Language unites us and language divides. My focus is the language of John Clare, and the survival of his words in different locations and social strata of America. It is impossible to know all Clare's words, or all his words still used in America, but the link between the greatest English rural poet and the country to which he once thought of emigrating is intriguing. The study of dialects have always interested me. I remember as an eight-year-old, my school-mates gathering round me, listening to my "Zummerzet" [Somerset]--O don'ee keep on, muther. Don'ee keep on"--while they spoke "Brummy" [Birmingham]--"Ai yo' seen our kid, our 'acker' from Airdington, Bairmingam?" [Erdington, Birmingham]. As a child, dialect was an asset--as a teenager, speaking my own dialect might have got me a black eye. Dialect is not inferior, it is just different. And "slang" has many definitions, no one of which is adequate. No scholar can live without dictionaries. The most important, is the Oxford English Dictionary which includes dialect words. These days, I do not simply consull dictionaries: I also try to read them from end to end. One example is Anne Elizabeth Baker's Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases (1854). I had been consulting it for years before I read through it and discovered that: (1) Miss Baker (O.E.D. always refers to her in this Victorian way) had been a friend of John Clare for some years before he turned up in the Northampton General Lunatic Asylum; (2) he was her principal informant in producing her glossary and she acknowledges him ever)' time she uses a word that he has taught her; and (3) like Clare, she was anxious to record the local customs and practices of Northampton as well as "words" and "phrases." Many of the English lexicographers of the 18th and 19th centuries were also anxious to record not only words, but also folk-customs, agricultural practices, and many other aspects of a world that was beginning to disappear. Another special dictionary is the four-volume (so far) set of DARE, the Dictionary of American Regional English. This ongoing project, emanating from the University of Wisconsin at Madison, is under the leadership of Joan Houston Hall. It is surprising how many words and phrases that I had previously culled from English dictionaries and glossaries are to be found in DARE. Clare's vocabulary is part of a vast assembly of English words still used by Americans, and Clare uses many Northern and Scottish words that have survived in America and in Canada, but have fallen out-of-use in modern Britain. In his own day (1793-1864), Clare also used several English words that had already become "Americanisms." Moreover, in dealing with Clare's language, one is not simply studying the vocabulary used in his time by farm-laborers and their families in the East Anglian fens and the Northamptonshire wolds. Clare's varied learning also demands a better knowledge of the terms used in his time by students of botany, ornithology, fungology, zoology, music, archaeology, numismatics, and several other disciplines. There, too, are links to Anglo-Saxon, Middle English and Old Norse. For example, there is in Clare's letters a system of punctuation using transverse strokes instead of commas and full-stops, such as may be seen in late 15th and early 16th century printed books, even, on one occasion, a voiced Anglo-Saxon thorn, [dagger]. Finally, Clare invented a private code based on the omission of vowels in written Hebrew. Clare's enthusiasm for languages appears in a letter that he wrote to his son, Charles, November 7, 1849, while he himself was a patient in the Northampton General Lunatic Asylum. He reminded the boy to keep up his Hebrew "... How do you get on with Latin Greek& Hebrew & Mathematics--you must not forget learning..." (Mark Storey, ed. The Letters of John Clare [1985],.665) These were sophisticated goals for the sons of a self-taught agricultural laborer. …


Human communication has changed by the advent of smartphones. Using commonplace mobile device features, they started uploading large amounts of content that increases. This increase in demand will overwhelm capacity and limits the providers' ability to provide the quality of service demanded by their users. In the absence of technical solutions, cellular network providers are considering changing billing plans to address this. Our contributions are twofold. First, by analyzing user content upload behavior, we find that the user-generated content problem is a user behavioral problem. Particularly, by analyzing user mobility and data logs of 2 million users of one of the largest US cellular providers, we find that: 1) users upload content from a small number of locations; 2) because such locations are different for users, we find that the problem appears ubiquitous. However, we find that: 3) there exists a significant lag between content generation and uploading times, and 4) with respect to users, it is always the same users to delay. Second, we propose a cellular network architecture. Our approach proposes capacity upgrades at a select number of locations called Drop Zones. Although not particularly popular for uploads originally, Drop Zones seamlessly fall within the natural movement patterns of a large number of users. They are therefore suited for uploading larger quantities of content in a postponed manner. We design infrastructure placement algorithms and demonstrate that by upgrading infrastructure in only 963 base stations across the entire US, it is possible to deliver 50% of content via Drop Zones.


The presence of mobile devices has increased in our lives offering almost the same functionality as a personal computer. Android devices have appeared lately and, since then, the number of applications available for this operating system have increased exponentially. Google already has its Android Market where applications are offered and, as happens with every popular media, is prone to misuse. A malware writer may insert a malicious application into this market without being noticed. Indeed, there are already several cases of Android malware within the Android Market. Therefore, an approach that can automatically characterise the different types of applications can be helpful for both organising the Android Market and detecting fraudulent or malicious applications. In this paper, we propose a new method for categorising Android applications through machine-learning techniques. To represent each application, our method extracts different feature sets: (i) the frequency of occurrence of the printable strings, (ii) the different permissions of the application itself and (iii) the permissions of the application extracted from the Android Market. We evaluate this approach of automatically categorisation of Android applications and show that achieves a high performance.


In a time of recession, the challenge of building and planning for tall buildings has become even more complex; the economics of development, legislative and planning frameworks, and the local politics of development must be navigated by those wishing to design and construct new tall buildings which fit within the fabric of their host cities.

This book is a timely contribution to the debate about new tall buildings and their role and effect on our cities. It is divided into two main parts. In part one, the relationship between tall buildings and planning is outlined, followed by an exploration of the impacts that construction of tall buildings can have. It focuses, in particular, on the conservation debates that proposals for new tall buildings raise. The first part ends with an analysis of the way in which planning strategies have evolved to deal with the unique consequences of tall buildings on their urban locations. The second part of the book focuses on seven examples of medium-sized cities dealing with planning and conservation issues, and implications that arise from tall buildings. These have been chosen to reflect a wide range of methods to either encourage or to control tall buildings that cities are deploying. The case studies come from across the western world, covering England (Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle and Birmingham), Norway (Oslo), Ireland (Dublin) and Canada (Vancouver) and represent a broad spectrum of approaches to dealing with this issue.

In drawing together the experiences of these varied cities, the book contributes to the ongoing debate about the role of the tall building in our cities, their potential impacts and experiences of those who use and inhabit them. The conclusions outline how cities should approach the strategic planning of tall buildings, as well as how they should deal with the consequences of individual buildings, particularly on the built heritage.


Oil and gas processing plants handle very large volumes of gases and liquids, many of which are both flammable and poisonous. Combined with the high pressures often involved as part of the processing, an accident has the potential to cause significant damage. This does not only include the plant and its surrounding, but there is also a serious risk of injury to field personnel. An unplanned production shut down is also very costly in terms of lost revenues. If an accident should occur, it is very important that the operators in the plant's control room have a good overview of the situation, in order to ensure that the plant is evacuated, and to coordinate the work of the emergency personnel. This thesis presents new ideas for a system intended to give the plant's control room operators a better overview of such emergency situations than what is available today. This overview combines personnel tracking, visualization of sensor data and video surveillance. Existing systems provide these functions separately, but the goal of this thesis is to demonstrate the benefits of combining personnel tracking, visualization of sensor data and video surveillance into a single system. The work presented in this thesis comprises: - Requirement specifications for the system that describe the necessary functionality. - A survey and evaluation of potential systems and technologies for personnel tracking. Based on the system requirements and the evaluation, Active radio frequency identification (RFID) is found to be the most suitable. - An implementation of a demonstration system that illustrates some of the concepts and ideas from the system requirement specifications. - A conclusion and suggestions for further work. The system presented here has been developed especially with StatoilHydro's methanol plant at Tjeldbergodden in More og Romsdal in mind, but is meant to be suitable for potential use also at other oil and gas processing plants. Technical challenges that need to be solved before potential further development of the system can be started are also identified and documented.


Transparency is a well-articulated requirement in policy and project development processes. To the present time, we mostly see approaches documenting the workflow or the results of these processes, but lack a representation of the discourse which produced the results. However, the arguments which have been put forward in the development of a policy document the reasoning for the details of the policy and therefore, a representation of the discourse is an important step to increase the transparency. In the present paper, we introduce an iterative development transparency framework (DTF) integrating the transparency at the workflow and result level with approaches from argumentation visualization to provide discourse information in the form of alternatives and arguments. The framework is instantiated in a prototype to empirically evaluate the ability to improve transparency among participating and external stakeholders on the use case of the "Research Core Dataset" a nation-wide policy development project initiated by the German Council of Science and Humanities in 2013 integrating over 50 stakeholders from the German science system. The first qualitative evaluation results imply that providing the discourse information is mostly appreciated as helpful for transparency if the additional complexity can be addressed by information reduction functionality.


