This exploratory study seeks to examine the nature of a migrant Chinese network of personal relationships and business interactions, and their level of integration with the traditional Italian firms that are housed in Prato's industrial district. The specific goal is to understand how do the unique socio-economic entity which defines the quintessential Italian industrial district, and the business culture brought over by migrant Chinese entrepreneurs enmesh with each other. Responses directly collected from 50 Chinese entrepreneurs in Prato – that hosts the largest Chinese community in Italy – through a survey. Data analysis revealed that Chinese firms follow different paths than the Italian firms in Prato. Differences happen because of the strong influence of Chinese cultural heritage on entrepreneurial orientation, strategic decisions and know-how improvement.


Erectile dysfunction (ED) or male impotence is described as an inability to maintain penile erection primarily endothelial and neuronal dysfunction which is partly characterized by decreased production of nitric oxide (NO). Male impotence can be caused by androgen deficiency in aging men, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, spinal cord injury, high level of cholesterol, hypertension, prostate surgery, prostate and heart disease, penis anatomical deformity, social and psychological conditions as unhappy marital relationship, depression, and stress. Aphrodisiac is a drink or food that arouse sexuality. It can be categorized into three groups according to their action mode as follows: increase sexual pleasure substances, increase libido substances (arousal, sexual desire), and increase sexual potency (erection effectiveness). Various extracts of medicinal plants and orally active drugs such as vardenafil, sildenafil, and tadalafil are used to increase arterial blood flow for treating (ED) in southwest Asia. Hence, this paper review focuses on medicinal plants used as aphrodisiacs for scientific validation and management of erectile dysfunction (ED).


Modeling the world can benefit robot learning by providing a rich training signal for shaping an agent's latent state space. However, learning world models in unconstrained environments over high-dimensional observation spaces such as images is challenging. One source of difficulty is the presence of irrelevant but hard-to-model background distractions, and unimportant visual details of task-relevant entities. We address this issue by learning a recurrent latent dynamics model which contrastively predicts the next observation. This simple model leads to surprisingly robust robotic control even with simultaneous camera, background, and color distractions. We outperform alternatives such as bisimulation methods which impose state-similarity measures derived from divergence in future reward or future optimal actions. We obtain state-of-the-art results on the Distracting Control Suite, a challenging benchmark for pixel-based robotic control.


The title of this little assay coins three new words: Pre-Chelates, Post-Adducts and Implexes.
These, very daring new excursions into the scientific English language,
come from the developments of Quelamycin and Sodium L-Thioproline, through our
different group studies arriving to cancer reversal by a dual strategy. It is
enough to read all our published materials, cites and related papers, dealing
more or less with the chemistry and possible mechanism of action of these compounds,
to gather somewhat what signified our monomeric-triferric-doxorubicine, as possibly
one of the first Pre-Chelates and our Sodium L-Thioproline, probably as one of
the first Post-Adducts. Both molecules come to the human patients with cancer
blood from the exterior. After this indication, it will be proposed a seed
concept of a new type of molecules, the "Implexes" in which the metals will be
embraced instead of being linked.


Online allocation problems have been widely studied due to their numerous practical applications (particularly to Internet advertising), as well as considerable theoretical interest. The main challenge in such problems is making assignment decisions in the face of uncertainty about future input; effective algorithms need to predict which constraints are most likely to bind, and learn the balance between short-term gain and the value of long-term resource availability. In many important applications, the algorithm designer is faced with multiple objectives to optimize. In particular, in online advertising it is fairly common to optimize multiple metrics, such as clicks, conversions, and impressions, as well as other metrics which may be largely uncorrelated such as 'share of voice', and 'buyer surplus'. While there has been considerable work on multi-objective offline optimization (when the entire input is known in advance), very little is known about the online case, particularly in the case of adversarial input. In this paper, we give the first results for bi-objective online submodular optimization, providing almost matching upper and lower bounds for allocating items to agents with two submodular value functions. We also study practically relevant special cases of this problem related to Internet advertising, and obtain improved results. All our algorithms are nearly best possible, as well as being efficient and easy to implement in practice.


This document provides a framework for the operation and management of
Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPNs). This framework intends to
produce a coherent description of the significant technical issues
that are important in the design of L3VPN management solutions. The
selection of specific approaches, and making choices among information
models and protocols are outside the scope of this document. This memo
provides information for the Internet community.


Drs H M LEE, A L HINE, and P J SHORVON (Department of Radiology, Central Middlesex Hospital, London NW1O 7NS) write: Drs Richard M Darwood and Christine M Hall draw our attention to the exposure of children to ionising radiation (7 May, p 1277). As well as minimising the dose of radiation received by children, it is important to avoid fetal irradiation as much as possible. Ultrasound examination has eliminated the need for antenatal radiographic examination of the fetus. Prepartum pelvimetry, however, is still employed, especially in some cases of breech presentation. To reduce the radiation dose to the fetus during pelvimetry we now use a digital radiograph obtained as a "scout" film on our computerised tomography scanner. This is quicker and more comfortable for the patient than conventional pelvimetry and takes up very little scanner time. It results in approximately a tenfold reduction in radiation dose.'


The paper provides insights of significant practical relevance into the nature of empirical income distri-bution data, provided by World Bank (and by EU-SILC as well). The insight covers mature states and their economic and societal system. Proceeding from a Gini value .., as published by the World Bank, it is possible to derive, as close approximation, the actual income distribution, with standardised total income 1, and a mathematical representation. We call this the standard Lorenz curve $L_G$. $L_G$ is of type $L_G = 0.6 \cdot Pareto(\varepsilon) + 0.4\cdot Polynomial(\varepsilon)$, where $Pareto(\varepsilon)$ and $Polynomial(\varepsilon)$ are the Pareto and polynomial Lorenz curves for a parameter $\varepsilon$ with $\varepsilon=\frac{1-G}{1+G}$ and $G=\frac{1-\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}$. If the total income level of the considered distribution is known, then the distribution of absolute income can also be derived. If, in addition, one knows the number of income earners, then one also knows the distribution of the absolute income within a population. All together our summarizing statement is: "For mature economies, analysing World Bank and EU-SILC income data, there is essentially a cross-country and cross-year 1-1-1 correspondence between the GINI, the corresponding decile resp. quintile information and the respective standard Lorenz curve described above." Some interesting mathematics is involved to reach the main result. The insights obtained will hopefully enable economists and social scientists to further develop their work in the field of income inequality and associated social phenomena.


The kinetics of the dissolution of gold and silver colloids in ammoniacal thiosulfate solutions has been studied using oxygen, copper(II) or oxygenated copper(II) as oxidants at pH 9 - 11 and temperature 22oC to 48oC. The effects of the concentration of the main reagents such as copper(II), ammonia and thiosulfate as well as various background reagents have been investigated. Gold and silver colloids have characteristic absorption peaks at 530 nm and 620 nm respectively. Thus, the extent of gold or silver dissolution in different lixiviant systems was monitored using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. A comparison of the behaviour of gold colloids and powders has also been made. The beneficial or detrimental effects of silver colloid, and background reagents such as silver nitrate, and sodium salts of nitrate, carbonate, sulfite, sulfate, trithionate, tetrathionate anions have also been investigated.

Experimental results show that the relative rates and the extent of gold colloid dissolution at 25oC in different lixiviant systems in a given time interval are in the order: oxygen-cyanide > copper(II)-ammonia-thiosulfate ≈ oxygen-copper(II)- ammonia-thiosulfate > oxygen ammonia-thiosulfate ≥ oxygen-ammonia > copper(II) ammonia. The analysis of electrode potentials shows that Au(S2O3)23- is the predominant gold(I) species in the lixiviant solutions containing oxygen or copper(II) as oxidant and thiosulfate or mixed ammonia-thiosulfate as ligands. During the reaction of copper(II) with thiosulfate in ammoniacal solution without oxygen, the measured potential using a platinum electrode represent the redox couple Cu(NH3)n2+/Cu(S2O3)m1-2m (n = 4 or 3, m = 3 or 2) depending on the concentrations of thiosulfate and ammonia.

The initial dissolution rates of gold colloid by oxygen in copper-free solutions show a reaction order of 0.28 with respect to the concentration of dissolved oxygen, but independent of the concentration of ammonia and thiosulfate. The reaction activation energy of 25 kJ/mol in the temperature range 25°C to 48°C indicated a diffusion controlled reaction.

The initial dissolution rates of gold colloid by oxidation with copper(II) in oxygenfree solutions show reaction orders of 0.41, 0.49, 0.60, 0.15 and 0.20 with respect to the concentrations of copper(II), thiosulfate, ammonia, chloride and silver respectively. The presence of silve (I) or chloride ions enhances the rate of gold dissolution, indicating their involvement in the surface reaction, possibly by interfering with or preventing a passivating sulfur rich film on gold surface. An activation energy of 40-50 kJ/mol for the dissolution of gold by oxidation with copper(II) in the temperature range 22°C to 48°C suggests a mixed chemically/diffusion controlled reaction. The dissolution of gold by oxidation with copper(II) in oxygen-free solutions appears to be a result of the reaction between gold, thiosulfate ions and the mixed complex Cu(NH3)p(S2O3)0. The half order reactions support electrochemical mechanisms in some cases.

