The American dream ideology (ADI) consists of working hard, taking responsibility for oneself, and being rewarded for those efforts. Therefore, the ADI precludes asking for help. The current project investigated the possibility that if a victim violates the ADI (in this case by asking for help), this violation may result in others withholding resources. Additionally, the current project investigated whether characteristics of the victim (e.g., a victim's ingroup (American) or outgroup (international) membership) and characteristics of the helper (as someone who had violated the ADI or not) influenced amount of help offered to a victim. In Study 1, participants (n = 60) were reminded of the ADI, then read about and rated a fellow ingroup or outgroup victim who was violating the ADI by asking for help (or not). Participants then reported willingness to help that victim. Results showed that men participants were relatively unwilling to help the victim regardless of condition, whereas women were only willing to help a victim who did not violate the ADI. Unexpectedly, the victim's group membership had no effect on amount of help offered. By including a control prime, Study 2 (n = 61) extended these findings by testing whether a reminder of the ADI was necessary to inflict the withholding of positive resources to a victim who violated the ADI. Additionally, to explore a way to increase helping to a victim asking for help, participants were made to perceive themselves as violating the ADI (or not). Results showed that again women were more likely to help the victim than were men, but only when women were not reminded of the ADI. Results further showed that women were more likely to derogate the victim when they were both primed with the ADI and perceived themselves as violating the ADI. Taken together, results suggest that although women may be willing to help an ingroup and outgroup member equally, they will still enact subtle prejudice (e.g., the withholding of positive resources) against victims who ask for help if the American dream ideology is salient. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


Electronic discovery (E-discovery) is a legal process for investigating various events in the corporate world, for the purpose of producing/obtaining evidence, one such example is an email communication (eg. Enron case). Investigating emails collected over a period of time, manually, is a strenuous process and the tools currently available on the market are based on simple keyword search and legal firms charge companies based on the volume of information produced by the search, which is then manually reviewed intensely. This results in significant costs for the company or in a number of cases settlement because they can't afford the costs of E-discovery. So, there is a great need to determine, visualise and understand whether email subsets are normal or abnormal, pertinent or privileged, relevant (interesting) or immaterial in a quick time. In order to determine relevant subsets for a legal case and to gain invaluable insight in a quick time from the email communications, we propose a multi-modal and multi-level approach which will generate automated visual representations using a manual keyword search facility that will extract the most relevant information from the email data and aids in comparing two subsets of information. In this paper, we discuss the literature review carried out, initial design process, prototypes developed and the workshops conducted. As a future work, we aim to develop a full-fledged E-discovery tool that could be implemented by the organisations to investigate email communications.


Knowledge of key physical and engineering properties of coal fly ash is needed in the planning, design, and construction of both disposal and utilization projects. While considerable data concerning the properties of fly ash has been generated, it is not easily accessible. Engineers working with fly ash are faced with not having information on what values and range of values are typical for physical and engineering properties. To provide a better understanding of the typical values and range of values for key fly ash physical and engineering properties, a data base of values was compiled from published and unpublished sources. Data on 131 Class F fly ash samples and 26 Class C fly ash samples were included. The data base was analyzed to determine typical values and the range of values for key physical and engineering parameters.


Glacial and iceberg sediments contain nanoparticulates of schwert-mannite, ferrihydrite, and goethite formed where pyrite was oxidized by dissolved oxygen in aqueous subglacial environments. Schwertmannite, typically found in acid mine drainage, only forms at low pH by the oxidative weathering of pyrite. Stoichiometric models show that these conditions can be created in closed-system microenvironments containing at least 10−4 M dissolved oxygen, where volume ratios of water/pyrite are ~105 to 106. Ferrihydrite is the only product at higher and lower volume ratios. In these microenvironments the oxidation of pyrite to form schwertmannite is possible in several decades. Schwertmannite and ferrihydrite are metastable in contact with water and are transformed to goethite in <100 yr unless preserved in ice. The presence of these nanoparticulates demonstrates the existence of transient, acidic, and oxic aqueous microenvironments where enhanced biochemical and/or geochemical activity occurs beneath glaciers and ice sheets.


Photoreceptor apoptosis is a major cause of visual loss in retinal detachment (RD) and several other visual disorders, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recently, increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was reported in vitreous humor samples of patients with RD and diabetic retinopathy as well as in the brain tissues of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Here we report that MCP-1 plays a critical role in mediating photoreceptor apoptosis in an experimental model of RD. RD led to increased MCP-1 expression in the Müller glia and increased CD11b+ macrophage/microglia in the detached retina. An MCP-1 blocking antibody greatly reduced macrophage/microglia infiltration and RD-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Confirming these results, MCP-1 gene-deficient mice showed significantly reduced macrophage/microglia infiltration after RD and very little photoreceptor apoptosis. In primary retinal mixed cultures, MCP-1 was cytotoxic for recoverin+ photoreceptors, and this toxicity was eliminated through immunodepleting macrophage/microglia from the culture. In vivo, deletion of the gene encoding CD11b/CD18 nearly eliminated macrophage/microglia infiltration to the retina after RD and the loss of photoreceptors. Thus, MCP-1 expression and subsequent macrophage/microglia infiltration and activation are critical for RD-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. This pathway may be an important therapeutic target for preventing photoreceptor apoptosis in RD and other CNS diseases that share a common etiology.


The current commercial practice of gas-based enhanced oil recovery processes involves either continuous gas injection (CGI) or Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection. Over 60 commercial projects in West Texas and other parts of the world have amply demonstrated that these CGI and WAG processes have been technically successful and commercially profitable. However, the oil recoveries from the CGI and WAG processes fall in the range of 5-15% of the remaining oil. The Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) process, invented and patented at LSU, has yielded oil recoveries in the range of 65 – 95% in laboratory experiments conducted at realistic reservoir conditions. The GAGD process involves utilizing several vertical wells for injection of CO 2 in addition to drilling long horizontal wells for production. Injected CO 2 accumulates at the top of the payzone due to gravity segregation and displaces oil, which drains to the horizontal producer. This maximizes the volumetric sweep efficiency. The gravity segregation of CO 2 also helps in delaying, or even eliminating, CO 2 breakthrough to the producer as well as preventing the gas phase from competing for flow with oil. Thus GAGD enables sequestering injected CO 2 in addition to yielding much higher recoveries of trapped oil from depleted reservoirs.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of foot exercises on wound healing in type 2 diabetic patients with a diabetic foot ulcer.

DESIGN
Prospective, randomized controlled study.

SUBJECT AND SETTINGS
Sixty-five patients from an outpatient clinic with grade 1 or 2 ulcers (Wagner classification) who met study criteria agreed to participate; 60 patients completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Subjects were followed up between February 2014 and June 2015.

METHODS
Subjects were recruited by the researchers in the clinics where they received treatment. Subjects were randomly allocated to either the control or intervention group. Data were collected using investigator-developed forms: patient information form and the diabetic foot exercises log. Patients in the intervention group received standard wound care and performed daily foot exercises for 12 weeks; the control group received standard wound care but no exercises. The ulcers of the patients in both the intervention and control groups were examined and measured at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. The groups were compared in terms of the ulcer size and depth. To analyze and compare the data, frequency distribution, mean (standard deviation), variance analysis, and the independent samples t test and the χ test were used.

RESULTS
The mean ulcer areas were 12.63 (14.43), 6.91 (5.44), 4.30 (3.70), and 3.29 (3.80) cm (P < .05) in the study intervention group, and 24.67 (20.70), 24.75 (20.84), 20.33 (20.79), and 18.52 (21.49) cm in the control group in the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks, respectively. Significant differences were found between diabetic foot ulcer sizes in the study intervention group in the 4th and 12th weeks compared to beginning baseline (P ≤ .05). However, only the 12th week was different from the beginning in the control group (P = .000). The mean depths of the ulcers were 0.56 (0.85), 0.42 (0.68), 0.36 (0.50), and 0.28 (0.38) cm in the study intervention group (P < .05) and 0.61 (0.84), 0.82 (1.07), 0.83 (1.21), and 0.80 (1.26) cm in the control group, respectively, at the baseline, and at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks, respectively (P = .000).

CONCLUSION
The ulcer areas decreased significantly in the study intervention group compared to the control group during the 3 follow-up measurements. An important finding in this study was the DFU area decreased more in those who exercised more. Findings suggests foot exercises should be included in the treatment plan when managing patients with diabetic foot ulcers.


Effects of product dissociation and preferential diffusion on the structure, propagation and diffusional-thermal instability of the classical one-dimensional laminar flame have been studied by using activation energy asymptotics. Analytical expressions as functions of dissociation and diffusion parameters have been obtained for such bulk flame parameters as the flame temprature reduction and the propagation rate eigenvalue, and for the dispersion relation governing flame stability. Results on flame propagation show that while under most situations the flame speed is reduced due to product dissociation, it can attain values in excess of the non-dissociative limit for highly mobile product species which can preferentially back diffuse to the upstream portion of the reaction zone where they recombine and release the associated recombination heat. Results on flame stability show that it is promoted in the presence of product dissociation which has a moderating influence on the flame temperature fluctuations, and for highly-mobile product species because of the enhanced burning rate and curvature-induced concentration modification.


