Abstract Aleksandr Stepanovich Kuchin (1888–1912) was already an experienced mariner and oceanographer when Amundsen invited him to join the Fram expedition of 1910–12. Expecting a voyage through the Barents Sea, Kuchin found himself on an expedition to the Antarctic. While Amundsen's sledging parties sought the South Pole, Kuchin remained with the ship, completing an excellent oceanographic survey of the southern Atlantic Ocean. Returning to Russia in 1912 he was recruited, by the geologist and explorer V. A. Rusinov to join a scientific expedition to Svalbard. As deputy leader of the party and captain of Gerkules, the expedition ship, Kuchin played an important role in the Svalbard survey. Then once again found himself heading in an unexpected direction: on completing the Svalbard work, Rusanov decided to attempt the Northern Sea Route to the Bering Strait. Gerkules disappeared and was never seen again; her loss, presumably in the Kara Sea, brought to an untimely end the career of a promising young polar explorer.


Electronic levels and energies of a solid, such as Fermi level, vacuum level, work function, ionization energy or electron affinity, are of paramount importance for the control of device behavior, charge carrier injection and transport. These levels and quantities, however, depend sensitively on the structure and surface morphology and chemical composition of the solid. A small amount of contaminants on a metal surface, or a shift in molecular orientation at the surface of an organic semiconductor, can change work function and vacuum level position by a large fraction of an electron-volt, and significantly impact the electronic structure of interfaces. The goal of this brief focus article is to provide definitions of key concepts and review simple mechanisms that affect these fundamental quantities.


The main aim of this research paper was to investigate the role of listed property shares in a retirement fund portfolio in South Africa, one objective being to determine the appropriate weightings to be allocated to listed property shares. This research paper uses data collected from January 1995 to December 2004. The Elton and Gruber computer programme is used to test the data to give optimal weightings to the listed property sector and to produce an efficient frontier. The results of this research paper demonstrated the benefits offered by listed property shares and revealed that the sector should be treated as a separate asset class from equity owing to low correlation of returns between these two classes of assets. Results also demonstrated that an increase in the allocation to the listed property sector results in better investment performance over the study period.


Recently, there has been an increase in abundance of chemicals in the environment, especially from therapeutic usages. The effects of these deposited chemicals on the environment and human functions such as the endocrine system are of growing concern. A comparative study was conducted of the combined-effects of ethinyl estradiol and the progestin norgestrel commonly present in contraceptive tablets on the growth of flowering plants. The dicotyledon Vigna radiata (mung bean) and monocotyledon Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) were treated with progestin-estrogenic contraceptive tablets at 0.150%, 0.300%, 0.450%, 0.600% w/v using distilled water as a control over a period of 6 days. Morphological growth (percentage germination, embryonic and adventitious tissue proliferation, root length, and shoot length) was measured and chlorophyll concentrations were calculated using Arnon's equation for each group. Morphological growth was highest in V. radiata treated with the 0.150% solution and in T. aestivum treated with the 0.450% solution. Maximal inhibition of morphological growth was observed at 0.600% in V. radiata. Progestin-estrogenic contraceptive tablets enhanced morphological growth of T. aestivum at all experimental groups compared to the control. Calculated chlorophyll concentrations were higher than the control group at all experimental conditions for both the crop-plants. Maximum chlorophyll concentrations were also found in V. radiata and T. aestivum treated with 0.150% and 0.450% w/v solutions. While the impact of these chemicals on human health remains unclear, removing these chemicals from the environment is currently not cost-efficient and may either augment or diminish crop yields.


SUMMARY:  Two cases of spontaneous cholesterol embolism, which followed different clinical courses, acute and chronic renal failure, are presented and histopathological lesions are compared. Both cases were diagnosed as cholesterol embolism post‐mortem. Case 1 (a 66‐year‐old man) had acute onset of illness with fever, leucocytosis and renal failure, diagnosed as vasculitis, and died of rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Case 2 (an 84‐year‐old man) had eosinophilia of unknown aetiology for 7 years with intermittent worsening of renal function and died of sepsis. Case 1 had diffuse cholesterol crystal emboli in the interlobular arteries and arterioles of the kidney, but case 2 had patchy cholesterol emboli in the interlobular arteries of the kidney. The aorta of case 1 was diffusely ulcerated, which is in contrast to that of case 2, who had limited ulceration in thoracic aorta, which might have contributed to the long duration of illness. Immunohistochemically, the number of macrophages and T cells that infiltrated around cholesterol emboli in the arteries was more in case 1 (macrophages 27.7, T cells 36.1/mm2) than in case 2 (2.7, 1.38/mm2). Focal interstitial inflammation occurred in both cases. In case 1, marked tubulitis was observed. Case 2 had rather severe atrophy of the tubules and fibrotic interstitium where mast cells were rich (31.9/mm2). The number of B cells and eosinophils was few in case 2 (11.35, 0.7/mm2) compared with case 1 (101.9, 16.15/mm2). These results suggest that in acute lesions of renal cholesterol embolism, macrophages and T cells accumulate around cholesterol crystals and cause tubulointerstitial inflammatory lesions with other inflammatory cells. In chronic lesions, macrophages, T cells and mast cells are the major inflammatory cells present in the interstitium.


This review updates the existing knowledge suggesting a role for the D3 receptor in schizophrenia and drug addiction. The D3 receptor is expressed in brain regions controlling reward, emotions, and motivation. Antipsychotics bind in vitro to the D3 receptor with similar affinity as to the D2 receptor, and occupancy of D3 receptors in vivo by these compounds given acutely at clinical dosage have been demonstrated in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies. The D3 receptor modulates glutamatergic pathways from the prefrontal cortex to subcortical areas, either directly by interacting with N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the nucleus accumbens, or indirectly by controlling dopamine release from ventral tegmental area neurons. In animals, D3 receptor antagonists reverse behavioral manifestations of NMDA receptor blockade and improve cognitive performances in various paradigms. Two D3 receptor‐selective compounds have reached clinical trials in schizophrenia, with negative results seemingly due to insufficient target engagement; the results with a third compound, F17464, have not been disclosed yet. There is converging evidence that D3 receptors do not control the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse (with the exception of alcohol under low requirement), but rather affects the motivation to take the drugs under high requirement, reactivity to drug‐associated cues, and drug‐seeking behaviors triggered by stimuli associated with relapse in humans. D3 receptor expression measured by PET is upregulated in humans with various drug addictions. A single administration of the D3 receptor‐selective antagonist, GSK598809, in humans transiently alleviated craving in smokers after overnight abstinence. The clinical development of D3‐selective compounds will benefit from initial assessment of target engagement through the use of PET.


This study views the pervasive ambiguity of Chretien's romances as a positive quality and focuses on the techniques used in Yvain to encourage reflection. An adversative structure informs this romance, setting up a disconcerting rhythm of false belief and reversal which forces the reader/listener (like the hero) to question all that meets the eyes and ears. Grimbert's discussion ranges broadly and authoritatively over subjects from narrative omniscience and reliability ... to character, to rhetoric and the duplicity of language". Norris J. Lacy, French Review 63.2 (1989).


OBJECTIVE
The role of vitamin D in the etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia and non-specific musculoskeletal pain is controversial. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D therapy on quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seventy patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia and 65 age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study. Patients were grouped as deficient (<20 ng/mL), inadequate (20-30 ng/mL), and sufficient (>30 ng/mL) according to the levels of vitamin D. Vitamin D replacement was performed for patients with deficiencies and inadequacies. Before and after vitamin D therapy, patients filled in the assessment tools, fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ), Arizona sexual experience scale (ASEX), Beck depression inventory (BDI), visual analog scale (VAS), and short form-36 (SF-36).

RESULTS
Vitamin D deficiencies and inadequacies were observed in 60% of the patients (n=42). Among patients with low and normal levels of vitamin D, no statistically significant difference was observed in their values. In scales examined after vitamin D replacement therapy, statistically significant differences were observed in the FIQ, BDI, VAS, and SF-36 compared with pre-treatment.

CONCLUSION
Vitamin D deficiency seems to be linked to the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Vitamin D supplementation may improve the quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia.


Abstract Despite the considerable number of papers addressing knowledge management (KM) aspects in supply chains, many research issues in the area are still neglected. One of the main research gaps in this field concerns the maturity level of KM practices adoption by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper addresses this research gap by developing a framework to support the analysis of the maturity level of KM adoption in an SME context. The framework is applied in a multiple case study developed to investigate the extent to which SMEs operating in the food sector are deploying KM practices to support more sustainable initiatives. By relating KM maturity levels, perspectives and processes to sustainable practices concerning food waste and by-product synergies, the paper makes an original contribution to advance theory and practice in the area. The paper also points out potential barriers that companies face to implement sustainability-related KM practices.


