This paper demonstrates how a single permanent fiber installation allowed the development of improved completions designs in real time in order to improve well economics. Design changes were adjusted during the completion of the well to determine stage length and completion execution. Improvements were applied to the subsequent wells in the program.
 In 2018, an eight-well pad was completed with the intention of immediately drilling and completing a second directly offset eight-well pad. Further options for additional wells would be evaluated based on the performance of these sixteen wells. The laterals of the project wells were arranged in a wine-rack configuration targeting zones in the Upper and Lower Eagle Ford Formation. Initial designs were based on analytics from the area resulting in an initial design for cluster spacing, stages per cluster, injection rates and volumes, and fluid volumes. The primary goal of the diagnostics expenditure was to improve the dollars per barrel relationship, specifically by increasing stage lengths that could be effectively completed along the lateral wellbore.
 The project included a casing-installed fiber optic cable to record the distributed acoustics and distributed temperature along the wellbore for, respectively, stimulation flow profiles and production flow profiles. Acoustic-based flow profiles were generated during the project and evaluated to influence the next set of stage designs. These design changes involved among other variables adding clusters to the stage, sand staging, and rate adjustments,
 At the end of the project, completions changes resulted in a reduced individual well cost of 11%. Production profiling began to compare stage designs along the lateral and to confirm baseline well performance versus its peers. In both cases, those results confirmed that the design changes lowered the overall cost while maintaining well performance.


Research has suggested that assessing an individual's thoughts and concerns about their caloric intake should be considered as equally important as an individual's actual engagement in caloric restriction (Allison, Kalinsky, & Gorman, 1992). The construct of cognitive restraint has primarily been used to further understand the influence of these cognitive processes on eating behaviors. However, by definition, cognitive restraint includes both thoughts and actual engagement in behavioral restraint (Allison, et al., 1992). Food thought suppression, defined as the tendency to avoid thoughts regarding food, (Barnes & Tanteleff-Dunn, 2010), may be a more accurate representation of the cognitive processes that influence consumption. The current study aimed to compare the suppression of foodand eating-related thoughts on consumption and those factors known to influence eating behaviors (i.e., disinhibition, cravings and susceptibility to the food environment) in a sample of 68 female University students. When compared to cognitive restraint, food thought suppression was consistently found to be a stronger predictor of self-reported disinhibition, cravings and susceptibility to the food environment. Although results demonstrated that neither food thought suppression nor cognitive restraint were significantly associated with, nor significant predictors of consumption, interestingly, participant selfidentified ethnicity was demonstrated to be a significant predictor of consumption. Taken together, the findings highlight the need for future studies to examine the ways in which one's tendency to avoid food and eating related thoughts influence consumption and those factors known to influence eating behaviors. Comparing Food Thought Suppression and Cognitive Restraint on Eating Behaviors Jessica Amelia-Marie Collins Doctor of Psychology La Salle University Philadelphia, Pa.


The social practice of tact was an invention of the nineteenth century, a period when Britain was witnessing unprecedented urbanization, industrialization, and population growth. In an era when more and more people lived more closely than ever before with people they knew less and less about, tact was a new mode of feeling one's way with others in complex modern conditions. This book traces how the essay genre came to exemplify this sensuous new ethic and aesthetic. It argues that the essay form provided the resources for the performance of tact in this period and analyzes its techniques in the writings of Charles Lamb, John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, George Eliot, and Walter Pater. The book shows how their essays offer grounds for a claim about the relationship among art, education, and human freedom—an "aesthetic liberalism"—not encompassed by traditional political philosophy or in literary criticism. For these writers, tact is not about codes of politeness but about making an art of ordinary encounters with people and objects and evoking the fullest potential in each new encounter. The book demonstrates how their essays serve as a model for a critical handling of the world that is open to surprises, and from which egalitarian demands for new relationships are made. Offering fresh approaches to thinking about criticism, sociability, politics, and art, the book concludes by following a legacy of essayistic tact to the practice of British psychoanalysts like D. W. Winnicott and Marion Milner.


Feeding an additional three billion people over the next four decades, along with providing food security for another one billion people that are currently hungry or malnourished, is a huge challenge. Meeting those goals in a context of land and water scarcity, climate change, and declining crop yields will require another giant leap in agricultural innovation. The aim of this paper is to stimulate a dialogue on what new approaches might be needed to meet these needs and how innovative funding mechanisms could play a role. In particular, could "pull mechanisms," where donors stimulate demand for new technologies, be a useful complement to traditional "push mechanisms," where donors provide funding to increase the supply of research and development (R&D). With a pull mechanism, donors seek to engage the private sector, which is almost entirely absent today in developing country R&D for agriculture, and they pay only when specified outcomes are delivered and adopted.


This paper will present the current state of drainage systems in new and existing SBB-railway tunnels. The fundamental drainage concepts, their limits as well as the LCC will be considered. The problems linked with the water pressure, its quantity and chemistry which may vary along the length of the tunnel will be described. The importance of both accessible and non-accessible elements, like, for example, the advantages of an extensive gap between the lining extrados and the excavated rock mass will be shown. A drainage system should ensure the permanent safe drainage without formation of any local water pressure behind the lining or the invert. An insufficient design concept or respectively construction mistakes may lead to premature failure of the drainage system. Moreover, as shown by experiences from older and newer tunnel, this causes often a sudden increase of the maintenance costs or even unplanned tunnel closures. The choice of appropriate design and materials as well as maintenance approaches play a primary role in preventing problems and reducing maintenance costs.


Background IL-17A plays an important role in rheumatic diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis. Direct analysis of inflamed synovial tissue revealed an abundant presence of IL-17A-positive mast cells. Objectives As mast cells are not known to produce IL-17A in mice, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of IL-17A expression by human mast cells. Methods IL-17A, IL-17F and RORC mRNA and protein expression was assessed ex vivo and after PMA/ionomycine stimulation in primary human mast cells sorted from tonsils. Internalization of exogenous IL-17A was assessed by Western blot, imagestream, live imaging and confocal microscopy. Results Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis confirmed the presence of IL-17A protein in primary human mast cells. In contrast to T cells, however, mast cells did not express RORC protein, the exclusive transcriptional factor controlling IL-17A expression. Accordingly, IL17A, IL17F, and RORC gene expression was readily detectable in sorted T lymphocytes but not in mast cells, even after ex vivo stimulation. Given the discrepancy between the presence of IL-17A protein and absence of its transcriptional machinery, we investigated the uptake of GFP-fused or 6xhistidin-tagged recombinant IL-17A. Imagestream and Western blot indicated that both primary mast cells and the LAD2 mast cell line engulf and store exogenous IL-17A. Live imaging and confocal microscopy revealed that internalized IL-17A is stored in endocytic vesicles and that this uptake can be blocked by inhibiting receptor-mediated endocytosis. Conclusions Human mast cells do not produce IL-17A but engulf and store exogenous IL-17A from the inflamed milieu. Molecular pathways of IL-17A uptake and eventually release are under investigation. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2566


The Gurung language made its Bulletin début in 1955 with an article by Burton-Page: 'Two studies in Gurungkura: I. tone; II. rhotacization and retroflexion' (BSOAS, 17/1, 1955, 111ff.). Since tone is the subject of one of these studies, it might seem that there would be little point in adding a further study of that same topic, important though it is; but a different dialect can lead to a considerable difference in the appearance of Gurung phonology as a whole, and so, too, can a difference in technique of analysis. As Burton-Page himself writes: 'it should be mentioned that the material presented here is relevant only to the Ghandrung dialect, which of the four or five major Gurungkura dialects is accorded the greatest prestige-value by the Gurungs themselves'; his informant was G./Lieut. Ganesh Gurung, M.C., 1/2nd K. E. O. Goorkha Rifles (Burton-Page, 1955: 111).


This article assesses the outcome of the recent reform of European Union policies supporting investment in growth and catching up of the less developed Member States and regions with the rest of the European Union. It shows the major novelties introduced by the reform, such as ex-ante conditionalities, reinforced macroeconomic conditionality and performance measurement systems and outlines the factors which are critical for the reform to be successful. It offers new opportunities for public and private investment to support growth, employment and structural transformation in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe provided by the new multi-annual financial framework of the European Union in the period 2014-2020.


Oxidative stress, a result of an overproduction and accumulation of free radicals, is the leading cause of several degenerative diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, ageing and inflammatory diseases. Polyphenols form an important class of naturally occurring antioxidants, having innumerable biological activities such as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antiulcer and anticholesterol, to name a few. Among various polyphenols, gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a naturally occurring low molecular weight triphenolic compound, has emerged as a strong antioxidant and an efficient apoptosis inducing agent. Starting from the bioavailability and the biosynthetic pathway of gallic acid, this review includes various in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies providing the mode of action, radical scavenging activity, ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, maintenance of endogenous defense systems and metal ion chelation by this triphenolic molecule, along with a comprehensive overview of factors responsible for its high antioxidant activity. Gallic acid derivatives have also been found in a number of phytomedicines with diverse biological and pharmacological activities, including radical scavenging, interfering with the cell signaling pathways and apoptosis of cancer cells. The diverse range of applications of this simple polyphenol is due to a fine amalgam between its antioxidant and prooxidant potential. The existing literature on this dual behavior of gallic acid and its derivatives is reviewed here. This is followed by an account of their potential clinical and industrial applications.


