This paper applies a physical inversion approach to retrieve geophysical properties from the single instrumental field-of-view (FOV) spectral radiances measured by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) under all-sky conditions. We demonstrate the use of a principal-component-based radiative transfer model (PCRTM) and a physical inversion methodology to simultaneously retrieve cloud radiative and microphysical properties along with atmospheric thermodynamic parameters. By using a fast parameterization scheme, the PCRTM can include the cloud scattering properties simulation in radiative transfer calculations without incurring much more computational cost. The computational speed achieved for a single FOV forward simulation under cloudy skies is similar to that normally achieved for clear skies. The retrieval algorithm introduced herein adopts a novel cloud phase determination scheme, to stabilize and/or constrain retrieval iterations, based on characteristics of the reflectance and transmittance of ice and water clouds. A modified Gaussian-Newton minimization technique is employed in the iterative inversion process in order to overcome a highly nonlinear cost function introduced by the cloud parameters. We carry out a rigorous error analysis for the retrieval of temperature, moisture, ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO) from IASI measurements under cloudy-sky conditions. Our algorithm is applied to real IASI observations. Retrieval results are validated using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting data and collocated Lidar/Radar measurements, and the dependence of retrieval accuracy on cloud optical depth is illustrated.


Fields as diverse as human genetics and sociology are increasingly using polygenic scores based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for phenotypic prediction. However, recent work has shown that polygenic scores have limited portability across groups of different genetic ancestries, restricting the contexts in which they can be used reliably and potentially creating serious inequities in future clinical applications. Using the UK Biobank data, we demonstrate that even within a single ancestry group, the prediction accuracy of polygenic scores depends on characteristics such as the age or sex composition of the individuals in which the GWAS and the prediction were conducted, and on the GWAS study design. Our findings highlight both the complexities of interpreting polygenic scores and underappreciated obstacles to their broad use.


From 1880 until the 1920's, approximately two million immigrants arrived in America through the Port of Baltimore. This thesis explores how architecture can be used to celebrate immigrants, past and present, through the design of a waterfront immigration museum and resource center. This museum and resource center serve to honor the immigrants who settled in or passed through Baltimore and bring awareness to the city's role as a major port of entry. The building also serves to celebrate the resulting ethnic and racial diversity that remains the city's legacy by telling the story of how Baltimore came to be the ethnic melting pot it is today and by providing a variety of services for contemporary immigrants. The building is situated in Fell's Point, between the Bond Street Wharf and the Frederick Douglass Isaac Myers Museum. The memorial is located across the harbor, visually connected to the museum and resource center.


We present a sample of nearby dwarf galaxies with radio-selected accreting massive black holes (BHs), the majority of which are non-nuclear. We observed 111 galaxies using sensitive, high-resolution observations from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in its most extended A-configuration at X band (∼8–12 GHz), yielding a typical angular resolution of ∼0.″25 and rms noise of ∼15 μJy. Our targets were selected by crossmatching galaxies with stellar masses M⋆ ≤ 3 × 109 M⊙ and redshifts z < 0.055 in the NASA-Sloan Atlas with the VLA Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimeters Survey. With our new high-resolution VLA observations, we detect compact radio sources toward 39 galaxies and carefully evaluate possible origins for the radio emission, including thermal H II regions, supernova remnants, younger radio supernovae, background interlopers, and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the target galaxies. We find that 13 dwarf galaxies almost certainly host active massive BHs, despite the fact that only one object was previously identified as having optical signatures of an AGN. We also identify a candidate dual radio AGN in a more massive galaxy system. The majority of the radio-detected BHs are offset from the center of the host galaxies, with some systems showing signs of interactions/mergers. Our results indicate that massive BHs need not always live in the nuclei of dwarf galaxies, confirming predictions from simulations. Moreover, searches attempting to constrain BH seed formation using observations of dwarf galaxies need to account for such a population of "wandering" BHs.


The Desire-as-Belief thesis (DAB) states that a rational person desires a proposition exactly to the degree that she believes or expects the proposition to be good. Many people take David Lewis to have shown the thesis to be inconsistent with Bayesian decision theory. However, as we show, Lewis' argument was based on an Invariance condition that itself is inconsistent with the (standard formulation of the) version of Bayesian decision theory that he assumed in his arguments against DAB. The aim of this paper is to explore what impact the rejection of Invariance has on the DAB thesis. Without assuming Invariance, we first refute all versions of DAB that entail that there are only two levels of goodness. We next consider two theses according to which rational desires are intimately connected to expectations of (multi-levelled) goodness, and show that these are consistent with Bayesian decision theory as long as we assume that the contents of 'value propositions' are not fixed. We explain why this conclusion is independently plausible, and show how to construct such


Abstract It is recognized that the control of schistosomisais in Uganda requires a focus on fisherfolk. Large numbers suffer from this water-borne parasitic disease; notably along the shores of lakes Albert and Victoria and along the River Nile. Since 2004, a policy has been adopted of providing drugs, free of charge, to all those at risk. The strategy has been reported to be successful, but closer investigation reveals serious problems. This paper draws upon long-term research undertaken at three locations in northwestern and southeastern Uganda. It highlights consequences of not engaging with the day to day realities of fisherfolk livelihoods; attributable, in part, to the fact that so many fisherfolk live and work in places located at the country's international borders, and to a related tendency to treat them as "feckless" and "ungovernable". Endeavours to roll out treatment end up being haphazard, erratic and location-specific. In some places, concerted efforts have been made to treat fisherfolk; but there is no effective monitoring, and it is difficult to gauge what proportion have actually swallowed the tablets. In other places, fisherfolk are, in practice, largely ignored, or are actively harassed in ways that make treatment almost impossible. At all sites, the current reliance upon resident "community" drug distributors or staff based at static clinics and schools was found to be flawed.


One of the interesting features of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate 2D (AgMNPV-2D) genome is the absence of chitinase (chiA) and cathepsin (v-cath) genes. This characteristic may be responsible for the lack of liquefaction and melanization in A. gemmatalis larvae killed by AgMNPV-2D infection. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that CHIA and V-CATH proteins from Choristonera fumiferana DEF multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfDEFNPV) are able to liquefy and melanize the cuticle of A. gemmatalis larvae infected by a recombinant AgMNPV containing chiA and v-cath genes inserted in its genome. A fragment from the CfDefNPV genome containing chiA and v-cath genes was inserted into the genome of AgMNPV-2D. The recombinant virus (vAgp2100Cf.chiA/v-cath) was purified and used to infect insect cells and larvae. Transcripts of v-cath and chiA genes were detected along the infection of insect cells by qRT-PCR, from early to late phases of infection. The analysis of A. gemmatalis larvae killed by vAgp2100Cf.chiA/v-cath infection confirmed the hypothesis proposed. The vAgp2100Cf.chiA/v-cath showed higher insecticidal activity against third instar A. gemmatalis larvae when compared to AgMNPV-2D. The mean time to death was also lower for the vAgp2100Cf.chiA/v-cath when compared to AgMNPV-2D at 10 days post infection. Occlusion body production was higher in A. gemmatalis larvae infected with vAgp2100Cf.chiA/v-cath when compared to AgMNPV-2D. Enzyme assays showed higher chitinase and cysteine protease activities in insect cells and insects infected with vAgp2100Cf.chiA/v-cath when compared to AgMNPV-2D. The introduction of chiA and v-cath genes into the genome of AgMNPV improves its insecticidal activity against A. gemmatalis larvae and this recombinant virus could be used as an alternative to the wild type virus to control this important insect pest.


The cost of college is remarkable. Shelling out thousands of dollars for some knowledge and a receipt claiming you paid is, in a few words, the modern American college system. Perhaps unsurprisingly, policies have been proposed to reduce the cost of college, even making it free in some instances. On Jan. 9, 2015 President Obama unveiled a plan to make "two years of community college free for responsible students across America." Given the Republican control of Congress, the idea stands little chance of being passed, but it is still interesting to consider. Under the President's plan, all Americans, regardless of income, would have access to two years of free community college education provided the student maintains a 2.5 GPA  and part-time status. Though the benefits would be numerous, so would the costs.


The value in working with natural language corpora is the ability to collect large volumes of emprical data with which to test research hypotheses. The challenge in generating these data is how to quickly and accurately, with some degree of objectivity, identify linguistic units as data points. This paper offers a description of how to adapt the Penn Phonetics Lab Forced Aligner for use with a corpus of Qu\'ebec French and how to extract meaningful data from the alignment results. The results of adapting the aligner for use with this corpus of French are encouraging. Two illustrations demonstrate how to profitably use this emprical data to evaluate several hypotheses concerning the relationship and effects of syllable position on allophonic variation of /R/. The literature review indicates that, along with sociolinguistic variables such as age, and, to a lesser extent, social class, gender, and education, the most commonly cited factors potentially influencing /R/ allophony are syllabic position followed to a lesser extent by phonetic environment. There are two observations that help to motivate the current research question. Most recent sociolinguistic studies conclude that the frequency of occurences of the apical trill is rapidly decreasing and that in the corpus used for the current study, [r] is no longer the dominant variant and posterior variants should be expected. In addition to the loss of the apical trill, a uvular approximant is now noted as a frequently occurring allophone of /R/, most common intervocalically. The results presented here do not support the hypothesis that allophonic variation is related to, or effected by, syllable position. Approximants and trills were equally likely to occur in either onsets or codas when intervocalic, and only slightly more likely to occur in complex onsets when post-consonantal. The results do support the hypothesis that approximants and trills are more sonorous than fricatives as measured by the amount of energy in their first formant and their centre of gravity. Approximants and trills had significantly higher values for energy in their first formant frequency, and significantly lower values for centre of gravity than fricatives. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/ vol18/iss2/9 The Effects of Syllable Position on Allophonic Variation in Quebec French /R/


The German Economy seems unable to gather momentum, and impulses continue to come only from foreign trade; the healthy exports have almost completely failed to trigger a domestic revival. At the same time, in the wake of persistently high prices for oil and other crude materials, the world economy is slowing. Although the level of activity will remain relatively high in the near term, the USA – the main world economic engine – has entered the later stage of the current upswing.