Evolution of Geographical Thought-Majid Husain 2015-08-01 This book covers a wide canvas of the story of geographical thoughts, ideas, and knowledge, from the early Greek period to modern contemporary geography. Presenting an introduction to the philosophy, history, and methodology of geography, the book maps the intellectual changes in the discipline over the years. To keep students abreast with the recent trends in geography, along with its methodological problems, the book has been updated and revised, making it a comprehensive textbook on geographical thought. The main objective of the sixth edition is to incorporate a number of relevant new topics and concepts which will expand the geographical base of interested students about the philosophy and methodology of geography. The book is presented in a larger format with improved maps and illustrations. A new chapter introduces students to a contemporary sub-discipline of Feminist Geography. Also included is a comprehensive list of biographic notes on selected geographers. [Subject: Geography]


Heat stress becomes one of the most limiting factors to crop growth and yield. To investigate the impact of heat stress on physiological and biochemical responses in wheat cultivars, a pot experiment was conducted in the Depart- ment of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University in Mymensingh, during November 2016 to March 2017. The experiment was laid out in a two factorial CRD design with three replications. The factors were (i) four wheat cultivars (BARI GOM-25, BARI GOM-26, BARI GOM-27 and BARI GOM-28) and (ii) heat stress (control and heat). The heat stress (38/25 °C day/night) was imposed to the wheat plants for three days at early grain filling stage in a climate chamber. The control plants were remained in the field at around 20−25 °C. Heat stress declined the leaf greenness (SPAD), the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photosynthesis rate (A) and grain weight in all the cultivars in comparison to control. The leaf greenness (SPAD) and Fv/Fm were declined with the progress of heat stress treatment in all four cultivars. In both cases, lowest reduction was observed in BARI GOM-28 whereas, the highest reduction in SPAD and Fv/Fm were observed in BARI GOM-26 and BARI GOM-27, respectively. The percent reductions in photosynthesis and grain weight were significantly higher in BARI GOM-28 in comparison to other cultivars. Increased activities of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes were observed under heat stress in all four cultivars. Therefore, it may be concluded that the cultivar BARI GOM-28 showed more tolerance to heat stress than the other cultivars based on the measured physiological and biochemical traits.


Heterogeneous computational systems are becoming very popular nowadays. However, developing efficient parallel programs, that can exploit the potential parallelism of these systems, still remains difficult for most of application programmers. Program parallelization may require significant transformation of the original program. SAPFOR (System FOR Automated Parallelization) aims to simplify the development of parallel programs of scientific-technical calculations. It was designed to perform source-to-source transformation of a sequential program for execution on heterogeneous computational systems. This paper discusses the implementation of program analysis in SAPFOR. The presented approach relies on LLVM (Low Level Virtual Machine) capabilities to examine a program. SAPFOR explores the properties of low-level program representation to recognize related properties of the program in programming language. Some kind of IR-level transformations may be applied without any loss of analysis accuracy. Furthermore, these transformations allow us to increase the quality of program analysis.


A hemispherical acoustic resonator is described which was designed and constructed for the
measurement of the speed of sound in gases, at pressures up to 40 MPa and at temperatures in
the range from 300 K to 400 K. The hemispherical geometry retains many of the advantages
characteristic of the spherical geometry but affords a major advantage at high pressures
because one of the transducers may be placed at a position of maximum acoustic density for
the radial modes and so loss of signal strength is minimised. A detailed description is given
of the resonator and pressure vessel, the thermostat and the various measurement techniques
employed.
Characterisation of the resonator was achieved using a prototype equatorial plate for which
the sound source could be moved over the radius of the cavity. Using the prototype plate,
measurements performed in air at room temperature and pressure allowed the transducer
configuration to be optimised. Calibration of the resonator was possible by comparison of
the values of ula(pj) obtained isothermally in nitrogen with data obtained previously using a
spherical resonator. These measurements allowed the resonator's geometry to be
characteriseda nd the dependenceo f the radius on temperaturea nd pressuret o be modelled.
The semi-empirical model developed using the results of the calibration was tested using
measurements obtained in argon; results were obtained simultaneously from the
hemispherical resonator and a well-characterised spherical resonator.
Measurements on propene together with the results from nitrogen allowed the halfwidths to
be modelled and enabled useful information about the loss mechanisms occurring to be
extracted from the measured halfwidths. Tetrafluoromethane was subsequently studied and
the acoustic virial coefficients and vibrational relaxation times were measured and compared
with literature values.


A room-temperature pulsed operation was demonstrated using lateral current injection-type lasers composed of a 400-nm-thick GaInAsP core layer with compressively strained 5 quantum wells. A threshold current of 105 mA and corresponding density of 1.3 kA/cm(2) (260 A/cm(2) per well) were obtained with the stripe width of 5.4 microm and the cavity length of 1.47 mm. A fundamental transverse mode operation was obtained with the narrower stripe device of 2.0 microm and the cavity length of 805 microm, while the threshold current and corresponding density were 49 mA and 3.0 kA/cm(2), respectively.


This paper analyzes the status of attorneyship as one of the state-controlled legal professions. It should be noted that although the public recognizes the importance of lawyer's assistance, in the cultural context lawyer is one of the most ridiculed and criticized legal professions. Such assessment of attorneyship depends on the controversial nature of this legal profession, i.e. first, the lawyer uses his profession to earn income for himself, his family and his business; second, the lawyer is obliged to unconditionally pursue his client's interests to a widest extent possible; and third, the lawyer is one of those participating in the justice implementation and, as a result, is the subject to higher standards of behaviour, normally associated with both formal legal requirements and ethical requirements. The lawyer's personal interest is mostly in line with his commitment to act exclusively for the benefit of the client, because protection of the client's interests determines the lawyer's reputation and income. However, obligations of the lawyer, as the justice implementation participant, often force the lawyer to act otherwise than they would normally act in order to benefit their client. At this date, the controversial nature of attorneyship in Lithuania has yet not reached the level of doctrinal debate; therefore, it is difficult to assess what theoretical models could be considered appropriate when solving this problem. Such divergence leads to the demand that attorneyship would be controlled by external means. The general external control over attorneyship may be exercised by both lawyers' professional association (the judicial control over attorneyship in a particular case is not addressed in this article). The paper provides points proving that attorneyship is Lithuania's least state-controlled profession as compared to other similar professions, e.g. bailiff or notary. The Lithuanian Bar Association bears the primary responsibility for lawyers' ethical performance. After assessing the published data on the Lithuanian Bar Association activities, it can be stated that the control provided is insufficient, often identifying and responding to formal violations, such as non-payment of contributions and failure to submit the public liability insurance policy. There is no evidence that the Lithuanian Bar Association has a clear position concerning the lawyers' ethics and expresses it in such a way that no lawyer could question assessment of behaviour non-compliant with ethical principles. Even more questions arise in the light of the latest trends. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania asked the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling in determining whether in certain cases the lawyer, providing legal services to an individual, should be recognized as a business person, his client as a consumer, and the legal aid contract as a consumer contract. At the same time, a legal prerequisite for the lawyer advertising has been created in Lithuania, which had been strictly prohibited until recently. There are grounds for believing that the lawyer will be viewed more as a business person than as a person involved in the justice implementation process. As a result, the extent of ethical requirements to the lawyer may change.


Using Fontana et al.'s (2019) database, we analyze levels and trends in the global distribution of authorship in economics journals, disaggregating by country/region, quality of journal, and fields of specialization. We document striking imbalances. While Western and Northern European authors have made substantial gains, the representation of authors based in low-income countries remains extremely low -an order of magnitude lower than the weight of their countries or regions in the global economy. Developing country representation has risen fastest at journals rated 100th or lower, while it has barely increased in journals rated 25th or higher. Fields such as international or development where global diversification may have been expected have not experienced much increase in developing country authorship. These results are consistent with a general increase in the relative supply of research in the rest of the world. But they also indicate authors from developing countries remain excluded from the profession's top-rated journals. Jacob Greenspon Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 firstname.lastname@example.com Dani Rodrik John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University 79 J.F. Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER email@example.com


Beyond the unicast client/server model, Internet applications and services are currently exploiting new interaction and communication models such as peer-topeer and multicast. In this paper, we propose the definition and the validation through simulation of a multicast client/server model. The model is suitable for enabling real-time cooperative control sessions within a synchronous group of peers. In a cooperative control session each participant can affect the session global state by sending control commands to the server complex which provides the service (e.g., media streaming, web browsing, etc) requested by the group. The defined model is implemented as a high-level protocol in an objectoriented simulation framework in order to analyze the dynamics of a cooperative control session. For the simulation study, two representative topologies, namely star and chain topologies, are considered.


This book examines the early modern science of generation, which included the study of animal conception, heredity, and fetal development. Analyzing how it influenced the contemporary treatment of traditional philosophical questions, it also demonstrates how philosophical presuppositions about mechanism, substance, and cause informed the interpretations offered by those conducting empirical research on animal reproduction. Composed of cutting-edge essays written by an international team of leading scholars, the book offers a fresh perspective on some of the basic problems in early modern philosophy. It also considers how these basic problems manifested themselves within an area of scientific inquiry that has not previously received much consideration by historians of philosophy.


The article contains a detailed critique of the common currency arrangements of the Economic and Monetary Union, embodied in the laws and emerging procedural arrangements that govern the actions of its key institutions: the European Central Bank and the European System of Central Banks. The main message here is, 'Great idea, shame about the execution'. A number of improvements are then proposed. Some of these require amending the Treaty, including an end to the rule that each EMU member's national central bank has a seat on the Governing Council or the removal of the power of the Council of Ministers to give 'general orientations' for exchange rate policy. Others, notably in the areas of accountability, openness and transparency, could be implemented immediately, including publication of voting records, minutes and the inflation forecast. Improved arrangements are also advocated for the co‐ordination of monetary and fiscal policy. And the article calls for a European Parliament that can both bark and bite.


