account for duration and intensity) reduced PPWR at 6 and 18 mo after adjustment for maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG).

RESULTS
GWG was positively (P < 0.0001) associated with PPWR at both 6 and 18 mo postpartum. Breastfeeding was negatively associated with PPWR in all women but those in the heaviest category of prepregnancy BMI at 6 (P < 0.0001) and 18 (P < 0.05) mo postpartum. When modeled together with adjustment for possible confounding, these associations were marginally attenuated. We calculated that, if women exclusively breastfed for 6 mo as recommended, PPWR could be eliminated by that time in women with GWG values of approximately 12 kg, and that the possibility of major weight gain (>or=5 kg) could be reduced in all but the heaviest women.

CONCLUSION
Breastfeeding was associated with lower PPWR in all categories of prepregnancy BMI. These results suggest that, when combined with GWG values of approximately 12 kg, breastfeeding as recommended could eliminate weight retention by 6 mo postpartum in many women.


As one of the most widely used desktop applications ever created, Excel is familiar to just about everyone with a computer and a keyboard. Yet most of us don't know the full extent of what Excel can do, mostly because of its recent growth in power, versatility, and complexity. The truth is that there are many ways Excel can help make your job easier-beyond calculating sums and averages in a standard spreadsheet. Analyzing Business Data with Excel shows you how to solve real-world business problems by taking Excel's data analysis features to the max. Rather than focusing on individual Excel functions and features, the book keys directly on the needs of business users. Most of the chapters start with a business problem or question, and then show you how to create pointed spreadsheets that address common data analysis issues. Aimed primarily at experienced Excel users, the book doesn't spend much time on the basics. After introducing some necessary general tools, it quickly moves into more specific problem areas, such as the following: Statistics Pivot tables Workload forecasting Modeling Measuring quality Monitoring complex systems Queuing Optimizing Importing data If you feel as though you're getting shortchanged by your overall application of Excel, Analyzing Business Data with Excel is just the antidote. It addresses the growing Excel data analysis market head on. Accountants, managers, analysts, engineers, and supervisors-one and all-will learn how to turn Excel functionality into actual solutions for the business problems that confront them.


In recent years, scholars have begun to look afresh at the dynamics of English "imperial" power in the late medieval period, but the extent to which the English dominions were subject to English law and legislation – and why and how these influences varied between the regions, and over an extended period of time – has been considered less systematically, and rarely comparatively. With its focus on Wales and Ireland this discussion explores the synergies and the strains which shaped attitudes towards the authority of the late medieval English crown and which, ultimately, determined the extent of England's influence beyond its borders. It shows that these attitudes were often fundamentally conflicted and contradictory. It highlights the difficulties of the English crown in seeking to balance the elitist agenda of its English subjects, on the one hand, with its desire to bring the Welsh and Irish more squarely within the orbit of the English state system, on the other hand. It also highlights the often inconsistent attitudes within the dominions themselves, which veered between welcoming or resisting the interference of the English crown. The discussion emphasizes how interaction between the English crown and the people of its dominions was shaped above all by dialogue and negotiation.


A move towards integrated health and social care provision has been a key policy driver in the UK since 2010, underpinned by a belief that this is essential to provide holistic, person-centred care while transforming service provision. Progress towards achieving integrated care has been slow, and now Brexit poses a further challenge, as attention is focused on preparations for a 'no-deal' scenario. Ensuring that the NHS and social care systems are able to continue to function after March 2019 is now a key concern for those leading and managing frontline services, and measures are being put in place to deal with potential disruptions caused by a no-deal Brexit. This includes dealing with issues related to the recruitment and retention of European economic area (EEA) staff into the NHS, disruptions in the supply of medicines across European Union (EU) borders, challenges to the recognition of professional qualifications and patient safety, and health protection and health security within the UK post-Brexit. The imperative to prepare for a worse-case scenario diverts attention away from other key policy drivers, such as integrated care provision. It may also serve to reinforce a view of integration as a cost-cutting exercise, rather than as an approach to promote better care for patients. A move towards the transformation of care through integrated provision offers real potential for improved patient outcomes in the future, and a revitalised health service. However, Brexit has the potential to disrupt the integration agenda as financial resources and staff time become focused on dealing with the fall-out from Brexit, rather than on frontline patient care. Community and practice-based nurses and staff are in the frontline of integrated service provision, and in the next few months may be some of the first staff to witness the negative impact of Brexit preparations on the provision of integrated care.


Purpose – This paper aims to highlight efforts of an emerging market economy, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in complementing the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) initiative. This is a growing phenomenon that has brought about a major shift in the international business landscape with emerging markets at the center. Design/methodology/approach – The exploratory nature of the paper prompted the need to draw upon media reports and other official documents in a bid to stimulate academic interest in Masdar City – the world's first zero-carbon city in Abu Dhabi (capital of the UAE) as a business case illustration. Findings – Masdar City remains arguably the world's acclaimed first zero-carbon, zero-waste city fully powered by renewable energy and poised to attract leading international expertise, academics, commerce, and residents. It also sets a standard for other emerging market players to emulate in this resurgent wave in the "internationalisation of innovation into emerging markets." Social implications – The aspiration to live within ecological limits and still improve the quality of people's lives is undoubtedly the cornerstone for sustainable development. Be that as it may, developments at Masdar City would require further monitoring and of course academic and policy research into how it feeds into (as well as feeds off) the international support enjoyed by this emerging market. Originality/value – By highlighting the efforts made in the UAE, in addition to securing headquarter status for IRENA and the rapid development of Masdar City, it looks quite obvious that the time for reflection is nigh and to learn lessons from the successful communities and emulate the ideas and innovations of these communities by the backward and not so successful nations and regions.


During spring 1994 and summer 1995 hydrographic transects across thePorcupine Bank, an elliptical topographic structure adjoining the shelf-edge west ofIreland, were carried out to investigate the mass and flow field characteristics in thevicinity of the bank. The observations show a dome-like deformationof the temperature and density field together with an intrusion of cold, densewater above the bank summit. The dome-like perturbation of the mass field isaccompanied by an anti-cyclonic circulation along the flanks of the bank,which is evident during all observational periods. Its intensity varies stronglyin accordance with the strength of the background stratification. The currentfield results either fromTaylor cap formation above a topographic singularity in a steady flow or due tonon-linear rectification of topographically trapped waves through resonance with thediurnal tide. It is suggested, that the flow field at Porcupine Bank providesan important mechanism for the retentionof pelagic eggs and larvae of various marine species spawning in the area.


