INTRODUCTION Public policy and administration courses at the graduate level tend to focus on the professional development of government administrators and managers. This development is generally understood within the context of improving government efficiency and effectiveness through performance measurements and cost effectiveness (Kingdon, 1984; Lindbloom, 1980). However, little course preparation is given to skills that would help public managers better understand the power arrangements that impact the very programs that managers oversee. Arguably, doing social analysis through critical theory and service learning methods, can help as an instructional tool to bridge the gap that exists between theory and practice in the professional preparation of public managers (Martin, 2002; Martin 2003). The combination of critical social analysis and direct experience through service learning provides a much needed venue in the preparation of public managers. This approach provides for reflection on policies and programs based on the analysis of power arrangements that impact issues of race, gender, and social class. BACKGROUND During the second half of the nineteenth century, social scientists such as August Comte began using empirical methods to describe social change (Comte, 1875; Comte, 1876). However it was Karl Marx, during this same time period, who introduced an innovative form of systematic analysis that examined social arrangements based on the distribution of power. These arrangements were assessed on the basis of emerging industrial capitalist substructures inherent within Western society. For Marx, social criticism played a pivotal role in identifying the authoritarian trends of anti-Enlightenment traditions. Thus in The German Ideology (1845) Marx states, "The class having the means of material production has also control over the means of intellectual production, so that ... the ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant [social class]" (p. 129). The emergence of Marxist social analysis has attempted to identify, to a large degree, the "rational" construct for Western society's economic organization, capitalism. In this analysis, Marx and his subsequent interpreters, concluded that industrial capital's prioritization of capital over labor has lead to the alienation and exploitation of people. Since capital (profit) and labor (wages) are pitted against each other, an inherent form of struggle exists between the two. For Marx, this social arrangement results in class antagonisms and serves as the basis of Marx's social analysis. Thus in The Communist Manifesto (1848) Marx states, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in contrast opposition to one another" (pp. 158-159). Besides Marx's approach to social analysis, other significant contributions have been made by social theorists such as Emil Durkheim and Max Weber. While he agreed for the most part with Marx's observations on class conflict, Durkhein nevertheless argued that rigid class systems tend to disappear as society becomes increasingly democratized. In The Division of Labor in Society (1933), Durkheim argued that the emergence of autonomous democratic systems can at times result from human solidarity and good will, precisely because self-interested individuals prefer social solidarity as opposed to class warfare. Durkheim viewed economic exploitation and poverty for the most part as a byproduct of a cyclical economy. In fact, Talcott Parsons in The Structure of Social Action (1937) argued that class struggle, at various moments in society, has been superseded by individuals in order to promote their mutual well-being and social cohesion. This phenomenon is examined in the empirical research of Ted Gurr who confirms the notion that the increased depravation of the oppressed tends to make them less likely to initiate any form of social upheaval. …


The ability to operate beyond the stable handling limits is important for the overall safety and robustness of autonomous vehicles. To that end, this paper describes a controller framework for automated drifting along a complex trajectory. The controller is derived for a generic path, without assuming operation near an equilibrium point. This results in a physically insightful control law: the rotation rate of the vehicle's velocity vector is used to track the path, while yaw acceleration is used to stabilize sideslip. To accurately achieve these required state derivatives over a broad range of conditions, nonlinear model inversion is used in concert with low-level wheelspeed control. Experiments on a full-scale vehicle demonstrate excellent tracking of a trajectory with varying curvature, speed, and sideslip.


The popular heroine Dana Scully, protagonist of the TV series The XFiles (1993-2002), is a clear example of the contradictory status of all heroines created by men that are nonetheless attractive to female audiences. On the one hand, female spectators admire her as an example of personal and professional honesty but feel frustrated by her weak points, which are emotional. They don't know whether to read them as realistic features –women are like that- or as plain misogyny: the male creators of the character force her to go in direction no woman in her place would go. After considering her origins, characterisation and development, especially in the last two seasons in which she becomes a mother, I conclude that the ambiguous feminine response she generates is inevitable. Feminist textual criticism reaches thus a dead end: we should give up deploring the absence of a clear feminist stance in men's texts to vindicate the presence of women in the positions they monopolise in the film and TV industries. Only thus can we really learn what kind of popular heroine we women really want.


This paper reports on an ongoing effort to enable the rapid development of multi-party virtual human negotiation scenarios. We present a case study in which a new scenario supporting negotiation between two human role players and two virtual humans was developed over a period of 12 weeks. We discuss the methodology and development process that were employed, from storyline design through role play and iterative development of the virtual humans' semantic and task representations and natural language processing capabilities. We analyze the effort, expertise, and time required for each development step, and discuss opportunities to further streamline the development process.


Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park holds a wealth of marine flora and fauna of enormous importance for the health of marine ecosystem in Sabah. Coastal waters in the vicinity of Pulau Gaya are perhaps the most Important niche for the existence of seaweed and corals. The objectives of this study are to study the diversity of seaweeds and its distribution in the waters of Pulau Gaya and to investigate the presence of chemotaxonomical markers of selected species of seaweeds. Eight transect lines surrounding Pulau Gaya were provided to study the diversity of seaweeds and its distribution. A total of 47 samples were collected and 30 samples were further subjected into chemotaxonomy to investigate the presence of chemotaxonomical markers. Herbariums were made and voucher specimens were deposited at BORNEENSIS Herbarium (BORH), Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. The seaweeds composition observed at the eight transect lines set up around Pulau Gaya are 44.91% Rhodophyta, 34.15% Ochrophyta (Phaeophyta), and 20.95% Chlorophyta. According to Simpson's
Diversity Index (D), both Base Camp Reef (Transect 2) and Polish Reef (Transect 8) show highest value which is 0 = 0.89 whereas Tg. Wokong Reef (Transect 4) is the
lowest among the eight transects which is 0 = 0.77. The Shannon-Wiener Index (H') shows that both Sapi Reef (Transect 1) and Polish Reef (Transect 8) have the highest
value which is H' = 2.35. Moreover, Tg. Wokong Reef (Transect 4) and Malohom Reef (Transect 5) are both the lowest with a value of H' = 1.92. Also, Tg. Wokong Reef (Transect 4), Malohom Reef (Transect 5), and Tavajun Reef (Transect 6) show abundance of genus Eucheuma which may due to the anthropogenic impact on the environment. On the other hand, 30 samples were subjected to Thin layer Chromatography to show the chemical profile In the crude extract collected. Three samples of Caulerpa serrulata (S46), (aulerpa racemosa (S47), and Caulerpa sertularioides (S48) were further subjected Into High Performance liquid Chromatography and show the presence of caulerpin compound at retention time of 17.4 min. This compound was further subjected into Nuclear MagnetiC Resonance and the structure was elucidated and proven according to previous literature review. It can be concluded that caulerpin found In this research was the chemotaxonomical markers for the genus Caulerpa.


The new family of multiferroic perovskites SeMO3 (M= Ni, Mn, Cu) are obtained
under high-P,T synthesis conditions from mixtures of the oxides (NiO, MnO, SeO2 etc.)
or the corresponding metal hydroxides at pressures between 2-7 GPa and at
temperatures up to 1000°C. However, those syntheses can result in retention of the
starting oxides in the reaction products, leading to difficulties in analysis of the
magnetic properties. We have developed a precursor route based on the reaction of
Na2SeO3 with anhydrous MCl2 compounds, leading to the formation of the crystalline
perovskite material with formation of only diamagnetic NaCl as a reaction product. This
reaction procedure also allows us to lower the reaction temperature. We studied the
synthesis both in the laboratory using multi-anvil and piston cylinder techniques, and
also using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction using the Paris-Edinburgh press at
ESRF ID27, to follow the synthesis reactions and optimise the reaction conditions. Our
results indicate initial formation of Se-bearing perovskites such as SeCuO3, in a low-P,
T range kinetically stabilised during the early stages of the reaction, followed by further
reactions to yield well-crystallised materials at higher-P, T conditions. We also used
similar techniques to study possible formation of SeMS3 perovskites indicated to be
stable from DFT calculations. Here we could not find any evidence for formation of the
perovskite structures, but instead we observed synthesis of pyrite-type materials
Bacteria show the greatest adaptability, which enables them to occupy extreme habitats
on the planet. It is important to complete a proper evaluation of the biosphere of our
planet and to achieve this we must understand the mechanisms and limits for bacterial
survival. This work will help us constrain models for the origin of life and is readily
transferable to many astrobiological studies. It is now extremely relevant to study the effect of high P on the development and evolution of organisms to understand their
survivability mechanisms. We are experimenting with the adaptability of E.coli to
pressures greater than 1 GPa. Until recently it was thought that no organisms could
survive at P> 120 MPa (Zeng et al 2009). However, a recent study indicated that E.coli
and S. onodeinsis remained viable to 1.4-1.7 GPa (Sharma et al 2002), but the results
have been questioned (Yayanos 2002). However, our collaborative directed evolution
study of E. coli has now confirmed that microbes can adapt and survive at least up to 2
GPa (Vanlint et al 2011).