The initiation of schistosome infection by dermal penetration by cercariae, and their differentiation into schistosomula, provide the first interface of the host-parasite relationship. Overt, clinical consequences result from this interaction most often following combinations of species of schistosomes and hosts which are incompatible in regard to the development of mature, definitive host infections. The most common such situations result from human exposure to some of the schistosomes of waterfowl. It has been observed that these lesions, termed schistosome dermatitis or "swimmer's itch," intensify upon repeated exposure to cercariae, and involve infiltrates of mixed cell populations. Severe dermatitis seldom follows the exposure of humans or other compatible definitive hosts to the cercariae of schistosome species which develop in man. However, numerous experimental studies have established that penetration by either Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, or S. japonicum does not go wholly unnoticed within such hosts.


This paper argues that localized price spikes should be a regular feature of competitive commodity markets. It develops a rational expectations model of physical arbitrage in which trade takes time, and shows that inventory management plays a crucial role in the way regional prices are determined. In equilibrium, arbitrageurs choose export quantities to ensure inventories in the importing center regularly fall to 0. They earn enough profits from high prices on these occasions to offset small losses at other times. An analysis of detailed data from Chicago and New York corn markets provides empirical support for the model.


There is extensive research linking leadership to organizational effectiveness. In particular transformational leadership has received a great deal of support for it being very effective in producing desirable organizational outcomes across a variety of organizational settings. Recently Hendrix, Born, & Hopkins (2015) found that the character of a leader predicted organizational effectiveness measures above and beyond that of transformational leadership. Job enrichment has also been found to be predictive of organizational effectiveness; however, no research has been found that looks at job enrichment predicting organizational effectiveness in combination with transformational leadership and character. The purpose of this research was to investigate if character and job enrichment add in the prediction of organizational effectiveness above and beyond that of leadership alone. The sample for this research consisted of 279,100 active-duty military and civilian United States Air Force personnel. Data were collected using a survey that included measures of transformational leadership, character, job enrichment, and five organizational outcomes. Results indicated character and job enrichment add to the prediction of desirable organizational outcomes above and beyond that of leadership. Therefore, this research adds support for measuring leaders' character and job enrichment in combination with transformational leadership assessment.


In this paper, the use of a total absorption attenuated total reflection (ATR) method to measure complex refractive indices and thicknesses of thin foils is discussed. Our studies show that in a prism metal-foil coupling system, the gap thickness between the prism and the metal-foil modifies the state of the coupled surface plasmons on the metal-foil interface, and yields total absorption at three different incident angles, under optimum conditions, respectively. The dependence of the conditions for total absorption on the complex refractive index and on the foil thickness is discussed. By preparing three prism coupling systems with different refractive indices, and by measuring the incident angle at minimum reflectance in each system, complex refractive indices and foil thicknesses of thin gold-foils have been measured.


This study examines the variables of digital maturity of companies. The framework for enterprise architectures Archimate 3.0 is used to compare the variables. The vari¬ables are assigned to the six layers of architecture: Strategy, Business Environment, Applications, Technology, Physical and Implementation and Migration. On the basis of a literature overview, 15 "digital maturity models" with a total of 147 variables are analyzed. The databases Scopus, EBSCO – Business Source Premier and ProQuest are used for this purpose.The results of the work will help researchers and managers to identify which digitiza¬tion variables affect the different layers of the company. This enables researchers or managers to use the right model for a specific purpose or to create a new model from a combination of existing models for the entire company or just one architectural layer.On the basis of a more precise assessment of the digital maturity of a company, better actions can be derived. This work is important for companies, as the digitization of enterprises and markets changed similarly to the invention of the steam engine did. Websites, sensors, mobile devices, apps, etc. are combined into new digital products and services. The competitors in the market have to adapt. If this is not done, they will increasingly disappear.Finally, the authors suggests a conclusion about the current situation regarding the measurement of digital maturity in companies and show in which areas further studies could be carried out.


Internet traffic continues to grow with the increase of network-connected smartphones, tablets, televisions, and monitoring devices in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) era. This trend will be significantly accelerated by the introduction of ultrahigh-definition (UHD) imaging technologies in various applications, and existing optical networks including datacenter networks are under urgent development to accommodate this traffic. However, optical fibers have not been introduced into households located in optical network terminal areas, even though UHD device connections require decompressed high-volume data transmission at more than 100 Gb/s, where a multilevel modulation scheme is vital. In UHD applications, very short optical cables (typically less than several meters) are connected and disconnected by consumers in a manner similar to metal interface cables. Under such conditions, a data transmission quality is predominantly limited by noise and instability rather than bandwidth and loss. Here, we propose low-noise graded-index plastic optical fibers (GI POFs) that enable significantly stable and robust data transmission through strong mode coupling, whose mechanism is fundamentally different from that of silica optical fibers. The low-noise GI POF link eliminates the need for the precise fiber alignment, angled fiber facets, and optical isolators typically used in conventional links. Our proposed GI POF material paves the way for quick optical fiber connections for multilevel UHD video transmission, becoming the first "capillaries of light" from optical network terminals in the IoT era.


High operative mortality of infected thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (ITAA) is partly attributable to ischemic injury during aortic clamping. We report a 62-year-old man with biliary cirrhosis, who developed a rapidly enlarging ITAA secondary to thoracolumbar osteomyelitis. Additional infectious foci were found in the pubic and ischial bones and in the left lung. Blood cultures gave growth of streptococcus pneumoniae. The aneurysm was repaired through a thoracoabdominal incision with a Dacron prosthesis. Prior to aneurysm repair, a prosthetic shunt was anastomosed end - to- side to the aortic prosthesis and to the descending aorta using a side-biting clamp. The shunt allowed perfusion of the lower body and of renal and visceral vessels after 45 minutes, the time needed to resect infected tissue and complete the distal anastomosis. The proximal anastomosis and orthopedic treatment of the spinal osteomyelitis could be performed, while the lower body and visceral organs were perfused. Postoperatively, the patient developed hypotension and increasing lactacidosis. Laparotomy revealed intestinal infarction, and gut resection was performed. Following a temporary improvement, he developed multiorgan failure and candida sepsis and died after 32 days. No atheroemboli were found in arteries of resected intestines. Portal hypertension most likely was present and it could be calculated that minimum intestinal perfusion pressure the night after the operation could have been in the range of 30-37 mm Hg, which probably was not enough to maintain aerobic metabolism. In the presence of aortic atheromas it may be advisable to divert blood to the shunt from an axillary artery.


Financial support for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in under-represented host countries was agreed on at the 2009 Copenhagen climate conference. The EU rules include special import quotas for certified emission reductions (CERs) from least developed countries (LDCs). This paper discusses whether these measures can contribute to overcoming barriers to CDM development in LDCs, how programmes of activities (PoAs) are performing and how CDM projects and PoAs contribute to sustainable development (SD) in LDCs. CER supply and demand scenarios for 2013–2020 show that preferential access measures for LDCs would not have an important impact on CDM in these countries if the barriers for project implementation are not overcome. The specific CDM projects and PoAs found in LDCs yield potentially high SD benefits. Through a comparison between the climate regime and the Lomé Convention, a preferential access agreement in agricultural trade, we conclude that not just preferential access is important, but also reduced access costs and the removal of underlying barriers. Increased incentives for added-value products characterize Lomé's success stories. For the climate regime, this could be translated into additional financial incentives for CDM projects with added value. As LDCs host a high share of them, PoAs could constitute an opportunity here.


Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is considered as gold standard in most of surgical procedure. In this field, despite an initial slow diffusion due to the cost of the robot, it represents a valid therapeutic option in gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this paper is the role of robotic in present and future of liver surgery.


Ulcus vulvae acutum is an acute, painful, non-venereal ulceration, that often occurs in young girls before they start sexual activity (1, 2) and is associated with symptoms of flu-like fever: the ulcer is unique, sometimes two or more rarely multiple ulcers are evident; the ulcer has a deep bottom covered by sanious exudate or eschars or blackish crusts; it heals spontaneously with scar within a few weeks. It has been described for the first time by Lipschutz (5) in an adolescent and related with numerous infectious factors such as Mycoplasma (4), paratyphoid fever (6), influenza (9) and especially infectious mononucleosis (3, 8). Some Authors isolated EBV from ulcerative lesions (7), but it is believed that the disease is more expression of a reactive process than of a direct infection. EBV can be transmitted by oral-genital or genital-genital contagion, but given the onset even before the onset of sexual activity, it is more likely that the infection does not occur by sexual contact. For the etiologic diagnosis it is best to seek IgM antibodies against EBV capsidic antigens appearing earlier than those directed against nuclear antigens.