This dissertation represents a journey into one of the most ubiquitous and complex of all social phenomena: trust. Within this text, a wide terrain of socio-theoretical phenomena is explored, ultimately leading us to an integrative theory of trust grounded within the social relations of everyday life. As I explain, trust is an essential component of all social relations; it is what gives social life life. To trust is to possess attitudes toward what we know that we do not know—attitudes that are present in most (if not all) moments of reflexive consciousness. As such, trust is also intricately tied to relations of power, knowledge, and identity. But this attitude of our knowledge of non-knowledge should not be understood as a unitary phenomena; rather, there are four such attitudes (or, if one prefers, four types of trust): simple trust, confidence, faith, and hope. These four attitudes of trust are distinguishable by varying perceptions of risk and evidence present in a situation, and which constitute the basis of my four-quadrant model of trust. This work is not, however, merely a theoretical exploration, but also a practical one. Consequently, following the theoretical exposition, attention is directed toward an empirical case study of agricultural social change—namely, the social movement of sustainable agriculture. The goal of merging theory and research in this manner is two-fold. First, to help illustrate and corroborate aspects of the preceding theoretical model, but also to gain insight into the driving empirical question. Specifically, the dissertation examines the relationship between landlords and tenants and how that relationship impacts the adoption or non-adoption of sustainable farming practices on rented land. The dissertation concludes by highlighting some possible conceptual implications of the theoretical model of trust on other contemporary theoretical frameworks, potential practical uses for the model itself, and a discussion of policies that


This work introduces the Bayesian local causal discovery framework, a method for discovering unconfounded causal relationships from observational data. It addresses the hypothesis that causal discovery using local search methods will outperform causal discovery algorithms that employ global search in the context of large datasets and limited computational resources. Several Bayesian local causal discovery (BLCD) algorithms are described and results presented comparing them with two well-known global causal discovery algorithms PC and FCI, and a global Bayesian network learning algorithm, the optimal reinsertion (OR) algorithm which was post-processed to identify relationships that under assumptions are causal.
Methodologically, this research formalizes the task of causal discovery from observational data using a Bayesian approach and local search. It specifically investigates the so called Y structure in causal discovery and classifies the various types of Y structures present in the data generating networks. It identifies the Y structures in the Alarm, Hailfinder, Barley, Pathfinder and Munin networks and categorizes them. A proof of the convergence of the BLCD algorithm based on the identification of Y structures, is also provided. Principled methods of combining global and local causal discovery algorithms to improve upon the performance of the individual algorithms are discussed. In particular, a post-processing method for identifying plausible causal relationships from the output of global Bayesian network learning algorithms is described, thereby extending them to be causal discovery algorithms.
In an experimental evaluation, simulated data from synthetic causal Bayesian networks representing five different domains, as well as a real-world medical dataset, were used. Causal discovery performance was measured using precision and recall. Sometimes the local methods performed better than the global methods, and sometimes they did not (both in terms of precision/recall and in terms of computation time). When all the datasets were considered in aggregate, the local methods (BLCD and BLCDpk) had higher precision. The general performance of the BLCD class of algorithms was comparable to the global search algorithms, implying that the local search algorithms will have good performance on very large datasets when the global methods fail to scale up. The limitations of this research and directions for future research are also discussed.


Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on Yarrowia lipolytica yeast biomass as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is the dried and heat‐killed biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica, a yeast species that is widespread in nature and which can be found in the environment as well as in foods. The production process is sufficiently described and does not raise safety concerns. The information provided on the composition of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. The applicant proposed to use the NF as a food supplement in the form of capsules, tablets or powder. The target population for the NF is the general population above 3 years of age. The maximum proposed daily use levels are 3 g/day for children from 3 years to less than 10 years of age and 6 g/day thereafter. Taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed use levels, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. No relevant toxicological information was provided. The Panel considers that given the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status for production purposes of Yarrowia lipolytica and the fact that the production process of the NF does not raise safety concerns, no toxicological studies are needed for the safety assessment of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF, Yarrowia lipolytica yeast biomass, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.


Authentication codes (A-codes) are a well studied technique to provide unconditionally secure authentication. An A-code is defined by a map that associates a pair formed by a message and a key to a tag. A-codes linear in the keys have been studied for application to distributed authentication schemes. In this paper, we address the dual question, namely the study of A-codes that are linear in the messages. This is usually an undesired property, except in the context of network coding. Regarding these A-codes, we derive some lower bounds on security parameters when key space is known. We also show a lower bound on key size when security parameter values are given (with some special properties) and construct some codes meeting the bound. Copyright c © 0000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Summary Roughly during the last decade, European Competition Policy has undergone a series of fundamental changes. All four areas - cartel policy, merger policy, abuse control, and state aid control - have been subject to a modernization process, which led to a focus on analysing the effects of individual cases and established a tendency towards deciding each case on its individual merits. These changes can be understood as a move away from rule-based competition policy towards a case-by-case approach. The case-by-case approach especially includes consensual arrangements, so-called 'deals' between the competition authority and business companies. Therefore, this paper will discuss the pros and cons of 'deals' as an instrument of (European) competition policy. The paper′s central focus lies on the economic analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of using consensual arrangements as a relevant instrument of European competition policy. With respect to European competition policy, we conclude that we need to issue a note of caution. From an economic perspective, an expansion of consensual elements necessarily walks hand in hand with a continual weakening of the protection of competition. Consumer welfare will not benefit from expanding the role and importance of consensual arrangements as a means of European competition policy.


In this thesis, I derive generalization error bounds — bounds on the expected inaccuracy of the predictions — for time series forecasting models. These bounds allow forecasters to select among competing models, and to declare that, with high probability, their chosen model will perform well — without making strong assumptions about the data generating process or appealing to asymptotic theory. Expanding upon results from statistical learning theory, I demonstrate how these techniques can help time series forecasters to choose models which behave well under uncertainty. I also show how to estimate the β-mixing coefficients for dependent data so that my results can be used empirically. I use the bound explicitly to evaluate different predictive models for the volatility of IBM stock and for a standard set of macroeconomic variables. Taken together my results show how to control the generalization error of time series models with fixed or growing memory.


In Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict, Cass R. Sunstein, one of America's best known commentators on our legal system, offers a bold, new thesis about how the law should work in America, arguing that the courts best enable people to live together, despite their diversity, by resolving particular cases without taking sides in broader, more abstract conflicts. Professor Sunstein closely analyzes the way the law can mediate disputes in a diverse society, examining how the law works in practical terms, and showing that, to arrive at workable, practical solutions, judges must avoid broad, abstract reasoning. He states that judges purposely limit the scope of their decisions to avoid reopening large-scale controversies, calling such actions incompletely theorized agreements. In identifying them as the core feature of legal reasoning, he takes issue with advocates of comprehensive theories and systemization, from Robert Bork to Jeremy Bentham, and Ronald Dworkin. Equally important, Sunstein goes on to argue that it is the living practice of the nation's citizens that truly makes law. Legal reasoning can seem impenetrable, mysterious, baroque. Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict helps dissolve the mystery. Whether discussing abortion, homosexuality, or free speech, the meaning of the Constitution, or the spell cast by the Warren Court, Cass Sunstein writes with grace and power, offering a striking and original vision of the role of the law in a diverse society. In his flexible, practical approach to legal reasoning, he moves the debate over fundamental values and principles out of the courts and back to its rightful place in a democratic state: to the legislatures elected by the people. In this Second Edition, the author updates the previous edition bringing the book into the current mainstream of twenty-first century legal reasoning and judicial decision-making focusing on the many relevant contemporary issues and developments that occurred since its initial 1996 publication.


We describe the deleterious effects of using an antimony potassium tartrate emetic to obtain diet samples from birds, and compare information obtained from regurgitated samples versus fecal samples in describing diets of autumn migrants. We also examined dose effectiveness in captive Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) subjected to the same emetic technique used in the field. Over 70% of migrants given an emetic at a study site in Idaho regurgitated useful samples. For 5 of 7 species analyzed, regurgitated samples produced significantly more arthropods per sample than fecal samples, and one species, Warbling Vireo, showed higher numbers of distinct arthropod taxa per sample. In most species, regurgitated samples accumulated arthropod taxa more quickly than fecal samples. However, increasing the number of fecal samples by 5-17 produced a similar number of taxa. Diet composition based on fecal versus regurgitated samples was generally similar, but there were significant differences. Two of 130 treated migrants died soon after treatment. Recapture frequency for treated birds was less than half that for untreated birds, but it is not clear whether this difference was due to treatment-related mortality or emigration. Each treated bird that we recaptured had lost mass and this suggests a deleterious effect because untreated migrants tended to gain mass. In captivity, 18 Dark-eyed Juncos were treated with emetic: 6 with the full mass-specific recommended dose, 6 with half the recommended dose, and the final 6 with one quarter the recommended dose. All were alive 15-20 min posttreatment (recommended release time), but 17 of 18 died within 30 min after receiving the emetic. Together, our data suggest that although the emetic technique may be slightly more information-rich in assessing diet, it is more harmful than previously reported especially in certain species and should be used only after adequate consideration of the immediate mortality and short-term physiological effects on birds to be studied.