In 1999, we specialized in 2D seismic depth processing. It was necessary to progress into 3D depth migration, but it seemed unrealistic to utilize Kirchhoff or wave-equation methods and be able to compete with large companies, their compute resources, and their economies of scale. Consequently, it was decided to attempt the commercial development of an alternative approach that would hopefully provide similar or improved technical quality, but with capital outlay and economics that were more appropriate to a small company. A very straightforward approach referred to as beam prestack depth migration (BPSDM) was adopted; its origins dated to work performed in the 1930s by Frank Rieber. The anticipated merits of BPSDM were overall simplicity, economy, flexibility, and future development possibilities. The unknowns were the migration accuracy and quality achievable. BPSDM was essentially developed independently, but aspects of it obviously are related to much recently published work on other beam migrations a...


Audiovisual documentation has been an important part of ethnomusicological endeavors, but until recently it was treated primarily as a tool of preservation and/or documentation that supplements written ethnography, albeit there are a few notable exceptions.The proliferation of inexpensive video equipment has encouraged the unprecedented number of scholars and students in ethnomusicology to be involved in filmmaking, but its potential as a methodology has not been fully explored. As a small step to redefine the application of audiovisual media, Dr. Usopay Cadar, my teacher in Philippine music, and I produced two films: one on Maranao kolintang music and the other on Maranao culture in general, based on the audiovisual footage we collected in 2008. This short essay describes how the screenings of these films were organized in March 2013 for the diverse audiences in the Philippines, and what types of reactions and interactions transpired during the screenings.These screenings were organized both to obtain feedback about the content of the films from the caretakers and stakeholders of the documented tradition and to create a venue for interactions and collaborations to discuss the potential of audiovisual ethnography. Drawing from the analysis of the current project, I propose to regard film not as a f ixed product but as a living and organic site that is open to commentaries and critiques, where changes can be made throughout the process. In this perspective, 'filmmaking' refers to the entire process of research, f ilming, editing and post-production activities. Keywords: filmmaking, gongs, music, Maranao, audiovisual documentation


Abstract In this article, I argue that much of the discourse observable within the UN constitutes neither unnecessary and unproductive 'talk' nor efforts to convince outside audiences of its legitimacy, but actually a form of institutional self-legitimation that is key to its ability to function. Using the case of the UN's Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), I show that because the organisation has a multifaceted organisational identity, it faces situations where it is forced to choose between multiple but equally appropriate courses of action, and it uses self-legitimation alongside other mechanisms to overcome these tensions. I specify three sets of circumstances in which this occurs, showing how DPKO uses discourse that simplifies and exceptionalises in a bid to reconcile or downplay these contradictions and reassert a cohesive and legitimate organisational identity internally. This simplification and exceptionalisation in turn serve an enabling function, allowing DPKO to continue operating in conditions of complexity by decreasing risk aversion and instilling a deep sense of professional loyalty in staff. At the same time, such discursive processes are costly and may entrench inefficient practices, rendering the effects of self-legitimising discourse paradoxical: they may enable action, but they reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of that action.


The fifth title in the Rutgers Films in Print Series, "Letter from an Unknown Woman" is directed by Max Ophuls and based on the novella by Stefan Zweig. It is the story of Lisa, a young girl who rejects the constricting life of her small town and family in order to dedicate her life to a musician, Stefan. The film's elegant fin-de-siecle Viennese setting, lyrical camera work, dispassionate and ironic point of view, and fine performances by Joan Fontaine and Louis Jourdan elevate what could have been a mere tearjerker into one of Ophuls's finest works. This volume provides a detailed transcription of the 1948 film. Notes appended to the film's continuity script detail all the significant differences between the finished film and the shooting script. Wexman's introductions to each of the book's sections discuss the history of the film's reception and provide an overview of the central issues the film has raised. A cross section of commentary by well-known critics attests to the film's enduring position as a central text for cinema study. These essays acknowledge the film's significance as a preeminent example of Ophuls's art, as an important woman's film, and as a representative of the classic Hollywood style. A biographical sketch of Ophuls, the entire Zweig novella, a bibliography and other background materials are also included.


Enchantment noun: To charm, delight, enrapture. How do companies such as Apple create such enchanting products? And how do some people always seem to enchant others? According to bestselling business guru Guy Kawasaki, anyone can learn the art of enchantment. It transforms situations and relationships, turns cynics into believers and changes hearts and minds. The book explains all the tactics you need to enchant. Kawasaki's lessons are drawn from his tenure at Apple, as well as his decades of experience as an entrepreneur. Few people in the world are more qualified to teach you how to enchant.


There is a need to automatically extracting video content for efficient access, understanding, browsing and retrieval of videos. Detecting and interpreting human presence, actions and activities is one of the most valuable functions in this proposed framework. The general objectives of this research are to analyze and process the audio-video streams to a robust audiovisual action recognition system by integrating, structuring and accessing multimodal information via multidimensional retrieval and extraction model. The research also presented a method to characterize, detect, identify, and abstract action by combining low level and high level features. The proposed technique characterizes the action scenes by integrating cues obtained from both the audio and video tracks. Information is combined based on visual features (motion, edge, and visual characteristics of objects), audio features and video for recognizing action. This model uses HMM and GMM to provide a framework for fusing these features and to represent the multidimensional structure of the framework. Compared with using single source of either visual or audio track alone, such combined audio-visual information provides more reliable performance and allows us to understand the story content of movies in more detail. Several experiments were conducted and the results showed that by using visual features only (74%), audio features only (65%) and combined audiovisual (88%). The results showed an improvement in recognition when both audio and visual cues are combined.


Marine bioprospecting offers possibilities for sustainable innovation based on marine genetic resources. How to regulate the use of such marine genetic resources entails several challenges. The rationale for the introduction of legislation on access and benefit sharing (ABS) from the use of genetic resources is elaborated using Norway as a case. Similarities and differences from other initiatives are presented with Australia as the comparative case. Several lessons are transferable to the Norwegian situation, and may also be of high relevance to other countries introducing ABS legislation. In both Norway and Australia, there is an expressed need for an ABS system that can include a model that is based on access permissions rather than mere registration. There are difficulties involved in monitoring the genetic material from access to actual commercial product, and in distinguishing between bioprospecting for scientific and commercial use, which complicates a determination of when benefit sharing should be triggered. We suggest that the idea of benefit-sharing could be supported by the principle of cost-sharing.


Extraction of graphite and its use in various spheres of production and technology play a significant role in the economies of many countries. Distinctive characteristics of graphite, which is one of the most common forms of carbon in nature (good electrical conductivity, low hardness, resistance to heat and aggressive environments), are widely used by scientists in various scientific developments.

After British researchers of Russian origin from the University of Manchester Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov published an article about properties of the first studied two-dimensional graphene crystal in the journal Science in 2004, and numerous studies of properties of the new material, the demand for graphite ore has been increasing, and, according to some forecasts, it will amount to more than $ 400 million by 2026.

Natural flake graphite can be used in new technologies, such as graphene, which is now used in various scientific experiments, as well as in the production of lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, nuclear and solar power plants.

Geological conditions of the Zavallivske graphite deposit, which is the main source of graphite in Ukraine, have been briefly presented in the paper, and perspectives of identified areas that can become an additional reserve of graphite ore have been outlined.

Significant prognosis resources of graphite in new deposits, which have been recently discovered in Ukraine (Burtynske, Balakhivske, Sachkinsko-Troitske, a number of new sites within the Zavallia area), allow not only to maintain at the appropriate level, but also, if necessary, expand existing mineral raw material base, so Ukraine could become one of the world's largest suppliers of graphite products.

Graphene has a great mechanical strength and a very high thermal conductivity. An extremely high mobility of electrons makes graphene a perspective material for the application in various fields, in particular, as a future basis for nanoelectronics and possible replacement of silicon in integrated circuits. Results on the application of unique properties of graphene have been presented.


This paper analyzes the impact of missionary activity on English language proficiency and labor market earnings of all immigrants to the United States by using the pooled files of the American Community Survey (2005-09). We consider the colonial heritage of the origin country to determine if it is a missionary effect or an effect of colonial rule. Our results suggest immigrants from countries with a high concentration of Protestant missionaries tend to exhibit higher levels of English proficiency and earnings compared to Catholic missionaries. Furthermore, a higher proficiency in English enhances earnings. One of the important implications of the findings in this paper is that a "missionary variable" often used in other studies is too aggregate and may mask important findings because of strikingly different effects of Protestant and Catholic activities.


The ameliorative effect of different doses of MgNH 4 PO 4 .6H 2 O (MAP) precipitate was investigated in a series of lab-scale experiments. The high strength of ammonium nitrogen was first recovered from the effluent of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) treating poultry manure wastewater (PMW) using different combinations of chemicals. Previous results indicated that maximum NH 4 + -N removal was obtained as 85.4% at pH 9.0 with the addition of MgCl 2. 6H 2 O + KH 2 PO 4 at the stoichiometric ratio (Mg 2+ :NH 4 + -N:PO 4 3 - -P = 1:1:1). Following to MAP precipitation tests, three quick-growth plants including purslane, garden cress and grass were tested to explore the ameliorative effect of the MAP precipitate obtained under the optimum conditions. Results of the first stage greenhouse experiments showed that the rates of increase in fresh and dry weights, as well as in fresh height of grass grown in the garden soil were about 257, 402 and 156% for MAP as compared with control, respectively. Since the growth rates of grass in terms of both measured weights and height were found to be superior than other types of test plants, grass was selected as the model plant for the further agricultural experiments conducted in this study. A total of 7 pots, including the control, were set up in parallel with different MAP/ seed ratios ranging from 1-10 (g/g) for cultivation of grass. Results demonstrated that over-dosing of MAP in the garden soil did not cause any inhibition of sprouting or burning effect on the growth of grass, due to its limited solubility in water. Apart from the agricultural research, physical and fire-retardant properties of the recovered MAP precipitate used in the experiments were also presented as a part of this investigation.