BACKGROUND
Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome in patients with unstable angina. To determine whether ischemia-reperfusion injury causes this acute-phase response, we studied the temporal relation between plasma levels of CRP and ischemic episodes in 48 patients with unstable angina and 20 control patients with active variant angina, in which severe myocardial ischemia is caused by occlusive coronary artery spasm.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Blood samples were taken on admission and subsequently at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. All patients underwent Holter monitoring for the first 24 hours and remained in the coronary care unit under ECG monitoring until completion of the study. On admission, CRP was significantly higher in unstable angina than in variant angina patients (P < .001). In unstable angina, 70 ischemic episodes (1.5 +/- 2 per patient) and in variant angina 192 ischemic episodes (9.6 +/- 10.7 per patient) were observed during Holter monitoring (P < .001), for a total ischemic burden of 14.8 +/- 30.2 and 44.4 +/- 57.2 minutes per patient, respectively (P < .001). The plasma concentration of CRP did not increase in either group during the 96 hours of study, even in patients who had episodes of ischemia lasting > 10 minutes.

CONCLUSIONS
The normal levels of CRP in variant angina, despite a significantly larger number of ischemic episodes and greater total ischemic burden, and the failure of CRP values to increase in unstable angina indicate that transient myocardial ischemia, within the range of duration observed, does not itself stimulate an appreciable acute-phase response.


The impact of the Achaemenid annexation of northwestern Pakistan has remained a focus for archaeological research for more than a century. A lack of well-stratified settlements and a focus on artifacts that are not necessarily appropriate for assessing the effects of imperial control have until now obfuscated our understanding of this issue. In this article, we present the results of three seasons of excavations at Akra located in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Although research was cut short in 2001 by global events, our preliminary results indicate that the relationship between urbanism, trade, and the Achaemenid annexation was considerably more complex than previously argued by scholars. Akra experienced rapid growth in settlement at the beginning of the first millennium B.C., several centuries before the Achaemenids ruled this area, and exhibited contacts with regions in both peninsular India and Central Asia during this time. When we are able to return to Pakistan, we hope to investigate further the causes of this settlement expansion and trade.


It is a work of great depth that will attract readers in religious studies, comparative literature, Sanskrit, asian studies and humanities in general. the book is a thorough study of the great indian hero, the Achilles of India, Arjuna, as portrayed in the epic poem Mahabharata, including its world famous subsection the Bhagavad Gita. Different aspects of Arjuna's character has been discussed.


Neutralization theory, though a popular framework for understanding deviant behavior, remains badly underdeveloped. Few attempts have been made to connect it to narrative and sociocognitive research in psychology and related fields. From this wider perspective, one reason neutralization theory has received only mixed empirical support is that it has been understood as a theory of criminal etiology. This makes little sense (how can one neutralize something before they have done it?) and makes the theory difficult to test. Neutralization should instead be seen as playing a role in persistence in or desistance from criminal behavior. The theory's central premises need to be substantially complicated. The notions that all excuses or justifications are "bad" and that reform involves "accepting complete responsibility" for one's actions are not tenable.


A three-stage V-band amplifier implemented in 65-nm baseline CMOS technology is presented in this paper. Slow-wave coplanar waveguides are used for matching and interconnects to study the benefits of using this line type in amplifier design. Measured power gain, noise figure and 1 dB output compression point at 60 GHz are 13 dB, 6.3 dB and +4 dBm, respectively. The amplifier has 19.6 GHz of 3 dB bandwidth, thus covering entirely the unlicenced band around 60-GHz. The performance is achieved with a 1.2 V supply and 45 mA DC-current consumption.


This article attempts to investigate how much of phonology can be explained by properties of general cognition and the Sensorimotor system — in other words, third-factor principles, in support of the evolutionary scenario posed by Hauser et al. (2002a). It argues against Pinker & Jackendoff's (2005: 212) claim that "major characteristics of phonology are specific to language (or to language & music), [and] uniquely human," and their conclusion that "phonology represents a major counterexample to the recursion-only hypothesis." Contrary to the statements by Anderson (2004) and Yip (2006a, 2006b) to the effect that phonology has not been tested in animals, it is shown that virtually all the abilities that underlie phonological competence have been shown in other species.


Joel Sklar has written the definitive text for Web site design, "Web Design Principles, 5e, International Edition" guiding your students through the entire Web site creation process, while developing and enhancing your HTML, CSS, and visual design skills along the way. Now updated to include the latest Web design technologies and trends, this Fifth Edition features all-new sections on HTML5, CSS3, CSS page layouts, and enhanced navigation as well as technical updates and new screen shots throughout. Beginning with the Web design environment and the principles of sound Web design, your students will continue to planning site layout and navigation, and progress to Web typography, colors and images, working with CSS, and more. Armed with a priceless understanding and plenty of hands-on activities, students will gain a solid foundation of designing successful, standards-based Web sites that are portable across different operating systems, browsers, and Web devices.


ProQuest: ... denotes Greek characters omitted (or Cyrillic characters omitted.) This essay has a twofold purpose. First, it presents an interpretive account of Giorgio Agamben's understanding of potentiality, and, second, it is an appreciative critique of the analysis he and other authors offer vis-a-vis the relevance of such a notion for issues pertaining to the theological discourse of Christianity and contemporary reflection on politics. This double aim is mirrored in the division of the essay into three sections, the second and the third being amounting to half of one diptych. In the first section I trace the meaning of potentiality both in Agamben and in the key Aristotelian passages from the De Anima and the Metaphysics that he takes as the springboard for his reflection on the topic.' In the second and third sections I turn to such issues as the incarnation, freedom, and the political notion of sovereignty, both in relation to the understanding of potentiality put forth in the first section and in critical dialogue with other authors, most notably Slavoj Zizek and, briefly, Luigi Pareyson. The Act of Impotentiality Since things are, possibility is primordially necessary, and independent of everything. G. Leopardi2 As Daniel Heller-Roazen suggests in his introduction to Agamben's Potentialities, the notion of potentiality as developed by the Italian philosopher springs from the fertile humus of his reflection on language.3 More specifically, potentiality is the very mode of existence of language. It is not so much that what is expressible is the thing itself (...), the actual referent (...) signified by a sign (...). Rather, as the philosophers of the Stoa pointed out, the verbal adjective "expressible" (...; dictum, dicibile, enuntiabile) is an entity distinguished from both signifier and signified: not merely a thing, but "a thing insofar as it has entered speech and thought,"4 and as such not subsumable under any one of the Aristotelian categories. Simplifying to the extreme, Agamben believes mat ultimately the thing itself is not the extra-linguistic, hence inexpressible and unintelligible Ding an sich. On the contrary, it is the very expressibility of the thing that comes to language, or the thing qua expressible insofar as it emerges in language. More essentially, the "expressible" refers not to the noumenal core of a given entity as that which will never be scarred, so to speak, by symbolization (in fact, that which cannot be scarred at all since it is inexpressible), but to the very event of language, which as such exists in the modality of a verbal adjective, as a "being capable." More radically still, the fact that there is language is taken to point directly to the undeniable fact of potentiality. Agamben assumes it as his task to elucidate the meaning of what it is to be potential. The notion of potentiality (...; ) has become the shared heritage of the Western philosophical tradition at least since Aristotle, who coupled it with the concept of actuality (...; actus) in order to explain the phenomenon of movement, or change (...).5 Very briefly, potentiality, or potency, and actuality are determinations of being pertaining to both substance and accidents. So, for instance, Aristotle argues that bronze, while actually bronze, is a statue only potentially. Likewise, the built is the actualized buildable, and movement is precisely this actualization of what is potential.6 Now, it is on this general background that Agamben brings into the picture Aristotle's notion of sensation (...).7 More specifically, he points at the aporia of sensation as explicated in the De Anima: Here arises a problem [...]: why do we not perceive the senses [...] themselves, or why without the stimulation of external objects do they not produce sensation, seeing that they contain in themselves fire, earth, and all the other elements, of which-either in themselves or in respect of their incidental attributes-there is perception [. …


With the help of reception-aesthetic considerations and with regard to the hermeneutics of the book and canonical theology, the beginning of the book of Psalms is interpreted as an introduction to the message of the whole book. Because the reader encounters the book primarily in the form of a consecutive reading from one psalm to the next, and since Pss 1–3 each involves a new theme and level of communication (which is no longer the case with Ps 4), the article argues for a threefold overture: "(Torah-)Wisdom" (Ps 1), the "Royal rule of God and his anointed" (Ps 2), and "praying with David" (Ps 3) are the three main theological and spiritual themes of the Psalter. The commonly held opinion that Pss 1 and 2 form a double portal into the Psalter is brought into question since the pairing of Pss 1–2 on the one hand and the grouping of Pss 3–14 as the first ensemble of the first Davidic Psalter (Pss 3–41*) on the other is perceptible only after a re-reading and memorizing of the book. Two different techniques of arrangement of psalms should be recognized: The prayers (of David), beginning with Ps 3, are placed in a series of adjacent psalms. But from time to time wisdom- and royal psalms are inserted at (the most) strategic places in order to interrupt the main line of prayer for theological reflection. Some hints are given of how the themes addressed in Pss 1–3 as the overture to the Psalter are developed in the book as a whole.


