This paper discusses modern principles of constructing displays based on liquid crystals, which provide high-contrast images at large viewing angles. The characteristics of displays based on the twist and supertwist effects and the transverse electric-field effect are considered, along with optical compensator films and multidomain vertically oriented structures. Displays with controllable field-of-view angles are described.


Safe Routes to School, an intervention being implemented by Transport SA, involves state and local government and local school communities and has three components: 1) engineering treatments; 2) child and school awareness and 3) an educational intervention implemented in participating schools. An evaluation was conducted with the aim of assessing its impact and effectiveness. Using the approach of 'realistic evaluation' with its focus on 'what works well for whom under what conditions' the evaluation tracked implementation in seven primary schools at different stages in the implementation process and had access to nine schools which had previously implemented Safe Routes to School. Data sources included: parent surveys, site observations before and at the conclusion of the evaluation period, stakeholder interviews; and records of evaluator's field observations. This paper reports on Safe Routes to School as a framework for identifying and implementing local engineering changes and changes in traffic and pedestrian behaviour patterns.


In the United States (U.S.) and globally, 30% of women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at the hands of a partner, frequently resulting in negative outcomes for those directly involved as well as children who witness such violence. The societal and health care costs are estimated to be in the billions of dollars each year. Negative health outcomes, resulting from IPV, can affect a person's physical, mental and emotional health and range from anxiety and depression to broken bones and lacerations. Thus, research on strategies to assist IPV survivors are critical for strengthening the health sector response to this devastating public health problem. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a multi-country study on IPV and women's health that facilitated the release of guidelines for both clinicians and researchers and was intended to strengthen the health care and societal response to IPV globally. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the summary for the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) in 2011 which reports prevalence of IPV in the U.S. As the library of IPV-related material increases, it is evident that health care settings are important areas for engaging survivors of IPV since women seeing exposure is high at these sites. The ARCHES study investigated the short (four months) and long-term (12 months) effects of an intervention on IPV, reproductive coercion (RC) and unintended pregnancies as outcomes in 25 family planning clinics in western Pennsylvania. Of 4,009 women approached, 92% participated in the baseline portion of the study. Low attrition was achieved with 3017 completed surveys at T2 (12-20 weeks post baseline) and 2926 at T3 (12 months post baseline). The ARCHES longitudinal study was unable to reduce partner violence, but retained almost 80% of a lower income, younger female population for a year while maintaining high ethical and safety standards. While the ARCHES study had an overall high retention rate, the most vulnerable subset of participants, those completing only the baseline survey who were more likely to be younger and more likely to be exposed to IPV at baseline, were lost to follow-up. The ARCHES study's detailed guidelines on safe and ethical ways for recruiting and retaining vulnerable populations add to the growing research literature on the health care response to IPV. This study is also a call to action for future public health practitioners to publish detailed accounts of strategies used to engage vulnerable populations ultimately to help alleviate negative health outcomes for this significant public health problem.


The story of the woman judge as one of exclusion and isolation plagued with allegations of bias is well documented. Interestingly, despite significant differences in time and place, a common theme unites these tales: the woman judge is a dangerous outsider, a threat to the aesthetic norm. The judicial climate, at least in most of the common law world, is somewhat chilly: reactions to her presence on the bench vary from the largely indifferent to the downright hostile. Why is this? After all, most people, perhaps acknowledging the political and democratic gains underlying calls for a more representative judiciary, would wish to encourage – or at least not discourage – judicial diversity. Taking the stories of the woman judge as its starting point, this paper contends that underlying these tales is an image of the judge that is as much intuitive as it is reasoned; that our understanding of the judge and judging is as much derived from the imagination as from what is conventionally considered as rational thought. Thus, the paper deploys the narrative strategies of fairy tales in an attempt to disrupt the imaginative hold of familiar yet particular images that infuse and distort current discourses on adjudication. It suggests that despite the Department for Constitutional Affairs' ongoing quest to increase diversity within the judiciary, current initiatives do not confront fully these instinctive images. As a result, their narrative of inclusiveness and difference fails. In response, the paper appeals to the imagination as a route toward engendering new conceptions on the judge and judging, the possibility of truly diverse judiciaries and, perhaps, a fairy tale ending to the woman judge's story.


Because of the wealth of quantitative information and editorial opinion they provide, those researching British migration have often turned to newspapers and other periodicals; the use of shipping notices, advertisements, original reportage and editorial commentaries has provided historians with contemporary descriptions of changes in population composition, whether by immigration, natural growth, increased mortality or out-migration. Although requiring corroboration, these sources provide excellent indications of when changes occurred and when these became worthy of comment. However, the precise nature of these commentaries, the mechanics of their creation, transmission and evolution, remains unclear. While recent work in newspaper and media history have begun to trace information networks present in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, the lines of communication in the early empire remain unclear. Throughout the Georgian period, newspapers cited, borrowed and blatantly stole editorial content from other British and colonial papers. The question remains, however, whether this source material was manipulated by local editors to suit local prejudices or whether an uncritical inclusion of reprints shaped or utterly transformed local opinion. Since its official founding in 1787, the British colony of New South Wales had been home to a wide range of British immigrants including convicted prisoners, government and military personal, religious missionaries and free settlers. Nonetheless, this complex view of migration and settlement in Australia was not always appreciated by those who resided in sending communities within Britain. Rumours mixed with half-record fact to create an eclectic and fluctuating public conversation of Antipodean prospects. In recent years, historians have begun to rewrite imperial histories to better account for the fluctuating and multi-layered nature of identity within Britain's "white" colonies, encompassing class, faith, nationality and provincial status. Yet, there remains a fundamental disconnect between the study of public spheres within the colonies themselves and that of Britain. While the study of individual newspaper titles has a long history and imperial historians have now begun to compare perceptions of identity and empire between disparate regions, there has yet to be a close study of the tangible connections between metropolitan, provincial and colonial public spheres. This implies that the two did not intersect or that the spread of identity was mono-directional in nature. This article therefore traces the editorial history of the printed conversations and proclamations found in British and Australian newspapers between 1803 and 1842, the years in which the Sydney Gazette, Australia's most commonly cited periodical, was in operation. By examining Australia's public portrayal of immigration, settlement and the demographic composition of New South Wales and by tracing these descriptions through the reprints, abridgements and commentaries of British newspapers, this article compares and contrasts public notions of identity and nationalism within Australia with those who remained or had returned to Great Britain. From this, this article demonstrates the extent to which the Sydney Gazette acted as the gatekeeper and envoy of Australian identity in the early nineteenth century.


People eat every day and biting is one of the most fundamental and natural actions that they perform on a daily basis. Existing work has explored tooth click location and jaw movement as input techniques, however clenching has the potential to add control to this input channel. We propose clench interaction that leverages clenching as an actively controlled physiological signal that can facilitate interactions. We conducted a user study to investigate users' ability to control their clench force. We found that users can easily discriminate three force levels, and that they can quickly confirm actions by unclenching (quick release). We developed a design space for clench interaction based on the results and investigated the usability of the clench interface. Participants preferred the clench over baselines and indicated a willingness to use clench-based interactions. This novel technique can provide an additional input method in cases where users' eyes or hands are busy, augment immersive experiences such as virtual/augmented reality, and assist individuals with disabilities.


In our trial morphological and quality parameters of 15 table root varieties were tested at 3 different sowing dates: 15 April, 9 July and 19 August 2010. In the trials the root shape of the varieties form the April sowing date approached most the regular spherical shape (diameter/length –1.0) which is favoured both by fresh market and the processing industry. In the July and August sowings the roots were elongated with reduced proportions. The highest red pigment content (betacyanin) was observed in the second sowing of July (>80 mg/100 g). In the late sowing (August, under plastic tent) a further 10–20 mg/100 g pigment increase was measured in relation to the earlier sowing dates of the same varieties. A similar trend could be observed in yellow pigments (vulgaxanthis) which proves a close correlation between the quantities of the 2 pigments (r=0.823). The highest vulgaxanthin content (103.3–124.18 mg/100 g) was obtained form roots of the late sowing harvested in December. Varieties reacted differently to temperature and so to sugar accumulation in the different sowing periods. In the July sowing higher water soluble solids content was measured on the mean of varieties (10.12 %) as compared to the April sowing (7.76%). Sensory evaluations included inner colour intensity (1–5), with ring (1–3) and taste (1–5) of the raw material evaluated by scoring. According to laboratory measurements better inner colour intensity was observed in the July and August sowing dates. In these samples uniformly coloured, almost with, ring-free roots were obtained. In our trial varieties from the spring sowing had superior taste. Early sowing is recommended for fresh market sale while the second crop (July) harvested in autumn can satisfy processing requirements. In the late sowing (under unheated plastic tent) fresh beet root can be grown at the end of autumn or beginning of winter, thus prolonging the usability of plastic tents.