Digital forensic science is very much still in its infancy, but is becoming increasingly invaluable to investigators. A popular area for research is seeking a standard methodology to make the digital forensic process accurate, robust, and efficient. The first digital forensic process model proposed contains four steps: Acquisition, Identification, Evaluation and Admission. Since then, numerous process models have been proposed to explain the steps of identifying, acquiring, analysing, storage, and reporting on the evidence obtained from various digital devices. In recent years, an increasing number of more sophisticated process models have been proposed. These models attempt to speed up the entire investigative process or solve various of problems commonly encountered in the forensic investigation. In the last decade, cloud computing has emerged as a disruptive technological concept, and most leading enterprises such as IBM, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have set up their own cloud-based services. In the field of digital forensic investigation, moving to a cloud-based evidence processing model would be extremely beneficial and preliminary attempts have been made in its implementation. Moving towards a Digital Forensics as a Service model would not only expedite the investigative process, but can also result in significant cost savings - freeing up digital forensic experts and law enforcement personnel to progress their caseload. This paper aims to evaluate the applicability of existing digital forensic process models and analyse how each of these might apply to a cloud-based evidence processing paradigm.


AbstractIn this paper, we define hesitant fuzzy partitions (H-fuzzy partitions) to consider the results of standard fuzzy clustering family (e.g. fuzzy c-means and intuitionistic fuzzy c-means). We define a method to construct H-fuzzy partitions from a set of fuzzy clusters obtained from several executions of fuzzy clustering algorithms with various initialization of their parameters. Our purpose is to consider some local optimal solutions to find a global optimal solution also letting the user to consider various reliable membership values and cluster centers to evaluate her/his problem using different cluster validity indices.


This research examined antecedents and outcomes of perceptions of the effectiveness of career management practices (PECMP) using a military sample. Past research has shown mixed results regarding the relationship between experiencing career management practices and organisational commitment and turnover intentions; however positive relationships have been found when perceptions of career management are measured. This present study hypothesised that PECMP would be positively related to commitment (affective and continuance) and job satisfaction and negatively related to turnover intentions. Based on the literature a number of variables were hypothesised as antecedents of PECMP. A sample of 436 Regular Force New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) personnel responded to a NZDF attitude survey, which measured commitment, job satisfaction, turnover intentions, PECMP and 13 proposed antecedents of PECMP. Regression analysis showed that PECMP was positively related to affective commitment and job satisfaction but not to continuance commitment. Job satisfaction and affective and continuance commitment were negatively related to turnover intentions, with affective commitment the strongest contributor. PECMP was higher when career management was perceived as fair, sufficient feedback was given, personnel felt satisfied with their past career development, expectations were met, personnel felt they had input into their career development and personnel perceived the NZDF valued their career development. The study also found that one-to-two times per year was perceived as sufficient contact with a career manager and that the frequency of contact influenced attitudes towards the career manager. Personnel who defined their career as the military, opposed to their trade, were more affectively committed to the NZDF but not less likely to intend to leave. Personnel viewed career success differently (laterally and hierarchically), but this did not influence PECMP or career development satisfaction. This study provides empirical support for the benefits of effective career management in the reduction of voluntary turnover in the military via its influence on affective commitment and in turn, intentions to leave. The study also identifies features of best practice career management that should be used when designing and, most importantly, implementing career management.


In the present paper, the algorithm proposed by Giacopini et. al. [1], based on a mass-conserving formulation of the Reynolds equation using the concept of complementarity is suitably extended to include the effects of compressibility, piezoviscosity and shear-thinning on the lubricant properties. This improved algorithm is employed to analyse the performance of the lubricated small end and big end bearings of a connecting rod of a high performance motorbike engine.The application of the algorithm proposed to both the small end and the big end of a con-rod is challenging because of the different causes that sustain the hydrodynamic lubrication in the two cases. In the con-rod big end, the fluid film is mainly generated by the relative high speed rotation between the rod and the crankshaft. The relative speed between the two races forms a wedge of fluid that assures appropriate lubrication and avoids undesired direct contacts. On the contrary, at the con-rod small end the relative rotational speed is low and a complete rotation between the mating surfaces does not occurs since the con-rod only oscillates around its vertical axis. Thus, at every revolution of the crankshaft, there are two different moments in which the relative rotational speed between the con-rod and the piston pin is null. Therefore, the dominant effect in the lubrication is the squeeze caused by the high loads transmitted through the piston pin. In particular both combustion forces and inertial forces contribute to the squeeze effect.This work shows how the formulation developed by the authors is capable of predicting the performance of journal bearings in the unsteady regime, where cavitation and reformation occur several times. Moreover, the effects of the pressure and the shear rate on the density and on the viscosity of the lubricant are taken into account.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Introduction The practice of winter sports generates one of the most important forms of mass tourist movement in Europe and in the whole world (Flagestad & Hope, 2001; Hudson, 2001). The offer for people practicing winter sports is, for many mountain locations, the main element of their tourist product. Poland is one of many European countries whose inhabitants show a great demand for practicing winter sports and there is a significant number of ski facilities around the country. Around 100 locations situated in the mountain massifs of southern Poland aim at attracting tourists keen on practicing winter sports by offering them continuously expanding ski facilities. It is a cliche to say that knowledge of customers' needs and an ability to adjust the offer is one of the main conditions of success on this competitive market. A well-known problem is that customers' requirements are greatly diversified and it is impossible to meet the needs of all of them at the same time. The segmentation and the selection of target segments (in accordance with economic criteria) become essential. The aim of this work is to provide an analysis and the segmentation of the wide and diversified market of people practicing winter sports in Polish ski resorts by considering many variables with different characteristics (descriptive and explanatory). Theoretical framework In the case of the voluminous and diversified market of travels connected with winter sports, a significant discrepancy of expectations of particular skiers' groups can be expected. The implications of these differences in the development of ski areas as well as social and cultural factors cause this market not to share the same characteristics of a global market--it is rather a continental or regional one. The recognition of the characteristics and needs of skiers visiting particular regions connected with winter sports become extremely important as their offer will depend on it. So far, sparse attempts at segmenting the ski market have been carried out for individual countries (Klenosky, Gengler, & Mulvey, 1993; Lewis, & Wild, 1995; Minos 1996 cited in Hudson, 2001; Dolnicar, & Leisch, 2003; Tsiotsou, 2008). Similar researches that have been conducted in various countries show a comparatively small adequacy of results obtained in one country in relation to the conditions of another one. Research of the ski market in Poland, so far, has not considered the issue of the segmentation of skiers visiting Polish mountains. That is why the offer is controlled fundamentally by the intuition and experience of tenders rather than actual consumer preferences. There is a necessity to examine also the preferences of Polish skiers and their segmentation. An additional argument underlying the need of researching this issue is the fact that Poland, despite its low-lying terrain, is simultaneously one of the most visited countries by tourists seeking winter sports related activities. Poland is placed at the top of the second half among the 20 countries that are visited most often for practicing winter sports, with a 0.5% share of the global market (Hudson 2000, p.28). Moreover, the research conducted in the developed countries of Europe and North America with longer ski traditions than Poland is acutely inadequate for the realities of the Polish market because of: * The relatively small degree of the Polish ski market internationalization (in comparison with other geographic markets) causing Poles not go skiing abroad too often, and that the number of foreigners on Polish ski slopes is insubstantial (Zemla, 2008). * The surplus of demand over supply resulting from relatively small internationalizing and supply of the market (Zemla, 2004). * Different (from other countries' markets) dynamics of the domestic demand--it is a rapidly developing market in Poland, while the majority of traditional destinations are fighting against the problem of years of stagnation (Flagestad, & Hope, 2001). …