Abstract Objective: To examine visual search patterns and strategies used by children with and without Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism (AS/HFA) while watching a magic trick. Limited responsivity to gaze cues is hypothesised to contribute to social deficits in children with AS/HFA. Methods: Twenty-one children with AS/HFA and 31 matched peers viewed a video of a gaze-cued magic trick twice. Between the viewings, they were informed about how the trick was performed. Participants' eye movements were recorded using a head-mounted eye-tracker. Results: Children with AS/HFA looked less frequently and had shorter fixation on the magician's direct and averted gazes during both viewings and more frequently at not gaze-cued objects and on areas outside the magician's face. After being informed of how the trick was conducted, both groups made fewer fixations on gaze-cued objects and direct gaze. Conclusions: Information may enhance effective visual strategies in children with and without AS/HFA.


Financial gerontology can be defined as investigating relations between finances and aging. Authors such as Neal E. Cutler, Kouhei Komamura, Davis W. Gregg, Shinya Kajitani, Kei Sakata, and Colin McKenzie (Kajitani et al. 2017) affirm that financial literacy is an effect of aging with concern about the issue of finances, as well as stating that it is the effect of longevity and aging on economies or the financial resilience of older people.


ABSTRACT Paterson AM, Rühland KM, Anstey CV, Smol JP. 2017. Climate as a driver of increasing algal production in Lake of the Woods, Ontario, Canada. Lake Reserv Manag. 33:403–414. Lake of the Woods (LOW) is a large, transboundary lake that straddles the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, and the state of Minnesota. Although algal blooms have been reported in the lake since the early 1800s, monitoring data and anecdotal evidence suggest that toxic, cyanobacterial blooms have increased in frequency and intensity in recent years. However, total phosphorus inputs from the lake's primary tributary, the Rainy River, have declined significantly since the late 1960s. We explore this disconnect by examining spectrally-inferred determinations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) in lake sediment cores, as a measure of past changes in aquatic primary production. Beginning in the late 1970s to early 1980s, inferred Chl-a increased at 5 impact sites in the north end of LOW that currently experience cyanobacterial blooms in late summer and autumn. In contrast, no change in Chl-a was observed at an oligotrophic reference site with much lower cyanobacteria biomass. At the impact sites, Chl-a generally showed no significant relationship to long-term trends in diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations, but was significantly and positively correlated to climatic variables, including mean annual air temperature at all sites and total annual precipitation at 4 sites. These data suggest that climate change may exacerbate algal blooms in this moderately-enriched lake. The results also show that the effects of climate change on aquatic production may be enhanced at sites with higher nutrient concentrations, likely because of positive feedbacks between cyanobacteria biomass, water temperature and nutrient availability. The impact of climate change should be considered carefully in future management initiatives.


Ground movements, with the clear majority being landslides, have caused several pipeline incidents worldwide in recent years. This, and experiences obtained from major engineering projects, shows that a systematic approach for the assessment of landslides is essential. A best-practice multidisciplinary workflow, based on detailed terrain analyses, has been applied in recent projects, each comprising a large variety of landslide assessments. The suggested approach is based on detailed landslide inventory databases and maps, susceptibility analyses, as well as landslide hazard assessments and risk classifications. The outcome of this workflow is a project-specific landslide priority register, which provides a sound basis for decision-making, for planning hazard management and for assessing the potential costs and losses caused by landslide-related pipeline damages.


PREFACE After many years of study of the graptolite zones of the slate belt of eastern New York, Ruedemann became convinced that the bedded cherts represent more than a mere phase of the shale, and that the problem of their origin is one for detailed study, together with the question of the depth of deposition. Accordingly, their relative abundance, their stratigraphic position, their petrographic structure, and their paleontologic content have been the subject of special investigation. These studies disclose a radiolarian fauna in the chert, that suggests, for the chert and the accompanying graptolite shales, a syngenetic colloidal origin and deposition in the deeper reaches of the geosyncline. To the Geological Society of America, which gave a grant for the work, the writers extend their sincere thanks. They wish to thank Mr. L. M. Prindle, for information concerning the distribution of chert of Norman‐skill age in Washington County and within . . .


The Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) survey is a large high-resolution spectroscopic survey using the newly commissioned High Efficiency and Resolution Multi-Element Spectrograph (HERMES) on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The HERMES spectrograph provides high-resolution (R ~ 28 000) spectra in four passbands for 392 stars simultaneously over a 2 deg field of view. The goal of the survey is to unravel the formation and evolutionary history of the Milky Way, using fossil remnants of ancient star formation events which have been disrupted and are now dispersed throughout the Galaxy. Chemical tagging seeks to identify such dispersed remnants solely from their common and unique chemical signatures; these groups are unidentifiable from their spatial, photometric or kinematic properties. To carry out chemical tagging, the GALAH survey will acquire spectra for a million stars down to V ~ 14. The HERMES spectra of FGK stars contain absorption lines from 29 elements including light proton-capture elements, α-elements, odd-Z elements, iron-peak elements and n-capture elements from the light and heavy s-process and the r-process. This paper describes the motivation and planned execution of the GALAH survey, and presents some results on the first-light performance of HERMES.


This book examines competition and collaboration among Western powers, the socialist bloc, and the Third World for control over humanitarian aid programs during the Cold War. Young-sun Hong's analysis reevaluates the established parameters of German history. On the one hand, global humanitarian efforts functioned as an arena for a three-way political power struggle. On the other hand, they gave rise to transnational spaces that allowed for multidimensional social and cultural encounters. Hong paints an unexpected view of the global humanitarian regime: Algerian insurgents flown to East Germany for medical care, barefoot Chinese doctors in Tanzania, and West and East German doctors working together in the Congo. She also provides a rich analysis of the experiences of African trainees and Asian nurses in the two Germanys. This book brings an urgently needed historical perspective to contemporary debates on global governance, which largely concern humanitarianism, global health, South–North relationships, and global migration.


This research investigated the fresh, mechanical and durability behavior of lightweight self-consolidating fiber reinforced concrete (LWSCFRC) with four different fibers (Polyethylene, Polyvinyl Alcohol, High-Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber). Two LWSCFRC mixtures were created for each fiber to analyze the effects of increasing fiber content on fresh state properties: slump flow and density. Mechanical and durability tests included compressive/ flexural strength, rapid chloride permeability and resistance to acid attack. The increase in fiber content decreased the workability of LWSCFRC mixtures except for crumb rubber. Flexural strength of all LWSCFRC specimens was similar compared to their control counterparts, while crumb rubber exhibited the highest compressive strength from all fiber specimens. Addition of fibers resulted in good
resistance against chloride ion penetration but compressive strength of specimens in a 5% sulfuric acid solution decreased. Overall, 1.0% Crumb Rubber performed better in fresh, mechanical and durability testing from all the fiber specimens.


Grapevine leafroll disease in New Zealand is predominantly caused by the ampelovirus GLRaV-3, which is vectored between vines by up to three species of mealybugs (Pseudococcus spp.). However, global understanding of the transmission and spread of GLRaV-3 remains limited, and does not definitively show how to successfully manage the disease in New Zealand. The disease is a manifestation of a complex relationship between the virus, vine and vectors, each component of which is interdependent on the other two. The review suggests that a full understanding of the disease will require research and operational input from plant virologists, entomologists, vine physiologists, pest controllers, vineyard managers, grapevine breeders/improvers and winemakers. Such a wide range of expertise should ensure that the factors behind the spread of the disease over time (its epidemiology) are accurately determined, and that effective management solutions are delivered over the course of decades.


Protein adsorption (fluorescein labeled gamma globulin, FITC-IgG) on the surface of poly(styrene) thin-film optical waveguides was fluorescently detected. The time course of adsorption, the FITC-IgG fluorescence spectra, and the surface concentration estimates are presented. The results demonstrate the potential use of polymer optical waveguides as integrated optic evanescent sensors.


Hierarchies persist in legal academia. Some of these, while in plain view, are not so obvious because they manifest in seemingly small, mundane choices. Synecdoche is a rhetorical device used to show how one detail in a story tells the story of the whole. This Article examines hierarchies of elitism and gender through a lens of synecdoche. The focus is on the choice of citation guide. Even something as seemingly benign and neutral as choosing a citation guide can reveal hierarchies of elitism and gender bias in legal education and the legal profession. Put another way, the choice of citation guide exists in—is inextricably embedded in—structural hierarchies of the legal profession. This Article examines the ways the choice of a citation guide reinforces elitism and gender bias by examining the use of two common citation guides, The Bluebook and the ALWD Guide. The Bluebook was developed by law students engaged in prestige activities at top-ranked law schools and retains the traits of its birth. This is in contrast to the ALWD Guide, which was written by experienced, professional legal writing professors who have dedicated their careers to teaching lawyers how to practice law. The Article describes the ALWD Guide's focus on educating students to be practitioners, and the role of elitism and gender bias in keeping the ALWD Guide from displacing The Bluebook, despite The Bluebook's well-documented deficiencies in training attorneys. This Article describes how learning citation gives students a kind of social capital through explicit and implicit messages they 2020 HEIRARCHIES OF ELITISM AND GENDER 3 receive about the relationship of citation to their aptitude for the study of law, the connections between citation and prestige activities like law reviews, and the rhetoric of citation as a proxy for "good lawyering." It explains how the elevation of The Bluebook elevates and perpetuates elitism as a substitute for quality over the expertise of women—in this case, women working in lower-status, lower-paying positions. It ultimately uses the example of the choice of a citation guide to examine the distribution of authority, power, and resources along gender lines in society in general and in legal education. The choice of citation guide is a locus of power, and resistance to small choices that shift power accumulates into the perpetuation of the hierarchical status quo. It concludes that by using this example of synecdoche, we can examine and perhaps shift our awareness of who has power, authority, and expertise within the legal profession and move toward rebalancing this power and authority based upon real expertise.