Bone is a remarkable, very strong and flexible structure. Running and jumping, together with muscle work, and lever arms generate ground reaction forces helping to model developing bone. Peak bone mass, strongly determined by genetic factors and exercise, is one of the most important factors in bone health. The amount of bone accrued, especially before the end of the third decade of life, is a major determinant of the risk of fractures in later life.
Bones are a living tissue and constantly changing throughout one's lifetime, thus manifold osteopathies are known. The bone itself does not need to be the primary cause of diseases, but rather be affected in combination with other diseases. Besides osteopathies, such as fractures, achondroplasy, Morbus Paget, etc., osteoporosis which is defined as a systematic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is ranked among the ten prime widespread diseases. Bone mineral density (BMD) is used in diagnosing osteoporosis. Anamnesis and clinical findings, bone densitometry, medical imaging and the basic laboratory are basic diagnostics for osteoporosis. Physical inactivity, medication, sex, age, low body mass index, need to be regarded as risk factors for osteoporosis. Acute and chronic pain caused by osteoporosis restricts activities of daily living and diminishes quality of life. FRAX (a diagnostic tool), disregarding all advantages and disadvantages of the computer based algorithm, calculates the country-specific 10-year-probability of a major hip fracture.
Several different bone disorders, especially osteoporosis, are among other reasons linked to a sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition habits. Preventing osteoporosis is a lifelong task, involving aspects such as nutrition and body weight, physical activity, as well as the abuse of dependence-causing substances. Thus lifestyle modification, calcium, vitamin D3, physical activity, exercise and prevention of falls establish the basic therapy for osteoporosis. Building on this, secondary and tertiary prevention addresses the risk of fracture and repeated fracture prevention via medication. Physical medicine represents not merely an alternative, but rather a complementary and inevitable therapy option in treating bone disorders, especially osteoporosis. Consequently, physical exercise plays a key role in reducing fractures and repeated fractures. The study situation concerning physical activity and osteoporosis is so far not easy to evaluate, because interventions disagree on duration, intensity, specificity, and subject groups. Although there is a vast amount of literature on physical activity (described as one of the best medications against diseases of lifestyle), there is a lack of consensus according to the best dose-response correlation for bone health. In the context of bone health, particular attention is paid to whole body vibration. Whole body vibration may improve muscle strength and power and consequently bones and balance as well. However, the mechanism is not well understood and the exact role is still debated and cannot be uniformly prescribed.
As society grows older and lifestyle becomes more and more sedentary, the occurrence of osteoporosis should be held as low as possible and therefore the diagnostic methods need to take action to recognise indications of osteoporosis as soon as possible and be able to determine the most effective treatment options.


The research presented here shows the reflections of some International Baccalaureate (IB) Middle Years Programme (MYP) and Diploma students of a bilingual school on the attributes of the IB Learner Profile and the extent to which these can contribute to students being internationally minded. I approach the research after reviewing the concept of the self and using pragmatic methodology The research consisted of a questionnaire and semi-structured interview aimed at eliciting from the students their opinion about the extent to which they had equal command of the different attributes and, if they had differing abilities, if they were seeking to improve their command of the attribute(s) and who they though could help them do so. I was also interested in knowing if the students believed that the attributes of the IB Learner Profile helped them to be internationally minded, as suggested by the International Baccalaureate. The results suggest that most of the students believe that they have differing degrees of command of the attributes and that it is necessary for them to develop the ones that they feel less proficient in. They tend to believe that the attributes are developed partly at school, but also by their parents, themselves and others. They tend to believe that they are similar in terms of character to students that study at schools that do not offer the IB, but academically they are somewhat different. That said, they also tend to believe that the attributes of the IB Learner Profile help them to be internationally minded, particularly those of 'open-minded' and 'communicator', which coincide with the theoretical position of Castro et al (2013) and Singh and Qi (2013). While the school seems to play a significant part in developing the attributes, students seem to believe that they themselves, and parents, also have a key role to play.


The rapid advancements in the smartphone domain has made WiFi, Bluetooth and 3G commonplace in most devices, as well as accelerometers, gyros, fast CPUs and large amounts of memory. During these advancements the IR transmitter was eventually dropped, starting perhaps most importantly with the release of the Apple iPhone. It has since been observed a need for directional transmission functionality. The system described herein propose a way to to achieve short range directional data-communication on a smartphone without adding external hardware. The outcome of this project is intended to be open-sourced, enabling any application developer or phone-manufacturer to include the technology into their products.


In this article experimentally investigations have been carried out to study the effect of the size and type particles on the thermal conductivity of micro and nanofluids. The study investigated nanofluids and microfluids which containing copper (Cu) and titanium oxide (TiO2) as well as in the size and type of micro and nanoparticles in distilled water as base fluid with different particles size and concentrations. The experimental results emphasized the enhancement of the thermal conductivity due to the nanoparticles presence in the fluid greater than microfluids, also shown the effect of the particle size and concentration on the thermal conductivity. It has been recognized that the addition of highly conductive particles can significantly increase the thermal conductivity of heat – transfer fluids. Particles in the micro and nano – size range have attracted the most interest because of their enhanced stability against sedimentation and, as a result, reduction in potential for clogging a flow system. Furthermore the results showed that, they obtained thermal conductivities doubtlessly revealed that a size and type particle was a key factor affecting conductive heat transport in suspensions. These results show noticeable enhancement in the thermal conductivity were evaluated to be (7.66 %, 2.35 %) for the Cu, TiO2 – distilled water nanofluid while reaches to (3.23 %, 1.02 %) for the Cu, TiO2 – distilled water micro fluids at the concentration of (5 vol. %) and at the room temperature. Moreover thermal conductivity was increased for the nanofluids and microfluids which contains large particle size compared with that contains small particle size. A good agreement was found between the experimental obtained data for this paper and other results from published papers


This study presents the development and construction of the 16-item Bidirectional Spirituality Scale (BSS), which is based on the theory of vertical and horizontal spirituality. Vertical spirituality focuses on that involving one's relationship with God, whereas horizontal spirituality is concerned with one's relations with people and attunement to meaning and purpose. Using data from 239 USA participants, exploratory factor analysis has produced three factors: vertical spirituality (VS; 8 items); horizontal spirituality-others (HS-O; 4 items); and horizontal spirituality-existential (HS-E; 4 items). A partial confirmatory factor analysis has confirmed the three-factor model. For research purposes, HS-O and HS-E can be combined to produce an 8-item horizontal spirituality scale to complement the 8-item VS scale. Further analyses have found preliminary evidence for both convergent and discriminant validity. Because of its sound psychometric properties, the BSS appears to be a useful, brief instrument for discriminating both religious and non-religious spirituality.


Abstract : Universal serial bus (USB) storage devices are useful for transferring information within an organization; however, they are a common threat vector through which data exfiltration can occur. Despite this, many organizations permit the use of USB devices on their systems. Implementing controls to track the use of these devices is necessary if organizations wish to retain situational awareness and auditing capabilities during a data theft incident. This report presents methods to audit USB device use within a Microsoft Windows environment. Using various tools--the Windows Task Scheduler, batch scripts, Trend Micro's OSSEC host-based intrusion-detection system (HIDS), and the Splunk log analysis engine--we explore means by which information technology (IT) professionals can centrally log and monitor USB device use on Microsoft Windows hosts within an organization. In addition, we discuss how the central collection of audit logs can aid in determining whether sensitive data may have been copied from a system by a malicious insider.


AIM To investigate mathematically able adolescents' conceptions of
the basic notions behind the Calculus: infinity (including the
infinitely large, the infinitely small and infinite aggregates);
limits (of sequences, series and functions); and real numbers. To
observe the effect, if any, on these conceptions, of a one year
calculus course.
EXPERIMENTS Pilot interviews and questionnaires helped identify
areas on which to focus the study. A questionnaire was administered to
Lower Sixth Form students with 0-level mathematics passes. The
questionnaire was administered twice, once in September and again the
following May. The A-level mathematicians had received instruction in
most of the techniques of the Calculus by May.
Interviews, to clarify ambiguities, elicit reasoning behind the
responses and probe typicality and atypicality, were conducted in the
month following each administration.
A second questionnaire, an amended version of the first, was
administered to a larger but similar audience. The responses were
analysed in the light of hypotheses formulated in the analysis of data
from the first 5ample.
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Subjects have a concept of infinity. It exists
mainly as a process, anything that goes on and on. It may exist as an
object, as a large number or the cardinality of a set, but in these
forms it is a vague and indeterminate form. The concept of infinity is
inherently contradictory and labile.
Recurring decimals are perceived as dynamic, not static, entities
and are not proper numbers. Similar attitudes exist towards
infinitesimals when they are seen to exist. Subjects' conception of
the continuum do not conform to classical or nonstandard paradigms.
Convergence / divergence properties are generally noted with
infinite sequences and functions. With infinite series, however,
convergence / divergence properties, when observed, are seen as
secondary to the fact that any infinite series goes on indefinitely
and is thus similar to any other infinite series.
The concept that the hut is the saue type of entitiy as the
finite tens is strong in subjects' thoughts. We coin the term
generic hiuit for this phenomenon. The generic limit of 0.9, 0.99,
is 0.9, not 1. Similarly the reasoning scheme that whatever holds for
the finite holds for the infinite has widespread application. We coin
the term generic law for this scheme.
Many of the phrases used in calculus courses (in particular hut,
tends to, approaches and converges) have everyday meanings that
conflict with their mathematical definitions.
Numeric/geometric, counting/measuring and static/dynamic contextual
influences were observed in some areas.
The first year of a calculus course has a negligible effect on
students conceptions of limits, infinity and real numbers.
IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING On introducing limits teachers should
encourage full class discussion to ensure that potential cognitive
obstacles are brought out into the open. Teachers should take great
care that their use of language is understood. A-level courses should
devote more of their time to studying the continuum. Nonstandard
analysis is an unsuitable tool for introducing elementary calculus.