Building on Michael Gravess bestseller, The Vocabulary Book, this new resource offers a comprehensive plan for vocabulary instruction that K12 teachers can use with English language learners. It is broad enough to include instruction for students who are just beginning to build their English vocabularies, as well as for students whose English vocabularies are approaching those of native speakers. The authors describe a four-pronged program that follows these key components: providing rich and varied language experiences; teaching individual words; teaching word learning strategies; and fostering word consciousness. This user-friendly book integrates up-to-date research on best practices into each chapter and includes vignettes, classroom activities, sample lessons, a list of childrens literature, and more.


A search has been performed, using the full 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ data sample of 8 TeV proton--proton collisions collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, for photons originating from a displaced vertex due to the decay of a neutral long-lived particle into a photon and an invisible particle. The analysis investigates the diphoton plus missing transverse momentum final state, and is therefore most sensitive to pair-production of long-lived particles. The analysis technique exploits the capabilities of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter to make precise measurements of the flight direction, as well as the time of flight, of photons. No excess is observed over the Standard Model predictions for background. Exclusion limits are set within the context of Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking models, with the lightest neutralino being the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle and decaying into a photon and gravitino with a lifetime in the range from 250 ps to about 100 ns.


This article addresses the question of the attractiveness of a particular territory from the perspective of sustainable development. Attractiveness cannot be measured without an assessment of sustainable development because recent global economic and ecological crises mean territories still want to attract businesses, but governments are also responsible for responding to concerns about the well-being of citizens and the environment. Thus, in comparing measures of economic attractiveness and sustainable development, this study proposes an indicator of sustainable attractiveness.


Epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer therapy Recently, cancer research has been able to identify molecular targets that are specific for (or highly expressed by) cancer cells. These molecular targets serve as models for the development of rationally designed anticancer drugs that target important mediators of tumour development. Also, some of these molecular targets have been explored for targeted drug delivery, to ensure that anticancer drugs are specifically delivered to the tumours. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an extensively investigated growth factor and a recognized target for cancer therapy. Many human epithelial cancers overexpress EGFR and the dysregulated EGFR signalling is associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis. Two main strategies have been employed to inhibit EGFR: tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), some of them have already been approved for clinical use. EGFR: target for silencing A different strategy to inhibit EGFR was employed in this thesis. Here, the expression of EGFR protein was interrupted by use of small interfering RNA (siRNA). For efficient gene silencing, siRNA must be delivered intact into the target cell cytoplasm, where RNA interference (RNAi) takes place. Carriers, such as Lipofectamine, are generally used to promote cellular uptake. However, when internalization occurs via endocytosis, the endosomal escape becomes one of the limiting steps for efficient knockdown of the target protein. In this thesis, two different methods were successfully employed to facilitate the endosomal escape of siRNA: an influenza-derived fusogenic peptide and photochemical internalization (PCI). PCI combines a photosensitizer with light to induce photochemical reactions that destabilize endosomal membranes and allow the release of entrapped molecules. PCI was also successfully applied in vivo for enhancing the endosomal escape of anti-EGFR siRNA-Lipofectamine, delivered by intratumoral injection. This study demonstrates that also in vivo endosomal escape is a limiting step that can be facilitated by PCI, improving silencing efficiencies. Local administration of siRNA is not always possible and, therefore, novel targeted drug delivery systems are developed for cancer-specific molecular targets, to direct siRNA and other therapeutic molecules to cancer cells. EGFR: target for delivery Liposomes are attractive delivery systems that have been employed for delivery of a wide range of therapeutic molecules. Liposomes surface has been modified with shielding polymers and targeting ligands that increase their circulation time in the bloodstream and mediate specific target-cell interactions, respectively. In this thesis, a novel targeted drug delivery system was described: anti-EGFR nanobody-liposomes. Nanobodies are the smallest functional antigen binding immunoglobulin fragments that have been isolated from heavy chain-only antibodies, first discovered in camelids. Nanobodies are 10 times smaller than conventional antibodies, though perfectly capable of binding to their antigens with high specificity and efficiency. This new drug delivery system can induce a remarkable downregulation of EGFR, which combined with encapsulated therapeutic molecules offers attractive properties for use in combined anticancer strategies. In conclusion, this thesis has addressed the inhibition of EGFR as therapeutic strategy. EGFR was inhibited by silencing of protein expression with siRNA and by downregulation induced by nanobody-liposomes.


The last twenty years have seen a rapid increase in scholarly activity and publications dedicated to environmental migration and displacement, and the field has now reached a point in terms of profile, complexity, and sheer volume of reporting that a general review and assessment of existing knowledge and future research priorities is warranted. So far, such a product does not exist. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration provides a state-of-the-science review of research on how environmental variability and change influence current and future global migration patterns and, in some instances, trigger large-scale population displacements. Drawing together contributions from leading researchers in the field, this compendium will become a go-to guide for established and newly interested scholars, for government and policymaking entities, and for students and their instructors. It explains theoretical, conceptual, and empirical developments that have been made in recent years; describes their origins and connections to broader topics including migration research, development studies, and international public policy and law; and highlights emerging areas where new and/or additional research and reflection are warranted. The structure and the nature of the book allow the reader to quickly find a concise review relevant to conducting research or developing policy on particular topics, and to obtain a broad, reliable survey of what is presently known about the subject. [Book Synopsis]


Electroactive devices are developed for energy conversion purposes. In particular, polyurethanes (PU) are lightweight and flexible materials, which have demonstrated their ability to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (actuation by electrostriction) and vice-versa (energy harvesting). It has been shown that energy conversion efficiency can be increased by incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a PU matrix. The counterpart of this improvement is the stiffness increase, which in turn limits the electrostriction efficiency. On the other hand, it is well known that CNTs are hardly dispersed in a polymeric matrix, and that the interfacial adhesion strength is generally poor. One solution to improve both dispersion and adhesion consists in grafting polymeric chains onto the CNT surfaces. As most of the works dedicated to improve material electroactivity are mainly empirical, this work aims to (i) better characterize these material microstructures by electron tomography, through the measurement of the CNT tortuosity, the CNT-CNT minimum distance and the number of their contacts, and (ii) and to predict their mechanical stiffness from these microstructural data. From electron microscopy observations of the studied materials, CNTs can be assumed to be composed of successive stiff rods of measured length and orientation, linked together by flexible kinks. Their mechanical stiffening effect in PU is, simply and in an original way, evaluated using the classical analytical equations derived by Halpin and Kardos, accounting for the microstructural parameters determined by electron tomography. It appears clearly that, due to their tortuosity and despite their ultra-high longitudinal stiffness, CNTs only poorly stiffen soft matrices. Fully stretching 10 μm long nanotubes increases the composite modulus by almost 10 for a fraction of only 2 vol%.


Colombia is facing a huge challenge to formalize land tenure in an efficient, massive and decentralized manner. The Swiss cooperation provides all different actors with a common conceptual and technical framework. On the one hand, a Colombian profile [1] of the LADM (ISO:19152) was built, constituting the core of a Spatial Data Infrastructure for Land Administration (IDE-AT). On the other hand, the INTERLIS language [2] guarantees interoperability for data formats and systems and is the basis of a free software ecosystem around the project: QField [3] offers automatically generated forms to capture both geographic and alphanumeric data, as well as their associated documents. In the office, operators use a QGIS plugin called "LADM_COL Assistant" [4] to migrate and structure field data into a LADM-COL database. The same tool is employed by cadastral authorities to receive, validate (both topologically and logically), review and integrate the data incorporating changes into official systems. Finally, the new data is disposed in the IDE-AT to all actors of land administration. The project not only develops new software, but also contributes code to base projects such as ili2db [5], QGIS Model Baker [6] and QGIS [7] itself.


Kalman filtering is very efficient for data fusion, in which the definition of the process and measurement noises (i.e. the matrices Q and R, respectively) greatly influences the filter performance. In recent years several studies reported that adjustments of Q and R can be helpful to reduce the errors of the estimations. In this paper, various methods for making adjustments to the matrices Q and R are introduced for the particular case of Personal Positioning Systems (PPS). The aim is to observe the improvements achieved in an extended Kalman filter when adaptive methods are applied, in other words to observe their influence on the user's path obtained. These adjustments are considered to be needed because environmental conditions in such systems are often not fixed. The methods to be analyzed are: (1) the weighted Kalman filter; (2) scaling matrix Q (3) adjustments of Q and R based on sequence-innovation; and (4) a combination of the method (2) and (3), i.e. Q is estimated by applying a scale factor and adjustments to R are realized in accordance with the method (3). Given that the filter may diverge, we use the 2 χ test to evaluate validity of the estimations, which is based on the analysis of the innovations. Individual components of the innovation vector are evaluated in order to correct or eliminate wrong information for data fusion. The PPS is based on the Dead Reckoning (DR) algorithm. The errors of the DR parameters are estimated with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which combines the measurements of a GPS and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The results show that each method allows us to obtain consistent Kalman filtering and they help to obtain better user's trajectories, but additional techniques and/or technologies should be used.