Being able to keep the graph scale small while capturing the properties of the original social graph, graph sampling provides an efficient, yet inexpensive solution for social network analysis. The challenge is how to create a small, but representative sample out of the massive social graph with millions or even billions of nodes. Several sampling algorithms have been proposed in previous studies, but there lacks fair evaluation and comparison among them. In this paper, we analyze the state-of art graph sampling algorithms and evaluate their performance on some widely recognized graph properties on directed graphs using large-scale social network datasets. We evaluate not only the commonly used node degree distribution, but also clustering coefficient, which quantifies how well connected are the neighbors of a node in a graph. Through the comparison we have found that none of the algorithms is able to obtain satisfied sampling results in both of these properties, and the performance of each algorithm differs much in different kinds of datasets.


Transitional justice is becoming more and more an interdisciplinary field of study with interesting developments, not only in the assessment of a wide number of case studies, but also in the evaluation of increasingly more articulated theoretical problems. Undoubtedly, a robust collection of literature has now accumulated also on the more theoretically-oriented side. The present essay, far from aiming at an exhaustive reconstruction of the existing literature, is structured around some conceptual issues that consider the convergence of philosophical, legal and political aspects of transitional phenomena.


We developed an adaptive architecture for ad hoc communications to be used in emergency conditions. Emergencies could be caused by natural or man made disasters. Such events are difficult to predict. Therefore, their situations are accompanied by uncertainty. The experiences of various emergency situations and the related research strongly indicate that reliable and robust communications could facilitate the very needed flow of information, and consequently help to reduce risk in decision making in emergency situations. Our architecture includes a broadcast and a routing protocol that can self adapt to network conditions. We propose that cell phones in ad hoc mode are the ideal nodes to be used in our architecture. Cell phones are already ubiquitous and offer multiple interfaces, including ad hoc ones. We show that various combinations of our protocols provide the needed flexibility in emergency conditions.


Even though the world is interconnected through a complex web of transnational networks and the freer flow of trade, the challenges of making local adjustments in marketing activities are more acute now then ever before. Internet is helping to eliminate the distance between nations and between consumers. However, it appears that the emphasis is still on treating customers worldwide as part of one homogenous segment. For example, English is still taken as the net Latin by many firms and predominates most of net communications. Marketers need to take the Internet seriously to reconsider the potential as well as the limitation it possesses in realizing the impact of cultural differences. Apart from language, which is an important element in culture, knowledge of traditions and customs of a specific culture and integration of this knowledge with advertising activities on the internet would differentiate the marketing activity from the similar ones that are being run as well as resulting in higher attention and better interpretation levels. This paper focuses on the use of the Internet for reaching micro segments that recognize cultural differences in the global market place. Doing so, it emphasizes the importance of realizing the differences in language, religion, and specific tastes in advertising activities on the Internet. The varying contributions of these elements to interpretations of messages are determined and policies to be implemented for higher attention rates are suggested. In addition, the challenges exist there of on the Internet, such as presence of inhomogeneous infrastructure facilities and specific consumer concerns are explored throughout the paper. The differences in consumer concerns are sough and the changing availability of Internet, telephony, computer, and legal issues are studied. Finally, the types of firms and industries that can utilize the provided policies for capturing cultural differences are examined. Internet is a very important tool both in terms of communicating messages to micro segments and also for targeting specifically these segments. However, strategies to be implemented in Internet advertisement should be given special emphasis in order to tailor them according to the varieties in cultures. Global Internet advertising mainly promises a potential for services businesses. Both the businesses themselves and the advertisement activities are open to adjustments. Cultural differences can easily be recognized in the activities of services marketing on the Internet due to their flexible natures.


Data Monitoring and Analysis in Wireless Networks By Yongjie Cai Advisor: Dr. Ping Ji Various wireless network technologies have been created to meet the ever-increasing demand for wireless access to the Internet, such as wireless local area network, cellular network, sensor network and many more. The communication devices have transformed from large computational servers to small wireless hand-held devices, ranging from laptops, tablets, smartphones to small sensors. The advances of these wireless networks (e.g., faster network speed) and their intensive usages result in an enormous growth of network data in terms of volume, diversity, and complexity. All of these changes have raised complicated issues of network measurement and management. In the first part of this thesis, I study how WiFi network characteristics impact network forensics investigation and home security monitoring. I first focus on network forensics investigation and propose a wireless forensic monitoring system to collect trace digests of WiFi activities and facilitate cybercrime investigation. Then, I design and develop a low-cost home security system based on WiFi networks for physical intruder detection. Two methods MAC-based detection and RSSI-variance-based detection, are proposed based on the characteristics of WiFi networks. In the second part, I study how to effectively and efficiently model multiple coevolving time series, which is ubiquitous in network measurement especially in wireless sensor networks. Two comprehensive algorithms are proposed to address three prominent challenges of mining coevolving sensor measured traces: (a) high order; (b) contextual constraints; and (c) temporal smoothness.


Even though personal firewalls are an important aspect of security for the users of personal computers, little attention has been given to their usability. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a diverse set of participants to gain an understanding of their knowledge, requirements, perceptions, and misconceptions of personal firewalls. Through a qualitative analysis of the data, we found that most of our participants were not aware of the functionality of personal firewalls and their role in protecting computers. Most of our participants required different levels of protection from their personal firewalls in different contexts. The most important factors that affect their requirements are their activity, the network settings, and the people in the network. The requirements and preferences for their interaction with a personal firewall varied based on their levels of security knowledge and expertise. We discuss implications of our results for the design of personal firewalls. We recommend integrating the personal firewall with other security applications, adjusting its behavior based on users' levels of security knowledge, and providing different levels of protection based on context. We also provide implications for automating personal firewall decisions and designing better warnings and notices.