Previous observations indicated that the lamellipodium ("leading edge") of fibroblasts contains a dense meshwork, as well as numerous bundles (microspikes) of actin filaments. Most, if not all, of the filaments have a uniform polarity, with the "barbed" end associated with the membrane. I investigated whether and how actin subunits exchange in this region by microinjecting living gerbil fibroma cells (IMR-33) with actin that had been labeled with iodoacetamidotetramethylrhodamine. After incorporation of the labeled actin into the lamellipodium, I used a laser microbeam to photobleach a 3-4-micron region at and surrounding a microspike, without disrupting the integrity of the structure. I then recorded the pattern of fluorescence recovery and analyzed it using a combination of TV image intensification and digital image processing techniques. Fluorescence recovery was first detected near the edge of the cell and then moved toward the cell's center at a constant rate of 0.79 +/- 0.31 micron/min. When only part of the lamellipodium near the edge of the cell was photobleached, the bleached spot also moved toward the cell's center and through an area unbleached by the laser beam. These results indicated that steady state incorporation of actin subunits occurred predominantly at the membrane-associated end of actin filaments, and that actin subunits in the lamellipodium underwent a constant movement toward the center of the cell. I suggest that treadmilling, possibly in combination with other molecular interactions, may provide an effective mechanism for the movement of actin subunits and the protrusion of cytoplasm in the lamellipodium of fibroblasts.


In this work we aimed to verify the main hypotheses of the pyramidical model where the presence in schizophrenia of four distinct but no coexclusive syndromes (positive, negative, depressive, excited) is described. The test was done by applying the PANSS (the Positive and Negative Syndrome scale) on 30 patients with a schizophrenia diagnosis according to the DSMIIIR. The PANSS was administered to 12 women and 18 men aged between 20 and 42 years old. The statistical analysis of data was done using Kendall's test and Sperman's test. The first test we checked if the four syndromes were statically independent and mutually exclusive, or if there was probability of association between them. The result proves that the four syndromes are statistically independent but not coexclusive though. Though Sperman's test we wanted to find out if there was a complete independence between positive and negative syndromes and between the latter and the depressive syndrome or if there was a probability of association between them. The results point out that the positive syndrome is independent of the negative syndrome and the latter is independent of the depressive syndrome. However, there is a significant level of association between the depressive syndrome and the negative syndrome.


This Report analyses the copyright law framework needed to ensure open access to outputs of the Australian academic and research sector such as datasets, articles and theses. It is written in the context of an increasing recognition, in Australia and internationally, that access to knowledge is a key driver of social, cultural and economic development and that publicly funded research should be openly accessible. With the objective of enabling access to knowledge, this Report proposes the development of clear protocols for copyright management (designed as practical and effective tools) for implementation in the Australian academic and research sector The Report explains that with the rise of networked digital technologies our knowledge landscape and innovation system is more and more reliant on best practice copyright management strategies. Furthermore in the 21st century these strategies need to accommodate both the demands for open sharing of knowledge and traditional commercialisation models. To this end, this Report examines the way in which practices for managing copyright, interact with the new web based frameworks that have developed for knowledge creation and dissemination. It focuses on specific areas that are central to the promotion of innovation and creativity in Australia, with emphasis on various types of repositories. More specifically, this Report provides an overview of the principles of copyright law, the concept of open access to knowledge, the recently developed open content models of copyright licensing and proposes a framework for enhancing the management of copyright interests in research and academic output (including electronic theses and dissertations (ETD)). The Report describes a forward work program which, upon implementation, will provide the platform for the development of systems and practices designed to effectively promote open access to knowledge within the Australian academic and research sector. The Report calls upon Australian research and funding institutions to consider their commitment to open access and articulate this in clear polices and copyright management frameworks. It proposes a survey of researchers about their understanding of, attitudes towards and experience with publishing agreements and the provision of model agreements that can facilitate open access and commercialisation objectives. The Report details a methodology for cataloguing and better understanding publishers' attitudes towards open access. This list aims to be interoperable with the existing SHERPA list based in the UK and accessible through a web interface known as the OAK List. Finally the Report looks at copyright management of open access to ETD and makes proposals for better managing this process. In all of these endeavours the OAK Law Project aims to undertake work that will be of relevance to and can be utilised by key stakeholders.


The multilateral development banks (MDBs) emerged as one of the international community's great success stories of the post–World War II era. Set up to address a market failure in long-term capital flows to post-conflict Europe and developing countries, they combined financial heft and technical knowledge for more than five decades to support their borrowing members' investments in post-conflict reconstruction, growth stimulation, and poverty reduction. However, the geo-economic landscape has changed dramatically in this century, and with it the demands and needs of the developing world. Developing countries now make up half of the global economy. The capital market failure that originally motivated the MDBs is less acute. Almost all developing countries now rely primarily on domestic resources to manage public investment, and some of the poorest countries can borrow abroad on their own. Similarly, growth and the globalization of professional expertise on development practice have eroded whatever near-monopoly of advisory services the MDBs once had. At the same time, new challenges call for global collective action and financing of the sort the MDBs are well suited to provide but have been handicapped in doing so effectively. The list goes beyond major financial shocks, where the IMF's role is clear—ranging from climate change, pandemic risk, increasing resistance to antibiotics, and poor management of international migration flows and of displaced and refugee populations. Other areas include the cross-border security and spillovers associated with growing competition for water and other renewable natural resources, and, with climate change, an increase in the frequency and human costs of weather and other shocks in low-income countries that are poorly equipped to respond. These new and urgent challenges—including a restart of the healthy rates of economic growth that are at the heart of the MDBs' contribution to the globally agreed sustainable development goals—have in common disproportionate risks and benefits for the developing world, and a particular need to combine financing, technical and country expertise, and a coordinated international policy response. The MDBs may no longer hold a monopoly on financing, expertise, and coordination, but they remain uniquely suited to combine these assets to deal with new and diverse challenges. In short, if the MDBs no longer existed today, the international community would have to reinvent them. We recommend that the shareholders of the seven major MDBs treat these global challenges not in the incremental and piecemeal manner that has become the habit of the last several decades, but instead as a system for the whole to be more effective than the sum of its parts. The system should hold in common the key principles of transparency, accountability, and sustainability. But specific roles and mandates across the MDBs should vary to recognize their inherent differences in comparative advantage, particularly between the World Bank and the regional MDBs. Recognizing the growing global premium on environmental sustainability in a climate-challenged world, we call on member governments of the World Bank to take the first step in that direction by renaming the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Sustainable Development (IBRSD)—and to reshape its mission accordingly, toward leadership on issues of the global commons or global public goods that are squarely in the development domain and require a global shareholder base to respond collectively. Shareholders should in turn look to the regional MDBs to take leadership in supporting the new imperative of sustainable development through country and regional operations across all sectors, but particularly in increasing investment in infrastructure that takes into account the logic of low-carbon and climateresilient economies in the developing world. In line with this approach to differentiated roles within an MDB system, the panel makes five recommendations to better realize the MDB system's potential for meeting today's development challenges.


A 20 years primi gravida of 32 weeks pregnancy by date was admitted in the labor room with diagnosis of preterm labor with preeclampsia. Ultrasonography revealed 36 weeks pregnancy with normal liquor volume and fundal placenta. Lower segment caesarean section was done for cephalopelvic disproportion with preeclampsia. A female baby was delivered weighing 2.4 kg, with apgar score of 6/10 – 8/10. The placenta was delivered by control cord traction. On the fundus 25% of placenta was already separated and 500 ml of old retro placental clots were found. It was abruption placentae (concealed type), the uterus was bluish/purplish color, which was diffuse on fundal area and effusions of blood were also seen beneath the tubal serosa. After delivery of the baby uterus was well contracted 20 weeks size, bilateral ovaries were normal.


Abstract: The binding of [3H]pirenzepine to a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH‐SY5Y) and its correlation with hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositols were characterized. Specific [3H]pirenzepine binding to intact cells was rapid, reversible, saturable, and of high affinity. Kinetic studies yielded association (k+1) and dissociation (k‐1) rate constants of 5.2 ± 1.4 × 106 M−1 min−1 and 1.1 ± 0.06 × 10−1 min−1, respectively. Saturation experiments revealed a single class of binding sites (nH= 1.1) for the radioligand with a total binding capacity of 160 ± 33 fmol/mg protein and an apparent dissociation constant of 13 nM. The specific [3H]pirenzepine binding was inhibited by the presence of selected muscarinic drugs. The order of antagonist potency vas atropine sulfate > pirenzepine > AF‐DX116, with K0.5 of 0.53 nM, 2.2 nM, and 190 nM, respectively. The binding properties of [3H](‐)‐quinuclidinyl benzilate and its quaternary derivative [3H](‐)‐methylquinuclidinyl benzilate were also investigated. The muscarinic agonist carbachol stimulated formation of inositol phosphates which could be inhibited by muscarinic antagonists. The inhibition constants of pirenzepine and AF‐DX 116 were 11 nM and 190 nM, respectively. In conclusion, we show that the nonclassical muscarinic receptor antagonist [3H]pirenzepine identifies a high‐affinity population of muscarinic sites which is associated with hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositols in this human neuroblastoma cell line.