This book provides users of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) with information on applying the WAIS-IV, including additional indexes and information regarding use in special populations for advanced clinical use and interpretation. The book offers sophisticated users of the WAIS-IV and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV) guidelines on how to enhance the clinical applicability of these tests. The first section of the book provides an overview of the WAIS-IV, WMS-IV, and new Advanced Clinical Solutions for Use with the WAIS-IV/WMS-IV (ACS). In this section, examiners will learn: normal versus atypical score variability; low-score prevalence in healthy adults versus clinical populations; and assessing whether poor performance reflects a decline in function or is the result of suboptimal effort New social cognition measures found in the ACS are also presented. The second part focuses on applying the topics in the first section to specific clinical conditions, including recommended protocols for specific clientele (e.g. using demographically adjusted norms when evaluating individuals with brain injury). Common clinical conditions are discussed, including Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, traumatic brain injury, and more. Each chapter provides case examples applying all three test batteries and using report examples as they are obtained from the scoring assistant. Finally, the use of the WAIS-IV/WMS-IV and the ACS in forensic settings is presented. Features: coverage of administration and scoring of WAIS-IV, WMS-IV and ACS; information contained on the use of WAIS-IV with special populations; case studies in each chapter; and written by the creators of WAIS-IV, WMS-IV and ACS.


Current estimates of housing wealth effects vary widely. We consider the role of omitted variables suggested by economic theory that have been absent in a number of prior studies. Our estimates take into account age composition and wealth distribution (using poverty rates as a proxy), as well as wealth shares (how much of total wealth is comprised of housing vs. stock wealth). We exploit cross-state variation in housing, stock wealth and other variables in a newly assembled panel data set and find that the impact of housing on consumer spending depends crucially on age composition, poverty rates, and the housing wealth share. In particular, states with more young people who are more likely to be credit-constrained, and older homeowners, likely to be "trading down" on their housing stock, experience the largest housing wealth effects, as suggested by theory. Also, as suggested by theory, housing wealth effects are higher in state-years with higher housing wealth shares, and in state-years with higher poverty rates (likely reflecting the greater importance of credit constraints for those observations). Overall, we estimate the average housing wealth effect to be approximately 8.1 cents per dollar. However, consistent with theory, demographic and wealth characteristics of the population cause this effect to vary widely across states and over time.


Digital cameras are educational tools that support purposeful instruction with a clear vision on curriculum, instruction, assessment, and reflection. This article explains the impact of digital cameras in today's classrooms, indicates effective usage of digital cameras, and relates how multidimensional learning can be provided for students by using digital cameras. ********** As classrooms continue to be infused with various forms of technology, teachers need to recognize the role digital cameras play in student performance and the multiple dimensions this instructional tool does to enrich learning. According to Education World (2005, p. 1), "teachers across the country and around the world are discovering the many valuable uses for digital cameras; uses that both engage students and make their own professional lives easier." Further, "students embrace the creativity and assessment opportunities that digital photos offer" (Lindroth, 2004, p. 22). Therefore, it is astute of teachers to maximize and have digital cameras integrated in the classrooms for students to increase their learning and achievement. This article: (1) explains the impact of digital cameras in today's classrooms, (2) indicates effective usage of digital cameras, and (3) relates how multidimensional learning can be provided for students by using digital cameras. Impact of Digital Cameras As stated by Rivard (2004, p. 55) "digital cameras have become the hottest tech trend in K-12 districts today." This is attributed to students being more visual because of their familiarity with video games, computers, and movies. Since individuals are "intensely visual" (Wolfe, 2001, p. 152), the researcher notes that more details and data are obtained visually than any of the other senses. In essence, she emphasizes "a picture is worth at least 10,000 words" (p. 152). This is of particular importance since usage of images is more prevalent in our society. Teachers need to adapt their instructional methods to enhance the visual literacy abilities of students while enabling learners to develop higher level thinking processes (Cooper, 2003; Wilhelm, 2005). Further, Roblyer and Edwards (2000) explain that visual literacy skills will have even greater demands for students entering the workforce as modern society advances. Then, from an instructional stance, digital cameras have value and do have a positive impact on learning. Effective Usage of Digital Cameras Consider the usage of digital cameras to determine the extent of how the usage is aligned with the curriculum, one's teaching, and the classroom assessments. This consideration is important because of the recent emphasis on curriculum and state mandated tests. It is suggested that judgments be made about how well the digital camera usage matches these areas. It is recommended that digital usage match well with these areas because a strong alignment yields noted results. Another consideration is that teachers abide by school district policy and make certain the available documentation is in place before allowing individuals to be photographed. Further, teachers should stress the importance of taking appropriate images. Establishing guidelines with students' input assists them in being selective about their photographs. Rairigh and Kirby (2002, p. 36) point out teachers' responsibilities include: (a) providing the instructional tasks for the students' engagement, (b) providing an understanding and knowledge base for the use of digital cameras, (c) providing access and instructions to students for the handling and use of this technology, and (d) providing instruction and guidelines for using this technology to provide feedback. Thus, it is critical that planning and time be spent discussing the basic photography guidelines. In regards to effective usage of digital photos, teachers and students must learn to be deliberate and resourceful when it comes to printing and using the images produced. …


This paper presents a framework for observable behavior that can be used as a basis for user modeling, and it reports the results of a pair of user studies that examine the joint utility of two specific behaviors. User models can be constructed by hand, or they can be teamed automatically based on feedback provided by the user about the relevance of documents that they have examined. By observing user behavior, it is possible to obtain implicit feedback without requiring explicit relevance judgments. Four broad categories of potentially observable behavior are identified : examine, retain, reference, and annotate, and examples of specific behaviors within a category are further subdivided based on the natural scope of information objects being manipulated . segment object, or class. Previous studies using Internet discussion groups (USENET news) have shown reading time to be a useful source of implicit feedback for predicting a user's preferences. The experiments reported in this paper extend that work to academic and professional journal articles and abstracts, and explore the relationship between printing behavior and reading time. Two user studies were conducted in which undergraduate students examined articles or abstracts from the telecommunications or pharmaceutical literature. The results showed that reading time can be used to predict the user's assessment of relevance, that the mean reading time for journal articles and technical abstracts is longer than has been reported for USENET news documents, and that printing events provide additional useful evidence about relevance beyond that which can be inferred from reading time. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of the reported results.


Mobile phones have evolved from communication to multi-purpose devices that assist people with applications in various contexts and tasks. The size of the mobile ecosystem is steadily growing and new applications become available every day. This increasing number of applications makes it difficult for end-users to find good applications. Recommender systems suggesting mobile applications are being built to help people to find valuable applications. Since the nature of mobile applications differs from classical items to be recommended (e.g. books, movies, other goods), not only can new approaches for recommendation be developed, but also new paradigms for evaluating performance of recommender systems are advisable. During the lifecycle of mobile applications, different events can be observed that provide insights into users' engagement with particular applications. This gives rise to new approaches for evaluation of recommender systems. In this paper, we present AppFunnel: a framework that allows for usage-centric evaluation considering different stages of application engagement. We present a case study and discuss capabilities for evaluating recommender engines by applying metrics to the AppFunnel.


The initial step of protein NMR resonance assignments typically identifies the sequence positions of 1H-15N HSQC cross-peaks. This is usually achieved by tediously comparing strips of multiple triple-resonance experiments. More conveniently, this could be obtained directly with hNcaNH and hNcocaNH-type experiments. However, in large proteins and at very high fields, rapid transverse relaxation severely limits the sensitivity of these experiments, and the limited spectral resolution obtainable in conventionally recorded experiments leaves many assignments ambiguous. We have developed alternative hNcaNH experiments that overcome most of these limitations. The TROSY technique was implemented for semiconstant time evolutions in both indirect dimensions, which results in remarkable sensitivity and resolution enhancements. Non-uniform sampling in both indirect dimensions combined with Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) reconstruction enables such dramatic resolution enhancement while maintaining short measuring times. Experiments are presented that provide either bidirectional or unidirectional connectivities. The experiments do not involve carbonyl coherences and thus do not suffer from fast chemical shift anisotropy-mediated relaxation otherwise encountered at very high fields. The method was applied to a 300 microM sample of a 37 kDa fragment of the E. coli enterobactin synthetase module EntF, for which high-resolution spectra with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio were obtained within 4 days each.