The proposal work was to detect the growth capacity and absorption of minerals on grape rootstocks in acid soils with high contents of Al. The rootstocks tested were: 'IAC 572', '1045 P', 'RR 101-14', 'Kober 5BB' and 'Gravesac', at 0 %, 13,5 %, 27 %, 40,5 % and 54 % aluminum (Al) saturation levels. Plants height, roots length, leaves, stems and total dry weight; roots, stems and leaves nutrients content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) and Al were evaluated. Development characteristic differences were observed only in rootstocks. 'IAC 572' showed the highest roots, stems and leaves development, followed by 'Gravesac' and 'RR 101-14'. Rootstocks were different in soil Al and nutrient content, and some interactions occurred between both factors. 'IAC 572' had the highest: growth, Ca, Mg and Zn roots concentration and N, K in aerial part. 'Kober 5BB' had the smallest growth but accumulated more: N, Fe and S in roots, and Al, Cu and Fe in aerial part. 'Gravesac' had the highest concentration of N, P, K, S and B in aerial part. Increasing Al soil contents reduced: Ca and S in roots, Ca in the stems and leaves; but increased: Cu and Zn contents in roots and Zn and Mn contents in the stems and leaves. 'IAC 572' and 'Gravesac', retained more Al in roots when Al contents increased in the soil. Mots clé: nutrition, vigne, acidité du sol, aluminium toxique


In origin, Old Irish verbal nouns are verbal abstracts that have been grammaticalized in the course of the history of the Irish language and have become a fixed part of the verbal paradigm. On the other hand, verbal abstracts in Old Irish – like in other languages – can undergo various semantic changes and can then be lexicalized in a new meaning, as subject noun, object noun, result noun, locatival noun, instrumental noun and action noun. The article examines this twofold development and, in a case study on ingrimm 'persecution', tries to assess the suitability of criteria like subjective genitive, article and pluralization for the differentiation of verbal noun, verbal abstract and lexicalized action noun.


A manufacturing defect in pipe fittings supplied to the oil and gas industry has resulted in installed components with unknown impact capacity. If the altered capacity is not sufficient, production stops and expensive replacements of parts are necessary. Erroneous heat treatment led to precipitation of a brittle sigma phase in duplex stainless steel fittings. The overall goal for this thesis is to increase the knowledge of how the impact capacity of fittings with this production error is affected. The main objective in the performed study has been to create a finite element model and simulate impact loading on pipe bends both with and without precipitated sigma phase. Special attention has been given to the initiation and propagation of fracture and how this can be modeled. The model can in further studies be used to find the impact capacity of bends with various levels of sigma content. The objective was reached by material testing, full scale component tests and non-linear finite element analyses of both the material tests and the component tests. All analyses were carried out using the finite element code LS-DYNA. Material tests are performed previous to, and during this study, on both specimens affected and unaffected by sigma phase. The material, with three different amounts of precipitated sigma phase, was modeled by use of the modified Johnson-Cook constitutive relation and the Cockcroft-Latham fracture criterion. Full scale component tests on pipe bends were carried out under both dynamic and quasi-static load conditions. The results were compared, and the effect of sigma phase in the component was addressed. During simulations of the full scale tests, attention was given to recreate the global response of the component at various impact velocities and to predict the initiation of fracture. The effect of high levels of precipitated sigma phase was found to reduce the impact capacity of the tested components. No visual fracture was found on any of the components containing low amounts of sigma, i.e. 0-5 %, while the components with higher content fractured. The same tendency was found in the quasi-static tests. Components containing 15 % sigma phase were found to have a reduced impact capacity of more than 80 % compared to components unaltered by sigma phase. The finite element model was able to predict the global response of the components sufficiently accurate. The Cockcroft-Latham fracture criterion, when calibrated according to the tensile tests, was not able to predict the initiation of fracture in the finite element analyses of the component tests. However, by reducing the critical Cockcroft-Latham parameter by a constant factor, the initiation of fracture was accurately predicted both for quasi-static simulations and dynamic simulations with various impact velocities. The simulations were not able to recreate the rapid fracture propagation seen in the full scale tests.


Nowadays there is compelling evidence for the existence of dark matter in the Universe. A general consensus has been expressed on the need for a directional sensitive detector to confirm, with a complementary approach, the candidates found in conventional searches and to finally extend their sensitivity beyond the limit of neutrino-induced background. We propose here the use of a detector based on nuclear emulsions to measure the direction of WIMP-induced nuclear recoils. The production of nuclear emulsion films with nanometric grains is established. Several measurement campaigns have demonstrated the capability of detecting sub-micrometric tracks left by low energy ions in such emulsion films. Innovative analysis technologies with fully automated optical microscopes have made it possible to achieve the track reconstruction for path lengths down to one hundred nanometers and there are good prospects to further exceed this limit. The detector concept we propose foresees the use of a bulk of nuclear emulsion films surrounded by a shield from environmental radioactivity, to be placed on an equatorial telescope in order to cancel out the effect of the Earth rotation, thus keeping the detector at a fixed orientation toward the expected direction of galactic WIMPs. We report the schedule and cost estimate for a one-kilogram mass pilot experiment, aiming at delivering the first results on the time scale of six years.


Background The German hang-glider association reports that approximately 60% of serious injuries resulting from hang-glider accidents are to the spine. The market-approval of back protectors encompasses an impact test. Objective When the impact test was introduced, information concerning accident situations was scarce. The objective of this study is to investigate how the impact test can be improved. Design Relevant load cases were derived from a survey among 61 pilots which have sustained a spinal injury in a paragliding accident. Paragliding accident videos were analysed in terms of impact velocities and angles. Based on the gathered information an enhanced test procedure was proposed. A Finite Element model of a harness was created and validated against impact tests. The baseline model's performance was evaluated according to the enhanced impact test procedure. Risk factor assessment The performance was rated using the Dynamic Response-model (DR) and the maximum acceleration. Results The current impact test covers approximately 50% of impact scenarios. In terms of impact velocity far less than 25% of impacts are covered by the current test procedure. Conclusions An enhanced test procedure with a vertical impact velocity of 8m/s and an impactor mass of 80 kg is suggested, considering impacts to the side, to the front, to the rear and to the bottom of the protector. The enhanced test procedure covers 80% of impact scenarios, 50% of impact velocities and about 50% of occupants in terms of weight. For the evaluation of injury risk the DR was suggested, as it is sensitive to the load direction. It is shown that current protectors will likely fail in the enhanced test procedure. However, the FE study also shows that room for improvement still exists with regards to the shape of protectors and materials used.


The Need for Change in Education:
Openness as Default?

The global changes in societies require a change in education, too. Learning innovations are needed to improve the quality of learning and training opportunities fitting to the current and future challenges for individuals, organizations and societies. However, the economic crisis is leading to a decrease of investment in learning and training instead of an increase.

Open Education is offering an alternative for both objectives: higher learning quality and better return on investment through freely available solutions. Open Educational Resources (OER) and Open Education Practices (OEP) are becoming a global movement due to the efforts by many international organizations including UNESCO with the Paris OER Declaration approved in the year 2012.

This book contributes to the current debate about openness as the new paradigm and default solution for future education to improve the quality for learners, educational providers and systems as well as for citizens, the world of work and societies worldwide.


The introduction describes productive forest in Queensland and summaries the principles of native forest management that achieve optimum productivity.

Case study 1 deals with thinning an even-aged regrowth forest. It shows how thinning the stand actively manages the future composition and structure to improve productivity in the best stems and increase the commercial value of the next harvest.

Case study 2 describes restoring productivity in a high-graded spotted gum - ironbark forest. It shows that defective and non-saleable trees should be removed so they do not repress the future stand; and that regeneration should be thinned, retaining the best trees in adequate growing space.

Case study 3 discusses on-farm value adding for hardwood forests. It shows how long-term viability and maximum productivity and returns depend on the best management practices and knowing how to obtain the best returns from a range of forest products.

Case study 4 examines integrated harvesting in a eucalypt forest. It shows how integrating the harvest enables the full range of timber products are harvested and sold for their maximum value while reducing the amount of waste.


This study examines how religious affiliation shapes support for European Union membership. While previous research has shown that Protestants are typically more Eurosceptic than Catholics, little is known about the nature of this relationship: specifically, whether religion affects one's utilitarian assessments of the costs and benefits of membership, or one's affective attachment to the EU. Using the 2016 British Election Study Referendum Panel, this paper shows that religious affiliation influences both sets of attitudes, suggesting that the values and shared history associated with one's religion shapes how voters perceive the performance of the EU in delivering its policy objectives, and its operation as a legitimate institution. Moreover, some findings from previous research are challenged: Protestants are not as unified in their scepticism of the EU as is widely assumed, and the positive relationship between Catholicism and support for EU integration is not apparent in the UK.


The authors propose a conception of national reconciliation based on the building or rebuilding of trust between parties alienated by conflict. It is by no means obvious what reconciliation between large groups of people amounts to in practice or how it should be understood in theory. Lack of conceptual clarity can be illustrated with particular reference to postapartheid South Africa, where reconciliation between whites and blacks was a major goal of the Mandela government and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The authors argue that a conception of reconciliation in terms of trust offers a promising solution to prominent conceptual confusions surrounding the notion of "national reconciliation" or reconciliation between large groups. By emphasizing the centrality of contextually variable trust in viable relationships, the authors accommodate an emphasis on human relationships and attitudes, as stressed by Desmond Tutu. They argue, however, against any simplistic application of purely individualistic or spiritual concepts to large groups and institutional contexts.