Analysis of qualitative data is a process which novice researchers must learn as they progress, and which experienced researchers must negotiate and adapt to suit the study they are undertaking and the data they are collected. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how researchers can use sensemaking to diagnose and explain phenomena in ordinary situations, and how it can be added as an analysis and interpretation tool in their toolkit. This paper describes the use of sensemaking employed as a tool for diagnosis of the processes which take place when a manager encounters perceived declining performance in an older volunteer. It outlines how the "What is going on here?" reaction to surprise or interruption of her analysis stimulated researcher sensemaking, as patterns detected among anomalous data led to deeper data interpretation, and an important finding relating to the phenomenon under investigation. Evidence is presented which demonstrates the value of employing sensemaking as a diagnostic tool in qualitative analysis and interpretation.


These studies used the suckling lamb as a model to determine the sources of cholesterol that are utilized for development of the central nervous system in the neonate. Lambs were studied at 1.3 and 16.4 days after birth. Over this 15-day interval, 14 g of new brain tissue were formed. About 9-10 mg of cholesterol were utilized daily for this new tissue growth. To determine the source of this cholesterol, the absolute rates of low-density lipoprotein clearance and cholesterol synthesis were measured in vivo in nine separate regions of the central nervous system. Low-density lipoprotein clearance throughout the brain was very low and at most could have contributed only 0.3-0.4 mg cholesterol daily for new brain growth. In contrast, the brain synthesized 7-8 mg of cholesterol/day. There were pronounced regional differences in the concentration of cholesterol throughout the brain, and these correlated closely with the rate of sterol synthesis ( r = 0.95) in these same regions. We conclude that the principal source of sterol for brain growth in suckling lambs is de novo synthesis.


The recent economic downturn The decline in GDP during the recession has been concentrated in manufacturing and construction and triggered significant (though smaller) declines in basic services (distribution, hotels and restaurants, and transport). The decline in manufacturing production was particularly strong in Germany, while in Spain and Ireland as well as the Baltic states there was a pronounced decline in construction, which had expanded markedly in these countries over the years preceding the recession. Just as in previous economic downturns in the EU, the recent recession has hit investment goods industries (including construction) much harder than consumer goods industries, essentially because investment can be postponed in a way that consumption cannot; nevertheless, within the latter, the production of durable goods – which are similar to investment goods in this respect – was hit hard as well. The effect on employment of the downturn differed markedly among sectors and countries according to the strength of the measures adopted both by employers and governments to preserve jobs, but also according to expectations about the pace and scale of recovery and the sustainability of the previous pattern of growth. Although average hours worked declined significantly in manufacturing during the worst period of the recession in 2009, supported by measures to preserve jobs in many countries, since then there has been a widespread increase, reflecting the reluctance of employers to take on workers in the context of a hesitant recovery and the uncertainty of longer-term prospects. Just as the recession disproportionately affected industry, so too the recovery was in its initial stages stimulated by an upturn in manufacturing as demand for investment and durable goods picked up. This was especially the case for chemicals and motor vehicles where output began to recover strongly in the latter part of 2009 and during 2010. Value-added in industry grew by 6% between 2009 and 2010 in the EU as a whole, considerably more than in other parts of the economy (in construction, value-added continued to decline). In those sectors where most efforts have been made to preserve jobs – in the engineering industries and motor vehicles in particular – labour productivity at the beginning of 2011 was below the level before the onset of recession in a number of countries. This could dampen the rate of job creation as and when recovery takes place since it implies that output could be increased without any immediate need to expand employment. Employment trends in selected sectors results from analysis of long-term developments Employment is strongly related to changes in value-added, though an increase in value-added tends to be partly met by productivity growth as well as by employing more people. Similarly, a fall in value-added tends to be associated with a decline in productivity growth as well as a decline in employment, though lags in adjustment may delay the latter. The relationship between employment and real wages tends to be significant in manufacturing, where increases in real wages tend to reduce the growth of employment; this is not the case in services. In the UK, as in the US, real wages tend to adjust more quickly to changes in labour demand than in Germany and France, suggesting that labour markets are more flexible in the former countries. There is an inverse relationship between average hours worked and the number employed, indicating in general that the more hours people work, the smaller the number employed and vice versa, so that adjustments in working time has an important effect on jobs. Investment in ICT has positive and significant effects on employment in manufacturing, probably working through improvements in productivity. The opposite is the case in services, suggesting that the increasing use of ICT tends to reduce employment. After a shock, it takes up to three years for employment to return to trend levels in France, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands. In the other countries, the pace of adjustment is faster, at only one-and-a-half to two years on average. Changes in the composition of employment Over the recession period from 2007 to 2010, the share of jobs filled by women continued to increase across the EU. This, however, reflects the large job losses in manufacturing and construction where few women are employed. In most sectors, even in services, the share of jobs filled by women declined. The share of jobs filled by workers aged 55 and over has increased in most parts of the EU over the past ten years, reflecting a tendency for older people to remain longer in work. This continued to be the case over the recession period, unlike during previous periods of economic downturn when early retirement has been a major means of reducing work forces. The main group hit by the present crisis are the young below the age of 25. The proportion of the work force with tertiary education increased in all sectors over the years leading up to the recession; the same is true for the share of employment accounted for by managers and professionals. Both trends have continued over the recession period. There has been a shift from full-time to part-time jobs over the recession period, which may reflect uncertainty among employers over future prospects as well as the pursuit of more flexible organization of work. Employment experience in previous economic downturns There are some differences between previous periods of downturn in those sectors in which employment was most affected. In all periods, however, employment continued to expand in business services and hotels and restaurants. Economic crises were predominantly weathered by adjustments in hours worked to preserve jobs and the know-how of the work force, thus limiting the costs of re-employment and training. This tendency was strongest in the 1970s, moderate in the 1980s and mixed in the 1990s. Value-added was generally more volatile than the number employed and hours worked. During the three periods of economic downturn, value-added grew only in business services. The largest losses were observed in machinery and equipment, basic metals and construction in all three periods. Sectoral interdependencies For each job created by an increase in final demand in a particular sector, there are between 1.4 and 2.3 additional jobs created in the economy as a whole. Employment multipliers are highest in manufacturing (especially in chemicals, electrical equipment and transport equipment) and are lowest in services, which need fewer inputs from other sectors. Domestic employment multipliers tend to have remained broadly unchanged over the past 15 years or so whereas international employment multipliers (the effect of growth in one country on employment in others) have increased markedly, reflecting the growing importance of production networks and international integration. Employment creation in services is mainly a domestic process, whereas within manufacturing, job creation takes place internationally (particularly in textiles, chemicals and electrical equipment and transport equipment). Growth of demand in the EU tends to lead to significant employment creation in other countries, reflecting the increase in imports that it results in. This is particularly so with respect to electrical equipment, textiles and chemicals, though it is also the case for each of those that growth of demand increases employment not only in the Member State in which it occurs but also in other parts of the EU. Measures taken to support employment during the crisis Measures to counter the effect of the recession on employment were implemented in all Member States. However, those were mainly general; relatively few responses were sector-specific, such as car scrapping schemes, which were introduced in a number of countries, and cuts in value-added tax on hotels and restaurants (in Ireland and France). But there has been a decentralization of pay bargaining to company level in some sectors in some countries (such as in basic metals or chemicals in Germany). Many countries introduced expansionary fiscal policies to stimulate demand as well as short-time working arrangements (mainly concentrated in manufacturing). In a number of countries, there has been an expansion of training and work experience programmes, recruitment incentive schemes for employers hiring new workers, support to business start-ups, measures to increase access to credit, pay freezes and more flexible working arrangements, all designed to increase employment. Young people, who have been severely affected by the recession and the lack of job creation, have been a particular target for government support, in the form of subsidized employment schemes, work placement programmes, work experience or training guarantees and intensified job search assistance.


In this work, we present a conditional model for online handwriting recognition. Our approach is based on Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), a probabilistic discriminant model that has been generally used up to now in particular settings, for labeling and parsing of sequential data such as text documents and biological sequences. We propose to adapt these models in order to build systems for handwriting recognition. We propose a few systems whose architecture allows dealing with multimodal classes and exploiting segmental features that are much adapted to signal data like online handwriting.