The five-part theoretical scheme that Erich Jantsch devised to describe interrelations among disciplines provides interdisciplinarians with a sound framework for interdisciplinary knowledge. However, when Jantsch introduces the concept of human purpose into the category of "interdisciplinarity," he departs from the foundational ground of structuralist epistemology and builds his scheme for both "interdisciplinarity" and "transdisciplinarity" without a foundational theory of epistemology. Support for Jantsch's scheme can be found in Michael Polanyi's theory of knowledge, since the two-level structure of Jantsch's "interdisciplinarity" is analogous to the structure of Polanyi's theory of tacit knowing. Comparison of these two theories of knowledge also demonstrates how interdisciplinary knowledge is the knowledge of new meaning created by the integration of concepts and ideas from different disciplines.


There is now a growing body of literature concerned with
the rise of the service sector relative to manufacturing and
the role of the personal service sector In the hidden economy.
There is, however, a dearth of systematic material in industrial sociology or in industrial relations which is based
on empirical observation in the personal service sector and the hotel industry in particular. The purpose of this thesis,
therefore, is to examine people's attitudes to work and its
rewards in the hotel industry and to develop hypotheses about
the nature of covert reward allocation. based on one occupation, the hotel waiter, and through participant observation.

The research was originally designed to develop work completed by Mars and Mitchell for the Open University on
the hotel industry by empirically testing some of the concepts
and hypotheses which they had speculatively raised: such as
"ad hoc management", "individual contract making", "total
rewards system", "core" and "peripheral" workers. The method was primarily by participant observation and hotels were selected in three situations (seaside, metropolitan and
medium urban), chosen on the criteria of varied ownership
and location and therefore involving different product markets.

As the fieldwork progressed, it became clear that the
parameters within which individual contracts are negotiated
could not be examined without considering other occupational
variables that affect contract making. First, I found it
necessary to distinguish the different ways by which managers, waiters and customers perceive the concept of service in different classes of hotel. Second, I needed too to distinguish between waiters at different stages of their careers
and to look at the effects of different proportions of different waiters amongst different prestige hotels. Third, I began to collect considerable material on the strategies of interaction between waiters and diners since it became integral to understanding relationships both with co-workers and management.

In order to understand and explain these wider aspects of hotels, I have developed a typology based on Mary Douglas'
concepts of "grid" and "group". Following this typology, a set of four "ideal" occupational contexts emerge and each in turn favours the development of a distinct set of attitudes, values and beliefs. Important implications for industrial relations, managerial policies and government policies can then be examined in the light of what will seem appropriate for the effective running of different types of organization. The essential point is that hotel and catering can best be seen not as one industry, but in terms of this four-fold classification.


BACKGROUND
Mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding protein C account for approximately 15 percent of cases of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The spectrum of disease-causing mutations and the associated clinical features of these gene defects are unknown.

METHODS
DNA sequences encoding cardiac myosin-binding protein C were determined in unrelated patients with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mutations were found in 16 probands, who had 574 family members at risk of inheriting these defects. The genotypes of these family members were determined, and the clinical status of 212 family members with mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding protein C was assessed.

RESULTS
Twelve novel mutations were identified in probands from 16 families. Four were missense mutations; eight defects (insertions, deletions, and splice mutations) were predicted to truncate cardiac myosin-binding protein C. The clinical expression of either missense or truncation mutations was similar to that observed for other genetic causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but the age at onset of the disease differed markedly. Only 58 percent of adults under the age of 50 years who had a mutation in the cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene (68 of 117 patients) had cardiac hypertrophy; disease penetrance remained incomplete through the age of 60 years. Survival was generally better than that observed among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by other mutations in the genes for sarcomere proteins. Most deaths due to cardiac causes in these families occurred suddenly.

CONCLUSIONS
The clinical expression of mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding protein C is often delayed until middle age or old age. Delayed expression of cardiac hypertrophy and a favorable clinical course may hinder recognition of the heritable nature of mutations in the cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene. Clinical screening in adult life may be warranted for members of families characterized by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.


The sudden emergence and rapid spread of COVID-19 is a reminder of our frailty, where the magnitude of the impact facing the world as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has become increasingly apparent. One way that we have effectively responded to this emergency educationally, has to become innovative in our relationship with technology.
The value of Virtual Teams to globally collaborate is well known, and can be adopting to address student learning in the university online environment. In order to successfully embed a Virtual Team model into an online platform however, a framework to support its delivery is required. We suggest using a new generation learning environment (NGLE) design to meet this end. Our conceptual paper discusses how NGLEs can be mapped into online learning environments and illustrates how Virtual Teams can effectively align within a NGLE framework. Finally, we suggest a model for Virtual Teams for an online tertiary course, highlighting the importance of implementing a Virtual Team and NGLE approach in tertiary education.


The success of acquisitions rests on detecting and realizing unique synergies between buyer and target through their dyadic relationships. We study the role of unique dyad-specific synergies in the selection of takeover targets in the global mobile telecommunications industry. Firms use their foresight to select specific targets: First, they lower integration costs by selecting geographically close targets. This effect is stronger when buyer and target are in the same country, but only if the market is not so concentrated that it provokes regulatory interventions. Second, they select targets that can be acquired at a modest bid premium because they have asymmetric bargaining power. Finally, they select targets which can generate significant synergies due to technological synergies. Our work expands the existing target selection literature by studying dyad-specific factors within a single industry. This helps us in identifying unique synergies as drivers of acquisition performance.


This paper investigates a method of reducing the vibration property of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with dual three-phase windings, especially focusing on carrier harmonics. Electromagnetic excitation force on carrier harmonics, which makes carrier harmonic vibration, is formulated and the relationship of the carrier phase difference between the space and the time phase difference to cancel out the excitation force is calculated for dual three-phase winding PMSM. Then, the carrier phase-shift space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM), which makes any difference between the PWM carrier phase of the first and second windings, is applied to a 24-slot 20-pole PMSM. A test motor is manufactured and measured results reveal that the vibration and sound pressure can be approximately halved at around carrier harmonic and twice carrier harmonic when the carrier phase is π/2 radian compared to conventional in-phase carrier PWM.


America has been at war for years, but until now, it's not been clear with whom. We have been fighting without being clear for what. We have been waging war without using the full resources we need to win. With the publication of "War Footing", Frank Gaffney and his colleagues make it clear not only whom the enemy is and how high the stakes are, but also how we can prevail. Their book explains that we are engaged in nothing less than a War for the Free World - a fight to the death with Islamofascists who adhere to a political ideology bent on our destruction. It then offers ten specific steps that Americans, as individuals and as communities, can take to ensure our way of life and the safety and well-being of our children. These steps include specific recommendations about how to know the enemy, support our troops, provide for our energy security, stop investing in terror, equip the country for war at home, counter an EMP attack, secure our borders and interior against illegal immigration, wage political warfare, launch regional initiatives, and wield effective diplomacy. This definitive, highly readable "owner's manual" for the War for the Free World has been written by one of the most prominent national security experts of our time, Frank J. Gaffney, and his extraordinary team of respected experts. Among them are R. James Woolsey, Victor Davis Hanson, Generals Tom McInerney, USAF (Ret.) and Paul Vallely, USA (Ret.); Alex Alexiev, Andrew McCarthy, Claudia Rosett, Michael Rubin, Daniel Goure, Caroline Glick, Michael Waller, and many others.


In this paper a simple second order scale symmetry is descibed. Because of the application of the central limit theorem to network traffic, which applies whenever the variance of the traffic from individual sources is finite, this scale symmetry is valid asymptotically for a large number of sources independently of the buffer size, the queueing performance parameter under consideration and the source model. Numerical results for on-/off sources show that it gives clear guidance for how system resources must grow in order to cope with increasing traffic, while maintaining or slightly improving queueing performance. Thus, it may be used for dimensioning purposes beyond the reach of sophisticated algorithms. Parallels to equivalent bandwidth approaches are drawn.


In this study, we examine university students' beliefs and behaviors related to social media, identity, and boundaries in a higher education context. Findings suggest a complex and at times contradictory relationship between students and social media, in which they enjoy free access to information about and contributed by other people and freely share about themselves in a social or personal context, but are reticent to be active contributors in an academic context. Although students seek information about their instructors online, they do not believe that instructors might reciprocate. In contrast to a common assumption, they do not want to use social media in their coursework and prefer to restrict both their communication with instructors and coursework to private tools and settings.