In 1935, two years prior to the opening of the House of German Art in Munich, Adolf Hitler declared the following during a speech to the German people in Nuremberg: "Art, precisely because it is the most direct and faithful emanation of the Volksgeist, constitutes the force that unconsciously models the mass of the people in the most active fashion, on condition that this art is a sincere reflection of the soul and temperament of a race and is not a deformation of it." Numerous scholars have noted the importance and necessity of art in the creation and molding of the Third Reich, from the establishment of the Reichskulturkammer, or Reich Chamber of Culture under Alfred Rosenberg (and later famously run by Joseph Goebbels) in 1933 to the opening of the House of German Art four years later to Hitler's ultimately failed plans for the creation of an even grander complex of German art in Linz. Some contemporaries of the Third Reich, including Thomas Mann, noted the direct link between the Wagnerian Romantic doctrine that "German art should not be content simply to aspire but must realize its German essence," and Nazism. As Robert Scholz, a Nazi art theorist, described it, "the desire to create of the German people is always born from two roots: a strong sensitive inclination toward nature and a deep metaphysical aspiration." These lofty Romantic ideals seemingly manifested themselves deeply in the artistic policies of the Third Reich as it attempted to reestablish and cement a thoroughly German Volksgemeinschaft, notably in the prevalence of idyllic German landscapes present in most major Nazi art exhibitions under the Third Reich. Nazism's propensity for Romantic and Realist-inspired landscapes depicting the connectedness of the German people to their land and representing a longing for an idyllic, communal past belied a worldview that was both modern and regressive. Indeed, those drawn to the movement and its leaders themselves viewed it not as a refuge from the twentieth century, but a revolutionary movement intent on forming a new type of nation-state. This paper explores the tensions between the brand of perverted and philistine Romanticism that the Third Reich exploited and the technology-driven modernism necessary as a driving force behind the mass movement, tensions that Jeffrey Herf characterizes as forces of "reactionary modernism." The means of exploring these tensions are the landscape paintings that were produced under the Reichskulturkammer. Though painting subjects favored by the Nazis ranged from images of women to genre scenes to heroic images of the leaders, landscape comprised the largest portion of painting output, representing 40 percent of the paintings displayed in the House of German Art in Munich. Though Hitler aimed to create and foster a new, "eternal" brand of Nazi art, these paintings (rarely studied seriously by art historians) have been derided as "second-rate" and derivative. They visually embody the leadership's nineteenth century tastes as well as an empty brand of Romanticism that the Nazis used to exploit their own nihilistic goals driven by racism and a desire to destroy in order to create a New Order. These horrific goals were sold to the German people visually through comforting landscapes and rural-scapes that touted the purity of the German soil, and strength of the German peasant, and celebrated the "sublime" and superior beauty of the specifically Nordic landscape. However, another less familiar type of "landscape" emerged around 1940, deemed the "heroic landscape" by architect Paul Schultze-Naumberg. These scenes juxtaposed the unique beauty and appeal of that Nordic landscape with scenes of worksites – from granite quarries to bridges to the Autobahnen – in a manner that more aggressively stated Hitler's progressive and modernistic goals for Germany's future. They gained popularity during the "peak" years of the Third Reich, that is, post-1938, all and pre-1943, when victories from the Anschluß (1938) to the Fall of France (1941), all stemming from the notion of Lebensraum, bolstered confidence and made the creation of a New Order seem possible. It was at this time, it seems, that visual depictions of the more modernistic, and often disturbing (one painting depicts slave laborers from Dachau mining a granite quarry for another labor camp at Mauthausen-Gusen) were fed to the German public. These "heroic landscapes" disappear for the last two years of the Reich's existence (according to evidence in Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich, the official National Socialist arts publication), and are again replaced by an abundance of comforting, benign landscapes and farm scenes. Ultimately, although these landscapes have been dismissed by art historians, their subject matter has much to say about National Socialist ideology and its mode of indoctrination. In spite of the derivative nature of the landscapes, in the words of historian Roger Griffin, "the Nazi exploitation of...Romanticism is not the archaism of a society nostalgic for the past, but the modernism of a regime which was nostalgic for the future." The arts program "pulled the wool over the eyes," so to speak, of the German people with comforting, appealing landscapes that had a deep-rooted tradition in the German collective consciousness. Following the stunning successes between 1938 and 1942, the most modern, radical, and criminal impulses of the Reich revealed themselves in painting, in the form of the still-beautiful, sanitized "heroic landscapes." This more modern subject matter was abandoned as the possibility of German victory disappeared, replaced once again by a preponderance of those affirming landscapes and rural-scapes.


Ranging from forests in Senegal to the Zanzibar Archipelago, red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus spp.) are the most threatened group of African monkeys. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM in 2020, every form of red colobus monkey is threatened with extinction, and 14 of the 18 taxa (>75%) are listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered. Despite their conservation status, only a few populations have been studied in any detail and the general public is largely unaware of these monkeys and their plight. Following over two decades of calls to prioritise red colobus conservation efforts, this publication finally brings together the knowledge of experts on these monkeys and African wildlife conservation to identify the populations in most urgent need of conservation and to develop priority conservation actions for each taxon and across the red colobus' geographic range.


These exemptions apply only to the extent that information in the system is subject to exemption pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a (j)(2), (k)(1), (k)(2), and (k)(5). (b) Exemptions from the particular subsections are justified for the following reasons: (1) From subsection (c)(3) because making available to a record subject the accounting of disclosures from records concerning him/her would reveal investigative interest on the part of the Department of Justice as well as the recipient agency. This would permit record subjects to impede the investigation, e.g., destroy evidence, intimidate potential witnesses, or flee the area to avoid inquiries or apprehension by law enforcement personnel. (2) From subsection (c)(4) because this system is exempt from the access provisions of subsection (d) pursuant to subsections (j) and (k) of the Privacy Act. (3) From subsection (d) because the records contained in this system relate to official Federal investigations. Individual access to these records might compromise ongoing investigations, reveal confidential informants or constitute unwarranted invasions of the personal privacy of third parties who are involved in a certain investigation. Amendment of the records would interfere with ongoing criminal law enforcement proceedings and impose an impossible administrative burden by requiring criminal investigations to be continuously reinvestigated. (4) From subsections (e) (1) and (5) because in the course of law enforcement investigations, information may occasionally be obtained or introduced the accuracy of which is unclear or which is not strictly relevant or necessary to a specific investigation. In the interests of effective law enforcement, it is appropriate to retain all information that may aid in establishing patterns of criminal activity. Moreover, it would impede the specific investigative process if it were necessary to assure the relevance, accuracy, timeliness and completeness of all information obtained. (5) From subsection (e)(2) because in a law enforcement investigation the requirement that information be collected to the greatest extent possible from the subject individual would present a serious impediment to law enforcement in that the subject of the investigation would be informed of the existence of the investigation and would therefore be able to avoid detection, apprehension, or legal obligations of duties. (6) From subsection (e)(3) because to comply with the requirements of this subsection during the course of an investigation could impede the information gathering process, thus hampering the investigation. (7) From subsections (e)(4) (G) and (H) because this system is exempt from the access provisions of subsection (d) pursuant to subsections (j) and (k) of the Privacy Act. (8) From subsection (g) because this system is exempt from the access and amendment provisions of subsection (d) pursuant to subsections (j) and (k) of the Privacy Act.


This brief, case study reports on a clinical sport psychological skills training intervention using HeartMath techniques with a 12 year old boy. The pre-test and post-test, process and outcome evaluative, research design included qualitative and quantitative, integrated and mixed method techniques, in the form of psychometric testing and diarizing of qualitative experiential descriptions. Findings indicated significant improvements in psychophysiological coherence, sense of coherence, resilience, mood, psychological well-being and mental skills. Findings endorse theoretical principles and practical guidelines for implementing and evaluating clinical sport psychological and HeartMath interventions.


Urban water services represent a cornerstone of human civilization. They are fundamental for the wellbeing of the people living in an area and the economic growth in the region. Given their monopolistic nature, and the increasing expectations placed on the quality, sustainability and affordability of those services, their regulation is necessary to meet the expectations of the citizens of the 21st century.

Regulation of Urban Water Services provides an overview of the regulation of such services around the world and in Spain. A series of case studies presented by international experts, aiming to identify best practices in regulation especially useful in those parts of the world where the regulatory model has not been fully designed or implemented. The reader will conclude that in order to provide water services meeting high quality standards, to face the growing complexity of the social and environmental constraints and to guarantee that those services will be economically, socially and environmentally sustainable; an effective form of regulation is necessary.

ISBN: 9781780408187 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781780408170 (Print)


In the phase III COMFORT-I study, the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib provided significant improvements in splenomegaly, key symptoms, and quality-of-life measures and was associated with an overall survival benefit relative to placebo in patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis. This planned analysis assessed the long-term efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib at a median follow-up of 149 weeks. At data cutoff, approximately 50% of patients originally randomized to ruxolitinib remained on treatment whereas all patients originally assigned to placebo had discontinued or crossed over to ruxolitinib. At week 144, mean spleen volume reduction was 34% with ruxolitinib. Previously observed improvements in quality-of-life measures were sustained with longer-term ruxolitinib therapy. Overall survival continued to favor ruxolitinib despite the majority of placebo patients crossing over to ruxolitinib [hazard ratio 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.46–1.03); P=0.067]. Exploratory analyses suggest that crossover may have contributed to an underestimation of the true survival difference between the treatment groups. Ruxolitinib continued to be generally well tolerated; there was no pattern of worsening grade ≥3 anemia or thrombocytopenia with longer-term ruxolitinib exposure. These longer-term data continue to support the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis. The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00952289.


Purpose
In 2013-2014, Bank Muscat and National Bank of Oman requested a merger and Bank Sohar and Bank Dhofar lodged a similar request. This paper aims to investigate the shape of the market structure, and it tries to answer whether approving such requests is good for the industry, economy and society.

Design/methodology/approach
The study examines the market structure of Oman Banking Industry, and it also presents the shape of the market structure if there had been an approval for these mergers' requests. The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and the biggest k-banks Concentration Ratio (CRk), which measure concentration changes over 17 years during the period 1998-2014, are used in this study.

Findings
The study finds that Oman's Banking Industry is highly concentrated, which should cause concerns over these two requests of mergers or similar requests in the future. In general, the concentration ratio shows decreasing trend. The concentration ratio in the deposit market implies a concentrated market with CR2 and CR3 recording 67 and 85%, respectively, while HHI reached 2,864 points in the 1998. However, in 2014, the concentration ratio had decreased, to CR2 and CR3 recording 52 and 65% respectively, and HHI standing at 2,112 points.