In this licentiate thesis the implications of a deliberate use of logistics knowledge have been investigated by describing and analyzing the use of a supply chain management approach in the construction industry. A five-step approach is used in the thesis. First, theoretical models are developed from the supply chain management literature. Two models are elaborated; One model identifying supply chain criteria and the other comparing traditional to supply chain-based. Secondly, the literature study of previous contributions in the field is analyzed in terms of the models. The supply of construction material is found to be mainly traditional, that is focused on issues inside the company instead of being supply chain-based. Explicit criteria for supply chain management are not found in the literature treating the supply of construction material or construction in general. The strong development of logistical tools and concepts seen in the stationary industry seem to have no such corresponding movement in the construction industry. A methodological discussion is carried out covering the general need for methodology and the need for qualitative methods. The implications from the desire to change the studied environment are discussed. A qualitative case study is chosen for the thesis, and it is handled in a systems model. The primary data is achieved from interviews, observations and documents. As a third step in the five-step thesis approach, a case study is presented. It is a housing project called Bo Klok, mainly driven by the Swedish contractor Skanska and IKEA. With a strong customer focus, the project was developed by the project managers to meet the consumers' demands, including how much they were willing to spend on housing costs. The consumers were identified as people with normal income. A conventional construction approach was found to be too expensive, and hence the project management developed a new approach. By a series of systematical efforts to change the conventional business environment, the structure of the material flows has been altered and the prerequisites for construction have thereby been improved. Change actions in the case study are e.g. continuous ambitions for a holistic approach, incorporating site deliveries and challenging traditional purchasing patterns. In order to secure a fast high quality production, an industrial approach was found to be necessary by the project management. To be able to evaluate how design decisions affect the conditions in the supply chains, a fruitful iterative communication between the architect and material suppliers was encouraged. This for example meant that some value adding activities were moved to earlier organizations in the supply chains. It also meant that the local construction manager is not allowed to decide or influence methods, materials or planning in a Bo Klok project as in normal construction projects. In order to reduce the total cost for the project to reach the pre-decided cost level, all possible parts of the project were investigated. In combination with the holistic approach in the project, this led to that the existing purchasing patterns for installation materials were challenged. In order to achieve cost transparency and be able to reduce costs for the installation materials' part of the total cost, Skanska tried to buy these types of products directly from manufacturers and wholesalers. But these new ideas concerning an altered material flow structure in the project have met strong resistance. Especially the participants in the traditional supply chains for installation materials protested loudly and tried to stop the challenge. The active and pro active change of the conditions of the production that is seen in the case study is from a logistic perspective notable and unconventional for the Swedish construction industry. In general, active and deliberate efforts to change and improve the conditions for the on site production instead of accepting them are rare. The actions in the case have by the project management been considered to be forced in order to reach the project cost level decided by consumer preferences. As such initiatives are not seen in other types of projects on the Swedish housing market, a general unused cost saving potential exists. All types of changes that have been used in the Bo Klok project are not applicable for all types of construction projects, but still a general potential is undoubtedly present. The approach used in the Bo Klok project has enabled production of high quality housing to a cost level low enough for consumers with ordinary incomes to afford to demand. In order to explain the unconventional purchasing patterns in the case study from a supply chain perspective in terms of action research, supply chain models have been introduced to the companies participating in the supply chains. The supply chain models have however not been recognized nor accepted. In order to bridge the gap that obstructs the understanding of structural changes in the material supply to meet consumer needs, a new model is presented in the thesis. The model connects the phases in the construction value chain to the supply of construction materials by the common entity the construction phase on the site. The need for communication between early stages, e.g. between the designers and the construction material manufacturers, is essential in the model and this kind of information must be encouraged, managed and controlled. In the fourth step of five, the actions and the pragmatical adoptions that have been done in the case are described and, finally, in the fifth step the case and the study in general is concluded. The approach used in the case study project Bo Klok is a step towards a supply chain-based supply, but it can not be described as a supply chain management approach. Even if the actions in the case make sense in a supply chain management context, it has not been a question of a deliberate and systematical use of a supply chain management approach. Supply chain management is a great opportunity for the construction industry primarily to reduce costs and time, and thus improve revenues and still make the products more worth their prices. New latent markets for low price housing could be developed. Also product development and marketing for construction material in the supply chains could be made more effective and efficient. Obstacles for supply chain management approaches are e.g. the poor level of logistical competence, the partly limited competition, the strong project focus as well as the attitudes and traditions in the construction industry. (Less)


In this dissertation, we propose several dynamic worker allocation policies based on the sojourn time distribution in due-date order fulfillment systems. To establish a sojournbased policy, we must be able to compute the sojourn time distribution for an arriving order and each order in the system. We require the distribution because we must make a probabilistic statement about the completion time of an order. We need two types of sojourn time distribution for the system. The first is a steady-state distribution to estimate the probability of success for an arriving order. The second is the state-dependent sojourn time distribution, which estimates the probability of success for an order in system. First, we develop an approximation model for the sojourn time distribution of customers or orders arriving to an acyclic multi-server queueing network. The model accepts general interarrival times and general service times, and is based on the characteristics of phasetype distributions. Distributions produced by the model agree well with those produced by simulation for a variety of serial and general queueing networks. Second, we develop an approximation model for the state-dependent sojourn time distribution of customers or orders in a multi-server queueing system, when interarrival and service times can take on general distributions. The model is based on the characteristics of phase-type distributions, and uses a Markov process to represent the all-busy period for a waiting time distribution. We also discuss how the model might be used to execute dynamic delivery promises in an order fulfillment system. Third, we propose several dynamic worker allocation policies to maximize service performance of an order fulfillment system. Our policies make use of the state-dependent sojourn time distribution for an order, which we compute with a model based on phase-type distributions. Our approach differs from other work on dynamic worker allocation in that we ii focus on service performance as perceived by the customer, instead of traditional system performance measures such as cycle time, throughput, and WIP. Our results suggest that order fulfillment systems can significantly improve their service performance by moving the right number of workers to the right place, at the right time.


The paper overviews directions for electrotechnology treatment of grain seeds before sowing. The hypothesis of the germination enhancement of seeds if treated with corona discharge is presented here. Besides, the description of electrotechnology installation and facilities for it, including manufacturing process quality obtained as a result of scientific tests, are also provided in the paper. Keywords— Corona discharge, electricity, current, voltage, electrotechnology.


. Cross-boundary fl uxes of organisms and matter, termed " subsidies, " are now recognized to be reciprocal and of roughly equal importance for both aquatic and terrestrial systems, even if terrestrial input to aquatic ecosystems has received most attention. The magnitude of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies is well documented, but the drivers behind these subsidies and their utilization by terrestrial consumers are char-acteristically local-scale studies, limiting the inferences that can be drawn for broader geographic scales. We therefore built and analyzed a database of stable isotope data extracted from 21 studies worldwide, to identify both landscape-scale (catchment) and local-scale (100-m riparian zone) variables that may affect the diet of terrestrial predators in riparian ecosystems. Our meta-analysis revealed a greater magnitude of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies ( > 50%) than previously reported, albeit with large geographic and inter-annual variations. Moreover, we demonstrated a large effect of landscape-scale factors on aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies, particularly anthropogenic land use and tree cover. Local human population was the only relevant factor at the local scale. We also found that studies on landscape-scale and anthropogenic land use effects on aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies are strongly under-represented in the ecological literature, which limits the general inferences that can currently be drawn about landscape effects. We suggest that landscape-scale studies could improve our understanding of how land use and environmental change might in fl uence future patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem function.


Background: Alvimopan is a novel peripheral mu receptor antagonist that is indicated for preventing post-operative ileus in patients undergoing abdominal surgery or bowel resection. Alvimopan has specific administration requirements when given to patients to prevent post-operative ileus. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 80 patients was identified by a primary procedure of colon/rectal surgery. The primary outcome assessed was rate post-operative ileus. To control for acuity difference, the random sample of 80 patients were stratified by Charlson score using Optum One software. The patients were randomly selected reviewing patients who received or did not receive alvimopan. Results: The rate of post-operative ileus with alvimopan 33.3% compared to 32.5% without alvimopan was comparable (p=0.45). The 30-day readmission rate for patients receiving and not receiving alvimopan were 17.7% versus 18.5%, respectively (p=0.077). The evaluation of the random sample of 80 patients failed to demonstrate a difference post-operative length of stay (p=0.26) in time to tolerate a diet (p=0.76) and use of antiemetics (p=0.35). There was a significant difference in the use of laxatives (p=0.008) and time to first bowl movement by 1.2 days (p=0.033) outcomes were similar with regards to post-operative ileus (p=0.459) and 30-day readmission (p=0.0775) with each measure failing to achieve significance. Conclusion: The similar outcome profile between postoperative ileus and 30-day readmission rate do not support the use of alvimopan. Other alternatives to prevent post-operative ileus should be considered, and further explore the clinical effectiveness with alvimopan with other studies with regards to dose, administration, and surgery types.


