1 Using a simple technique for assessing constitutive innate immune function recently adapted for use in wild populations, we characterize changes in avian immune system development by repeated measurements of individuals over the period of nestling growth in a wild population of Leach's Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). 2 We measured levels of natural antibodies (NAb) during the early, middle and late phases of storm-petrel development and related these levels and NAb rate of change to mass and wing length growth. We used natural variation in nestling growth to assess the influence of nutritional status on the development of innate immunity. 3 NAb levels increased over the first 50 days of chick development; however, rate of increase was inversely proportional to wing growth. 4 Initial titre levels were inversely proportional to rate of change in NAb levels over the first 50 days of immune development. This suggests that individuals with low initial NAb levels accelerate immune development to reach adult levels, whereas individuals with high initial levels do not. 5 As in previous studies, our results demonstrate an inverse relationship between growth rate and development of components of the avian immune system. While such a relationship is consistent with the idea that immune function development involves trade-offs, the processes involved are more complex than simple energy allocation.


In light of the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement (PA) in June 2017, continued political momentum and concrete outcomes at upcoming climate change summits are needed to reinforce global commitment to the PA. From 6–17 November 2017 nearly 200 countries will convene in Bonn, Germany to advance progress on climate change action. The 23 meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP23) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an important milestone within a much longer negotiating process. COP23 is meant to finalise the technical aspects for the implementation of the PA. Many of the details on implementation modalities, procedures and guidelines to operationalise the PA are yet to be finalised – a process that needs to be concluded by COP24 in November 2018. Negotiating parties need clarity on a number of key issues, including implementation assistance – ie, unlocking climate finance, capacity building and technology transfer. COP23 is also an important stocktaking opportunity to assess the cumulative contributions of national actions.


Education and conflict are two concepts that both have deep relationship with each other. Conflict and war effect education and education can promote peace and development in a society. The aim of this study is to find out some challenges of Afghan returnee teachers and students in education in their schools and to know what they think these challenges can be removed and how they can succeed in their educational life in Afghanistan.Challenges that are faced by returnee teachers and students from two neighboring countries Pakistan and Iran are focused in this study. How the changes in languages and textbooks have influenced their education when they moved and how they can adopt themselves to become a good teacher or student in the changing environment.The data for the study was collected through a questionnaire from 60 participants distributed to returnee teachers and students. In the result of the study it was found that Afghan returnee students and teachers are mostly worried about the long process of verification of their certificates, getting admission in schools and finding jobs, changes in textbooks and language were also seemed as problems; however, they usually suggested that they can solve these problems with colleagues, and classmates.


Recent debates in social anthropology on land acquisitions highlight the need to go further back in history in order to analyse their impacts on local livelihoods. The debate over the commons in economic and ecological anthropology helps us understand some of today's dynamics by looking at precolonial common property institutions and the way they were transformed by Western colonization to state property and then, later in the age of neoliberalism, to privatization and open access. This paper focuses on Africa and refers to the work of critical scholars who show that traditional land tenure was misinterpreted as customary tenure without full property rights, while a broader literature on the commons shows that common-pool resources (pasture, fisheries, wildlife, forestry etc.) have been effectively managed by locally-developed common property institutions. This misinterpretation continues to function as a legacy in both juridical and popular senses. Moreover, the transformation of political systems and the notion of customary land tenure produced effects of central importance for today's investment context. During colonial times a policy of indirect rule based on new elites was created to manage customary lands of so-called native groups who could use the land as long as it was of no value to the state. However, this land formally remained in the hands of the state, which also claimed to manage common-pool resources through state institutions. The neoliberal policies that are now demanded by donor agencies have had two consequences for land and land-related common-pool resources. On the one hand, states often lack the financial means to enforce their own natural resource legislation and this has led to de facto open access. On the other hand, land legally fragmented from its common-pool resources has been transformed from state to private property. This has enabled new elites and foreign investors to claim private property on formerly commonly-held land, which also leads to the loss of access to land related common-pool resources for more marginal local actors. Thus, the paper argues that this process does not just lead to land grabbing but to commons grabbing as well. This has furthermore undermined the resilience and adaptive capacity of local populations because access to common-pool resources is vital for the livelihoods of more marginal groups, especially in times of crisis. Comparative studies undertaken on floodplains in Botswana, Cameroon, Mali, Tanzania and Zambia based on a New Institutional Political Ecology (NIPE) approach illustrate this process and its impacts and show how institutional transformations are key to understanding the impacts of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA) and investments in Africa.


Recent scientific innovations, and proposed legislation, have raised questions about the nature of the constitutional right to reproductive freedom, and in particular about whether there is a constitutional "right to clone." This essay urges that as a matter of substantive due process, rationality review is probably appropriate, and that restrictions on both reproductive and therapeutic cloning would and should survive constitutional scrutiny. At the same time, many of the arguments for banning both forms of cloning are based on ignorance, myths, and speculation. It is extremely important to distinguish between reproductive and nonreproductive cloning, and it is equally important to distinguish among the various rationales for banning each. Some of those rationales have some, but others, including some of the most influential, are exceedingly weak.