A common strategy for solving an unconstrained two-player Nash equilibrium problem with continuous variables is applying Newton's method to the system of nonlinear equations obtained by the corresponding first-order necessary optimality conditions. However, when taking into account the game dynamics, it is not clear what is the goal of each player when considering that they are taking their current decision following Newton's iterates. In this paper we provide an interpretation for Newton's iterate in view of the game dynamics as follows: instead of minimizing the quadratic approximation of their objective function parameterized by the other player current decision (as a typical Jacobi-type strategy), we show that the Newton iterate follows this approach but with the objective function parameterized by a prediction of the other player action, considering that they are following the same Newtonian strategy. This interpretation allows us to present a new Newtonian algorithm where a backtracking procedure is introduced in order to guarantee that the computed Newtonian directions, for each player, are descent directions for their corresponding parameterized functions. Thus, besides favoring global convergence, our algorithm also favors true minimizers instead of maximizers or saddle points, differently from the standard Newton method, which does not consider the minimization structure of the problem in the non-convex case. Thus, our method is more robust in comparison with other Jacobi-type strategies or the pure Newtonian approach, which is corroborated by our illustrative numerical experiments. We also present a proof of the well-definiteness of the algorithm under some standard assumptions, together with a thorough analysis of its convergence properties taking into account the game dynamics.


In this paper, a study on selecting the mapping method for information exchange in unlimited- workspace teleoperation is presented. In spite the fact that in most of the bilateral teleoperation systems, the master system sends motion demands and receives interaction force from the slave system, the information to be exchanged through the communication line between master and slave is selected to be force in both directions in this study. This approach is expected to ease the navigation of the user when a limited-workspace master system is used to control an unlimited-workspace slave system. As the unlimited-workspace slave system, a virtual flying scalpel is used and human skin is modeled to represent the environment around the slave system. Two methods of constructing force information, or in other words, information mapping between the two systems, are developed and evaluated via user studies. However, one of them comes out to provide acceptable results in the selected unlimited-workspace teleoperation task. Experimental results for the method that provides acceptable results are presented.


The Anthropocene debate is one of the most ambitious scientific programmes of the past 15 or 20 years. Its main argument is that, from a geological point of view, humans are considered a major force of nature, thus implying that our current geological epoch is dominated by human activity. The Anthropocene has slowly become a contemporary meta-narrative that seeks to make sense of the 'earth-system' as a whole, and one whose vision of the future is dystopian rather than progressive: as the exploitation of the planet's natural resources reaches tipping point, the very prospects of the continuity of human life are being questioned. This article aims to explore the implicit notions of the human – indeed of the anthropos – that are being mobilized in the Anthropocene debate. It will proceed in two stages: first, the article will spell out the main arguments of the Anthropocene debate with a particular focus on trying to unpack its implicit ideas of the human. Second, it will use my approach to philosophical sociology to highlight some of the limitations and contradictions of the ideas of agency, reflexivity and responsibility that underpin the Anthropocene debate.


Background and Objectives: Most patients experience moderate to severe anxiety before cardiac catheterization. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Rosa aromatherapy on anxiety before cardiac catheterization. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 patients who met the inclusion criteria were conveniently sampled and randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Patients in the control group received routine care. In the experimental group, patients received routine care and Rosa aromatherapy for eighteen minutes. The level of anxiety was measured immediately before, and after the treatment. Results: In the stages before and after the study, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the terms of the mean scores of state and total anxiety. However, the mean score of trait anxiety in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between pre- and post-treatment in both groups. Conclusion: Most of the patients experience moderate to severe anxiety before cardiac catheterization. The findings of this study demonstrate that aromatherapy, as administered in this study, is not beneficial.


Murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus, MHV) infection of the CNS provides a model system for studying viral and host factors affecting pathogenic outcome. CNS infection with the highly neurovirulent rJHM.SD is characterized by extensive viral antigen distribution throughout the brain and few antiviral CD8 T cells at the site of infection, and infected mice succumb to disease by approximately seven days postinfection. In contrast, the less neurovirulent rA59 strain establishes acute infection in the CNS and liver; a robust antiviral CD8 T cell response peaks in the brain at day seven post-infection and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. Mice surviving acute rA59 infection later develop immune-mediated demyelination, and viral RNA persists at low levels in the CNS for the life of the mouse. We aimed to evaluate these pathogenic differences between rJHM.SD and rA59 by assessing: 1) the involvement of known viral receptors in CNS infection and spread and 2) the induction and modulation of antiviral CD8 T cell responses during acute and chronic CNS disease. Using primary CNS-derived cells and quantitative RT-PCR, we demonstrate differential expression of MHV receptor genes in CNS cell types and virus strain-specific differences in receptor requirements in neurons, the predominant cell type infected in vivo. Using adoptive transfer methods, we demonstrate that naïve virus-specific CD8 T cells are poorly primed during CNS infection with rJHM.SD; however, a robust antiviral CD8 T cell response is elicited following peripheral inoculation of rJHM.SD, suggesting a passive mechanism specific to CNS infection. Finally, by comparing the quality of antiviral CD8 T cells during different scenarios of viral persistence, we show that rA59 persistence in the CNS modulates the differentiation of effector CD8 T cells into protective memory cells. Together, these results support the idea that extent of viral dissemination and induction/modulation of antiviral CD8 T cells collectively contribute to pathogenic outcome during MHV infection. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Susan R. Weiss


Tendon pathology, especially the patellar, is relatively common. Studying the anatomy and taking measurements is often part of the diagnostic process where ultrasound is used. The accuracy of the measurements is essential for suitable diagnosis and performing appropriate follow-up. Direct measurements are the gold standard and anatomical studies provide an interesting study of the pathology of tendons in this field. The digital caliper has proven its accuracy in experienced hands. Just as there are studies that have assessed the degree of experience in the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of these structures, there are no studies in this area regarding the use of the digital caliper for patellar tendon. We conducted a study comparing the measurements of an inexperienced group with a skilled surgeon noting that there are no overall differences in the direct measurements but there are in specific measurements such as thickness or scale of the patellar tendon.


In modern everyday life, individuals experience an abundance of digital information and communication options, and pressure to use them effectively and constantly. While there are many benefits attainable through the use of digital information and communication technologies (ICTs), digital overuse needs to be explored as it may impair individual well-being. A nationally representative survey explored the extent of perceived digital overuse (PDO) and tested its relation to social digital pressure, digital coping skills, and, to assess everyday offline relevance, to individual subjective well-being. Results indicated that 28% of Swiss Internet users pereived digital overuse, which was strongly and negatively associated with well-being. Social pressure was positively related to overuse. Differences in experiencing and dealing with digital overabundance are highly relevant to general well-being and need to be further researched in light of social change and ICT innovations.


This book is an introduction to aesthetics, from the perspective of analytic philosophy. It traces aesthetics from its ancient beginnings through the changes it underwent in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and the first half of the twentieth century. The responses in the 1960s of the cultural theories to these earlier developments are discussed in detail. Five traditional art evaluational theories, Beardsley's and Goodman's evaluational theories, and the author's own evaluational theory are presented. Four miscellaneous topics are discussed - internationalist criticism, symbolism, metaphor, and expression.


In many network communication scenarios, a relay in the network may only need to recover and retransmit an equation of the transmitted messages. In previous work, it has been shown that if each transmitter employs the same lattice code, the interference structure of the channel can be exploited to recover an equation much more efficiently than possible with standard multiple-access strategies. Here, we generalize this compute-and-forward framework to the multiple antenna setting. Our results show that it is often beneficial to use extra antennas at the receiver to rotate the channel coefficients towards the nearest integer vector instead of separating out the transmitted signals. We also demonstrate that in contrast to classical strategies, the multiplexing gain of compute-and-forward increases if the transmitters have channel state information. Finally, we apply our scheme to the two way relay network and observe performance gains over traditional strategies.


The climate crisis impacts the northern polar regions in disproportionate ways, and ecomusicology is an academic discourse. In bringing these two seemingly unrelated pairs together, I argue for academic discourse in ecomusicology that makes connections with the climate crisis in music and sound studies. What can ecomusicology offer humanity as we face climate catastrophe? While not a panacea, ecomusicology can serve to further collapse the unfortunate nature-culture dichotomy that is at the root of so many social and environmental problems.  Academic discourse always should have a place for titillation, but we must not avoid the climate crisis in music scholarship, for that only enables climate change denialism. I elaborate on an ecomusicology that is both new and not new, providing examples of climate connections in ecomusicological discourse. Ultimately, we must make such connections and do something about the problems we face as a civilization.


The author is Assistant Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology, Department of History Archaeology and Social Anthropology , University of Thessaly, Greece. After undergraduate studies in History and Archaeology at the University of Athens she obtained her Masters as well as her Ph. D degree in Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Paris X, Nanterre in 1981. Her research interests focus on Aegean prehistory, spanning the Palaeolithic to Late Bronze Age, the prehistoric stone and bone technology, the obsidian characterization studies and the material culture issues, the interaction between technology and prehistoric communities and aspects involved in the contextual analysis. Her current fieldwork interests concern survey and excavation involving new technologies. Since 2005 she is the Director of the Zerelia Excavations Program, of the University of Thessaly. She has a long affiliation with The Akrotiri Thera Excavations since 1983. On the site she is involved in the excavation, study and publication of stone tools industries, and the database and GIS applications. Dr Moundrea Agrafioti is a member of the World Society for Ekistics.