Cultivating involvement within virtual worlds, where interactivity and community are salient, represents a key goal for virtual world leaders. This online survey of virtual world visitors conducted in 2013 (N = 244; 37% of whom use Second Life) assessed whether the interplay of community and site features facilitates a form of intense involvement known as flow. Flow is an affect-based response to types of pursuit that involve intense enjoyment and high psychological engagement. Prior research shows that flow often leads to positive outcomes for virtual world visitors, including learning, satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is important to understand more about potential antecedents to the reported flow experience in virtual worlds. The study findings showed that site features such a level of interactivity mediate the relationship between sense of community and reported flow experience among virtual world visitors. This suggests that site designers can intensify involvement by encouraging community spirit via interactivity, feedback, content variety and ease of use.


Objective: We compared temperament and character traits in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BP) and healthy control (HC) subjects. Method: Sixty nine subjects (38 BP and 31 HC), 8–17 years old, were assessed with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Present and Lifetime. Temperament and character traits were measured with parent and child versions of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory. Results: BP subjects scored higher on novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and fantasy subscales, and lower on reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness compared to HC (all p < 0.007), by child and parent reports. These findings were consistent in both children and adolescents. Higher parent-rated novelty seeking, lower self-directedness, and lower cooperativeness were associated with co-morbid attention-deficit=hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Lower parent-rated reward dependence was associated with co-morbid conduct disorder, and higher child-rated persistence was associated with co-morbid anxiety. Conclusions: These findings support previous reports of differences in temperament in BP children and adolescents and may assist in a greater understating of BP children and adolescents beyond mood symptomatology.


The idea of balancing the resources spent in the acquisition and encoding of natural signals strictly to their intrinsic information content has interested nearly a decade of research under the name of compressed sensing. In this doctoral dissertation we develop some extensions and improvements upon this technique's foundations, by modifying the random sensing matrices on which the signals of interest are projected to achieve different objectives.

Firstly, we propose two methods for the adaptation of sensing matrix ensembles to the second-order moments of natural signals. These techniques leverage the maximisation of different proxies for the quantity of information acquired by compressed sensing, and are efficiently applied in the encoding of electrocardiographic tracks with minimum-complexity digital hardware.

Secondly, we focus on the possibility of using compressed sensing as a method to provide a partial, yet cryptanalysis-resistant form of encryption; in this context, we show how a random matrix generation strategy with a controlled amount of perturbations can be used to distinguish between multiple user classes with different quality of access to the encrypted information content.

Finally, we explore the application of compressed sensing in the design of a multispectral imager, by implementing an optical scheme that entails a coded aperture array and Fabry-Perot spectral filters. The signal recoveries obtained by processing real-world measurements show promising results, that leave room for an improvement of the sensing matrix calibration problem in the devised imager.


In recent years, reporting requirements on the statutory audit have been revised and amended to increase the audit report's communication value. In addition to the stipulations of the International Auditing Standards Package on reporting, revised and enforceable on 15 December 2016, the European Union issued the Directive 2014/56 / EU amending Directive 2006/43 / EC on statutory audits of annual financial statements and consolidated financial statements and EU Regulation no. 537/2014 on specific requirements for the statutory audit of public interest entities, both of which were published on the same date, June 17, 2014 and with the same application deadline, June 17, 2016. These normative acts foresee increased requirements for the reporting procedure in the statutory audit. Thus, the Directive provides for additional content requirements for the audit report, and the regulation requires additional information in the report but also the issuance and provision of other reports by the auditor: report to the audit committee of the public interest entity; In some cases, a report to the public-interest entity's supervisory authority or to the auditor's supervisory authority, and a transparency report published annually on the auditor's website. Our article details this information with direct reference to the content of these European official documents.


The air leakage of the building envelope of ancient churches and other historical and monumental buildings has impact on energy consumption, thermal comfort, humidity and indoor surface soiling. To measure the air leakage in such large and naturally ventilated single-zone buildings is however challenging, especially due to wind and buoyancy (stack) induced disturbances. This study describes experiences in this regard, attainedat field tests where the fan pressurization technique ("Blower door") was employed. Reference is made to the European test standard EN 13829. Also results of wind-tunnel tests are utilized. It is shown that both buoyancy and wind at commonly occurring conditions can cause significant uncertainty in fan pressurization tests, and that some of the directions in the standard might need to be strengthened or amended. While the uncertainty in measured air leakage rate at the standard (high) pressure of 50 Pa may be small, the predictions of the air leakage rate occurring at realistically (low) indoor-outdoor pressures tend to suffer from significant uncertainty. That uncertainty is then conveyed to later utilizations of the test results, e.g. building energy modeling and prediction. It is also shown that the wind induced pressure at buildings like churches extends a considerable way out into the surroundings of the building; in the order of two times the building height. This has particular importance when choosing a reference point for outdoorpressure measurement.


Depression is common among people living with HIV, and it has consequences for both HIV prevention and treatment response, yet depression treatment is rarely integrated into HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa, partly due to the paucity of mental health professionals. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial of two task-shifting models to facilitating depression care delivered by medical providers: one that utilized a structured protocol, and one that relied on clinical acumen, in 10 HIV clinics in Uganda. Both models started with routine depression screening of all clients at triage using the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), from which we enrolled 1252 clients (640 at structured protocol clinics, 612 at clinical acumen clinics) who had screened positive over 12 months. We compared the two models on (1) proportion of all client participants, and those clinically depressed (based on survey-administered 9-item PHQ-9>9), who received post-screening evaluation for depression using the PHQ-9; and (2) proportion of clinically depressed who were prescribed antidepressant therapy. Linear probability regression analyses were conducted using a wild cluster bootstrap to control for clustering; patient characteristics, clinic size and time fixed effects were included as covariates. Among all client participants, those in the structured protocol arm were far more likely to have received further evaluation by a medical provider using the PHQ-9 (84% vs. 49%; beta = .33; p = .01). Among the clinically depressed clients (n = 369), the advantage of the structured protocol model over clinical acumen was not statistically significant with regard to PHQ-9 depression evaluation (93% vs. 68%; beta = .21; p = .14) or prescription of antidepressants (69% vs. 58%; beta = .10; p = .50), in part because only 30% of clients who screened positive were clinically depressed. These findings reveal that in both models depression care practices were widely adopted by providers, and depression care reached most depressed clients. The structured protocol model is advantageous for ensuring that positively screened clients receive a depression evaluation, but the two models performed equally well in ensuring the treatment of depressed clients in the context of strong supervision support. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02056106


The invention provides a biocompatible composite for use in a living subject for purposes of repairing damaged tissues and reconstructing a new tissue. The composite includes a biodegradable or absorbable three-dimensional support construct, a liquid or viscous fluid forming a gel matrix or viscous fluid when delivered to an area of interest in a living subject. The biodegradable construct provides an ideal surface for cell or cell extract attachment, while the gel matrix or viscous fluid acts as both a carrier material and a separator for maintaining the space between the constructs as well as the structural integrity of the developing issue.


Bayesian optimization is a powerful tool for fine-tuning the hyper-parameters of a wide variety of machine learning models. The success of machine learning has led practitioners in diverse real-world settings to learn classifiers for practical problems. As machine learning becomes commonplace, Bayesian optimization becomes an attractive method for practitioners to automate the process of classifier hyper-parameter tuning. A key observation is that the data used for tuning models in these settings is often sensitive. Certain data such as genetic predisposition, personal email statistics, and car accident history, if not properly private, may be at risk of being inferred from Bayesian optimization outputs. To address this, we introduce methods for releasing the best hyper-parameters and classifier accuracy privately. Leveraging the strong theoretical guarantees of differential privacy and known Bayesian optimization convergence bounds, we prove that under a GP assumption these private quantities are often near-optimal. Finally, even if this assumption is not satisfied, we can use different smoothness guarantees to protect privacy.


The results of accurate quantum reactive scattering calculations for the D + HD(v = 4, j = 0) → D + HD( v ′ , j ′ ), D + HD(v = 4, j = 0) → H + D2( v ′ , j ′ ) and H + D2(v = 4, j = 0) → D + HD( v ′ , j ′ ) reactions are presented for collision energies between 1 μ K and 100 K . The ab initio BKMP2 PES for the ground electronic state of H3 is used and all values of total angular momentum between J = 0 − 4 are included. The general vector potential approach is used to include the geometric phase. The rotationally resolved, vibrationally resolved, and total reaction rate coefficients are reported as a function of collision energy. Rotationally resolved differential cross sections are also reported as a function of collision energy and scattering angle. Large geometric phase effects appear in the ultracold reaction rate coefficients which result in a significant enhancement or suppression of the rate coefficient (up to 3 orders of magnitude) relative to calculations which ignore the geometric phase. The results are interpreted using a new quantum interference mechanism which is unique to ultracold collisions. Significant effects of the geometric phase also appear in the rotationally resolved differential cross sections which lead to a very different oscillatory structure in both energy and scattering angle. Several shape resonances occur in the 1– 10 K energy range and the geometric phase is shown to significantly alter the predicted resonance spectrum. The geometric phase effects and ultracold rate coefficients depend sensitively on the nuclear spin. Thus, experimentalists may be able to control the reaction by the selection of a particular nuclear spin state.