Why do state legislators vote the way they do? Which influence is predominant: ideology, party, or public opinion? The implementation votes surrounding the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides a unique setting to examine this question, as they make all three considerations highly salient. State roll call votes on ACA implementation were sometimes polarized and sometimes unexpectedly bipartisan. What accounts for the heterogeneity in individual legislator behavior on bills implementing the ACA at the state level? Using new data on legislator ideology and votes from 2011-2015, I show evidence that legislator ideology was by far the most important predictor of voting on implementation votes, far more so than legislator party or public opinion. Moreover, I show the influence of ideology is heterogenous by issue area and bill.


Earthquakes represent one of themost catastrophic natural events affectingmankind. At present, a universally accepted riskmitigation strategy for seismic events remains to be proposed.Most approaches are based on vibration isolation of structures rather than on the remote shielding of incomingwaves. In this work, we propose a novel approach to the problem and discuss the feasibility of a passive isolation strategy for seismic waves based on large-scalemechanicalmetamaterials, including for the first time numerical analysis of both surface and guidedwaves, soil dissipation effects, and adopting a full 3D simulations. The study focuses on realistic structures that can be effective in frequency ranges of interest for seismic waves, and optimal design criteria are provided, exploring differentmetamaterial configurations, combining phononic crystals and locally resonant structures and different ranges ofmechanical properties. Dispersion analysis and full-scale 3D transient wave transmission simulations are carried out onfinite size systems to assess the seismic wave amplitude attenuation in realistic conditions. Results reveal that both surface and bulk seismic waves can be considerably attenuated,making this strategy viable for the protection of civil structures against seismic risk. The proposed remote shielding approach could open up new perspectives in the field of seismology and in related areas of low-frequency vibration damping or blast protection.


The most economically important plant pathogens in the genus Pseudoperonospora (family Peronosporaceae) are Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli, causal agents of downy mildew on cucurbits and hop, respectively. Recently, P. humuli was reduced to a taxonomic synonym of P. cubensis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data and morphological characteristics. Nomenclature has many practical implications for pathogen identification and regulatory considerations; therefore, further clarification of the genetic and pathogenic relatedness of these organisms is needed. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted considering two nuclear and three mitochondrial loci for 21 isolates of P. cubensis and 14 isolates of P. humuli, and all published ITS sequences of the pathogens in GenBank. There was a consistent separation of the majority of the P. humuli isolates and the P. cubensis isolates in nuclear, mitochondrial, and ITS phylogenetic analyses, with the exception of isolates of P. humuli from Humulus japonicus from Korea. The P. cubensis isolates appeared to contain the P. humuli cluster, which may indicate that P. humuli descended from P. cubensis. Host-specificity experiments were conducted with two reportedly universally susceptible hosts of P. cubensis and two hop cultivars highly susceptible to P. humuli. P. cubensis consistently infected the hop cultivars at very low rates, and sporangiophores invariably emerged from necrotic or chlorotic hypersensitive-like lesions. Only a single sporangiophore of P. humuli was observed on a cucurbit plant during the course of the studies. Together, molecular data and host specificity indicate that there are biologically relevant characteristics that differentiate P. cubensis and P. humuli that may be obfuscated if P. humuli were reduced to a taxonomic synonym of P. cubensis. Thus, we recommend retaining the two species names P. cubensis and P. humuli until the species boundaries can be resolved unambiguously.


Background: Scientific writings provide a link between production of knowledge and its use. They guide to plan for necessary improvements in treatment and prevention modalities. Inadequate and incomplete reporting of research studies weakens the medical literature. Aim: The aim of the study was bibliometric analysis of dissertations submitted by medical post-graduate (PGs) students. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional record based study carried out at one of the medical colleges at Pune. All the dissertations including observational studies submitted by PGs were analyzed using a pre-tested, structured assessment tool with strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) as the reference from 1 st March 2009 until 30 th March 2011. Data was compiled in excel sheet and it was imported into. SPSS 15 software (Statistical package for the social sciences, manufactured by IBM, Chicago Illinois in November 2006) for further analysis. Results: A total of 220 dissertations were analyzed in the present study. Nearly 73.18% (161/220) of dissertations were from clinical subjects, 15% (33/220) were from para-clinical and 11.8% (26/220) were from pre-clinical subjects. The majority of dissertations reported findings incompletely and inadequately without uniformity. Conclusion: PGs should be more vigilant in reporting their research in dissertations to increase their usefulness. They should adopt tools like STROBE, etc., to report data to create more uniformity in reporting. Adoption of such guidelines will also reduce chances of oversights and mistakes in reporting and dissertation writing.


Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurogenetic disease characterized by neonatal hypotonia, retarded mental and motor development, hypogonadism, hyperphagia, morbid obesity and dysmorphic facial features. It has an incidence of 1:12.000-15.000 newborns and is caused by abnormalities in genes located in 15q11q13. PWS is one of the most frequent genetic disorders and microdeletion syndromes. It is also the most common cause of obesity from genetic origin and it was the first disease in which imprinting and uniparental disomy were recognized as cause of genetic disorders. Seventy to seventy five percent of PWS cases are due to 15q11q13 deletions, 20-25% to uniparental disomy and 1% to mutations in the imprinting center. Aim: To analyze the clinical, genetic and molecular features of patients with PWS, seen at one institution. Patients and methods: Retrospective review of 45 patients (27 males) with PWS seen at the Genetics Outpatient Clinic at INTA. Results: Twenty three (51.1%) patients had a delection, 13 (28.9%) patients did not have a deletion. In nine patients, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was not performed, therefore the presence of deletion was unknown. The clinical score was 8 points for patients younger than 3 years (n=11) and 11.5 points for patients older than 3 years (n=34); for patients aged 12 months or less, the clinical score was 7 points. Mean clinical score was 11 points for patients with deletion and 10 points for patients without deletion. Conclusions: Most patients with PWS have a deletion; the phenotype depends on age and the clinical score is useful for Chilean patients with PWS (Rev Med Chile 2005; 133: 33-41).


We address the problem of spectrum pricing in a cognitive radio network where multiple primary service providers compete with each other to offer spectrum access opportunities to the secondary users. By using an equilibrium pricing scheme, each of the primary service providers aims to maximize its profit under quality of service (QoS) constraint for primary users. We formulate this situation as an oligopoly market consisting of a few firms and a consumer. The QoS degradation of the primary services is considered as the cost in offering spectrum access to the secondary users. For the secondary users, we adopt a utility function to obtain the demand function. With a Bertrand game model, we analyze the impacts of several system parameters such as spectrum substitutability and channel quality on the Nash equilibrium (i.e., equilibrium pricing adopted by the primary services). We present distributed algorithms to obtain the solution for this dynamic game. The stability of the proposed dynamic game algorithms in terms of convergence to the Nash equilibrium is studied. However, the Nash equilibrium is not efficient in the sense that the total profit of the primary service providers is not maximized. An optimal solution to gain the highest total profit can be obtained. A collusion can be established among the primary services so that they gain higher profit than that for the Nash equilibrium. However, since one or more of the primary service providers may deviate from the optimal solution, a punishment mechanism may be applied to the deviating primary service provider. A repeated game among primary service providers is formulated to show that the collusion can be maintained if all of the primary service providers are aware of this punishment mechanism, and therefore, properly weight their profits to be obtained in the future.


First-rate placement procedures are important for effective teaching and learning in any language program because they help create classes that are relatively homogeneous in terms of the language proficiency of the students. The main purpose of this study was to investigate how effectively and efficiently the current norm-referenced Japanese Placement Test (JPT) battery for the Japanese language program (three multiple-choice tests and essay test) at UHM separates the incoming students of Japanese into different course levels. The XCalibre computer software program (Assessment Systems, 1997) was used to estimate the discrimination, difficulty, and guessing parameters for each item on each multiple-choice test. Based on these IRT analyses, we were able to suggest that all three multiple-choice tests be reduced in length while maintaining the same, if not better, level of reliability. Additional analyses of the interrater reliability of the essay tests using the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula led us to suggest that the essay test might be made more efficient by using two raters instead of three. The pattern of correlation coefficients between the tests indicates a certain degree of convergent validity for all the tests in this study, especially the subscales within the essay test. At the same time, when factor analysis was applied, support for divergent validity was also found based on language skills and testing method. Japanese language placement p. 2


Large software systems require large test suites to achieve high coverage. Test suites often employ closed unit tests that are self-contained and have no input parameters. To achieve acceptable coverage with self-contained unit tests, developers often clone existing tests and reproduce both boilerplate and essential environment setup code as well as assertions. Existing technologies such as parametrized unit tests and theories could mitigate cloning in test suites. These technologies give developers new ways to express refactorings. However, they do not help detect refactorable clones in the first place, which requires tedious manual effort. This thesis proposes a novel technique, assertion fingerprints, for detecting clones based on the set of assertion/fail calls in test methods. Assertion fingerprints encode the control flow around the ordered set of assertions in methods. We have implemented clone set detection using assertion fingerprints and applied it to 10 test suites for open-source Java programs. We provide an empirical study and a qualitative analysis of our results. Assertion fingerprints enable the discovery of test clones that exhibit strong structural similarities and are amenable to refactoring. Our technique delivers an overall 75% true positive rate on our benchmarks and identifies 44% of the benchmark test methods as clones.