Research limitations/implications
The researcher suggests future investigation and further research in setting a benchmark index as a guideline for mergers' requests.

Practical implications
Exercising monopoly power, by fewer banks, is very harmful to the economy. Charging higher interest rates on business loans escalates the cost of production of products and services which will cause inflation; therefore, monopoly power will lead to slow growth of the economy.

Social implications
Regulators in Central Bank of Oman (CBO) or in any central bank should be very careful in granting mergers, especially among big banks, because it enables newly bigger banks to exercise monopoly power, thereby harming depositors who will be getting low deposit interest rates and harming borrowers by charging them high loan interest rate.

Originality/value
Even though, this study discussed two requests of mergers between banks in Oman; however, it has presented formal approaches to the measurement of market structure in any country. Overall, it provides the policymakers in making the final decisions on mergers between banks in the future which are not limited to these banks or to Oman's Banking Industry.


The separation properties of polyamide reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, widely applied for desalination and water reuse, are constrained by the permeability-selectivity upper bound. Although thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporating nanomaterials exhibit enhanced water permeance, their rejection is only moderately improved or even impaired due to agglomeration of nanomaterials and formation of defects. A novel type of TFN membranes featuring an interlayer of nanomaterials (TFNi) has emerged in recent years. These novel TFNi membranes show extraordinary improvement in water flux (e.g., up to an order of magnitude enhancement) along with better selectivity. Such enhancements can be achieved by a wide selection of nanomaterials, ranging from nanoparticles, one-/two-dimensional materials, to interfacial coatings. The use of nanostructured interlayers not only improves the formation of polyamide rejection layers but also provides an optimized water transport path, which enables TFNi membranes to potentially overcome the longstanding trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity. Furthermore, TFNi membranes can potentially enhance the removal of heavy metals and micropollutants, which is critical for many environmental applications. This review critically examines the recent developments of TFNi membranes and discusses the underlying mechanisms and design criteria. Their potential environmental applications are also highlighted.


Since 1978, the Vallejo, California, Sanitation and Flood Control District has managed a tremendously successful biosolids program consisting of lime stabilization and agricultural land application. In-plant biosolids processing consists of lime stabilization of sludges in conjunction with gravity thickening, followed by vacuum filtration dewatering. These processes evolved primarily from facilities from the plant's original physical/chemical wastewater treatment process configuration, as subsequently modified to conventional secondary treatment. Facilitating land application was the District's farsighted purchase in 1983 of a remote 1,850-acre land application site. The plant biosolids processing facilities are nearing the end of their useful life and have inadequate redundancy. In 1992, the District undertook an evaluation of its solids facilities to identify necessary modifications. Evaluations included methods of lime stabilization, thickening, and dewatering. An extensive pilot-plant testing program was performed to confirm and refine criteria used in the analysis of process alternatives and to quantify secondary impacts (utility requirements, recycling, etc.). This paper reviews the following pilot-plant results: 1) determination of lime requirements for stabilization of raw liquid sludges prior to dewatering and on dewatered raw sludges, 2) a comparison of centrifuge and belt filter press dewatering of raw and lime-stabilized sludge feedstocks, 3) evaluation of the new 14-pressure roll belt press configuration currently being marketed in the United States, and 4) dewatering recycle characteristics.


Background: Systems psychodynamic leadership coaching is a depth psychology perspective that provides opportunities for coachees to explore their leadership identity as it manifests in their conscious and unconscious role behaviour.Aim: The research aim was to explore the experienced impact of systems psychodynamic leadership coaching amongst professionals in a financial services organisation, and to report on how this impact can be understood in the context of the literature guidelines on coaching and leadership effectiveness.Setting: The research was undertaken in a large South African financial services organisation where individual leadership coaching forms part of the leadership development programme (LDP).Methods: The research was qualitative, explorative and descriptive in nature. A multi-case approach was used. Sampling was convenient and opportunistic and comprised of 15 charted accountants who attended six 90-min coaching sessions over 12 weeks. Data gathering comprised field notes and coachee essays during and after coaching. Hermeneutic phenomenology was used as the interpretive stance.Results: Anxiety, task, role, boundaries, authorisation and identity manifested as themes. Coachees explored how their leadership identity was informed by their anxiety and defence mechanisms, how they took up their leadership role, authorised themselves and their colleagues, and managed their boundaries effectively. Compared to the general guidelines for leadership coaching effectiveness and the general indicators for effective leadership, systems psychodynamic leadership coaching seems to add value to leadership effectiveness.Conclusion: Professionals in this financial services organisation experienced systems psychodynamic leadership coaching as demanding, challenging and yet fulfilling towards the exploration of their leadership identity. It seems that systems psychodynamics, as coaching stance, created a safe and good-enough container for these financial professionals to explore their own unconscious leadership behaviour and to gain a significant level of understanding and awareness of their own anxiety and defensive behaviours in their interaction with followers.


GPS-equipped taxis are mobile sensors probing the traffic flow on road surfaces, and taxi drivers are experienced drivers who can usually find out the fastest path to a destination based on their knowledge. In this demo, we provide a user with the practically fastest path to a destination at a given departure time in terms of taxi drivers' intelligence mined from historical GPS trajectories of taxis. We build our system, called T-Drive, by using a real trajectory dataset generated by over 33,000 taxis in a period of 3 months, and conduct both synthetic experiments and in-the-field evaluations. As a result, our method outperforms the real-time-traffic-based (RT) and the speed-constraint-based (SC) approaches in both efficiency and effectiveness.


Child-abuse (physical, mental and sexual) is considered as one of the important problems faced by persons specialized in behavioral Sciences and Forensic Medicine, physicians and pediatricians. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the status of physical child-abuse in Tehran. Forty-five pediatric residents, trained for this purpose, conducted this ten-day study in three teaching hospitals (Children's Medical Center, Bahrami Hospital, Hazrat Ali-Asghar Hospital). A questionnaire on physical child-abuse, designed and proposed by the WHO, was completed for 3019 children(male=1578, 52.3%; female =1441, 47.7%) less than 18 years of age, who attended the emergency department of the above hospitals. The children and their parents were interviewed and physical examination. was performed for the children. A total of 347 children (male =14.5%, female =9. 6%), which is 12.2% of the total number of children studied, were physically abused. Injuries were mostly present on the face, upper extremities, back and lower extremities, among which 12.8% of the cases were severe and 87.2% were moderate in intensity. Fathers and mothers were responsible for 51.2% and 34.1% of the cases of child~abuse respectively.Among the persons responsible for causing child-abuse, 34.1% had themselves been physically abused during their childhood period and 26.4% had physically abused children before. Hyperactivity, bed-wetting and an unwanted child were among the most common causes of child-abuse. Factors precipitating child-abuse included: large numbers of children in the family drug addiction of one of the family members, and acute or severe psychological stress during the past 6 months. Using the Chi-square test, a significant relationship (P value=0.001) was found to exist between physical child-abuse and demographic factors such as age, sex, site of residence, history of divorce or separation of the parents and history of physical abuse in the parents' childhood days.


This special issue of Visual Resources examines the ongoing debates about art and urban imaginary by connecting the city with its past and its present. Cities are constantly envisioned throughout history in diverse ways. In the global era, the reimagining of the city involves a process where art and the urban imaginary are recognized as far more mutually constitutive than ever. The globalizing cities necessitate the urban imaginary to restructure its transnational, historical, and cultural conditioning in terms of mapping the global hierarchy. Surely reimagining the city as a multilayered process is not simply a branding strategy. Not only are the cities structured in different forms of representation and imaginaries they are also themselves spaces of imagination and creativity. Hence urban imaginary and art are interwoven in countless ways in the city to reveal or conceal multiple stories. The five essays collected here propose new interpretations on the dynamic ways of producing urban representation interlaced with the contemporary art world, the urban visual culture, as well as its institutions, such as museums, biennials, exhibitions, and cultural events.


The distribution of viruses and bacteria was investigated in relation to bacterial sulfate reduction and total respiration (production of dissolved inorganic carbon, [DIC]) in a coastal sediment. Viral and bacterial abundance ranged from about 0.5 × 108 to 8 × 108 viruses cm−3 and 0.1 × 108 to 4 × 108 bacteria cm−3 in the upper 16 cm of the sediment and showed large and systematic changes within scales of a few centimeters. In general, viral abundance was highest in the sediment surface (0DK–1 cm); however subsurface peaks at 3DK–5 cm depth associated with increased diagenetic activity were also observed. The virusDK‐bacterium ratio ranged from 1.4 to 7.8 and increased significantly with depth in the upper 6 cm (P < 0.001). Viral abundance showed significant positive correlation with both bacterial abundance and activity (P ≪ 0.001), suggesting that the distribution and abundance of viruses were closely coupled to the activity of the bacterial community and that viruses are produced by bacteria within the sediment. The significant coupling between viral abundance and sulfate reduction rate and DIC production is the first indication of viral production associated with diagenetic active bacteria in marine sediments. This coupling between viral abundance and bacterial activity and the distinct pattern of vertical distribution show that viruses are a dynamic component of the benthic community. The morphological analysis indicated that interstitial viral communities were dominated by long (>1 µm) filamentous forms with a helical symmetry. Several types of these filamentous forms were observed, as well as a variety of tailed forms with icosahedral symmetry. Filamentous forms are rarely found in the water column, which suggests that they are adapted to the benthic environment and specific to the interstitial hosts.