BACKGROUND
Families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) report more negative family relationships than families of children without ADHD. Questions remain as to the role of genetic factors underlying associations between family relationships and children's ADHD symptoms, and the role of children's ADHD symptoms as an evocative influence on the quality of relationships experienced within such families. Utilizing the attributes of two genetically sensitive research designs, the present study examined associations between biologically related and nonbiologically related maternal ADHD symptoms, parenting practices, child impulsivity/activation, and child ADHD symptoms. The combined attributes of the study designs permit assessment of associations while controlling for passive genotype-environment correlation and directly examining evocative genotype-environment correlation (rGE); two relatively under examined confounds of past research in this area.

METHODS
A cross-sectional adoption-at-conception design (Cardiff IVF Study; C-IVF) and a longitudinal adoption-at-birth design (Early Growth and Development Study; EGDS) were used. The C-IVF sample included 160 mothers and children (age 5-8 years). The EGDS sample included 320 linked sets of adopted children (age 6 years), adoptive-, and biologically related mothers. Questionnaires were used to assess maternal ADHD symptoms, parenting practices, child impulsivity/activation, and child ADHD symptoms. A cross-rater approach was used across measures of maternal behavior (mother reports) and child ADHD symptoms (father reports).

RESULTS
Significant associations were revealed between rearing mother ADHD symptoms, hostile parenting behavior, and child ADHD symptoms in both samples. Because both samples consisted of genetically unrelated mothers and children, passive rGE was removed as a possible explanatory factor underlying these associations. Further, path analysis revealed evidence for evocative rGE processes in the longitudinal adoption-at-birth study (EGDS) from biologically related maternal ADHD symptoms to biologically unrelated maternal hostile parenting through early disrupted child behavior (impulsivity/activation), with maternal hostile parenting and disrupted child behavior associated with later child ADHD symptoms, controlling for concurrent adoptive mother ADHD symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS
Results highlight the importance of genetically influenced child ADHD-related temperamental attributes on genetically unrelated maternal hostility that in turn links to later child ADHD symptoms. Implications for intervention programs focusing on early family processes and the precursors of child ADHD symptoms are discussed.


We introduce scalable deep kernels, which combine the structural properties of deep learning architectures with the non-parametric flexibility of kernel methods. Specifically, we transform the inputs of a spectral mixture base kernel with a deep architecture, using local kernel interpolation, inducing points, and structure exploiting (Kronecker and Toeplitz) algebra for a scalable kernel representation. These closed-form kernels can be used as drop-in replacements for standard kernels, with benefits in expressive power and scalability. We jointly learn the properties of these kernels through the marginal likelihood of a Gaussian process. Inference and learning cost $O(n)$ for $n$ training points, and predictions cost $O(1)$ per test point. On a large and diverse collection of applications, including a dataset with 2 million examples, we show improved performance over scalable Gaussian processes with flexible kernel learning models, and stand-alone deep architectures.


The ongoing progress in spectroscopic methods of analysis has resulted in a growing interest in the nature of pollutants and hence the possibility of controlling their levels in the environment. This paper describes a study of the fate of some pollutants in both soil and water at two selected areas in the north of Cairo, Egypt. Samples were collected from Shoubra Elkhima and Kafr ElSheikh during October 2003 and October 2004, respectively. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to evaluate the level of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead and zinc in the collected samples. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the molecular structure of soil samples. Results indicate that there is a possible interaction between heavy metals and humic acid, which is manifested by a noticeable shift in the absorption of the carboxyl group towards lower frequencies as a result of metal interaction. Furthermore, it is concluded that the carboxylate group of humic acid leads the transport of metals from soil to groundwater.


Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy performed via 3D structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) features an 8-fold volumetric resolution improvement over conventional microscopy and is well established on flat, adherent cells. However, blastomeres in mammalian embryos are non-adherent, round and large. Scanning whole mount mammalian embryos with 3D-SIM is prone to failure due to non-adherent embryos moving during scanning and a large distance to the cover glass. The biggest challenge and achievement of this doctorate thesis was the development of a novel method to perform 3D-SIM on mammalian embryos ("3D structured illumination microscopy of mammalian embryos and spermatozoa" published in BMC Developmental Biology). The development and fine-tuning of this method took over two years due to the time-intense generation of embryos and the subsequent two day long embryo staining, embedding and scanning with steps that required novel techniques such as micromanipulation which was not associated with sample preparation prior to this protocol. Problem identification was time-intensive since each of the numerous steps necessary could negatively affect the image quality. This method was fine-tuned during three studies. The first study "Reprogramming of fibroblast nuclei in cloned bovine embryos involves major structural remodeling with both striking similarities and differences to nuclear phenotypes of in vitro fertilized embryos" (published in Nucleus) investigates the profound changes of nuclear architecture during cattle preimplantation development of embryos generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Fibroblast nuclei in embryos generated by SCNT go through similar changes in nuclear architecture as embryos generated by IVF. In both embryo types the occurrence of a large, chromatin-free lacuna in the center of nuclei around major embryonic genome activation (EGA) was noted. Similarly, the chromosome territory-interchromatin compartment (CT-IC) model applied to both types of embryos, featuring a lacuna or not, with an enrichment of RNA polymerase II and H3K4me3, a histone modification for transcriptionally competent chromatin, in less concentrated chromatin and an enrichment of H3K9me3, a transcriptionally restrictive histone modification, in more concentrated chromatin. However, large, highly concentrated H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 clusters were noted in both embryo types at chromatin concentrations that did not fit to the model. The chromatin-free lacunas were highly enriched in newly synthesized mRNA.
The second study "Remodeling of the Nuclear Envelope and Lamina during Bovine Preimplantation Development and Its Functional Implications" (published in PLOS ONE) presents the changes of the nuclear envelope and lamina during bovine preimplantation development. Before major EGA, chromatin-free areas of the nuclear periphery were also free of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), whereas after major EGA, the entire nuclear periphery was equipped with at least a fine layer of chromatin and associated NPCs. Three types of nuclear invaginations were predominant at different stages. The most common invagination was lamin B and NUP153 positive and was most prominent between the 2-cell and 8-cell stages until the onset of major EGA. Lamin B positive, but NUP153 negative invaginations were most prominent during stages with large nuclear volume and surface reductions. The least common invagination was lamin B negative but NUP153 positive and occurred almost exclusively at the morula stage. RNA-Seq and 3D-SIM data showed large deposits of spliced NUP153 mRNA and cytoplasmic NUP153 protein clusters until shortly after major EGA. NUP153 association with chromatin was initiated at metaphase.
The third study "Stage-dependent remodeling of the nuclear envelope and lamina during rabbit early embryonic development" (published in the Journal of Reproduction and Development) demonstrated that rabbit embryonic nuclei feature a nuclear invagination type containing a large volume of cytoplasm that provides cytoplasmic proximity to nucleoli in addition to the small volume invaginations that were previously observed in bovine nuclei. The underlying mechanism for these two invaginations must differ from each other since small volume invaginations were frequently emanating from large volume invaginations emanating from the nuclear border but large volume invaginations were never emanating from small volume invaginations emanating from the nuclear border. Abundance of import/export competent invaginations featuring NPCs peaked at the 4-cell stage, which is the last stage before a drastic nuclear volume decline and also the last stage before major EGA is initiated at the 8- to 16-cell stage. Import/export incompetent invaginations positive for lamin B but not NUP153 peaked at the 2-cell stage. This was the stage with the largest variability in nuclear volumes. This may hint at an interphase nuclear surface reduction mechanism.
Additionally, previously generated but unpublished 3D-FISH data about the localization changes of a stably inserted reporter gene upon activation in cloned bovine embryos was analyzed and documented in the study "Positional changes of a pluripotency marker gene during structural reorganization of fibroblast nuclei in cloned early bovine embryos" (published in Nucleus). This study showed that the stably inserted OCT-4 reporter gene "GOF" in bovine fetal fibroblasts was initially moved towards the nuclear interior in day 2 bovine embryos generated by SCNT of bovine fetal fibroblasts. However, in day 4 SCNT embryos the localization of GOF had moved towards the periphery while it was still activated. Its carrier chromosome territory did not significantly move differently compared with the non-carrier homolog. Constant proximity of GOF to its carrier chromosome territory ruled out a movement by giant loops.
In cooperation with the Department of Histology and Embryology of the Ege University (Izmir, Turkey) the destructive effects of cryopreservation on blastomere integrity were analyzed in the study "Ultra-Structural Alterations in In Vitro Produced Four-Cell Bovine Embryos Following Controlled Slow Freezing or Vitrification" (published in Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia). The cryopreservation method slow freezing caused more damage to blastomeres and to the zona pellucida than its fast freezing alternative vitrification. This was most likely caused by ice crystal formation and the longer exposure to the toxic side effects of cryoprotectants before freezing was complete.