The Clean Air Act (CAA) includes enforcement provisions by which violators of the Act can be held civilly liable for penalties. When federal agencies violate the CAA, however, the Constitution and the sovereign immunity doctrine serve as obstacles to civil enforcement. Federal agencies contend that the Constitution's separation of powers doctrine, unitary executive theory, and "case or controversy" justiciability requirement bar the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from proceeding against them in civil enforcement actions. This Article addresses these arguments and examines the executive branch's approach to enforcing the Act against federal agencies.Federal agencies also have asserted the sovereign immunity doctrine as a defense to civil suits by states, local governments, and citizens. This doctrine protects the federal government from lawsuits unless Congress has explicitly waived sovereign immunity in a statute. While there is some evidence that Congress has intended to waive federal immunity in the CAA, federal courts have inconsistently applied such waivers. This Article examines the developing judicial applicability of the CAA's sovereign immunity waiver by comparing its language and legislative history to that of other environmental statutes. This Article provides a similar review of federal employee liability for civil penalties under the CAA and concludes that federal employees also enjoy a qualified common law and statutory immunity. Based upon an evaluation of the obstacles various entities face in bringing a civil suit against a federal agency or an agency's employee, this Article concludes that civil liability is not the optimal means of enforcing the Act and proposes an alternate method of gaining federal facility compliance. It recommends that enforcement authorities and federal agencies establish a negotiation system designed to produce bilateral agreements. Through this system, parties could bargain towards the achievement of the ultimate shared goal of environmental preservation.


Petrographic and calcrete carbon isotope data from seasonally waterlogged Upper Silurian (Přídolí) to Lower Devonian (Pragian) palaeo-Vertisols of the Old Red Sandstone, South Wales, UK, are presented. The δ13C values mostly range from −9 to −12‰ (VPDB), suggesting that the soils were inhabited by abundant vegetation that when oxidized (perhaps with microbial assistance) resulted in CO2-rich soils. Such soils would favour calcrete precipitation through equilibration of soil zone CO2 with the relatively lower atmospheric pCO2. However, reliably estimating palaeoatmospheric pCO2 using these carbon isotope data is a challenge. Supplementary material: Detailed information on stable isotope measurement methods, descriptions of the samples, and carbon and oxygen isotope data are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18754.


Because of the growing interest in uniform chromaticity scales, a comparison between the Munsell color space and a color space based on MacAdam's visual sensitivity data is of importance. In order to make this comparison we established the CIE coordinates for a Munsell type cylindrical space sampling conforming to MacAdam's data. In the color space so formed, a color difference of one-chroma step, for example, will be the same in any region when that difference is calculated from MacAdam's data. This "MacAdam space" differs materially from Munsell renotation space. The distance of the constant chroma loci from neutral in the purple-blue region is approximately doubled, and the constant hue loci are shifted as much as 10 hue steps in the green and red regions.


Four syn and anti isomers derived from 4-hydroxybenzaldoxime and 3- hydroxybenzaldoxime were prepared by standard method. Their structures were confirmed by using physical methods, namely UV-IR spectra and melting points. The main object of the study is the determination of pKa values for four isometric oximes by potentiometric method. This method was developed for the first time in studying pKa values for diacidic syn and anti isometric oximes derived from 3 or 4- hydroxybenzaldohyde, or for acidic compounds containing simultaneous oxime and phenol groups. This gives a newdevelopment for potentiometric method over other methods used for pKa determination. Generally the pK1 of phenol and pK2 of oxime groups were found to depend on the type of syn and anti isomer, the temperature and other factors.


We have calculated variationally the ground state binding energy of a hydrogenic donor impurity in a parabolic quantum well in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields. These homogeneous crossed fields are such that the magnetic field is parallel to the heterostructure layers and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the magnetic field. The dependence of the donor impurity binding energy to the well width and the strength of the electric and magnetic fields are discussed. We hope that the obtained results will provide important improvements in device applications, especially for a suitable choice of both fields in the narrow well widths.


This interdisciplinary work contributes empirical grounding to the growing literature in law and public policy on local governments and climate mitigation. Much of the recent scholarship presents an optimistic view of the potential in local climate action. Here, we refine the optimism for local governments' impact with new performance data that probes local progress and capacity for climate governance. Our analysis – based on a new study measuring policy choice, implementation, and influences – reevaluates a number of assumptions undergirding this scholarship and provides direction for targeted investment and research.


Recent research has offered programmers increased options for programming parallel computers by exposing system policies (e.g., memory coherence protocols) or by providing several programming paradigms (e.g. message passing and shared memory) on the same platform. Increased flexibility can lead to higher performance, but it is also a double-edged sword that demands a programmer understand his or her application and system at a more fundamental level. Our system, Tempest, allows a programmer to select or implement communication and memory coherence policies that fit an application's communication patterns. With it, we have achieved substantial performance gains without making major changes in programs. However, the process of selecting, designing, and implementing coherence protocols is difficult and time consuming, without tools to supply detailed information about an application's behavior and interaction with the memory system. StormWatch is a new visualization tool that aids a programmer through four mechanisms: tightly-coupled bidirectionally linked views, interactive filters, animation, and performance slicing. Multiple views present several aspects of program behavior simultaneously and show the same phenomenon from different perspectives. Real-time linking between views enables a programmer to explore levels of abstraction by changing a view and observing the effect on other views. Interactive filters, along with bidirectional linking, can isolate the effects of statements, loops, procedures, or files. StormWatch can also animate a program's dynamic behavior to show the evolution of program execution and communication. Finally, performance slicing captures causality among events. The examples in the paper illustrate how StormWatch helped us substantially improve the performance of two applications.


To help students with disabilities make a smooth transition from high school to adulthood, you need proven and practical strategies that prepare them for success in an increasingly complex world. You'll find more than 500 research-based, teacher-tested support strategies in "The New Transition Handbook" the modern transition guide for today's students and the professionals who support them. The revised edition of Hughes & Carter's bestselling "The Transition Handbook," this thoroughly updated guide is everything transition teams want: it's ultra-practical, fast and easy to navigate, cost-effective, and reflects the latest research and legislation affecting young adults with disabilities. Packed with ready-to-use strategies for teaching key skills and developing effective school and community supports, this is the ultimate guide to helping students achieve self-determination access the general curriculum increase social acceptance and participation set and reach individualized goals strengthen positive behavior prepare for postsecondary education develop employment skills access community resources learn critical functional skills With the convenient "menu" format, you can flip right to the strategies you need without having to page through the entire book. And the included CD-ROM gives you more than 25 printable checklists and observational forms that address social skills, classroom supports, job satisfaction, modified grading, and more. Keep this guidebook at your fingertips year after year, and you'll provide effective, individualized support for young people with disabilities as they begin fulfilling, self-determined adult lives. With more on today's most critical transition topics! transition assessment new technology postsecondary education community-based instruction student-directed planning and learning "


"Theatrical Design and Production" is a comprehensive and practical survey that examines the technical and design aspects of play production, including scene design and construction, lighting, sound, costume, and makeup. Design is presented as both an art closely integrated with the director s, actor s, and playwright s visions, and a craft that provides practical solutions for the physical manipulation of stage space. Instructors and students can now access their course content through the Connect digital learning platform by purchasing either standalone Connect access or a bundle of print and Connect access. McGraw-Hill Connect(r) is a subscription-based learning service accessible online through your personal computer or tablet. Choose this option if your instructor will require Connect to be used in the course. Your subscription to Connect includes the following: SmartBook(r) - an adaptive digital version of the course textbook that personalizes your reading experience based on how well you are learning the content. Access to your instructor s homework assignments, quizzes, syllabus, notes, reminders, and other important files for the course. Progress dashboards that quickly show how you are performing on your assignments and tips for improvement. The option to purchase (for a small fee) a print version of the book. This binder-ready, loose-leaf version includes free shipping. Complete system requirements to use Connect can be found here: http: //www.mheducation.com/highered/platforms/connect/training-support-students.html"


Abstract : Control transfer is the fundamental activity in an operating system kernel. The resource management Functionality and application programmer interfaces of an operating system may be delegated to other system components, but the kernel must manage control transfer. The current trend towards increased modularity in operating systems only increases the importance of control transfer. My thesis is that a programming language abstraction, continuations, can be adapted for use in operating system kernels to achieve increased flexibility and performance for control transfer. The flexibility that continuations provide allows the kernel designer when necessary to choose implementation performance over convenience, without affecting the design of the rest of the kernel. The continuation abstraction generalizes existing operating system control transfer optimizations. This dissertation also makes two practical contributions, an interface for machine-independent control transfer management inside the kernel and a recipe for converting an existing operating system kernel to use continuations. The control transfer interface exposes enough functionality to let continuation-using code be machine-independent without sacrificing performance. It provides more functionality than the current state of the art, while still hiding the machine-dependent details of control transfer, such as switching register state and changing address spaces. The recipe provides a set of techniques and advice for converting existing code and writing new code with continuations. Taken together, these contributions form a blueprint for putting continuations into practice. I have implemented continuations in the Mach 3.0 kernel from Carnegie Mellon University. This dissertation reports the performance improvements observed in that environment.