The overall aims of this thesis were to conduct a broad survey of possible organic corrosion inhibitors in near-neutral chloride solutions and to elucidate the mechanisms of such action.

Altogether, 130 organic compounds were studied as possible corrosion inhibitors for pure iron, mild steel, copper and aluminium in aerated near-neutral (pH = 8.4) solutions containing 500 ppm NaCl and 100 ppm NaHCO, conditions often encountered in water-based automotive engine coolants. Inhibitor behaviour was investigated using steady-state electrochemical techniques including polarisation curves, Stern-Geary and corrosion potential (Em,) measurements. The organic compounds examined were found to be highly specific in their inhibitive action toward the metals studied. Typical examples of highly effective corrosion inhibitors were: sebacate and octanoate for pure iron; oleate and sebacate for mild steel; benzotriazole and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole for copper; and laurate and oleate for aluminium. E, was found to provide a rapid and convenient screening test for evaluating the inhibitor performance of organic compounds toward pure iron, mild steel and aluminium but was less useful for copper.

Good organic inhibitors were found to act as anodic inhibitors toward pure iron and mild steel but as anodic or mixed-type inhibitors toward copper. For aluminium, the majority of the compounds studied were found to act as anodic inhibitors. However,However, it was also found that only pit initiation was inhibited, i.e. existing pits were not prevented from developing. Optical microscopy of pitted aluminium surfaces indicated their nature varied considerably with inhibition efficiency. The role of complex formation in organic corrosion inhibitors was found to vary with the metal. Complexation of either iron(I1) or iron(II1) ions was found to have an insignificant effect on mild steel. The corrosion rate of copper was found to increase with the copper(LI) complex stability, thus indicating complex formation to be the rate-determining step. For aluminium, the observed effects were found to depend on complex stability. For weak to moderate complexants, inhibitor efficiency (measured as E,,) increased with increasing complexation. However, very strong complexing agents were sufficiently stable to dissolve the aluminium oxide surface, leading to poor inhibition. Aluminium pit morphology was found, using scanning electron microscopy, to change from hemispherical in the uninhibited solution to irregular in the presence of complexing inhibitors. No simple relationships between inhibitor efficiency and molecular structure were found. However, carbon chain length, the nature of functional group(s) and their location in the molecule were found to be important but varied according to the metal.

The inhibiting ability of sebacate (a straight chain C, dicarboxylate) was found not to be compromised by water movement (stirring) or pre-existing corrosion product layers. Immersion tests showed that passive film formation on mild steel in sebacate solution involved two stages and was complete only after -100 h immersion.

The ion selective properties of several iron(II1) carboxylates and hydrated iron(II1) oxide films were studied by membrane potential measurements in neutral sodium chloride solutions. Some specimens were also studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy. These results show that dicarboxylates are good inhibitors toward mild steel because they form impermeable films. Poor inhibitor performance is associated with the anion selectivity of the film which in turn appears to be related to the film purity. A model is suggested for the inhibition mechanism of mild steel corrosion by dicarboxylates in aerated near-neutral chloride solutions.


Abstract. This paper on providing "oo-information" (= objective object-information) on cultural monuments and sites, based on 3D photographs is also a contribution of CIPA task group 3 to the 2013 CIPA Symposium in Strasbourg. To stimulate the interest in 3D photography for scientists as well as for amateurs, 3D-Masterpieces are presented. Exemplary it is shown, due to their high documentary value ("near reality"), 3D photography support, e.g. the recording, the visualization, the interpretation, the preservation and the restoration of architectural and archaeological objects. This also includes samples for excavation documentation, 3D coordinate calculation, 3D photographs applied for virtual museum purposes and as educational tools. In addition 3D photography is used for virtual museum purposes, as well as an educational tool and for spatial structure enhancement, which in particular holds for inscriptions and in rock arts. This paper is also an invitation to participate in a systematic survey on existing international archives of 3D photographs. In this respect it is also reported on first results, to define an optimum digitization rate for analog stereo views. It is more than overdue, in addition to the access to international archives for 3D photography, the available 3D photography data should appear in a global GIS(cloud)-system, like on, e.g., google earth. This contribution also deals with exposing new 3D photographs to document monuments of importance for Cultural Heritage, including the use of 3D and single lense cameras from a 10m telescope staff, to be used for extremely low earth based airborne 3D photography, as well as for "underwater staff photography". In addition it is reported on the use of captive balloon and drone platforms for 3D photography in Cultural Heritage. It is liked to emphasize, the still underestimated 3D effect on real objects even allows, e.g., the spatial perception of extremely small scratches as well as of nuances in color differences. Though 3D photographs are a well established basic photographic and photogrammetric tool, they are still a matter of research and practical improvement: – For example, multistage concepts for 3D heritage photographs, e.g., combining before and aft images and images showing different focus, daytime etc., as well as combining 3D imagery of different sensors and comparing 3D imagery with drawings etc. and even standards for exposing and processing 3D heritage photographs are only some topics for recent research. – To advise on state-of-the-art 3D visualisation methodology for Cultural heritage purposes an updated synoptically overview, even claiming completeness, also will be dealt with. – 3D photographs increasingly should replace old fashioned subjective interpreted manual 2D drawings (in 2D only) of heritage monuments. – Currently we are witnesses of early developments, showing Cultural Heritage objects in 3D crystal as well as in 3D printings.


Flatness of the loss curve is conjectured to be connected to the generalization ability of machine learning models, in particular neural networks. While it has been empirically observed that flatness measures consistently correlate strongly with generalization, it is still an open theoretical problem why and under which circumstances flatness is connected to generalization, in particular in light of reparameterizations that change certain flatness measures but leave generalization unchanged. We investigate the connection between flatness and generalization by relating it to the interpolation from representative data, deriving notions of representativeness, and feature robustness. The notions allow us to rigorously connect flatness and generalization and to identify conditions under which the connection holds. Moreover, they give rise to a novel, but natural relative flatness measure that correlates strongly with generalization, simplifies to ridge regression for ordinary least squares, and solves the reparameterization issue.


We present results from several XMM-Newton observations of the radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLS1) PKS 0558-504. We find evidence for strong and persistent X-ray variability, both on short and long time-scales. On short time scales of $\ga$2 hours the source varies smoothly by 15-20%; long-term variations by a factor $\ga$2 could not be resolved in the relatively short exposures: we find the source mostly in a "low" state, in 2 out of the 11 observations in a "high state". X-ray flares seem to be recurrent with a time scale of ~24 ks which, if interpreted as the Keplerian time scale in the disc, would place the emission region just outside the last stable orbit. The X-ray spectrum of PKS 0558-504 can be well fitted by two Comptonization components, one at moderate temperatures of  kT  ~ 4.5 keV and optical depths of $\tau \sim 2$, the other at high temperatures ( kT  $\ga$ 50 keV) and low optical depths ($\tau \la 1.0$). These parameters are, however, subject to large errors due to the inherent degeneracy of the Comptonization models. Flux variations of the source are caused by changes of the colder component only, the hot component with parameters very similar to those of BLS1 galaxies, stays constant. All results fit nicely the picture that NLS1 galaxies are lower mass objects, accreting close to the Eddington rate emitting X-rays from a very active magnetically powered accretion disc corona.


Suitability analysis is performed to identify sites (usually grid cells or pixels) suitable for a specific purpose so that management decisions can be made in a site-specific manner. However, sites identified as suitable are rarely equally suitable in the real world. Measurement of the degree of site suitability (DoSS) is therefore crucial to be able to manage sites in a truly site-specific manner. Conventionally, site suitability analysis is performed using weighted linear combination (WLC) of standardized input factors within Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Input factors used in such analysis can be standardized in a number of different ways. The method of standardization used in the analysis could have varying effects on the DoSS measurement. However, it is yet to be assessed and quantified. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the effect of various standardization methods on the DoSS measurement. In this study, the DoSS of agricultural field was measured for site-specific application of animal waste as fertilizer. Seven input factors were used in the analysis. They were standardized using a) Boolean logic, b) discrete classification, and c) continuous rescaling methods. The Boolean logic method of standardization classified factor attributes as either 'suitable (with class weight of 100)' or 'unsuitable (with a class weight of zero)'. The discrete classification method of standardization grouped attributes in up to five classes of approximately equal class size. These classes were weighted with equally-incremented class weights that added up to 100. The continuous rescaling method of standardization rescaled the range of attributes in a suitability value of 0 to 100. Standardized input factors were combined respectively using a WLC model to produce composite suitability maps. The DoSS of the composite maps were assessed using weighted average (WA), coefficient of variation (CV), and value range (VR) parameters. Standardization using Boolean logic method was of no consequence since it did not produce different degrees of site suitability. All suitable grid cells were equally suitable (i.e. WA= 700, CV=0 and VR=0). The discrete classification method of standardization produced diverse suitability values with weighted average ranging between 221.9 (CV=6.3 & VR=100) and 700 (CV=0 & VR=0) depending on the number of classes. This has highlighted the measurement inconsistencies of this method of standardization. Further investigation is therefore essential to quantify the effect of discrete classification method of standardization on the DoSS measurement. The continuous rescaling method produced a DoSS map with a WA of 419.05 (CV=8.04 & VR=332). This method of standardization is more consistent in the DoSS measurement and hence potentially useful for future DoSS assessment. However, there is a need to further assess the effect of rescaling using different attribute endpoint values on the DoSS measurement.