This thesis presents work on the interaction of waveform controlled few-cycle pulses with various systems, from simple diatomic molecules through hydrocarbons and C60 fullerene, to nano-sized silver clusters. By employing the single-shot phase-tagged velocity-map imaging (VMI) technique, the angular distributions of ionic fragmentations and electrons can be obtained. Various electronic and molecular dynamics can be manipulated by controlling, e.g. carrier envelope phase (CEP), laser intensity, and polarization of few-cycle pulses.

The dissociative ionization in the prototype molecular system D2 and multi-electron diatomic system DCl are investigated as a function of CEP and laser intensity. In D2, the population mechanism of highly excited 3σ state is identified by the analysis of the asymmetry in the emission of D+ ions. We find that at low intensities (up to about 2.0×1014 W cm−2), recollisional excitation followed by laser-field excitation can lead to population of the 3σ states. Direct excitation by electron recollision plays a role at higher laser intensities. The maximum asymmetry of about 44% is obtained for the recollisional channel at an intensity of around 1.3×1014 W cm−2 for a 4 fs pulse which indicates strong CEP-control on the electron localization. The dissociative ionization of DCl in 4 fs laser fields is studied for an intensity range of (1.3-3.1)×1014 W cm−2. D+ ions with kinetic energies above 15 eV are obtained for higher laser intensities. By comparison to quantum dynamical simulations we identify the high kinetic energy signal to originate from double ionization induced by rescattered electrons, exhibiting a characteristic CEP-dependence. Besides electron localization, CEP-controlled few-cycle pulses can also manipulate the rearrangement of molecular structures. Sub-cycle control of proton migration is demonstrated in allene and toluene. Quantum dynamical calculations performed on allene show that a superposition of vibrational modes can be created by waveform controlled few-cycle laser fields, which will result in a directionality of the hydrogen migration. As we move on to ever more complex molecular systems such as fullerenes, collective electron motion becomes important which can be controlled by tailoring the CEP and polarization. Quantum dynamical calculations show that the asymmetry parameter of electron emission from C60 can reflect the transient localization of the coherent electronic wave packet at the time of ionization. On the other hand, electron emission with high kinetic energy can be obtained in C60 with circularly polarized few-cycle pulses, which is dominated by multiple small-angle recolllision with the C60 shell. This provides a solid example for the collective motion of electrons in other complex systems. For silver nano-clusters, the angular distribution of electron emission is studied in dual-pulse laser fields and transient resonant plasmon excitation is observed at an optimal delay. The asymmetry oscillations show clear delay-dependent phase offsets for the low energy electron emissions. These electrons, which exhibit characteristic spectral features, may have a contribution from a correlated electron decay process involving two Rydberg state electrons.

The work in this thesis advanced the CEP-control on various processes towards complex systems. Theory for small systems is capable of reproducing the results. However, this is still a challenge for the more complex systems.


The direct displacement-based design (DBDD) method requires the definition of equivalent viscous damping to accurately predict the peak nonlinear response. Equivalent viscous damping is usually specified as the sum of a viscous and hysteretic component, where the former is assumed to be constant, and the latter depends on the ductility and hysteresis model. The characterisation of viscous damping in time history analysis is discussed. Although it has been more common in the past to use a constant damping coefficient for single-degree-of-freedom time history analyses, it is contended that tangent-stiffness proportional damping is a more realistic assumption for inelastic systems. Analyses are reported showing the difference in peak displacement response of single-degree-of-freedom systems with various hysteretic characteristics analysed with 5% damping ratio applied as either a constant damping coefficient or tangent-stiffness proportional damping. The difference is found to be significant, and dependent on hysteresis rule, ductility level and period. The relationship between the level of elastic viscous damping assumed in time-history analysis, and the value adopted in DDBD is investigated. It is shown that the difference in characteristic stiffness between time-history analysis (i.e. the initial stiffness) and displacement based design (the secant stiffness to maximum response) requires a modification to the elastic viscous damping added to the hysteretic damping in DDBD. Numerical analyses are carried out to study the combination of hysteretic and viscous energy dissipation in nonlinear analysis. Expressions are calibrated that describe the ductility and period dependence of the equivalent viscous damping, for a range of hysteresis and damping models. It is found that simple equations are able to provide accurate values of equivalent viscous damping for both analytical research, and practical design applications of DDBD.


Plasminogen binding by bacteria is a virulence factor important for the entry and dissemination of bacteria in the body. A wide variety of bacteria bind plasminogen, including both organisms causing disease and components of the normal oral flora. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of plasminogen binding by six clinical isolates of oral streptococci from both dental plaque and inflammatory lesions. All the strains bound plasminogen with approximately the same affinity, and binding was specific and lysine-dependent as evidenced by its inhibition by epsilon-aminocaproic acid. All of the test strains were capable of activating bound plasminogen to plasmin without the addition of a plasminogen activator, and subsequent analysis revealed the presence of streptokinase in all strains. However, the streptococci exhibited fibrinolytic activity only in the presence of plasminogen and this could be inhibited by the addition of epsilon-aminocaproic acid. SDS-PAGE and 2D gel electrophoresis coupled with plasminogen ligand blotting showed that only a subset of the total proteins (2-15) were involved in the binding of plasminogen. Partial identification of the binding proteins revealed that four glycolytic enzymes, enolase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate mutase, were predominant in binding plasminogen. The binding of plasminogen by bacteria from pus did not differ from that of the strains from supragingival plaque. The findings illustrate how apparently innocuous commensal bacteria are capable of utilizing a mechanism that is generally regarded as being of importance to pathogenicity and suggest an additional role of plasminogen binding.


Surface electromyogram (SEMG) is a common method of measurement of muscle activity. It is noninvasive and is measured with minimal risk to the subject. The analysis of SEMG signal depends on a number of factors, such as amplitude as well as time- and frequency-domain properties. In the present investigation, the study of SEMG signals at different below elbow muscles for four operations of the hand wrist/grip-like opening (op)/closing (cl)/down (d)/up (u) was carried out. Myoelectric signals were extracted by using a single-channel SEMG amplifier consisting of a differential amplifier, noninverting amplifier, and interface module. Matlab softscope was used to acquire the SEMG signal from the hardware. After acquiring the data from six selected locations, interpretations were made for the estimation of parameters of the SEMG using the Matlab-filter algorithm and the fast Fourier transform technique. An interpretation of wrist/grip operations using principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out. PCA was used to identify the best SEMG signal capturing system out of two-channel, three-channel, and four-channel systems. Two acupressure points (on wrist) were also selected for the analysis with other points on the arm. SEMG signal's study at different locations, including pressure points, will be a very helpful tool for the researchers in understanding the behavior of SEMG for the development of the prosthetic hand.


The European migrant crisis is a current phenomenon which has sparked heated debate within professional circles and among the general public. This paper looks at the current situation in Europe and reflects on the problems related to the enormous increase in immigration from the point of view of the Czech Republic. On the basis of an interdisciplinary approach which combines the premise of social economic policies and the basic principles of integration policy, we aim to present a new and innovative approach to research into the respective issues. We combine the idea and the principles underpinning the operations of work integration social enterprises (WISE) and the necessity to include immigrants in the labour market, paving the way for exploiting the potential of social entrepreneurship as a tool of the integration policy of the Czech Republic. At the same time, we fill in the research gaps stemming from the absence of the respective scientific disciplines under the current socio-economic and political conditions within the Czech Republic, thereby making use of appropriate methodologies and materials available. The outcome of this paper is an analysis of the development and the current state of social entrepreneurship in the (post-)transition conditions specific to the Czech Republic. This serves as a new and hitherto unexplored parallel which enables the evaluation of the potential utilization of the integration social enterprises under the conditions specific to the current migration crisis in Europe. The presented findings and proposals are discussed with respect to the current state of research in the field both in the country and abroad and provide sufficient space for the implications these may have on integration policy.


This thesis analyzes the interplay between everyday life and theatre, and the transformative potential of theatrical performance. The focal point of the study is an amateur theatre group composed of children and young people in Zeytinburnu, a district in Istanbul largely configured of immigrants. Themes involving ethnicity, family, gender and class inform many of the stories performed on stage as the young members of the group have intimately experienced these issues in their everyday lives. The narratives of the young people in the group highlight the transformative potential of theatre activity. This transformative potential is limited in so far as both the contentious group dynamics and the larger social context affect the agents and the community of theatre activity. The alternative mode and political aspects of theatrical performance are discussed, focusing on how youth in the group experience the process of theatrical performance in relation to everyday life experience. This study aims to point out new discussions concerning the function of theatrical performance and the contact between political and theatrical.