Abstract The Positive Reinforcement Opportunity Project (PROP) was a pilot program developed to build on the efficacy of contingency management (CM) using positive reinforcement to address the treatment needs of gay and bisexual men currently using crystal methamphetamines (meth). It was hypothesized that a version of CM could be implemented in San Francisco that was less costly than traditional treatment methods and reached gay and other MSM using meth who also engaged in highrisk sexual activity. Of the 178 men who participated in PROP from December 2003 to December 2005, many self-reported behaviors for acquiring and spreading sexually transmitted diseases including HIV infection. During the initial intake, 73% reported high-risk sexual behavior in the prior three months, with 60% reporting anal receptive and/or insertive sex without condoms. This report describes the implementation of PROP and suggest both its limitations and potential strengths. Initial findings suggest that PROP was a useful and low cost substance use treatment option that resulted in a 35% 90-day completion rate, which is similar to graduation rates from traditional, more costly treatment options. Further evaluation of the limited data from three- and six-month follow-up of those who completed PROP is currently ongoing.


Abstract While state institutions are involved in planning and governance in African cities, their relevance in shaping urban life is sometimes questioned given what residents often experience as the extreme incapacity of state agencies. In response, some scholars have sought to rethink the nature of institutions, while others have shifted their attention to the role of the everyday in the making of cities. This article builds on literature that seeks to better understand the links between quotidian actions and institutional constraints, in order to critically assess how state power is exercised in African cities. It does this by tracking the Presidency's role in shaping Angola's capital, Luanda, in the 1990s and 2000s. The Presidency consolidated power through the urban landscape even in moments when it seemed state presence had totally collapsed. The article therefore shows that a more nuanced understanding of the logics of power in African cities can reveal the ongoing significance of state institutions to their making, even in contexts where the everyday experience of state capacity is one of absence or negligence.


The objective of this Ph.D work is to establish an affective engineering system for
general surface tactile evaluation, which fits in the current knowledge gap between
the micro-surface physical properties and the customers' peceptual responses to
surface tactile senses as well as their affective preferences.
Drawing upon a broad multidisciplinary review, this research identifies the value of
such affective system for tactile evaluation in both academic research and industry
application. A concept framework of surface tactile evaluation system is specified,
including three substructs: instrumentation, sensory evaluation and database
construction & mining. The framework is implemented to investigate how surface
tribological factors such as topography, hardness and friction against skin affect the
tactile attributes and general preference, with regard to 'soft-touch' polymer coatings
and patterns. Works were done in three major folds:
Firstly, two instrumentation features for tribological test and surface characterisation
have been developed. The works include (1) a novel tribometer with flexible
configurations of in-vivo friction test by finger touch and dry sliding Roller-on-Block
test and (2) a Hot-tip Tribological Probe Microscope (hot-tip TPM) with localized
surface thermal measurement. Their novelty in design and performance are presented
and discussed in detail. Some preliminary tactile studies on car interior materials and
regular machined surfaces are also performed on tribolgical aspects. To help
interpreting the data acquired from TPM and to improve the understanding of the
limitation of surface characterization at micro/nano scale, fidelity issues are
considered on two aspects: (a) finite tip size effect on topography measurement and
(b) probe misalignment effect on nanoindentation test.
Secondly, a database of 'soft-touch' polymer surfaces has been constructed at both
physical level and psychophysical level. On one hand, the surface microstrutures are
physically characterized by the home-made instruments and other commercial ones,
in terms of topography, surface nanohardness and friction coefficient. Internal
correlations among the measured surface properties are observed. Attempts have
been made to explain these correlations by the aforementioned fidelity issues and
classical tribology theory. On the other hand, the tactile perception towards the
polymer samples are evaluated and quantified in the four major tactile sensory modes
(Smooth-rough , soft-hard , slippery-grippy , cool-warm) and the general preference
(Like-dislike). Nonparametric statistical tests such as Kendall's W test and Wilcoxon
test are applied to study the evaluation effectiveness among the subjects and the
perceptual difference among the samples. Gender difference is identified in the
tactile evaluation effectiveness of polymer coatings.
Last but not least, this research further explored the complex relationships among the
perceived attributes and measured surface properties by using a range of classical
data mining techniques such as cross correlation analysis, factor analysis and
regression methods. It was noted that the perceived attributes such as smooth/rough
and grippy/slippy are influenced by surface topography with parameters of roughness
and average spacing while the perceived softness largely depends on the ratio of
hardness to modulus H/E. A regression model is established to describe the
psychophysical relationships in relation to surface tactile design of the 'soft-touch'
polymers.


NOAA's Big Data Project (2015 - 2019) was an experiment between the US government and five Cooperative Research and Development Agreement partners in utilization of Cloud resources for public data sets. NC State University's Cooperative Unit for Climate and Satellites - NC (CICS-NC) was the BDP Data Broker between the USG and Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Services, IBM, Microsoft Azure and the Open Commons Consortium. In this role CICS-NC facilitated data transfers from NOAA to the Cloud partners, resolved operational problems, ensured data integrity, certified Cloud partner holdings, added new datasets, informed Cloud partners of source data irregularities including missing datasets, and, helped mesh contrasting cultures. In this presentation we review these efforts, including several different data transfer modalities utilized and present statistics on usage of Cloud partner BDP holdings. This presentation was given in July 2019 at the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) Summer Meeting held in Tacoma, Washington.


We study the effect of post-compulsory education on crime by exploiting a regression discontinuity design generated by admission cut-offs to upper secondary schools in Finland. We combine data on school applications with data on criminal convictions and follow individuals for 10 years. Our results show that successful applicants are less likely to commit crimes during the first five years after admission. Crime is reduced both during and outside the school year, indicating that the channel through which schooling affects crime cannot be explained by incapacitation alone. We find no effect on crime committed after 6 years from admission.


This thesis creates a context for exploring the provision of local healthcare services
quantitatively, with particular focus on the application of spatial analysis and the use of
geographic information systems (GIS). It focuses theoretically on the intersections between:
health and medical geography; GIScience and spatially integrated social science; and social
justice and spatial equity, elucidating the value of space and place in understanding patient
registration with, and usage of, healthcare services.
The practical elements of the thesis are based on patient registration data provided by
Southwark primary care trust (PCT), and Hospital Episode Statistics from the NHS
Information Centre. Focussing initially on primary care, registration with GP surgeries in
Southwark is considered firstly from a normative perspective, and subsequently by
employing a service area delineation approach. Profiling GP surgeries in this way enables an
insight into patient registration behaviours, and sheds light on the challenges of
implementing an agenda of patient choice as advocated by recent NHS white papers. The
perspective of inpatient and outpatient care is also considered, given the increasing import
of joined up provision in primary and secondary care. The thesis considers the linkage
between the two service hierarchies, investigating utilisation of secondary care by patients.
The value of this thesis derives from its relevance to the reform agenda that looks likely to
radically reshape the NHS, the exploitation of patient registration data at individual level,
novel use of classification, and the systematic application of spatial analysis across a range of
scales.


Gαq acts as a scaffold protein to assemble activators of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK5. The main members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38, are well characterized and regulate such cellular responses as proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, less is known about the regulation of the more recent additions to the MAPK family, such as ERK5, which is activated by various growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, and Gq-coupled G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). In response to epidermal growth factor, activation of ERK5 requires the MAPK kinase MEK5 and the atypical protein kinase C isoform PKCζ; however, how ERK5 is activated by GPCRs is unclear. García-Hoz et al. found that stimulation of m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors led to the phosphorylation and activation of ERK5 in NIH 3T3 cells, which was independent of Src family kinases, EGF receptors, and phospholipase C–β (PLC-β), an effector of Gαq that leads to the activation of ERK1/2. Stimulation of another Gq-coupled GPCR led to the activation of ERK5 in wild-type, but not in PKCζ-deficient, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that Gαq physically associated with PKCζ. Immunoprecipitated complexes of tagged Gαq and PKCζ proteins contained MEK5. MEK5 and PKCζ contain PB1 domains through which they can interact; however, a PB1 domain–deficient mutant of MEK5 was found in immunoprecipitated complexes of Gαq and PKCζ. In addition to suggesting roles for MEK5 and PKCζ as effectors of Gαq, this study also suggests that Gαq acts as a scaffold protein that independently binds to MEK5 and PKCζ to mediate the activation of ERK5. C. García-Hoz, G. Sánchez-Fernández, M. T. Díaz-Meco, J. Moscat, F. Mayor, C. Ribas, Gαq acts as an adaptor protein in protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ)-mediated ERK5 activation by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). J. Biol. Chem. 285, 13480–13489 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In the Global South, the informal food economy is both a source of income for disadvantaged urban groups and an accessible source of food for consumers. Yet governance of this economy has commonly been restrictive in Southern countries including China. Consequently, in China there has been an antagonistic relationship between vendors and chengguan (China's city management officers). This antagonism has been studied by researchers and reported by Chinese media. This discussion paper uses semi-structured interviews with street food vendors to evaluate how recent policy reforms have affected vendor-chengguan relations and vendor livelihoods in Nanjing. It identifies a non-confrontational relationship between some groups of vendors and chengguan. Practices of street food vending were tolerated by chengguan and the local government, despite restrictive top-down regulations. Existing studies have suggested the term ambiguous governance to describe this mode of governance. However, this paper argues that the term does not fully capture the complex dynamics in the covert cooperation between vendors and officers. One group of vendors comprised landless farmers who had lost their farmland to urbanization. The agreement between these vendors, chengguan, and local government was a means of compensating vendors for their lost land. Therefore, this governance mechanism is more accurately conceptualized as compensatory governance. Further studies of the compensatory governance of street food vendors in Chinese cities are needed to establish how widespread this model is and to inform policy-making.