A major goal of developing high-precision control of many-body quantum systems is to realize their potential as quantum computers. A substantial obstacle to this is the extreme fragility of quantum systems to "decoherence" from environmental noise and other control limitations. Although quantum computation is possible if the noise affecting the quantum system satisfies certain conditions, existing methods for noise characterization are intractable for present multibody systems. We introduce a technique based on symmetrization that enables direct experimental measurement of some key properties of the decoherence affecting a quantum system. Our method reduces the number of experiments required from exponential to polynomial in the number of subsystems. The technique is demonstrated for the optimization of control over nuclear spins in the solid state.


In this thesis, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory have been employed to investigate metal hydrogen interaction in transition, p-block and rare earth metals. Furthermore, the accuracy of the stochastic quenching method was tested in describing the structure of amorphous Fe(1-x)Zrx.The investigated systems of transition metal hydrides are V-H and ScZr(CoNi)2-H. For V-H, the main focus of the studies is the effect that strain has on the potential energy landscape which governs the metal hydrogen interactions. The investigation has focused on how the properties of hydrogen occupancy in the interstitial sites changes with strain and also how the hydrogen atoms themselves exert strain on the vanadium structure to lower the energy. Results on diffusion, induced strain and zero-point energy are presented which all reveal the considerable difference between tetrahedral and octahedral site occupancy. Diffusion was studied by employing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to obtain diffusion coefficients and to map the movement of the hydrogen atom. A description of hydrogen in vanadium is provided from a fundamental basis that is expected to be applicable to any lattice gas system. For ScZr(CoNi)2-H, the difference of hydrogen occupancy in various interstitial sites and the hydrogen-induced strain was also investigated through calculations of the change in total volume as a function of hydrogen concentration.The fundamental properties of metal hydrogen bonding were investigated by studying the Zintl phase hydrides that are constituted of the electropositive metal of Nd or Gd and the electronegative metal Ga. Mixing metals of very different electronegativity gives rise to an intricate potential energy landscape in which the incorporation of hydrogen will have a big effect on both the electronic and atomic structure. From the theoretical side of the investigation, structural parameters are presented along with the density of states and Bader charge analysis to describe the hydrogen induced changes to the atomic and electronic structures.Finally, the accuracy of the stochastic quenching method in describing amorphous Fe(1-x)Zrx was evaluated by comparing simulated and measured EXAFS spectra. Once the structural agreement had been established the simulated structures were characterized through radial distribution functions and an analysis of the short-range order from Voronoi tessellation. The structural changes with respect to the composition parameter x were also evaluated.


Unlike in hot-dry climates, in hot-humid climates evaporative cooling techniques are not readily suitable f or space cooling. In order to effectively use evaporative cooling in hot-humid climates, dehumidification of ambient air is necessary before it passes over an evaporative medium for cooling. The present study explores the combined process of dehumidification and evaporation and its effect on thermal comfort in a typical small residential building located in a hot humid climate. A novel system has been investigated with the combination of an Earth Tube Ventilation (ETV) (for pre-cooling of air), a rotary wheel desiccant dehumidifier (for dehumidification) along with a Passive Downdraught Evaporative Cooling (PDEC) tower (for evaporation) in that order.Parametric simulations using the EnergyPlus tool have been conducted in order to determine the critical dimensions and parameters of the proposed system, such as desiccant system sizing, PDEC tower height, and air and water flow rate at various points of the system. Results of indoor air temperature, humidity levels and volumetric air flow rates in the building spaces were obtained to study the influence of the proposed combined system on human thermal comfort. On a typical hot day the results from the proposed system show a relatively constant indoor air temperature of 28 °C (as opposed to peak indoor temperature of 36 °C occurred by means of natural ventilation) and indoor relative humidity in the range of 62 % - 68 %. The volumetric airflow rate from the outlet of the PDEC tower is in the range of 2.97 - 3.41 m 3 /s which is well within r ecommended levels for a dwelling unit. The proposed system displays a significant potential for providing space cooling in hot-humid climates as it paves an alternate way to the conventional energy consuming vapour compression Air Conditioning units.


This paper contributes to the induced innovation literature by extending the analysis of supply and demand determinants of innovation in energy-efficient technologies to account for international knowledge flows and spillovers. In the first part of the paper we select a sample of 38 innovating countries and we study how knowledge related to energy-efficient technologies flows across geographical and technological space. We demonstrate that higher geographical and technological distances are associated with a lower probability of knowledge flow. In the second part of the paper, we use our previous estimates to construct stocks of internal and external knowledge for a panel of 17 countries and present an econometric analysis of the supply and demand determinants of innovation accounting for international knowledge spillovers. Our results confirm the role of demand-pull effects, as proxied by energy prices, as well as that of technological opportunity, as proxied by the knowledge stocks. In particular, this paper provides evidence that spillovers between countries have a significant positive impact on further innovation in energy-efficient technologies.


While there are studies that that have been done to show how content attributes of vaccinecritical websites have changed over time, there is very little discussion about the social and historical context of that criticism or the theoretical framework through which that criticism can be understood. To fully understand vaccine opposition requires knowing why that criticism exists, the context through which criticism trends arises, and why this criticism is taking place specifically online. Data with context is infinitely more valuable. The purpose of this study was to identify the current trends in vaccine opposition on the internet through an examination of the content attributes of vaccine-critical websites, to situate current criticism socially and historically, and explore the theoretical basis for criticism like this residing on the internet. In addition, it aims to broaden and deepen an earlier analysis performed by Sandra Bean in 2011. To do this, vaccine-critical websites were identified through major iv search engine queries and snowball-type sampling from links to additional sites off the websites previously identified. The content attributes of each website homepage were analyzed through a content analysis that utilized both the codebook used in Bean's 2011 study as well as an expanded range of codes to better facilitate the comparison of the two. It was discovered that three content attributes appeared on more than 50 percent of the websites analyzed. One of the three attributes ("vaccines cause idiopathic illness, damage, or death") was also found on more than 50 percent of Bean's (2011) websites, which suggests that the attribute is part of an enduring theme in criticism. The other two attributes ("violation of civil liberties" and "informed choices") did not appear as frequently in Bean's (2011) study and suggest that current themes of criticism involve issues of individual freedom and bodily autonomy.


This paper attempts to redress the lack of research into temporary labour migration at a national level in South Africa. Using the 1993 Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development and the 1995, 1997 and 1999 October Household Surveys, we explore three broad areas: the extent of labour migration over the period 1993 to 1999; the characteristics of migrant workers and how these have changed over time; and the economic ties that labour migrants have maintained with their households of origin. We find that labour migration from African rural areas has increased, driven largely by a rise in the proportion of women leaving their households of origin to work or to search for work. Using a simple multivariate regression analysis together with descriptive statistics, we explore some possible reasons for why there has been this increase in female migration. We also find that over the period migrants have retained strong economic ties with their households of origin, and that remittances remain an important share of income for these households. However, the analysis is limited by the paucity of data that exist on labour migrants in the national household surveys. We therefore have also sought, wherever possible, to expose the limitations of the data and the likely biases that result.


James Boswell wrote in the Life of Johnson of the Great Lexicographer's occasional playful allusion to the notions commonly entertained of his own laborious task. Thus: `Grub-street, the name of a street in London, much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems; whence any mean production is called Grub-street.' -- `Lexicographer, a writer of dictionaries, a harmless drudge.' (1) Boswell was unsure as to the right place in his narrative for these definitions. He introduced them as a footnote to a defence of Johnson's more aggressive lexicographical sallies, in which he had written that they were products of a capricious and humourous indulgence" which was also evident "in playful allusion to the notions entertained of his own laborious task [and] sometimes in effusions of respect and kindness." This defence was cancelled once, and then re-inserted. Then, at the stage of proof-correction, Boswell deleted the reference to "effusions of respect and kindness," and brought the definitions of lexicographer and Grub-street up into his main text. (2) His intention was evidently to show that although Johnson could be unjust to political opponents, the recipients of state pensions, and the oatmeal-loving inhabitants of Scotland, he could also be unjust to, or at least disparage, himself. His hesitation before placing the definitions in his text suggests a sense that they show Johnson doing himself too great an injustice. But Johnson was surely at his most confident as he wrote those definitions. "Drudgery" was a word which he used to express arrogant irony, comparing "the charming Amusement of forming Hypotheses" with "the toilsome Drudgery of making Observations" in his life of Boerhaave, writing in the Plan of a Dictionary that "the work in which I engaged is generally considered as drudgery for the blind," and commenting in the Adventurer on "the low drudgery of collating copies, comparing authorities, digesting dictionaries." (3) The readers of the first edition of the Dictionary could see, feel, and smell the contrast between the small histories and temporary poems made by the drudges of Grub Street and the large, handsome, expensive folio volume in their hands. The dictionary-maker was a hero among the grubs, as Johnson's entry acknowledged, saluting Grub Street as home, but saluting it in the words of Odysseus, and in untranslated Greek: [GREEK TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]." ("Hail Ithaca! After all my labours and the bitter woes of the sea, right glad am I to reach thy soil.") (4) Johnson's easy autobiographical references in his jokes about dictionary-making, his confidence in the value of his personal achievement, and his ready adoption of the words of Odysseus when reflecting on his position in the world of letters were all made possible by the rhetorical example of the philologist Henri Estienne (Henricus Stephanus), and particularly by the preliminary matter of Estienne's dictionary of Greek, the Thesaurus Graecae Linguae of 1572. Johnson's relationship with Estienne has not been discussed before. There are two reasons for this. The first is that Estienne has been, for reasons which I shall discuss shortly, one of the most unjustly neglected figures in early modern intellectual history. The second is that there has traditionally been a certain reluctance on the part of Anglophone scholars to see dictionaries of the English language in their European context. Sir James Murray's Romanes lecture The Evolution of English Lexicography (1900) is the classic statement of the insular origins of his own work, the Oxford English Dictionary, and its predecessors. When Hans Aarsleff remarked that this lecture had failed to give a satisfactory picture of the European origins of much English lexicographical practice, another scholar responded ingenuously that he had never heard Murray called a liar before. (5) Murray was not lying (and Aarsleff had not suggested that he was), but he was giving a simplified account of his subject. …