Introduction The continuous emission monitoring of the different compounds which are emitted by industrial facilities is an important topic to approve the compliance to different regulations like WID. However, there are several compounds which cannot be measured in real time. Specific dioxins/furans (PCCD/PCDF) and other POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) cannot be measured by online monitors. In any way the acceptance for continuous sampling of PCDD/PCDF as a good approach for continuous emission monitoring of these compounds increased over the last 15 years. In the meantime France followed the example of Belgium and demands by law the continuous PCDD/PCDF emission in all waste incineration plants. The increasing interest is also supported by CEN/TC 264 WG 1 which started a project to establish a standard for long-term sampling of PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs (as EN 1948-5). Beside the emissions of PCDD/PCDF there are other emissions of compounds which are not or not so easy to be monitored continuously. E.g. mercury can be monitored continuously, but for plants with low concentrations in the range of ug/m the accuracies of the existing mercury CEMs depend very strong on the experiences and maintenance efforts of the operators. Otherwise the results are not accurate enough. Additional the availability of such systems is restricted. In the United States the new Portland Cement and the upcoming utility MACT rules accept besides the installation of mercury CEMs also the installation of continuous sampling systems for mercury. This paper will give an overview of the experiences of around 15 years continuous sampling of PCDD/PCDF emissions with continuous dioxin sampling systems and the resulted success for the reduction of these emissions. Additional it presents newest results of continuous sampling of mercury emissions in the low ug/m range in industrial facilities.


Since early 2007, housing has experienced a prolonged slump in prices. This study investigates the state of housing markets across the United States as of June 2011 and finds that housing is undervalued in almost all markets. Two housing affordability measures (price-to-income ratio and mortgage payment-to-income ratio) show ownership is less costly today than during most of the nation's recent past. Additionally, a buy versus rent analysis suggests that ownership rather than renting is the preferable housing tenure choice from a financial standpoint in the majority of American real estate markets. These findings combine to indicate the presence of near term unprecedented opportunities for home ownership.


A combination of vibrational spectroscopy conducted under molecular beam conditions and quantum chemical calculation has established the intrinsic three-dimensional structures of the cellulose disaccharide and, focusing on the critical beta1,4-linkage at the nonreducing end of the growing cellulose polymer, its C-4' epimer. Left to their own devices they both adopt a cis (anti-phi/syn-psi) glycosidic configuration, supported in the epimer by strong, cooperative inter-ring hydrogen bonding. In the cellulose disaccharide, however, where the OH-4'(Glc) group is equatorial, the cooperativity is reduced and the corresponding inter-ring hydrogen bonding is relatively weak. The cis conformational preference is still retained in their singly hydrated complexes. In the cellulose disaccharide insertion of the water molecule at the favored binding site between OH-4' and the neighboring hydroxyl group OH-6' promotes a structural reorganization to create a configuration that parallels that of its unhydrated epimer and greatly strengthens the inter-ring hydrogen bonding. In the C-4' epimer, the axial orientation of OH-4' blocks this binding site and the bound water molecule simply adds on at the end of the (OH-O)(n) chain, which has a negligible effect on the (already strong) inter-ring bonding. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the structure and insolubility of native cellulose polymers.


Past temperature variations are usually inferred from proxy data or estimated using general circulation mod- els. Comparisons between climate estimations derived from proxy records and from model simulations help to better un- derstand mechanisms driving climate variations, and also of- fer the possibility to identify deficiencies in both approaches. This paper presents regional temperature reconstructions based on tree-ring maximum density series in the Pyrenees, and compares them with the output of global simulations for this region and with regional climate model simulations con- ducted for the target region. An ensemble of 24 reconstruc- tions of May-to-September regional mean temperature was derived from 22 maximum density tree-ring site chronolo- gies distributed over the larger Pyrenees area. Four differ- ent tree-ring series standardization procedures were applied, combining two detrending methods: 300-yr spline and the regional curve standardization (RCS). Additionally, differ- ent methodological variants for the regional chronology were generated by using three different aggregation methods. Cali- bration verification trials were performed in split periods and using two methods: regression and a simple variance match- ing. The resulting set of temperature reconstructions was compared with climate simulations performed with global (ECHO-G) and regional (MM5) climate models. The 24 variants of May-to-September temperature recon- structions reveal a generally coherent pattern of inter-annual to multi-centennial temperature variations in the Pyrenees re- gion for the last 750 yr. However, some reconstructions dis- play a marked positive trend for the entire length of the re- construction, pointing out that the application of the RCS method to a suboptimal set of samples may lead to unreli- able results. Climate model simulations agree with the tree-ring based reconstructions at multi-decadal time scales, suggesting so- lar variability and volcanism as the main factors control- ling preindustrial mean temperature variations in the Pyre- nees. Nevertheless, the comparison also highlights differ- ences with the reconstructions, mainly in the amplitude of past temperature variations and in the 20th century trends. Neither proxy-based reconstructions nor model simulations are able to perfectly track the temperature variations of the instrumental record, suggesting that both approximations still need further improvements.


In the current technological world, Web services play an integral role in service computing and social networking services. This is also the case in the traditional FREG (foods, resources, energy, and goods) services because almost all traditional services are replaced fully or partially by Web services. Handbook of Research on Demand-Driven Web Services: Theory, Technologies, and Applications presents comprehensive and in-depth studies that reveal the cutting-edge theories, technologies, methodologies, and applications of demand-driven Web, mobile, and e-business services. This book provides critical perspectives for researchers and practitioners, lecturers and undergraduate/graduate students, and professionals in the fields of computing, business, service, management, and government, as well as a variety of readers from all the social strata.


For 'ethnic minorities' in Britain, broadcast TV provides powerful representations of national and 'western' culture. In Southall - which has the largest population of 'South Asians' outside the Indian sub-continent - the VCR furnishes Hindi films, 'sacred soaps' such as the Mahabharata, and family videos of rites of passage, as well as mainstream American films. Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change examines how TV and video are being used to recreate cultural traditions within the 'South Asian' diaspora, and how they are also catalysing cultural change in this local community. Marie Gillespie explores how young people negotiate between the parental and peer, local and global, national and international contexts and culturess which traverse their lives. Articulating their own preoccupations with television narratives, they both reaffirm and challenge parental traditions, formulating their own aspirations towards cultural change. Marie Gillespie's in-depth study offers an invaluable survey of how cultures are shaped and changed through people's recreative reception of the media.


