A new approach to monitoring molecular contamination in lithography is presented. Recent technical advances have made it feasible to perform continuous real-time monitoring with significant advances in sensitivity and stability while minimizing sample tubing effects. These improvements are realized by using a small, low-cost monitor that is dedicated to monitoring a single location. A dedicated, point-of-use monitor offers the following advantages over a conventional multipoint sampling system: continuous monitoring, no missed contamination events, sample tubing lengths reduced from 20 - 30 meters to 2 - 3 meters, and 5 - 10x better sensitivity. Improvements in sensitivity and stability are realized through a dedicated monitor approach to molecular contamination monitoring. Because the monitor is continuously sampling the same environment, sample averaging can be used in a highly effective manner to reduce the detection limit. This is particularly useful in chemically filtered environments where the concentrations are usually low and stable. An automated monitoring software package can simultaneously plot individual one minute data points and a long-term running average. The one minute samples are used to immediately detect the onset of a contamination event while the long term running average is used to monitor background contamination at the lowest levels.


Over the past 20 years, a steady evolution in cardiac surgical techniques for coronary bypass graft (CABG) surgery has occurred. Recent reports are refining our knowledge of early and late survival after CABG surgery. Studies have documented the changing importance of well-recognized risk factors. New models that take into account multiple factors and that predict early risk of CABG surgery with good reliability have been developed. Long-term survival has been related to factors such as age, gender, diabetes mellitus, race, smoking history, left ventricular function, estrogen treatment in women, and serum lipids. Several recent studies provide insight into decision making regarding CABG versus catheter interventions for both primary and secondary revascularization. Data concerning new techniques, such as minimally invasive surgery, document promising results but also the anticipated learning curve of new procedures. Overall, favorable short-term and long-term survival results after CABG surgery continue to be reported despite an increasing elderly and complex patient group undergoing cardiovascular surgical procedures.


Measuring and Calculating Current Atmospheric Phosphorous and Nitrogen Loadings on Utah Lake Using Field Samples, Laboratory Methods, and Statistical Analysis: Implication for Water Quality Issues Jacob Milton Olsen Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, BYU Master of Science Atmospheric nutrient loading and transport though precipitation and dry deposition is one of the least understood yet one of the most important pathways of nutrient transport into many lakes. These nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, are essential for aquatic life and often play major roles in algae blooms that occur in lakes and reservoirs. Often heavy algal growth intensifies a variety of water quality problems. Utah Lake may be even more susceptible to atmospheric deposition due to its large surface area to volume ratio and proximity to Great Basin dust sources. In this study, eight months of atmospheric deposition data were collected and analyzed from five locations near Utah Lake. Geospatial maps were created to show the temporal distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen. Evaluation of the atmospheric deposition results indicate that between 8 to 350 tons of total phosphorus and 46 to 460 tons of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were deposited onto the surface of Utah Lake over an eight-month period. Both estimates were based on assuming that the deposition decreased exponentially from the sampling station to the middle of the lake. The large difference results from using only samples with no visible particles or insects present to give the low estimate and all samples to give the high estimate. These nutrient loading values are very significant in that it has been estimated that only about 17 tons year-1 of phosphorus and about 200 tons year-1 of nitrogen are needed to support a eutrophic level of algal growth in Utah Lake. Atmospheric deposition was found to be a major contributor in providing a eutrophic nutrient load to Utah Lake. Further, it is likely that the actual deposition loading is much higher than 8 tons per 8 months thus indicating that deposition alone adds a eutrophic phosphorus loading to the lake. Since conditions are similar in much of the Great Basin and other areas of Western United States, this seems to be a very significant finding relative to nutrient evaluation and feasible management scenarios. The results also indicate that one might expect to see more cyanobacteria blooms (Harmful Algal Blooms) in shallow ponds in this area if atmospheric deposition is the main source of nutrients, since N to P ratios are low and thus more situations arise where a shortage of ionic nitrogen favors these nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.


A method to calculate the directional local effective emissivity for a cavity having non-Lambertian isothermal surfaces is presented. Numerical calculation is carried out for a cylindrocone. The directional local effective emissivity directed to the cavity bottom is smaller than that directed to the cavity opening, and the local effective emissivity for a Lambertian takes a value close to the middle. The integrated effective emissivities are computed for a nonimaging system and an imaging optical system.


Electrochemical corrosion rate probes have been constructed and tested along with mass loss coupons in an air plus water vapor and a N2/O2/CO2 plus water vapor environment. Temperatures ranged from 200? to 700?C. Results show that electrochemical corrosion rates for ash-covered mild steel are a function of time, temperature and process environment. Correlation between the electrochemical and mass loss corrosion rates was poor.


In embarking on Working in Public, we started out with an implicit assumption that criteria for judging quality in art in the gallery and museum were widely understood and broadly agreed, whereas quality of art in the public sphere was less well understood. The work of the series therefore set out to create a new level of thinking that would allow art in public to account for its value (not least in relation to significant investment in terms of public funding). In experiencing the seminar series and the diversity of positions represented, a new horizon (as Simon Sheikh might put it) has emerged. The focus has shifted towards understanding 'quality' in a different sense - quality as inherent character explored through its interplay with context - artistic, social, cultural and political. To focus on criteria for judging quality is to evoke a use or exchange value - What is art for? What is it worth to us (in equivalent monetary terms)? Focusing on quality in the sense of 'inherent nature' raises a different question 'What is art? And 'What is art in relation to other ways of being in the world?' What are the (aesthetic and ethical) implications of practising one way or another? When Suzanne Lacy asks of the Oakland projects -'When does this work spill over into becoming life?', when Grant Kester investigates art projects that propose alternative value systems to those of neoliberalism, or when Simon Sheikh articulates the role of art in terms of constructing diverse publics, they are not constructing an economic justification for art - its use value. They are testing the thresholds that they each perceive between art and other forms of conceptualising and experiencing the world. It is striking in each case how radical these thresholds are. By extending our horizon from use value to symbolic experience, the discussion has shifted away from justifying one artistic approach over another. The latter operates within an assumption of art rather than an articulation of art as a practice and its place in the world. It also locks the discourse narrowly into alternative styles of making- gallery or public, allowing the one to be easily dismissed by the other. (Currently in Scotland and further afield this is where most of the heated debate in art is situated.) I would argue that the real challenge lies in much bigger stakes - of art refinding its place in the world. It is a world in which communication technologies are fluid and shape the everyday in powerful ways. It is a world of significant cultural differences, not least deepening economic discrepancies between the very rich and the very poor. Globally we are increasingly challenged by our relationship with the world. David Haley argues that this is manifest in the significant discourse on climate change (our relationship with the environment) and the discourse on cultural diversity (our relationship with other cultures). We have reached a point in human history that demands that we listen and reflect on the implications of different systems of value; cultural, social and economic. That was the starting point in a particular context of the Oakland series - observing young people and hearing the alarm calls of a breakdown between youth and the adult world. The Working in Public discussion has engaged in an open ended exploration of dynamic and radical forms of creativity and their power to create meaning. In so doing it has seriously questioned the intellectual basis for a current hierarchy of values - (such as 'art in museums and galleries is more authentically art than art in the public sphere that is compromised by other agendas'). Seminar 2 questioned whether we can ever assume value in either place - gallery or non gallery. It placed emphasis on continually exercising criticality and gaining a thorough understanding of the power at work in acts of representation (whether in or outside of conventional institutional contexts) and of understanding where authority really lies.


Optically switchable Ultra-Wideband (UWB) monocycle and doublet pulse generation using an optically reconfigurable photonic microwave delay-line filter is proposed and demonstrated. The microwave filter can be reconfigured as a two- or three-tap microwave filter with coefficients of (1, -1) or (1, -2, 1). The function of the two- or three-tap microwave filter is equivalent to an operation of a first- or second-order difference, which can be approximated as a first- or second-order derivative. When a Gaussian pulse is inputted to the two- or three-tap microwave delay-line filter, a Gaussian monocycle or doublet pulse is generated. The proposed photonic microwave delay-line filter is implemented using a polarization modulator (PolM), a length of polarization maintaining fiber (PMF), and a balanced photo-detector (BPD). In the experiment, Gaussian monocycle and doublet pulses with a fractional bandwidth of about 170% and 130% are generated. The switchability of the proposed UWB pulse generator in pulse shape and polarity is also experimentally demonstrated.


Although the Scottish electorate voted down independence in 2014, Brexit has led to renewed calls from Scottish political leaders for a second referendum. Scottish independence would likely lead to joining the European Union, and this would obligate Scotland to eventually join the euro common currency. If Scottish home prices were not highly cohesive with those in euro zone countries, the ECB's monetary policy could cause major disruptions for Scottish housing, and, by extension, the Scottish economy. As an example, if most euro-country home values were rising, but those in Scotland were falling, the ECB would likely run a tight monetary policy, which would be devastating to housing conditions in Scotland. We accordingly investigate the co-movement of house prices in Scotland with those in eight major euro zone countries, as well as co-movement between Scottish and UK home prices, using a variety of metrics. The use of methods that are primarily linear indicates that joining the euro may not result in a large loss of co-movement with other regional housing markets, compared to Scotland's current correlation with UK national home prices. However, the use of a measure that takes into account differences in the magnitude, and not just the phase of cycles yields results indicating Scotland exhibits very little co-movement with other euro housing markets. Indeed Scotland has co-movement metrics within the euro countries at levels similar to those of Spain and Ireland, which both suffered devastating booms and busts. Thus leaving sterling for the euro could be highly problematic.