The copy of Piers Plowman in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 851, the so-called 'Z text', has recently attracted renewed attention as a scribal version of considerable intrinsic interest. I here reexamine Z alongside another notorious scribal version, the ABC splice in Huntington Library, MS HM 114 (Ht). The promulgation of Piers Plowman in multiple versions encouraged the scribal redactors of both manuscripts to reimagine the poem in creative ways. While the Ht redactor enhanced the role of Piers Plowman at the expense of the dreamer Will, the Z redactor offered a more sentimentalized version of Piers and often expanded the 'I' of the dreamer. By inserting himself into the 'I' of the dream vision, the Z redactor authorized his own compositions while simultaneously enhancing those 'monologic' moments at which the dreamer offers apparently authoritative interpretation of his visions. Z's most notable textual omission, which concludes the poem just before the tearing of the pardon, belongs to a consistent pattern in which the redactor eliminates moments of debate and opposition and expands passages of monologic commentary. Rather than an authorial draft as sometimes argued, the Z text represents an intriguing scribal misapprehension of the original poet's 'contentious' compositional style.


This research involved two studies: one to determine the local geoid to obtain mean sea level elevations from a global positioning system (GPS) to an accuracy of + or - 2 cm, and the other to determine the location of roadside features such as mile posts and stop signs for safety studies, geographic information systems (GIS), and maintenance applications, from video imageries collected by a van traveling at traffic speed. Four phases of local geoid determinations were conducted for nine stations in Story County. The variation fluctuated with time and the mean of all three had standard errors of less than + or - 2 cm. It was noted that the variations in local geoid may be due to motion of the axis of rotation of the earth. A need for a fixed-height antenna for all stations was indicated. It was also found that two sessions of observation can be used to detect blunders. It is recommended that the variation of local geoid over a long period of time, about 4-18 years, be studies so as to determine the validity of the moving average. A video logging van captured imageries at three test sites: Grand Avenue, an urban site; EDM baseline, a rural site; and US 30 in Nevada, a freeway, at 55 mph. Evaluation of the data showed that the roadside feature location can be determined with relative accuracy better than 10 cm and absolute accuracy of + or - 2 cm, depending on the global positioning system. The method developed was used to determine the state plane coordinates of mileposts and anchor points located along a 14-mile portion of US 30 from Ames to Nevada, Iowa. This information can be used in GIS and maintenance applications, as well as in safety studies. It is recommended that the Iowa Department of Transportation update the video logging van with a kinematic carrier phase GPS and conduct research with automatic data capture and by creating virtual roads.


The distributed computing landscape has been undergoing radical changes: High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications are moving to the Cloud, as a way of simplifying development, deployment, and migration across computing systems. Meanwhile, cloud applications are becoming increasingly complex and computationally intensive, with the advent of High-Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) pipelines --- highly distributed workflows dealing with enormous and diverse datasets, heavily relying on virtualization and containers, that would benefit from technologies used in "traditional" HPC. The foreseeable convergence, demands new abstractions to cope with the increased heterogeneity, so that differing workload classes can coexist seamlessly on the same infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a Unified Storage Layer (USL), to enable cloud-native applications to transparently access a wide spectrum of storage solutions, ranging from high-performance filesystems to cloud-based object stores and key-value databases. Allowing software to exploit the best out of the storage services available with no need for manual intervention from users or programmers, simplifies development and execution of workflows, and boosts overall productivity. This work has been motivated by the requirements of real-world, industry-driven applications running on Kubernetes, the industry standard for cloud infrastructure orchestration.


Objective Lower back pain (LBP) is a worldwide health problem, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common modality used to aid in its diagnosis. Although specific guidelines for assessing the necessity of MRI usage exist, the use of MRI as the initial imaging method for LBP seems to be more common than necessary in general practice. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 313 patients who had undergone MRI of the lumbosacral spine during 2014–2015. We recorded and compared various factors, including age, sex, body mass index, current smoking status, race, symptoms, MRI findings, and progression to surgery within the next year. All rates were compared according to whether the MRI results showed radiographically significant findings (MRI-positive) or not (MRI-negative) using the chi-square or Fisher exact tests (if the expected cell count was <5). All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of each symptom between the MRI-positive and MRI-negative groups, which accounted for 58.5% (183 of 313) and 41.5% (130 of 313) of the MRIs, respectively. The difference in the rate of surgery in the next year (18% among MRI-positive patients and 8.5% among MRI-negative patients) was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion Based on our findings, 41.5% of patients underwent lumbar MRI unnecessarily and 81% of patients with positive MRIs did not have surgery within the next year. Further physician training is needed to avoid unnecessary investigations and expenditures.


In high-throughput genome-level protein investigation efforts, such as Structural Genomics, the systematic experimental characterization of metal-binding properties (i.e., the investigation of the metalloproteome) is not always pursued and remains far from trivial. In the present work, we have applied a bioinformatic approach to investigate the occurrence of (putative) copper-binding proteins in 57 different organisms spanning the entire tree of life. We found that the size of the copper proteome is generally less than 1% of the total proteome of an organism, in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The occurrence of copper-binding proteins is relatively scarce when compared to that of zinc-binding proteins and of non-heme iron proteins. This may be due to both poorer bioavailability (in particular with respect to iron in the ancient world) and the complexity of copper chemistry and the risks associated with it, which may have adversely affected natural selection of copper-binding proteins. The present analysis shows that there is a strong relationship between the metal coordination sphere and protein function. A network involving proteins having roles in both copper transport and respiration was identified, parts or all of which are detected in the majority of the organisms examined.


UV-written planar silica waveguides are poled using two different poling techniques, thermal poling and UV-poling. Thermal poling induces an electro-optic coefficient of 0.067 pm/V. We also demonstrate simultaneous UV-writing and UV-poling. The induced electro-optic effect shows a linear dependence on the poling voltage. No measurable decay in the induced electro-optic effect was detected after 14 months.


Glenoid dysplasia is a rare congenital abnormality that may be associated with vague shoulder pain, limitation of motion, and weakness of the upper extremity. In many cases it is an incidental finding on chest roentgenogram, and high-level function is usually possible before the onset of symptoms or degenerative changes. The case of an 18-year-old collegiate football offensive lineman who developed symptoms secondary to previously undetected bilateral glenoid dysplasia is reported. Roentgenograms demonstrated dysplastic scapular necks, and arthrography showed a deformed, constricted shoulder capsule. Magnetic resonance imaging defined the extent of the cartilaginous anlage, and arthroscopy demonstrated progressive articular cartilage degeneration. Although treatment alleviated the shoulder symptoms at low-level activities, the patient was unable to successfully compete under the extreme demands of an American football lineman.


In Summers v. Earth Island Institute, 129 S. Ct. 1142 (2009), the majority and dissenting opinions disagreed about how to apply the "realistic threat" test set forth in Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 107 (1983)). According to Justice Scalia's majority opinion in Summers, the plaintiff organizations did not have standing to obtain injunctive relief because they failed to prove that their members were likely in the near future to hike on government land on which the Forest Service conducted allegedly illegal sales of timber without public notice and comment and that the facts alleged by the plaintiffs were weaker than the "conjecture" rejected as insufficient for standing in Lyons. By contrast, Justice Breyer's dissenting opinion in Summers argued that there was a "realistic threat" of future harm to the plaintiffs under the Lyons test. This Article re-examines Lyons. The Article also discusses Supreme Court and lower court decisions that have applied the Lyons test or distinguished that case. The Article concludes that there was a realistic threat of harm justifying injunctive relief in Summers if Lyons and its progeny are correctly understood.


Multilevel modeling is often used to analyze survey data collected with a multistage sampling design. When the selection is informative, sampling weights need to be incorporated in the estimation. We propose a weighted residual bootstrap method as an alternative to the multilevel pseudo-maximum likelihood (MPML) estimators. In a Monte Carlo simulation using two-level linear mixed effects models, the bootstrap method showed advantages over MPML for the estimates and the statistical inferences of the intercept, the slope of the level-2 predictor, and the variance components at level-2. The impact of sample size, selection mechanism, intraclass correlation (ICC), and distributional assumptions on the performance of the methods were examined. The performance of MPML was suboptimal when sample size and ICC were small and when the normality assumption was violated. The bootstrap estimates performed generally well across all the simulation conditions, but had notably suboptimal performance in estimating the covariance component in a random slopes model when sample size and ICCs were large. As an illustration, the bootstrap method is applied to the American data of the OECD's Program for International Students Assessment (PISA) survey on math achievement using the R package bootmlm.