An extended structural defects which locally drastically reduces the carrier lifetime, has been observed in as-grown epilayers. A combination of back polishing, etching in molten KOH and optical microscopy revealed the geometrical structure of the stacking fault inside the epilayer. The fault started close to the epi-substrate interface, expanded initially rapidly but changed geometry after some time and reduced in size during further growth. The optical spectrum as well as the temperature dependence from this fault is identical to the emission from the single Shockley stacking faults previously only observed and formed in the bipolar diodes during forward voltage operation.


Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with complementary DNA encoding the RIIA sodium channel alpha subunit from rat brain led to expression of functional sodium channels with the rapid, voltage-dependent activation and inactivation characteristic of sodium channels in brain neurons. The sodium currents mediated by these transfected channels were inhibited by tetrodotoxin, persistently activated by veratridine, and prolonged by Leiurus alpha-scorpion toxin, indicating that neurotoxin receptor sites 1 through 3 were present in functional form. The RIIA sodium channel alpha subunit cDNA alone is sufficient for stable expression of functional sodium channels with the expected kinetic and pharmacological properties in mammalian somatic cells.


This report deals with the possibilities of creating a system for a point-to-point audio- and video communication link, using cheap and simple hardware. The system will be using a local area network based on Ethernet and IP. This work was focused around the Raspberry Pi and its possibilities and limitations, regarding this type of application. The usage of a Raspberry Pi was also compared to using a conventional mini-PC for the same purpose. The overall goal was to achieve a system for point to point audio- and video communication of a very high quality, preferrably HD quality. The users of the system are supposed to get a feeling of live communication. To achieve this a very large monitor was used at each node. The monitor, microphone, camera and speaker are to be integrated into a frame that is hung on a wall in order to resemble a window. When you want to talk to somebody at the other node, you just walk up to this window and call upon the person you want to speak to, since the communications link is always active. This system could be used for distance meetings, distance lectures and in other similar situations. The results indicated that the Raspberry Pi was very capable of handling either transmission or reception of HD quality signals, but for full duplex communication a setup using two separate Raspberry Pis per node is recommended – one for transmission and one for reception. Another solution would be to choose a more powerful hardware platform,for instance a mini-PC, instead of the Raspberry Pi.


One of the most significant factors affecting building sustainability is the sustainability of the materials used in construction. This recognition has led to the emergence of a broad range of advanced new building materials, many of which are claimed to address issues of sustainability either in their composition or the processes by which they are manufactured. The emergence of these new materials, as well as heightened public sensitivity to sustainability issues, have given rise to a burgeoning field of standards and certifications that purport to assess, measure and rate the sustainability of building materials ranging from structural elements such as masonry, drywall and flooring to interior design features such as carpeting, paint and furniture. As part of an ongoing research program to study and evaluate such materials sustainability standards (MSS), we conducted an in-depth study of nine selected MSS with to the goal of identifying intellectual property issues associated with each. These nine MSS and a summary of our observations concerning the intellectual property issues implicated by each is contained in this article. We found that the practices of manufacturers and standards development and certifying organizations in this field typically address copyright, trademark, and trade secret issues explicitly, but there is also a risk that patent issues will arise in the future.


Prior research suggests management can employ cognitively demanding job attributes to promote employee creativity. However, it is not clear what specific type of cognitive demand is particularly important for creativity, what processes underpin the relationship between demanding job conditions and creativity and what factors lead to employee perceptions of demanding job attributes. This research sets out to address the aforementioned issues by examining: (i) problem-solving demand (PDS), a specific type of cognitive demand, and the processes that link PSD to creativity, and (ii) antecedents to PSD. Based on social cognitive theory, PSD was hypothesized to be positively related to creativity through the motivational mechanism of creative self-efficacy. However, the relationship between PSD and creative self-efficacy was hypothesized to be contingent on levels of intrinsic motivation. Social information processing perspective and the job crafting model were used to identify antecedents of PSD. Consequently, two social-contextual factors (supervisor developmental feedback and job autonomy) and one individual factor (proactive personality) were hypothesized to be precursors to PSD perceptions. The theorized model was tested with data obtained from a sample of 270 employees and their supervisors from 3 organisations in the People's Republic of China. Regression results revealed that PSD was positively related to creativity but this relationship was partially mediated by creative self-efficacy. Additionally, intrinsic motivation moderated the relationship between PSD and creative self-efficacy such that the relationship was stronger for individuals high rather than low in intrinsic motivation. The findings represent a productive first step in identifying a specific cognitive demand that is conducive to employee creativity. In addition, the findings contribute to the literature by identifying a psychological mechanism that may link cognitively demanding job attributes and creativity.


These Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne EPFL, n° 1686 (1997)Institut de microelectronique et microsystemesLaboratoire d'electronique generale 1 Reference doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-1686Print copy in library catalog Record created on 2005-03-16, modified on 2016-08-08


"The caterpillar doesn't know that he'll come out as a butterfly. All he knows is that he's alone, it's dark, and it's a little scary." -- Mort Meyerson, Chairman, Perot SystemsThe caterpillar doesn't know that it must transform itself to stay alive. This imperative, according to leading detection-change experts Kenneth Hey and Peter Moore, now confronts American corporations, political institutions, and other public and private organizations. Moreover, they argue, our leaders have been the last to recognize a social revolution that is transforming the values and actions of consumers, employees, and voters.Using innovative intelligence-gathering methods to document these unprecedented changes for the first time, Hey and Moore trace this revolution from the late 1980s, when jobs began to disappear, social tensions flared, terrorism erupted, and other cataclysmic events caused millions of Americans to reassess their goals and seek new meaning in their lives. The authors find that, with the notable exceptions described in this book, our wealth-driven corporations and institutions have failed to provide that meaning. Hey and Moore offer a new perspective on why individuals and institutions are at such odds today and why Americans are disconnecting from these anachronistic institutions. The authors show how leaders who have undergone their own personal changes have strategically restructured their companies in light of the revolution that has altered American society -- that is, personal change is creating organizational change.At the end of each chapter, a "critical insights" section provides the reader with a deeper understanding of what has changed in the past decade and what leaders and their organizations can do to reconnect with their customers, employees, and citizens. Drawing from examples in manufacturing, retailing, service companies, financial institutions, and high-tech companies, "The Caterpillar Doesn't Know" provides clear insights into how enlightened leaders are responding to this new business environment while gaining increased market share for their companies.


Henry and Cato is the story of two prodigal sons. Henry returns from a self-imposed exile in America to an unforeseen inheritance of wealth and land in England. He is also returning to his mother. His friend Cato is struggling with two ambiguous intermingled passions, one for a God who may or may not exist, the other for a petty criminal who may or may not be capable of salvation. Cato's father and his sister Colette wait anxiously to welcome Cato back to sanity after his dubious escapades. Henry meanwhile confronts his mother, the unappeased furies of childish resentment, and various possibilities of revenge. Henry's cool mother watches, Cato's impetuous sister intervenes. Can love here become a saving force, or is it condemned to be possessive and demonic? Blackmail and violence take a hand, and both Henry and Cato return home at last.


A rare neoplasm arising from the ovary. Although it may occur at any age, it is more often seen in young females. Morphologically, it is characterized by a mixture of two cellular populations: well differentiated Sertoli cells and granulosa cells, with the latter constituting at least ten percent of the neoplasm. T he vast majority of cases are stage I lesions at presentation and produce either estrogenic or androgenic manifestations. Although it may present as a massive ovarian tumor, it usually follows a benign clinical course. Very rare case reports of testicular lesions morphologically resembling gynandroblastomas are in fact variants of juvenile granulose cell tumor, or Sertoli cell tumor, or a combination of both. Qeios · Definition, February 7, 2020


The computing and networking capacities of today's wireless portable devices allow for ubiquitous services, which are seamlessly networked. Indeed, wireless handheld devices now embed the necessary resources to act as both service clients and providers. However, the ubiquitous networking of services remains challenged by the inherent mobility and resource constraints of the devices, which make services a priori highly volatile. This paper discusses the design, implementation, and experimentation of the ubiSOAP service-oriented middleware, which leverages wireless networking capacities to effectively enable the ubiquitous networking of services. ubiSOAP specifically defines a layered communication middleware that underlies standard SOAP-based middleware, hence supporting legacy Web Services while exploiting nowadays ubiquitous connectivity.


Reference values for buffaloes especially those at pregnancy are not yet established. The aim of this study was to establish serum biochemical and hematological reference values for water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during pregnancy. In total 409 pregnant buffaloes were examined at buffaloes' farms that belong to Assiut Governorate at the mid of Egypt. Out of them, 107 buffaloes did not meet the selection criteria and were excluded from the study. The remained 302 clinically healthy buffaloes were classified according to the stage of pregnancy into two groups: Group I; included buffaloes till 6 months of pregnancy (No.=146). Group II; included buffaloes after 6 months of pregnancy (No.=156). Three types of samples were collected; serum samples for biochemical analysis, whole blood samples for hematological analysis and fecal samples for parasitological examination. A total of 55 blood variables were measured during this study. The 95% reference intervals for each serum biochemical and hematological constituents were calculated by removing the upper and lower 2.5% of the interval to give the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. The present study established the reference intervals for the investigated biochemical and hematological parameters in blood of pregnant buffaloes. Results revealed that most of the measured blood constituents were differed significantly during the period before and after 6 months of pregnancy in buffaloes. In conclusion, the established reference values will be a useful guide for interpreting serum biochemical and hematologic data in pregnant buffaloes.