A sustained reflection upon remedial obligations and possibilities is particularly necessary at this juncture in the development of international law, where important mechanisms with reparative functions have recently sprung up around the world: the International Criminal Court, the African Court of Human Rights, and several national schemes, as a result of proliferating transitional justice initiatives. This Article argues for a remedial model that emphasizes the restorative measures of satisfaction and rehabilitation, as well as general assurances of non-repetition. The work first examines the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the only international human rights body with binding powers that has consistently ordered equitable remedies in conjunction with compensation. The Article next considers the strengths and limitations of the Inter-American Tribunal's unique reparative approach, which has been neglected in the literature despite significant evolution in recent years. The following section attempts to refine the Court's normative model by proposing a "participative" methodology, consisting in procedural reforms, to calibrate remedies more precisely to a victim's situation and necessities. Finally, the work discusses how the Court's victim-conscious balance of non-monetary orders and economic compensation, which has revamped standards for redress in international law, should be incorporated to a greater extent into the remedial approaches of other international courts and domestic institutions.


The present study was designed to investigate the possible environmental cues associated with urinary urgency and urinary incontinence in Chinese patients with diagnosed overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). A semistructured questionnaire was conducted with a convenience sample of 76 patients with OAB. Patients were interviewed about environmental cues associated with urgency and incontinence. The frequency of OAB episodes to each of the cues was quantified. Interviews lasted for seven to twenty-six minutes. Our results showed that 100% (n=76) respondents reported at least one cue associated with urgency and 92.1% (n=70) reported at least one cue associated with incontinence. "On the way to the washroom" frequency of the respondents was reported to be, 89.5% for urgency and 81.6% for incontinence. Our study, therefore suggested that one or more environmental cues might influence episodes of urinary urgency and incontinence in patients with OAB. A combination of behavioral treatments targeting environmental cues and Pavlovian extinction treatments may be effective in treating OAB.


Unconventional shale reservoir evaluation and development are extremely challenging. One of the most dominating aspects is permeability, which is measured in the nano-darcy range. Although these wells are stimulated to enhance production, the presence or absence of natural fractures can have a large impact on the production results. In addition, the fracture variation across a reservoir can be substantial, leading to large production variations, even in adjacent wells. Gaining insight about the natural fracture system, both intersecting and around the borehole, is crucial and can often help determine the economic success of a well and/or reservoir. The standard means of fracture evaluation, such as borehole imaging, Stoneley permeability analysis, and azimuthal shearwave anisotropy evaluation from cross-dipole, provide valuable information when evaluating fractures. These standard methods, however, can only investigate a limited area around the borehole—imaging looks at the borehole wall and the other borehole acoustic methods rely on refracted and guided modes that respond to an area as large as 2 to 4 ft out into the formation. The flexural wave from the dipole is one of the guided modes that generally reads the deepest and is used in the standard cross-dipole analysis. In addition to flexural mode, the dipole source creates shear body waves that radiate away from the borehole and into the formation. When these shear waves impinge on a fracture their energy reflects back to the borehole, enabling the facture to be imaged. The reflection strength is a function of the shear-wave polarization and the nature of the fracture, with the strongest response occurring from the shear waves intersecting a fluid/gas-filled fracture and polarizing in the fracture's strike direction. Another important aspect is that these shear waves have azimuthal sensitivity, providing a means to determine the fracture direction. These features enable the evaluation of fractures over a much larger area around the well, often in excess of 60 ft from the borehole, and even detecting major fractures that do not intersect the well. We will look at the application of this deep shear-wave imaging technology in several unconventional reservoirs across North America. Our review includes conventional methods and the deep shear-wave imaging analysis, showing its value in gaining important insight about the natural fracture system around the borehole, especially non-intersecting fractures. In addition, we will look at its application in mapping geologic structures in horizontal wells, demonstrating the ability to detect sub-seismic faults.


In recent years, body expressions have been demonstrated to be effective visual cues for conveying emotional information. We usually perceive others' emotions from multiple modal sources in our daily lives, such as via the face, sounds and touch. As such, it is an important issue that we seek to understand how we perceive emotional cues as a coherent percept rather than separate percepts. With behavioral measurements, previous studies have provided evidence that a combination of multiple emotional cues can assist in making a more accurate and rapid discrimination of emotional contents. However, little to no research has focused on the integration of emotion perception from body expressions combined with other modal information, especially during development. As a consequence, the aim of this thesis was to investigate developmental changes in neural activity underlying the integration of emotion perception via body expressions and the voice. In Chapter 1, literature on multisensory processing in infants and children was reviewed, and the objectives of the thesis were described. In Chapter 2, processing for unisensory (sounds or body expressions) compared to audiovisual conditions (body expressions with sounds) was measured in adults. In Chapter 3, influences of types of body presentations (dynamic/static) with emotions were examined in an audiovisual paradigm with adults. In Chapter 4, 6.5-month-old infants processed emotional information in a paradigm derived from Chapter 3. In Chapter 5, audiovisual emotion perception was examined in 5-6 year-old children. These studies showed separate processing for interactions between visual and auditory perceptual sources, and for the assessment of combined emotional content across the three ages groups. This series of studies also revealed maturational changes in neural correlates to audiovisual emotion processing in ERP components indexing perception and cognition. A final chapter explores the implications of the findings for understanding the audiovisual emotion processing from a developmental perspective


The signature of excitonic localization on the biexcitonic continuum is investigated in GaAs single and multiple quantum wells. With increasing localization, the biexciton binding energy increases, while the biexciton continuum shifts to energies above the exciton resonance. The localization leads to an inhomogeneous broadening of the biexciton binding energy and of the biexciton continuum edge. For localization energies larger that the biexciton binding energy, the oscillator strength of the biexciton continuum is reduced by the quantization of the excitonic states in the localization potential.


Contemporary Terrorism Studies is made up of three parts. Part One looks at the state of terrorism studies. Chapters here ask first, what are terrorism studies? These chapters also look at critical terrorism studies and conceptualizations of terrorism. The second part is about issues and debates in terrorism studies. This part starts off with an overview of the history of terrorism. It asks what the root causes of terrorism are and whether terrorism can ever be rational. Chapters here also look into old and new terrorism and social media and terrorism. To conclude this part, the last chapter here asks whether terrorism is effective. The third part of the book covers countering terrorism. Here, counterterrorism agencies are examined. Issues such as human rights, foreign policy, and international terrorism are covered. The chapters in this part also seek ways to prevent and counter violent extremism. They also consider victims of terrorism. The book concludes with an analysis of the end of terrorist campaigns.


Money and myths: An exploration of models of value in early 19th-century literature and texts on economy (Myt och metall. Vardemodeller i litteratur och ekonomisk prosa under tidigt 1800-tal)The main aim of this paper is to show how the concept of money could be treated in literary and in economic writings in the Swedish Age of Romanticism. Three texts — an early poem by Erik Johan Stagnelius and two contemporary essays in economic theory — serve as examples of how, and for which purpose, qualitative and quantitative values could be negotiated in these writings. The study shows that, in the poem, money and profit are treated as inconsistent with such qualitative values as freedom, justice, and joy, whereas the two theoretical essays both make use of different strategies of fictionalization to deal with qualitative and quantitative values in one and the same narration. In this paper, the fictionalization strategies are linked to the para-capitalist approach often to be found in the political and economic theories in the Romantic period. From the perspective of economy-discourse history, an attempt is made to link the two essays to the German economist and philosopher Adam Muller and his Versuche einer neuen Theorie des Geldes (1816).


Histopathology is gold standard in diagnosis of prostate cancer but it is a cumbersome method. On the other hand, prostate specific screening has revolutionized in detection of prostate cancer but due to PSA's lack of sensitivity and as it is not cancer specific novel biomarkers are needed to improve risk assessment. To measure and compare the level of soluble E-cadherin and prostate specific antigen in the detection of prostate cancer, this cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Laboratory Medicine in collaboration with the Department of Urology, BSMMU, Dhaka, from March 2017 to February 2018. Total 70 patients were enrolled and divided into Group A (PCa) and Group B (BPH). Each group was consisted of 35 subjects who had histopathologically proven prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. E-cadherin with a cut off value 7.3, 95% CI 0.91-1.00, had 74.3% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity for prediction of PCa. 80 KDa fragment of E-cadherin is more specific but was not available. Comparison of E-cadherin in prostate cancer without metastasis and with metastasis is recommended. Immunohistochemical examination of E-cadherin in biopsy sample is also recommended.