Authentication is the vital link between your real self and your digital self. As our digital selves become ever more powerful, the price of failing authentication grows. The most common authentication protocols are static data and employed only once at login. This allows for authentication to be spoofed just once to gain access to an entire user session. Behaviometric protocols continuously consume a user's behavior as a token of authentication and can be applied throughout a session, thereby eliminating a fixed token to spoof. Research into these protocols as viable forms of authentication is relatively recent and is being conducted on a variety of data sources, features and classification schemes. This work proposes an extensible research framework to aid the systemization and preservation of research in this field by standardizing the interface for raw data collection, processing and interpretation. Specifically, this framework contributes transparent management of data collection and persistence, the presentation of past research in a highly configurable and extensible form, and the standardization of data forms to enhance innovative reuse and comparative analysis of prior research. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


Land managers frequently apply vegetation removal and seeding treatments to restore ecosystem function following woody plant encroachment, invasive species spread, and wildfire. However, the long‐term outcome of these treatments is unclear due to a lack of widespread monitoring. We quantified how vegetation removal (via wildfire or management) with or without seeding and environmental conditions related to plant community composition change over time in 491 sites across the intermountain western United States. Most community metrics took over 10 years to reach baseline conditions posttreatment, with the slowest recovery observed for native perennial cover. Total cover was initially higher in sites with seeding after vegetation removal than sites with vegetation removal alone, but increased faster in sites with vegetation removal only. Seeding after vegetation removal was associated with rapidly increasing non‐native perennial cover and decreasing non‐native annual cover. Native perennial cover increased in vegetation removal sites irrespective of seeding and was suppressed by increasing non‐native perennial cover. Seeding was associated with higher non‐native richness across the monitoring period as well as initially higher, then declining, total and native species richness. Several cover and richness recovery metrics were positively associated with mean annual precipitation and negatively associated with mean annual temperature, whereas relationships with weather extremes depended on the lag time and season. Our results suggest that key plant groups, such as native perennials and non‐native annuals, respond to restoration treatments at divergent timescales and with different sensitivities to climate and weather variation.


The physical form of the melting regime and the mechanisms of melt extraction influence the composition of magmas erupted at ocean ridges. We investigate aspects of this relationship, beginning with the assumption that melts can be extracted from the melting regime without significant reequilibration during their passage to the surface. The ocean crust thus represents a mixture of the individual melts. Many melting regimes lead to the same "residual mantle column" (RMC), defined as a vertical section through the mantle external to the melting regime. The RMC is the integrated result of melt extraction and is useful in evaluating the geochemical effects of many different types of melting regimes. Consideration of the RMC shows that the "shape" of the melting regime is not necessarily an important parameter in affecting the composition of the ocean crust. The important parameters are the way mantle flows through the melting regime and the relationship between melt fraction and pressure during adiabatic melting. Calculating the volume and composition of the ocean crust can be reduced to a simple mixing problem. Virtually all ridge models predict continuous mixing of melts from the solidus to the maximum extent of melting. Given these boundary conditions, even complex melting regimes lead to geochemical results that are similar to those produced by batch melting. Thus batch melting may approximate the net effects of the melting process remarkably well. An important exception to these generalizations is binary mixing between melts of very different composition. This is possible beneath ocean ridges if very low degree melts, formed at the volatile-present solidus, mix with higher-degree melts formed directly beneath the ridge. There are limitations to the effectiveness of such a mixing process because the source volume for the low-degree melts is constrained by the finite pressure interval between the dry and volatile-present solidi of the mantle. These constraints place an upper limit of a factor of 5 on the incompatible element enrichment that can be explained by such mixing. This is a small factor relative to the global variability of mid-ocean ridge basalts. A few local regions, however, show major and trace element covariations that may be consistent with this type of mixing. Adequate data sets to fully test the possibility are lacking. If such mixing occurs, there must be a physical mechanism to focus the lowest degree melts from the furthest reaches of the melting regime into the mantle directly beneath the ridge axis. The physical difficulties associated with horizontal transport of low-degree melts over tens to hundreds of kilometers are imposing and suggest that alternative models should be seriously considered.


Designers have recently become increasingly involved with small-scale producer communities around the world, mostly in the southern hemisphere, and this increase has highlighted the significance of these encounters in the creation of economic and social opportunities for those peoples. This study identifies that, however, these encounters present challenges and imply ethical responsibilities that current design methodologies fail to embrace in their long-term goals. This research investigates the interaction between designers visiting local producers whose livelihood is deeply dependent not just on the natural environment and their local culture but also on the process of fabrication.

This thesis proposes a new methodology to guide designers and producers through a reflective process of social change in producer communities. This methodology derives from a combination of activity theory and the capability approach to wellbeing applied within design and producer community practices. The aim is to support a dialogical and holistic design approach to this kind of cooperation, as well as to endorse research and professional practice in the field of design for social change. This research seeks to break new ground by generating perspectives that support both designers and local producers in tackling and resolving issues of individual and collective wellbeing.

The research draws on interviews with designers working with local producers in different countries. In addition, the author presents her own experiences of researching and working with Amazon rainforest rubber-tapping communities which have adopted new production methods in order to acquire new capabilities and help conserve their environment. Two case studies illustrate the reflective methodology applied to the designer and producer interactions within social innovation and entrepreneurship. But it is fundamentally the materiality of the rubber, and the revelation of the interdependences within and without the locality, that form the framework of this thesis.


In the coming days, the United States Senate will consider the confirmation of Dr. France Córdova as director of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). If confirmed, Dr. Córdova will be the latest in a line of distinguished scientists to lead the nearly $7 billion agency, the most important source of funding for basic research outside of the biomedical sciences. Rather than turning over with the election of a new president, the NSF director is appointed to a 6-year term. During the roughly 2000 days that Córdova will have at the helm, she will need to deal with many forces that threaten the nation's ability to innovate. One major impediment is the continuing threat of mandatory budget cuts from sequestration, whose impact this year included fewer grants awarded and delays to many research projects.


Spanning three thousand years and five major cultures, the traditions of Eastern philosophy play a major role in any study of human thought today; to ignore the East is to miss the valuable insights of philosophers from the Persian, Indian, Chinese, Tibetan and Japanese traditions. In this book, every major stream of Eastern thought, whether idealistic or materialistic, is presented. The author reveals here the wisdom of the East, from Avicenna to Zoroaster, from Buddha to Gandhi. Entries cover not only the philosophers themselves but also the philosophical terms and concepts, the historical background, the doctrines, teachings and writings of the East. Whether we wish to consult the I Ching, to understand Zen koan, or to read from the Upanishads, this volume will be a valuable tool in our quest.


This paper reflects on the experience of the Research Into Use (RIU) projects in Asia. It reconfirms much of what has been known for many years about the way innovation takes place and finds that many of the shortcomings of RIU in Asia were precisely because lessons from previous research on agricultural innovation were "not put into use" in the programme's implementation. However, the experience provides three important lessons for donors and governments to make use of agricultural research: (i) Promoting research into use requires enabling innovation. This goes beyond fostering collaboration, and includes a range of other innovation management tasks (ii) The starting point for making use of research need not necessarily be the promising research products and quite often identifying the promising innovation trajectories is more rewarding (iii) Strengthening the innovation enabling environment of policies and institutions is critical if research use is to lead to long-term and large-scale impacts. It is in respect of this third point that RIU Asia missed its target, as it failed to make explicit efforts to address policy and institutional change, despite its innovation systems rhetoric. This severely restricted its ability to achieve wide-scale social and economic impact that was the original rationale for the programme.


Stephan Schaffrath, in his paper "The Methodology of Architectonic Truth-Finding in Grass's The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel)," discusses how Gunter Grass's The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel) negotiates the treacherous terrains that lie between positivism and nihilistic relativism by means of a truth-finding methodology. Schaffrath proposes that truth-finding methodology applies approximative, and therefore architectonic, approaches to conventional concepts of narration and history. Grass's novel breaks down and reassembles playfully the conventions of narration and history, not to negate or devalue them, but to reappraise them by means of an approximative truth-finding methodology, an approach that corresponds to Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the architectonic. An architectonic historical narrative is achieved here by re-creating consciously recent German history instead of a conventional historical narration that claims a certain degree of objectivity. Grass shows us that the genre of the novel can indeed convey history in a fictitious format (an otherwise standard recognition in the humanities today), yet be a useful and insightful medium to those who wish to learn about history in the sense of a factual genre. Grass achieves this by educating his readers about the fine line between fact and fiction as he interweaves a most intricate epistemological commentary into the narrative of his narrator. Stephan Schaffrath, "The Methodology of Architectonic Truth-Finding in Grass's The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel)" page 2 of 12 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 9.4 (2007):


Most existing knowledge graphs suffer from incompleteness, which can be alleviated by inferring missing links based on known facts. One popular way to accomplish this is to generate low-dimensional embeddings of entities and relations, and use these to make inferences. ConvE, a recently proposed approach, applies convolutional filters on 2D reshapings of entity and relation embeddings in order to capture rich interactions between their components. However, the number of interactions that ConvE can capture is limited. In this paper, we analyze how increasing the number of these interactions affects link prediction performance, and utilize our observations to propose InteractE. InteractE is based on three key ideas -- feature permutation, a novel feature reshaping, and circular convolution. Through extensive experiments, we find that InteractE outperforms state-of-the-art convolutional link prediction baselines on FB15k-237. Further, InteractE achieves an MRR score that is 9%, 7.5%, and 23% better than ConvE on the FB15k-237, WN18RR and YAGO3-10 datasets respectively. The results validate our central hypothesis -- that increasing feature interaction is beneficial to link prediction performance. We make the source code of InteractE available to encourage reproducible research.