An initial investigation was undertaken at two commercial cattle farms
(Kuang and Banting) prior to the actual experimentation of this thesis to elucidate
the potential of environmental pollution from the unprocessed slurries of semiintensive
cattle production units, which were washed into the nearby waterways.
The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of
wastewater from the above farms were 5,560 and 19,492 mg/L and 4,703 and
13,280 mg/L, respectively. These values are well above the national permissible
standards of 50 mg/L BOD and 100 mg/L COD for wastewater discharged from
livestock farms.
Based on the above findings, experiments were conducted with the aim to
reduce the impact of cattle manure on the environment. The first experiment was
conducted to identify local cassava varieties, namely MM 92 (MM), Black Twig
(BT) and Medan (MD) which were of high yielding and capable of extracting large quantities of nutrients from the soil fertilized with livestock manure. DIy fodder
yields ofMM, BT and MD over the 8 harvests amounted to 8.6, 8.0 and 6.2 t/ha,
respectively. They produced 2.2, 1.9 and 1.5 t/ha of crude protein (CP),
respectively. The plant mortality rates were 9.9, 14.0 and 14.0% for MM, BT and
MD, respectively. The results suggest that agronomically, MM is the most suitable
variety.
The second experiment consisting of two trials was conducted to compare
the ruminal and intestinal disappearances of cassava fodder (CaF) and grain
concentrates (GC) in cattle. Three Charolais-Kedab Kelantan heifers weighing 300
kg, and each fitted permanently with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used.
The cattle were given a basal diet consisting of 70% oil palm frond (OPF), 15%
GC and 15% CaF at 1.5% DM (dry matter) of their body weight. The DM effective
degradability of CaF and GC was similar at the outflow whilst the CP effective degradability of CaF was higher than that of GC. Cassava
fodder containing more than 20% CP was a good protein supplement for
ruminants. Both CaF and GC could serve as a source of readily available N for
synthesis of rumen microbial protein. Intestinal DM and CP disappearances of GC
were much higher than those of CaF, implying that GC provided a higher
proportion of digestible bypass nutrients than CaF.


This article examines modal expressions with the comparative adverbs better, rather and sooner in American English, and assesses to what extent they have grammaticalized. The corpus data offer evidence that the three comparative modal groups exhibit considerable phonetic reduction in the 1810–2009 period studied. Analysis of several aspects of the constructions, such as subject types, temporal reference and comparative meaning, reveals which conditions promoted this erosion. However, the data also indicate that the three groups are semantically and constructionally quite heterogeneous. In fact, this article proposes a grammaticalization scenario for the rather and sooner structures that is different from the one posited for the better structures.


SUMMARY On 24 August 2008, an outbreak alert regarding cases of acute gastroenteritis in Podgorica triggered investigations to guide control measures. From 23 August to 7 September, 1699 cases were reported in Podgorica (population 136 000) and we estimated the total size of the outbreak to be 10 000–15 000 corresponding to an attack rate of ~10%. We conducted an age- and neighbourhood-matched case-control study, microbiologically analysed faecal and municipal water samples and assessed the water distribution system. All cases (83/83) and 90% (89/90) of controls drank unboiled chlorinated municipal water [matched odds ratio (mOR) 11·2, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1·6–∞]. Consumption of bottled water was inversely associated with illness (mOR 0·3, 95% CI 0·1–0·8). Analyses of faecal samples identified six norovirus genotypes (21/38 samples) and occasionally other viruses. Multiple defects in the water distribution system were noted. These results suggest that the outbreak was caused by faecally contaminated municipal water. It is unusual to have such a large outbreak in a European city especially when the municipal water supply is chlorinated. Therefore, it is important to establish effective multiple-barrier water-treatment systems whenever possible, but even with an established chlorinated supply, sustained vigilance is central to public health.


Several classes of inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have been developed based on its central role in sensing growth factor and nutrient levels to regulate cellular metabolism. However, its ATP-binding site closely resembles other phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family members, resulting in reactivity with these targets that may also be therapeutically useful. The ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor, Torin2, shows biochemical activity against the DNA repair-associated proteins ATM, ATR and DNA-PK, which raises the possibility that Torin2 and related compounds might radiosensitize cancerous tumors. In this study Torin2 was also found to enhance ionizing radiation-induced cell killing in conditions where ATM was dispensable, confirming the requirement for multiple PIKK targets. Moreover, Torin2 did not influence the initial appearance of γ-H2AX foci after irradiation but significantly delayed the disappearance of radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci, indicating a DNA repair defect. Torin2 increased the number of radiation-induced S-phase specific chromosome aberrations and reduced the frequency of radiation-induced CtIP and Rad51 foci formation, suggesting that Torin2 works by blocking homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair resulting in an S-phase specific DNA repair defect. Accordingly, Torin2 reduced HR-mediated repair of I-Sce1-induced DNA damage and contributed to replication fork stalling. We conclude that radiosensitization of tumor cells by Torin2 is associated with disrupting ATR- and ATM-dependent DNA damage responses. Our findings support the concept of developing combination cancer therapies that incorporate ionizing radiation therapy and Torin2 or compounds with similar properties.


Fx risk is one of the most important types of risk of financial activity. In practice, this risk comprises several risk aspects related to currencies exchanging, however most often it is identified with unexpected changes of their prices. In terms of the global financial crisis of 2007–2009, the fx risk has raised significantly, revealing a high daily volatility, increased spreads and the reversal of long-term exchange rate trends. Such increased risk especially influenced emerging markets economies, including Poland. Its consequence was quick strengthening of Polish currency at the beginning of the global crisis followed by a very sudden fall of its value. This event led to a substantial increase of banking risk, investment funds and corporate operations. It changed the structure of GDP sources as well as generated huge losses for exporting companies, using currency options hedging strategies.


Gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas are aggressive malignancies. Systemic therapy for these tumors relies primarily on cytotoxic chemotherapy but outcomes remain poor. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a new, promising therapeutic approach for a variety of solid tumors. Characterization of gastroesophageal cancers has revealed genomic and immune features of these tumors that may predict response to immunotherapy. Indeed, preliminary results from the initial trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been encouraging, with objective response rates of 20% in heavily pretreated patient populations. Based on these results, additional trials of single-agent checkpoint inhibitors as well as combinations with chemotherapy and targeted therapies are currently ongoing. Further work to identify predictive biomarkers will be crucial for the successful implementation of immunotherapy.


An algorithm, called RTRL, for training fully recurrent neural networks has recently been studied by Williams and Zipser (1989a, b). Whereas RTRL has been shown to have great power and generality, it has the disadvantage of requiring a great deal of computation time. A technique is described here for reducing the amount of computation required by RTRL without changing the connectivity of the networks. This is accomplished by dividing the original network into subnets for the purpose of error propagation while leaving them undivided for activity propagation. An example is given of a 12-unit network that learns to be the finite-state part of a Turing machine and runs 10 times faster using the subgrouping strategy than the original algorithm.


Pre-drill estimates of hydrocarbon column heights are often uncertain, particularly where filling to structural spill point is questioned. Identification of locations where vertical leakage is concentrated can allow more reliable hydrocarbon column height predictions. The locations of vertical leakage were sought on seismic data over an underfilled and overpressured trap (35/10-2) in the Norwegian North Sea. It was hoped that one single location or one single narrow leakage zone coinciding with the gas–water contact would be found. If such a location or zone existed, it was expected to be in or above a fault plane, as leakage in the 35/10-area is thought to mainly result from shear failure along faults. The investigation found a zone with pronounced dimming above a triple fault intersection bounding the 35/10-2 structure. This zone stretches further downdip and is positioned above a fault plane. The shallowest part of this zone intersects the top of the reservoir at the depth of the proven gas–water contact. These observations suggest that a discrete leakage zone, of which the shallowest part controls the column height of the structure, has been identified and that the column height is limited by leakage resulting from shear failure. The occurrence of similar seismic features over undrilled structures can lead to safer assessments of hydrocarbon column heights, especially if the observations are consistent with the general knowledge of stress state and leakage processes in the area.