As a result of the increasingly frequent use made of computers for both agronomical investigations and compilation of tender documents and designs, it has become necessary to find a calculation method making the most of the scope afforded by modern computers and thus avoiding the difficulties normally encountered with conventional calculation methods. By relying on a rigourous analysis of the agronomical data considered in the calculation, the authors have successfully extended the standard method originally developed by Clement. Clement's method With modern 'on demand' sprinkler irrigation methods, a careful study is necessary when rates of flow calculations must be assumed for dimensioning collective networks. Clement's now classical study, which was based on a number of simplifying assumptions, yielded the following useful formula for ordinary calculation and plotting purposes : where d = d0 (np + u √npq) where d = rate of pipe flow ; d0 = rate of offtake flow ; n = number of offtakes ; u = a coefficient depending on demand satisfaction probability ; p = offtake operation frequency ; q = 1 - p. This formula is based on the assumption that all the offtakes are operating at exactly the same frequency and with the same rates of flow. For a given demand satisfaction probability, it gives a flow summation which is rigourous if individual demands are independent and very numerous. As conditions in practice differ from these assumptions to varying degrees, however, designers have to ressort to various expedients or make certain additional assumptions when applying Clement's method. This is why it has been necessary to find a new method whereby diversified data can be allowed for, especially as regards agronomical conditions. The new method The object is to define the agronomical characteristics of each 'irrigation unit', this being the area supplied from one offtake (In a set of m offtakes, each one is identified by a subscript i, the values of which range from 1 to m) The purpose of the preliminary investigations is to establish the offtake rate of flow, dp operating frequency Pi, and probable use for irrigation αi for each offtake. These data respectively allow for the operating time required to supply the necessary quantities of water to the plants and to meet crop rotation requirements, which may - or may not - call for irrigation once every year. This finally yields the parameters P'i = αiPi and q'i == 1 - Pi'. with αi = 1 for offtakes never out of operation. With the basic data for the method presented in this way, a mathematical study yields a direct calculation method for the rate of flow d, but this calculation is both tedious and delicate toperform. Fortunately, however, an approximation similar to that adopted by Clement, can be made, which gives the following new expression for the rate of flow : d = m Σ i = 1 p' idi + u √ m Σ i = 1 p'iq'idi2 This formula lends itself very well to computer calculation. To sum up, therefore, this method of calculation allows for both true individual offtake discharge and operating frequency, for each offtake. It also •givesthe irrigation probability for each "irrigation unit', and therefore also probable irrigation concentration. Thus, by starting out from the individual data for each "unit' and using a suitable mathematical formula, this method provides a means of rigourously dimensioning sprinkler irrigation systems designed for "on demand' operation with the aid of a computer.


Although elevation data are globally available and used in many existing hydrological models, their information content is still underexploited. Topography is closely related to geology, soil, climate and land cover. As a result, it may reflect the dominant hydrological processes in a catchment. In this study, we evaluated this hypothesis through four progressively more complex conceptual rainfall-runoff models. The first model (FLEXL) is lumped, and it does not make use of elevation data. The second model (FLEXD) is semi-distributed with different parameter sets for different units. This model uses elevation data indirectly, taking spatially variable drivers into account. The third model (FLEXT0), also semi-distributed, makes explicit use of topography information. The structure of FLEXT0 consists of four parallel components representing the distinct hydrological function of different landscape elements. These elements were determined based on a topography-based landscape classification approach. The fourth model (FLEXT) has the same model structure and parameterization as FLEXT0 but uses realism constraints on parameters and fluxes. All models have been calibrated and validated at the catchment outlet. Additionally, the models were evaluated at two sub-catchments. It was found that FLEXT0 and FLEXT perform better than the other models in nested sub-catchment validation and they are therefore better spatially transferable. Among these two models, FLEXT performs better than FLEXT0 in transferability. This supports the following hypotheses: (1) topography can be used as an integrated indicator to distinguish between landscape elements with different hydrological functions; (2) FLEXT0 and FLEXT are much better equipped to represent the heterogeneity of hydrological functions than a lumped or semi-distributed model, and hence they have a more realistic model structure and parameterization; (3) the soft data used to constrain the model parameters and fluxes in FLEXT are useful for improving model transferability. Most of the precipitation on the forested hillslopes evaporates, thus generating relatively little runoff.