Without a doubt one of the world's greatest cities, London is inexhaustible in the riches it has to offer. And all its finest sights – from its Roman ruins, royal palaces, churches and abbeys, to the temples of commerce, street markets, parks and gardens – are, as many have learned, best discovered on foot. Let author Gregory Byrne Bracken guide you through this complexity with a series of insider's tours specially designed to take in the very best of the city. Each of the walks, varying from an hour's duration to two, is packed with sights, and where one walk ends, the next one picks up – so you make the most of your time in this great city. The stories of ambition, empire, love, death and creative genius will deepen your appreciation of London; the drawings will let you see its world-famous icons in an exhilarating new light. So whether you are just getting to know the city or reacquainting yourself with it, A Walking Tour London is your ideal companion. •14 fascinating walks through London's various districts, including The City, Westminster, Covent Garden, Southwark and Chelsea• Over 90 hand-drawn illustrations of the city's greatest sights• Detailed street maps• Recommendations for not-to-be-missed landmarks, night walks, best views, food and drink, and places to shop


Directors of postgraduate internal medicine programs face many problems in program design, particularly when numbers of house staff continue to decrease. This paper examines the training requirements of a resident in internal medicine and proposes a curriculum based on set rotations in the three key areas of training--subspecialty services, critical care and the clinical teaching unit. The distribution of time in these three areas and the balance of exposure to inpatients and outpatients are discussed in detail. This program design ensures exposure to all the key elements of internal medicine in 3 years and should prevent significant gaps in knowledge at the time of certification. The implications for "service" in major teaching hospitals is discussed. Hospital departments and administrators must confront the prospect of hospital units without house staff. Most important, program directors must resist sacrificing the pedagogic essentials of a training program for service requirements.


In this paper is presented the first original document of the delivery of conjoined twins on the territory of the present-day Vojvodina. The document number 1224 consists of two handwritten quires. On the first page of the first quire are a description and a drawing of the delivered twins. The delivery was described and drawn by Dr. Ernest Furjaković, a shire physician in Ruma and the secondary physicus of the Srem County, who attended and handled the delivery. The conjoined twins were delivered in the night between 2 and 3 April 1852 in Mali Radinci, a small village in the Srem County nearby Ruma, in the far south of the Habsburg Monarchy. The twins, preserved in alcohol, were sent to Budapest to the professor of anatomy "for the purposes of medical science", as he wrote in the report. The second quire of the same document refers to the proof that the Commissariat in Ruma forwarded the doctor's report to the High Land Government in Timisoara. In the introduction, the authors displayed the known facts on the occurrence of conjoined twins in the world, which were used to compare with the described case. The data refer to the incidence of conjoined twins in the population, theory of its embryonic origin, their classification, treatment in cases of diagnosed pregnancy and the manner of their delivery. They also refer to the procedures of modern diagnostics, the possibilities of their surgical disjoin and related ethical questions. After that comes a part of the work dedicated to the analysis of the shown document, and the comparison of the several cases of the most significant conjoined twins in the world with these from Srem, as the authors named them. The authors showed short biography of the physician who delivered them, as well. At the end, they conclude that this work gives the first description of document of the delivery of the first known conjoined twins on the territory of the present-day Vojvodina.


Mixing and dispersion in a partially mixed estuary are driven by, among other processes, the gravitational circulation, wind-events and tides. These processes are important in the vertical and horizontal distribution and exchange of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, and organisms. The objective of this research was to examine the temporal variability of the pycnocline in the mid-Chesapeake Bay in response to forcing at subtidal and higher frequencies as observed in the spring of 1993. The largest change in the pycnocline was associated with meteorological forcing. Up-Bay wind stress and subsequent abatement of the wind stress produced a 5 meter displacement of the mean pycnocline depth. The data suggest that the change in depth of the pycnocline was the result of the geostrophic response of the across-channel pycnocline tilt to wind-induced reversal of the along-channel residual circulation. The observed 2-4 meter semi-diurnal vertical oscillations of the pycnocline were attributed to a topographically induced internal tide. A simple two-layer model was developed to determine the amplitude and phase of the pycnocline displacements associated with the internal tide. Model results and observed displacements of the pycnocline show good agreement. Other processes, such as an internal lateral seiche of semi-diurnal tidal frequency, advection of the along-channel density gradient and geostrophic adjustment were also investigated but were found to be inadequate in describing the observed oscillations. Finally, the smallest changes of the pycnocline were associated with highfrequency internal waves, fronts and homogeneous layers which were found to occur frequently throughout the field survey. A classification system based on the characteristics of the homogeneous layers observed was implemented to investigate source mechanisms and potential for transport and mixing. Indications are that the relatively short, thin layers were the result of local mixing, and that the relatively long, thick layers were inconsistent with local mixing. Temporal Variability of the Pycnocline in the Mid-Chesapeake Bay


This study investigates why auditors leave public accounting and the consequences of auditor departures. We find that audit competency is negatively associated with a departure decision. Specifically, audit partners and managers, as well as auditors generating more audit revenues and providing higher quality audits, have a lower likelihood of departure. However, female, young, non-Big 4 auditors, and those with better educational backgrounds have a higher likelihood of departing public accounting. In terms of consequences, we find that the audit firm is more likely to lose clients whose incumbent auditor departs. Clients that stay with the same firm, however, pay lower audit fees with no drop off of audit quality after their auditor's departure. In supplementary analyses, we also demonstrate that the determinants and consequences of auditor departures are different from those of auditor turnover. Specifically, while higher audit competency decreases the likelihood of auditor departures, it increases auditor turnover. Our study provides insights that should be of interest to the audit profession, audit firms, and regulators.


The Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was originally designed to provide reliable data delivery over conventional networks for a limited range of transmission rates and propagation delays. One of TCP/IP key functions is its congestion control mechanism. Nowadays, the ever-increasing transmission speed of communication links is shifting the domain for which TCP was originally engineered. In particular, propagation delays could have an adverse impact on the stability of feedback control algorithms in high speed communications. We design an algorithm for congestion control in high-speed Internet using a Smith predictor. The proposed control law is effective over connection paths with any bandwidth-delay product. Moreover, it leads to a simple generalization of the today's TCP congestion control algorithm by using a generalized advertised window (GAW). TCP using GAW can be easily implemented in the real Internet and is completely backward compatible allowing GAW routers to interact with non-GAW routers.


The development of IC industry in Taiwan began with a technology transfer from the USA based RCA Company, which was conducted by Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). ITRI's Technology Transfer Team (TTT) members were first incubated in the National Laboratories at ITRI, and then dispatched to spin-off companies in the Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park (HSIP). Many of these TTT members are now the CEOs of leading companies within the IC industry. The aim of this study is to examine how ITRI's Electronics Research and Service Organization (ERSO) shaped R&D engineers into technical entrepreneurs (Technopreneurs) and how ERSO has promoted Taiwan's industrial development. This study uses in-depth interviews with 16 TTT members, combined with critical incident analysis of historical documents to support the following themes: 1. ERSO/ITRI's organisational innovation inspired IC technopreneurs to realise the "Innovative Spirit" and "Technopreneurship". This was done by ERSO's adoption of new-enlightened experimentation procedures, by ERSO's cultivation of the "Innovative Spirit" of technopreneurs under transformational leadership and by ERSO's innovative climate. Besides, the all-purpose training of operation executives was conducted in an environment that simulated market and business operations, which perfected the managing skills of these "technopreneurs". 2. As national laboratories in Taiwan, ERSO has contributed human capital and social capital to the development of IC industry in Taiwan and it has also effectively linked Taiwan's common innovative infrastructure with the geographical advantages of individual industrial clustering, thus creating the national innovative capability of Taiwan's IC industry.


Background: Bipolar disorder is a relatively common, long-term, and disabling psychiatric illness that is associated with high levels of functional impairment, morbidity, mortality, and an increased risk of suicide. Psychiatric co-morbidity in bipolar disorder ranges from 57.3% to 74.3%, whereas medical co-morbidity varies from 2.7-70%. Indian scenario in this aspect is not clear. Materials and Methods: The objective was to ascertain the prevalence of physical and psychiatric co-morbidities in patients attending a tertiary care center over a period of 1 year and its relationship with socio-demographic and clinical variables. One hundred and twenty-five case record files were included in the review. OPCRIT software was used for re-establishing the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, which yielded 120 cases. A semi-structured pro-forma, specifically designed for the study, was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical details. Results: Co-morbid psychiatric disorders were found in 52 (43.3%) of the sample, whereas co-morbid physical illness was present in 77 (64.2%) patients. The most common psychiatric disorder associated was substance use disorder (27.5%), whereas co-morbid cardiovascular disorder was the most frequent physical diagnosis in the sample (20%). Discussion: The prevalence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders in bipolar patients was lower than that reported in western literature. It could be related to retrospective nature of study or reflect true lower prevalence rates. Also, certain disorders such as eating disorders were absent in our sample, and migraine diagnosis was very infrequent.