I study the aggregate implications of the entry of Multinational Firms (MNFs) in a two country Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model in which firms have heterogeneous productivity in the sense of Ghironi and Melitz (2005). Unlike the extant open economy macroeconomics literature, this model endogenizes both multinational production and exports as possible strategies of internationalization of production, a feature that substantially improves the match between model-simulated moments and business cycle data along two dimensions. First, once I allow for concurrent entry (and exit) of MNFs and exporters over the business cycle, the consumption output anomaly disappears and I can successfully replicate the ranking of cross-country correlations of output and consumption found in the data. Second, I show that the model with heterogeneous MNFs is capable of bringing the simulated volatility of the Real Exchange Rate much closer to the data than previous models with either representative or heterogeneous exporters.


Development of a Theory-based Instrument Regarding Adolescent Athletes and Dietary Supplements: Dietary supplement use is a well-documented practice among adult and adolescent athletes. Most recently the popular press was as interested in professional baseball player Mark McGwire's use of the dietary supplement Androstenedione as they were in his record-breaking homerun season. As a whole, athletes continue to use dietary supplements at a rate higher than the general population. Among athletes, adolescent 's are a key target market of the dietary supplement industry. Claims of increased energy, improved performance, and gains in muscular strength appeal to this population. However, time and again the efficacy of these claims has been shown to be unsupported under scientific scrutiny. The purpose of this article will be to discuss the development of an instrument based on the Theory of Reasoned Action to assess intentions, attitudes, and beliefs of adolescent athletes regarding dietary supplements. A nine-stage model was used in the development of the instrument, titled the Survey to Predict Adolescent Athletes Dietary Supplement Use (SPAADSU). This model yielded a final form of the SPAADSU containing 36 items. Cronbach's alpha was .9409. It was concluded that the SPAADSU is a reliable instrument that can be used to assess behavioral intentions, attitudes, and beliefs of adolescent athletes regarding dietary supplements. It is felt that a valid and reliable instrument such as the SPAADSU will greatly benefit those groups of individuals who are responsible for the well-being of adolescent athletes; most specifically, but not limited to, coaches, athletic trainers, physicians, health educators, and parents/guardians.


This paper investigates the inspection and monitoring structural bends using a special ultrasonic bend-guided wave, which concentrates the energy in and around the bend. Modal studies are carried out using the Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) method, while 3D finite element (FE) simulations are used to gain visualization of results and also obtain cross-validation. Our studies reveal, perhaps for the first time, the possibility of bend-guided modes of the shear-horizontal (SH) family, in addition those of the Rayleigh-Lamb family reported earlier in the literature. This mode has attractive properties including low attenuation and limited dispersion. We investigate effects of plate thickness and bend radius on the physics of FGW in bends, arguing the strong role of geometry and curvature effects in causing mode confinement. Experiments have also been carried out to validate the existence of such bend-guided mode. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/83


During the last decade, an active line of research in proof complexity has been to study space complexity and time space trade-offs for proofs. Besides being a natural complexity measure of intrinsic interest, space is also an important issue in SAT solving. For the polynomial calculus proof system, the only previously known space lower bound is for CNF formulas of unbounded width in [Alekhnovich et al. '02], where the lower bound is smaller than the initial width of the clauses in the formulas. Thus, in particular, it has been consistent with current knowledge that polynomial calculus could refute any k-CNF formula in constant space. We prove several new results on space in polynomial calculus (PC) and in the extended proof system polynomial calculus resolution (PCR) studied in [Alekhnovich et al. '02]. (1) For PCR, we prove an Ω(n) space lower bound for a bitwise encoding of the functional pigeonhole principle with m pigeons and n holes. These formulas have width O(log n), and hence this is an exponential improvement over [Alekhnovich et al. '02] measured in the width of the formulas. (2) We then present another encoding of the pigeonhole principle that has constant width, and prove an Ω(n) space lower bound in PCR for these formulas as well. (3) We prove an Ω(n) space lower bound in PC for the canonical 3-CNF version of the pigeonhole principle formulas PHPmn with m pigeons and n holes, and show that this is tight. (4) We prove that any k-CNF formula can be refuted in PC in simultaneous exponential size and linear space (which holds for resolution and thus for PCR, but was not known to be the case for PC). We also characterize a natural class of CNF formulas for which the space complexity in resolution and PCR does not change when the formula is transformed into 3-CNF in the canonical way.


The Analysis of the Reliability and Factorial Validity in the Basic Characteristics of Isometric F-t curve of the Leg Extensors in Well Trained Serbian Males and Females The aim of this research was to establish the reliability and factorial validity of different isometric basic characteristics of F-t curve related to leg extensors in well trained and healthy Serbian males and females. Sample consisted of 159 examinees. In order to assess characteristics of the F-t isometric leg extensor force, tensiometric probe and standardized "seating leg extension" test were used. The measurement range was defined by 4 variables regarding the contractile characteristics of the leg extensor isometric muscle force - 1) the level of the achieved maximal force - FmaxLegExtISO, 2) the indicator of basic (general) level of rate of force development - RFDBASICLegExtISO, 3) the time necessary to reach maximal force - tFmaxLegExtISO, 4) basic synergy index. The results showed a high statistical significance of p<0.001 in representability, generalizability and reliability for all the characteristics observed in both genders (Spearman-Brown r - 0.715 to 0.967 for males and 0.713 to 0.941 for females). As for the methodology aspect of testing, the factor analysis demonstrated the necessity of conducting at least three trials, choosing the best result from the two last trials.


This paper presents an innovative wearable kinesthetic glove realized with knitted piezoresistive fabric (KPF) sensor technology. The glove is conceived to capture hand movement and gesture by using KPF in a double-layer configuration working as angular sensors (electrogoniometers). The sensing glove prototype is endowed by three KPF goniometers, used to track flexion and extension movement of metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb, index, and middle fingers. The glove is devoted to the continuous monitoring of patients during their daily-life activities, in particular for stroke survivors during their rehabilitation. The prototype performances have been evaluated in comparison with an optical tracking system considered as a gold standard both for relieving static and dynamic posture and gesture of the hand. The introduced prototype has shown very interesting figures of merit. The angular error, evaluated through the standard Bland Altman analysis, has been estimated in ${\bf \pm 3^\circ}$ which is slightly less accurate than commercial electrogoniometers. Moreover, a new conceptual prototype design, preliminary evaluated within this study, is presented and discussed in order to solve actual limitations in terms of number and type of sensor connections, avoiding mechanical constraints given by metallic inextensible wires and improving user comfort.


I. FOUNDATIONS 1. Communication and Culture. Narrative: Culture's Core, Myron W. Lustig. Defining Communication. Defining Culture. Defining Intercultural Communication. Narrative Approach to Intercultural Communication. Coloring Books, Video recorders and Sandpaper: Three Cultural Metaphors, Lucy Shahar and David Kurz. 2. Cultural Patterns. Narrative: Balinese Patterns: Cremations and Villages Cultural Patterns. Approaches to Studying Cultural Patterns. Cultural Assumptions and Values, Edward Stewart, Jack Danielian, and Robert Foster. II. PROCESSES 3. Perception. Narrative: We and They, Rudyard Kipling. Perception Process. Culture and Perception. The Psychological Process: Perception and Reasoning, Glen Fisher. Communication in Personal Relationships in Iran: A Comparative Analysis, Fred Zandpour and Golnaz Sadri. 4. Cultural Identity. Narrative: Spinning Wheels, Bobbons, Wool and Lace. Defining Cultural Identity. Formation of Cultural Identity. Characteristics of Cultural Identity. Disgrace, Culture and Identity Construction in South Africa, Carolyn Calloway-Thomas and Jack Thomas. Gender, Masculinities, Identities and Interpersonal Relationship Systems: Men in General and Gay Men in Particular, James Chesebro. 5. Verbal Intercultural Communication. Narrative: Frustration, Misunderstanding, Laughter. What is Language? The Structure of Language. The Characteristics of Language. Semantics. Pragmatics. Language and Culture. Multiple Perspectives: African-American Women Conceive their Talk, Marsha Houston. Intercultural Conflict Styles, Stella Ting-Toomey and John Oetzel. 6. Nonverbal Intercultural Communication. Narrative: Shopping with the Bedouins. Importance of Nonverbal Communication. Universality of Nonverbal Communication. Functions of Nonverbal Communication. Nonverbal Communication Codes. Virtual Grave Sites Play Host to Filial but Busy Chinese, Matt Forney. Bound by Beauty: Chinese Footbinding, Pamela Cooper. 7. Listening. Narrative: Listening in the Japanese Garden. Definition of Listening. HURRIER Model. Importance of Active Listening. Levels of Listening. Barriers to Effective Listening. Effective Listening Across Cultures. Perspectives on Intercultural Listening, Melissa Beall. 8. Family and Friends. Narrative: The Spaces In-Between, Laura Elizabeth Pearson Cooper. Defining Relationships. Relationship Development Stages. Cultural Differences in Relationship Development Stages. Family Relationships. Friendship Relationships. Mate Selection Among Asian Indians Living in America: A Quest for Traditional Ritual, Archana J. Bhatt. It's Not Blarney: Intergenerational Transmission of Communication Patterns in Irish American Families, Kathleen Galvin. 9. Education. Narrative: Why Can't We Discuss It? The Functions of Schools. Cultural Dimensions. Recognizing Differences in Learning. Understanding Cultural Differences. Communication Effectiveness in an Intercultural Classroom. There's a Lizard in My Living Room and a Pigeon in My Classroom, Janet MacLennan. 10. Economics, Business, and Intercultural Communication. Narrative: How Do I Criticize? Let Me Count the Ways. Global Transformation. New People in the Workplace. Changing Concept of Global Economic Community. Uncertainty Reduction. Using Economic Arrangements to Explain Intercultural Communication. Values and Life Style Patterns. Information and Decision Making. Intercultural Communication in the Business Context. The Cultural Practice of Law or How to Successfully Do a Deal in a Foreign Jurisdiction, J. Richard Hoel, Jr. "Even the White Ants Confer Before They Scatter": The Use of the Proverb in West African Peacemaking Traditions, Mary Adams Trujillo. 11. Health. Narrative: The Malaysian Doctor. Health Belief Systems. Intercultural Barriers of Effective Health Care. Do Doctors Eat Brains?, Anne Fadiman. Multicultural Tales in Applied Contexts: Unexpected Journeys into Healing and Interconnectedness in Hospitals and Courtrooms, Sunwolf. 12. Media and Technology. Narrative: A Cell Phone on the Great Wall? Popular Culture. Norms and the Media. Gender, Class, Race and the Media. Media and Power. Advertising and the Media. Culture and the Internet. International Dimensions and Flow of Information. Rap Music and (Re)articulation of Chicanismo, Fernando Pedro Delgado. Perceived Typicality: American Television as Seen by Mexicans, Turks, and Americans, Alice Hall, Todd Anten, and Idil Cakim. 13. Ethics. Narrative: Can I Keep the Diamond Bracelet? Empathy and Sympathy. Moral Reasoning. Ethical Sentiments: Paths to Intercultural Behavior. Collective Morality: Some Effects on Human Behavior. Credo for Ethical Communication, National Communication Assoication. 14. Developing Competence. Narrative: Competency Practices, J. Richard Hoel, Jr. Factors Shaping Individual Ability. Factors Influencing Intercultural Competence: A Synthesis. Local and Global Dimensions. Improving Intercultural Competence. Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication, LaRay Barna. Communication Competence: Problematics in Ethnic Friendships, Mary Jane Collier.