The initial dissolution rates of gold colloid, massive gold and gold-silver alloys by oxygenated copper(II) solutions also suggest a reaction that is first order with respect to copper(II) concentration. High oxygen concentration in solutions has a negative effect on the initial rate of gold dissolution and overall percentage of gold dissolution, indicating that oxygen affects the copper(II), copper(I) or sulfur species which in turn affects the gold dissolution. The surface reaction produces Au(NH3)(S2O3)- and Cu(NH3)p+. The mixed complexes Au(NH3)(S2O3)- and Cu(NH3)p+ re-equilibrate to the more stable complexes Au(S2O3)23- and Cu(S2O3)35- in solution.

The dissolution of gold powder by oxidation with copper(II) in oxygen-free solutions shows the same trends as that of gold colloid. The presence of silver(I) or chloride ions enhances the initial rate and percentage dissolution of gold colloid and powder. The dissolution kinetics of gold powder and colloid follow a shrinking sphere kinetic model in solutions of relatively low concentrations of thiosulfate and ammonia, with apparent rate constants being inversely proportional to particle radius.

The best system for dissolving gold based on the results of this work is the copper(II)-ammonia-thiosulfate solution in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, copper(II) 1.5-4.5 mM, thiosulfate 20-50 mM, ammonia 120-300 mM and pH 9.3-10 are the best conditions. The presences of carbonate and sulfite have a significant negative effect on the dissolution of gold. The presence of sodium trithionate shows a beneficial effect in the first two hours, while sodium tetrathionate or lead nitrate have a small negative effect and sodium nitrate showed no effect on the dissolution of gold. Silver nitrate and sodium chloride also show beneficial effects. In the presence of oxygen, copper(II) 2.0-3.0 mM, thiosulfate 50 mM, ammonia 240 mM and pH 9.3-9.5 are the best conditions.


In the face of dire forecasts of climate change and disappointing emissions abatement, some scientists and others are increasingly suggesting and researching intentional, large-scale interventions in natural systems in order to counteract climate change. These 'climate engineering' or 'geoengineering' proposals presently appear to hold the potential to significantly reduce the risks from climate change, but they also would pose environmental and social risks and would raise numerous legal questions, particularly at the international level. After introducing climate engineering, this chapter suggests why climate engineering is challenging for international environmental law and its scholars, describes briefly applicable international legal instruments and reviews the existing legal scholarship on the international environmental law of climate engineering, with particular attention to proposals for future international regulation. It closes with suggestions for future research.


Recent empirical scholarship that shows that judges decide cases in a manner that is consistent with their political biases has motivated a stream of proposals for reform, including judicial term limits, limitations on judicial review of statutes and agency actions, revision of the judicial appointments process, and mandatory mixed party representation on judicial panels. However, these proposals incorrectly assume that judicial bias is necessarily harmful, and do not fully consider the costs to other values even when reduction of judicial bias is justified. To evaluate proposals for reform, one needs a theory of judicial review, one that explains how bias and other characteristics of judicial behavior result in socially good or bad outcomes. This paper supplies such a theory, drawing on rational-choice accounts of the role of the judiciary in the legislative process. It argues that judicial bias is not harmful in a broad range of circumstances, and that the merits of the reform proposals depend on many factors, including, among others, the degree of supermajoritarianism of the legislative process, the magnitude of legislative bargaining costs, judicial competence, and the extent to which the judicial appointments process and party competition result in an ideologically diverse judiciary.


To the Editor. —Questions have been raised regarding the professional fate of psychiatrists who are trained at public expense in public institutions. Are these psychiatrists now primarily in private practice? 1,2 If psychiatrists are working in the public sector do they do so as an interim job while establishing a private practice, after which they leave public psychiatry? If this is so, patients in the public sector will not be treated by these psychiatrists who were trained for this purpose, and public funds will have been used to support private practice. A previous survey, 3 however, found that more than 80% of the Massachusetts Mental Health Center (MMHC) alumni who responded devoted half or more time to nonprivate practice psychiatry (public sector or private nonprofit). This present survey attempts an update and also extends the original report by examining patterns of professional practice five to ten years after completion of


How access to radio frequencies should be controlled and what different control structures might mean for the development of wireless communications has been the subject of intense debate. Legal scholars and economists have proposed radical reformation of the current regime of spectrum regulation, and such reform is being considered at both the FCC and in Congress. The next few years will be critical in shaping the wireless world to come. Despite the importance and timeliness of the debate over spectrum rights, the theoretical literature has not advanced beyond first principles. Many have written, in the tradition of Coase, in favor of exclusive property rights in spectrum. More recently, several scholars have countered that spectrum should be managed as a commons in which transmission rights are broadly shared, subject only to compliance with certain technical protocols. What has received little attention is the question of how spectrum disputes should be resolved the day after the revolution in spectrum management, whatever its character. Little consideration has been given to what legal structures and rules will be necessary, and to what extent even radical change in spectrum management will relieve decisionmakers of the public interest balancing the FCC undertakes today in distributing spectrum entitlements. I consider these questions by first developing a framework for understanding different kinds of interference disputes among wireless operators. Then, focusing on the possibility of fee simple ownership in spectrum, I apply the insights of Calabresi's and Melamed's Cathedral and follow-on literature to the resolution of these interference disputes. I conclude that a nuisance-like common law, as applied to spectrum, will require its own public interest standard. Like the FCC, decisionmakers will have to balance efficiency and fairness goals in the pursuit of a particular kind of communications environment. I show, moreover, that the development of liability standards and nuisance remedies will be difficult and costly. The costs and indeterminacy of dispute resolution could be reduced, however, with the development of a hybrid approach that combines the strengths of regulation and the common law. Such an approach might involve defining categorical nuisances in spectrum and establishing presumptions as to the appropriate entitlements in different kinds of interference disputes. The commons alternative to property rights will not eliminate all this complexity and uncertainty. In the wireless commons, as in the wireless subdivision, the resolution of interference disputes will require choices among various efficiency and fairness goals. Here too, judicious use of the regulatory function will be necessary to implement a mature legal structure for the telecosm to come. Whether a revolution in spectrum management is at hand or still far off, the administration of spectrum rights is changing. These changes should be undertaken with an eye to the private and common property rights of the future, and the efficient and fair resolution of spectrum disputes.


Theorists such as Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim have presented an 'individualisation thesis' which states that in our 'de-traditionalised', globalised world of late modernity, identities are now fluid and individual trajectories no longer fixed; as 'reflexive agents', we must choose from an array of lifestyles and assemble our own 'life projects'. This emphasis on active agency is reflected in constructions of welfare users in 'Third Way' and New Labour policy in the UK. Policy discourses depict welfare agents as aspirational and responsible decision-makers, simultaneously downplaying structural differences and presenting 'families' and 'communities' as consensual and motivated by shared interests. Sure Start, an area-based New Labour programme for families with young children can be seen as exemplifying many of these characteristics, and can be viewed also as a 'Third Way' initiative, reflecting in particular, a focus on a 'social investment' perspective. This thesis, based on a study of a Sure Start programme in the multi-ethnic area of Brambleton, considers the extent to which policy and theoretical assumptions about parental agency are reflected in constructions of mothers and professionals. The qualitative case study approach emphasises the contextualisation of findings in 'time' and 'place', in particular depicting Brambleton as a 'racialised space' through which understandings of 'need' and agency are constructed. It explores the social processes through which mothers are able to act in the family, the community and within the Sure Start programme. This is done using an epistemology which combines both constructivism and phenomenology and a theoretical framework that incorporates aspects of Bourdieu's 'theory of practice'. The methodology used includes a focus on the life stories of white and Pakistani mothers, interviews with professionals and a narrative approach to analysis.Research findings suggest that agency should be understood as shaped by identity within the family and through cultural practices. In addition and in a reflection of this, they point to the differential access to and impacts of Sure Start use for white and Pakistani-origin mothers in Brambleton in this period, highlighting the varied 'rationalities for action' that welfare users have. These findings have significant implications both for theoretical models of agency and for policy, in particular, suggesting that policy needs to incorporate a more nuanced understanding of human agency which prioritises a recognition of difference and constraint.


This paper argues that Samuelson's criticisms of Sraffa mainly concentrated on Sraffa's claim that the propositions of his book (Sraffa 1960) did not depend on the assumption of constant returns to scale. Garegnani's defence of Sraffa against Samuelson's criticisms remained ineffective because Garegnani's own interpretation of Sraffa's prices as classical 'centre of gravitation' or 'long term' prices requires constant returns to scale assumption. The paper goes on to critique Garegnani's interpretation of Sraffa and the classical economics to show that Garegnani's interpretation of Sraffa and the classical economics is highly problematic and that Samuelson's criticism of Sraffa does not hit the target because Sraffa's prices are not necessarily 'equilibrium' prices and therefore there is no need of returns to scale assumption in his theory.


Recent declines in honey bee colonies as well as in the diversity and abundance of native pollinators generated widespread concern about the future of pollination and set off a discussion about a general "pollination crisis". Partly, this is due to the functional importance of this ecosystem service not only for plant reproduction but above all for crop production and thus human welfare. Consequently, the matter gained particular attention in current research and a rising number of studies focus on the stability of plant-pollinator interactions in relation to biodiversity and ecosystem change.