Purpose: Edge detection improves image readability and plays an important role in images preprocessing aimed to their segmentation and automatic recognition of their contents. The purpose of this study was to describe methods of edge detection in magnetic resonance images, with the emphasis on the use of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) combined with Gabor wavelets. Methods: Modulus maxima method by Mallat S (A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. Academic Press, 1998), provides the method for edge detection using wavelet transform. This method is based on finding local maxima of horizontal and vertical wavelet coefficients in the first level of wavelet decomposition because it is supposed that this level represents edges. This method was tested with various wavelet functions both on simulated and real medical images. A multiresolution approach using undecimated wavelet transform is also employed which allows the low‐low (LL), low‐high (LH), high‐low (HL), and high‐high (HH) sub‐bands to remain at full size. A simple peak finding algorithm is used to determine the peaks out of array of these texture features. Results: Using wavelet transform method, the decomposition was performed up to two levels. Gabor filters are then applied to the wavelet approximations at all levels to obtain the characteristic texture features such as entropy, second to fourth central moments and coefficient of variation. High values of the second central variance and fourth central variance signify images in which regions can be clearly differentiated. The corresponding filter outputs are compared to obtain an image containing minimum pixel values. Conclusion: A complex wavelet function could help to improve results of edge detection in real images. A comparison of basic edge detection methods including simple gradient operators and Gabor wavelets, and their combination with wavelet transform was presented. Mathematical principals were studied, as well as application of these methods.


Pore dilation, the compaction of humic acids on peat fibres due to the process of flocculation, causes the hydraulic conductivity of peat to increase with increasing pore water electrical conductivity. This is a reversible process and a reduction in the pore water conductivity produces a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity due to the constriction of pores. We verify how this dilation and constriction of pores, resulting from the application of artificial pore water (primarily deionized water), affects laboratory measurements of the hydraulic conductivity of peat. Repeat measurements of the hydraulic conductivity were performed on samples of Sphagnum peat. It is shown that the application of deionized water during constant head permeameter tests causes a significant decrease in the hydraulic conductivity. Between tests, the hydraulic conductivity of the peat continues to decline without an associate decrease in the pore water electrical conductivity because of a lagged pore constriction effect. We suggest that the use of artificially high or low pore water electrical conductivities, during laboratory hydraulic conductivity measurements, is likely to lead to significant errors. Experimental protocols must, therefore, be revised to take better account of the pore water chemistry. The ionic concentrations of the natural pore fluid should be replicated during hydraulic conductivity tests, either by using pore fluid extracted from the study site or by artificially replicating the major ionic composition of the natural pore fluid. In addition, prior to the hydraulic conductivity measurements, peat samples should be flushed with this solution until the hydraulic conductivity stabilizes and the samples subsequently allowed to equilibrate


Orientation: Although work characteristics and recovery strategies are associated with work- family interference, the influence on specific types of work-nonwork interference (W-NWI) has not been investigated. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of work characteristics and recovery strategies on four types of W-NWI. Motivation for the study: It is clear from the literature that job characteristics and W-NWI have adverse effects on employees' health and well-being. It is therefore important to identify work characteristics and recovery strategies associated with W-NWI. Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional survey design was used in this study. The target population was married employees with children working at a Tertiary Education Institution (TEI) in the North West Province ( N = 366). Main findings: Work pressure and emotional demands significantly predicted all the work-nonwork role interference dimensions. A lack of autonomy predicted work-parent interference and work-religion and/or spirituality interference, whilst a lack of development possibilities predicted work-religion and/or spirituality interference. Relaxation and mastery recovery experiences significantly predicted lower work-parent interference. A lack of psychological detachment and relaxation were significantly associated with lower work- spouse interference. Relaxation and control significantly predicted lower work-domestic interference, whilst psychological detachment significantly predicted lower work-religion and/or spirituality interference. Practical/managerial implications: The results give managers insight into the specific work characteristics and recovery experiences that play a role in W-NWI, upon which interventions can be based to address these issues. Contribution/value-add: This study provides information on the relationship between work characteristics, recovery experiences and the effect on different types of W-NWI.


THE thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I gave utterance to a threat. AT LENGTH I would be avenged; this was a point definitively settled -but the very definitiveness with which it was resolved precluded the idea of risk. I must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong.


In this paper, we use the Taylor Rule to characterize empirically the Brazilian monetary policy before and after its major and succesful stabilization plan, Real Plan, launched in 1994. Specifically, we show how the inflation coefficient has changed after the stabilization plan was carried out. This is a natural experiment to test theories surrounding the Taylor Rule in which monetary instability is characterized by an inflation coefficient less than one, whereas monetary stability will have a greater than one coefficient (see Woodford's (2003)). Very suprisingly the paper shows that the inflation coefficient has remained less than one even after the stabilization. Our results are quite robust with respect to different samples, lags of variables, proxies for GDP, proxies for potential GDP and even with respect to econometric methods (see Bueno (2005a, 2005b)). The implications are very important both theoretically and empirically. First, it shows some gap in theory that deserves further investigation. Second, it suggests that the inflation targeting regime has been uneffective in Brazil confirming a feeling largerly spread among Brazilians.


A self-consistent fluid model developed for simulations of micro-gravity dusty plasma experiments has for the first time been used to model asymmetric dusty plasma experiments in a modified Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) reference cell with gravity. The numerical results are directly compared with experimental data and the experimentally determined dependence of global discharge parameters on the applied driving potential and neutral gas pressure is found to be well matched by the model. The local profiles important for dust particle transport are studied and compared with experimentally determined profiles. The radial forces in the midplane are presented for the different discharge settings. The differences between the results obtained in the modified GEC cell and the results first reported for the original GEC reference cell are pointed out.


The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden is home of two of the most famous opera and ballet companies in the world. In this official history, Frances Donaldson discusses Covent Garden's many legendary achievements - Der Rosenkavalier with Lotte Lehmann, the unparalleled partnership of Fonteyn and Nureyev, the recent Otello with Domingo. She follows the attitude of the English to opera and their Opera House, and the crusade for opera to be sung in English. She looks at the internal politics and at the often charismatic personalities who have worked at the Opera House: Thomas Beecham, George Solti, Maria Callas, Tito Gobbi, Ninette de Valois and Frederick Ashton. Underlying the story, despite the many successful seasons, are the ever-present problems of financial support and uncertainty of the future. The history is superbly well-documented from the Royal Opera House archives. Comments from journalists of the time -whose critical reviews sometimes led to singers of international acclaim refusing to return to Covent Garden - lend spice to this fine analysis of administrative and artistic management at the Garden.


Most standard learning algorithms, such as Logistic Regression (LR) and the Support Vector Machine (SVM), are designed to deal with i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) data. They therefore do not work effectively for tasks that involve non-i.i.d. data, such as "region segmentation". (Eg, the "tumor vs non-tumor" labels in a medical image are correlated, in that adjacent pixels typically have the same label.) This has motivated the work in random fields, which has produced classifiers for such non-i.i.d. data that are significantly better than standard i.i.d.-based classifiers. However, these random field methods are often too slow to be trained for the tasks they were designed to solve. This paper presents a novel variant, Pseudo Conditional Random Fields (PCRFs), that is also based on i.i.d. learners, to allow efficient training but also incorporates correlations, like random fields. We demonstrate that this system is as accurate as other random fields variants, but significantly faster to train.


This study utilises a multi-conceptual framework to critically and comparatively examine central issues and concerns relating to women in management generally and more specifically in the public and private sectors. The case studies of the banking and education sectors in the Durban area form the focus of this effort. Specifically, the main aspects of the primary research undertaken pertain to: perceptions of employees (both at management and non-managerial staff levels) in the banking and education sectors towards women in management; an appraisal from a management perspective, of existing policies and programmes aimed at eliminating gender discriminatory practices within the private and the public sectors; an examination of the impact that gender equity practices has on human resource planning, especially at the management level, in the private and public sectors; and an assessment of training and support programmes in place to assist women managers. Questionnaire surveys were undertaken with 50 female managers from each sector, 25 male managers from each sector and 25 non-managerial staff from each sector. Therefore, in total 200 interviews were conducted. Additionally, participatory focus group discussions were conducted with groups of both female and male managers and non-managers. The study reveals that women form an integral part of human resources in the banking and education sectors. For several decades women have entered jobs in these sectors and many women have moved up to managerial levels. However, most of these positions remain at lower and middle-management levels. Additionally, there are several problems that women in management experience. The main conclusion is that there are no notable and significant differences between women in management in the public and private sectors. This reinforces ILO's (1998) position that the challenges faced by women in management are ongoing and widespread. Problems facing women in management are complex and multidimensional. There are numerous factors that contribute to existing trends and explain the poor participation and performance of women in leadership positions. No single strategy or initiative can address the challenges faced by women in management and increase women's presence in leadership positions in both the public and private sectors. It is therefore imperative that issues pertaining to women in management be addressed from a range of perspectives: policy aspects, raising awareness of key considerations, improving skills and competencies of women (especially creating conditions and opportunities for development and capacity building), changing institutional and corporate structures and procedures as well as changing attitudes of men and women towards women in management and leadership positions. In essence, it is necessary to create a more enabling, women-friendly environment.


Abstract It is often difficult to test hypotheses about how and why animal movement responds to environmental conditions, and at what spatial scales movement decisions are made, all of which are critical for sound management. We used fractal dimension (D) as a measure of tortuosity because it described animal movement patterns and was useful for testing hypotheses about effects of sex, home-range size, monthly rainfall, and reproductive phase on movement paths and for detecting changes in movement patterns of animals across a range of movement distances. We captured and fitted 33 (18 females and 15 males) white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with global positioning system collars. We found that females moved more tortuously (D  =  1.75 ± 0.035 SE) than males (D  =  1.549 ± 0.025). These differences in movement were related to home-range size of females but not of males. Rainfall predicted D for females; thus, females may have been able to forage more intensively in a smaller area due to increased forage availability. Fractal D of females was greatest during the parturition period (1.468 ± 0.02), likely due to restricted movements in smaller areas or increased foraging. Home-range size of males was similar in spring and rut, but D was lower during rut, indicating that deer changed movement patterns within previously established home ranges. Movement patterns were similar at path lengths related to foraging patches and home ranges, whereas movement patterns changed as path length approximated the size of habitat patches.