Pathos and Policy: The Power of Emotions in Shaping Perceptions of International Relations. (August 2005) J. Mark Skorick, B.A., Pepperdine University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Charles F. Hermann Current approaches to foreign policy decision making and international conflict have ignored the role of emotions as variables influencing foreign policy choices. However, a growing area of political research suggests that emotions are of critical importance to many aspects of political life. Predominant foreign policy decision making models currently attend to either rational calculations or 'cold' cognitive processes and heuristics. These models provide little theoretical space for propositions about how enduring and intense emotions such as hatred and fear influence perceptions and interpretations of interstate conflict. In this paper we propose a model which addresses this deficiency in foreign policy decision making research. A theory of emotions is introduced and integrated into the existing research on foreign policy decision making. Hypotheses pertaining to the influence of negative emotions on information processing and choice in international relations are derived from the model and tested in a multimethod setting. Findings are reported and discussed within the framework of existing empirical research on process-oriented models of foreign policy decision making.


Abstract Examination of the neanic apparatuses of known populations of Nephrolepidina praemarginata, N. morgani, and N. tournoueri reveals that the equatorial chamberlets are arranged in spirals, along the direction of connection of the oblique stolons, giving the optical effect of intersecting curves. In N. praemarginata commonly 34 left- and right-oriented primary spirals occur from the first annulus to the periphery, 21 secondary spirals from the third to fifth annulus, 13 ternary spirals from the fifth to eighth annulus, following the Fibonacci sequence. The number of the spirals increases in larger specimens and in more embracing morphotypes, and especially in trybliolepidine specimens; the secondary and ternary spirals from the investigated N. praemarginata to N. tournoueri populations tend to start from more distal annuli. An interpretative model of the spiral growth of Nephrolepidina is attempted. The angle formed by the basal annular stolon and distal oblique stolon in equatorial chamberlets ranges from 122° in N. praemarginata to mean values close to the golden angle (137.5°) in N. tournoueri. The increase in the Fibonacci number of spirals during the evolution of the lineage, along with the disposition of the stolons between contiguous equatorial chamberlets, provides new evidence of evolutionary selection for specimens with optimally packed chamberlets. Natural selection favors individuals with the most regular growth, which fills the equatorial space more efficiently, thus allowing these individuals to reach the adult stage faster. We refer to this new type of selection as "golden selection."


The Internet is a technological development that has the potential to change not only the way society retains and accesses knowledge but also to transform and restructure traditional models of higher education, particularly the delivery and interaction in and with course materials and associated resources. Utilising the Internet to deliver eLearning initiatives has created expectations both in the business market and in higher education institutions. Indeed, eLearning has enabled universities to expand on their current geographical reach, to capitalise on new prospective students and to establish themselves as global educational providers. This paper examines the issues surrounding the implementation of eLearning into higher education, including the structure and delivery of higher education, the implications to both students and lecturers and the global impact on society. This journal article is available in Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice: http://ro.uow.edu.au/jutlp/vol2/iss1/3 Journa l o f Un ivers i t y Teach ing and Learn ing Prac t i ce A Study Into The Effects Of eLearning On Higher Education


In this work we use a new approach to model error events in long-haul optical fiber transmission systems. Existing approaches for obtaining probability density functions (PDFs) rely on numerical simulations or analytical approximations. Numerical simulations make far tails of the PDFs difficult to obtain, while analytical approximations are often inaccurate, as they neglect nonlinear interaction between pulses and noise. Our approach combines the instanton method from statistical mechanics, to model far tails of the PDFs, with numerical simulations to refine the middle part of the PDFs. We combine the two methods by using an orthogonal polynomial expansion constructed specifically for this problem. We demonstrate the approach on an example of a specific submarine transmission system.


While social media is communal by definition, the use, regulation and understanding of social media is frequently limited to individuals (even if those individuals add together as a group or community of some kind). In this paper, we detail an attempt to examine how the visual social media app and platform Instagram is used to imagine the relationships with those who have no self-representational agency: babies and the recently deceased. Specifically, the #ultrasound and #funeral hashtags were tracked for three months in 2014. The aim is to utilise this mapping to investigate how relationships appear in visual form, and what these then say about these dynamics are presented visually, and are thus imagined, by Instagram users. Building on Instagram mapping methods we have detailed in depth elsewhere (xxxx), using the Instagram API we tracked media in which the media item's caption included specific hashtags (whilst initially returned by the Instagram API, we disregarded media with the hashtag when the tag was not added by the initial poster, but rather by a subsequent commenter). While all Instagram metadata and media captured and analysed was completely public in a technical sense, the public/private distinction at the level of code is insufficient; rather, following Markham and Buchanan (2012) we were mindful of not amplifying media content that may not have been shared with this intention, and have chosen not to include example images in this published form.


PROJECTING CANADA: GOVERNMENT POLICY AND DOCUMENTARY FILM AT THE NATIONAL FILM BOARD ZoeDruick Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, Arts Insights Series, 2007, 244 pp. FILMING POLITICS: COMMUNISM AND THE PORTRAYAL OF THE WORKING CLASS AT THE NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA, 1939-46 Malek Khouri Calgary: University of Calgary Press, Cinema Off Centre Series, 2007, 278 pp. The greatest challenge for scholars examining Canada's National Film Board is to rise above and re-shape the oft-repeated anecdotal histories of the NFB and the prominence given to the iconic John Grierson. Projecting Canada and Filming Politics represent two excellent responses to the established histories of Canada's premier filmmaking institution. Both books explore the subject in new and original ways. The first, by Zoe Druick, offers a unique perspective on the NFB supported by fresh archival discoveries. It gestures towards a rewriting of key portions of the accepted historical foundation of Canadian film studies. The second, by Malek Khouri, is focused on a particular historical moment in the life of the NFB and is necessarily more specialized, given its thematic interest in the representation of labour politics. Both of these texts are the product of doctoral research. Druick's book comes out of York University's Social and Political Thought program, while Khouri's book was developed in the Communication Studies program at McGill University. Reflecting the traditions of these two programmes, Projecting Canada and Filming Politics are both highly interdisciplinary in the scope of their research and analytical rigour, spanning film studies, communication studies, social science, political science, and cultural theory. In Projecting Canada, Druick seeks to investigate "the political and policy rationale" for the NFB from its inception in 1939 to the present. She illustrates this study with analyses of individual films and the evolving impact of communications technologies upon liberal democracy as typified by the Canadian context. Druick revisits the founding era of the NFB and resuscitates neglected portions of its post-World War II output by explaining how the films, regardless of their public profile or popularity, continued to address the issues and deliver on the promises that were outlined in the institution's founding mandate and sustained through subsequent revisions. The model Druick establishes in order to defend this position is rooted in social scientific theory and has clear formal implications. She describes "government realism" as a model in which "typical individuals representing a range of population subcategories from different regions and cultures are depicted as members of class and occupation identities." Projecting Canada charts the development of government realism as both a policy mandate and a documentary style over the course of the NFB's history and interrogates its function and meaning within the Canadian popular imaginary. The introduction to Projecting Canada is a comprehensive overview of the main currents in documentary theory within the context of NFB film policy and production. Druick offers readers an entry into documentary studies at large and a snapshot of early film history in Canada before she trains her sights on the NFB. She deftly balances estimations of Grierson's visionary genius with criticisms of the mark he left on Canadian cinema. She does this, in part, by clearly establishing Britain's fingerprints on Canada's founding film policy and tracing their imperialist roots through the Grierson era. Additionally, Druick crafts a narrative which connects Grierson's background in U.S. social scientific theory, particularly the influence of the Chicago School of Social Science, to the imperatives of "empire communications" (inter-empire communications programs designed for disseminating media within the dominions and colonies of which Britain's Empire Marketing Board [1926-1933] is the best-known example). …