Background: Poor health, death, reduced human capacity, increased risk of chronic diseases later in life and poverty are the most prominent consequences of child malnutrition. Aim: This study sought to assess the anthropometric status of 0-60 month-old children living in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces using the new WHO child growth standards; identifY risk factors of child malnutrition. In addition, assess the prevalence and associated factors of the occurrence of a stunted child with a living-in overweight mother (SCOWT). Methods: Secondary analysis was done on household socio-economic data, child health, child feeding practices, and anthropometric measurements for 2485 children and their mothers. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors of stunting, overweight and underweight taking into account hierarchical relationships between risk factors. The Chi-square test and analysis of variance were used to identifY related variables which were significantly different between SCOWT and non-SCOWT mother-child pairs as well as betWeen wasted and non-wasted children. Results: Prevalence of wasting, undellveight, stunting and ovellveight was 3.4%, 7.3%, 28.6% and 16.1 % respectively. The WHO child growth standards gave higher rates of stunting and overweight but lower rates of underweight. Risk factors for child stunting were male gender (Odds ratio (OR) =1.233; p=0.019) and the fact that the mother thinks her child is growing well (OR=1.346; p=O.O 18). On the other hand, handouts as source of food (OR=0.719; p=0.005) and mother making important household decisions (OR=0.760; p=0.009) were protective. Undellveight was positively associated with child male gender (OR=1.432; p=0.021), maternal education (minimum of 5 years of schooling: OR=1.720; p=0.002), the fact that the mother thinks her child is growing well (OR=2.526; p


In this thesis, we study the response of nonlinear wave systems in bounded domains at or near resonance. Such circumstances arise in numerous physical regimes. In particular, the case of acoustic waves in various geometric configurations, the further understanding of which serves as a primary motivation for this work. There are typically two qualitatively distinct types of response which may be observed: continuous and shocked.
The main goal of this work is to understand the transition between these two regimes. To achieve this aim, we introduce a variety of nonlinear model problems at or near resonance and study the subsequent response. Then we explain how the features of this problem such as the nonlinearity form, and the nature of spectrum play a fundamental role in the response.
Further we aim to demonstrate an essential condition for the existence of the shocked solution, and discuss the methodology for approximating the solution in that regime. Furthermore, we analyze the interaction between the spectrum and the nonlinear features of the model problem. There is a correlation found between a continuous response and incommensurate eigenvalues and between a shocked response and commensurate eigenvalues. We carried out numerical simulations for each model problem with variation some features, such as the nonlinearity and boundary conditions, to study how this affects the outcome and the spectrum. The results of the numerical solutions are in a good quantitative agreement with the leading order approximations.
Moreover, we present wave model problems incorporating a damping effect to investigate how this impacts the qualitative nature of the response. However, for some cases of the damped model problem, multiple modes must be included to improve the comparison between the analytical solution and the numerical results. We carry out a weakly nonlinear analysis of higher modes. In order to better understand the role of higher modes, we provide amplitude-frequency comparisons.
Our results provide a better understanding for the transition between the two responses through the simple model problems, and this in turn will contribute to providing new insights into more relevant problems in acoustic and other related regimes.


This paper integrates economic and physical models to assess how federal crop revenue insurance programs might affect land use, cropping systems, and environmental quality in the U.S. Corn Belt region. The empirical framework includes econometric models that predict land conversion, crop choices, and crop rotations at the parcel level based on expectation and variance of crop revenues, land quality, climate conditions, and physical characteristics at each site. The predictions are then combined with site-specific environmental production functions to determine the effect of revenue insurance on nitrate runoff and leaching, soil water and wind erosion, and carbon sequestration. Results suggest that crop insurance will have small impacts on conversions of non-cropland to cropland, but more significant impacts on crop choice. These changes in crop mix have moderate impacts on agricultural pollution.


Title of Thesis: THE CONTEMPORARY LOCAL MARKET: CREATING A NETWORK OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION Eli W. Shanklin, Master of Architecture, 2017 Thesis Directed By: Assistant Professor, Michele Lamprakos, School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation During the United Nations' 1996 World Food Summit, the concept of "food security" was defined as existing "when all people, at all times, have physical, [social] and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life". In the United States, the Department of Agriculture, measures food security on four levels—high, marginal, low and very low, with income and access as two of the major factors contributing to the problem of food insecurity. The country is dotted with hundreds, if not thousands, of food deserts—rural, suburban and urban census tracts—wherein the inhabitants do not have access to fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthy whole foods. Today, 1 in 7 households, which equates to approximately 17.5 million households, are estimated to be food insecure. This thesis seeks to address the problem of food insecurity by creating a community-supported agricultural prototype in which nutritious foods are made accessible to an underprivileged neighborhood while debunking the beliefs surrounding the practices, processes, and sourcing associated with food production and distribution (e.g. "Farm to Shelf"). THE CONTEMPORARY LOCAL MARKET Creating a Network of Food Distribution


Feathers, a byproduct of the poultry industry, have long been considered as a solid waste, posing a series of environmental and economic problems. However, feather keratin (FK) extracted from feathers is a valuable source of the biodegradable and biocompatible polymer. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize novel casting films based on feather keratin (FK) crosslinked by dialdehyde starch (DAS) and plasticized with glycerol for applications in biomedicine. The microstructure, crystallization behavior, light transmission, moisture content, solubility, tensile properties, water vapor barrier property, and cytotoxicity of the FK–DAS films were investigated. The fracture surface of the crosslinked film showed a more compact microstructure than that of the control film, and the crosslinked films were completely amorphous and very transparent (transparency value <2). These results indicate that the addition of DAS increased the transparency value and moisture content and decreased the solubility, indicating the crosslinking between the FK and DAS. The films with 2% DAS showed increased tensile elongation and water vapor permeability compared to the control films, whereas the tensile strength of the film decreased, most probably because the crosslinking effect was counterbalanced by the plasticization of DAS. DAS increased the water resistance of the FK films, thus expanding their potential application in food packaging.


Humanitarian crises appear dramatic, overwhelming and sudden, with aid required immediately to save lives. Whereas climate change is about changing hazard patterns and crises are in reality rarely unexpected, with academic researchers and humanitarian and development organisations warning about possible risks for months before they take place. While humanitarian organisations deal directly with vulnerable populations, interventions are part of global politics and development pathways that are simultaneously generating climate change, inequities and vulnerability. So what is the level of convergence between humanitarian interventions and efforts to support adaptation to climate change, and what lessons can be drawn from current experience on the prospects for reducing the risk of climate change causing increased burdens on humanitarian interventions in the future?This IDS Bulletin is a call for increasing engagement between humanitarian aid and adaptation interventions to support deliberate transformation of development pathways. Based on studies from the 'Courting Catastrophe' project, contributors argue that humanitarian interventions offer opportunities for a common agenda to drive transformational adaptation. Changes in political and financial frameworks are needed to facilitate longer-term actions where demands move from delivering expert advice and solutions to vulnerable populations to taking up multiple vulnerability knowledges and making space for contestation of current development thinking. Yet while the humanitarian system could drive transformative adaptation, it should not bear responsibility alone. In this issue, alternative pathways and practical ways to support local alternatives and critical debates around these are illustrated, to demonstrate where humanitarian actions can most usefully contribute to transformation.


Garments are ubiquitous in both real and many of the virtual worlds. They are highly deformable objects, exhibit an immense variety of designs and shapes, and yet, most garments are created from a set of regularly shaped flat pieces. Exploration of garment structure presents a peculiar case for an object structure estimation task and might prove useful for downstream tasks of neural 3D garment modeling and reconstruction by providing strong prior on garment shapes. To facilitate research in these directions, we propose a method for generating large synthetic datasets of 3D garment designs and their sewing patterns. Our method consists of a flexible description structure for specifying parametric sewing pattern templates and the automatic generation pipeline to produce garment 3D models with little-to-none manual intervention. To add realism, the pipeline additionally creates corrupted versions of the final meshes that imitate artifacts of 3D scanning. With this pipeline, we created the first large-scale synthetic dataset of 3D garment models with their sewing patterns. The dataset contains more than 20000 garment design variations produced from 19 different base types. Seven of these garment types are specifically designed to target evaluation of the generalization across garment sewing pattern topologies.


Although calibrations are routine procedures of instrumental analysis and quality assurance, the working curve is rarely applied to the determination of the uncertainty budget, most likely owing to the difficulties associated with the calculation of uncertainties. The present work provides an investigation of an uncomplicated expression of the non-linear working curve that is well suited for an assessment of predicted uncertainties. At small concentrations, the working curve reduces to a straight line that corresponds to the conventional calibration line. If no interferences were disturbing the analysis, the calculation of uncertainties of calibrations must correspond to the uncertainties of unknowns that were determined by many repetitions. Thus, by introducing an average value of the law-of--propagation of errors (LPE) and observing the conditions of the central limit theorem, an excellent correspondence was obtained between predicted uncertainties and measured uncertainties. In order to validate the method, experiments were applied of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for the analysis of Co and Pt, and experiments of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) for the analysis ofFe. A ten fold extension of the calibration range was identified, as represented by a lower limit of analysis (LLA) and an upper limit of analysis (ULA), which were defined by the properties of the detection system of the apparatus. It was thus found that the uncertainty of the detector dominated the contributions to the uncertainty budget, and it was proposed that a full analysis of the instrument ought to be performed before determination of every single analyte. Following this investigation, the homoscedasticy or heteroscedasticy may be identified by residuals of calibration.


Communication networks play a critical role in smart grid, as the intelligence of smart grid is built based on information exchange across the power grid. In power transmission segments of smart grid, wired communications are usually adopted to ensure robustness of the backbone power network. In contrast, for a power distribution grid, wireless communications provide many benefits such as low cost high speed links, easy setup of connections among different devices/appliances, and so on. Connecting power equipment, devices, and appliances through wireless networks is indispensable for a smart distribution grid (SDG). However, wireless communications are usually more vulnerable to security attacks than wired ones. Developing appropriate wireless communication architecture and its security measures is extremely important for an SDG. Thus, these two problems are investigated in this paper. Firstly, a wireless communication architecture is proposed for an SDG based on wireless mesh networks (WMNs). The security framework under this communication architecture is then analyzed. More specifically, potential security attacks and possible counter-attack measures are studied. Within the security framework, a new intrusion detection and response scheme, called smart tracking firewall, is developed to meet the special requirements of SDG wireless communications. Performance results show that the smart tracking firewall can quickly detect and respond to security attacks and is thus suitable for real-time operation of an SDG.