My dissertation focuses on the mutualistic interactions between flowering plants and flower-visiting insects and their interactive response to land-use intensity as well as resource choice of flower-visitors in relation to pollen quality. The innovative approach of my project is to use quantitative interaction networks to provide knowledge on how species respond to land use and how their responses may influence their interaction partners. We show that information from ecological networks may help to predict natural community responses to disturbance and possible secondary extinctions in systems that undergo agricultural intensification, if the identity of each species' partners and relative interaction strengths are considered. This project presents large-scale investigations on the characteristics and fragility of multi-species networks in real landscapes. During two seasons we recorded the diversity, species composition and specialization of plant-pollinator networks along a gradient of increasing land-use intensity. The study was conducted within the framework of the Biodiversity Exploratories, which are located in the Schorfheide-Chorin (NE Germany), Hainich-Dun (Central Germany) and Schwabische Alb (SW Germany) regions. Each Exploratory contains 50 experimental grassland plots which comprise near natural, protected sites as well as intensively fertilized, mown or grazed meadows and pastures.

Comparing meadows of high and low land-use intensities we found that species richness of plants, bees and butterflies was significantly higher on low intensity meadows. However, in terms of Shannon diversity and abundance only butterflies responded negatively to land-use intensification (Chapter 2). Nevertheless, the analysis of plant and flower-visitor composition revealed crucial differences between grassland types with species overlaps of just 43 % in plants and 42 % in insects. This pointed to the fact that investigation of biodiversity and abundance alone may not detect biotic homogenization e.g. a loss in functional diversity. Moreover, resource impoverishment had stronger effects on the land-use response of highly specialized flower-visitor groups than on little or unspecialized ones.
We examined if mutual specialization could explain the accelerating parallel declines observed in plants and pollinators. Focusing on their stability, we analyzed 162 plant-pollinator networks from 119 meadows and pastures managed at different intensities. The fate of a flower visitor was predicted by the land-use response of its associated plant species and vice versa. Furthermore, we detected a disproportional impact of land-use intensification on the abundance of more specialized pollinator species (Chapter 3). Land-use intensification seems to set off losses in flower diversity, which leads to resource-mediated declines in pollinator species. While the mean land-use response of the pollinators visiting a plant species also influenced its abundance, this effect was weaker. Network analyses provide a valuable tool for characterizing mutualisms in a community context and may be used to predict community responses to disturbance and possible consequences of species loss.
To further illuminate which land-use practices most fundamentally influence plant-pollinator associations, we analyzed the isolated effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing intensity on plant – flower-visitor networks (Chapter 4). I found that these three components of land use strongly differed in their effects on the species richness and composition of flower-visitor networks. While increases of fertilization and mowing intensity in two out of three bioregions were accompanied by a decrease in plant species richness, concerning pollinator species richness, abundance and composition trends were even more conflictive between taxonomically different pollinator groups and between regions. Thus, the results showed that it is not possible to readily transfer results and management recommendations from one region to another. Yet, I found that across all three regions pollinator fate was determined by the average land-use response of the plant species they visited and vice versa (Chapter 4). Moreover, in pollinators – but not in plants – specialized species were disproportionately affected by land-use intensification.
Specialized pollinators such as oligolectic bees (bees that collect pollen only from one plant family or even just from one single species) are often expected to be more prone to disturbance and thus more vulnerable to ecosystem change. This is recognized as the cost of specialization and was reinforced by my results (Chapter 3 and 4). On the other hand it has frequently been proposed that benefits from resource specialization may outweigh the costs. In pollinators, benefits of specialization so far were presumed to result from higher foraging efficiency. Among the various adaptations is assumed specialization on very nutrient-rich pollen.
We therefore analyzed hand-collected pollen from 142 plant species for its quantitative and qualitative amino acid composition. The composition of amino acids varied strongly among plant species, but taxonomically related species had similar compositions. Surprisingly, the concentration of free- and protein-bound amino acids – also of the essential ones – was significantly lower in pollen sources used by oligolectic bees than in other pollen sources (Chapter 5). Moreover, pollen sources of oligoleges deviated more strongly from the ideal composition of essential amino acids as determined for honey bees than plants not hosting oligolectic bees. This leads to the assumption that competitive avoidance or in other words an advantage in terms of the available pollen quantity might have led to oligolectic bees being specialized on pollen that is deficient in amino acids. This hypothesis still needs to be tested in detail.

Several of the results presented in this thesis shed new light on patterns and processes within plant-pollinator interactions. We found that – contrary to the prevailing contemporary opinion – plant-pollinator networks are highly specialized systems in which the diversity of plants and pollinators is strongly related to each other.


Welcome to the DATE 07 Conference Proceedings. DATE combines the world's leading electronic systems design conference and Europe's leading international exhibition for electronic design, automation and test, from system level hardware and software implementation right down to integrated circuit design. The DATE 07 event features a technical program with 78 sessions covering the latest in system design and embedded software, IC design methodologies and EDA tool developments, together with an exhibition with the leading EDA, silicon and IP providers showing their new products and services. Challenges that you all face or soon will face in your daily practice are the increasing design complexity of highly integrated systems, the introduction of reconfigurability and embedded software, and the control of power, reliability and variability in nanometer IC designs. All these issues will be addressed in this year's DATE event.

At its tenth anniversary, DATE 07 has again reached a record number (933) of submissions, compared to previous years and compared to other EDA conferences worldwide. With submissions coming from all five continents and almost fifty countries, DATE has truly become an international conference. DATE is now the world's premier event in electronic system design. The submissions have been reviewed by the more than 600 members of the Technical Programme Committee. After a thorough review and selection process (with an average of 4.6 reviews per paper), finally 208 papers were selected for presentation at the conference. In addition, 57 papers were selected for Interactive Presentations, which highlight quality work in progress. Together with the invited special sessions (panels, embedded tutorials and hot topic sessions) this has resulted in a high-quality technical programme with 78 sessions covering the latest in system design and embedded software, IC design methodologies and EDA tool developments. One of the main strengths of the conference is a wide but high-quality coverage of design, design automation and test topics, from the system level (including PCB and FPGA) to the integrated circuit level. In addition, for the third year a special embedded software track is offered to allow for the increasing importance of software in embedded systems. Compared with previous years, submissions in design, test and embedded software have grown significantly, showing a clear trend toward a holistic view and a comprehensive system design focus. This year, papers are organized in 4 major areas:

• D -- Design Methods, Tools, Algorithms and Languages

• A -- Application's Design

• T -- Test Methods, Tools and Innovative Experiences

• E -- Embedded Software


Abstract : This report documents ideas and recommendations for improving the overall acquisition process and presents the actions taken by project managers in several programs to develop, staff, and obtain approval for their systems. This report contains information on the decision briefings and lessons learned, and describes issues encountered and the recommendations regarding the actual processes that were followed. Finally, this report includes checklists of required actions that will assist new and existing Program Management Offices (PMOs) as they prepare for milestone reviews.


I begin from the premise that research will always be affected by the subjectivity of the researcher, in the choice of research topic and in the interpretation of research findings. My study using Popular Theatre as a participatory, arts-based approach to exploring the risky experiences of youth was further informed by an autoethnographic investigation into my own experiences as a youth, an unearthing of my personal history through autobiographical writing and a (re)collection of artifacts from my youth. My arts-based methods adding a messiness to the research process and findings that reflects the complexity of the issues under investigation.


With few exceptions, scholarship on creativity has focused on its positive aspects while largely ignoring its dark side. This includes not only creativity deliberately aimed at hurting others, such as crime or terrorism, or at gaining unfair advantages but also the accidental negative side effects of well-intentioned acts. This book brings together essays written by experts from various fields (e.g., psychology, criminal justice, sociology, engineering, education, history, and design) and with different interests (e.g., personality development, mental health, deviant behavior, law enforcement, and counterterrorism) to illustrate the nature of negative creativity, examine its variants, call attention to its dangers, and draw conclusions about how to prevent it or protect society from its effects.


This background paper summarizes established and new science on the effects of nitrogen (N)
deposition on ecosystems and considers the potential for improved assessment of N deposition
impacts on Natura 2000 sites. The key aspects covered are N deposition effects on biodiversity and
on biogeochemistry, links to ecosystem services, the importance of N form, N deposition indicators,
management practices and ecosystem reversibility following decreased N input.
The paper shows that:
• Evidence of N impacts on different vegetation types in Europe exists, but that it is important
that it is translated meaningfully to the target habitats listed under the Habitats Directive.
Evidence for N deposition effects to important ecosystem services, such as carbon
sequestration, also exists but the cause and effect relationships underlying them are often
complex and not sufficiently understood.
• Chemical N form can influence both the rate of ecosystem change, and the extent of impacts
on the short and long-term. Evidence is presented for ammonia causing detrimental plant
physiological effects, probably on the majority of species, whilst ammonium and nitrate
effects will depend on plant species present.
• Plant species composition as well as plant biochemical parameters may be useful
bioindicators for assessment of N deposition effects in Natura 2000 sites, however
"baseline" data are mostly not available for rare species. Ecosystem specific indicators,
that are predictive of further damage, rather than a consequence of already existing adverse
effects (i.e., early warning indicators) are needed.
• Site level management practices can be useful to reduce the impact if N deposition but they
will certainly not be able to mitigate all the impacts of enhanced N deposition and enhances N concentration on Natura 2000 habitats. More knowledge is needed to better understand
where and if management intervention is appropriate to mitigate N effects.
• Studies on the reversibility of N impacts show that some ecosystem parameters may revert
quickly, while other components may show strong inertia. In some cases reversion to the
original state may however be impossible.
• Climatic factors interfere with ecosystem effects of N deposition. It is clear that climate
both can emphasize and mitigate effects of N deposition. Current climate and expected
climatic changes must be included in assessments and predictions of N deposition effects
on ecosystems.
The aim is to provide a broad picture of scientific advancement within the field of N deposition
research, and to provide a starting point for workshop discussions. Workshop discussions addressed
the relevance of new science in assessing N deposition impacts on Natura 2000 sites, and identified
when there is potential to make management adjustments to mitigate such effects.