Holding Your Breath Hemoglobin and myoglobin are widely responsible for oxygen transport and storage (see the Perspective by Rezende). The ability of diving mammals to obtain enough oxygen to support extended dives and foraging is largely dependent on muscle myoglobin (Mb) content. Mirceta et al. (p. 1303) found that in mammalian lineages with an aquatic or semiaquatic lifestyle, Mb net charge increases, which may represent an adaptation to inhibit self-association of Mb at high intracellular concentrations. Epistasis results from nonadditive genetic interactions and can affect phenotypic evolution. Natarajan et al. (p. 1324) found that epistatic interactions were able to explain the increased hemoglobin oxygen-binding affinity observed in deer mice populations at high altitude. In mammals, the offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin is facilitated by a reduction in the blood's pH, driven by metabolically produced CO2. However, in fish, a reduction in blood pH reduces oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Rummer et al. (p. 1327) implanted fiber optic oxygen sensors within the muscles of rainbow trout and found that elevated CO2 levels in the water led to acidosis and elevated oxygen tensions. Deer mice have discovered that mutations distant from the oxygen-binding site help them live at high altitude. [Also see Perspective by Rezende] Epistatic interactions between mutant sites in the same protein can exert a strong influence on pathways of molecular evolution. We performed protein engineering experiments that revealed pervasive epistasis among segregating amino acid variants that contribute to adaptive functional variation in deer mouse hemoglobin (Hb). Amino acid mutations increased or decreased Hb-O2 affinity depending on the allelic state of other sites. Structural analysis revealed that epistasis for Hb-O2 affinity and allosteric regulatory control is attributable to indirect interactions between structurally remote sites. The prevalence of sign epistasis for fitness-related biochemical phenotypes has important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of protein polymorphism in natural populations.


Abstract. High rates of aggressive-disruptive behavior exhibited by children during their initial years of elementary school increase their risk for significant behavioral adjustment problems with teachers and peers. The purpose of the present study was to examine the unique and combined contributions of child vulnerabilities and school context to the development of aggressive-disruptive student behavior during first grade. Parent ratings and child interviews assessed three child characteristics associated with risk for the development of aggressive behavior problems in elementary school (aggressive-disruptive behaviors at home, attention problems, and social cognitions) in a sample of 755 first-grade children in four demographically diverse American communities. Two school characteristics associated with student aggressive-disruptive behavior problems (low-quality classroom context, school poverty levels) were also assessed. Linear and multilevel analyses showed that both child and school characteristics made independent and cumulative contributions to the development of student aggressive-disruptive behavior at school. Although rates of student aggressive-disruptive behavior varied by gender and race, the predictive model generalized across all groups of children in the study.


Abstract. Two independently derived SCIAMACHY total water vapour column (WVC) products are compared with integrated water vapour data calculated from radiosonde measurements, and with each other. The two SCIAMACHY WVC products are retrieved with two different retrieval algorithms applied in the visible and short-wave infrared wavelength regions respectively. The first SCIAMACHY WVC product used in the comparison is ESA's level 2 version 5.01 WVC product derived with the Air Mass Corrected Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (AMC-DOAS) retrieval algorithm applied in the visible wavelength range (SCIAMACHY-ESA). The second SCIAMACHY WVC product is derived using the iterative maximum likelihood method (IMLM) in the short-wave infrared wavelength range and developed by Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SCIAMACHY-IMLM). Both SCIAMACHY WVC products are compared with collocated water vapour amounts determined from daily relative humidity radiosonde measurements obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) radiosonde network. The SCIAMACHY-ESA WVC product is compared with radiosonde-derived WVC amounts for an 18-month period from February 2010 to mid-August 2011, and the SCIAMACHY-IMLM WVC amounts are compared with radiosonde WVC amounts for the two individual years of 2004 and 2009. In addition the WVC amounts from SCIAMACHY-ESA and SCIAMACHY-IMLM are also compared with each other for a 1-month period for June 2009. The AMC-DOAS method used to retrieve SCIAMACHY-ESA WVC is able to correct for water vapour present below the clouds and can be used during cloudy conditions over both land and ocean surfaces. Results indicate a good agreement between the WVC amounts of SCIAMACHY-ESA and that of radiosondes, with a mean difference of −0.32 g cm−2 for all collocated cases. Overall the SCIAMACHY-ESA WVC amounts are smaller than the radiosonde WVC amounts, especially over oceans. For cloudy conditions the WVC bias has a clear dependence on the cloud top height and increases with increasing cloud top heights larger than approximately 2 km. A likely cause for this could be the different vertical profile shapes of water vapour and O2 leading to different relative changes in their optical thickness, which makes the air mass factor (AMF) correction method used in the algorithm less suitable for high clouds. The SCIAMACHY-IMLM product's water vapour measurements are best used over land surfaces during cloud-free conditions, and in these cases a good agreement is found when compared to radiosonde WVC amounts, with a mean difference of 0.08 g cm−2. It is shown that over ocean surfaces during cloudy conditions the partial SCIAMACHY-IMLM water vapour column above the cloud can be well estimated by using the simultaneously retrieved methane column to calculate the cloud top height. Comparing the two satellite WVC products with each other indicates that SCIAMACHY-ESA consistently measures higher WVC amounts than those of SCIAMACHY-IMLM. Furthermore, the importance of the choice of cloud product is highlighted, as intercomparisons between the two SCIAMACHY WVC products indicate that using different cloud products to screen water vapour data for cloud-free conditions influences the data selection and may ultimately lead to a variation in results. In the last section of the paper, various options for filtering the two SCIAMACHY WVC data sets are discussed and best selection criteria suggested.


An analytical model of solder joint formation during a surface mount reflow process is developed for two-dimensional fillets whose flow may be restricted due to "finite" metallizations on a leadless component and the printed circuit board. Although these height and length constraints on the fillet geometry may result in obtuse contact angles, the solution is obtained in the form of an explicit integral, similar to that previously derived by the authors for the case of acute contact angles. This solution may also be recast into the form of elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds, thereby permitting one to evaluate the fillet geometry using mathematical tables or special function software, if desired, rather than resorting to a computer-based numerical quadrature. In addition an approximate zero-gravity solution is given by means of simple closed-form expressions relating the height, length, contact angles, and cross-sectional area of the fillet. Numerical results generated by implementing the "exact" integral solution for the joint profile are given in the form of dimensionless plots, relating fillet geometry to the solder properties (surface tension and density), amount of solder, chip height, and pad length. Also presented in dimensionless form are the approximate results from the zero-gravity model, which are independent of solder properties, yet are of sufficient accuracy for "small" joints. Because of their dimensionless nature, the results of the present paper may be of maximum utility to process engineers aiming to achieve desired joint geometries (e.g., to maximize fatigue life or to eliminate bridging problems), or to board designers responsible for selecting efficient footprint patterns to maximize board density. Models of solder joint formation, such as the one presented here, may be of most value when used in conjunction with stress analysis packages (e.g., finite element programs) and appropriate fatigue models. In this way an integrated approach to the design of solder joints and circuit boards may be taken, resulting in improved product reliability and performance.


A generic method for performing history matching of reservoir flow models using 4D seismic data is described. Several key technology components are used in the procedure, including seismic attribute analysis and classification, reservoir simulator technologies, domain transformation algorithms, as well as the optimization algorithms that guide the history-matching process. The novel 4D history-matching procedure was applied to the Tordis Field in the North Sea. As a result the transmissibilities of the fault network in the reservoir model were modified. In addition a production well was successfully side-tracked using results of the analysis from the time-lapse data.