Contemporary environmental issues (such as global warming) can present psychological stress, the effects of which are under-examined. The ability to "bounce back" from stress associated with increasing environmental adversity can be understood as resilience, and can be found in some environmental educators. The following paper examines how veteran environmental educators respond to psychological stress to increasing environmental adversity and describes the experience of resilience. Through in-depth interviews, this hermeneutical study sheds light on the environmental factors and internal competencies that contribute to resilience in seven environmental educators. Additionally, the interaction (known as the person/environment transactional process) between these factors and competencies is explored, providing insight into how the participants construct resilience. Kumpfer's (1999) Resilience Framework provided the organizational framework for the results of this study. Findings suggest ways in which resilience in environmental educators can be supported and offers directions for future research.


This document specifies use of the Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD) protocol in Routing Bridge (RBridge) campuses based on the
RBridge Channel extension to the Transparent Interconnection of Lots
of Links (TRILL) protocol. BFD is a widely deployed Operations,
Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) mechanism in IP and MPLS
networks, using UDP and Associated Channel Header (ACH) encapsulation
respectively. This document specifies the BFD encapsulation over
TRILL.


OF THESIS MODULATION OF VACCINE-INDUCED RESPONSES BY ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT IN PONIES Vaccines and anthelmintics induce an inflammatory response in equids. Since they are commonly given concurrently, it is practical to study any interaction between them. This study evaluated whether IVM and PYR would modulate the acute phase inflammatory response, the systemic gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and vaccinespecific titers induced by WNV, EHV, and KLH vaccines. Naturally-infected, yearling ponies were sorted by gender, then fecal epgs. They were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: IVM, PYR, and control. All ponies received vaccinations intramuscularly on days 0 and 29. Whole blood, serum, and plasma samples were collected 1, 3, and 14 days post-vaccination. Samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers, cytokine, mRNA expression, and vaccine-specific IgG titers by ELISA. The acute-phase inflammatory marker data showed no statistical significance; they did show an increase in SAA, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen, and a decrease in iron after vaccination. The mRNA data showed that anthelmintics had a significant effect on interleukin mRNA levels, but not on TNFor IFNlevels. The ELISA assays showed no biologically significant reduction in IgG as compared to the control group. We conclude that deworming does not affect vaccine IgG titers; therefore, ceasing vaccinating and deworming concurrently is not necessary.


Capitalism has outperformed all other systems and maintained a positive growth rate since it began. Svetozar Pejovich makes the case within this book that a major reason for the success of capitalism lies in the efficiency-friendly incentives of its basic institutions, which continuously adjust the rules of the game to the requirements of economic progress. The analysis throughout is consistent and is supported by evidence. Key components of the proposed theory are the rule of law, the market for institutions, the interaction thesis, the carriers of change, and the process of changing formal and informal institutions.


Audio codec based on Frequency Domain Linear Prediction (FDLP) exploits auto-regressive modeling to approximate instantaneous energy in critical frequency sub-bands of relatively long input segments. Current version of the FDLP codec operating at 66 kbps has shown to provide comparable subjective listening quality results to the state-of-the-art codecs on similar bit-rates even without employing strategic blocks, such as entropy coding or simultaneous masking. This paper describes an experimental work to increase compression efficiency of the FDLP codec provided by employing entropy coding. Unlike traditionally used Huffman coding in current audio coding systems, we describe an efficient way to exploit Arithmetic coding to entropy compress quantized magnitude spectral components of the sub-band FDLP residuals. Such approach outperforms Huffman coding algorithm and provides more than 3 kbps bit-rate reduction.


Peroxidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was purified to homogeneity. The homogeneous protein exhibits catalase and Y (Youatt's)-enzyme activities in addition to peroxidase activity. Further confirmation that the three activities are due to a single enzyme was accomplished by other criteria, such as differential thermal inactivation, sensitivity to different inhibitors, and co-purification. The Y enzyme (peroxidase) was separated from NADase (NAD+ glycohydrolase) inhibitor by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The molecular weights of peroxidase and NADase inhibitor, as determined by gel filtration, are 240000 and 98000 respectively. The Y enzyme shows two Km values for both isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide) and NAD at low and high concentrations. Analysis of the data by Hill plots revealed that the enzyme has one binding site at lower substrate concentrations and more than one at higher substrate concentration. The enzyme contains 6g-atoms of iron/mol. Highly purified preparations of peroxidases from different sources catalyse the Y-enzyme reaction, suggesting that the nature of the reaction may be a peroxidatic oxidation of isoniazid. Moreover, the Y-enzyme reaction is enhanced by O2. Isoniazid-resistant mutants do not exhibit Y-enzyme, peroxidase or catalase activities, and do not take up isoniazid. The Y-enzyme reaction is therefore implicated in the uptake of the drug.


In this study, subcooled flow boiling is investigated over nanostructured plates at flow rates ranging from 69 mL/min to 145 mL/min. The first configuration of the nanostructured plate includes ˜600-nm-long, closely packed copper nanorod arrays distributed randomly upon the surface with an average nanorod diameter of ˜150 nm, and the second configuration consists of a periodic structure having ˜600-nm-long copper (Cu) nanorods with an average nanorod diameter of ˜550 nm and a center-to-center nanorod separation of ˜1 μm. The nanorod arrays are deposited utilizing glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique on the copper thin film (˜50 nm thick) coated on silicon wafer substrates. Dimensions of the test section, heat flux values, and flow rates are chosen to ensure that nanostructured plates remain intact along with their nanorods in their original shape and position, so that the nanostructured plates could be used for many experiments. A consistent increase (up to 30%) in heat transfer coefficients is observed on nanostructured plates compared to the Cu thin film, which is used as the control sample. However, no significant difference in the boiling heat transfer performance between the random and periodic nanorods was observed, which indicates that the distribution of nanostructures may not be very critical in achieving enhanced heat transfer. In light of the obtained promising results, channels with nanostructured surfaces are proven to be useful, particularly in applications such as cooling of small electronic devices, where conventional surface modification techniques are not applicable.


The influence of viscosity and surface tension on oxygen transfer was investigated using planar laser-induced fluorescence with inhibition (PLIF-I). The surface tension and the viscosity were modified using Triton X-100 and polyacrylamide, respectively. Changes in the hydrodynamic parameters of millimetric bubbles were identified, and transfer parameters were calculated. The results revealed a decrease in the mass transferred in the presence of a contaminant. For modified viscosity, the decrease in mass transferred was allowed for by current correlations, but the presence of surfactant led to a sharp decrease in the liquid side mass transfer coefficient, which became even lower when polymer was added. An explanation for the gap between classical correlations and experimental values of kL is discussed, and a hypothesis of the existence of an accumulation of contaminant in the diffusion layer is proposed. This led to the possibility of a decrease in the diffusion coefficient and oxygen saturation concentration in the liquid film, explaining the discrepancy between models and experience. Adapted values of DO2 and [O2] * in this layer were estimated. This original study unravels the complexity of mass transfer from an air bubble in a complex medium.


Is there a God? What is the evidence for belief in such a being? What is God like? Or, is God a figment of human inspiration? How do we know that such a being might not exist? Should belief or disbelief in God's existence make a difference in our opinions and moral choices, in the way we see ourselves and relate to those around us? These are fundamental questions, and their answers have shaped individual lives, races, and nations throughout history.On 24 March, 1988 at the University of Mississippi, J. P. Moreland, a leading Christian philosopher and ethicist, and Kai Nielsen, one of today's best-known atheist philosophers, went head-to-head over these questions. This book records their entire lively debate and includes questions from the audience, the debaters' answers, and the responses of four recognised scholars - William Lane Craig, Antony Flew, Dallas Willard, and Keith Parsons. Noted author and philosopher, Peter Kreeft has written an introduction, concluding chapter, and appendix - all designed to help readers decide for themselves whether God is fact or fantasy.


The Coastal and Ocean Airborne Science Testbed (COAST) Project is a NASA Earth-science flight project that will advance coastal ecosystems research by providing a unique airborne payload optimized for remote sensing in the optically complex coastal zone. The COAST instrument suite combines a customized imaging spectrometer, sunphotometer system, and new bio-optical radiometer instruments to obtain ocean/coastal/atmosphere data simultaneously. The imaging spectrometer is optimized in the blue region of the spectrum to emphasize remote sensing of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Simultaneous measurements for empirical characterization of the atmospheric column will be accomplished using the Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14). Based on optical detectors called microradiometers, the NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Calibration and Validation Office team has deployed advanced commercial off-the-shelf instrumentation that provides in situ measurements of the apparent optical properties at the land/ocean boundary including optically shallow aquatic ecosystems (e.g., lakes, estuaries, coral reefs). A replicate microradiometer instrument package, optimized for use above water will be deployed for the first time with the airborne instrument suite. This new capability will be tested using the airborne instrument suite in an airborne campaign over Monterey Bay planned for late 2011.


Today, average young adults report sleeping about seven to seven and one-half hours each night. Compare this to sleep patterns in 1910, before the electric lightbulb, the average person slept nine hours each night. This means that today's population sleeps one to two hours less than people did early in the century.


In this study of roadside crosses, the first of its kind, Holly Everett presents the history of these unique commemoratives and their relationship to contemporary memorial culture. The meaning of these markers is presented in the words of grieving parents, high school students, public officials, and private individuals whom the author interviewed during her fieldwork in Texas.