The works collected in this habilitation are concerned with the use of logic and abstraction techniques for the purpose of verifying and falsifying transition systems. The works have been structured into two main themes. For the first theme, the transition systems in question are programs, in particular logic programs. Various aspects of correctness of such programs are considered. One aspect is termination; several contributions concerning methods for proving termination are contained in this habilitation. Another aspect is type safety, where this habilitation contains results extending the type systems for which type safety can be guaranteed. For the second theme, the transition systems in question are timed and hybrid systems. Heuristic methods for detecting error paths in such systems are presented, which is important for supporting the design process of the systems. Another contribution is a method for representing propositional formulas compactly as a set of linear pseudo-Boolean constraints, which is useful, among other reasons, because propositional logic plays a prominent role in the analysis of transition systems, namely in the field of bounded model checking.


U–Pb zircon data on retrogressed eclogites sampled in the Giuncana locality from the Sardinian Medium-Grade Metamorphic Complex yielded a weighted age of 454 ± 6 Ma. This is in agreement with U–Pb zircon ages of 453–460 Ma obtained from eclogites from the High-Grade Metamorphic Complex. The Giuncana eclogites are very similar to the other well-known Sardinian eclogites. All of the Sardinian eclogites show positive K, Rb, Ba, U and Pb anomalies and negative Nb, La, Ce and Sr anomalies. Th is depleted in the Giuncana eclogites and enriched in those from Punta de Li Tulchi and Punta Tittinosu. All these data reveal clear crustal contamination of the Sardinian Ordovician mantle. REE patterns typical of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) characterize all of the Sardinian eclogites. The supply of crustal and calc-alkaline materials to the Sardinian mantle during the Ordovician is further confirmed by the fact that most Sardinian eclogites plot on the left side and well above the mantle array in a Th/Yb v. Nb/Yb diagram. In the general Variscan framework of northern Gondwana, the Sardinian eclogites are witness to the most recent back-arc basins generated by the northward opening of the Rheic Ocean.


We recently replicated and extended a 2009 study that investigated the effectiveness of SSL warnings. The original study was conducted at CMU by Sunshine et al. [2], and we will refer to it as the CMU study. As in the CMU study, we required participants to perform a series of tasks; and we observed their reactions to SSL warnings that were presented to them. After they completed the tasks, we asked them to complete an online questionnaire where we asked about their reasoning behind their actions during the study's tasks. We designed our experiment in such a way so as to mitigate some of the limitations of the prior work, including allowing participants to use their web browser of choice and recruiting a more representative user population. Our research is a work in progress, thus data collection and analysis are still underway. However, our preliminary analysis indicates interesting findings and differences with the findings of the CMU study. We have observed an impact of components we introduced in the study (i.e., broader population and usage of the browser of participant's choice) on the results. We plan to have completed data collection and analysis by the time the poster session will be held.


In many northern temperate regions, the water color of lakes has increased over the past decades ("lake browning"), probably caused by an increased export of dissolved organic matter from soils. We investigated if the increase in water color in two lakes in Norway has resulted in increased burial of organic carbon (OC) and mercury (Hg) in the sediments and if the Hg was prone to methylation. Lake Solbergvann experienced a threefold water color increase, and OC burial increased approximately twofold concomitant to the water color increase. This lake had prolonged periods of anoxic bottom water, and anoxic OC mineralization rates were only about half of the oxic OC mineralization rates (7.7 and 17.5 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively), contributing to an efficient OC burial. In Lake Elvåga, where water color increase was only approximately twofold and bottom water was oxygenated, no recent increase in OC burial could be observed. Hg burial increased strongly in both lakes (threefold and 1.6‐fold in Lake Solbergvann and Lake Elvåga, respectively), again concomitant to the recent water color increase. The proportion of methylated Hg (MeHg) in surficial sediment was 1 order of magnitude higher in Lake Elvåga (up to 6% MeHg) than in Lake Solbergvann (0.2–0.6% MeHg), probably related to the different oxygenation regimes. We conclude that lake browning can result in increased OC and Hg burial in lake sediments, but the extent of browning and the dominating mode of sediment respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) strongly affect burial and fate of OC and Hg in sediments.


Micro-slotting, a relaxation residual stress measurement technique, has recently been shown to be an effective method for measuring local residual stresses in a variety of materials. The micro-slotting method relies on a scanning electron microscope–focused ion beam system for milling and imaging, digital image correlation software to track displacements due to residual stress relaxation after milling, and finite element analysis for displacement–stress correlation and calculation of the original stress state in the imaged region. The high spatial resolution of the micro-slotting method makes it a promising technique for obtaining near-surface residual stress data in Ti-6Al-4V components for input into fatigue life models and crack growth simulations. However, use of the micro-slotting method on this alloy has yet to be evaluated against more established measurement techniques. In this study, spatially resolved sub-surface residual stress measurements were obtained on shot peened and low-stress surface-machined Ti-6Al-4V planar coupons using the micro-slotting method and were compared to measurements obtained using the conventional X-ray diffraction depth profiling technique. The sub-surface measurements were in good agreement for the shot peened sample. Observed differences in the measured near-surface residual stresses on the surface-machined sample were attributed to the larger measurement volume of the X-ray diffraction method, suggesting that the micron-sized measurement volume of the micro-slotting method may be more suitable for capturing shallow stress profiles and steep stress gradients. Prior to performing the micro-slotting measurements, finite element modeled displacements were used to verify the measurement procedure and to address uncertainties in the milled slot geometries. The results of this study demonstrated the validity of the micro-slotting procedure and established the technique as a reliable method for measuring sub-surface residual stresses in Ti-6Al-4V.


This policy briefing analyses the normative strengthening of democracy in Africa since the inception of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. Africa's stated goal of optimising its democratic processes remains a work in progress, as democracy has not been implemented as a mode of governance at a multi-institutional level. African states' democratic processes have stagnated in a transitional phase with only a handful of democracies consolidating. The briefing argues that inconsistencies between the stated objectives of the charter and political practices in African states strain the democratic consolidation agenda. Despite the vulnerability of the liberaldemocratic model, recent increases in the number of signatories to the charter and the rejuvenation of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) indicate normative commitments to democratic consolidation. RECOMMENDATIONS


River is the most effective for water irrigation resources, because cost in construction, operation and maintenance is lower compared with another water resources. Just like Kupang river, that is the upper of Pekalongan river usualy cousing flood in Pekalongan region, so is better if the discharge diverted for irrigation water need. To get how areal rice field can be irrigated, is depend on two component, ie, dependable flow and water requirement unit. Dependable flow can be analysed using frequency method of the annual discharge. The available data is discharge of year 1992 to 2000. Water requirement unit is analysed using Net Field Water Requirement (NFR) method, from the climatological data. Available data have length of 11 years. The analysing of given data, results the dependable flow of 80% risk is 3.77 m3/s, and for the risk of 60% is 7.90 m3/s. From the NFR analysis give a value of water requirement unit of 2.04 l/s.ha. So, the maximum irrigation area is 1848 hectare for the dependable flow of 80%, and 3872 hectare for the 60% risk. The existing irrigation rice field is less than that the maximum irrigation area, so the excess discharge can be used for another kind of water resources, eg domestic water or fresh fishpond. keyword : irrigation, dependable flow, NFR, rice field area.


The aim of the Facial Animation, Construction and Editing System (FACES) is to provide a software simulation of the human face. Attention has focused on the face as an important means of non-verbal communication. The interactive composition and modification of the human head and its subsequent animation, have been identified as being of particular interest. The novelty of FACES is that it integrates the modelling and animation of faces using a three-layer anatomical model. FACES consists of four sub-systems: CONSTRUCT, MODIFY, ANIMATE and RENDER. The CONSTRUCT and MODIFY sub-systems enable changes to be made to the structure of the head, at both global and local levels, enabling specific faces to be created. The ANIMATE sub-system caters for motion specification and control, so that real and exaggerated facial expressions can be animated. The RENDER part of the system facilitates the generation of realistic images and their real-time playback. In this paper we consider the system from the user's point of view, examining the facilities which are provided, their appropriateness and practicality.