Islamic finance has been one of the fastest-growing areas of the global financial services industry over the last decade. This growth, estimated at 15 percent annually over the last three years, has been primarily driven by vast inflows of petrodollars, the search by Western banks for high-margin businesses, and widespread innovation in Islamic financial engineering. However, Islamic financial institutions have not achieved the same degree of success in creating regulatory environments conducive to greater innovation and development of Islamic capital markets. Standardized regulation is critical to the future growth of Islamic finance. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The State of Islamic Finance Interest is at the foundation of conventional financial systems. Payments on interest compensate creditors for both the time value of money and default risk. However, interest is prohibited under Shari'ah, or Islamic law: the Qu'ran states, "And that which you give in gift, in order that it may increase from other people's property, has no increase with Allah." It also declares, "We have prepared for those among men who reject faith a grievous punishment." For a devout Muslim, all fixed income instruments from mortgages to interest rate swaps are clearly haram, or forbidden. Additionally, Shari'ah bans excessive gharar, or risk. This condition is more ambiguous than the prohibition of riba. For example, an exporter could use currency options to hedge foreign exchange risk, while a speculator could use the same options to make bets on exchange rates. In the former situation, options are used to decrease risk, while in the latter, options are used to increase risk. Even in this simple example, Shari'ah scholars could (and do) have differing opinions. Clearly, the absence of standardized regulation can lead to significant confusion among investors. Despite the bans on riba and gharar, Islamic banks have developed Shari'ah-compliant financial products from loans and insurance to equity funds and exotic derivatives. These financial products often take the form of profit-sharing agreements between a "debtor" and a "creditor." For example, in mudarabah, sometimes called participation financing, an entrepreneur asks a bank to provide capital; profits are shared between the entrepreneur and the bank according to an agreed ratio. Profit sharing continues until the "loan" has been repaid. On the other hand, in murabahah, a bank can purchase a good for a customer and sell that good to the customer at an above-market price that is equivalent to the market price plus the amount the bank would have earned from interest. The customer then pays the bank in installments, just as if he or she had taken a conventional loan. However, the bank cannot charge the customer extra money for late payments, so instead the bank has custody of the good until full payment has been received. Each financial product must be approved by Shari'ah advisory committees or consultants. Because it is nearly impossible for any product to be approved by every Shari'ah scholar in Islamic finance, banks traditionally focus on some target group or appeal to as many people as possible. Some Islamic scholars have remained opposed to Islamic finance, maintaining that the industry's techniques are simply legal fudges. They draw comparisons to contractum trinius, a method European bankers used during the Middle Ages to circumvent the prohibition of usury. A banker would invest the amount of money required by a borrower and then purchase insurance for the investment from the borrower. Finally, the lender would sell the borrower the right to any profit made on some percentage of the investment. The three contracts used in contractum trinius, investment, insurance, and sale of profit, were individually permitted; put together, they behaved like an interest-bearing loan. Growth Islamic finance is one of the most rapidly growing areas of international finance today. …


Legal restrictions create a material delay between the announcement of a friendly acquisition of a public firm and the deal's final approval by target shareholders: a month for a takeover with a first step cash tender offer, longer for a merger. During this time target values may change, perhaps dramatically. While a target can accept new bids if its value rises, bidders usually cannot back out if the target's value falls. We also observe that most takeovers occur at a significant premium to the target's prior market price. Prior models of takeover bidding ignore the law-induced delay and resulting asymmetry between bidder and target, and generally assume that targets (if for sale) will accept zero-premium offers. We develop a model that incorporates delay-induced asymmetry and reserve prices. Principal new predictions include: targets often optimally set reserve prices higher than the current market price; first bidders may value the target for more than the target's reserve price, yet be unwilling to bid because they expect a loss after accounting for the implied put option they provide the seller; the likelihood of a bidder making a bid is generally decreasing in the reserve price, the interim uncertainty, and the number of potential competing bidders; optimal reserve prices are decreasing in the interim uncertainty and number of potential new bidders, and can be below the target's current price in extreme cases; (if the target offers a bustup fee to the first bidder, this increases the (conditional on the bustup fee) optimal reserve price, but reduces the target's expected profit. Our predictions on the effect of bustup fees provide theoretical support for legal limits on bustup fees and other deal protections.


Propafenone is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug used for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Propafenone is a chiral compound which is normally administered as the racemate. The use of racemate therapy can be problematic as variability in both the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the separate enantiomeric forms of the drug can exist. Propafenone enantiomers have been shown to have similar pharmacological properties, but studies are limited with regards to their disposition and interaction with drug metabolising enzymes. The aim of the study conducted here was to investigate the interaction of racaemic propafenone with the major cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2C19) to determine any stereospecific differences which may exist. This was conducted by measuring the in vitro metabolism of propafenone (racemate and enatiomers) and by developing CYP inhibition screens which could prove to be useful in providing information of potential drug interactions. In addition, stereospecific binding to human albumin was measured to investigate whether any enantiomeric differences in unbound drug exist.
For the inhibition studies propafenone (racemate and enatiomers) was incubated in 96 well plates with separate CYP isoforms in the presence of a NADPH regenerating system. CYP activity was monitored using the following fluorogenic substrates: CYP2C19/ CYP1A2 – CEC; CYP2D6 – AMMC; CYP3A4 - BFC. IC50 values were calculated and compared to those of control inhibitors (CYP2C19 – Tranycylpromine; CYP2D6 – Quinidine; CYP3A4 – Ketoconazole ; CYP1A2 - Furafylline). In vitro metabolism was conducted using human liver microsomes incubated with propafenone (racemate and enatiomers) and the degree of metabolism measured using hplc analysis. Protein binding was estimated for propafenone (racemate and enatiomers) by a chromatographic method utilising a chiral HSA column.
Inhibition studies showed that the lowest IC50 values were obtained when propafenone was co-incubated with CYP2D6 and CYP 3A4 which is to be expected as these CYP isoforms have been shown previously to be the major ones responsible for phase 1 metabolism of racaemic propafenone. There was a distinct stereospecific difference with these isoforms, with the R-enantiomer showing a higher degree of inhibition. This would suggest that there may be merit in considering single enantiomer therapy (in this instance using the S-enantiomer) to minimise the risk of any drug-drug interactions in vivo. However, the in vitro metabolism study showed that both single enantiomers were metabolised at a higher rate than the racaemic mixture. This may be explained in terms of the 2 enantiomers competing for metabolism and thus inhibiting the metabolism of each other. These results suggest a possible problem with single enantiomer therapy of propafenone as this drug has a short half life and increased metabolism would decrease this even further. Investigations into the plasma protein binding of propafenone showed that there is no difference in the binding of the separate enantiomers and therefore there would be no stereospecific differences in free drug concentration, although propafenone also binds to acid glycoprotein and so binding studies with separate enantiomers need to be conducted with this protein too.
Overall, this study shows how in vitro techniques can be utilised to investigate stereospecific differences in drug disposition. The work described here warrants further study on the metabolism/disposition of propafenone enantiomers in vivo to examine the clinical implications of enantiospecific therapy with this drug.


Polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases result from the expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat, encoding a polyglutamine tract in the disease-causing protein. The process by which each polyglutamine protein exerts its toxicity is complex, involving a variety of mechanisms including transcriptional dysregulation, proteasome impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, the most effective and widely applicable therapies are likely to be those designed to eliminate production of the mutant protein upstream of these deleterious effects. RNA-based approaches represent promising therapeutic strategies for polyglutamine diseases, offering the potential to suppress gene expression in a sequence-specific manner at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In particular, gene silencing therapies capable of discrimination between mutant and wildtype alleles, based on disease-linked polymorphisms or CAG repeat length, might prove crucial in cases where a loss of wild type function is deleterious. Novel methods, such as gene knockdown and replacement, seek to eliminate the technical difficulties associated with allele-specific silencing by avoiding the need to target specific mutations. With a variety of RNA technologies currently being developed to target multiple facets of polyglutamine pathogenesis, the emergence of an effective therapy seems imminent. However, numerous technical obstacles associated with design, discrimination and delivery must be overcome before RNA therapy can be effectively applied in the clinical setting.


New Year's Day, 2009. Somewhere on the bottom of the world, six teams of adventurers and explorers have gathered to race one another, on foot, to the South Pole. It is the first time that anyone has undertaken such a race in almost a hundred years; the first time since the great Norwegian, Roald Amundsen, beat Captain Scott to the same goal in 1911. The stakes are high, as double-Olympic Gold-winning medallist James Cracknell and TV presenter and adventurer Ben Fogle must contend with hidden crevasses, frostbite and the favourites to win: a team of teak-hard former soldiers from Norway, trained in Arctic warfare. Temperatures as low as minus 45 degrees Celsius lie in store for the teams as they attempt to ski across 800 kilometres of unforgiving, icy wilderness, pulling behind them sledges laden with equipment, tents and food. "Race to the Pole" is a rip-roaring 'boy's own' adventure packed with excitement, humour and even a few tears. But with just a few months to learn to cross-country ski before the start, and with national pride at stake, can Ben and James re-write history and beat the Norwegians?


CADWELL, DARIUS (13 Apr. 1821-26 Nov. 1905), an attorney, state legislator, Union Army officer, and judge, was born in Andover, Ohio, in Ashtabula County, son of Roger and Caroline Darius. He attended county and select schools, and completed 1 year at Allegheny College in 1841. After teaching county schools for several years, he studied law under Benjamin Wade (later U.S. senator) in Jefferson, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1847, Cadwell joined the firm of RUFUS P. RANNEY and Charles Simmonds of Jefferson, Oh. He was a deputy clerk in Jefferson and in 1850 a census agent in Ashtabula County. He served from 1856-58 as state representative and from 1858-60 as state senator, representing Lake, Geauga, and Ashtabula counties in Columbus. Turning down a captaincy in the Regular Army in 1862, Cadwell instead accepted the position of provost marshal of the 19th district, which had its headquarters in Youngstown, Ohio. In the fall of 1865, the 19th district was consolidated with the 14th, 16th, and 18th provost marshal districts, with headquarters in Cleveland. Caldwell maintained this position until the Cleveland provost marshal's office was closed in Dec. 1865 (see 18TH PROVOST MARSHALL DISTRICT OF OHIO). In 1873 he was elected to the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas and served until 1884. Having opened a law office in Cleveland in the early 1870s, he practiced there after his second term expired. Cadwell married Ann Eliza Watrous 13 Apr. 1847. They had four children: Frank W., Mrs. Richard Hubbard, Florence, and James R. Darius Cadwell Papers, WRHS.