There has recently been a flurry of interest in supporting the idea of using 'badges' to recognise learning, particularly due to the Mozilla Open Badges project (http://openbadges.org/) and the funding channelled through the 2012 Digital Medial and Learning Competition (http://www.dmlcompetition.net/). Badges offer the potential of rewarding informal learning and reaching non-traditional learners.

This paper speculates on ways in which badges for learning could fit into the offering of the UK Open University, and exposes some of the tensions that badges raise.

• Should badges be used only to recognise informal learning, perhaps in the Open University's open educational resource OpenLearn (http://www.open.edu/openlearn/), or should they also recognise success on the university's modules that lead to formal qualifications?

• Who will be motivated to acquire badges – existing students or the general public? Can badges provide a route for access to higher education, offering low-stakes tasters that will encourage prospective students to embark on higher education? Do badges offer a way of encouraging life-long learning?

• What types of material might promote engagement and motivate people to earn badges?

• What is the perceived value of badges to learners? Will badges also be perceived to have value to others – to friends and family, to peers, or to employers?

• How will people 'read' the meaning of a badge – what subject, level, and extent of study or learning does it represent?

• Can badges, by escaping the constraints of traditional syllabuses and quality assurance frameworks, support radically different educational experiences? Or will they be used simply to recognise smaller chunks of otherwise conventional study?

• What should the granularity of a badge be? Should it reward a small chunk of learning, perhaps the equivalent of a few hours of study, or the hundreds of hours of study required for a traditional university module?

• What level of assessment is appropriate for a badge? Is it the case that a badge requires a less rigorous assessment than credit-bearing modules that lead to formal qualifications? Can methods of assessment be offered at sufficiently low cost to form an effective partner to open education resources? What forms of assessment could offer this low-cost basis: what place should there be for learner analytics, computer-marked assessment, peer assessment or self-certification?

• How could branding and reputation work in an ecosystem where an institution offers both formal study leading to qualifications and informal study that leads to badges?


We measured assimilation efficiencies (AEs) from ingested algal food, uptake rates from the dissolved phase, and efflux rate constants of five trace elements (Ag, Cd, Co, Se and Zn) in the marine copepod Temora longicornis. AEs of Ag, Cd, Co, Se, and Zn from two diatom diets were 13, 35, 14, 59, and 61%, respectively. AEs of metals from ingested natural seston collected during the spring phytoplankton bloom in Long Island Sound were comparable to AEs from diatoms. The assimilation of all trace elements within the T. longicornis gut took longer (4–15 h) than the gut passage time of ingested food particles. The rate constant of metal uptake from the dissolved phase was highest for Ag, followed by Zn > Cd > Co > Se. Efflux rate constants for all trace elements ranged from 0.08 to 0.30 d−1, indicating that metals were regenerated at a very fast rate in these animals. Generally, the efflux rate of metals was higher following uptake from food than uptake from the dissolved phase. The retention half‐times of trace elements in copepod carcasses were 0.6–3.3 d. A bioenergetic‐based kinetic model was used to quantify the relative importance of metal uptake in copepods from different pathways. The model indicates that under conditions typically encountered by copepods in nature, >50% of Zn and >98% of Se in copepods are obtained from ingested food. For Ag, Cd, and Co, >50% accumulates from the dissolved phase. The relative importance of trace element uptake from the dissolved phase vs. particulate ingestion in the overall metal uptake depends greatly on the metal AE, the feeding rate of copepods, and the partition coefficient of metals in ingested food particles.


A novel jitter equalization circuit is presented that addresses crosstalk-induced jitter in high-speed communication links. A simplified model of electromagnetic coupling demonstrates the generation of crosstalk-induced jitter. This model suggests an equalizer that compensates for the data-induced electromagnetic coupling between adjacent links. Additionally, a data-dependent jitter equalizer that provides separate adjustments of rising and falling edge deviations is presented. The circuits are implemented using 130 nm MOSFETs and operate at 5-10Gb/s. The results demonstrate reduced deterministic jitter and lower bit-error rate. At 10Gb/s, the crosstalk-induced jitter equalizer opens the eye at BER of 10-12 from 17ps to 45ps


Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth : thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them : for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate Me ; and showing mercy unto thousands of them that love Me, and keep My commandments.


Spaceborne remote sensing of high-temperature volcanic features offers an excellent opportunity to monitor the onset and development of new eruptive activity. To provide a basis for real-time response during eruptive events, we designed and developed the volcano monitoring system that we call HOTSAT. This multiplatform system can elaborate both Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) data, and it is here applied to the monitoring of the Etna volcano. The main advantage of this approach is that the different features of both of these sensors can be used. It can be refreshed every 15 min due to the high frequency of the SEVIRI acquisition, and it can detect smaller and/or less intense thermal anomalies through the MODIS data. The system consists of data preprocessing, detection of volcano hotspots, and radiative power estimation. To locate thermal anomalies, a new contextual algorithm is introduced that takes advantage of both the spectral and spatial comparison methods. The derivation of the radiative power is carried out at all 'hot' pixels using the middle infrared radiance technique. The whole processing chain was tested during the 2008 Etna eruption. The results show the robustness of the system after it detected the lava fountain that occurred on May 10 through the SEVIRI data, and the very beginning of the eruption on May 13 through the MODIS data analysis.


The unrest in Ferguson, Missouri brought about many points of contention that evolved into a collective, dualistic mindset: an "us-versus-them mentality" that set community members at odds with each other. A notable instance of divisiveness was the desecration of the American flag by some demonstrators, the merit of which is hotly debated. Some see the desecration of the flag as a powerful means of protest, a literal destruction of a perceived symbol of institutional oppression. Others see it as the ultimate insult to our nation and our nation's service members who volunteer to uphold the very foundations that protect demonstrators. In the months following the unrest, the demonstrations made their way onto the campus of Saint Louis University, a Jesuit institution in St. Louis, Missouri, organizing the Occupy SLU movement. In the aftermath of this movement, researchers asked students to share their experiences. This research has its origins in that study, focused upon the student experiences on and near campus. This paper provides a brief overview of the historical foundations of flag desecration and evaluates the perceptions of students concerning the use of flag desecration as a tactic during the Occupy SLU movement. Occupy SLU


As stated in Aitchison (1986), a proper study of relative variation in a compositional data set should be based on logratios, and dealing with logratios excludes dealing with zeros. Nevertheless, it is clear that zero observations might be present in real data sets, either because the corresponding part is completely
absent –essential zeros– or because it is below detection limit –rounded zeros. Because the second kind of zeros is usually understood as "a trace too small to measure", it seems reasonable to replace them by a suitable small value, and this has been the traditional approach. As stated, e.g. by Tauber (1999) and by
Martin-Fernandez, Barcelo-Vidal, and Pawlowsky-Glahn (2000), the principal problem in compositional data analysis is related to rounded zeros. One should be careful to use a replacement strategy that does not seriously distort the general structure of the data. In particular, the covariance structure of the involved
parts –and thus the metric properties– should be preserved, as otherwise further analysis on subpopulations could be misleading. Following this point of view, a non-parametric imputation method is
introduced in Martin-Fernandez, Barcelo-Vidal, and Pawlowsky-Glahn (2000). This method is analyzed in depth by Martin-Fernandez, Barcelo-Vidal, and Pawlowsky-Glahn (2003) where it is shown that the
theoretical drawbacks of the additive zero replacement method proposed in Aitchison (1986) can be overcome using a new multiplicative approach on the non-zero parts of a composition. The new approach
has reasonable properties from a compositional point of view. In particular, it is "natural" in the sense that
it recovers the "true" composition if replacement values are identical to the missing values, and it is coherent with the basic operations on the simplex. This coherence implies that the covariance structure of subcompositions with no zeros is preserved. As a generalization of the multiplicative replacement, in the
same paper a substitution method for missing values on compositional data sets is introduced


We propose a multiscale model for tumor cell migration in a tissue network. The system of equations involves a structured population model for the tumor cell density, which besides time and
position depends on a further variable characterizing the cellular state with respect to the amount
of receptors bound to soluble and insoluble ligands. Moreover, this equation features pH-taxis and
adhesion, along with an integral term describing proliferation conditioned by receptor binding. The
interaction of tumor cells with their surroundings calls for two more equations for the evolution of
tissue fibers and acidity (expressed via concentration of extracellular protons), respectively. The
resulting ODE-PDE system is highly nonlinear. We prove the global existence of a solution and
perform numerical simulations to illustrate its behavior, paying particular attention to the influence
of the supplementary structure and of the adhesion.


The research presented in this report was performed in order to compile and better understand the total costs of some commonplace drinking water pipeline condition assessment and renewal engineering methodologies and technologies in the U.S. An extensive literature review was performed, covering all pertinent sources from the body of knowledge. Additionally, detailed case studies describing utility drinking water pipeline condition assessment and renewal engineering project costs were created using information data mined directly from participating utilities.

The information gathered through literature review and through data mining was compiled and synthesized, resulting in the presentation of conclusions regarding the financial, social, and environmental costs of condition assessment and renewal engineering of domestic drinking water pipelines, recommendations for further research and industry needs, and a description of trends found. Trends in costs as driven by pipeline diameter, project length, and supplemental direct costs were summarized, social and environmental cost issues were discussed, and the gaps between current cost data capture practices and future needs were presented.