Fires play a critical role in modulating regional and global climate through disturbances on meteorological, biogeochemical, and hydrological processes, while fires are strongly affected by climate, terrestrial ecosystems, and human activities. The complex climate‐fire‐ecosystem interactions with anthropogenic disturbance are not well understood. We developed a REgion‐Specific ecosystem feedback Fire (RESFire) model in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) that provides modeling capability to reproduce the observed burning patterns and trends and to understand fire related climatic processes. Comparing with the default Community Land Model version 4.5 fire model in CESM, the RESFire model includes heterogeneous natural and anthropogenic constraints on fire ignition and spread, improved fire impact parameterization including online fire emissions and fire induced land cover changes, and modeling bias corrections for online fire weather simulation. Evaluation results based on the International Land Model Benchmarking package show significant improvements in fire simulation performance. The overall modeling score of burned area simulation increases from 0.50 with Community Land Model version 4.5 to 0.62 (RESFire driven by the observation‐reanalysis data) and 0.60 (RESFire driven by the bias‐corrected Community Atmosphere Model version 5 simulation). The attribution analysis of decadal burned area trends suggests distinct contributions of natural and anthropogenic forcing in different regions, which are consistent with previous observations. The model also includes a fire impact module for estimating atmospheric responses to fire emissions as well as fire disturbances on ecosystems, land cover, and surface radiation budget. These results demonstrate the latest progress of global fire model development that enables fully interactive climate‐fire‐ecosystem studies using CESM.


Purpose
Through the application of traditional and contemporary feminist theories in gender mainstreaming, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to emergent debate on gender dimensions in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adoption by smallholder farmers in disaster-prone regions. This is important to ensure that CSA strategies are tailored to farmer-specific gender equality goals.

Design/methodology/approach
An exploratory-sequential mixed methods research design which is qualitatively biased was applied. Key informant interviews and farmer focus group discussions in two study sites formed initial qualitative phase whose findings were explored in a quantitative cross-sectional household survey.

Findings
Findings shared in this paper indicate the predominant application of traditional gender mainstreaming approaches in CSA focusing on parochial gender dichotomy. Qualitative findings highlight perceptions that western gender approaches are not fully applicable to local contexts and realities, with gender mainstreaming in CSA seemingly to fulfil donor requirements, and ignorant of the heterogeneous nature of social groups. Quantitative findings establish that married men are majority adopters and non-adopters of CSA, while dis-adopters are predominantly de jure female household heads. The latter are more likely to adopt CSA than married women whose main role in CSA is implementers of spouse's decisions. Access to education, intra-household power relations, productive asset and land ownership are socio-cultural dynamics shaping farmer profiles.

Originality/value
By incorporating African feminisms and intersectionality in CSA, value of this study lies in recommending gender policy reforms incorporating local gender contexts within the African socio-cultural milieu. This paper accentuates potential benefits of innovative blend of both contemporary and classic gender mainstreaming approaches in CSA research, practice and technology development in disaster-prone regions.


An educational timetabling is a multi-dimensional and highly constrained problem. Generating educational timetables manually often involves numerous rounds of changes before they can be satisfactory. Usually such a process takes several days, and often the quality of the timetables is compromised due to pressure to release the timetables on time. Automatic generation of timetables then seems to be an attractive to manual approach. But this approach is not without problems. In fact, most timetabling problems are NP-complete and most researchers are interested in investigating efficient algorithms for solving the problem. In this paper, a university timetable problem formulation is introduced followed by recent approaches for solving the problem. After that, a genetic algorithm (GA) is presented to efficiently and effectively solve the problem. The proposed GA has a flexible representation that handles all the college timetables at once. It incorporates repair strategies to always guarantee the creation of a feasible timetable which satisfies constraints that must not be broken. The algorithm is implemented and applied to create timetables for the college of computing at the Arab Academy for Science and Technology (AAST) in Egypt and it shows promising results.


From April 2009 to November 2010, a social marketing campaign was designed and implemented in southwest Madagascar to encourage fishers to give up destructive fishing methods and to improve the awareness and enforcement of local laws (dina). The campaign, which targeted local leaders and fishers, was designed using results from formal and informal social surveys and focused on removing locally perceived barriers to behaviour change. In this paper, we describe the campaign from design to implementation, and evaluate its effects through surveys of 500 fishers and local leaders, and preliminary observational data on dina enforcement and use of destructive fishing techniques. Results after one year showed improved knowledge and positive attitudes about dina among leaders and fishers, moderate increases in the enforcement of dina, and moderate decreases in the use of destructive fishing methods. Our findings demonstrate the power and suitability of social marketing as a tool for fostering sustainable behaviour in traditional fishing communities, when combined with good governance and enforcement strategies. BACKGROUND


The major goal of the project was the investigation of proteins that regulate dynamic rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. Among the proteins studied in detail were (i) D. discoideum vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein DdVASP and a new profilin isoform as putative regulators of filopodia formation, and (ii) the Ste20-like kinases Krs1 and Severin-Kinase as members of signalling cascades towards the actin cytoskeleton.
Filopodia are bundles of actin filaments projecting from the cell surface. They are found on a variety of cell types and are needed among others, for cell adhesion, sensory and exploratory functions. Filopodia are frequently found associated with sheet-like arrays of actin filaments called lamellipodia and membrane ruffles. The function of the VASP homolog from D. discoideum in filopodia formation was studied using molecular, biochemical and cell biological approaches. The protein sequence of DdVASP shares a significant homology to the members from other species. The protein harbours two Ena/VASP homology domains EVH1 and EVH2 separated by a polyproline stretch. The EVH2 domain is characterised by a G-actin binding site (GAB), an F-actin binding site (FAB) and a tetramerisation domain. As a tetramer the DdVASP protein can nucleate actin polymerization and bundle actin filaments. The in vitro nucleating activity of DdVASP is salt dependent and its nucleating activity is completely abolished at 100 mM salt. However, the F-actin bundling activity as determined by the low speed sedimentation assay was not disturbed.
The ability of DdVASP to influence the binding of capping protein to the growing ends of the actin filaments was tested through elongation of capped F-actin seeds and by depolymerization of capped filaments upon dilution below the critical concentration of the barbed ends. Results from both sets of experiments showed that DdVASP cannot remove capping protein from the barbed ends. The D. discoideum formin dDia2, which was previously reported to be essential for filopodia formation could elongate the capped F-actin seeds. In vitro biochemical data led to the conclusion that the bundling activity of DdVASP is the essential in vivo function to stabilise actin filaments in emerging filopodia. To test this hypothesis, a DdVASP null mutant was isolated. As expected the mutant failed to produce any filopodia. Expression of wild type DdVASP, but not DdVASPFAB, rescued the phenotype suggesting the importance of the bundling activity of DdVASP in filopodia formation. To confirm that the data obtained with DdVASP were not species specific, key biochemical functions of HsVASP were also tested. The results indicated that VASPs are functionally well conserved throughout evolution.
During this study, a third profilin isoform, profilin III, was further characterised. Specific interaction between profilin III and DdVASP was discovered. Profilin III shares a limited homology at the amino acid level with the other two and well studied profilins. Polyclonal antibodies that recognise only the profilin III isoform showed that in wild type cells profilin III represents less than 1% of all profilins. This suggests a distinct role for profilin III, because a low protein concentration argues against an actin sequestering function. Immunolocalisation studies showed profilin III in filopodia and enriched at their tips. Cells lacking the profilin III protein show defects in cell motility during chemotaxis.
The second part of the project dealt with the characterisation of two D. discoideum Germinal Centre Kinases (GCK). The catalytic domain of Krs1 was found to be highly homologous to the catalytic region of human MST1 and MST2 from the GCK-II subfamily. The regulatory region harbours the putative inhibitory domain (aa 330-379) and a possible multimerization (SARAH) domain (aa 412-458) described for GCKs in higher organisms. This SARAH region spans about 50 amino acid residues, is located at the extreme carboxyl terminus and most likely forms an  - helical coiled-coil motif. GFP-Krs1 overexpressing wild type cells showed an enrichment of the kinase in the cell cortex, and motility of these cells during aggregation was reduced. Krs1 knockout strains exhibited only subtle differences to wild type cells. Severin kinase is encoded by the gene svkA, and phylogenetic analysis groups it into subfamily GCK-III, along with human MST3, MST4 and YSK/SOK-1. Immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antibodies showed an uniform expression level throughout development. Gene disruption of svkA resulted in cells that had problems to divide both in submerged or in shaking cultures. Though the motility and chemotaxis of these cells remain unaltered compared to the wild type cells, the movement of the multicellular slugs is disturbed. In addition, development was delayed and the mutant formed aberrant fruiting bodies.