Observers often do not notice when a visual target is displaced during a saccade (Bridgeman et al., 1975). Instead, if the displacement is repeated on several saccades, the oculomotor system adapts so that saccades land near the displaced target (McLaughlin, 1967). Other disruptions of the visual input may also require a recalibration of gaze. Specifically, here we test whether target displacements during blinks lead to similar adaptation of the oculomotor system. Observers were instructed to fixate a white target dot on a screen in a dark room. Gaze direction and pupil size were recorded and blinks detected in real-time. With every blink-while the lids covered the pupil-the target was displaced laterally by 0.5º (or 1.0º). To counter accumulated shifts, the target jumped to a new random location every 3-4 s. Most observers reported being unaware of displacements during blinks. After adapting for ~50 blinks, gaze positions after the blink showed significant shifts in the direction of the displacement. This automatic gaze shift persisted for several blinks after adaptation, when the target was no longer displaced. In control experiments, we simulated blinks using shutter glasses. Although the displacement occurred while the shutters were closed, observers perceived obvious apparent motion of the target. No adaptive gaze shift occurred for simulated blinks, even when they were cued with a warning tone or triggered when the observer pressed a key. Significant adaptation of gaze shifts occurred exclusively for real blinks. Target displacements during blinks can trigger automatic gaze corrections, just as they can for saccades. This mechanism might be specific to the maintenance of gaze direction across blinks, or this novel effect-along with 'saccadic adaptation'-might be the result of a more general oculomotor adaptation mechanism evoked by intrinsically generated disruptions of the visual input. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


AIM
Treatment options are limited in uterine cancer, leading to a poor prognosis. Overexpression of Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1), the highest ranked tumor antigen, is attractive for immunotherapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Six pre-treated patients with uterine cancer received four weekly vaccines of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) electroporated with WT1 mRNA. Safety, feasibility and immunogenicity were assessed. In cases of response, patients received monthly booster vaccines.

RESULTS
The technique was feasible. One patient had a local allergic reaction. Three out of four Human Leucocyte Antigen-A2 (HLA-A2)-positive patients showed an oncological response; an enrichment of WT1-specific T-cells was observed in two of them. Two HLA-A2-negative patients did not show an oncological or an immunological response.

CONCLUSION
A first series of six patients with uterine cancer treated with WT1 mRNA-electroporated DCs is presented herein. Oncological and immunological responses were observed and are supportive for further research.


We show how Adjoint Algorithmic Differentiation (AAD) can be used to calculate price sensitivities in regression-based Monte Carlo methods reliably and orders of magnitude faster than with standard finite-difference approaches. We present the AAD version of the celebrated least-square algorithms of Tsitsiklis and Van Roy (2001) and Longstaff and Schwartz (2001). By discussing in detail examples of practical relevance, we demonstrate how accounting for the contributions associated with the regression functions is crucial to obtain accurate estimates of the Greeks, especially in XVA applications.


Codonopsis sp. has been widely used in Vietnam's folk medicine for years due to its marvelous characteristics, such as health enhancing, immune promoting etc., Dang shen is naturally being everexploited that could lead it to extinction. LED technology has been applied in micro propagation with various advantages, such as long life, convenient size, easy automated, electric saver and eco-friendly. This research aims to evaluate the effects of distinguished LED categories on the development of Dang shen and to assess the applicable ability of LED in this plant in vitro cultivated. The results indicated that different light conditions have manifold effects on plant morphology and physiology. While single wavelength 450 nm (Blue light) and 660 nm (Red light) caused the abnormal development of plant, the combined wavelength type BR (80% Red light: 20% Blue light) resulted in extremely promoting plant growth ability. There was approximate 90% of shoot induced roots after 30 days period cultured under BR LED, in contrast, only 75% in control light condition. Furthermore, the numbers of roots emerged, the roots length and the plant height under BR light conditions were all improved, comparing with other investigated conditions. Our significant outcomes certainly contributed a solution in which LED light, especial combined type (80% red light: 20% blue light) could replace fluorescent in plant cell culture.


Multiple step chromatography sequences are necessary in biopharmaceutical downstream processing to achieve the desired levels of purity for products such as therapeutic proteins. Traditional methods of process design deal with each step individually, but this can result in a sequence that does not achieve best overall performance. This project proposes a graphical methodology for the identification of operating conditions for a two-step chromatography sequence. The method uses Windows of Operation to incorporate the tradeoffs between yield, purity, and productivity. A tie-line procedure is developed that separates the Window of Operation for the first chromatographic step into two zones. One zone contains those operating conditions that combine to produce a material which can be purified successfully by the second step to produce a product that meets the desired specifications. The second zone consists of operating conditions which will not yield a material that can be adequately purified by a second chromatographic stage to yield a product of the predetermined specifications. The methodology is valuable in that it helps in achieving the rapid design of a two-step chromatography sequence, and aids in choosing the optimum operating conditions for the first step which are highly dependent upon the operation and specifications of the second chromatographic step. Simulations carried out using a software package based on the general rate model depict the construction and use of the method applied to a sequence of ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography separating a three component protein mixture. The methodology is verified successfully using an experimental system that purifies Fab antibody fragments from a three-component system consisting also of Ribonuclease A and Cytochrome C, with a two-stage chromatography sequence, ion exchange followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.


We present the first public version (v0.2) of the open-source and community-developed Python package, Astropy. This package provides core astronomy-related functionality to the community, including support for domain-specific file formats such as flexible image transport system (FITS) files, Virtual Observatory (VO) tables, and common ASCII table formats, unit and physical quantity conversions, physical constants specific to astronomy, celestial coordinate and time transformations, world coordinate system (WCS) support, generalized containers for representing gridded as well as tabular data, and a framework for cosmological transformations and conversions. Significant functionality is under active development, such as a model fitting framework, VO client and server tools, and aperture and point spread function (PSF) photometry tools. The core development team is actively making additions and enhancements to the current code base, and we encourage anyone interested to participate in the development of future Astropy versions.


On the majority of tunneling projects, steering a tunnel boring machine (TBM) currently relies on a laser station which projects a laser beam onto a laser target board mounted on the TBM. However, laser target boards lack accuracy and reliability, thus potentially contributing to quality defects and increased risks of schedule delay and budget overrun in tunnel construction. This research has developed a cost-effective, real-time solution called "virtual laser target board (VLTB)" to substitute for physical laser target boards in guiding TBM during construction. Through integrating automation control mechanisms, innovative computing algorithms, and wireless network technologies, the VLTB technology transforms a popular survey tool, the robotic total station, into a construction control robot which precisely tracks and positions the TBM. By applying an enhanced point-to-angle computing algorithm, VLTB calculates the exact coordinates of the cutter head center on the working TBM in millimeter-level accuracy. The invisible cutter head center is projected onto a "virtual laser target board" on a tablet interface in relation to the as-designed alignment. Based on field testing, VLTB is found to be able to lend real-time, relevant assistance to TBM operators and tunnel surveyors. Compared to other advanced technologies in the market, VLTB provides a simpler and more flexible solution to ensure tunnel alignment control and enhance quality and productivity performances in tunnel construction.


When designing optimal filters it is often unrealistic to assume that the statistical model is known perfectly. The issue is then to design a robust filter that is optimal relative to an uncertainty class of processes. Robust filter design has been treated from minimax (best worst-case performance) and Bayesian (best average performance) perspectives. Heretofore, the Bayesian approach has involved finding a model-specific optimal filter, one that is optimal for some model in the uncertainty class. Lifting this constraint, we optimize over the full class from which the original optimal filters were obtained, for instance, over all linear filters. By extending the original characteristics determining the filter, such as the power spectral density, to "effective characteristics" that apply across the uncertainty class, we demonstrate, for both linear and morphological filtering, that an "intrinsically optimal" Bayesian robust filter can be represented in the same form as the standard solution to the optimal filter, except via the effective characteristics. Solutions for intrinsic Bayesian robust filters are more transparent and intuitive than solutions for model-specific filters, and also less tedious, because effective characteristics push through the spectral theory into the Bayesian setting, whereas solutions in the model-specific case depend on grinding out the optimization.