The study of thermal biology can contribute to our understanding of climate change by highlighting the thermal constraints affecting a species and the adaptive mechanisms available. This thesis describes the thermal biology of the wingless grasshopper (Phaulacridium vittatum), to highlight the characteristics that predispose some insect species to cope with, or benefit from, a changing climate. These characteristics include having a wide distribution, broad thermal tolerances, morphological plasticity and a wide range of behavioural responses to temperature.
Phaulacridium vittatum is a widely distributed cool temperate species, which exhibits plasticity in melanism and body size. Geographic variation in these characters along a latitudinal gradient was assessed, to test whether variability in body size and melanism reflect adaptations to local thermal conditions. Selection for body size was found to be mediated by different factors in males and females of the wingless grasshopper. Female body size decreased significantly with latitude, while male body size was largest at intermediate latitudes. Geographic variation in the body size of the wingless grasshopper was best explained in terms of rainfall and radiation seasonality, rather than temperature. However, the body size of males was also strongly influenced by reflectance, suggesting that thermal fitness does play a role in determining adaptive responses to local conditions in this sex.
The intra-specific application of the thermal melanism hypothesis was tested, firstly by measuring the thermal properties of the different colour morphs in the laboratory, and then by comparing the average reflectance and spectral characteristics of populations along altitudinal gradients in Tasmania. Melanism in P. vittatum represents a gradation in colour rather than distinct colour morphs, with reflectance ranging from 2.49 to 5.65%. In unstriped grasshoppers, darker morphs warmed more rapidly than lighter morphs and reached a higher maximum temperature (lower temperature excess). No significant differences in thermal quality were found between the colour morphs of striped grasshoppers. In support of the thermal melanism hypothesis, grasshoppers were, on average, darker at higher altitudes; there were differences in the spectral properties of brightness and chroma between high and low altitudes; and temperature variables were significant influences on the average reflectance of female grasshoppers. However, the relationship between melanism and altitude was not consistent across all gradients, demonstrating the importance of habitat differences, and the benefit of studying trends across replicated gradients.
The range of thermal conditions typically available to ground-dwelling insects in a cool temperate region was quantified using field measurements of microhabitat temperatures over the period of a year. A steady state biophysical model was developed to predict the operative temperature of a grasshopper, in the absence of behaviour, under varying conditions of temperature, radiation, and wind. The heat capacity of the grasshopper was determined in a passive warming experiment, and used to develop a transient model that enabled thermoregulatory behaviour to be considered. These results were related to the preferred temperature of P. vittatum measured in thermal gradients in the laboratory, illustrating the extent to which microhabitat variability can provide a range of thermal opportunities and potentially alleviate the impacts of climate change on a small ectotherm.
The importance of melanism in insect thermoregulation was tested using theoretical and experimental approaches. The biophysical model was used to identify the extent to which melanism contributes to the heat balance of small ectotherms across a range of body sizes and reflectance. In the absence of behaviour, the limiting factor in the heat balance was found to be the degree of melanism, rather than small body size alone. However, in the absence of extreme melanic forms, when behaviour is incorporated by accounting for movement between sun and shade, slight differences in warming times may accumulate to amplify any thermal difference due to melanism.
To test whether preferred temperature is a plastic response to ambient temperature, and whether melanism affects behaviour, the preferred temperature of the colour morphs of P. vittatum was determined in a laboratory thermal gradient, before and after manipulating body colour by painting. The preferred temperature of the darkest colour form was significantly higher than that of the lightest form (with a mode of 37.5 – 40.0C, compared to 22.5 – 25.0C). Painting led to changes in preferred temperature, demonstrating that thermoregulatory behaviour through habitat selection is a plastic response to changes in the iii
thermal balance driven by melanism. The laboratory results were supported by measurements of live populations in natural situations.
Behavioural experiments were used to determine the means by which P. vittatum regulates its body temperature in natural situations and under artificial warming conditions in laboratory experiments. Common thermoregulatory behaviours were found to be timing of activity, choice of substrates with optimum surface temperatures, and specific behavioural postures such as stilting and vertical orientation. Behavioural responses were constant and covered a range of spatial scales, from several centimetres to many metres, and temporal scales from seconds to hours. Measurements of preferred temperature, upper critical temperature threshold (CTmax) and the Maximum Voluntarily Tolerated temperature (MVT) indicated that P.vittatum has a broad thermal tolerance, which is further extended by the existence of the different colour morphs.
The flexible thermal biology of P. vittatum suggests that it has the potential to cope with climate change without the need for significant adaptation or shifts in distribution. This has consequences for its status as an important agricultural pest in Australia, and highlights the potential for other generalist herbivores with similar characteristics to respond to changing climatic conditions.


Cities are considered to be energy consumers, because of transport and buildings, which both make up almost 75% of the total energy consumption. In France, the most criticized buildings are the towers built during the 1960s and 70s. This paper aims to show an architectural concept that proposes to consider the sustainable refurbishment of towers, instead of their demolition. This concept is called the Core-Skin-Shell concept. The paper firstly describes the context that leads up to a sustainable renovation of 1960s existing real-estate. Then, it describes in detail the Core-Skin-Shell concept, which is based on a distinction of the building functions into three "stratums": the Core, which consists of the structure of the building and brings thermal inertia; the Skin, which is a heat shield and which ensures natural lighting and ventilation; and all around them, the Shell, which both protects against outside threats and produces energy from the sun or wind. Thanks to this layering, this concept expects to optimize every function of the building and to solve the two conflicting energy exigencies in buildings: reducing the size of the envelope to minimize heat losses, and increasing it to receive as much renewable energy as possible. To study this concept, a first work consisted of the analysis of a few architectural projects. It revealed some interesting potentials concerning energy production and losses, comfort and even architecture and space qualities. In conclusion, from this analysis, this paper shows that the Core-Skin-Shell concept enables great possibilities in energy saving and comfort in the case of tower refurbishment.


Infrared recording of phase gratings is investigated in Sn(2)P(2)S(6) crystals by radiation of a Nd(3+):YAG laser (lambda = 1.06 microm) Space-charge formation and hologram recording are dominated by diffusion charge transport. Without an applied electric field, but with preexposure of the sample to incoherent white light, the gain factor exceeds 6 cm(-1) at laser intensities above 50 W/cm(2).


Migrating cells extend protrusions, probing the surrounding matrix in search of permissive sites to form adhesions. We found that actin fibers polymerizing along the leading edge directed local protrusions and drove synchronous sideways movement of β1 integrin adhesion receptors. These movements lead to the clustering and positioning of conformationally activated, but unligated, β1 integrins along the leading edge of fibroblast lamellae and growth cone filopodia. Thus, rapid actin-based movement of primed integrins along the leading edge suggests a "sticky fingers" mechanism to probe for new adhesion sites and to direct migration.


This paper evaluates critically the representation of the underground economy in the advanced economies as comprised of marginalised populations working 'off the books' as employees for wholly or partially underground businesses under exploitative conditions. It reveals that this 'thin' reading of underground work is descriptive of just one small segment of the underground economy and uncovers how other forms underground work can be identified ranging from income-oriented 'off-the-books' self-employment through to community-oriented paid favors. To conclude, therefore, a call is made for the heterogeneous forms of underground work to be recognized in order that a richer and more textured comprehension of the multiple roles of such work in contemporary economic development can start to be achieved.


This paper presents an inquiry into the state of conversations in international politics on the prospects for the global environmental governance of climate change. The essay reviews the literature on regime theory and its discontents to provide a working understanding of the authors' conception of global environmental governance for climate change as a regime. The most recent cases of global environmental governance on climate change are discussed, focusing on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as the primary arena for governance-building discussions, leading up to the 2009 Copenhagen Summit. The paper then considers the conversations that posit the failures of Copenhagen and question a current existential crisis facing global environmental governance on climate change. Finally, it is suggested that these failures of the Copenhagen round can be understood within the context of regime theory and its limitations in International Relations. The experience of Copenhagen is representative of continuity with both regime theory and the recent history of global environmental governance on climate change. While the Copenhagen Accord may represent a failure as an international institution on climate change it is perhaps not a failure if interpreted more broadly as part of a governing global climate change regime.


We use unique data to examine how college students from low income families form expectations about academic ability and to examine the role that learning about ability and a variety of other factors play in the college drop-out decision. From the standpoint of satisfying a central implication from the theory of dropout, we find that self-reported expectations data perform well relative to standard assumptions employed in empirical work when it is necessary to explicitly characterize beliefs. At the time of entrance, students tend to substantially discount the possibility of bad grade performance, with this finding having implications for understanding the importance of the option value of schooling. After entrance, students update their beliefs in a manner which takes into account both initial beliefs and new information, with heterogeneity in weighting being broadly consistent with the spirit of Bayesian updating. Learning about ability plays a very prominent role in the drop-out decision. Among other possible factors of importance, while students who find school to be unenjoyable are unconditionally much more likely to leave school, this effect arises to a large extent because these students also tend to receive poor grades. We end by examining whether students whose grades are lower than expected understand the underlying reasons for their poor grade performance.


The Flow Country peatlands receive national and international recognition and protection as a highly valued habitat, and also provide a number of important ecosystem services. While there has been much research on the terrestrial peatland habitat of the Flow Country, the area's many hundreds of natural water bodies have been largely unstudied. The first part of this study therefore focuses on establishing the contemporary conditions at 18 Flow Country lakes, examining between-lake heterogeneity in terms of physical structure, water chemistry and biological communities. Temporal change in these lakes is then considered by combining contemporary ecological and palaeolimnological approaches. We examine how the diatom and chironomid communities of Flow Country lakes have changed since a time prior to the mid-nineteenth century. Results show that the lake communities today are different to those present pre-1850, containing more taxa tolerant of increased acidity and nutrient availability. General linear modelling (GLM) analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association between the extent of change in diatom communities and both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate. Community shifts, though considerable, are shown to be complex and idiosyncratic and no shift between trophic states is indicated. The extent and type of coarse-scale community change we observed points to widespread bottom-up drivers such as land management, afforestation and/or atmospheric deposition rather than more localised management practices such as fish stocking. The benefits of combining approaches is discussed and palaeolimnological methods by which land management, afforestation and atmospheric deposition could be further disentangled are identified.