OF DISSERTATION THE EFFECT OF β-HYDROXY-β-METHYLBUTYRATE (HMB) SUPPLEMENTATION ON NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING FATIGUING EXERCISE IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS Supporters of a nutritional supplement, β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation, claim that it will increase the muscular strength gains and lean muscle mass gains seen during a resistance training program. It has been suggested that HMB supplementation does this by preventing muscle damage or by regenerating damaged muscle cell membranes. However, no research has evaluated the effect of HMB supplementation on low frequency fatigue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if three weeks of HMB supplementation could attenuate the effects of low frequency fatigue caused by eccentric muscle contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle. A total of 33 healthy recreationally active subjects (18 males, 15 females; 23.2 ± 4.3 yr) were recruited for this study. All subjects preformed 4 sets of 25 eccentric contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle through a range of motion of 30 degrees. Recovery measures were taken for 20 minutes after the fatigue protocol and at 48 and 96 hours of recovery. The recovery measures included: Maximum voluntary contraction peak torque, 10 Hz peak torque, 50 Hz peak torque, 10/50 Hz peak torque ratio, and EMG measurements. Each subject served as their own control and limbs were randomly assigned to pre-supplement or post-supplement limbs. Following the pre-supplement fatigue protocol and recovery measures each subject completed three weeks of 3g/day HMB supplementation. After the supplementation period the post-supplement fatigue protocol was completed and recovery measures were taken. The 10 Hz peak torque and the 10/50 Hz torque ratio in the pre-supplement limb was still significantly reduced at the 96-hour recovery measurement time, indicating that it was still showing low frequency muscle fatigue at this time. Furthermore, the post-supplement limb, recovered from the fatigue protocol faster, and did not show any signs of low frequency muscle fatigue at the 48-hour recovery measurement time. In addition the presupplement limb had significant maximum voluntary contraction torque deficit at the 48hour recovery measurement time and the post-supplement limb showed no significant deficits. The main findings of this study were that three weeks of HMB supplementation attenuated low frequency fatigue and maximum voluntary contraction torque reduction after an eccentric fatigue protocol.


With a narrow, homogeneous beam of electrons, scattering by thin foils of aluminum, silver and gold has been investigated. Voltages up to 145 kv (β=0.63) were used. Under conditions where single scattering was predominate and secondary electrons were absent, the amount of scattering was studied as a function of the primary energy, atomic number and angle. Absolute values were also obtained. The above investigations have lead to the following results: (1) Secondary electrons are defined and a means of eliminating them is proposed and used. (2) Wentzel's criterion for single scattering is tested over a wide range of energies. The value of θ/4ωmin for aluminum is found to increase from 3.3 at 45 kv to 6.1 at 145 kv. (3) A more critical criterion for single scattering by thin foils is obtained which depends on the shape of the curve connecting ρ, the amount of scattering, with angle. (4) Dependence of scattering on energy of primary beam is found to agree well with either Mott's equation or with the relation k/V2, but is at variance with the classical relativistic theory. (5) Comparison of values of scattering for aluminum, silver and gold shows that ρ increases faster than Z squared. (6) Scattering is obtained as a function of angle from 95° to 173°. For aluminum the dependence found experimentally agrees well with either Mott's or Rutherford's equation. The latter also gives the correct dependence on angle for silver and gold. Mott's equation is not applicable for these heavy elements. (7) Absolute values of scattering for aluminum compared with theory give ρ=1.32 of the value given by Mott's equation. This relation is valid within the ranges θ=95∘-173∘, V=56-145 kv. (8) Secondary electrons coming from the foil are distributed according to the simple cosine law. (9) No evidence of loss of energy due to radiation is found up to one-half the energy of the primary beam.


This research project sets out to investigate and bring to public attention a unique and barely known body of material held by the Afghan War Veterans Club, a grass roots institution in southern Lithuania curated by and purely from the perspective of Lithuanian conscripts in the Red Army who had no wish to serve Soviet Imperialism but were forced to do so.

The veterans of Alytus were among some 5,000 Lithuanians who towards the end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (1979-89) were conscripted into the army and sent there, often against their will. The occupation claimed numerous lives, caused intense material damage and ended in defeat. After the collapse of the Soviet Union Lithuanian veterans of the Afghan conflict (many of whom were injured and/or affected by post traumatic stress) were seen as part of the legacy of the Soviet Union and ostracized by Lithuanian society, leading them to develop their own support networks and organisations for self-representation, of which the Alytus club is an example.

The holdings of the museum consist mainly of snapshot photographs and 'dembel albums' compiled by the conscripts during their tours of duty. These albums, filled with drawings and snapshots depicting scenes of daily life in the military, formal portrait photographs, tourist memorabilia and other ephemera provide a unique testimony of the experience of serving as a conscript in the Soviet Army during its occupation of Afghanistan. These testimonies are made all the more poignant by the fact that making of these albums was strictly forbidden by the Soviet military authorities who intercepted and censored all outgoing documentation of the conflict, such that the entire contents of the Museum consists of material smuggled out by returning conscripts. Visits to the museum are by appointment only and in advance of each visit its custodians curate a display from the holdings in response the anticipated interests of their visitors.

This obscure institution has been the focus of an investigation by Carolin since 2008 which has involved in depth interviews with the museum's custodians, photographic documentation, comprehensive documentation of all the 'dembel albums' and an ongoing review of popular, visual, literary and filmic accounts of the Soviet and NATO occupations of Afghanistan. Carolin has presented her research at the Counter Archives symposium at the Jagellionian University, Krakow in May 2011, the symposium Finding Utopia in the Archive at Birkbeck College in June 2011, and as part of the lecture series Art and Globalisation at the Royal College of Art in April 2012. An image-led publication presenting the material from the 'dembel albums' with an essay by Carolin is planned for 2013.