Changes in current temporally enabled GIS systems, that have been successfully implemented, are based on the snapshot approach which consist of sequences of discrete images. This approach does not allow either the pattern of changes to be shown or the complexities within the changes to be examined. Also the existing GIS database models cannot represent effectively the history of geographical phenomena.
The aim of this research is to develop an object-oriented GIS model (OOGIS) that will represent detailed changes of geographical objects and track the evolution of objects. The detailed changes include spatial, thematic, temporal, events and processes that are involved in the changes. Those have been addressed, but not implemented, by a number of previous GIS projects. Object tracking and evolution includes not only attributes changes to homogenous objects, but also major changes that lead to transforming/destroying existing objects and creating new ones. This will allow the pattern of changes of
- geographical phenomena to be examined by tracking the evolution of geographical objects. The OOGIS model was designed using an object-oriented visual modelling tool and was implemented using an object-oriented programming environment (OOPE), an object-oriented database system (OODBS). The visual modelling tool for designing the OOGIS model was Unified Modelling Language (UML), OOPE for implementing the OOGIS model was Microsoft Visual C++ and the OODBS was Objectivity/DB. The prototype of the investigation has been successfully implemented using a Case Study of Royal Borough of Kingston-Upon-Thames, in the United Kingdom.
This research is addressing in particular the deficiencies in two existing GIS models that are related to this work. The fust model, the triad model, represents the spatial, thematic and temporal but fails to represent events and processes connected to the changes. The second model, the event-oriented model, though it represents the events (or processes) related to the changes, it stores the changes as attributes of the object. This model is.limited to temporal stable (static) changes and can not be applied to the evolution of geographical phenomena or changes that involve several objects sharing common . .properties and temporal relationships. Moreover, the model does not take into account the evolution (e.g. splitting, transformation etc) of a specific object which can involve more than changes to its attributes. Both models are not able to tackle, for instance, in situation when an object such as a park is disappearing to make way for new objects (i.e. roads and new buildings) or in situation where an agriculture piece of land becomes an industrial lot or village becomes a city.
In this work the construction of a new approach which overcomes these deficiencies is presented. Also the approach take into account associations and relationships between objects such as inheritance which would be reflected in the object oriented database. For example a road can be regarded a base class from which other classes can be derived such as motorways, streets, dual roads etc which might reflect the evolution of objects ,in non-homogenous ways. The object versioning technique in this work will allow the versions of a geographical object to be related, thereby creating temporal relationships between them. It requires less data storage, since only the changes are recorded. The association between the versions allows continuous forward and backward movement within the versions, and promotes optimum query mechanisms.


Beam-to-column connections in structural steel buildings may have varying degrees of rotational restraint and varying degrees of moment transfer. In fully restrained moment connections, shear is typically transferred through the beam web, while the moment is mostly transferred through the beam flanges which create tension/compression force couples. Column sections that are incapable of resisting these flange forces are often retrofitted with continuity plates within the connection region to improve capacity. In cases of unequal beam depths on either side of the column, an eccentricity between the framed-in beam flange and continuity plate may be required; however, limited research exists to provide guidance on an acceptable level of eccentricity. This thesis describes a parametric finite element investigation into the performance of beam-to-column moment connections having unequal beam depths and eccentric continuity plate detailing. A total of 12 detailed finite element analyses considering two column sections (W14x132 and W21x147 sections) and six levels of connection eccentricity (ranging from 0 to 6 in.) were considered. Modeling techniques considered for the parametric investigation were validated against experiments performed from the literature. Increasing the level of eccentricity between the beam flange and continuity plate resulted in decreased continuity plate participation; however, unlike current code recommendations, noticeable participation (up to 10% additional flange capacity for a W14x132 column) was observed for eccentricities up to 4 in. A new design equation for determining beam-to-column connection capacities for configurations having eccentricities is proposed.


Korea was hit hard by the 2008 global financial crisis, with the foreign bank deleveraging channel coming prominently into play. The global financial crisis demonstrated that a sharp deleveraging can be transmitted to emerging markets through the bank lending channel to a slowdown in credit growth. The analysis finds that a sharp decline in external funding led to relatively modest decline in domestic credit by Korean banks, due to concerted policy efforts by the government in 2008. Impulse responses from a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model calibrated to Korea shows that it appears better prepared to handle such shocks relative to 2008. Indeed, Korea is much more resilient to such shocks due to the efforts by the authorities, which has led to the strengthening of external buffers, such as higher foreign exchange reserves and bilateral and multilateral currency swap arrangements.


Online video piracy (OVP) is a contentious topic, with strong proponents on both sides of the argument. Recently, a number of illegal websites, called streaming cyberlockers, have begun to dominate OVP. These websites specialise in distributing pirated content, underpinned by third party indexing services offering easy-to-access directories of content. This paper performs the first exploration of this new ecosystem. It characterises the content, as well the streaming cyberlockers' individual attributes. We find a remarkably centralised system with just a few networks, countries and cyberlockers underpinning most provisioning. We also investigate the actions of copyright enforcers. We find they tend to target small subsets of the ecosystem, although they appear quite successful. 84% of copyright notices see content removed.


Vitamin E promotes dephosphorylation of the kinase Akt to suppress the growth of prostate cancer cells. This Podcast features an interview with Ching-Shih Chen, senior author of a Research Article that appears in the 19 March 2013 issue of Science Signaling. Huang et al. report that the α and γ forms of tocopherol, which is a lipophilic molecule and dietary form of vitamin E, promoted dephosphorylation of the growth-promoting kinase Akt. Tocopherols bound to both Akt and the phosphatase PHLPP1 and recruited them to the plasma membrane, where PHLPP1 dephosphorylated Akt on Ser473, thus inactivating Akt. This reduced the proliferation of cultured prostate cancer cells and reduced the growth of prostate tumors xenografted into mice. The authors developed a synthetic derivative of γ-tocopherol that exhibited greater potency than natural tocopherols in this context, suggesting that the development of drugs structurally related to tocopherols might benefit the treatment of prostate and other cancers that are driven by Akt activity.