Abstract Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, is a single-stranded RNA virus affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is known to be responsible for pancreas disease (PD) and sleeping disease (SD) which are increasing problems, causing high fish mortality and economic losses in the European aquaculture industry. Pancreas disease was first described in Atlantic salmon in Scotland in 1976 and a similar disease caused by the closely related sleeping disease virus was first described in rainbow trout in France. There have also been reports of salmonid alphavirus infections from other European countries, including Ireland, England, Norway, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Salmonid alphaviruses have been classified into six subtypes (SAV1–6). SAV1 and SAV4–6 cause pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon in Ireland or Scotland, SAV2 is the causative agent of sleeping disease in rainbow trout, and SAV3 has been detected in Atlantic salmon in Norway. The aim of this paper was to summarise current knowledge of infections caused by salmonid alphavirus and diagnostic methods including the newest techniques, and to briefly describe prevention from SAV infections by vaccination.


Objective To evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of pediatric cochlear implant recipients diagnosed with Usher syndrome (US). Study Design Retrospective study of consecutive pediatric cochlear implant recipients (1991–2010). Setting Tertiary care children's hospital. Patients Children who received a cochlear implant who were diagnosed with US either before or after implantation. Main Outcome Measures Electroretinography and ophthalmologic findings, cochlear anatomy based on preoperative imaging, age of independent ambulation, age at implantation, speech perception level, and communication method. Results Approximately 26 (3.7%) of 712 cochlear implant recipients were diagnosed with US based on the results of electroretinography and/or genetic testing. Preoperative imaging revealed no evidence of cochlear malformations. Average age of independent ambulation was 21.9 months (range, 12–30). Average age at implantation was 3.3 years (range, 6 mo to 11.6 yr). Mean follow-up after implantation was 7.8 years (range, 10 mo to 15.6 yr). Open-set speech perception was present in 92% of children, with use of a primarily oral communication mode in 69.2%. Conclusion In this large series of patients with the diagnosis of US who have undergone cochlear implantation, CT and MRI imaging were normal. Significant delay in independent ambulation was present in this population secondary to abnormal vestibular function associated with US Type I. A majority of children developed significant open-set speech perception and oral communication skills. Implantation of US children provides them with the opportunity to develop useful hearing and oral communication.


Mixed longitudinal data on the physical changes at puberty in 228 normal boys are presented together with normal standards for stages of genital and pubic hair development. The genitalia began to develop between the ages 9½ years and 13½ years in 95% of boys (mean = 11.6 ± 0.09) and reached maturity at ages varying between 13 and 17 (mean = 14.9 ± 1.10). The age at which pubic hair first appeared was not accurately determined, but its development through the later stages was studied. It reached the equivalent of an adult female distribution at a mean age of 15.2 ± 0.01 years. On average the genitalia reached the adult stage 3.0 years after they first began to develop; but some boys completed this development in as little as 1.8 years while others took as much as 4.7 years. Some boys complete the whole process in less time than others take to go from Stage G2 to Stage G3. The genitalia begin to develop before pubic hair is visible in photographs in practically all boys. The 41 boys in whom it could be studied reached their maximum rate of growth (peak height velocity) at a mean age of 14.1 ± 0.14 years. Very few boys (about 5%) reached peak height velocity before their genitalia were in Stage 4 and over 20% did not do so until their genitalia were adult. Peak height velocity is reached, on the average, nearly 2 years later in boys than in girls, but the boys' genitalia begin to develop only about 6 months later than the girls' breasts. Pubic hair appears about 1½ years later in boys than in girls.


PETER E. MCCULLOUGH. Sermons at Court. Politics and Religion in Elizabethan and Jacobean Preaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xv + 209, appendix, bibliography, index, diskette. $64.95. LORI ANNE FERRELL. Government by Polemic. James I, the King's Preachers, and the Rhetorics of Conformity, 1603-1625. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998. Pp. xiii + 176, endnotes, bibliography, index. $49.50. Sermons delivered at the courts of the Tudor and Stuart monarchs have never been entirely neglected sources. While court historians have been extraordinarily neglectful of the religious institutions and activities in royal courts, religious and political historians have occasionally plundered published court sermons for apt quotations, or reports of their contents in newsletters, in order either to explain what government policy was, or what the monarch might have been hearing. But these have generally been magpie raids, uninformed by even such basic information as how the court pulpits and chapels were stalled, or the circumstances in which sermons were delivered, and it has therefore been extremely difficult to identify the precise nature of their influence on court culture and national politics. In his excellent Sermons at Court, Peter McCullough sets out to rectify these deficiencies, and he succeeds brilliantly. The surviving records of the chapel royal are notoriously sparse and unhelpful. But through astute analysis of an enormous and imaginatively wide range of sources-letters, diaries, treasurers' and King's Works accounts, household ordinances, and surviving architectural fragments-combined with a remarkably imaginative visual sense and a keen eye for the implications of abstruse passing remarks, McCullough manages convincingly to reconstruct the elaborate physical and iconographical settings in which court sermons were delivered. This is an extraordinary feat of historical scholarship in its own right, but McCullough then uses his remarkable findings to throw floods of new light on the meaning, content and impact of sermons delivered in the royal chapels, which emerge as "one of the most important...political theatres in early modern England." Two lengthy chapters provide what are in essence religio-political histories of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I, but these are histories viewed from the newly-discovered angle of court religion, and the results are endlessly fascinating. Familiar events appear in new and surprising lights, supplemented by an often unfamiliar cast of characters and range of issues, and some remarkable new texts, while phrases suddenly leap out of familiar sermon texts imbued with new meaning and significance. Year by year, and even week by week, McCullough shows how court sermons both reflected but also fed into the changing ecclesiastical politics of the two monarchs. A broad series of changes emerge from this analysis. Where Elizabeth's reign was generally marked by a heterogeneity of preachers, sermons and messages (with many highly critical of the ecclesiastical status quo), by the later 1580s and 1590s the sermons were less controversial, and more forthright in their praise of a settled, disciplined church polity, reflecting the conservative reaction of those years. Under James, there were fewer channels open to aspirant court preachers, and clerical control was more complete, yet it was under the sermon-loving James that preaching became one of the dominant forms of court culture. McCullough paints a subtle and fascinating picture of how the Jacobean court pulpit provided a battle ground for those expounding very different forms of churchmanship-one emphasizing the importance of preaching, Calvinist doctrine and anti-Catholicism, the other urging the importance of sacraments and the institutional church, and deploring Puritanism and the contemporary obsession with preaching. There is a neat irony in the fact that Lancelot Andrewes deployed his consummate preaching skills in the newly prominent court pulpit in order to denigrate the significance that his opponents attached to preaching in comparison with the sacraments. …


In response to the threats posed by jihadist online propaganda, multiple countering violent extremism (CVE) campaigns were carried out with the goal of offering counter and alternative narratives able to contrast those of terrorist organizations. Although there is growing literature on the topic of how to build an effective CVE program, there is a lack of knowledge about how to evaluate a CVE online campaign. Drawing from recent research in the health domain and in the CVE field, I present a new evaluation approach that entails through a comparative analysis of multiple CVE campaigns and a qualitative inquiry focused on the case study #heartofdarkness (#hod). To achieve this, two combined methods were adopted: a revised version of the Message Sensation Value index used in antismoking campaigns analyses to measure the videos' appeal, and a set of focus groups aimed at collecting feedback on the videos' storytelling with a sample target of at-risk youths and expert stakeholders.


In this paper, we propose constructing confidence sets for a break date in cointegrating regressions by inverting a test for the break location, which is obtained by maximizing the weighted average of power. It is found that the limiting distribution of the test depends on the number of I(1) regressors whose coefficients sustain structural change and the number of I(1) regressors whose coefficients are fixed throughout the sample. By Monte Carlo simulations, we then show that compared with a confidence interval developed by using the existing method based on the limiting distribution of the break point estimator under the assumption of the shrinking shift, the confidence set proposed in the present paper has a more accurate coverage rate, while the length of the confidence set is comparable. By using the method developed in this paper, we then investigate the cointegrating regressions of Russian macroeconomic variables with oil prices with a break.