Injectable collagen appears to be safe and effective in treating glottic insufficiency. Fifty-four patients received vocal-fold injections of Zyderm Collagen Implant and their responses were followed for as long as 2 years. Videostroboscopy affords the best assessment of glottic function and correlates well with vocal quality. Maximum phonation time and transglottic airflow are the most sensitive measures of glottic efficiency; follow-up studies indicate that responses to treatment vary at 1 week, tend to stabilize by 3 months, and show only slight decrement over 1 year. One patient experienced a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, but it did not adversely affect his result. The use of cross-linked preparations of collagen should decrease the incidence of such responses. Treated patients were divided into diagnostic groups. Patients with bilaterally scarred vocal folds did not appear to respond optimally to collagen injection. Vocal rehabilitation was better if patients had at least one normal vocal fold. The best results occurred in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis and pre-existent bowing or atrophy did not affect these results. Collagen should be injected in the plane of the vocal ligament for best results; if the injection is too deep the implant is resorbed, and if too superficial, vocal-fold vibration is impaired.


Public referenda have recently put an end to the ambitions of several cities to host the Olympic Games. The outcome of referenda depends on two major decisions: a content decision whether to support hosting the Olympics and a turnout decision whether or not to cast a vote. Unlike the content decision, the turnout decision has received little attention in sports economics, even though it can distort the outcome of a referendum, lead to a misrepresentation of minorities, and reduce the acceptance of referendum results. We therefore examine the determinants of turnout at Olympic referenda using a population-representative data set from 12 democratic countries. Our findings suggest a nonlinear and robust relationship between individual support and voter turnout.


PURPOSE
To investigate the mechanism by which photoreceptors degenerate in transgenic mice carrying a mutant human rhodopsin gene (P23H).

METHODS
The temporal and spatial pattern of the retinal degeneration caused by P23H rhodopsin was mapped using immunocytochemistry with rhodopsin-specific antibodies. The subcellular localizations of rhodopsin, transducin, and rod cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) were also determined, and rhodopsin localization was compared among P23H transgenic mice, rd mice, and Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats.

RESULTS
In transgenic mice that express P23H rhodopsin, photoreceptors are lost centrally by postnatal day 10. As the retina degenerates, rhodopsin accumulates in the outer nuclear layer and within the photoreceptor synaptic terminals. The P23H transgenic retinas also show an accumulation of transducin and PDE within the outer plexiform layer. In contrast, other types of hereditary retinal degenerations studied show a similar pattern of rhodopsin accumulation in the outer nuclear layer but not in the outer plexiform layer of the retina.

CONCLUSIONS
The pattern of degeneration in the P23H transgenic retina is consistent with a model in which the centrally located, first-born photoreceptors are the first to die. In contrast to other animal models for hereditary retinal degeneration (rd, RCS), a novel feature of the P23H degeneration is an accumulation of rhodopsin, transducin, and PDE within the outer plexiform layer of the retina. One hypothesis to explain this observation is that P23H rhodopsin is routed intracellularly through a pathway not used by normal rhodopsin. Nonmutant forms of the peripheral transducing proteins normally associated with disk membrane, such as transducin and PDE, may accompany the aberrantly routed rhodopsin.


This study presents an eye-safe, single-mode, nanosecond-pulsed, and all-fiber laser source with master-oscillator-power-amplifier configuration at 1 550 nm that is suitable for high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system. The output peak power of 7.6 kW is obtained at the 1.2-ns pulse width and 50-kHz repetition rate. The single-mode pulse laser output ensures the range precision and imaging results of the LIDAR system. The laser is used as a transmitter for the 3D imaging LIDAR system. The detailed characteristics of the LIDAR system and the results of the 3D imaging are presented.


Qualitative clinical assessments of the recovery of awareness after severe brain injury require an assessor to differentiate purposeful behavior from spontaneous behavior. As many such behaviors are minimal and inconsistent, behavioral assessments are susceptible to diagnostic errors. Advanced neuroimaging tools can bypass behavioral responsiveness and reveal evidence of covert awareness and cognition within the brains of some patients, thus providing a means for more accurate diagnoses, more accurate prognoses, and, in some instances, facilitated communication. The majority of reports to date have employed the neuroimaging methods of functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and electroencephalography (EEG). However, each neuroimaging method has its own advantages and disadvantages (e.g., signal resolution, accessibility, etc.). Here, we describe a burgeoning technique of non-invasive optical neuroimaging—functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)—and review its potential to address the clinical challenges of prolonged disorders of consciousness. We also outline the potential for simultaneous EEG to complement the fNIRS signal and suggest the future directions of research that are required in order to realize its clinical potential.


Background: Although there are numerous educational models to guide cultural competency training in health care programs, many of these remain conceptually flawed and there are few studies that examine the outcomes of training. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a multi-faceted cultural competency education module on attitudes, self-awareness, knowledge and skills of Nursing, Occupational Therapy and Athletic Training students. Methods: The research design used a mixed methods approach, incorporating a quantitative pre- and post-class survey instrument, the Cultural Competency Assessment (CCA) instrument. A qualitative descriptive methodology using content analysis was used to analyze students' experiences of the Cultural Assessment Interview. The M-C Form C version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale was used to assess if the need for social desirability influenced students' responses to the CCA. Differences in pre- and post-test scores on the CCA were analyzed by paired T tests for related samples and Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RANOVA). For purposes of subgroup analyses, the entire sample was divided into two groups based on course enrollment, undergraduate Nursing and Occupational Therapy. Pearson's product moment correlation was used to determine if there were a correlation between the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability score and score on the CCA. Results: One hundred and nine students engaged in a 6-hour cultural competency module within their regular classes. Fifty-three students completed pre- and post-test data on the Cultural Competency Assessment Instrument, while 109 completed the Cultural Assessment Interview.  There was a significant change between pre-test (M = 10.34; s.d., 1.77) and post-test (M = 10.87; s.d., 1.77) scores on the CCA ( p = .009) with no differences in changes by subgroup analysis. Students with low perceived competency (M = 9.7; s.d., 1.63) scored significantly lower than students with high perceived competency (M = 11.7; s.d., 1.68) ( p = .03) at baseline. Qualitatively, students articulated new knowledge about the culture of their interviewee, identified their need for increased cultural competence and were surprised by their increase in self-knowledge. Conclusion: Due to globalization and international migration, cultural competency is an essential part of the nursing curriculum. We have proposed several innovative and successful features of a brief cultural competency module that can be adopted for required nursing course work, both in the United States and internationally, including exercises in group communication skills, experiential exercises and the Cultural Assessment. The quality of nurse/patient communication is intricately related to patient adherence to treatment and quality of care. However, much more work must be done to assess the effectiveness of cultural competency training, especially in the clinical setting.