The endoparasitic worms in reptiles from Tasmania and the islands of Bass Strait were recorded from dissections of nine Tympanocryptis diemensis, six Tiliqua nigrolutea, 20 Cyclodomorphus casuarinae, 15 Egernia whitii, 17 Austrelaps superbus, 24 Notechis ater, seven Drysdalia coronoides and four Pelamis platurus. Thirteen species of worms were recorded, namely, the pentastomes Waddycephalus superbus and Waddycephalus ?sp. nov., an unidentified oxyurid nematode species, the nematodes Maxvachonia brygooi, M chabaudi, Strongyluris paronai, Moaciria sp., Paraheterotyphlum australe, Ophidascaris pyrrhus, Kreisiella sp., Abbreviata antarctica, the trematode Dolichoperoides macalpini and the cestode Oochoristica vacuo lata. The roundworm O. pyrrhus was most prevalent, occurring almost entirely in the Black Tiger Snake, N ater. The fluke D. macalpini was found, often at high intensity, in the Black Tiger Snake and in the Copperhead, A. superbus.
No other worms occurred in more than two of any host species, and, apart from A. antarctica and S. paronai, all nematodes were at an intensity of four or less worms per host. Six of the 13 helminth species were recovered only from the Bass Strait islands. Previous studies in mainland Australia demonstrate that the reptile species examined in the present study (N ater), or related species in the same genera (Tiliqua, Cyclodomorphus, Egernia, Drysdalia), may support a greater range and number of nematodes. The possible reasons for the lower worm numbers in Tasmania include the effects of a cool and damp climate on the distribution of the worms' intermediate hosts and on the survival of free-living stages of the parasites, and geographical isolation.


This paper develops a theoretical model of welfare dependence, in which current participation in AFDC induces greater future use of the program. One prediction is duration dependence in welfare spells. This is tested using 6 years of monthly data on time spent in the AFDC program among female household heads in the control group of the Seattle/Denver Income Maintenance Experiment. A variety of duration dependence models are estimated, investigating the effect of different functional form assumptions, as well as the impact of accounting for time-varying covariates, competing risks, and data heterogeneity in the estimates. Monthly AFDC participation does not show strong evidence of duration dependence. In fact, during the initial months on the program the probability of leaving the program, conditional on past participation, appears to be flat or increasing. After about eight months the probability of leaving starts to decrease, but it becomes virtually flat after 18 to 24 months. There is some indication that there are two distinct groups that utilize welfare: one group, which has a very low probability of leaving welfare and whose rate of exit changes little over time; and a second group, which is more affected by time on the program. The propensity of black women to experience longer AFDC spells appears totally due to their lower probability of leaving AFDC via marriage, rather than any difference in leaving via earnings or other income increases. However, even where duration dependence is present in the data, this is not adequate evidence for program-induced welfare dependence. The final part of the paper presents a model of earnings change and AFDC participation which contains no welfare dependence effects. Welfare spells simulated from this model show duration dependence effects which appear quite similar to those observed in the actual data.


Sigma[1,2] is an open source environment for the development of logical theories. It has been under development and regular release for nearly a decade, and has been the principal environment under which the SUMO[3] has been created. We discuss its features and evolution, and explain why it is an appropriate environment for the development of expressive ontologies in first and higher order logic.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate symptoms, depression and quality of life in colorectal cancer patients who underwent stoma reversal, and to assess the factors related to their quality of life. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 125 colorectal cancer patients who underwent stoma reversal in a tertiary hospital in Korea. Data were collected using the Korean versions of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Core 30 and Colorectal Cancer Specific Questionnaire 38 (EORTC QLQ-C30 and CR38), and the Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analyses. Results: Participants experienced sexual problems, difficulties in defecation, and nausea/vomiting. About twenty-two percent of the patients were depressed and the mean score for global quality of life was 64.40±19.43. The multiple regression showed that social and cognitive functioning, depression, and the location of the anastomosis were the important factors that made contributions to the quality of life in colorectal patients with stoma reversal. Conclusion: Our results suggest that symptom management and emotional support should be incorporated into nursing interventions to improve the quality of life in colorectal patients with stoma reversal.


Missiologists and mission practitioners must continually assess their assumptions and categories in light of changes in human societies and academic disciplines ancillary to missiology such as anthropology. While the need for assessment is acknowledged, categories such as "unreached people groups" and the "10/40 Window" show remarkable resilience. Is it possible to reconsider these categories?


This paper explores the tradeoffs between domestic and productive uses of biomass energy sources in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia using a non-separable farm household model where labor and other input allocations to energy collection and farming are analyzed simultaneously. We estimate a system of five structural equations using three stages least squares and find that use of dung as a domestic fuel source has a negative impact on agricultural productivity while, use of fuelwood is associated with increased productivity. In particular, on-farm production of fuelwood appears to provide many benefits for crop productivity and labor savings, by making fuelwood collection easier and more convenient for households. The results show that households remain reliant on multiple sources of traditional biomass fuels and that these are largely complementary. At the same time, rural households have limited options to meet their domestic energy needs, and most lack access to modern fuels and technologies. The discussion suggests ways of making domestic energy collection more efficient through policy interventions aimed at the promotion of agroforestry and increasing access to new energy-efficient technologies.


Changes in minority carrier lifetimes in a-Si:H, p-i-n photovoltaic cells due to light soaking have been investigated using the open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) method over the temperature range 223 K to 296 K.
Using light from a Xenon flash lamp for excitation produced unexpected results: in the light soaked material, band-to-band transitions were evident at a higher temperature than for the asdeposited samples and became increasingly pronounced as the temperature was reduced. Results obtained using red light at 670 nm from a pulsed diode laser to produce relatively uniform- illumination throughout the thickness of the film, however, produced results very similar to those obtained for as-deposited films.
Plots of the reciprocal of the trap activation time versus 1000/T for the results for both xenon lamp and laser excitation can be fitted by straight lines. Two distinct sets of lines with activation energies in the ranges 0.07 to 0.20 eV and 0.38 to 0.51 eV are obtained with the activation energy and the exponential prefactors exhibiting a Meyer-Neldel relationship.


In present day Germany, one in seven children is raised in a single parent household. We investigate the effect of single parenthood on childreni?½s educational attainment, measured by the school track at the age 14, using ordered probit models. We study whether the effect of living in single parenthood during early or late childhood differs. Finally, we ask whether the family effect operates through resources i?½ fewer income and parental time available for the child i?½, or through adverse effects on psychological well-being. The data used in this study are a nationally representative sample of 14 year old children drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel.


Users' perception of geographic space depends heavily on geographic information systems (GIS). GIS are the most common way for users to estimate travel time, provide routing information and recommend appropriate forms of transportation. This article analyses how predictions made by Google Maps, one of the most popular GIS, influence users' perceptions and travel choices. To analyze this influence, a pre-study in a classroom setting (n=36) as well as an online survey (n=521) were conducted. We study users intuitive perception of travel time, before using the Google Maps Mobile App as a 'treatment' to see how it influences their perceptions of travel time and choice of transportation type. We then contrast this original Google Maps treatment to a mock-up 'warning label version' of Google which informs users about biases in Google Maps and an 'unbiased version' of Google Maps based on ground truth data. Our analysis suggests that Google Maps systematically underestimates necessary car driving time, which has an impact on users' choice


This paper presents an experimental investigation of the vortex shedding in the wake of blunt and oblique trailing edge hydrofoils at high Reynolds number, Re=5 10 5 2.9 10 . The velocity field in the wake is surveyed with the help of ParticleImage-Velocimetry, PIV, using Proper-OrthogonalDecomposition, POD. Besides, flow induced vibration measurements and high-speed visualization are performed. The high-speed visualization clearly shows that the oblique trailing edge leads to a spatial phase shift of the upper and lower vortices at their generation stage, resulting their partial cancellation. For the oblique trailing edge geometry and in comparison with the blunt one, the vortex-induced vibrations are significantly reduced. Moreover, PIV data reveals a lower vorticity for the oblique trailing edge. The phase shift between upper and lower vortices, introduced by the oblique truncation of the trailing edge, is found to vanish in the far wake, where alternate shedding is recovered as observed with the blunt trailing edge. The phase shift generated by the oblique trailing edge and the resulting partial cancellation of the vortices is believed to be the main reason of the vibration reduction. NOMENCLATURE


Passive Optical access Networks (PONs) are currently the major contributor to the energy consumption budget of fixed optical networks. In PON, the largest part of the energy consumption is due to the equipments at the customer premises. This paper proposes a method for maximizing energy savings while providing services with delay guarantees (i.e., frame delivery time and frame delay variation). The method combines service-based variable sleep period and a queueing theory model to compute the optimal sleep time. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the method for a Poisson frame arrival process.


Various analytical or diagnostic techniques (e.g., evaluation of 2-D electrophoretograms, discrimination, and counting of objects) deal with pictures containing many similar patterns or objects and a few which are dissimilar. In this paper an efficient method is described which analyzes such pictures. It proceeds in three stages: removal of film background, separation into regions enclosing a single object or pattern, and classification of these regions into groups containing objects that are similar. The classification is based on moment analysis of the separated regions. The limitations due to noise (film granularity and fluctuations in object shape) on the selection of moment orders are discussed. Using selected integral functions (moments) and a corresponding choice of variables for the representation of 2-D space, adapted to the particular characteristics of the patterns to be classified, leads to a fast method for discriminating patterns that are difficult to distinguish by visual inspection because of their low texture content. The intended application of the method is automated data extraction from 2-D electrophoretograms. The performance of the procedure is shown in two examples.