Abstract. Adaptive observation is an approach to improving the quality of numerical weather forecasts through the optimization of observing networks. It is sometimes referred to as Data Targeting (DT). This approach has been applied to high impact weather during specific field campaigns in the past decade. Adaptive observations may involve various types of observations, including either specific research observing platforms or routine observing platforms employed in an adaptive way. The North-Atlantic TReC 2003 and the EURORISK-PREVIEW 2008 exercises focused on the North-Atlantic and Western Europe areas using mainly routine observing systems. These campaigns also included Mediterranean cases. The most recent campaign, DTS-MEDEX-2009, is the first campaign in which the DT method has been used to address exclusively Mediterranean high impact weather events. In this campaign, which is an important stage in the MEDEX development, only operational radiosonde stations and commercial aircraft data (AMDAR) have provided additional observations. Although specific diagnostic studies are needed to assess the impact of the extra-observations on forecast skill and demonstrate the effectiveness of DTS-MEDEX-2009, some preliminary findings can be deduced from a survey of this targeting exercise. After a description of the data targeting system and some illustrations of particular cases, this paper attempts some comparisons of additional observation needs (through effectively deployed radio-soundings) with sensitivity climatologies in the Mediterranean. The first step towards a sensitivity climatology for Mediterranean cases of high impact weather is indirectly given by the frequency of extra-soundings launched from the network of radiosonde stations involved in the DTS-MEDEX-2009 campaign.


Sugarcane is commercially produced on 340,000 ha in the US and is valued at over $1 billion US annually. Cultural practices that improve sugarcane sustainability are needed to maintain yields in fields with degraded soils. Historically, leguminous rotation crops provided organic matter and biologically fixed nitrogen (N) for subsequent sugarcane crops. Currently, sugarcane is usually grown as a monoculture with only a short, 6-month fallow period. The objective of these field studies was to determine how growing cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) as cover crops during fallow affected the yield of subsequent sugarcane crops. A companion laboratory study investigated the decomposition rate of cover crops in soil at different temperatures. Cowpea and sunn hemp production produced 12.8 t/ha dry matter and 250 kg N/ha. Cowpea generally improved plant cane yields, but the effects of sunn hemp varied. However, neither cowpea nor sunn hemp reduced cane or sucrose yields consistently, and mineral N additions may have a role in mitigating yield gains or losses. Based on laboratory data, the average half-life for cowpea and sunn hemp would be 3 months. Overall, using legume cover crops should be viewed as an important component of sustainable sugarcane practices.


Only 7% of Canadian children achieve activity recommendations, contributing to obesity and preventable disease. The Heart Healthy Kids (H2K) program was designed to test the relationship between peer mentoring, physical activity, and cardiovascular fitness. Participants from 10 schools (5 control, 5 intervention) were enrolled in the program. In control schools, H2K included a physical activity challenge and education sessions. Intervention schools included the addition of a peer-mentoring component. Physical activity was measured through daily pedometer recording. Cardiovascular fitness was evaluated using the PACER (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) protocol to calculate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). Participants included 808 children (average age 9.9 ± 1.0 years). Although control and intervention schools did not differ at baseline, participants with peer mentoring logged significantly more steps per school day, on average, than those in control schools (6,785 ± 3,011 vs. 5,630 ± 2,586; p < .001). Male participants logged significantly more steps per school day than female participants. A significant improvement in VO2 max was also noted in intervention schools, with an average increase of 1.72 ml/mg/min. H2K was associated with positive change in physical activity and cardiovascular fitness, suggesting that peer mentoring shows promise for application in health promotion interventions.


Today's inquiry-based science classroom is continually academically challenging. This can be even more of a struggle for students identified with learning disabilities. All students, including those who receive special education services, are required to participate in the regular education science curriculum. In this study specific science strategy interventions were implemented over a six-week treatment period to support students with learning disabilities in the regular science education classroom. The data indicates that with appropriate content interventions, all students participated and engaged in the classroom environment with a greater confidence. In addition to academic engagement, most students saw an increase in their academic achievement in the regular education classroom. In conclusion, the treatment led to an increase in positive attitudes toward the science classroom and in content learning.


This article explains the single-search-based heuristics for multiobjective optimization. The most prominent heuristics of multiobjective simulated annealing, multiobjective tabu search, and Pareto local search are each explained with a detailed pseudocode and further summaries of algorithmic ideas. This is followed by a brief review of hybrid heuristics combining features of single search and population-based heuristics. The article ends with brief conclusions and suggestions for further reading.


Synthetic drug abuse has become an increasingly serious problem among adolescents in Macao, the world's largest gambling market and the only legal gambling place in China. To counteract this trend, a good understanding of the culturally relevant risk factors for this behavior is required. Based on social learning theory and opportunity perspective of deviance, logistic regression analysis was performed on a probability sample of 8,076 Macao students collected in 2014 to investigate whether delinquent peer association, recreational use of time with friends, attitudes toward drug use, and the availability of synthetic drugs are significant predictors of synthetic drug use among adolescents. The analyses revealed that students who had more drug-using peers, perceived drug use to be less harmful, and had easier access to synthetic drugs were more likely to use drugs. The findings indicate that preventing synthetic drug use among adolescents should target individual risk factors and the availability of drugs.


Alternaria blight disease, caused by Alternaria spp., damages severely to oil-producing species of Brassica spp. all over the world and reduces the quality and quantity of the oil. To determine the relationships between incidence ( I) and severity ( S) of Brassica blight disease, and making a model for predicting S based on I values, this research was performed on two genotypes of mustard (j-98-102/51-5 and Bard-1), two genotypes of turnip (Rainbow and Candle), three genotypes of canola �(Hayola401, Shiralee and RGS003) and genotype Select 4 (fourth generation of rapeseed-mustard cross) in agricultural research station of Gonbad, Iran as a completely randomized block design in three replications. Severity of disease in the specified time intervals was measured until the appearance of withdrawal symptoms. Results showed that the Allometric model (natural logarithm transformation of I and S) with about 66 % of R 2 had the best fitting for the collected data and therefore it was the best model to describe I-S relationships in Alternaria blight of Brassica spp. Based on the regression slope of Ln transformed values of I and S, the genotypes were classified in 3 groups. The first group includes Bard-1 genotype with high slope (1.48). Candle, Select4 and RGS003 were placed in the second group with moderate slope (1.25) and the third group was included genotypes Rainbow, Shiralee and J-98 with the least slope (1.15).


In the back-end assembly process, all of the packages will be tested prior to disposition to the customers in order to filter out any device with failure. For a reject unit with an unknown failure mechanism, it will be subjected to a comprehensive failure analysis (FA) to identify the root cause of the failure. Non-destructive verification, following by front-side decapsulation and internal physical inspection is the common way to visualise and identify the physical defect that usually causes the failure of a device during the back-end assembly process. For certain failures, visualization of the defect might not be straight forward after the decapsulation because the defect may be embedded or buried underneath a layer or wedge bond on the die. In this case, a more complicated FA analysis flow which comprises various precision techniques such as parallel lapping, hotspot localisation and focused-ion-beam (FIB) analyses will be needed to thin down the top layer/wedge bond for a precise localisation of the defect prior to precision analysis by FIB. However, the process to thin down the top layer/wedge bond with an exposed die of a partially decapsulated package is a tricky job as artefacts such as crack/scratches on die are likely to be introduced during the process of polishing. Also it is relatively difficult to control the thickness and levelling of the top layer/wedge bond during the thinning process. In this work, we developed a method that allows the analyst to re-cap the partially decapped package, and also to precisely measure and thin down the top layer to an accuracy of less than < 2um without the introduction of artefacts.


[T]he science of jurisprudence, the pride of the human intellect, which with all its defects, redundancies, and errors is the collected reason of ages, combining the principles of original justice with the infinite variety of human concerns . . . . I. Introduction: Transnational Jurisprudence and the Challenge to Comparative Constitutional Theory "[I]rrelevant are the practices of the 'world community,' whose notions of justice are (thankfully) not always those of our people."2 These words of Justice Antonin Scalia are hardly reassuring to those of us who study and write about some of these practices, believing perhaps that the justice and his colleagues might benefit in some small way from what we have learned from our travels and reflection. To be sure, the fact that Justice Scalia's sentiment was voiced in the course of questioning the appropriateness of another Justice's invocation of foreign experience suggests that there may actually be some judicial receptivity to comparative insights and findings. But that only begs the question of why there should be. The question came up again on the last day of the 2002 Supreme Court term when, in his opinion for the Court striking down a Texas homosexual sodomy statute, Justice Anthony Kennedy cited several decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in support of the majority's holding in the case.3 "The right the petitioners seek in this case has been accepted as an integral part of human freedom in many other countries."4 In response, Justice Scalia dismissed "[t]he Court's discussion of these foreign views" as "meaningless," but "[d]angerous dicta,"5 repeating the now familiar refrain that "this Court. . . should not impose foreign moods, fads, or fashions on Americans."6 Given the momentousness of the legal change wrought by the decision, this exchange received only a passing glance in the extensive commentary immediately following its announcement. It has since received more attention; Robert Bork, for example, has cited the references to foreign sources in Lawrence v. Texas (along with Grutter v. Bollinger)7 as episodes in an "absurd turn in our jurisprudence" that reflects the arrogance of power of the modern judiciary.8 "[E]ven Scalia at his gloomiest probably did not foresee [how a new Constitution] might be designed bit by bit from European, Asian, and African models."9 In a recent book, he connects this jurisprudential turn with one of his longstanding concerns, "the transnational culture war."10 Along similar lines, Ken Kersch discovered in the "seemingly benign references" to foreign sources "a vast and ongoing intellectual project," part of a "sophisticated effort to transform American constitutional law and its interpretation."" As a result, "[e]ventually, and possibly sooner than we think, the nature and path of American constitutional development will be radically altered."12 These reactions may very well exaggerate the influence of external sources in the outcomes of these cases, and arguably they overstate the broader jurisprudential significance of the infusion from abroad. They do, however, address an important issue concerning the role of constitutional theory in comparative law. The specific problem that concerns me is suggested in Justice Scalia's objection to the judicial deployment of comparative examples by the Court in overturning the controversial ruling in Bowers v. Hardwick.13 That case withheld the status of the fundamental right to consensual sexual relations between homosexuals (as well as others who perform acts of sodomy in their intimate associations) on the ground that the behavior in question was not "deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition."14 This provoked Justice Scalia to underscore the words "this Nation's" and to observe that the Bowers majority opinion, contrary to the implication in Justice Kennedy's opinion, had not relied on "values we share with a wider civilization."15 His own implication was that, in contrast with Lawrence, the strength of Bowers was evident in the local ingredients that went into its making. …