Objective: Evaluate the prevalence of low back pain, the disability caused by this and the associated factor in watchmen in a district of Lima.
Methods: It has been made a cross-sectional study of watchmen in Miraflores, Lima. The sampling was performed by clusters. The low back pain was measured by the Nordic questionnaire for low back pain and lumbar disability was measured with the Oswestry questionnaire. Additionally, the physical activity was measured by the short version of the International Questionnaire of Physical Activity (IPAQ-SF) and sociodemographic data. The prevalence of low back pain was calculated and the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated with their 95% confidence intervals using Poisson regression with robust variance.
Results. The study includes 335 people. 98% were men, the median age was 42 (IQR:21). The 55.8% had a minimum level of physical activity. The prevalence of low back pain was 65.3% and the disability was 26.6%. the seated time was found [RPa: 2,21; IC95%=1,45-3,38] and age [RPa: 1,58; IC95%= 1,01-2,47] as factors associated with disability.
Conclusion: Two out of three watchmen had low back pain and one in four had disability for low back pain.


The main intention of the study is to identify appropriate indicator to create a model that represents water resource status for a specific system boundary. The report will assess the different scientific approaches associated with water resource engineering, and compare these approaches with respect to human value. The report will focus on the relationship between ecosystem structure and socio technical structure. Ecosystem deals with plants and living things in specific area and the interaction between them, socio technical system deals with the aspects of people, and society as well as technical aspects of organizational structure with respect to the effect on the environment. Ecosystem directly or indirectly affects the society. At the same time, the socio technical system has an impact on ecosystem services in the perspective of consumption and exploitation of recourses. Finally the two systems are dependent on each other. By the application of scientific tools such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), Performance Indicator (PI), Drivers Pressure State Impact Response (DPSIR), Mellenium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), etc., some appropriate indicators can be identified corresponding to each approach. LCA focuses on socio-technical aspects whereas DPSIR is environmentally biased. Environmental impact assessment covers both aspects of the system. A matrix combines these methods with the corresponding keywords, and supports in generating a new general model by considering the most weighted indicators. Since each scientific model focuses on some specific aspects, the newly proposed model will give a general view of water environment status. A final comparison is made to recognize relative bias of the newly proposed model with respect to DPSIR model to assess water environment status of the concerning region.


Market oriented behaviours have been found to be important predictors of business success across a wide array of studies. Despite their potential importance, research into market oriented behaviours in the joint venture (JV) context is very scarce. This study represents a novel attempt to address this gap by examining a set of antecedent factors which arises from sources outside a traditional firm's boundary. An extensive review and synthesis of the market orientation and JV literature yielded a set of context-specific antecedent factors relevant to the JV's relational context. In accordance with the perspective offered by the transaction cost theory, a system of hypotheses about the effects of these antecedent factors on JV's market oriented behaviours was developed. In order to test these hypotheses, empirical evidence was collected by means of a mail survey to international joint ventures operating in the coastal regions of mainland China. A sample of 191 JV firms was collected as a result. Following well established procedures for scale development and purification as recommended in the methodology literature, the scales were critically trimmed and reviewed for their psychometric properties. The conceptual model was tested with a structural equation model. Results suggested that a number of context-specific antecedents are in fact important determinants of JVs' level of market oriented behaviours. In addition, the linkage between market oriented behaviours and market performance was also successfully established.


We compare the science capabilities of different eLISA mission designs, including four-link (two-arm) and six-link (three-arm) configurations with different arm lengths, low-frequency noise sensitivities and mission durations. For each of these configurations we consider a few representative massive black hole formation scenarios. These scenarios are chosen to explore two physical mechanisms that greatly affect eLISA rates, namely (i) black hole seeding, and (ii) the delays between the merger of two galaxies and the merger of the black holes hosted by those galaxies. We assess the eLISA parameter estimation accuracy using a Fisher matrix analysis with spin-precessing, inspiral-only waveforms. We quantify the information present in the merger and ringdown by rescaling the inspiral-only Fisher matrix estimates using the signal-to-noise ratio from nonprecessing inspiral-merger-ringdown phenomenological waveforms, and from a reduced set of precessing numerical relativity/post-Newtonian hybrid waveforms. We find that all of the eLISA configurations considered in our study should detect some massive black hole binaries. However, configurations with six links and better low-frequency noise will provide much more information on the origin of black holes at high redshifts and on their accretion history, and they may allow the identification of electromagnetic counterparts to massive black hole mergers.