Furthermore, this report proposes a standard data structure for utilities to use for cost reporting purposes when performing condition assessment and renewal engineering work on drinking water pipelines. The collection of the information presented in the proposed standard data structure for utility reporting would provide the data needed to greatly improve utility cost estimating processes and to more easily direct research toward industry needs. The standard data structure was utilized to gather the desired cost data as a pilot; once data is gathered using the standard method and structure, robust cost trend analyses can be performed.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series .

ISBN: 9781780405629 (eBook)


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the leading imaging modalities because of the combination of convenient non-invasive application, high spatial resolution, and tomographic capability. MRI is not as sensitive as other techniques, and gadolinium (Gd(III)) based contrast agents must be added to increase the spatial resolution. Recent studies demonstrated that Gd(III) based contrast agents are not completely released from the body after treatment, which can cause damage, especially in renal impaired patients such as the nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) due to the toxicity of free Gd(III). In this context, we synthesize gadolinium-free macromolecular contrast agents, PU-ORCAs (polyurethane based organic contrast agents) containing nitroxides for MRI. Nitroxides are stable, organic, free radicals with a single unpaired electron, showing a potential for MRI applications. First, we successfully synthesize an MRI active novel diol monomer containing a nitroxide. Afterwards we copolymerize the nitroxide containing diol with polyethylene glycol end-capped diol and hexamethylene diisocyanate in the presence of the diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) catalyst to prepare the macromolecular polyurethane based contrast agents. The ability of these amphiphilic polyurethanes to self-assemble in water is demonstrated. In addition, we show that PU-ORCAs are able to increase the water proton relaxivity (r1) and (r2), at 1.5 T, up to 0.66 and 0.98 mM−1 s−1 respectively. Phantom studies confirm that in the presence of low PU-ORCA concentrations (3.3 mM) there is a significant contrast enhancement, especially in the T1-imaging modality. In addition, r2/r1 = 1.3 value is close to 1 in human serum.


The objective of this paper is to compare the average annual and total cost of obtaining a university degree in three different universities: an Open and Distance Learning university serving lifelong learning purposes and two conventional universities in Greece. Our findings show substantial differences in average annual costs (per student) among these three universities with the Open and Distance Learning University (Hellenic Open University-HOU) having both the lowest annual average private and university cost. Consequently, HOU has the lowest average social cost. Moreover, comparing the total private cost for obtaining a university degree, the lowest cost is in the HOU despite its longer period of studies. This raises expectation to perspective students of HOU for higher rates of return after graduation. A similar pattern, also, holds for the social cost showing that HOU is socially cost effective. Clearly, our findings suggest that an Open and Distance Learning University that serves lifelong learning purposes is a cost effective investment in creating human capital privately and socially.


Background: Selenium has been shown to protect against liver necrosis. Selenium deficiency has been involved in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and C related hepatocellular damage.Serum selenium concentration in cirrhotics was found tobe low, supportive selenium administration may be beneficial for them.Reduced selenium levels result in accumulation of lipid peroxides which accelerate the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aim: To study serum selenium level in patients with chronic liver diseases and its relation with severity of theliver diseases. Patients and Methods: This case–control study was conducted on 100 subjects. The cases were 80 adult patients including chronic hepatitis C and B, liver cirrhosis and HCC.The study also included 20 healthy age and sex-matched subjects served as a control group. Clinical, laboratory and radiological data and blood samples were collected from all participants. Serum selenium concentration was measured and statistical analysis was done. Results: Selenium concentration was significantly lower in patients compared to healthy controls.Selenium levelwas found low in Chronic HBV, chronic HCV patients and lower incirrhotic group and the lowest in HCC group. Patients with advanced liver cirrhosis (Child B, C) had significantly lower selenium level compared to those with Child A. Conclusion: Selenium was lower in patients with chronic liver disease and its leveldecreases with the progression of liver disease. Patients with HCC had the lowest Selenium concentration that might correlate with the pathophysiology of HCC. Chronic hepatitis C and B, liver cirrhosis and HCC were independent predictors forSelenium deficiency.


Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) describes variations of North Atlantic sea surface temperature with a typical cycle of between 60 and 70 years. AMV strongly impacts local climate over North America and Europe, therefore prediction of AMV, especially the extreme values, is of great societal utility for understanding and responding to regional climate change. This work tests multiple machine learning models to improve the state of AMV prediction from maps of sea surface temperature, salinity, and sea level pressure in the North Atlantic region. We use data from the Community Earth System Model 1 Large Ensemble Project, a state-of-the-art climate model with 3,440 years of data. Our results demonstrate that all of the models we use outperform the traditional persistence forecast baseline. Predicting the AMV is important for identifying future extreme temperatures and precipitation, as well as hurricane activity, in Europe and North America up to 25 years in advance.


A novel class of monodisperse starburst molecules (T1–T3), which are comprised of a pyrene core, four short oligofluorene arms and cyanophenyl end-cappers, were designed and synthesized to explore the influence of electron-withdrawing moieties on their optoelectronic properties. The resulting materials demonstrated high fluorescence yields and excellent thermal stability with a high degradation temperature (Td) of over 400 °C. Non-doped electroluminescent devices with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/T1–T3/TPBI/LiF/Al exhibited highly efficient and stabilized blue electroluminescence (EL). Among all these solution-processed devices, T1 possessed the best performance with a maximum luminous efficiency (LE) of 3.52 cd A−1 at 25 mA cm−2 and a maximum brightness of 9194 cd m−2 at 10 V, resulting from the improved electron affinity due to the large content of electron-withdrawing cyanophenyl moieties in the starbursts. Notably, the net gain coefficients reached 46–55 cm−1. Moreover, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold value remained detectable upon thermal annealing temperatures up to 230 °C for T1 and 280 °C for T2–T3. 1D DFB lasing (50% fill factor, pumped source at 375 nm) was thus obtained, demonstrating a low lasing threshold. The results confirm that the incorporation of cyanophenyl moieties as end cappers can enhance the electrical properties of pyrene-centered starbursts without substantially sacrificing their great optical gain properties, which makes this series of materials very promising for electrically pumped organic lasers.


Many of the processes that influence initiation and development of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in lake ecosystems also affect the nature of phytoplankton population overturnߞhere referred to as the dynamics of succession ߞand species diversity. Consequently, the dynamics of succession and species diversity might reflect the lake's resistance to HABs. We explored this idea by developing a potential systemߚlevel tool based on the coupling of these two characters, where the dynamics of succession were quantified using a first derivative index, and tested it in a single lake plagued by recurrent blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa. Our analysis showed that if nonbloom periods were characteristic of either low succession dynamics or low species diversity, M. aeruginosa blooms followed. However, when succession dynamics and species diversity were both high for an extended period, a M. aeruginosa bloom did not follow. Should this relationship hold true in other lakes and when blooms are not as severe, a coupling of succession dynamics to species diversity might prove useful as a tool to evaluate M. aeruginosa population dynamics at the system level. Data at the species level were needed to elucidate this inverse relationship between M. aeruginosa bloom initiation and the dynamics of succession coupled to species diversity. When species data were grouped into coarse taxonomic categories (i.e., groups discernable using in vivo absorption spectra) the relationship was not detectable.


A team of leading American military historians here investigate the factors that shaped the United States Army in the nineteenth century. Throwing new light on its history, this deeply researched book explores a mulitplicity of themes. These include the social structure, command system and relationship with civil power which are all important in assessing its efficiency and behaviour in war; and the way the army is depicted in military literature and cinema which affects its social portrait. Deliberately exploring neglected themes, this key work includes discussion on: * the roles of the many volunteer colonels in the Mexican War, 1846-48 * Robert Wettemann and the alleged 'isolation' of the US Army in the nineteenth century * John Ford's famous 'cavalry trilogy' of motion pictures. Containing so much food for thought, for students of US history and military history this is an entertaining as well as instructional book.


We present our initial experiences integrating virtual reality (VR) 360° viewable images within a university medical imaging teaching session and some general transferable learning points for the successful delivery of VR content.

VR has the potential to offer students an immersive educational experience but is not without its limitations. Our initial experience using VR with small groups (n<7) and larger groups (n<35) highlighted several obstacles which needed to be overcome to be able to successfully use VR in teaching. We found that requiring students to use their own devices to view VR content during teaching sessions (downloading the media content and loading it into a suitable app for viewing) presented a variety of problems, with pilot studies only a limited students successfully engaged with the VR content. The problems faced by students were a result of device compatibility (such as software versions, sensor capability such as lack of accelerometers), storage limitations app and browser capabilities (eg, 360° video on YouTube is currently not supported by the Safari browser). The physical device size, button location and screen brightness caused issues when attempting to use some phones in consumer VR headsets. A diversity in student's digital fluency impacted on the level of student support required in the classroom to ensure engagement, and also made the activity highly labour intensive. The assumption …


This study deals with three varieties of white Vitis vinifera grapes (Macabeo, Xarel.lo, and Parellada) that are used in the production of Spanish sparkling wines. The purpose was to identify the analytical characteristics which could enable us to distinguish these three varieties, thus allowing differentiation according to vintage year (1990, 1991, 1992) or winery (A and B). In this respect, 18 must samples were identified through 75 analytical variables and submitted to analysis of variance and principal component analysis. Results show that 23 analytical variables were significantly different among varieties by analysis of variance. Principal component analysis showed that polyphenolic compounds such as S-glutathionyl-caftaric acid, epicatechin, trans -coumaric acid, trans -ferulic acid, trans coutaric/ trans -caftaric ratio, total caftaric, trans and cis caftaric, and coutaric acids as well as absorbance at 280 nm, 420 nm, and 520 nm, could allow the differentiation of musts according to variety, while volatile ( trans -2-hexenol, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl hexanoate) and amino acids (Gly and Tyr) components separated musts according to winery and vintage year, respectively.


TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions are the predominant molecular subtype of prostate cancer. Here, we explored the role of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion product using in vitro and in vivo model systems. Transgenic mice expressing the ERG gene fusion product under androgen-regulation develop mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), a precursor lesion of prostate cancer. Introduction of the ERG gene fusion product into primary or immortalized benign prostate epithelial cells induced an invasion-associated transcriptional program but did not increase cellular proliferation or anchorage-independent growth. These results suggest that TMPRSS2-ERG may not be sufficient for transformation in the absence of secondary molecular lesions. Transcriptional profiling of ERG knockdown in the TMPPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancer cell line VCaP revealed decreased expression of genes over-expressed in prostate cancer versus PIN and genes overexpressed in ETS-positive versus -negative prostate cancers in addition to inhibiting invasion. ERG knockdown in VCaP cells also induced a transcriptional program consistent with prostate differentiation. Importantly, VCaP cells and benign prostate cells overexpressing ERG directly engage components of the plasminogen activation pathway to mediate cellular invasion, potentially representing a downstream ETS target susceptible to therapeutic intervention. Our results support previous work suggesting that TMPRSS2-ERG fusions mediate invasion, consistent with the defining histologic distinction between PIN and prostate cancer.


Research has consistently shown that African American male students have lower grade point averages (GPAs) (McGuire, 2005), lower standardized test scores (Sims, 2012), lower class level placement (Noguera, 2005), have higher dropout rates (Schott Foundation for Public Education, 2010), and lower college graduation rates (Harper, 2012) on average compared to White students in particular. School engagement, or, how a student behaves in school (behavioral engagement), feels about school (emotional engagement), and thinks about school (cognitive engagement) (Fredericks et al., 2004), has been shown to have a significant impact on student outcomes. Decreased dropout rates (Finn & Rock, 1997), higher grades (Caraway, Tucker, Reinke, & Hall, 2003; Wang & Holcombe, 2010), and lower problem behaviors (Finn et al., 1995; Eccles & Barber, 1999) have all been linked to increased school engagement. When students perceive that their teachers, parents, and peers are supportive of them, school engagement increases (Garcia-Reed, Reed, & Peterson, 2005), grades increase (Rosenfeld, Richmond, & Bowen, 2000), as well as a host of other positive school related outcomes (Demaray & Malecki, 2002). However, connections between social support, school engagement, and student outcomes in African American male high school students are non-existent. The current study fills the identified gaps by uncovering how social support and school engagement relate to African American male high school students' grades. Additionally, this research project examines if behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive school engagement mediates the significant pathways from parent, teacher, and peer support to grades. Multiple regression analyses indicated that student GPA increases when students report increased behavioral engagement and GPA decreases when students report increased peer support. Additionally, when students report increased teacher support, emotional school engagement and behavioral school engagement are also likely to increase. Implications for the results of the current study and future directions are discussed.


As one of the most important production factors and one of the most urgent final products, energy has a special position in the growth and development of the country. This paper examines the causal relationship between Real GDP and energy consumption in various economic sectors including (household and commercial, industry, transportation and agriculture sectors) for Iran during 1967–2010 using the time series technique known as the Toda-Yamamoto method. Moreover, an error correction model is also estimated so that the results of these two methods are compared. We found a strong unidirectional causality from energy consumption in industry sector to real gross domestic product. Energy consumption in industry sector can observably promote the development of economy. Classification-JEL: O40; Q41 Keywords: energy consumption; real GDP; causality; Iran.


Committed, conservative Christians and Muslims are often characterised by a perceived sense of the absolute certainty of their beliefs. This certainty and the seemingly rigid nature of what they believe (including notions such as judgement and eternal punishment) often bring them into a degree of conflict and competition with other worldviews. This situation can make attempts at mutually stimulating engagement and co-existence outside of evangelisation or debate difficult. However, I will argue that this sense of certainty is primarily located in the implicit presuppositions beneath inherently fluid action and relationship language that can often be expressed through metaphors of movement and proximity. This article analyses such metaphors in testimonials produced by Muslim and Christian converts and argues that they exhibit varying patterns of emphasis. These include a focus on a relationship with God derived from the language of intimate human relationships in the Christian testimonials, as compared to a focus on a personal journey of research and reflection in the Muslim testimonials. I will conclude by arguing that an awareness of particular individual or community patterns of emphasis in the action and relationship language of conservative believers may help those outside these communities establish points of personal connection. These points of connection may in turn contribute to the possibility of successful, mutually stimulating co-existence.


While popular brands and unique capabilities help sustain a company9s competitive advantage, they cannot be built by imitation. Managers have been able to develop sustainable capabilities not by emulating others, but by using their organizational designs and processes to identify, build on, and leverage their "asymmetries"—their evolving unique experiences, contacts, or assets. Such asymmetries may occur even in the simplest organizations. Unfortunately, they frequently are concealed, of little apparent use, and unconnected to value creation. Thus they require new strategy making and organizational approaches for their discovery, development, and application. Based on lessons from a two-year study of a diverse sample of companies, this article shows how managers can grow capabilities that sustain competitive advantage by constantly identifying and growing asymmetries, embedding and empowering them within an organizational design, and shaping market focus to exploit them.


After the positive vibrations that the Arab Spring sent around Europe in 2011, today we are witnessing a reversal of that positive trend. The escalation of violence and insecurity in the region is sending shock waves across Europe and North America. Negative vibrations have been acutely felt in Europe, not only with the Charlie Hebdo events in Paris, but also in relation to the so-called foreign fighters question. Several thousand young people –mostly men but also women–, a tiny, albeit dramatically visible, part of the European Muslim community –some of whom are second-generation migrant youth of Muslim origin, while others are young converts– have joined ISIS forces in Syria to fight a jihadist war. My aim in this paper is to argue that, while the weaknesses and tensions of integration policies exist and may have intensified since the start of the new century, the seeds of minority Muslim youth recruitment in Europe has more to do with today's global-local connections rather than with failed integration.


Recent scholarship on penality describes profound changes in the ideology, discourses, and policies shaping criminal punishment in the late-twentieth-century United States. To assess the implications of these changes for those subject to criminal punishment, we examine the experiences of women in prison at two key points in the recent history of penality. We compare how imprisonment was practiced and responded to at the California Institution for Women in the early 1960s, when the rehabilitative model dominated official penal discourse, and in the mid-1990s, near the height of the "get tough" era. We find that the ways in which women related and responded to other prisoners, to staff, and to the prison regime, while in some ways specific to one or the other penal era, did not fundamentally change. Thus, penal regimes ostensibly informed by profoundly different rationalities nevertheless structured the daily lives of prisoners through a very similar set of deprivations, restrictions, and assumptions. Introduction Punishment changed in the United States in the last third of the twentieth century. The indicators of this change are welldocumented and widely agreed upon. Prison populations soared, correctional and rehabilitative goals were largely supplanted in official and popular discourse by concerns with public safety and victims' rights, penal policy became highly politicized, and public sentiment toward criminals hardened. As a consequence, criminal punishment touched the lives of more Americans than ever before in the 1990s, a decade characterized by "mass imprisonment" (Garland 2001), "hyper-incarceration" (Simon 2000), and a "macho penal economy" (Downes 2001). Commentators continue to debate the broader meanings and sources of these changes. For some they signal the rise of a postmodern or "new penology" rooted in neoliberalism and distinguished by "an abandonment of any pretext of benevolence" (Pratt 2000:133). Others see not an overarching, novel trend, but disparate efforts to recombine timeworn practices in the face of the disintegration of the welfare state (Garland 1995), or an incoherent and contradictory penality driven by New Right politics that favors both the innovative and the nostalgic (O'Malley 1999). Implicit in many of these analyses is the assumption that shifts in penal ideologies, discourses, and logics have consequences for prisoners' lives. Recently, Simon articulated this assumption when he asked, "[h]ow has inmate society changed under conditions where prisons' populations have experienced extraordinary growth and prison management has undergone a wholesale rearrangement of mission and ideology?" (2000:302). In this article, we address this question by examining the experiences of women in prison at two key points in the recent history of criminal punishment. We compare how imprisonment was practiced and responded to at the California Institution for Women (CIW) in the early 1960s, when the rehabilitative model dominated official penal discourse, and in the mid-1990s, near the height of the "get tough" era. The gendered maternal and therapeutic approaches that gave women's corrections a certain coherence and distinctiveness for much of the twentieth century contrast sharply with both the punitive, pessimistic penal ideologies of the 1990s and the move to standardize and systematize penal practices. Have the ways women manage their lives in prison changed as prisons have moved toward gender-equity and a "penality of cruelty" (Simon 2001)? Convicted offenders, as Garland has noted, "form the most immediate audience for the practical rhetoric of punishment, being directly implicated within its practices and being the ostensible target of its persuasive attempts" (1990:262). Our goal is to shed light on the extent to which changes in the official discourses, ideology, and practices of penality have altered how imprisonment was experienced by women offenders, one segment of this "most immediate audience. …


Abstract. The Chesapeake Bay is a large coastal-plain estuary that has experienced considerable anthropogenic change over the past century. At the regional scale, land-use change has doubled the nutrient input from rivers and led to an increase in riverine carbon and alkalinity. The bay has also experienced global changes, including the rise of atmospheric temperature and CO2. Here we seek to understand the relative impact of these changes on the inorganic carbon balance of the bay between the early 1900s and the early 2000s. We use a linked land–estuarine–ocean modeling system that includes both inorganic and organic carbon and nitrogen cycling. Sensitivity experiments are performed to isolate the effect of changes in (1) atmospheric CO2, (2) temperature, (3) riverine nitrogen loading and (4) riverine carbon and alkalinity loading. Specifically, we find that over the past century global changes have increased ingassing by roughly the same amount (∼30 Gg-C yr−1) as has the increased riverine loadings. While the former is due primarily to increases in atmospheric CO2, the latter results from increased net ecosystem production that enhances ingassing. Interestingly, these increases in ingassing are partially mitigated by increased temperatures and increased riverine carbon and alkalinity inputs, both of which enhance outgassing. Overall, the bay has evolved over the century to take up more atmospheric CO2 and produce more organic carbon. These results suggest that over the past century, changes in riverine nutrient loads have played an important role in altering coastal carbon budgets, but that ongoing global changes have also substantially affected coastal carbonate chemistry.