The paucity of polymorphisms in single-copy genes on the Y chromosome of Drosophila contrasts with data indicating that this chromosome has polymorphic phenotypic effects on sex ratio, temperature sensitivity, behavior, and fitness. We show that the Y chromosome of D. melanogaster harbors substantial genetic diversity in the form of polymorphisms for genetic elements that differentially affect the expression of hundreds of X-linked and autosomal genes. The affected genes are more highly expressed in males, more meagerly expressed in females, and more highly divergent between species. Functionally, they affect microtubule stability, lipid and mitochondrial metabolism, and the thermal sensitivity of spermatogenesis. Our findings provide a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic variation associated with the Y chromosome.


This volume initiates a much-needed conversation about the ethical and policy concerns facing health care providers in the rural United States. Although 21 percent of the population lives in rural areas, only 11 percent of physicians practice there. What challenges do health care workers face in remote locations? What are the differences between rural and urban health care practices? What particular ethical issues arise in treating residents of small communities? Craig M. Klugman and Pamela M. Dalinis gather philosophers, lawyers, physicians, nurses, and researchers to discuss these and other questions, offering a multidisciplinary overview of rural health care in the United States. Rural practitioners often practice within small, tight-knit communities, socializing with their patients outside the examination room. The residents are more likely to have limited finances and to lack health insurance. Physicians may have insufficient resources to treat their patients, who often have to travel great distances to see a doctor. The first part of the book analyzes the differences between rural and urban cultures and discusses the difficulties in treating patients in rural settings. The second part features the personal narratives of rural health care providers, who share their experiences and insights. The last part introduces unique ethical challenges facing rural health care providers and proposes innovative solutions to those problems.


Part I of this paper briefly reviews the history of the Frye rule from its origins in 1923 to its demise in federal court in Daubert in 1993. This section focuses especially on how Frye, a rule that for decades applied almost exclusively in criminal cases, came to be the focal point of the controversy over the admissibility of scientific evidence in toxic tort cases in the early 1990s. Part II of this paper discusses the development of the Frye test since 1993. Following the lead of federal courts operating under Daubert's broad gatekeeper mandate, Frye jurisdictions are increasingly applying their tests for the admissibility of expert evidence to civil cases, especially toxic tort cases. However, Frye jurisdictions are divided regarding whether the general acceptance test applies primarily to the expert's general methodologies or must be applied to the expert's conclusions. Recently, several courts have followed Joiner's lead, and instead of focusing on the methodologies/conclusions distinction have scrutinized experts' reasoning process. Meanwhile, Frye jurisdictions also must decide whether to follow the lead of federal courts applying Kumho Tire and apply Frye to non-scientific evidence, especially social science evidence. Thus far, few Frye courts have done so. One alternative adopted by some courts is to apply Frye only to novel scientific evidence, but to subject social science evidence to a separate reliability test under state versions of Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Part III of this article concludes that case law under Frye is slowly converging with Daubert jurisprudence. Rather than allowing this process to continue haphazardly and inconsistently, with all the awkwardness that shoehorning the Frye general acceptance test into Daubert-Joiner-Kumho reliability precedents entails, state legislatures should enact state versions of new Federal Rule of Evidence 702, which explicitly adopts the Daubert trilogy.


The technological developments in digital communication systems increase the usable bandwidth of sound signals which results in increased intelligibility and naturalness of the signal. The emerging digital communication systems enable the use of wideband speech codec in a wide area of applications. Recognizing the need of high quality wide band speech codec, several standardization activities have been recently conducted. G.722 is one of the first wideband speech codec standards implemented in the telecommunication systems. In this thesis, after examining the G.722 wideband speech codec theoretically, a real time implementation of G.722 wideband speech codec has been developed on Blackfin BF533 DSP development kit from Analog Devices. Also, G.722 Codec is optimized by using assembler for BF533. As a result to the thesis, very good speech performance is obtained in real time implementation of G.722 and optimization increases the eciency of Blackfin BF533 DSP drastically.


Mathematical Modelling has a long history in developmental biology. Advances in experimental techniques and computational algorithms now permit the development of increasingly more realistic models of organogenesis. In particular, 3D geometries of developing organs have recently become available. In this paper, we show how to use image-based data for simulations of organogenesis in COMSOL Multiphysics. As an example, we use limb bud development, a classical model system in mouse developmental biology. We discuss how embryonic geometries with several subdomains can be read into COMSOL using the Matlab LiveLink, and how these can be used to simulate models on growing embryonic domains. The ALE method is used to solve signaling models even on strongly deforming domains.


Politics as partisan warfare: that is our world. Over the last generation, American democracy has had one defining attribute: extreme partisan polarization. We have not seen the intensity of political conflict and the radical separation between the two major political parties that characterizes our age since the late 19th century. Within Congress, the parties have become purer and purer distillations of themselves. The parties are now more internally unified, and more sharply differentiated from each other, than anytime over the last 100 years. Moreover, this polarization is not limited to those in office. Over the last generation, there has been a dramatic ideological and partisan sorting of voters as well. A center in America's governance institutions has all but disappeared.This article explores the causes of this polarization. Are the causes relatively contingent and short-term ones, so that it is possible to envision this structure of extreme partisan polarization changing, perhaps if certain institutional changes were made in the way American democracy and elections are designed? Or are the causes deep-rooted and structural ones, so that the appropriate conclusion is that this extreme partisan polarization is likely to be the ongoing structure of American politics and democracy for the coming years, regardless of any efforts that might be made to diminish this polarization? In particular, the article explores three potential causes of this polarization, which I label Persons, History, and Institutions. "Persons" refers to the view that polarization is a reflection of particularizing polarizing personalities of various recent political figures, including Presidents. This view is reflected in the longing for the "statesmen" of past decades, who forged political breakthroughs across party and ideological lines to enact major policy initiatives. "History" describes the view that large-scale historical and transformative forces in American politics account for the modern structure, coherence, and polarization of the Democratic and Republican parties of today. The specific historical processes involve the end of the 20th Century one-party monopoly on the American South, which began with the 1965 enactment of the Voting Rights Act; the destruction of that world eventually led, by the 1990s, to the South having a system of genuine two-party competition for the first time since the Civil War. How much does the dramatic re-organization of American democracy entailed by that transformation account for the structure of partisan conflict today? "Institutions" refers to more discrete structures that organize democracy: the structure of primary elections, gerrymandering, campaign finance, and the internal rules that allocate power to political leaders in the House and Senate today. How much do these specific institutional features contribute to polarization, and in what ways, if any might they be changed to diminish it? To foreshadow, the article concludes that the major cause of the extreme polarization of our era is the historical transformation of American democracy and America's political parties set into motion by the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Thus, perhaps the extreme polarization over the last generation should not be seen as aberrational (indeed, the pre-1965 structure of parties is the one to view as aberrational). This polarization, for better or worse, might be the "mature" structure of American democracy. As such, it is likely to be enduring, despite the best efforts of Presidents and reformers to transcend the extreme polarization of recent years. This article was presented as the 2010 Jorde Lectures at the University of California at Berkeley Boalt Law School (fall 2009), and at Princeton University (spring 2010). Commentary on the article was provided by Sean Wilentz (History Dept., Princeton) and David Kennedy (History Dept., Stanford), Michael McConnell (Law School, Stanford), Nolan McCarty (Politics, Princeton) and Paul Frymer (Politics, Princeton). The California Law Review is publishing all of this commentary, along with the Jorde Lecture article.


Why do the strong lose? Intuitively, stronger violent actors should win in wars against weaker actors. The literature on insurgencies suggests that democracies will do worse than other countries. However, there is little quantitative literature on why states succeed or fail in their efforts against insurgencies, and the key works find that democracy does not matter. We argue that the combined effect of political inclusion and political competition present in inclusive democracies is a key missing component impacting the success or failure of counterinsurgency (COIN). When procedural elements of democracy are combined with political inclusion, countries are less likely to be successful at suppressing insurgencies because normatively they are less willing to be as repressive and ruthless as necessary. We find that inclusion and procedural democracy separately have no impact on COIN success; however, when combined, the impact is significant, large, and negative. Inclusive democracies lose COIN operations more often than their counterparts.