Aspects of the Authority of the Dictionary. It is a well-known fact that the man in the street looks upon the.dictionary as a final and undisputed authority. This means the lexicographer carries an immense responsibility. In particular, his linguistic facts must be above suspicion. How difficult it is always to ascertain these facts, is illustrated with respect to a number of cases. Special attention is also focused on the problem of shift in meaning still in drift. Subsequently, the question of the opposition descriptive/prescriptive is discussed. Most linguists pay lip-service to the point of view that a dictionary may only be descriptive. The author tries to demonstrate that no dictionary complies with this requirement: the omission of a word or a form is in itself a prescription; furthermore the language of the educated, of a certain respected class is described, not that of all speakers. The user of the dictionary demands guidance, and clear guid ance at that. The author takes the position at present, in contrast to his previous stance, that the lexicographer, in particular the writer of a desk dictionary, must not hesitate to give this clear guidance, Le. be prescriptive, even in a blatant manner if need be.


This paper presents an analysis of crashes between motor vehicles and light rail vehicles at light rail crossings that occurred on nine transit systems that have been in continuous operation for the years 2000 through 2009 and that responded to requests for crash data. No pedestrian or bicycle crashes were included in the analysis. The crash data is analyzed on the basis of both light rail alignment and configuration and crash rates for various alignment and/or configurations are compared to the crash rate for the entire dataset. As used in this paper, alignment refers to how the light rail line is separated from motor vehicle and pedestrian traffic, and configuration refers to the track position and running direction relative to motor vehicle traffic. The analysis includes a comparison of motor versus light rail vehicle crashes that occur at median running, side running, and perpendicular running configurations. In particular, the paper examines crashes with left-turning and right-turning motor vehicles that occur at median running and side running configurations, and discusses left-turning treatments currently in use on specific median running 14 configurations. This analysis indicates that neither a median running nor side running configuration is more effective from a vehicle crash mitigation perspective, whereas a perpendicular running configuration appears to mitigate the crash rate at crossings. The paper concludes with recommendations for further analyses needed on these topics.


This qualitative study will explore the impact of the way that "Blackness" is constructed and commodified for consumption within a White supremacist culture, and examine the effects of this construct on the Black community. According to Leonard and King (2012), in their book Commodified and Criminalized: New Racism and African Americans in Contemporary Sports, "The process of commodification is not simply about selling an essentialized Black culture, but rather a particular construction of Blackness that has proven beneficial to White[s]" (p. 10). This paper will discuss some of the twenty-first century consequences of this phenomenon. The methodology will be conducted through a literature review and a content analysis of various cultural texts including films, interviews, and art that depict Blackness. My belief is that the popular consumption of commodified Black images is related to the maintenance of White supremacy, and thus the systemic oppression of Blacks in the United States.


Phthalocyanines and other closely related compounds are an important class of macrocycles with many commercial applications. They display interesting optoelectronic and coordination properties, which has resulted in their utilisation in a wide range of fields including optical data storage, electrochromic and optical limiting devices, photosensitizers and medicinal therapeutic agents, and multistage-redox-dependent fluorophores. The synthesis, optoelectronic and surface-assembly properties of several new axially disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines are detailed in this work. Axial ligands include phenyl, terphenyl, thienyl and pyrenyl derivatives. Their absorption and emission spectra are reported and fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields are correlated with the ligand structures. The optoelectronic properties of a novel free-base phthalocyanine bearing peripherally attached fluorene substituents are also described. Several of these silicon-phthalocyanines were used to assemble thin films on electrode surfaces, and techniques such as scanning Kelvin nanoprobe microscopy and atomic force microscopy, as well as chronoamperometric measurements were used to probe these surfaces. A number of free-base porphyrins bearing a variety of aryl substituents at the meso-positions are also described. The conversion of some of these free-base porphyrins to metalloporphynns is detailed, and a thorough examination of the fluorescence properties of all synthesised porphyrins is also presented. Pyrazinoporphyrazines are a closely-related analogue of phthalocyanines, and several new examples of these systems have been synthesised. As with both the phthalocyanines and porphyrins, their fluorescence properties have been investigated in detail.


We demonstrate successful operation of a Superconducting Single Photon Detector (SSPD) as the core element in a heterodyne receiver. Irradiating the SSPD by both a local oscillator power and signal power simultaneously, we observed beat signal at the intermediate frequency of a few MHz. Gain bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector single pulse width, where the latter depends on the detector kinetic inductance, determined by the superconducting nanowire length.


This article discusses recent institutional changes in Southeast European media systems with a special emphasis on Croatia. All media were trapped between socio-historical specificities and the normative standards of imported, 'civilizing' liberal values. After the fall of state socialism, faith in the 'invisible hand of the market' formed the dominant discourse. The market economy that emerged was (and still is) viewed as inextricably linked to democracy as a political system. In the field of media, Social Responsibility Theory was embraced, which positions the media both as a public good within democracy and as a commodity exchangeable in the market. I argue that this twofold approach has proven to be unsustainable in Southeast Europe, at least if we want to advance the public role of the media in democracies. Analysis of the Croatian case - including media policy frameworks, media ownership and finances, media self-regulation, media content, journalism as a profession, and media audiences - shows that commercialization and privatization have been devastating. Adhering to the public role of the media requires 'de-naturalizing' the realities of commercial media and holding on to the idea that radical change is possible.


The critical domain size problem determines the size of the region of habitat needed to ensure population persistence. In this paper we address the critical domain size problem for seasonally fluctuating stream environments and determine how large a reach of suitable stream habitat is needed to ensure population persistence of a stream-dwelling species. Two key factors, not typically found in critical domain size problems, are fundamental in determining whether population can persist. These are the unidirectional nature of stream flow and seasonal fluctuations in the stream environment. We characterize the fluctuating environments in terms of seasonal correlations among the flow, transfer rates, diffusion, and settling rates, and we investigate the effect of such correlations on the critical domain size problem. We show how results for the seasonally fluctuating stream can formally be connected to those for autonomous integro-differential equations, through the appropriate weighted averaging methods.


The acidic functional groups of humic materials are an abundant source of metal binding sites in the natural environment. Studies of metal binding to humics are of great environmental interest because the biological and physicochemical properties of metals are often changed dramatically as a result of complexation with humics. In order to understand how these heterogeneous organic macromolecules bind metals with such a large range of binding energies, lanthanide ion probe spectroscopy (LIPS) has been used to study changes in the fluorescence lifetime of the europium probe metal as it binds to these substances. A method developed by Horrocks and Sudnick for the determination of the number of water molecules bound to Eu3+ was used to calculate the coordination number of humic-bound Eu3+ from the fluorescence data. The peak shift of the Eu3+ hypersensitive emission band (616 nm) was used to calculate the change in charge of the complex. Equations based on Horrocks and Sudnick's method were also developed to calculate the distribution of metal associated with the different types of binding sites on humic substances by computer modeling of the fluorescence lifetime data.


The results obtained from different models for predicting breeding values for clinical mastitis (CM) in Holstein cattle were compared. CM was recorded in 30 882 lactations of 12 793 cows in 8 herds from 1996 to 2016. CM was considered either as an all-or-none binary trait (0 – absence of mastitis; 1 – at least one case of CM per lactation) or as the number of cases. CM is recorded in the first 150 days of lactation or throughout the entire course of lactation. Breeding values were predicted with a single-trait repeatability model and with a bivariate animal model, where CM during the 1st lactation and CM during the 2nd and later lactations were considered as two different traits. Estimated heritability ranged from 0.06 for CM as a 0/1 trait during the first 150 days of lactation in the repeatability model to 0.12 for the number of CM cases during the 1st lactation in the bivariate model. Ranking of the sires with 15 or more daughters and of the cows was performed according to their breeding values, and Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. Rank correlations of breeding values from the repeatability and bivariate models were stronger for the same parts of lactation (150 vs 305 days; 0.88–0.96) and for the repeatability model and the bivariate model for the 2nd and later lactations (0.95–0.98). Trends of average male and female breeding values according to their birth year were used to assess genetic changes in the population. The average breeding values declined slowly for cows born since 2003 but stayed above neutral value, thus indicating permanent genetic deterioration of mastitis resistance.


Small or medium-scale VARs are commonly used in applied macroeconomics for forecasting and evaluating the shock transmission mechanism. This requires the VAR parameters to be stable over the evaluation and forecast sample, or to explicitly consider parameter time variation. The earlier literature focused on whether there were sizable parameter changes in the early 1980s, in either the conditional mean or variance parameters, and in the subsequent period until the beginning of the new century. In this paper we conduct a similar analysis but focus on the effects of the recent crisis. Using a range of techniques, we provide substantial evidence against parameter stability. The evolution of the unemployment rate seems particularly different relative to its past behavior. We then discuss and evaluate alternative methods to handle parameter instability in a forecasting context.