The fifth-generation PSU‐NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)-based regional climate model (CMM5) capability in simulating the U.S. precipitation annual cycle is evaluated with a 1982‐2002 continuous baseline integration driven by the NCEP‐DOE second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) reanalysis. The causes for major model biases (differences from observations) are studied through supplementary seasonal sensitivity experiments with various driving lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) and physics representations. It is demonstrated that the CMM5 has a pronounced rainfall downscaling skill, producing more realistic regional details and overall smaller biases than the driving global reanalysis. The precipitation simulation is most skillful in the Northwest, where orographic forcing dominates throughout the year; in the Midwest, where mesoscale convective complexes prevail in summer; and in the central Great Plains, where nocturnal low-level jet and rainfall peaks occur in summer. The actual model skill, however, is masked by existing large LBC uncertainties over datapoor areas, especially over oceans. For example, winter dry biases in the Gulf States likely result from LBC errors in the south and east buffer zones. On the other hand, several important regional biases are identified with model physics deficiencies. In particular, summer dry biases in the North American monsoon region and along the east coast of the United States can be largely rectified by replacing the Grell with the Kain‐Fritsch cumulus scheme. The latter scheme, however, yields excessive rainfall in the Atlantic Ocean but large deficits over the Midwest. The fall dry biases over the lower Mississippi River basin, common to all existing global and regional models, remain unexplained and the search for their responsible physical mechanisms will be challenging. In addition, the representation of cloud‐radiation interaction is essential in determining the precipitation distribution and regional water recycling, for which the new scheme implemented in the CMM5 yields significant improvement.


The effect of liability rules on accident avoidance is studied in two types of situations in which potential victims and potential injurers act sequentially: those where victims act first and injurers second; and those where the reverse is true. What is of special interest about the working of liability rules in such sequential situations is that the party who acts second behaves in response to the party who acts first, and that the party who acts first takes this into account. The major result shown is that liability rules induce optimal behavior provided that they lead the party who acts second to act optimally if and only if the first party did so. In an important extension of the basic model considered, however, this result may not hold.


This paper reports results from a survey of the labor market experience of the 2001-02 class of Ph.D. economists. We estimate that 850 economics Ph.D.s were awarded by U.S. universities in 2001-02, down about 100 from five years earlier. Of these, 28 percent were women, and 37 percent U.S. citizens and permanent residents. On average, the graduates took 5.4 years to earn their Ph.D.s. Over 97 percent of the graduates secured a full-time job; 82 percent held permanent jobs; 59 percent were in academe. Ninety-four percent of respondents reported that they like their job. Those who do less research are more likely to be dissatisfied. The median salary of those holding full-time jobs in the U.S. is $74,000, up from $54,000 five years earlier, a compounded annual increase of 6.5 percent. Salaries of starting assistant professors are now significantly larger than the average of incumbent assistant professors at similar category institutions. Salary compression has progressed to salary inversion. A two-tier job market is emerging in academe, as the gap between the median annual nine-month salary of permanent (tenure-track) and temporary (visiting) academics has widened to $21,500. Nevertheless, 86 percent of the doctorates report that had they known at matriculation what they know now, they still would have pursued a Ph.D. in economics.


Soil respiration (Rs) is an important source of CO 2 to the atmosphere, yet understanding the processes controlling the combined autotrophic and heterotrophic components has proven challenging. Numerous statistical models have been developed to explain Rs as a function of physical and chemical conditions, but there has been little effort to systematically evaluate and compare the performance of these different models. Soils in a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) forest were monitored for Rs and its physical and chemical drivers, and the monitored data were used to fit the most common of these statistical models. Each model was fit using a repeated trials approach and the performance of the model was evaluated with a range of goodness-of-fit measures (RMSE, mean absolute error, r 2 , index of agreement, bias, and Akaike information criterion). An exponential model in which the exponent is a polynomial expression that is linear with respect to temperature (°C) and quadratic with respect to soil moisture (% by volume) explained 57% of the variance in Rs and performed well among the goodness-of-fit measures. Inclusion of C quantity and substrate quality (as measured by the C/N ratio) in the soils, however, increased the explanation of variance in Rs to 71%. This study shows that combining soil temperature and moisture drivers with soil C quantity and substrate quality significantly improves statistical models predicting soil respiration. Our findings support the comparison of the performance of different statistical models using a repeated trials approach coupled with a range of goodness-of-fit measures to identify controls on Rs within an ecosystem and to assess the generality of these controls on Rs across ecosystems.


Prior to Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data, images of Mars showed no direct evidence for dune and ripple motion. This was consistent with climate models and lander measurements indicating that winds of sufficient intensity to mobilize sand were rare in the low-density atmosphere. We show that many sand ripples and dunes across Mars exhibit movement of as much as a few meters per year, demonstrating that Martian sand migrates under current conditions in diverse areas of the planet. Most motion is probably driven by wind gusts that are not resolved in global circulation models. A past climate with a thicker atmosphere is only required to move large ripples that contain coarse grains.


Make amazing robots and gadgets by combining two of the hottest DIY technologies: the venerable LEGO and the upstart Arduino. With this book, you'll learn how to take LEGO Mindstorms components - motors, sensors, and more - and interface them with the Arduino microcontroller, opening many exciting new options. You'll focus on six projects, each more challenging and informative than the next. In each project, you'll explore different ways that Arduino adds functionality to LEGO Mindstorms. In addition, the authors have created affordable companion kits designed specifically for the projects in this book. Perfect for students, teachers, hobbyists, makers, hackers, and kids. Build projects such as the Cuckoo Clock, Chocolate Milk Maker, DrawBot, Robot Arm, and more Learn the basics of Arduino and LEGO Mindstorms Gain an excellent resource for teaching technology to kids of all ages


In this paper, we investigate the effect of laser energy on laser-induced breakdown emission intensity and average temperature in a short-pulse plasma generated by using 140 fs laser excitation. Both line emission and continuum background intensity and plasma temperature decrease very rapidly after excitation compared to the more conventional nanosecond pulse excitation. Both emission intensity and plasma temperature increase with increasing laser energy. However, the intensity increase appears to be mostly related to the amount of material ablated. Also, nongated laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is demonstrated using a high-pulse (1 kHz) pulse repetition rate.