Mercury metal is released into water by different sources including sewage industrial waste, thus, it can enter human food chain. It is considered one of the most harmful pollutant of heavy metals since it is non-biodegradable, and it can enter to human body by different means including direct consumption (for example, through drinking water), absorption through skin, and by respiratory system. Exposure to mercury cause severe effects on human health such as brain damage, kidney failure, damage in the nervous system, birth defects, chromosome breakage, and paralysis [1, 2]. The United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) assessed the annual released quantity of mercury to 4400-7500 tons [3]. In addition, the International World Health Organization regulated the maximum allowed amount of mercury ions (Hg2+) in drinking water to 6 ppb [4]. Nevertheless, previous studies estimated the allowed amount of inorganic Hg2+ in water to 0.5 ppb [5]. Therefore, the development of sensitive, selective, reliable, and cost effective Hg2+ sensors is needed for medical diagnostic, quality control of food industry, as well as water and environment quality monitoring. In this work, we present novel conductometric sensors based on graphene and Au nanoclusters that are highly selective to Hg2+ ions. Electrical electrodes were deposited on the surface of graphene by thermal evaporation. Au nanoclusters were produced by sputtering and inert gas condensation technique inside an ultra-high vacuum chamber, and they were self-assembled on the surface of graphene. To the best of our knowledge, the sensors reported here are the first conductometric sensors based on graphene and Au nanoclusters that are utilized for detection of Hg2+ traces in water. These sensors were exceedingly sensitive to Hg2+ ions, therefore, they have potential to be applied for practical life applications. Gold nanoclusters were produced by the sputtering and inert gas condensation technique inside an ultra-high vacuum system. The system consists of three main chambers (source, mass filter, and deposition chambers) that were pumped initially to a base pressure of 10-8 mbar using two turbo pumps. A gold target of purity 99.99% (Testbourne ltd, UK) was fixed on a water-cooled magnetron sputter head. Plasma was generated inside the source chamber using argon (Ar) inert gas, and it was used to sputter Au from its target through dc discharge type. The supplied Ar gas was also utilized to condense the sputtered material forming nanoclusters, and to create pressure gradient between the source and deposition chambers that enables the formed nanoclusters to travel to the deposition chamber. Each Hg2+ sensor was fabricated using (1 cm × 1 cm) commercial graphene layer on SiO2/doped-Si substrate (thickness of SiO2 is 285 nm, and Si is p-type with resistivity of 0.001-0.005 ohm.cm). Interdigitated parallel Au electrodes (with electrode separation of 100 μm) were fabricated by thermal evaporation using a Torr International evaporator through a shadow mask on the surface of graphene [6]. Two batches of sensors were tested in this work: i) sensors based on graphene only, and ii) sensors based on graphene and percolating films of Au nanoclusters, each has a thickness of 5 nm. For nanocluster deposition, each graphene sample was fixed on a cryostat finger. Nanocluster deposition rate was initially measured using a quartz crystal monitor (QCM) facing nanocluster beam and was fixed on a motorized linear translator. Next, the QCM was removed away from the sample, thus, nanoclusters were deposited on graphene surface. Sensitivity measurements were performed using Hg2+ solutions with different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 3, 6, 20, 40, and 60 ppb). The selectivity was tested using 0.6 ppb solutions of the following ions: Cr2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, and K+. The selectivity results of the sensor reveal that the fabricated sensors are selective to Hg2+ ions, and the selectivity is evidently enhanced for sensors with Au nanoclusters. The sensitivity of sensors decorated with Au nanoclusters to Hg2+ ions is higher than that for sensors made of graphene only, which could be assigned to the high binding affinity of Au nanoclusters to Hg2+ ions [7, 8]. This can be explained qualitatively bearing in mind previous studies that investigated the binding energy of the metal ions (under consideration in this work) with either graphene or Au nanoclusters. Upon investigating the binding energy of metal ions with graphene, it was reported that Hg2+ ions have the highest binding energy to graphene compared to other ions (Cr2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, and K+), which exhibit slightly lower binding energy to graphene and thus their sensitivity signals are very comparative [8]. The sensitivity of Au nanostructures to Hg2+ ions was found to be large due to their high binding energy [7]. In addition, the binding energy of Hg2+ ions to Au nanostructures is evidently higher than that to the other metal ions investigated in this work [9], which makes the graphene-Au sensor selective to Hg2+ ions. The sensing mechanism of the graphene-based sensors can be summarized as follows: exposure of the graphene sensor to Hg2+ ions decreases electron concentration in the n-type graphene, thus, the conductance of the sensor decreases. Decoration of graphene with Au nanoclusters creates electron scattering centers that increase electron diffusive scattering which decreases electrical conductance. Adsorption of Hg2+ ions on Au nanoclusters causes further decrease in the conductance, which implies the increase in the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor. In conclusion, the sensitivity of the present sensors is below the minimum allowed limit of Hg2+ in drinking water set by the World Health Organization and that set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. These sensors are small in size and easy to carry outdoor and have low power requirements, thus, they have a potential to be used for practical field applications. References [1] W. Chemnasiri, F.E. Hernandez. Gold nanorod-based mercury sensor using functionalized glass substrates, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 173 (2012) 322-328. [2] Y. Li, H. Huang, Y. Li, X. Su. Highly sensitive fluorescent sensor for mercury (II) ion based on layer-by-layer self-assembled films fabricated with water-soluble fluorescent conjugated polymer, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 188 (2013) 772-777. [3] B. Wang, S. Zhuo, L. Chen, Y. Zhang. Fluorescent graphene quantum dot nanoprobes for the sensitive and selective detection of mercury ions, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 131 (2014) 384-387. [4] WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Fourth edition ed., World Health Organization, 2011. [5] E. U.S. Drinking Water Contaminants. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#list, 2011. [6] A.I. Ayesh. Electronic transport in Pd nanocluster devices, Applied Physics Letters 98 (2011) 133108. [7] Z. Liu, P.C. Searson. Single Nanoporous Gold Nanowire Sensors, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (2006) 4318-4322. [8] C. Yu, Y. Guo, H. Liu, N. Yan, Z. Xu, G. Yu, Y. Fang, Y. Liu. Ultrasensitive and selective sensing of heavy metal ions with modified graphene, Chemical Communications 49 (2013) 6492-6494. [9] S.A. Siddiqui, N. Bouarissa, T. Rasheed, M.S. Al-Assiri. Quantum chemical study of the interaction of elemental Hg with small neutral, anionic and cationic Aun (n = 1-6) clusters, Materials Research Bulletin 48 (2013) 995–1002.


Abstract. Formation of ozone and organic aerosol in continental atmospheres depends on whether isoprene emitted by vegetation is oxidized by the high-NOx pathway (where peroxy radicals react with NO) or by low-NOx pathways (where peroxy radicals react by alternate channels, mostly with HO2). We used mixed layer observations from the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign over the Southeast US to test the ability of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model at different grid resolutions (0.25°  ×  0.3125°, 2°  ×  2.5°, 4°  ×  5°) to simulate this chemistry under high-isoprene, variable-NOx conditions. Observations of isoprene and NOx over the Southeast US show a negative correlation, reflecting the spatial segregation of emissions; this negative correlation is captured in the model at 0.25°  ×  0.3125° resolution but not at coarser resolutions. As a result, less isoprene oxidation takes place by the high-NOx pathway in the model at 0.25°  ×  0.3125° resolution (54 %) than at coarser resolution (59 %). The cumulative probability distribution functions (CDFs) of NOx, isoprene, and ozone concentrations show little difference across model resolutions and good agreement with observations, while formaldehyde is overestimated at coarse resolution because excessive isoprene oxidation takes place by the high-NOx pathway with high formaldehyde yield. The good agreement of simulated and observed concentration variances implies that smaller-scale non-linearities (urban and power plant plumes) are not important on the regional scale. Correlations of simulated vs. observed concentrations do not improve with grid resolution because finer modes of variability are intrinsically more difficult to capture. Higher model resolution leads to decreased conversion of NOx to organic nitrates and increased conversion to nitric acid, with total reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) changing little across model resolutions. Model concentrations in the lower free troposphere are also insensitive to grid resolution. The overall low sensitivity of modeled concentrations to grid resolution implies that coarse resolution is adequate when modeling continental boundary layer chemistry for global applications.


The challenging problem of controlling the attitude of satellites subject to actuator failures has been the subject of increased attention in recent years. The problem of controlling the attitude of a satellite on all three axes with two reaction wheels is addressed in this paper. This system is controllable in a zero-momentum mode. Three-axis attitude stability is proven by imposing a singular quaternion feedback law to the angular velocity trajectories.Two approaches are proposed and compared to achieve three-axis control: The first one does not require angular velocity measurements and is based on the assumption of a perfect zero momentum, while the second approach consists of tracking the desired angular velocity trajectories. The full-state feedback is a nonlinear singular controller. In-orbit tests of the first approach provide an unprecedented practical proof of three-axis stability with two control torques. The angular velocity tracking approach is shown to be less efficient using the nonlinear singular controller. However, when inverse optimization theory is applied to enhance the nonlinear singular controller, the angular velocity tracking approach is shown to be the most efficient. The resulting switched inverse optimal controller allows for a significant enhancement of settling time, for a prescribed level of the integrated torque.