Do today9s movies, filled with dazzling spectacle and often less-than-dazzling plotting and characterization,
constitute a break with Hollywood9s past? This essay argues that recent films rely upon many principles of traditional
"continuity filming," but that there are nonetheless some important changes. In particular, certain techniques,
such as fast cutting and free-ranging camera movement, have become more forceful and flamboyant. These techniques
have blended into an approach to visual storytelling which we can call "intensified continuity." By analyzing
films and reflecting upon comments gleaned from filmmaking professionals, the essay suggests where the new
style comes from and how it affects viewers.


The most common and popular way to determine the amount of smoke generated during combustion of materials, including electrical insulations, is to measure the decrease in light transmission due to the accumulation of smoke in a closed chamber. The test equipment most used for this purpose today is the commercially available NBS Smoke Density Chamber. Since the first published description of this apparatus in 1967 [1] several modifications to the chamber have been suggested and alternative methods for analysis of the data obtained have been proposed. Some have been evaluated and a few adopted, but in general they have tended to make the operation and analysis more time consuming and complex. In order to (1) simplify operation, (2) improve precision, and (3) automate data reduction, the complete procedure has been computerized. This includes operation of the chamber, range changing of the photometer, insertion and withdrawal of the optical filter, accumulation of light transmission values as a function of time, and subsequent calculation and printing of smoke parameters. Replicate specimens are used and corrected specific optical density results can be previewed, truncated if necessary, and averaged. The final data are stored on disk in the Data Interchange Format (DIF) for subsequent use in graphics plotting programs. An APPLE II Plus computer with an ISAAC interface (Integrated System for Automated Acquisition and Control) manufactured by Cyborg Corporation is used for data collection, reduction to optical density, and analysis. Software is written in BASIC. A specially designed electromechanical system which contains relays for photometer range changing and a small motor for moving the filter operates upon signals from the computer. The standard NBS parameters (Ds after various times, Dm (corr), and times to reach specified values of Ds) are printed as well as SOI, SI, and MOD [1–4]. An estimate of overall test precision and a few typical test results are presented, although they are not intended to reflect or predict possible or relative hazards of any material under actual fire conditions.


We study the probability distribution function (PDF) of the smallest eigenvalue of Laguerre-Wishart matrices $W = X^\dagger X$ where $X$ is a random $M \times N$ ($M \geq N$) matrix, with complex Gaussian independent entries. We compute this PDF in terms of semi-classical orthogonal polynomials, which are deformations of Laguerre polynomials. By analyzing these polynomials, and their associated recurrence relations, in the limit of large $N$, large $M$ with $M/N \to 1$ -- i.e. for quasi-square large matrices $X$ -- we show that this PDF, in the hard edge limit, can be expressed in terms of the solution of a Painlev\'e III equation, as found by Tracy and Widom, using Fredholm operators techniques. Furthermore, our method allows us to compute explicitly the first $1/N$ corrections to this limiting distribution at the hard edge. Our computations confirm a recent conjecture by Edelman, Guionnet and P\'ech\'e. We also study the soft edge limit, when $M-N \sim {\cal O}(N)$, for which we conjecture the form of the first correction to the limiting distribution of the smallest eigenvalue.


1. Summary Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) associated with the H5N1 virus strain first occurred in Vietnam and Thailand in late 2003, causing severe mortality in affected flocks. Given that the virus has crossed the species barrier between poultry and humans and caused human fatalities, national governments and international agencies are intensively studying measures to control the spread of the disease. Among these strategic options would be 'restructuring' the poultry industry in ways that could threaten the livelihoods of smallholder backyard producers. This note describes a pilot study for and alternative approach, promoting pro-poor H5N1 risk reduction by using the demand side of the poultry market to achieve higher food safety standards. In this way, smallholders contribute voluntarily to the global commons of disease prevention, improve their livelihoods, and displace costly and inefficient government intervention in disease surveillance and control. Modelled on organic, fair-trade, and other specialist product marketing strategies, this pilot is intended to combine risk management with product quality development, correcting for negative surveillance/control effects and opening the potential for private incentives to improve product quality and incomes for all participants in food value chains. The study is designed over a period of slightly less than 12 months starting in the fourth quarter of 2006. The study will mainly be targeting markets in the outer districts of Ha Noi, as well as the large Hi Vi wholesale market. A questionnaire survey will provide detailed information about the dynamics and key actors in the local live poultry supply chain. A second component of the study is designed to assess the feasibility of establishing a tracing system for individual birds in the


It is widely acknowledged that the construction industry has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of resource consumption and waste production. The construction industry is responsible for producing a whole variety of different onsite wastes; the amount and type of which depends on factors such as the stage of construction, type of construction work, direct or indirect stakeholders' design change contribution, and practices throughout the project lifecycle. A number of construction waste minimisation (CWM) techniques and tools are currently available to assist contractors to divert waste away from landfill. However, literature reveals that there are insufficient techniques and tools for reducing construction waste during the design and procurement stages. The last few years saw the emergence of Building Information Modelling (BIM) techniques, which can be adopted to improve sustainable construction performance. BIM is a maturing modelling philosophy, which has been applied to several building-related functions such as visualising designs, automating quantity takeoffs, checking compliance with regulations, and scheduling construction processes. Furthermore, BIM, as a real-time interactive and collaborative communication system, has the potential to help project stakeholders to collaboratively attain waste minimisation for sustainable construction and building throughout design, construction and throughout the lifecycle by improving building construction performance. Hence, this paper, which is part of an ongoing doctoral study, explores the potential application of BIM to design out waste. An in-depth literature review was conducted to provide a foundation for the doctoral study that aims to investigate the use of BIM as a potential platform for building design waste minimisation. The paper explores construction waste origins and causes, current waste reduction practices; examines current industry BIM practices and investigates BIM tools for sustainable project construction and management; and identifies the knowledge gaps in existing literature that pave the way for the subsequent data collection stages.


Results of a search for supersymmetry via direct production of third-generation squarks are reported, using $20.3$ fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2012. Two different analysis strategies based on monojet-like and $c$-tagged event selections are carried out to optimize the sensitivity for direct top squark pair production in the decay channel to a charm quark and the lightest neutralino ($\tilde{t}_1 \to c + \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{0}$) across the top squark--neutralino mass parameter space. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in the context of direct pair production of top squarks and presented in terms of exclusion limits in the ($m_{\tilde{t}_1}$, $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{0}}$) parameter space. A top squark of mass up to about 240 GeV is excluded at 95$\%$ confidence level for arbitrary neutralino masses, within the kinematic boundaries. Top squark masses up to 270 GeV are excluded for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV. In a scenario where the top squark and the lightest neutralino are nearly degenerate in mass, top squark masses up to 260 GeV are excluded. The results from the monojet-like analysis are also interpreted in terms of compressed scenarios for top squark pair production in the decay channel $\tilde{t}_1 \to b + ff^{'} + \tilde{\chi}^{0}_{1}$ and sbottom pair production with $\tilde{b}_1 \to b + \tilde{\chi}^{0}_{1}$, leading to a similar exclusion for nearly mass-degenerate third-generation squarks and the lightest neutralino. The results in this paper significantly extend previous results at colliders.


Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) is a small ruminant lentivirus of the Retroviridae family that infects sheep worldwide. Our research group recently identified a mutation (K35) within ovine gene TMEM154 that associated with reduced susceptibility to OPPV. The ancestral state for TMEM154 is E35. The mechanism responsible for reduced OPPV susceptibility is unknown. Lambs that were homozygous K35 (n = 64), homozygous E35 (n = 58), or heterozygous E35K (n = 80) and born to OPPV sero-positive ewes were produced to test the association of E35K with OPPV susceptibility. Lambs were bled one week post-weaning and every 5 weeks thereafter to determine serological status. At 7 months of age, lambs were co-mingled with a flock of sero-positive mature ewes during a 35-day breeding season to re-expose lambs to OPPV as naturally occurs during breeding in infected flocks. Mature ewes were removed after breeding and lambs were again bled at 5-week intervals. At 7 months of age, 11% of homozygous K35 lambs were sero-positive for OPPV, compared to about 25% of lambs with one or two copies of the susceptible E35 ancestral allele. Two months after re-exposure to the infected ewes, 25% of homozygous K35 lambs were sero-positive, compared to 42% of heterozygous E35K lambs and 38% of homozygous E35 lambs. This study confirms that homozygous K35 lambs are less susceptible to OPPV infection and provides the first evidence of dominance of the E35 allele relative to K35.


Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is required for the removal of infected, damaged or unwanted cells. Inadequate cell death is a major contributing factor to tumorigenesis, while excess cell death contributes to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. Current investigations suggest the mechanisms by which Bcl-2 might prevent cell death. Bcl-2 family members mediate anti-apoptotic signals in a wide variety of human cell systems. Bcl-2 protein family, through its role in the regulation of apoptotic pathways, is possibly related to cancer pathophysiology. This review article discribes some pathways how apoptotic cell death is controlled by this protein family.