The latest offering from Cisco Expert Todd Lammle for the New CCENT Certification

 Written by industry expert and Cisco networking guru, Todd Lammle, CCENT Study Guide improves on the popular Sybex Study Guide approach by providing 100 percent coverage of the ICND1 (#100-101) exam objectives. The book contains detailed information and examples on crucial Cisco networking topics, and provides practical examples and insights drawn from Todd's almost 30 years of real-world experience. You'll also have access to dozens of hands-on labs to get the necessary experience needed to pass the exam.

 Covers operating IP data networks

 Deciphers understanding switching and routing technologies

 Discusses troubleshooting and network security

 Explains working with IPv4 and IPv6 addressing

 In addition, access is provided to a robust set of learning tools, including the Sybex test engine with hundreds of sample questions, a pre-assessment test, ICND1 practice exams, and electronic flashcards. BONUS: Also includes a network simulator for readers to perform all of the hands-on labs included in the book and author videos.


Analysis of the phase mask near field diffraction using FDTD shows that a phase shift in the mask is not replicated into the fiber Bragg grating, as widely believed, but is split into two half-magnitude phase-shifts. Its impact on the complex FBG fabrication is analyzed. A pre-compensation method is proposed.


Interest in regional security arrangements is burgeoning in the Asia-Pacific. Discussions about cooperative security either as an alternative or supplement to national defense reflect the concern that some form of cooperative security would provide greater stability than a reliance upon transitory balances of power; and reflect the belief that there should be a less costly and more stabilizing option superior to an exclusive dependence on individual national military buildups that could degenerate into a regional arms race. For Southeast Asia, the institutional solution to the security dilemma is located in ASEAN. In this article, I assess the barriers to a fuller security community in Southeast Asia; the current military situation in Southeast Asia, paying particular attention to the concurrent weapons modernization programs in most of the ASEAN countries; and focus on the role of China as a destabilizing power in the ASEAN region. More generally, I argue that ASEAN is a security community, that there is a set of ASEAN norms which promise greater security cooperation, and that there are real limits to security multilateralism in Southeast Asia.


We develop a novel method for detection of signals and reconstruction of images in the presence of random noise. The method uses results from percolation theory. We specifically address the problem of detection of multiple objects of unknown shapes in the case of nonparametric noise. The noise density is unknown and can be heavy-tailed. The objects of interest have unknown varying intensities. No boundary shape constraints are imposed on the objects, only a set of weak bulk conditions is required. We view the object detection problem as a multiple hypothesis testing for discrete statistical inverse problems. We present an algorithm that allows to detect greyscale objects of various shapes in noisy images. We prove results on consistency and algorithmic complexity of our procedures. Applications to cryo-electron microscopy are presented.


Axisymmetric, orbit-based dynamical models are used to derive dark matter scaling relations for Coma early-type galaxies. From faint to bright galaxies, halo core radii and asymptotic circular velocities increase. Compared to spirals of the same brightness, the majority of Coma early-type galaxies—those with old stellar populations—have similar halo core radii but more than two times larger asymptotic halo velocities. The average dark matter density inside 2 reff decreases with increasing luminosity and is 6.8 times larger than in disk galaxies of the same B-band luminosity. Compared at the same stellar mass, dark matter densities in ellipticals are 13.5 times higher than in spirals. Different baryon concentrations in ellipticals and spirals cannot explain the higher dark matter density in ellipticals. Instead, the assembly redshift (1 + z) of Coma early-type halos is likely about two times larger than of comparably bright spirals. Assuming that local spirals typically assemble at a redshift of one, the majority of bright Coma early-type galaxy halos must have formed around z ≈ 2–3. For about half of our Coma galaxies, the assembly redshifts match with constraints derived from stellar populations. We find dark matter densities and estimated assembly redshifts of our observed Coma galaxies in reasonable agreement with recent semi-analytic galaxy formation models.


This paper presents an Advanced Forecasting Information System - PYTHIA - estimating real estate values. PYTHIA was developed with MS Visual Basic.NET and Dundas Chart for .NET. Database was developed with MS SQL Server 2000. System implementation includes the processes of sub-system development according their architecture. Moreover, the real interconnection of these sub-systems and their integration in a general complete and functional system is realised. Sub-systems implementation is specific for each module and their particular functions. The sub-systems are developed independent, according to specific requirements so that their interconnection will become feasible. System innovation focuses on sub-systems implementation and methodology. Sub-systemis that integrated in Pythia are: Data Adjustments, Data analysis, Special Events / Actions (SEA), Forecasting methods, Forecasts, Monitoring and Reporting sub-system. The applicability of the system was tested with real database real estate values. It was used in order to test and evaluate the IT system. Data is used here, which represents the total average dwelling prices of U.K. and is organized in months, from January 1983 up to September 2006. This paper will examine the present state in UK house market and will test the estimation methods on the monthly data. The time series data used for forecasting is again provided from the Halifax House Price Index and covers different categories of buyers (all, first-time buyers and home-movers) and houses (all, new and existing).


Aim

Knowledge of the biogeography of life histories is central to understanding and predicting the impacts of global change on key functional traits that shape species distributions and transcend taxonomic boundaries. Whether species are internal or external fertilizers is a fundamental aspect of reproductive diversity in the sea, and has profound ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, geographic variation in this trait and the factors that potentially drive it (e.g. transitions in associated life-history traits, ecological conditions that favour one mode over the other or the evolutionary history of species) remain poorly characterized.

Location

Oceans world-wide.

Methods

We collated life-history data (modes of fertilization and development), geographic data and biophysical data (sea-surface temperatures and food availability) for 1532 marine species spanning 17 invertebrate phyla. We used standard and phylogenetic logistic regressions to evaluate latitudinal gradients in fertilization mode, plus their interactions with development (transitions from planktonic to aplanktonic development, or from feeding to non-feeding larvae) and taxonomy. We also explored the dependence of fertilization mode on biophysical variables to understand how ecology potentially contributes to geographic variation in this trait.

Results

Fertilization mode often varies predictably with latitude, but the exact nature of this relationship depends on developmental mode and the phylum under consideration. Some commonalities were evident, however, with the likelihood of internal fertilization declining at higher latitudes for Annelida and Echinodermata with aplanktonic development, but increasing at higher latitudes for Cnidaria and Porifera with larvae that feed planktonically. Synergistic effects of temperature and food availability may potentially shape some of these patterns.

Main conclusions

There are latitudinal gradients in fertilization mode in the sea. The variation among phyla and developmental modes, however, is a complexity that is unexplained by existing theory. Combined effects of recent adaptation and deeper phylogenetic history have probably shaped this systematic variation in the reproductive ecology of marine organisms.


This paper is fundamental studies on an afterburner for a 20kW class home cogeneration solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) hybrid system. The proposed burner is a micro size can-type with a baffle plate having multi air holes set annularly and an opposite arranged single fuel and air nozzle in the center. This geometry is suitable to enhance the fuel and air mixing and to stabilize the flame in the ultra lean fuel of the effluent from SOFC stack in the MGT. The blow off limits and flame shape are discussed with the flow structure behind the baffle plate which measured by using a particle image velocimetry (PIV). The formed flames can be classified into four groups which are a premixed flame, a partially premixed flame, a partially nonpremixed flame, and a nonpremixed flame depend on the pilot air jet velocity, the baffle plate holes air jets velocity, and the clearance of the fuel nozzle exit and baffle plate, even when the flow rate of the fuel is same. When the premixed flame formed side by the fuel nozzle, the fuel is preheated approximately 750K. The counter-rotating vortices are formed behind the baffle plate and the vortices play a key role for the fuel and air mixing as well as the flame stabilization. The pilot jet not only controlled the flame position but also enhanced the fuel and air mixing. Especially, the pilot jet is important to form the premixed flame near the blow off conditions, and the desirable velocity is close to the air jets velocity of the baffle plate holes. However, there are some ineffective conditions for the pilot air jet.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Although concussion is the most common type of brain injury seen in athletes, there is always the possibility that head impact may cause a more severe structural brain injury. This is a complication that is feared by all sports physicians and others involved in athletic care.

Acute subdural haematoma (ASDH) results from traumatic laceration to the brain, from bleeding from the cortical vessels into the subdural space or from acceleration–deceleration injury to the head that causes tearing of the bridging veins, resulting in clot formation in the subdural space between the arachnoid and dural meningeal layers. A subdural haematoma is often associated with some underlying parenchymal (brain) injury, including diffuse axonal injury. In contrast, extradural haematoma usually results from a skull fracture causing damage to a meningeal artery, which is situated between the dura and the skull. Classically, there is no significant parenchymal injury in extradural haematoma.

Subdural and extradural haematomas are distinct clinical entities that share some common elements in sports medicine yet also have certain individual peculiarities that are important in return-to-sports decision making.

A 31-year-old professional boxer has won all 26 fights he has contested. He sustained a small subdural haematoma in a fight he won (fig 1). There was mild mass effect from the subdural haematoma, and it was observed with serial CT scans, without the requirement for surgical drainage. Spontaneous resolution of the subdural collection was noted on a repeat CT scan at 6 weeks. It is now 1 year later, and he has a normal neurological examination and formal neuropsychological testing is normal. The result of his brain MRI scan is also normal (including magnetic resonance venogram (MRV) and magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) sequences).

Figure 1
Case 1: axial CT brain scan showing a 1 cm-thick right subdural haematoma (arrow) with underlying cerebral swelling.

What are …