Large DNA viruses are a source of transport proteins with minimal structure and robust function. In the first part I characterized two new variants of the K+ channel Kcv. The two Kcvs, namely KcvSmith and KcvNext-to-Smith, have a monomer size of only 82 amino acids, but exhibit most of the hallmarks of K+ channel pores, i.e. two transmembrane domains (TMs), a pore region and a selectivity filter, with the conserved sequence TxxTxGYGD. The two channels differ in 11 amino acids with most of the differences in the outer and the inner TM. Both channels are fully functional with selectivity for K+; they also conduct Rb+ and NH4+, but no Na+ and Li+. The selectivity of the two channels differs, even though they have an identical filter region. Mutational studies revealed that an exchange of a single amino acid in the outer TM already changed in KcvNext-to-Smith the selectivity for K+ and Rb+ towards the selectivity of KcvSmith, implying a relevance of the outer TM for selectivity. The two channels are sensitive to Ba2+ and Cs+, but not to TEA or amantadine. Both channels are fully blocked by Ba2+ and the responsible binding site for Ba2+ in the filter region could be identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Most notable is the difference in the mode of Cs+ block. While KcvSmith was blocked is a moderate voltage-dependent manner, KcvNext-to-Smith showed an extremely steep block with complex kinetics. Again, mutational studies revealed the relevance and sensitivity of the amino acid composition in the outer TM for the block.

The second protein of interest is a putative K+ transporter encoded by virus Fr483. Analysis of the sequence revealed high similarity to plant potassium transporters including a conserved putative signature sequence; topology prediction algorithms revealed structural similarity with known K+ transporters. Yeast complementation assays and Rb+ uptake experiments have shown that the transporter protein is functional. Northern blot hybridization confirmed that the transporter gene is expressed during the infection cycle. The function of the protein is yet unclear. Overall, this is the first functional potassium transporter encoded by a virus.

In the third part, we made phylogenetic analyses together with the group of Prof. Hamacher (TU Darmstadt). The generated trees show that K+ channels from the alga Chlorella NC64A are most distantly related to channels of viruses, which infect it, thus, they were most likely not acquired from the hosts. By generating a consensus sequence of the viral channels we also found a bacterial protein, which has high sequence similarity to KcvATCV-1, but is probably not a K+ channel. Overall, it is not clear from were the chlorella viruses acquired their channel proteins, and it is possible that they are even the architects of these.


Contents: Preface. M. Perkins, An Emergentist Approach to Clinical Pragmatics. J. Guendouzi, N. Muller, Defining Trouble-Sources in Dementia: Repair Strategies and Conversational Satisfaction in Interactions With an Alzheimer's Patient. M.H. Southwood, Evidence for a Direct Orthography-to-Phonology Route in Reading. H.G. Simonsen, M. Lind, Past Tense Expression in a Norwegian Man With Broca's Aphasia. S. Stavrakaki, Sentence Comprehension in Greek SLI Children. K.M. Bjerkan, The Importance of Input Factors for the Acquisition of Past Tense Inflection: Evidence From Specifically Language Impaired Norwegian Children. C. Maillart, M-A. Schelstraete, Morphosyntactic Problems in Children With Specific Language Impairment: Grammatical SLI or Overload in Working Memory? K. Naucler, E. Magnusson, How Do Preschool Language Problems Affect Language Abilities in Adolescence? P. Schulz, Z. Penner, K. Wymann, Comprehension of Resultative Verbs in Normally Developing and Language Impaired German Children. G. Szagun, Learning the H(e)ard Way: The Acquisition of Grammar in Young German-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants and With Normal Hearing. M. Kim, Y. Jang, Acquisition of the Novel Name-Nameless Category (N3C) Principle by Young Korean Children With Down Syndrome. W. Ammar, Acquisition of Syllabic Structure in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. K.M. Yont, A.W. Miccio, L.E. Hewitt, Phonological Breakdowns in Children With Specific Language Impairment. L. Wei, Z. Hua, B. Dodd, Phonological Saliency and Phonological Acquisition by Putonghua Speaking Children: A Cross-Populational Study. S. McLeod, J. van Doorn, V.A. Reed, Typological Description of the Normal Acquisition of Consonant Clusters. E. Zaretsky, Effects of Oral Language on Sound Segmentation Skills: Crosslinguistic Evidence. R.T. Anderson, Onset Clusters and the Sonority Sequencing Principle in Spanish: A Treatment Efficacy Study. B. Heselwood, S. Howard, The Realization of English Liquids in Impaired Speech: A Perceptual and Instrumental Study. J.L. Locke, Vocal Development in the Human Infant: Functions and Phonetics. L. Nijland, B. Maassen, S. van der Meulen, Speech Motor Subprocesses in DAS Studied With a Bite-Block. J. Oxley, R. Daniloff, G. Schuckers, M.I. Stephens, Spectral Contrast Sensitivity of Lateralized /s/ Spectra Produced by High School Lateralizers. H. Miyakoda, Speech Errors in Japanese. D.G.H. James, J. van Doorn, S. McLeod, Segment Production in Mono-, Di- and Polysyllabic Words in Children Aged 3 0 to 7 11. F.E. Gibbon, Features of Impaired Tongue Control in Children With Phonological Disorder. H.M. Sussman, T.P. Marquardt, J. Doyle, H. Knapp, Phonemic Integrity and Contrastiveness in Developmental Apraxia of Speech. G. Scharf, H. Masur, Voice Onset Time in Normal Speakers of a German Dialect: Effects of Age, Gender and Verbal Material M. Yavas, Voice Onset Time Patterns in Bilingual Phonological Development. T. Bressmann, T. Whitehill, R. Sader, N. Samman, P. Hoole, Quantitative Aspects of Glossectomy Speech Production. P.A. Dagenais, A.F. Wilson, Acceptability and Intelligibility of Moderately Dysarthric Speech by Four Types of Listeners. M. Lind, The Use of Prosody in Interaction: Observations From a Case Study of a Norwegian Speaker With a Non-Fluent Type of Aphasia. S. Nittrouer, Learning to Apprehend Phonetic Structure From the Speech Signal: The Hows and Whys. T. Whitehill, J.C. Chun, Intelligibility and Acceptability in Speakers With Cleft Palate. S. Madureira, L. Barzaghi, B. Mendes, Voicing Contrasts and the Deaf: Production and Perception Issues. A.W. Miccio, K.M. Yont, H.L. Clemons, L. Vernon-Feagans, Otitis Media and the Acquisition of Consonants. S. Stajner-Katusic, D. Horga, S. Krapinec, The Voice of Polypoid Vocal Folds Before and After Surgery. S.N. Awan, C.L. Knych, Acoustic Characteristics of the Voice in Young Adult Smokers. M. Jaeger, M. Frohlich, I. Hertrich, H. Ackermann, P-W. Schonle, Perceptual, Acoustic and Electroglottographic Analyses of Dysphonia Subsequent to Traumatic Brain Injury. S.N. Awan, Automatic Estimation of Vocal Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio Using Cepstral Analysis.


This paper considers an early international publishing franchise, in which titles published in French by Gautier-Languereau for their children's Serie 15 were purchased by foreign publishing houses, translated, then marketed in Portugal, Spain and Italy. The books contain short stories (15 in each) that may originally have been intended for adult readers but have now been appropriated by literary editors for a juvenile audience, thus moving into the category of 'crossover' fiction. In some cases, the original story was published in English, translated into French, then re-translated from French into Portuguese or Spanish, hence the term 'double crossing'. This process raises a number of questions about the nature of intercultural transfer, children's responses – or responsiveness – to foreign literature, and the status accorded to children's literature in general. An examination of some of the Portuguese translations seems to corroborate Zohar Shavit's view (1999) that translators working with a supposedly minor or peripheral genre do not hesitate to modify or adapt their source text. While purists might wish to accuse the translator of committing an act of betrayal, as in the time-honoured adage traduttore, traditore, there is no evidence to suggest that the youthful readers of the Portuguese Serie 15 felt especially defrauded or cheated in their reading experience, a reaction which may bear out Paul Hazard's (1960) belief in a universal republic of children. Nowadays there is a great deal of theorising of children's literature, much of it by educationalists or 'mediadores', some from a feminist perspective, some from the perspective of translation and cultural studies. Scholars have made in-depth studies, written essays and monographs, contributed articles to encyclopaedias and histories of children's literature, and tackled a broad range of issues