Performance of a water reclamation plant using ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) treating 280,000 m3/d of wastewater was evaluated over 1 year. Statistical analyses were performed on flow rate, temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total coliforms. Variations in flow rates coincided with those in temperature, both being seasonal, but plant performance was not highly influenced by such variations. The RO system recovered 85% of water flow. Data on process variables conform to a normal probability distribution and reveal the high process efficiency and reliability of UF and RO systems. Plant efficiencies were >99% for TSS, TDS, BOD5 and total coliforms. Efficiencies were the highest for TSS and total coliforms in the UF system, while they were the highest for TDS and BOD5 in the RO system. Cumulative frequency distribution analyses indicate that RO plays an important role in maintaining a stable plant performance and high quality reclaimed water. The UF system proved essential for complimenting successful performance of the RO system. Reclaimed water satisfies, at 99% frequency, the quality standards for potable water concerning TSS, TDS, BOD5 and total coliforms even though membranes have been operating continuously for 6 consecutive years.


At independence in 1980 the University of Zimbabwe faced two
major problems with regard to the composition of academic staff:
a racial imbalance and a gender imbalance. A strong staff development
programme was initiated which by 1987 had considerably
improved the racial balance. The gender imbalance, however
remained a problem. Women represent 21% of the academic staff,
an increase of only 4% over the past ten years. They continue
to be concentrated in the middle and lower academic ranks in
all faculties and even with doctoral degrees are less likely than
men to be promoted to the higher academic ranks of senior lecturer,
associate professor and professor. Their participation in
University governance is low with important decision making committees
composed largely of male academics.
Consequently, the Ford Foundation gave a grant to the Human
Resources Research Centre for a study to be undertaken which
would investigate the problem of the under-representation and
status of academic women at the University of Zimbabwe. This
paper is based on one aspect of the project which was a survey
of current members of the academic staff conducted in July-
August 1988 using a mailed questionnaire.
The purpose of the survey was to investigate factors affecting
academic career prospects for women. The questionnaire included
items which would elicit data on gender differences with regard
to academic rank, academic qualifications, productivity, involvement
in University governance, attitudes towards an academic
career, attitudes towards women in academic careers, and the extent
to which home and family responsibilities affect academic
careers. The questionnaire was pre-tested on a small pilot sample
in June and revised.


The key characteristic of the vast amount of literature on the South African workers movement in the post-1973 period is the denial that the class and national struggles were closely intertwined. This denial is underpinned by a strong ʻantinationalist current which dismisses the national liberation struggle as ʻpopulist and nationalist and therefore antithetical to socialism. This article cautions against uncritical endorsement of these views. It argues that they are the work of partisan and intolerant commentators who have dominated the South African academy since the 1970s and who have a tendency to suppress all versions of labour history which highlight these linkages in favour of those which portray national liberation and socialism as antinomies. The article also points out that these commentators use history to mobilise support for their rigidly held ideological positions and to wage current political struggles under the pretext of advancing objective academic arguments.


Background/Context Research on academic capitalism often maps changing conditions in which faculty work occurs without explaining the mechanisms by which change occurs. We use Fligstein and McAdam's theory of fields to posit that the changing conditions in which humanities faculty members work reflect activities in overlapping (the academic profession more generally) and proximate (university administration) fields. We seek to illuminate the ways in which humanities faculty experience heightened administrative authority and strategically respond. Research Questions We ask: 1) How do faculty members in the humanities understand the changes in their field? 2) How do faculty members in the humanities understand their relationships to members of overlapping (e.g., faculty in other areas) and proximate (e.g., administrators) fields? and 3) How do faculty members in the humanities strategize to improve their positions? Participants We conducted semistructured interviews with 46 faculty members in humanities fields with various appointments (tenured, tenure-track, non-tenure-track). Faculty participants were mainly housed in English and history, two of the largest humanities departments at many institutions, but also in philosophy and religion departments. Research Design Our multiple case study design took place at two public research universities to understand how faculty respond to changing conditions. The research sites, typical of many public research universities, experienced declining direct government support and therefore conditions in which academic capitalist processes occur were present at both. Humanities departments contributed a large portion of student credit-hour production at both research sites, yet such funds were centralized and allocated by university administration. Data Collection and Analysis Our interview protocol focused on faculty perceptions of resource allocation within the institution, allocation of work within the department, perceptions of the department relative to others, and how faculty structured their time and careers in response to various pressures inside and outside of their university. Semistructured interviews ranged from 25 and 90 minutes and were recorded and transcribed. We analyzed data using a priori and emergent codes which were grouped into broad themes reflecting faculty responses to changing conditions. Results Three strategic responses emerged among humanities faculty members we interviewed: utilizing lower status faculty members, exploiting weaker units in the field, and forming alliances. Conclusions/Recommendations Strategies result in the improved status of some individual faculty members but do not arrest the diminishing status of the humanities as a field. Our analysis suggests that field-level analyses entail implications for the study of academic work and processes in the academic capitalism tradition.


Introduction Italy produced and imported a large amount of raw asbestos, up to the ban in 1992, with a peak in the period between 1976 and 1980 at about 160 000 tons/year. The National Register of Mesotheliomas (ReNaM, "Registro Nazionale dei Mesoteliomi" in Italian), a surveillance system of mesothelioma incidence, has been active since 2002, operating through a regional structure. Methods The Operating Regional Center (COR) actively researches cases and defines asbestos exposure on the basis of national guidelines. Diagnostic, demographic and exposure characteristics of non-occupationally exposed cases are analysed and described with respect to occupationally exposed cases. Results Standardised incidence rates for pleural mesothelioma in 2008 were 3.84 (per 100 000) for men and 1.45 for women, respectively. Among the 15 845 mesothelioma cases registered between 1993 and 2008, exposure to asbestos fibres was investigated for 12 065 individuals (76.1%), identifying 530 (4.4%) with familial exposure (they lived with an occupationally exposed cohabitant), 514 (4.3%) with environmental exposure to asbestos (they lived near sources of asbestos pollution and were never occupationally exposed) and 188 (1.6%) exposed through hobby-related or other leisure activities. Clusters of cases due to environmental exposure are mainly related to the presence of asbestos-cement industry plants (Casale Monferrato, Broni, Bari), to shipbuilding and repair activities (Monfalcone, Trieste, La Spezia, Genova) and soil contamination (Biancavilla in Sicily). Conclusions Asbestos pollution outside the workplace contributes significantly to the burden of asbestos-related diseases, suggesting the need to prevent exposures and to discuss how to deal with compensation rights for malignant mesothelioma cases induced by non-occupational exposure to asbestos.


The intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is distinguished by its ability to invade and replicate within mammalian cells. Remarkably, of the 15 serovars within the genus, strains belonging to serovar 4b cause the majority of listeriosis clinical cases and outbreaks. The Listeria O-antigens are defined by subtle structural differences amongst the peptidoglycan-associated wall-teichoic acids (WTAs), and their specific glycosylation patterns. Here, we outline the genetic determinants required for WTA decoration in serovar 4b L. monocytogenes, and demonstrate the exact nature of the 4b-specific antigen. We show that challenge by bacteriophages selects for surviving clones that feature mutations in genes involved in teichoic acid glycosylation, leading to a loss of galactose from both wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid molecules, and a switch from serovar 4b to 4d. Surprisingly, loss of this galactose decoration not only prevents phage adsorption, but leads to a complete loss of surface-associated Internalin B (InlB),the inability to form actin tails, and a virulence attenuation in vivo. We show that InlB specifically recognizes and attaches to galactosylated teichoic acid polymers, and is secreted upon loss of this modification, leading to a drastically reduced cellular invasiveness. Consequently, these phage-insensitive bacteria are unable to interact with cMet and gC1q-R host cell receptors, which normally trigger cellular uptake upon interaction with InlB. Collectively, we provide detailed mechanistic insight into the dual role of a surface antigen crucial for both phage adsorption and cellular invasiveness, demonstrating a trade-off between phage resistance and virulence in this opportunistic pathogen.