Basing his work on the writings of Schmitt and his contemporaries, extensive new archival documentation, and parts of Schmitt's personal papers, Professor Bendersky uses Schmitt's public career as a framework for re-evaluating his contributions to political and legal theory. This book establishes that Schmitt's late Weimar writings were directed at preventing rather than encouraging the Nazi acquisition of power.Originally published in 1983.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


"...in more than a dozen African countries the rate of undernourishment is more than 40 percent, exceeding 50 percent in those countries experiencing or emerging from armed conflict. As a result, more than a third of African children suffer stunted growth and face a range of physical and cognitive challenges not faced by their better fed peers. Ultimately, undernutrition underlies around 2.9 million deaths in Africa annually — more than a quarter of all the deaths occurring on the continent each year. The economic costs of such widespread undernutrition are enormous. This is because the economic growth of each nation — which requires enhanced economic productivity — depends upon broad improvements being made in the intellectual and technical capacity of its population. But, this in turn depends upon people receiving adequate nutrition, particularly women in their childbearing years and young children. So, only once African countries have secured the basic food and nutritional needs of their populations will they be able to achieve the broad-based economic growth necessary to reduce." from Text


A Companion to the Fairy Tale. Edited by Hilda Ellis Davidson and Anna Chaudhri. London: D. S. Brewer, 2003. 294 + viii pp. University presses have recently begun publishing "companions" at a terrific rate. As Judith Ryan suggests in Profession 2004, this may be in part a desperate effort to find profitable books to publish at a time when monographs are selling in smaller and smaller numbers. But what is a companion these days? And why should we want them? Whose companion are they supposed to be? The OED says that "companion" is used "often as a title of books of reference, a vade-mecum," but few of the recent ones are actually reference books. Often they seem loosely designed as a collection point for assorted scholarly essays on one topic or writer. While some bring readers up to date on the relevant scholarship, some are already dated when they come out. Many, in fact, remind me of old series like Prentice-Hall's Twentieth-Century Interpretations (of one work) or Views (of one author). In any case, we now have two fairy-tale companions: The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales (2000, ed. Jack Zipes) and the newer A Companion to the Fairy Tale (2003), reviewed here. They reflect completely different approaches to the companion genre. The Oxford version is essentially in encyclopedia format, with short, alphabetized entries for individual authors, illustrators, and tales and a few longer articles on topics such as "British and Irish Fairy Tales" or "Psychology and Fairy Tales." (Full disclosure: I wrote about ten of the entries in that volume.) The new version is a collection of fairly long essays, ranging from general ones about interpretation and creativity to essays on the Grimms and Andersen to a series of pieces on traditional tales from Ireland to Ossetia. (It would have helped this reader to have brief biographies of the contributors. Only one scholar, Ruth B. Bottigheimer, contributed to both collections.) Zipes focuses on the literary fairy tale (with a slight overemphasis on material written for children), while the new one constantly shifts its focus from written materials to oral transmission and back again. This uncertainty of focus is evident in the introduction by the editors, Hilda Ellis Davidson and Anna Chaudhri. As they say in the first paragraph, "a distinction must be made between the oral fairy tale, recorded with various degrees of accuracy, as delivered by a storyteller to an audience, and the literary fairy tale, the individual creative work of a writer. However, there is no clear-cut division between these two types, which constantly overlap." This is certainly true-but then they immediately go on to discuss Andersen and the Grimms and their roots in "popular oral tradition," as if this were the most important part of their work. Although they return to the point that the fairy tale is not "an exclusively literary or an exclusively oral phenomenon," they emphasize the now-outdated methods of the Finnish school in examining the transmission of tales. Throughout the introduction (and the essays that follow) there is no unifying critical position but rather a grab-bag effect: lets include a little of everything and see what we come up with. The book begins with two ambitious general essays that are grab bags themselves. In "The Interpretation of Fairy Tales," Derek Brewer draws on somewhat outdated research to claim that "the defining qualities of fairy tales . . . are to be discovered in their oral roots" and that most fairy tales are about "growing up," the development of the hero or heroine following an interdiction or transgression. …


This chapter presents the major results of a recent multidisciplinary study of the human diversity of west-central Africa. This diversity is examined from linguistic, cultural and population genetic (mtDNA and Y chromosome) perspectives. The study offers new insights into (i) the peopling of the Cameroon-Gabon area (the so-called "Bantu expansion"), (ii) the linguistic, cultural and genetic exchanges between the various groups of Bantu-speaking farmers over the last three millennia, and (iii) the recent and ancient relationships between these populations and Pygmy hunter-gathering groups. Evidence from mtDNA diversity suggests an initial divergence of the ancestors of contemporary Pygmies from an ancestral central African population starting not earlier than ~70,000 years ago. Evidence from both mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation suggests long-standing and asymmetrical gene flow between the two types of populations.


Eddy covariance measurements were made in seven fields in the Midwest USA over 4 years (including the 2012 drought year) to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) of newly established rain‐fed cellulosic and grain biofuel crops. Four of the converted fields had been managed as grasslands under the USDA's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for 22 years, and three had been in conventional agriculture (AGR) soybean/corn rotation prior to conversion. In 2009, all sites were planted to no‐till soybean except one CRP grassland that was left unchanged as a reference site; in 2010, three of the former CRP sites and the three former AGR sites were planted to annual (corn) and perennial (switchgrass and mixed‐prairie) grasslands. The annual ET over the 4 years ranged from 45% to 77% (mean = 60%) of the annual precipitation (848–1063 mm; November–October), with the unconverted CRP grassland having the highest ET (622–706 mm). In the fields converted to annual and perennial crops, the annual ET ranged between 480 and 639 mm despite the large variations in growing‐season precipitation and in soil water contents, which had strong effects on regional crop yields. Results suggest that in this humid temperate climate, which represents the US Corn Belt, water use by annual and perennial crops is not greatly different across years with highly variable precipitation and soil water availability. Therefore, large‐scale conversion of row crops to perennial biofuel cropping systems may not strongly alter terrestrial water balances.


In this paper we introduce a landslide prediction system for modelling the probabilities of landslides through time in Slovenia (Masprem). The system to forecast rainfall induced landslides is based on the landslide susceptibility map, landslide triggering rainfall threshold values and the precipitation forecasting model. Through the integrated parameters a detailed framework of the system, from conceptual to operational phases, is shown. Using fuzzy logic the landslide prediction is calculated. Potential landslide areas are forecasted on a national scale (1: 250,000) and on a local scale (1: 25,000) for five selected municipalities where the exposure of inhabitants, buildings and different type of infrastructure is displayed, twice daily. Due to different rainfall patterns that govern landslide occurrences, the system for landslide prediction considers two different rainfall scenarios (M1 and M2). The landslides predicted by the two models are compared with a landslide inventory to validate the outputs. In this study we highlight the rainfall event that lasted from the 9th to the 14th of September 2014 when abundant precipitation triggered over 800 slope failures around Slovenia and caused large material damage. Results show that antecedent rainfall plays an important role, according to the comparisons of the model (M1) where antecedent rainfall is not considered. Although in general the landslides areas are over-predicted and largely do not correspond to the landslide inventory, the overall performance indicates that the system is able to capture the crucial factors in determining the landslide location. Additional calibration of input parameters and the landslide inventory as well as improved spatially distributed rainfall forecast data can further enhance the model's prediction.


In this paper we present our solution for the Challenge problem publicly announced by Railway Application Section (RAS), which operates within INFORMS. Variables in the problem represent decisions should the each particular railway truck segment be preventively maintained or replaced. The huge training data set is provided containing several attributes of each track segment, including the right decision regarding maintenance. Correct decisions are removed from the testing set. Research teams were competed who would have less wrong decisions on testing data. In order to solve this problem, we divide it into two phases: prediction and classification. Both phases are solved by using rules of recently proposed automatic programming method called Variable neighborhood programming. It appeared that our team was among awarded.


Permafrost environments within the Siberian Arctic are natural sources of the climate-relevant trace gas methane. In order to improve our understanding of present and future carbon dynamics in high latitudes, we studied the activity and biomass of the methanogenic communities in terrestrial and submarine permafrost deposits. For these investigations, permafrost cores of Holocene and Late Pleistocene age were drilled in the Laptev Sea region. A high CH4 concentration was found in the upper 4 m of the Holocene deposits, which correlates well with the methanogenic activity and biomass. Even the incubation of core material at -3°C and -6°C showed a significant CH4 production (range: 0.040.78 nmol CH4 h-1 g-1). The results indicated that the methane in permafrost deposits originated from modern methanogenesis by cold-adapted methanogenic archaea. Microbial-generated methane in permafrost sediments is, so far, an underestimated factor for future climate development.


Recent research outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlights the response of marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds to warming associated with increasing greenhouse gases as a major contributor to uncertainties in model projections of climate change. Understanding how MBL clouds respond to increasing temperatures is hampered by the relative scarcity of marine surface observations and the difficulty of retrieving accurate parameters remotely from satellites. In this study we combine data from surface observations with that from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), CloudSat and CALIPSO, with a view to investigating the spatial distribution and variations in MBL cloud fraction and cloud liquid water path (LWP). These results are then compared with the treatment of MBL clouds in the UK Met Office HadGEM models. Future work will assess how variations in LWP impact the top of atmosphere radiative energy balance using data from the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB), in order to quantify the response of MBL clouds on interannual timescales to a changing climate


The photorefractive grating along with the two coupled waves produce a rich spatiotemporal dynamics such as those of solitons and chaos. In this paper, we relate this dynamics to that of a spinning top where the photorefractive coupling constant is large or more importantly the photorefractive dynamics is much faster than the photorefractive response time of the material. The solutions are in the form of Jacobi's Elliptic functions where their periods interestingly depend on the boundary and initial conditions. In a special case, the solutions are not periodic and are described in the form of hyperbolic functions. In this study we also encountered two conservations laws: one was expected, namely, the total pump and probe intensity is constant. The other is that the sum of the weighted pump intensity and the grating magnitude is constant.