Scientific workflows have been used almost universally across scientific domains, and have underpinned some of the most significant discoveries of the past several decades. Many of these workflows have high computational, storage, and/or communication demands, and thus must execute on a wide range of large-scale platforms, from large clouds to upcoming exascale high-performance computing (HPC) platforms. These executions must be managed using some software infrastructure. Due to the popularity of workflows, workflow management systems (WMSs) have been developed to provide abstractions for creating and executing workflows conveniently, efficiently, and portably. While these efforts are all worthwhile, there are now hundreds of independent WMSs, many of which are moribund. As a result, the WMS landscape is segmented and presents significant barriers to entry due to the hundreds of seemingly comparable, yet incompatible, systems that exist. As a result, many teams, small and large, still elect to build their own custom workflow solution rather than adopt, or build upon, existing WMSs. This current state of the WMS landscape negatively impacts workflow users, developers, and researchers. The"Workflows Community Summit"was held online on January 13, 2021. The overarching goal of the summit was to develop a view of the state of the art and identify crucial research challenges in the workflow community. Prior to the summit, a survey sent to stakeholders in the workflow community (including both developers of WMSs and users of workflows) helped to identify key challenges in this community that were translated into 6 broad themes for the summit, each of them being the object of a focused discussion led by a volunteer member of the community. This report documents and organizes the wealth of information provided by the participants before, during, and after the summit.


KIC 9851944 is a short period (P = 2.16 days) eclipsing binary in the Kepler field of view. By combining the analysis of Kepler photometry and phase resolved spectra from Kitt Peak National Observatory and Lowell Observatory, we determine the atmospheric and physical parameters of both stars. The two components have very different radii (2.27R⊙, 3.19R⊙) but close masses (1.76M⊙, 1.79M⊙) and effective temperatures (7026K, 6902K), indicating different evolutionary stages. The hotter primary is still on the main sequence (MS), while the cooler and larger secondary star has evolved to post-MS, burning hydrogen in a shell. A comparison with coeval evolutionary models shows that it requires solar metallicity and a higher mass ratio to fit the radii and temperatures of both stars simultaneously. Both components show δ Scuti type pulsations which we interpret as p-modes and p and g mixed modes. After a close examination of the evolution of δ Scuti pulsational frequencies, we make a comparison of the observed frequencies with those calculated from MESA/GYRE. Subject headings: stars: binaries: spectroscopic − stars: binaries: eclipsing − stars: oscillations − stars: individual: KIC 9851944


Reliable and effective sensors for the accurate detection of hydrogen concentrations in air are essential for the safe operation of fuel cells, hydrogen fuelled systems (e.g. vehicles) and hydrogen production, distribution and storage facilities. The present paper describes the activity on-going at JRC for the establishment of a facility that can be used for testing and validating the performance of hydrogen sensors under a range of conditions representative of those to be encountered in service. Potential aspects to be investigated in relation to the sensors performances are the influence of temperature, humidity and pressure (simulating variations in altitude), the sensitivity to target gas and the crosssensitivity to other gases/vapors, the reaction and recovery time and the sensors' lifetime. The facility set up at JRC for the execution of these tests is described, including the program for its commissioning. The results of a preliminary test are presented and discussed as an example.


Named a Book of the Year by the Times Literary Supplement, this lavishly illustrated work explores the vibrant interaction among different and sometimes opposing cultures, and how their contacts with one another transformed them all. It chronicles the tumultuous history of Castile in the wake of the Christian capture of the Islamic city of Tulaytula, now Toledo, in the eleventh century and traces the development of Castilian culture as it was forged in the new intimacy of Christians with the Muslims and Jews they had overcome. The authors paint a portrait of the culture through its arts, architecture, poetry and prose, uniquely combining literary and visual arts. Concentrating on the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the book reveals the extent to which Castilian identity is deeply rooted in the experience of confrontation, interaction, and at times union with Hebrew and Arabic cultures during the first centuries of its creation. Abundantly illustrated, the volume serves as a splendid souvenir of southern Spain; beautifully written, it illuminates a culture deeply enriched by others.


We use data on 11,233 firms across 22 emerging markets to analyse how credit constraints and low-quality firm management inhibit corporate investment in green technologies. For identification, we exploit quasi-exogenous variation in local credit conditions and in exposure to weather shocks. Our results suggest that both financial frictions and managerial constraints slow down firm investment in more energy efficient and less polluting technologies. Complementary analysis of data from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) corroborates some of this evidence by revealing that in areas where banks deleveraged more after the global financial crisis, industrial facilities reduced their carbon emissions by less. On aggregate this kept local emissions 15% above the level they would have been in the absence of financial frictions.


Calculating so the functional as the structural relations between different cerebral areas and align those links to the personal differences in cognitive, behavioral and affective domains seems to be a crucial step for the understanding of human connectome [1]. As the resolution of the accurate brain imaging increases, the number of these links also increases, generating more complex networks, elevating the connectivity research to a big data problem. This alongside with the restricted computational resources indicates the urgent need for developing new models and new approaches in order to solve and visualize this big-data problem. Graph theory is widely used for mathematical modeling of complex networks. According to graph theory, a graph is defined as a pair between a set of vertices and a set of edges. Graphs can be described so by the existence of directionality in their edges (directed/undirected), as by their weight (weighted/unweighted-binary). As Although undirected binary graphs can be used to reduce the complexity of the networks, much of the information is lost due to arbitrary thresholding [2,3] leading to the disconnection syndrome [4], with negative implications so for the computation of several graph theoretical parameters as for the cohesion of the network [5], while there is also an introduction of several biases [6]. One way to reduce the complexity of the network overcoming the aforementioned biases [7] is by modeling our weighted graphs using Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) methodology. A MST is a loopless subgraph of the original graph connecting all nodes [8], and it can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the graph, because by it's definition it has n-1 edges, while the initial graph has n*(n-1)/2 edges. The goal of the MST is to minimize the cost (increase the weights) of the graph and preserve only the most important edges [9], and it is assumed to be the backbone of the initial graph. Another approach to reduce the complexity of the brain connectome, is by employing linear or non-linear dimension reduction techniques. One non-linear technique, called diffusion mapping [10], which has recently draw the attention of the neuroscientific community [11], is based on the principles of spectral graph theory. A typical example of the aligned mean diffusion map extracted by the resting state fMRI correlation networks (468 subjects) is depicted in Figure 1. Each node is colored according to it's connectivity profile, meaning that two nodes with the same color (red, green, blue, etc.) are connected similarly to the rest of the brain, while they are also strongly interconnected. On the other hand, as far the difference of two nodes in diffusion spectrum increases, the dissimilarity of these nodes also increases, and moreover the transition from one node to another becomes more difficult. Another important application of diffusion mapping is the visualization of functional connectivity in a much easier and more interpretable way. Indeed, a great challenge for neuroscientists today is to visualize connectivity networks incorporating so the functional as the anatomical information, and produce easily interpretable images. Currently the most common approach is the graph-like visualization overlaid in head/cortex. In this context, the nodes bear all the anatomical information by denoting a point in an anatomical space (e.g. MNI, IS 10/20, etc.), so the graph is aligned to head's/cortex's anatomy. Although this approach seems as a straightforward solution for the visualization of functional networks, it only works with a low number of edges. When the number of edges increases dramatically, this methodology will lead to the obfuscation of the underlying anatomical space [12]. Several other methods have been proposed so far for the illustration of human connectome [12], however still a lot of work should be done in order to visualize dense connectivity matrices. Concluding, we should again remark that as the neuroimaging resolution increases, and the human connectome becomes even more computationally demanding, either in terms of analysis or for visualization purposes, we need to pay more attention in dimensionality reduction techniques, so as to ensure that we maintain the greatest possible portion of the information hidden in our connectome.


Cyclin‐dependent kinases (cdks) are a family of proteins whose function plays a critical role in cell cycle traverse. Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) is a potent growth inhibitor of epithelial cells. Since cdks have been suggested as possible biochemical markers for TGF‐β growth inhibition, we investigated the effect of TGF‐β1 on cdc2 and cdk2 in a normal mouse mammary epithelial cell line (MME) and a TGF‐β‐resistant MME cell line (BG18.2). TGF‐β1 decreases newly synthesized cdc2 protein levels within 6 h after addition. Coincident with this decrease in newly synthesized cdc2 protein was a marked reduction in its ability to phosphorylate histone H1. This decrease in kinase activity is not due to a change in steady‐state levels of cdc2 protein, since mRNA and total protein levels of cdc2 are not reduced until 12 h after TGF‐β1 addition. This suggests that the kinase activity of cdc2 is dependent on newly synthesized cdc2 protien. Moreover, the protein synthesis of another cyclin‐dependent kinase, cdk2, is not effected by TGF‐β1 addition, but its kinase activity is substantially reduced. Thus, it appears that TGF‐β decreases the kinase activity of both cdc2 and cdk2 by distinct mechanisms.