The minimum degree ordering is one of the most widely used algorithms to preorder a symmetric sparse matrix prior to numerical factorization. There are number of variants which try to reduce the computational complexity of the original algorithm while maintaining a reasonable ordering quality. An in-house finite element solver is used to test several minimum degree algorithms to find the most suitable configuration for the use in the Finite Element Method. The results obtained and their assessments are presented along with the minimum degree ordering algorithms overview.


In this paper it is argued that the Reformed Churches in South Africa has a positive view of state government in the light of the Belgic Confession article 36 and Church Order Article 29. However, the separation of church and state should be maintained because church and state have different callings in society. Preferably church and state should be able to work together regarding issues of mutual interest. The precondition is that the separation of church and state may not be compromised. For the churches it is about freedom in the state, to exercise their mandate according sound Scriptural conduct. It means the exercise of church's mandate without compromising the basic principles of justice and equity. Just is just in church and state, but the way it is exercised may differ in church and state because of the difference in foundation, nature and focus.


Scheduling is an important planning activity in manufacturing systems to help optimise the usage of scarce resources and improve the customer satisfaction. In the job shop manufacturing environment, scheduling problems are challenging due to the complexity of production flows and practical requirements such as dynamic changes, uncertainty, multiple objectives, and multiple scheduling decisions. Also, job shop scheduling (JSS) is very common in small manufacturing businesses and JSS is considered one of the most popular research topics in this domain due to its potential to dramatically decrease the costs and increase the throughput.  Practitioners and researchers have applied different computational techniques, from different fields such as operations research and computer science, to deal with JSS problems. Although optimisation methods usually show their dominance in the literature, applying optimisation techniques in practical situations is not straightforward because of the practical constraints and conditions in the shop. Dispatching rules are a very useful approach to dealing with these environments because they are easy to implement(by computers and shop floor operators) and can cope with dynamic changes. However, designing an effective dispatching rule is not a trivial task and requires extensive knowledge about the scheduling problem.   The overall goal of this thesis is to develop a genetic programming based hyper-heuristic (GPHH) approach for automatic heuristic design of reusable and competitive dispatching rules in job shop scheduling environments. This thesis focuses on incorporating special features of JSS in the representations and evolutionary search mechanisms of genetic programming(GP) to help enhance the quality of dispatching rules obtained.  This thesis shows that representations and evaluation schemes are the important factors that significantly influence the performance of GP for evolving dispatching rules. The thesis demonstrates that evolved rules which are trained to adapt their decisions based on the changes in shops are better than conventional rules. Moreover, by applying a new evaluation scheme, the evolved rules can effectively learn from the mistakes made in previous completed schedules to construct better scheduling decisions. The GP method using the newproposed evaluation scheme shows better performance than the GP method using the conventional scheme.  This thesis proposes a new multi-objective GPHH to evolve a Pareto front of non-dominated dispatching rules. Instead of evolving a single rule with assumed preferences over different objectives, the advantage of this GPHH method is to allow GP to evolve rules to handle multiple conflicting objectives simultaneously. The Pareto fronts obtained by the GPHH method can be used as an effective tool to help decision makers select appropriate rules based on their knowledge regarding possible trade-offs. The thesis shows that evolved rules can dominate well-known dispatching rules when a single objective and multiple objectives are considered. Also, the obtained Pareto fronts show that many evolved rules can lead to favourable trade-offs, which have not been explored in the literature.   This thesis tackles one of themost challenging issues in job shop scheduling, the interactions between different scheduling decisions. New GPHH methods have been proposed to help evolve scheduling policies containing multiple scheduling rules for multiple scheduling decisions. The two decisions examined in this thesis are sequencing and due date assignment. The experimental results show that the evolved scheduling rules are significantly better than scheduling policies in the literature. A cooperative coevolution approach has also been developed to reduce the complexity of evolving sophisticated scheduling policies. A new evolutionary search mechanisms and customised genetic operations are proposed in this approach to improve the diversity of the obtained Pareto fronts.


An increased incidence of asthma was reported among professionals working in healthcare settings. However the role of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS) is not yet clear in the induction or aggravation of these symptoms.

Aim: To analyze, among health care settings professionals, the influence of QUATS and irritants exposure on the occurrence of respiratory symptoms including asthma.

Methodology: All workers with more than 6 months of seniority working in 7 healthcare facilities were requested. The survey included a self-administered questionnaire, physical examination, spirometry and blood sample. Occupational exposure assessment was made by expert judgment and workplace studies.

Results: 543 workers participated. QUATS occupational exposure was specified for 444 workers: 335 exposed and 109 non exposed. The QUATS exposed workers were 50% nurses, 22% auxiliary nurses, 19% cleaners. The frequency of all variables defining asthma was significantly higher among the QUATS exposed workers: 18.3% vs 5.5% for ever asthma, 14.4% vs 2.7% for asthma confirmed by a physician, 6.7% vs 1. 8% for asthma in the last 12 months, 7.9% vs 1.8% for new onset asthma after entry into healthcare profession. In multiple analysis, after adjustment 2 variables, atopy and quats exposure were associated with physician diagnosed asthma (RR=5.5 [2.7-10.9] p<10-3) and 4.2 [1.3-13.6] p < 0.01, respectively. The same factors were found for rhinitis. Disinfection of surfaces was significantly associated with asthma RR=5.8 (1.7-19.3).

Conclusion: QUATS exposure increased the risk of asthma, the high-risk tasks being the disinfection of surfaces, the preparation of soaking solutions, the dilution of products and the use of sprays.