SUMMARY Environmental temperature varies temporally and spatially and may consequently affect organismal function in complex ways. Effects of temperature are often most pertinent on locomotor performance traits of ectothermic animals. Given the importance of locomotion to mobility and dispersion, variability in temperature may therefore affect the current and future distribution of species. Many previous studies have demonstrated that burst muscle performance changes with temperature. However, less is known about the effects of temperature on sustained skeletal muscle performance. The iliotibialis muscle was isolated from eight male Xenopus tropicalis individuals and subjected to in vitro isometric and work-loop studies at test temperatures of 15, 24, 30 and 32°C. Work-loop power output (average power per cycle) was maximised at each temperature by altering stimulation and strain parameters. A series of 10 work loops was also delivered at each test temperature to quantify endurance performance. Warmer test temperatures tended to increase twitch stress (force normalised to muscle cross-sectional area) and significantly increased tetanic stress. Increased temperature significantly reduced twitch and tetanus activation and relaxation times. Increased temperature also significantly increased both burst muscle power output (cycle average) and sustained (endurance) performance during work loop studies. The increase in burst power output between 15 and 24°C yielded a high Q10 value of 6.86. Recent studies have demonstrated that the negative effects of inorganic phosphate accumulation during prolonged skeletal muscle performance are reduced with increased temperature, possibly explaining the increases in endurance found with increased test temperature in the present study.


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Liquid protein supplements (LPS) are available commercially for feeding to dairy and beef cattle. They are easy to handle and mix with other ingredients, but liquid nutrients are usually more expensive than dry nutrients. Ingredients and nutrient content vary among products, but most are combinations of molasses, urea, phosphoric acid, and small amounts of other minerals and vitamins. The liquid protein supplement Pro-Lix also includes fish solubles, fermentation solubles, and brewers yeast. It contains 35 percent crude protein of which 17 percent is derived from nonprotein nitrogen.


OBJECTIVE
To study the correlation between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome type and the ultrasound imaging changes in patients with limb lymphedema, and to provide evidence for TCM syndrome differentiation.

METHODS
Syndrome typing was done and ultrasonography was performed in 107 patients with limb lymphedema. The thickenings of derma, hypodermis and deep-fascia were measured. The ultrasound echo intensity and the morphology of the hypodermis were classified into five degrees according to the ultrasonogram. The ultrasound indexes in the limb lymphedema patients with different syndromes were compared, and the relationship between TCM syndromes and the ultrasound indexes was analyzed.

RESULTS
There were specific ultrasound image features in different TCM syndromes of limb lymphedema. The thickenings of derma, hypodermis and deep-fascia in the limb lymphedema patients with downward migration of damp-heat or phlegm stagnation and blood stasis were more significant than those in the patients with collateral obstruction due to cold-dampness (P<0.05, P<0.01). The thickenings of derma and hypodermis in the patients with phlegm stagnation and blood stasis were obviously more severe than those in the patients with downward migration of damp-heat (P<0.01). The maximum and minimum ultrasound echo intensities of hypodermis were in phlegm stagnation and blood stasis and downward migration of damp-heat respectively (P<0.05), and there was a significant difference in the hypodermal morphology among the three syndrome types (P<0.05). The most obvious structure disturbance was observed in the patients with phlegm stagnation and blood stasis syndrome.

CONCLUSION
TCM syndrome type of limb lymphedema is related to ultrasound image changes. The imaging data can be regarded as new objective indexes for TCM syndrome differentiation, and it has an important value for diagnosis and treatment of limb lymphedema.


Digital technologies have become immersed in education systems and the stakeholders have discovered a pervasive need to reform existing learning and teaching practices. Among the emerging educational digital technologies, learning analytics create a disruptive potential as it enables the power of educational decision support, real-time feedback and future prediction. Until today, the field of learning analytics is rapidly evolving, but still immature and especially low on ontological insights. Little guidance is available for educational designers and researchers when it comes to studies applied learning analytics as a method. Hence, this study offers a well-structured multi-layered taxonomy of learning analytics applications for deeper understanding of learning analytics.


Objective:To compare classic Ayurveda, methotrexate (MTX), and their combination in a double-blind, randomized, double-dummy, pilot trial in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for 36 weeks. Methods:Forty-three seropositive RA patients by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria with disease duration of less than 7 years were assigned to the following treatment groups: MTX plus Ayurvedic placebo (n = 14), Ayurveda plus MTX placebo (n = 12), or Ayurveda plus MTX (n = 17). Outcomes included the Disease Activity Score (DAS28-CRP), ACR20/50/70, and Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index. All measures were obtained every 12 weeks for 36 weeks. Analyses included descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, &khgr;2, or Student t test. The unique features of this study included the development of placebos for each Ayurvedic pharmacological dosage form and individualization of Ayurvedic therapy. Results:All groups were comparable at baseline in demographics and disease characteristics. There were no statistically significant differences among the 3 groups on the efficacy measures. ACR20 results were MTX 86%, Ayurveda 100%, and combination 82%, and DAS28-CRP response were MTX −2.4, Ayurveda −1.7, and combination −2.4. Differences in adverse events among groups were also not statistically significant, although the MTX groups experienced more adverse event (MTX 174, Ayurveda 112, combination 176). No deaths occurred. Conclusions:In this first-ever, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study comparing Ayurveda, MTX, and their combination, all 3 treatments were approximately equivalent in efficacy, within the limits of a pilot study. Adverse events were numerically fewer in the Ayurveda-only group. This study demonstrates that double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized studies are possible when testing individualized classic Ayurvedic versus allopathic treatment in ways acceptable to western standards and to Ayurvedic physicians. It also justifies the need for larger studies.


We highlight, and suggest ways to avoid, a large number of common misunderstandings in the literature about best practices in qualitative research. We discuss these issues in four areas: theory and data, qualitative and quantitative strategies, causation and explanation, and selection bias. Some of the misunderstandings involve incendiary debates within our discipline that are readily resolved either directly or with results known in research areas that happen to be unknown to political scientists. Many of these misunderstandings can also be found in quantitative research, often with different names, and some of which can be fixed with reference to ideas better understood in the qualitative methods literature. Our goal is to improve the ability of quantitatively and qualitatively oriented scholars to enjoy the advantages of insights from both areas. Thus, throughout, we attempt to construct specific practical guidelines that can be used to improve actual qualitative research designs, not only the qualitative methods literatures that talk about them.


Untreated anaerobically digested sewage sludge was used for the first time as a biosorbent for removing phenol from aqueous solution. Results showed that adsorption capacity was influenced by the pH of the aqueous solution with an observed maximum phenol removal at pH around 6–8. The adsorption equilibrium of phenolic compounds was obtained after almost two hours with an adsorption of approximately 90% of the phenolic compounds. A sorbent concentration of 1.8 g/L was found to insure the best removal percentage and the best sorbent capacity. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models have provided reasonable fittings for the data of phenol adsorption. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the intraparticle diffusion model. The values of change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) were calculated. The thermodynamic study of adsorption process showed that the process was exothermic in nature.


Those who wish to control, expose, and damage the identities of individuals routinely do so by invading their privacy. People are secretly recorded in bedrooms and public bathrooms and "up their skirts." Such images are used to coerce people into sharing nude photographs and filming sex acts under the threat of public disclosure. People's nude images are posted online without permission. Machine-learning technology is used to create digitally manipulated "deep fake" sex videos that swap people's faces into pornography. Each of these abuses is an invasion of sexual privacy—the behaviors, expectations, and choices that manage access to and information about the human body, sex, sexuality, gender, and intimate activities. Most often, women, nonwhites, sexual minorities, and minors shoulder the abuse. Sexual privacy, this Article contends, is a distinct privacy interest that warrants recognition and protection. It serves as a cornerstone for sexual autonomy and consent. It is foundational to human dignity and intimacy, and its denial results in the subordination of marginalized communities. Traditional privacy law is increasingly insufficient to protect this interest. Its efficacy is eroding just as digital technologies magnify the scale and scope of the harm. The Article suggests a new approach to protecting sexual privacy that focuses on law and markets. Law should provide federal and state penalties for all types of sexual-privacy invasions, remove the statutory immunity from liability for certain content platforms, and work in tandem with hate-crime laws. Market efforts should be pursued if they enhance the overall privacy interests of all involved.


Braided monoidal categories arise naturally as centres of monoidal categories and have been the focus of much recent attention in both mathematics and physics. By suitably restricting the use of the exchange rule, we obtain a sequent calculus whose categorical semantics may be seen as freely constructing the centre of a monoidal category. This calculus is shown to admit a strongly normalising and confluent cut elimination procedure. The resulting logic fits neatly into the landscape of noncommutative logics and is distinguished by possessing a particularly perspicuous semantics.