Planners are expected to be ethical, advancing socially-responsible citizenship-based practices. They must also have a keen understanding of the implications of top-down policy decisions on communities. A Planner is a public servant. Public servants require a mastery of techniques for community engagement: involving a wide range of people in making decisions, an ability to work with the public and articulate planning issues to a wide variety of audiences, as well as the ability to function as a facilitator when community interests conflict. These skills call for a theoretical foundation in transformational leadership, but students will not learn transformational leadership unless the curriculum deliberately teaches and models it. This research considers the intersection of three major themes in the pedagogy of Planning: sustainable communities, transformational leadership, and community engagement. The intersection, a critical Planning pedagogy, should be a guiding principle of all Planning curricula. Although this is a case study, and its findings limited to one program, the framework can be explored as a means to examining transformational leadership as a means to advancing socially-responsible citizenship-based practices in Planning curricula.


This image was exhibited as part of a joint exhibition of photographic images around the theme of identity and forms part of my PhD research around 'expanded documentary' and transformative practice.


Disparities may exist between memory elements (such as knowledge and information) embedded in an organization's ERP package and related memory elements located in other organizational memory media. This paper presents the Systematic Analysis Method of Memory Mismatches (SAMMM). Three types of such disparities, called memory mismatches here, have been observed by applying SAMMM to the usage stage of ERP systems. Because SAMMM includes the analysis of causes of memory mismatches, it can be used as a starting point for improving ERP performance. Additional research may focus on the enhancement and application of SAMMM combined with coping methods.


Elizabeth Barrett Browning was a prolific writer and reviewer in the Victorian period, and in her lifetime, her reputation as a poet was at least as great as that of her husband, poet Robert Browning. Some of her poetry has been noted in recent years for strong feminist themes, but the poems for which Elizabeth Barrett Browning is undoubtedly best known are "Sonnets From The Portuguese". Written for Robert Browning, who had affectionately nicknamed her his "little Portuguese," the sequence is a celebration of marriage, and of one of the most famous romances of the nineteenth century. Recognised for their Victorian tradition and discipline, these are some of the most passionate and memorable love poems in the English language. There are forty-four poems in the collection, including the very beautiful sonnet, "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways."


Background: Tobacco use is a major contributor of morbidity and mortality globally, and currently increasing in Africa. There is a paucity of data in Africa and the efforts gained by various interventional programs have not been well quantified in Africa. Methods: WHO data repositories covering the period ranging from 1990 to 2016 together with other studies conducted in Africa on smoking and associated mortality were examined and analyzed both for comparison and for highlighting evidence necessary for guiding the on-going tobacco control efforts. Results: The burden of tobacco-related deaths in Africa increased from 150,000 reported deaths in 1990 to over 215,000 in 2016, representing about 70% increase in mortality. The highest number of deaths was recorded in Eastern Africa and the lowest was recorded in Central Africa. The prevalence of tobacco smoking is equally increasing, with the prevalence increasing from 9.8% in 2015 to 13.9% in 2016. Interpretation: Both the burden of tobacco-related deaths and smoking rates are increasing Africa. More investment is urgently needed to foster local preventive and therapeutic interventions with tailored and context-sensitive approaches.


Interaction between soil bulk density and low soil water content may create root growth-limiting soil strengths. In a Louisiana longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stand, soil strength at the zero- to 20.0-cm depth was assessed in response to no fire or biennial fires in May. At the 5.0- to 20.0-cm depth, one-half of the measurements were characterized by root growth-limiting soil strengths regardless of fire history. Where soil strengths were root growth limiting, pine fine root biomass was about 24 percent lower than where soil strengths were not root growth limiting. Correlation between soil strength and pine fine root biomass was only observed where samples were collected distal to the longleaf pine trees, where soil strengths were high, and where biennial fire was applied. Further research is needed to determine whether repeated fire interacts with the relationship between soil strength and longleaf pine root growth on the west Gulf Coastal Plain.


This talk presents some results relevant for lattice QCD at higher order in ChPT. First we discuss the finite volume corrections at two loops for the quark condensate as well as a Luscherlike finite volume formula for it. The latter allows for an alternative determination of meson sigma terms. The second set of results presented here are the calculations at two loops in partially quenched chiral perturbation theory of masses and decay constants of the charged mesons. We present results for all relevant quark mass combinations for the cases with two and three sea quarks.


OBJECTIVE
Comparison of health related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with other common chronic illnesses.

METHODS
Responses from self-administered Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires from 90 patients with SLE, recorded in the lupus database at the University of Chicago Hospital, were analyzed. Comparative norms and domain scores for patients with other chronic diseases [hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), adult onset diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, and depression] were used and are based on the general US population. T tests were used to make comparisons.

RESULTS
Patients with SLE were younger than patients with most reference chronic conditions except for depression. Their Physical Component Scores and Mental Component Scores were 30 +/- 10.5 and 45.1 +/- 11, respectively. SLE patients fared significantly worse than age matched norms from the general US population for women (p = 0.0001) in all 8 domains. Their quality of life was significantly worse than for those with hypertension, diabetes, or myocardial infarction in all domains (p < 0.004). Patients with CHF were no worse than those with SLE in regard to physical function, role-physical, role-emotional, and vitality. CHF patients fared significantly better in mental health, bodily pain, social functioning, and general health, compared to patients with SLE. Patients with depression were significantly impaired in role-emotional and mental health domains (p = 0.0001) compared to SLE patients, but were no worse (role-physical, vitality, and social functioning) and even better (physical function, bodily pain, and general health) in some. General health of SLE patients was significantly lower than all comparative groups.

CONCLUSION
HRQOL of patients with SLE seems to be significantly worse and affects all health domains at an earlier age in comparison to patients with some other common chronic diseases.


Industries and companies recognize that increasing efficiency of energy use and/or implementing alternative methods of production and operation with energy conservation/saving technologies may increase profit. Due to deregulation of the energy sector and the setting of targets such as the 20/20/20 in the EU, operators are now more exposed to short-term market conditions. On the other hand, they have gained the opportunity to play a more active role in securing long-term supply, managing demand, and hedging against risk while improving existing buildings' infrastructures. In the presence of deregulation and market uncertainties, there is a dilemma to choose an efficient technological portfolio in the short-term while pursuing long-term goals. The solution of this problem involves the so-called two-stage dynamic stochastic optimisation models with a rolling horizon. In this paper, a two-stage stochastic model is proposed, where some decisions (first-stage decisions) regarding investments in new energy technologies have to be taken before uncertainties are resolved, and some others (second-stage decisions) will be taken once values for uncertain parameters become known, thereby providing a trade-off between long- and short-term decisions. Investment planning and operational optimization decisions concern demand and supply sides of different energy types (electricity, heat, etc.). The demand side is affected by old and new equipment and activities including such end uses as electricity only, heating, cooling, cooking, new types of windows and buildings, and energy-saving technologies, etc. New activities may change peak loads, whereas accumulators may considerably smooth energy demand-supply processes. The proposed stochastic model is capable of dealing with short- and long-term horizons. In particular, the model avoids unrealistic "end-of-the-world" effects of dynamic deterministic models. The model is illustrated with examples from simulated and real test sites.


In this work we introduce and study tree-like tableaux, which are certain fillings of Ferrers diagrams in simple bijection with permutation tableaux and alternative tableaux. We exhibit an elementary insertion procedure on our tableaux which gives a clear proof that tableaux of size n are counted by n!, and which moreover respects most of the well-known statistics studied originally on alternative and permutation tableaux. Our insertion procedure allows to define in particular two simple new bijections between tree-like tableaux and permutations: the first one is conceived specifically to respect the generalized pattern 2-31, while the second one respects the underlying tree of a tree-like tableau.


— Techno-economic drivers are creating the conditions for a radical change of paradigm in the design and operation of future telecommunications infrastructures. In fact, SDN, NFV, Cloud and Edge-Fog Computing are converging together into a single systemic transformation termed "Softwarization" that will find concrete exploitations in 5G systems. The IEEE SDN Initiative 1 has elaborated a vision, an evolutionary path and some techno-economic scenarios of this transformation: specifically, the major technical challenges, business sustainability and policy issues have been investigated. This white paper presents: 1) an overview on the main techno-economic drivers steering the "Softwarization" of telecommunications; 2) an introduction to the Open Mobile Edge Cloud vision (covered in a companion white paper); 3) the main technical challenges in terms of operations, security and policy; 4) an analysis of the potential role of open source software; 5) some use case proposals for proof-of-concepts; and 6) a short description of the main socio-economic impacts being produced by "Softwarization". Along these directions, IEEE SDN is also developing of an open catalogue of software platforms, toolkits, and functionalities aiming at a step-by-step development and aggregation of test-beds/field-trials on SDN-NFV-5G. will prepare the ground for developing new ICT ecosystems, thereby improving the quality of life and facilitating the development of the new digital economy.