Background and Aim: Lack of information on how to protect and prevent cutaneos leishmaniasis plays an important role in the susceptibility to the disease. Therefore, preventive measures will be effective if the parents have awareness about the disease. This study was aimed to invetigate the effects of educational interventions on mother's knowledge and attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 120 married women who were 15 years of age or older and were referred to Ab-o-Bargh Health Center in Mashhad were recruited. The participants were divided into three groups: participation in an educational lecture, participation in an educational group discussion session, and a control, non-intervention group. A researcher-developed questionnaire including questions on demographic data, and developed knowledge and attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis were used for data gathering. The evaluation of educational intervention effects were assessed before, immediately after the interventions, and one month after the educational interventions. Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean of awareness scores between the three groups ( P =0.71). However, there was a significant difference in awareness scores between the three groups immediately after the intervention. The observed scores did not change significantly after one month ( P =0.001). Also, there was there was a significant difference in the rate of attitude score towards cutaneous leishmaniasis after the intervention between three groups ( P =0.001). Conclusion: Individual and group educational interventions regarding cutaneous leishmaniasis were effective to increase the knowledge and improve the attitude of the participants towards the disease. We recommend to apply effective educational interventions like group discussions to improve the mothers' knowledge and their insights about cutaneous leishmaniasis.


This Article attempts to map the challenges raised by recent encounters between intellectual property and development. It proposes a normative principle of global intellectual property - one that is responsive to development paradigms that have moved far beyond simple utilitarian measures of social welfare. Recent insights from the field of development economics suggest strongly that intellectual property should include a substantive equality principle, measuring its welfare-generating outcomes not only by economic growth but also by distributional effects. A new principle of substantive equality is a necessary corollary to the formal equality principles of national treatment and minimum standards that are now imposed on virtually all countries regardless of their level of development. Indeed this principle is arguably the very core of a human development-driven concept of development, a term that is highly indeterminate but lately used by many developing countries to express an equality concern within various global intellectual property regimes such as the WTO and WIPO. This proposed principle of substantive intellectual property equality would be analogous to strict scrutiny review in the judicial context of U.S. constitutional law. It would be foundational to any form of intellectual property decision making. Simply put, a decision maker would accord much less deference and exercise much more skepticism towards the proposed government action (in this case, the regulatory intervention by the state in the form of the grant of intellectual property protection, or the withholding of an exception or limitation to an intellectual property grant) when a knowledge good that affects basic human development capabilities, such as basic education or health care, is implicated. Certain foundational capacities, whether viewed as the sum of individual capabilities in knowledge or as national capacities in production of knowledge goods, should guide application and creation of intellectual property norms. This proposed substantive equality principle would match intellectual property's innovation mandate to the actual local conditions and concerns of developing countries seeking to join the global knowledge economy. It has taken on new urgency and significance given the recent agreement by WIPO member states to forward recommendations of The New WIPO Development Agenda to the General Assembly in the fall 2007.


A broadleaf forage crop grown in rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) would diversify dryland crop rotations in the central Great Plains. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) provides good quality livestock forage, but yield and quality have not been evaluated under varying water availability conditions. This study determined kenaf soil water extraction, plant height, regrowth following cutting, dry matter (DM) yield, and forage quality responses to varying water availability. Kenaf was planted on a Weld silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustolls) under a line-source gradient irrigation system. Water conditions ranged from rainfed to full evapotranspiration replacement. Kenaf was harvested in early August and then again in October. Dry matter yield increased linearly with increases in available water and water use, with about 2000 kg ha -1 DM yield produced with 274-mm water use increasing to 6000 kg ha -1 with 507-mm water use. Crude protein (163 to 279 g kg -1 ) decreased with increasing water use. Neutral detergent fiber (229 to 478 g kg -1 ) and acid detergent fiber (168 to 314 g kg -1 ) increased with increasing water use. Total digestible nutrients (656 to 840 g kg -1 ) and relative feed value (range 130 to 308) decreased with increasing water use. For a given amount of water use, kenaf DM yield was lower than corn (Zea mays L.) silage, but kenaf crude protein production was higher than corn silage (73-215%). Kenaf appears to be a high quality livestock forage that has potential as both an irrigated or dryland crop in the central Great Plains.


The special affine Fourier transformation (SAFT) is a generalization of the fractional Fourier transformation (FRT) and represents the most general lossless inhomogeneous linear mapping, in phase space, as the integral transformation of a wave function. Here we first summarize the most well-known optical operations on light-wave functions (i.e., the FRT, lens transformation, free-space propagation, and magnification), in a unified way, from the viewpoint of the one-parameter Abelian subgroups of the SAFT. Then we present a new operation, which is the Lorentz-type hyperbolic transformation in phase space and exhibits squeezing. We also show that the SAFT including these five operations can be generated from any two independent operations.


ISO 185/JL/200 is an intermediate-tensile-strength gray cast iron that has a predominantly pearlitic matrix, and a tensile strength of 200–300 MPa (29–44 ksi) when determined on test pieces machined from separately cast, 30 mm (1.2 in.) diameter test bars. Compared with the lower strength gray cast iron grades, 185/JL/200 contains lower carbon and silicon contents, while still maintaining excellent thermal conductivity, damping capacity, and machinability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, tensile properties, compressive and bend strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on casting and heat treating. Filing Code: CI-70. Producer or source: International Organization for Standardization.


The proper processing of a mitochondrial fusion protein called Mgm1 depends on sufficient ATP, based on results from Herlan et al. (page 167). Mgm1's energy dependence may ensure that tired mitochondria get left behind.

Figure

Mitochondria (green) are fragmented if l-Mgm1 and s-Mgm1 levels are uneven (right).

Mgm1 can be found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in two forms, the shorter of which (s-Mgm1) is generated by protease cleavage of the long form (l-Mgm1). The authors find that a balance between the two forms maintains mitochondrial morphology—deviation from a 1:1 ratio in either direction causes fragmentation. Although little is known about Mgm1 function, this need for balance might be explained if s- and l-Mgm1 work as heterodimers.