FST is frequently used as a summary of genetic differentiation among groups. It has been suggested that FST depends on the allele frequencies at a locus, as it exhibits a variety of peculiar properties related to genetic diversity: higher values for biallelic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) than for multiallelic microsatellites, low values among high-diversity populations viewed as substantially distinct, and low values for populations that differ primarily in their profiles of rare alleles. A full mathematical understanding of the dependence of FST on allele frequencies, however, has been elusive. Here, we examine the relationship between FST and the frequency of the most frequent allele, demonstrating that the range of values that FST can take is restricted considerably by the allele-frequency distribution. For a two-population model, we derive strict bounds on FST as a function of the frequency M of the allele with highest mean frequency between the pair of populations. Using these bounds, we show that for a value of M chosen uniformly between 0 and 1 at a multiallelic locus whose number of alleles is left unspecified, the mean maximum FST is ∼0.3585. Further, FST is restricted to values much less than 1 when M is low or high, and the contribution to the maximum FST made by the most frequent allele is on average ∼0.4485. Using bounds on homozygosity that we have previously derived as functions of M, we describe strict bounds on FST in terms of the homozygosity of the total population, finding that the mean maximum FST given this homozygosity is 1 − ln 2 ≈ 0.3069. Our results provide a conceptual basis for understanding the dependence of FST on allele frequencies and genetic diversity and for interpreting the roles of these quantities in computations of FST from population-genetic data. Further, our analysis suggests that many unusual observations of FST, including the relatively low FST values in high-diversity human populations from Africa and the relatively low estimates of FST for microsatellites compared to SNPs, can be understood not as biological phenomena associated with different groups of populations or classes of markers but rather as consequences of the intrinsic mathematical dependence of FST on the properties of allele-frequency distributions.


Although much interest has been given to the use of autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) for hydrographic data collection, little thought has been given to the utility of currently available chart products for safe navigation of the ASV itself. In the United States, chart products are currently available in digital form, as both cartographic raster images of traditional paper charts and as vector representations of cartographic data, ("BSB" files and electronic nautical charts (ENCs), respectively). Here we evaluate these chart products with an eye to common methods by which artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms would likely use them. We find that the raster cartographic nature of BSB nautical charts leaves a complex interpretation problem for computers to recognize and understand their nuance. However, the BSB cartographic representation holds useful information that can be equally difficult to infer from electrical nautical charts, particularly when size of objects are implicitly tied to the scale of the chart. Further we find that while ENCs provide near instantaneous interpretation, the data must be reorganized for fast search. Additionally, some features, notably docks and breakwaters, are represented in the ENC in a single dimension (a line) even though they subtend a finite second dimension, forcing the AI algorithm to buffer objects to ensure safe navigation. When objects fail to have explicit measurements (for example a measured depth) encoded in the ENC, one is left to interpret their relative hazard from qualitative descriptions. This interpretation can be particularly challenging when the qualitative descriptions are referenced to the local vertical datum. Finally, the ENC's compilation scale, when encoded, is particularly useful as it provides an implicit measure of uncertainty about the chart information, determining the granularity with which navigation choices can be made.


Once upon a time, one infection by specific malware looked much like another infection, to an antivirus scanner if not to the naked eye. Even back then, virus naming wasn't very consistent between vendors, but at least virus encyclopaedias and third-party resources like vgrep made it generally straightforward to map one vendor's name for a virus to another vendor's name for the same malware. In 2009, though, the threat landscape looks very different. Viruses and other replicative malware, while far from extinct, pose a comparatively manageable problem compared to other threats with the single common characteristic of malicious intent. Proof-of-Concept code with sophisticated self-replicating mechanisms is of less interest to today's malware authors than shape-shifting Trojans that change their appearance frequently to evade detection and are intended to make money for criminals rather than getting adolescent admiration and bragging rights. Sheer sample glut makes it impossible to categorize and standardize on naming for each and every unique sample out of tens of thousands processed each day. Detection techniques such as generic signatures, heuristics and sandboxing have also changed the ways in which malware is detected and therefore how it is classified, confounding the old assumptions of a simple one-to-one relationship between a detection label and a malicious program. This presentation will explain how one-to-many, many-toone, or many-to-many models are at least as likely as the old one-detection-per-variant model, why "Do you detect Win32/UnpleasantVirus.EG?" is such a difficult question to answer, and explain why exact indication is not a pre-requisite for detection and remediation of malware, and actually militates against the most effective use of analysis and development time and resources. But what is the information that the end-user or end-site really needs to know about an incoming threat?


The purpose of this paper is to present an exercise where we identify optimal income tax rules under the constraint of fixed tax revenue. To this end, we estimate a microeconomic model with 78 parameters that capture heterogeneity in consumption-leisure preferences for singles and couples as well as in job opportunities across individuals based on Norwegian household data for 1994. The estimated model is for a given tax rule used to simulate the choices made by single individuals and couples. Those choices are therefore generated by preferences and opportunities that vary across the decision units. Differently from what is common in the literature, we do not rely on a priori theoretical optimal taxation results, but instead we identify optimal tax rules - within a class of 6-parameter piece-wise linear rules - by iteratively running the model until a given social welfare function attains its maximum under the constraint of keeping constant the total net tax revenue. We explore a variety of social welfare functions with differing degree of inequality aversion and also two alternative social welfare principles, namely equality of outcome and equality of opportunity. All the social welfare functions turn out to imply an average tax rate lower than the current 1994 one. Moreover, all the optimal rules imply - with respect to the current rule - lower marginal rates on low and/or average income levels and higher marginal rates on sufficiently high income levels. These results are partially at odds with the tax reforms that took place in many countries during the last decades. While those reforms embodied the idea of lowering average tax rates, the way to implement it has typically consisted in reducing the top marginal rates. Our results instead suggest to lower average tax rates by reducing marginal rates on low and average income levels and increasing marginal rates on very high income levels.


A study has been made of the removal of copper (II) and zinc (II) metal ions from aquous solutions and effluents by dissolved-air flotation. The process involves the precipitation of the metal hydroxide species as floc particles and their subsequent flotation by small gas bUbbles' which are produced by the release, under shear, of pressurized air-saturated water into the solution at atmospheric pressure.
Optimum conditions for the removal of copper (II) and zinc (II) in the concentration range 10.0 ppm to 50.0 ppm have been established using a laboratory-scale apparatus. In addition the effects on flotation of using coagulation aids including iron (III) chloride aluminium (III) sulphate and a polyelectrolyte have been evaluated.
Selective removal of copper (II) andzinc (II) from admixture in solution has been achieved by careful ph adjustment and flotation of the particles formed.
The effects of variables including recycle, gas pressure, ionic strength and ph on the removal of metal ions have been studied and the results discussed in terms of the flotation process. The amount of gas released from solution at various pressures and the diameters of the gas bubbles produced have been experimentally determined. From these results optimum air to solids ratios have been calculated for a given system and an estimate made of the number of gas bubbles released.
The application of the laboratory dissolved-air flotation process to the treatnent of aqueous zinc (11)-bearing effluents from a rayon plant has been studied. The results obtained led to the design, construction and operation of a semi-continous pilot-plant apparatus on-site at the factory. Using this equipment optimum conditions were established for theremoval of zinc (II) from effluent solutions of varying composition and pt-I.


Climate change is already having adverse effects on animal life, and those effects are likely to prove devastating in the future. Nonetheless, the relevant harms to animals have yet to become a serious part of the analysis of climate change policy. Even if animals and species are valued solely by reference to human preferences, inclusion of their welfare dramatically increases the argument for aggressive responses to climate change. We estimate that, even under conservative assumptions about valuation, losses to nonhuman life might run into the hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Whatever the precise figure, the general conclusion is clear: An appreciation of the likely loss of animal life leads to a massive increase in the assessment of the overall damage and cost of climate change.


The main aim of the paper is to analyse the potential transitional justice mechanisms, directed at reintegration of Donbas, a territory temporarily occupied by pro-Russian separatists, being under the combination of a direct and indirect control of Kremlin, with Ukraine. In the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity and a remove of ex-President Viktor Yanukovych as a consequence of Euromaidan protests held in Kyiv, in the Winter 2013/14, Ukraine became a state involved in the international armed conflict covering its Eastern provinces as a result of an external aggression of the Russian Federation. Furthermore, since early-2014, Moscow is continuously using pro-Russian militants to form and uphold unrecognised, de facto regimes of the so-called 'Donetsk' and 'Luhansk People's Republic(s)' affecting the territorial integrity of the Ukrainian state. It is argued that Kyiv shall take into consideration some of the peace and restoration models applied in similar conflict or post-conflict environments, such as the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) or the experience of numerous disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programs, filled with the transitional justice component. Moreover, by emphasising the context of a military (semifrozen) conflict in Eastern Ukraine, the paper is going to shed more light on the possible application of transitional justice tool-kit in the ongoing conflicts scenarios and its potential contribution to the shift from a conflict to the postwar environment.


Television media is one the best media for information dissemination, entertainment, political, economic and cultural and other elites. In India television covers over 90% of India's 1200 million people. By the nature of television professionals are information gatherers and information disseminators. This study aims to investigate the attitude towards the information needs and usage of Electronic Information Resources by Television Media Professionals working in various News, Spiritual and General Entertainment Channels at Bangalore. For this purpose researcher adopted survey method and well-structured questionnaire was distributed for media professionals to collect relevant data. Researcher distributed 710 questionnaire and 540 responses received back with 76.05% of response rate. The result of the study shows that 96.29% television media professionals use internet to access electronic information resource. It is explored from the data that Television media professionals well comfortable with usage of IT Applications like Search Engines, Email, Social Networks, Alert software and other tools. Television Media professionals prefer News, Entertainment, Educational, Political and other related information. Researcher suggests that some of the barriers like censorship, ICT tools to be overcome for fast dissemination of information.