By law, federal judges must swear or affirm that they will "do equal right to the poor and to the rich." This frequently overlooked oath, which I call the "equal right principle," has historical roots dating back to the Bible and entered U.S. law in a statute passed by the First Congress. Today, the equal right principle is often understood to require only that judges faithfully apply other laws. But that reading, like the idea that the rich and poor are equally barred from sleeping under bridges, is questionable in light of the equal right principle's text, context, and history. This Article argues that the equal right principle supplies at least a plausible basis for federal judges to promote substantive economic equality when implementing underdetermined sources of law. There are many implications. For example, the equal right principle suggests that federal courts may legitimately limit the poor's disadvantages in the adjudicative and legislative processes by expanding counsel rights and interpreting statutes with an eye toward economically vulnerable groups. The equal right principle should also inform what qualifies as a compelling or legitimate governmental interest within campaign finance jurisprudence, as well as whether to implement "under-enforced" equal protection principles. More broadly, the equal right principle should play a more central role in constitutional culture. The United States is unusual in that its fundamental law is relatively silent on issues of economic equality. The equal right principle can fill that void by providing a platform for legal and public deliberation over issues of wealth inequality. Through judicial confirmation hearings and other forms of public contestation, the equal right principle can help to specify federal judges' legal and moral commitments toward the poor.


Epistemic internalism, by stressing the indispensability of the subject's perspective, strikes many as plausible at first blush. However, many people have tended to reject the position because certain kinds of beliefs have been thought to pose special problems for epistemic internalism. For example, internalists tend to hold that so long as a justifier is available to the subject either immediately or upon introspection, it can serve to justify beliefs. Many have thought it obvious that no such view can be correct, as it has been alleged that internalism cannot account for the possibility of the justification of beliefs stored in memory. My aim in this paper is to offer a response that explains how memory justification is possible in a way that is consistent with epistemic internalism and an awareness condition on justification. Specifically, I will explore the plausibility of various options open to internalists, including both foundationalist and non-foundationalist approaches to the structure of justification. I intend to show that despite other difficult challenges that epistemic internalism might face, memory belief poses no special problems that the resources of internalism cannot adequately address.


The IceCube Neutrino Observatory was designed primarily to search for high-energy (TeV-PeV) neutLrinos produced in distant astrophysical objects. A search for. greater than or similar to 100 TeV neutrinos interacting inside the instrumented volume has recently provided evidence for an isotropic flux of such neutrinos. At lower energies, IceCube collects large numbers of neutrinos from the weak decays of mesons in cosmic-ray air showers. Here we present the results of a search for neutrino interactions inside IceCube's instrumented volume between 1 TeV and 1 PeV in 641 days of data taken from 2010-2012, lowering the energy threshold for neutrinos from the southern sky below 10 TeV for the first time, far below the threshold of the previous high-energy analysis. Astrophysical neutrinos remain the dominant component in the southern sky down to a deposited energy of 10 TeV. From these data we derive new constraints on the diffuse astrophysical neutrino spectrum, Phi(v) = 2.06(-0.3)(+0.4) x 10(-18) (E-v = 10(5) GeV)-2.46 +/- 0.12GeV-1 cm(-2) sr(-1) s(-1) for 25 TeV < E-v < 1.4 PeV, as well as the strongest upper limit yet on the flux of neutrinos from charmed-meson decay in the atmosphere, 1.52 times the benchmark theoretical prediction used in previous IceCube results at 90% confidence.


The Chi-Chi earthquake that occurred in central west Taiwan is one of the most well-recorded large earthquakes in the world. Consequently, one should be able to reliably locate the point of nucleation from the impulsive onsets on short-period seismograms. But in fact, the hypocentral locations reported by various agencies are different. Our approach is to relocate the Chi-Chi mainshock with the most unambiguous arrival readings and a 3-D velocity structure using the Master Station (MS) method. In addition to the usage of a reasonable 3-D velocity model, the MS method is superior in two aspects: it is unaffected by the nonlinear nature of traditional earthquake locating process and does not have the trade-off problem between the focal depth and the assumed origin time. Our results indicate that the best solution of hypocenter always converges to 23.86+0.01°N, 120.81+0.01°E, and a depth of 10 km, no matter which initial conditions are adapted. This location is essentially the same as that later refined by CWB using a combined dataset of both arrivals on short-period seismograms and S-P time intervals measured from near-source strong-motion records. An important implication of our study is that reliable hypocenter can be derived using as few as 10 accurately determined arrival times from nearby method are used in the hypocenter determination. Thus, the performance of CWB RTD system, which is already the leading example of its kind, can be further improved in the near future.


"It has often been argued that new agricultural technologies lead to poverty reduction. This paper argues that any changes in poverty situation attributed to those who adopt new agricultural technology (treatment group) without a counterfactual comparison of carefully selected nonadopters (control group) are likely to be questionable. The paper estimates the effects of new agricultural technology on poverty reduction by employing the "double difference" method on data collected in rural Nigeria. Seeing the agricultural technology–poverty linkage through the lenses of adopters and nonadopters of such new technology provides understanding of the relationship between agricultural technology and poverty. The paper finds that differences in poverty status between adopters and nonadopters of new agricultural technologies (a combination of tube wells and pumps) introduced in rural Nigeria in the late 1980s and early 1990s are alarmingly modest. The paper concludes that new agricultural technology would not expressly lead to poverty reduction in poor countries. The exact channels through which new agricultural technology impact poverty outcomes need to be further explored." from authors' abstract


This paper focuses on estimating the effects of trade partner income and real trade-weighted exchange rates on US agricultural exports. For the period 1970-2003, a one percent annual increase in trade partners' income is found to increase total agricultural exports by about 1.6 percent while a one percent appreciation of the dollar relative to trade partner trade-weighted currencies decreases total agricultural exports by about 0.8 percent. We find these effects also carry over to 12 commodity subcategories, although the effects are conditioned by differences between bulk and high value commodities, and differences in the export demand from high compared to low income countries. We also find that the negative effect of exchange rate appreciation on exports often dominates the positive effect from income growth.


In Hitting the Brakes , Ann Johnson illuminates the complex social, historical, and cultural dynamics of engineering design, in which knowledge communities come together to produce new products and knowledge. Using the development of antilock braking systems for passenger cars as a case study, Johnson shows that the path to invention is neither linear nor top-down, but highly complicated and unpredictable. Individuals, corporations, university research centers, and government organizations informally coalesce around a design problem that is continually refined and redefined as paths of development are proposed and discarded, participants come and go, and information circulates within the knowledge community. Detours, dead ends, and failures feed back into the developmental process, so that the end design represents the convergence of multiple, diverse streams of knowledge.

The development of antilock braking systems (ABS) provides an ideal case study for examining the process of engineering design because it presented an array of common difficulties faced by engineers in research and development. ABS did not develop predictably. Research and development took place in both the public and private sectors and involved individuals working in different disciplines, languages, institutions, and corporations. Johnson traces ABS development from its first patents in the 1930s to the successful 1978 market introduction of integrated ABS by Daimler and Bosch. She examines how a knowledge community first formed around understanding the phenomenon of skidding, before it turned its attention to building instruments to measure, model, and prevent cars' wheels from locking up. While corporations' accounts of ABS development often present a simple linear story, Hitting the Brakes describes the full social and cognitive complexity and context of engineering design.


Whilst there is nothing new about rural school community linkages, the growth of school community partnerships in recent years represents a new phase in this symbiotic relationship: one that is formalised, and supported by government at the policy level. Partnerships are based on a collective, rather than individual or 'hero leader' view of leadershipa and are designed to facilitate collective learning and problem solving. They facilitate the integration of school and community resources, and are designed primarily to enhance student outcomes. School community partnerships also facilitate lifelong learning, but only passing attention has been paid to their impact on the broader capacity-building, or social capital outcomes in rural communities.

Using a qualitative approach, and a case study strategy of inquiry, this study explores the process of building school community partnerships, from the perspective of those involved in partnership development. Five effective school community partnerships were selected, using a purposive sampling strategy. Data were collected from multiple sources, including semi-structured interviews, researcher observation, written documentation, and community perception maps, and were used in the preparation of case studies of five different rural school community partnerships. Extensive cross-case analysis was then undertaken to enhance transferability of the findings.

The study found that effective partnerships are complex and long-term in nature. Viewing partnership development as a five-stage process through which social capital is built and used, it is the fourth stage, critical retlection, that is the key to partnership sustainability. This stage is not adequately recognised in research into partnership development. At this stage, partnership identity is affirmed as successes are recognised and celebrated, and the decision is taken to continue the partnership learning cycle. Thus, the social capital built over the earlier stages of partnership development is marshalled at the critical reflection stage, to facilitate further collaborative action.

Specific leadership roles are linked to the five-stage partnership development process. These roles are weighted towards facilitating the partnership (building social capital amongst partners). Roles are not based on formal leadership positions, and are shared amongst school and community members. Those who undertake specific leadership roles have relevant skills, knowledge and attributes, as well as a high level of commitment to the partnership. This is not to deny the critical role of formal school leaders (principals). They are keyholders to partnership and rural community development, with the ability to unlock access to social capital within and beyond the school and community.

If the community-wide benefits of school-community partnerships are to be maximised, there needs to be greater policy flexibility in terms of time and financial resources, to take into account the sequential and long-term nature of partnership development. Because partnerships require extensive resources, support, and commitment from both school and community, the study concludes with the call for greater integration between rural community development policy and rural education policy. This will facilitate sharing of resources and leadership training opportunities, as well as legitimise and more fully support the role of rural schools in community development.