In this thesis work we investigate the heat transfer through the electrical insulation of superconducting cables cooled by super fluid helium. The cable insulation constitutes the most severe barrier for heat extraction from the superconducting magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We performed an experimental analysis, a theoretical modeling and a fundamental research to characterize the present LHC insulation and to develop new ideas of thermally enhanced insulations. The outcome of these studies allowed to determine the thermal stability of the magnets for the LHC and its future upgrades. An innovative measurement technique was developed to experimentally analyze the heat transfer between the cables and the super fluid helium bath. It allowed to describe the LHC coil behavior using the real cable structure, an appropriate thermometry and controlling the applied pressure. We developed a new thermally enhanced insulation scheme based on an increased porosity to super uid helium. It aims at withstanding large heat loads, as needed for the High Luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC). Experimental measurements of the new insulation showed a major improvement of heat extraction compared to the present state-of-the-art used in the LHC. We developed a theoretical heat transfer model quantitatively explaining the experimental results of the LHC and HL-LHC insulations. We identified the heat extraction mechanisms, mainly occurring through super fluid helium micro-channels. The average micro-channels dimensions were estimated to vary between few and dozens of µm, depending on the insulation scheme. In the model we considered the known laws describing the dynamic regimes of super fluid helium. However such laws were never demonstrated to be valid in the narrow channels typical of the cable insulation. We developed a new experimental device to investigate heat transport through microchannels. Micro-fabrication techniques were used to etch the channels down to a depth of 16 µm. We measured the classical laminar and turbulent regimes, thus demonstrating the validity of such heat transport laws independently from the channel geometrical shape and size down to these dimensions. To conclude, we used the obtained experimental and theoretical heat transfer results to determine the LHC and HL-LHC magnets stability. We estimated their quench margin and compared it to the beam induced heat deposit. The resulting difference allows a safe operation of the magnets.


Traditionally Chinese and Taiwanese postpartum women conducted postpartum ritual practices, called "doing the month," at home. Today, many Taiwanese women undertake this ritual in postpartum nursing centers. However, little is known about how the traditional practices are being transformed in relation to contemporary health care in Taiwan. In this ethnographic study observations were carried out in a large post-partum center attached to a major hospital in Taipei for nine months, and 27 postpartum women were interviewed. Data were analyzed using ethnographic approaches to extract codes and categories. Doing the month was reshaped by being relocated from the home to a healthcare setting. Midwives took on roles traditionally taken by family members, which had an impact on family roles and relationships. Some postpartum practices were maintained, based on traditional explanations. However, many were modified or challenged, based on explanations from contemporary scientific knowledge. Midwives need to be aware that there could be differences between their culture of care and the cultural values of the women they care for. This study informs culturally appropriate postpartum care and support for women with traditional and contemporary cultural beliefs and attitudes to doing the month in a range of healthcare contexts.


Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is in the process of carrying out a Nuclear Hydrogen Development and Demonstration (NHDD) Program by considering the indirect cycle gas cooled reactors that produce heat at temperatures in the order of 950°C. A coaxial doubletube hot gas duct (HGD) is a key component connecting the reactor pressure vessel and the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) for the NHDD program. Recently, a preliminary design evaluation for the hot gas duct of the NHDD program was carried out. These preliminary design activities include a preliminary decision on the geometric dimensions, a preliminary strength evaluation, an appropriate material selection, and identifying the design code for the HGD. In this study, a preliminary strength evaluation for the HGD of the NHDD program has been undertaken based on the HTR-10 design concepts. Also, a preliminary evaluation of the creep-fatigue damage for a high temperature HGD structure has been carried out according to the draft code case for Alloy 617. Preliminary strength evaluation results for the HGD showed that the geometric dimensions of the proposed HGD would be acceptable for the design requirements.


In female mammals, proper oocyte development is a vital prerequisite for future gamete viability and fertility. This development of oocytes, known as oogenesis, begins with the migration of primordial germ cells to the genital ridge of the early embryo, where multiple rounds of mitotic division occur without complete cytokinesis. The result is temporary cyst morphology. Cyst breakdown is a crucial process in the next developmental stage, resulting in formation of the single oocytes which will grow in follicles surrounded by granulosa cells and eventually develop into eggs. These aspects of embryogenesis are conserved across multiple species, including Drosophila, mice, and humans. Extensive research has already been completed to elucidate the mechanisms through which the steroid hormone estrogen regulates these developmental processes. Some research shows that progesterone, among other steroid hormones, also plays a role in inhibiting cyst breakdown and disrupting proper follicular assembly. However, specific types of progesterone receptors (PRs) and the signaling pathways they mediate have not yet been studied in the fetal stages of ovarian development. Here, the expression of specific PRs has been investigated and assessed via immunocytochemistry. The functional characterization of each individual progesterone receptor using organ culture is now in early stages of investigation. The experimental results confirm the presence of four different types of PRs: PR-A and PR-B, PAQR3, PGRMC1, and PGRMC2. Each receptor type shows evidence of expression at different stages of development as well as localization to different cell types within the ovary. Elucidating the detailed signaling pathways pertaining to each receptor requires additional investigation.


This paper aims to simulate a neutrally buoyant round jet discharged at the mid-depth in the opposite direction to the wave propagation using a three-dimensional numerical model named FLOW-3D. The present numerical model solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations combined with standard   k turbulence model, and the free surface deformation is tracked using volume of fluid method (VOF). The round jet is modelled by a horizontal pipe and mass source. The capability of numerical model simulating the round jet in a stagnant environment is firstly validated by an empirical formula. Comparisons between the empirical formula and present numerical results show good agreements. Then, a neutrally buoyant round jet in a wave environment is investigated. The decay of jet centerline velocity is compared with available experimental data. Finally, the variation of the jet cross-sectional profile under different wave height is discussed. The results show that the ratio of the jet vertical width (z-direction) to its horizontal width (y-direction) is insensitive to wave periods, but it increases in the potential core and decreases in the near field with the increase of the wave height.


Alpine sand dunes are a rare phenomenon. On the Central Plateau of Tasmania parabolic dunes occur on the leeward of glaciofluvial lakes. The largest such complex is at Lake Augusta where seven sand dune communities and two slack communities were recognized from a sorted table produced by a polythetic divisive classification of floristic data. Fen was found on the rocky parts of the lake shore, while short alpine herbfield ('marsupial lawn') occurred in seasonally inundated slacks. Freshly mobilized sand had distinct shrubland communities, two of which exclusively occupied the fresh sand of the foredunes, while one occurred on remobilized older soils. Three communities formed a toposequence on the older soils of the well-drained dunes. Zonation was not strong beyond the foredune. Species richness and height generally increased inland. The older soils were more nutrient rich than the younger sands, a phenomenon probably attributable to the ultimate igneous origin of the material. The dunes have considerable conservation significance. Activities that could cause further mobilization need to be restricted.


Background: With the release of openEHR Version 1.0 a common Electronic Health Records (EHR) architecture has been defined to pursue the aim of semantic interoperability of Electronic Health Records. Archetypes as clinical content models play a key role in this approach, but their development and maintenance needs to be managed by Knowledge Governance in order to avoid incompatibilities. Objectives: To analyse the functional requirements for supporting Domain Knowledge Governance with Information Technology (like authoring or updating archetypes) and present a prototype implementation. Methods: Requirements analysis using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and incremental prototyping. A series of archetype workshops were also conducted. Results: For a web-based Archetype Repository, a total of four top-level use cases and 23 refining use cases for 5 different actors were found to be essential. A prototype implementing some of these use cases has been developed and an example process for the coordinated development of archetypes defined. Discussion: We believe that Domain Knowledge Governance is necessary independent of the actual approach and methodology chosen for EHR systems. Appropriate information technology is required to support a clear process for authoring archetypes. Conclusion: High-quality archetypes with high-quality clinical content are the key to semantic interoperability of clinical systems. Domain Knowledge Governance is the key to high quality archetypes. A comprehensive Archetype Repository will render comprehensive Domain Knowledge Governance feasible and efficient.


Survey of heritage structures, reliability assessment and subsequent design of appropriate interventions are disciplines where intensive multidisciplinary cooperation between architects, civil engineers and heritage preservation specialists is necessary. Surveys including visual inspections, measurements and tests provide vital information for reliability assessment. Non-destructive or minor-destructive tests are generally preferred in surveys of heritage structures. However, reliability assessments providing key information for decisions on structural interventions may require more detailed insights that may only be obtained by destructive tests. This is why incomplete information from a survey overly restricted to protect heritage values may lead to imprecise reliability assessment and to suboptimal decisions on structural interventions. As a consequence, such interventions may then lead to a loss of heritage value that might have been avoided. To provide guidance for practical applications, the submitted contribution presents an analysis of segments of heritage value that may be associated with buildings or bridges. Basis of the method was recently included into the Czech standard on assessment of existing structures. Sensitivity of each segment to the invasiveness of various methods of structural surveys is then discussed, considering also the potential need for input of reliability assessment. The presented framework is applied in the case study of a historic steel bridge located in the UNESCO site – historic centre of Prague. The contribution demonstrates that the segmentation of a heritage value by heritage preservation specialists and architects often helps to identify an optimal strategy for structural survey that provides sufficient information for detailed reliability assessment of the heritage structure. The case study presents a benchmark to be further developed and refined for its effective operational use in practice in the future.