The paper is aiming to discuss the role of deindustrialization in generating socio-economic dislocation at regional level. The change of industry along the way from the centrallyplanned to market oriented economy, while redening the spatial patterns of growth and decline, has combined with emergent forms of social and economic inequality. The specic aims of the paper are twofold. First, having the privilege of a two and a half-decade long perspective, the paper looks back at the period of deindustrialization, pinpointing the successive waves of employment decline in the wider context of the extensive process of economic restructuring. Second, using methods of spatial analysis, the paper examines the new distribution pattern of industrial change in the Danube region, specifying in empirical terms the relation with evolutionary trends and regional specialization. The ndings pinpoint at the consequences of the far-reaching deindustrialization process on the regional economic base of the Danube towns.


Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GCKR) plays a central role regulating both hepatic triglyceride and glucose metabolism. Fatty acids are key metabolic regulators, which interact with genetic factors and influence glucose metabolism and other metabolic traits. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been of considerable interest, due to their potential to reduce metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. Objective To examine whether genetic variability at the GCKR gene locus was associated with the degree of insulin resistance, plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and n-3 PUFA in MetS subjects. Design Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA-B, plasma concentrations of C-peptide, CRP, fatty acid composition and the GCKR rs1260326-P446L polymorphism, were determined in a cross-sectional analysis of 379 subjects with MetS participating in the LIPGENE dietary cohort. Results Among subjects with n-3 PUFA levels below the population median, carriers of the common C/C genotype had higher plasma concentrations of fasting insulin (P = 0.019), C-peptide (P = 0.004), HOMA-IR (P = 0.008) and CRP (P = 0.032) as compared with subjects carrying the minor T-allele (Leu446). In contrast, homozygous C/C carriers with n-3 PUFA levels above the median showed lower plasma concentrations of fasting insulin, peptide C, HOMA-IR and CRP, as compared with individuals with the T-allele. Conclusions We have demonstrated a significant interaction between the GCKR rs1260326-P446L polymorphism and plasma n-3 PUFA levels modulating insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in MetS subjects. Further studies are needed to confirm this gene-diet interaction in the general population and whether targeted dietary recommendations can prevent MetS in genetically susceptible individuals. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00429195


The aim of this project is to study the quality of the discussions in groups of students during laboratory work. The project builds on a study of the role of communication in science classrooms with students aged 14-15 years. An intervention with role-playing for example reporting to another group is carried out to foster discourses that focus students' use of science knowledge. The discussions have been divided into sequences. In each sequence the students are discussing one separate part of the lab work activity. A revised version of the SOLO-taxonomy has been used in the analysis of tape recordings from students' discussions during lab work and from the reporting to another group. The students talk about the experimental procedure as well as the science content. In most of the groups the analysis show a long-term development towards higher quality mixed with unistructural sequences. During the reporting to another group the students describe the experiment using new knowledge and new concepts. Almost all the reporting groups use two or more concepts well integrated. The reporting to another group stimulates students' discussions. The SOLOtaxonomy makes it possible to assess group learning and interaction in lab groups.


Cancers of the reproductive tract account for 12% of all malignancies in women. As previous studies have shown that oestrogen metabolites can cause apoptosis, we characterised the effect of oestrogen and oestrogen metabolites on non-cancerous and cancerous human endometrial cells. Herein, we demonstrate that 2-methoxyoestradiol (2ME), but not 17beta-oestradiol, induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines and primary cultured tumours of endometrial origin. In contrast, 2ME had no effect on cell viability of corresponding normal tissue. This ability of 2ME to induce apoptosis does not require oestrogen receptor activation, but is associated with increased entry into the G2/M phases of the cell cycle and the activation of both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways. The selective behaviour of 2ME on cancerous as opposed to normal tissue may be due to a reduction in 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II levels in cancer cells and to a differential down-regulation of superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pre-treatment with 2ME enhances the sensitivity of reproductive tract cancer cells to the apoptotic drug tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), without the loss in cell viability to normal cells incurred by currently chemotherapeutic drugs. In conclusion, 2ME, alone or in combination with TRAIL, may be an effective treatment for cancers of uterine origin with minimal toxicity to corresponding healthy female reproductive tissue.


Many cell surface proteins, including receptors, are N-glycosylated as they transit through the biosynthetic pathway. Proteins containing branched structures with poly-N-acetyllactosamine show a higher affinity for galectins, cell-surface proteins that bind glycosylated proteins, than proteins with less branched structures. The galectin interaction appears to limit endocytosis of the receptors. The formation of branched structures requires the intermediate formed by the activity of N-acetylglycosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5), which is dependent on the concentration of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a product of the hexosamine pathway. Lau et al. combined mathematical modeling of glycosylation branching and the effects of this on the cell-surface expression and signaling of various types of receptors. They found that supplementation of Mgat5–/– cells with GlcNAc increased the interaction of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and transforming growth factor-β receptors (TGFβRs) with galectin and increased their abundance at the cell surface. Surprisingly, the EGFR with eight N-glycosylation sites showed a hyberbolic increase in responsiveness (phosphorylation of its downstream effector ERK), whereas TGFβR (with only one or two glycosylation sites) showed a sigmoid or switchlike increase in responsiveness (nuclear translocation of its downstream effector Smad proteins) when the Mgat5–/– cells were supplemented with increasing concentrations of GlcNAc. Based on this observation, the authors were able to create a mathematical model that described the dependency of cell surface protein abundance on glycosylation state and metabolic flux through the hexosamine pathway. Receptors that promote proliferation generally have higher numbers of glycosylation sites than those that promote growth arrest and differentiation, and these proliferation-inducing receptors show a hyperbolic increase in responsiveness to increased flux through the hexosamine pathway. Modeling suggested that the switch-like behavior of the growth-arresting receptors allows them to be ultrasensitive to metabolic state. Stanley discusses the implications and next steps for testing this model. K. S. Lau, E. A. Partridge, A. Grigorian, C. I. Silvescu, V. N. Reinhold, M. Demetriou, J. W. Dennis, Complex N-glycan number and degree of branching cooperate to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Cell 129, 123-134 (2007). [Online Journal] P. Stanley, A method to the madness of N-glycan complexity? Cell 129, 27-29 (2007). [Online Journal]


Several factors can influence fertilization success, and for marine broadcast spawners, the main constraint is rapid dilution of gametes. Because the measurement of fertilization success in the field is logistically difficult, theoretical models have been used as an alternative method of esti- mation. We tested the predictive ability of the existing models (time-averaged diffusion model in con- junction with a fertilization kinetics model) by making direct comparisons between empirical and cor- responding predicted rates of fertilization in the tropical sea star Oreaster reticulatus. Using induced spawnings, we measured in situ fertilization in field experiments at 4 sites on sand bottoms and sea- grass beds in the Bahamas. Rate of fertilization decreased exponentially with increasing distance downstream (x) from a spawning male for all experimental runs at all sites, and when averaged across all sites, it ranged from 74% at x = 1 m to 31% at x = 32 m. For each experimental run, we parame- terized the 2 models by quantifying the flow field, and thus obtained predicted estimates of fertiliza- tion success. The shape of the fitted exponentially-decaying curves was similar between the observed and predicted data for sites on sand bottoms, but not in seagrass beds. There was a highly significant correlation between the observed and predicted data at each distance directly downstream for each run, but the predicted values were 1 to 10 orders of magnitude lower than the observed values for dis- tances off the main axis of advection. We also used dye dilution runs to test the validity of the diffu- sion model and, in agreement with the observed values, the predicted concentrations of dye decreased as a power function of distance downstream from the point of release. Turbulent diffusiv- ity was quantified in 2 ways: by measuring the standard deviation of dye concentration across-stream and vertically (σ y and σ z), and by calculating coefficients of diffusivity (α y and α z). Using α y and α z, the values predicted with the model of diffusion were up to 24 orders of magnitude lower than the observed values at heights >0.2 m above the bottom, but this inconsistency was alleviated when σ y and σ z were used. Thus, the combination of the 2 models currently used can predict fertilization rate reliably for a particular parameter space, which can be increased by quantifying turbulent diffusivity more accurately. These modified models can substitute field experiments to estimate fertilization suc- cess in species of marine benthic invertebrates that are fragile, such as O. reticulatus, or are relatively inaccessible, such as inhabitants of the deep sea.


For climate change mitigation, a rapid phase-out of fossil fuels such as coal is necessary. This has far-reaching gender-specific consequences. This paper presents a systematic map of the literature that examines the impact of historical coal phase-out processes on women and their role in these processes. The search process consisted of screening over 3100 abstracts and reading 247 full-text studies. The analysis of the 73 publications ultimately included in the systematic map shows that past coal phase-outs meant both opportunities (e.g., increased labour market participation) as well as burdens for women (e.g., double burden of job and household). It becomes clear that agency within coal transitions was also gendered. For example, it was difficult for women to gain access to union structures, which led them to organise themselves into grassroots movements. Our research shows that policies aiming for a just sustainability transition should always be explicitly gender-responsive. However, the impact of sustainability transitions on women's lives remains largely under-researched. Therefore, we propose a research agenda based on our findings containing six key issues that need to be addressed scientifically.