Balanced production of the two forms depends on a hydrophobic stretch in l-Mgm1 following the targeting sequence. Mutations that further increased its hydrophobicity favored production of the long form, whereas a decrease in hydrophobicity favored the short form. This suggests that hydrophobic-dependent lateral movement of l-Mgm1 out of the import channel into the inner membrane prevents its cleavage.

But if the protein instead translocates further into the mitochondrial import channel, s-Mgm1 is formed. This translocation depends on the protein import motor (including the ATP-dependent chaperone Ssc1), which drives the NH2 terminus of Mgm1 into the matrix until a second hydrophobic domain reaches the inner membrane. There, the second domain is cleaved by the Pcp1 protease to produce s-Mgm1.

Cells impaired in ATP synthesis made mostly l-Mgm1 and had a fragmented mitochondrial network. The need for energy during Mgm1 import might ensure that mitochondria that are inept in ATP production, perhaps due to oxidative damage, are excluded from the network and are thus not inherited by daughter cells. ▪


There are many image fusion methods that can be used to produce high-resolution multispectral images from a high-resolution panchromatic image and low-resolution multispectral images. Starting from the physical principle of image formation, this paper presents a comprehensive framework, the general image fusion (GIF) method, which makes it possible to categorize, compare, and evaluate the existing image fusion methods. Using the GIF method, it is shown that the pixel values of the high-resolution multispectral images are determined by the corresponding pixel values of the low-resolution panchromatic image, the approximation of the high-resolution panchromatic image at the low-resolution level. Many of the existing image fusion methods, including, but not limited to, intensity-hue-saturation, Brovey transform, principal component analysis, high-pass filtering, high-pass modulation, the a/spl grave/ trous algorithm-based wavelet transform, and multiresolution analysis-based intensity modulation (MRAIM), are evaluated and found to be particular cases of the GIF method. The performance of each image fusion method is theoretically analyzed based on how the corresponding low-resolution panchromatic image is computed and how the modulation coefficients are set. An experiment based on IKONOS images shows that there is consistency between the theoretical analysis and the experimental results and that the MRAIM method synthesizes the images closest to those the corresponding multisensors would observe at the high-resolution level.


Review essays and statements written for special occasions may reveal as much about the writer as those written about; this is the presumption undergirding this collection of thirty-five years of criticism and commentary by Irving Louis Horowitz. For this volume, he selected his comments on famous, near famous, and infamous sociologists, political scientists, and assorted literary figures in between. Taken as a whole, this volume will surprise and delight readers who are acquainted with Horowitz's other works as well as those who are interested in the people he writes about. The book covers notable social scientists, from Arendt to Zetterberg, and such major figures in between as Becker, Bell, de Jouvenel, Mills, Parsons, Solzhenitsyn, and more than eighty others who have had an effect on the contemporary social and political landscape. Each is critically examined, sometimes positively, other times negatively. Horowitz was a major figure in his own right, and his writing here displays the kind of refreshing frankness experts will expect and the general reader will appreciate. The underlying assumption behind the volume, giving its disparate parts a unified characteristic, is that together these observations on others amount to a general perspective on social science held by the author. Whether his larger ambition is accepted or disputed, there is no doubt that the volume provides a standard against which to measure the literary quality of writing in the world of professional social research.


The years 1880-1914 were a time of intense experimentation in the visual arts. Representative conventions became variable, and artists deliberately departed from a concept of depiction considered as physical resemblance or photographic similarity. Visual representations progressed toward a conceptualization of figures and objects that transcended perceptual data, and the rendering of pictorial objects turned into an experiment involving complex visualization processes. This paper explores the interplay between artistic and scientific representative practices between 1880 and 1914. I argue that science and technology acted as substantial challenges upon the concept of resemblance in art and that the rhythm of scientific and technological discoveries at the turn of the 20th century paralleled a shift from a notion of similarity to one of homomorphism in the conceptualization of pictorial representation. Homomorphism denotes representations which dispense with a point-to-point correspondence between depicted objects and perceptual data. I developed the concept from a scholarly study of Charles S. Peirce's pragmatic account of representation, and in particular his theory of iconicity. Peirce defined iconic signs as "partaking in the character of the object" (CP 4.531), that is, as preserving the same relational structure as their object. A theory of iconicity as homomorphism successfully exemplifies representative relations based on structure preservation. Applied to 20th century representative practice, homomorphism offers a plausible explanation for representations in which a considerable conceptual effort is required, independently of a point-to-point correspondence between depicted objects and perceptual data. Using four case studies - the photographer Alfred Stieglitz and the painters Andre Derain, Max Weber and Pablo Picasso - I argue that representative practice between 1880 and 1914 was strongly informed by experimental scientific practices and that the shift from figurative to conceptual representation in art was triggered by a more significant theoretical shift involving representation as a general philosophical notion. Rather than a normative quest for the necessary and sufficient conditions for representation, I will propose a pragmatic evaluation of the means and strategies through which artists and scientists devise perspicuous and useful representations of the world. My analysis of the correlations between artistic and scientific representations at the turn of the 20th century aims to fulfill a twofold purpose. From a historical viewpoint, it draws significant parallels between the experimental aspects of representative practices in art and science considered as ways of exploring natural phenomena and intervening upon them. From a philosophical viewpoint, my goal is to propose a novel epistemological framework to assess how the shift in the conceptualization of representations affected subsequent styles of knowing and experimental practices in art and science. Ultimately, by combining the relative merits of historical and philosophical accounts of representation, I will argue for the advantages and desirability of a philosophically informed history of representative practice.


This article assesses where the Supreme Court stands on administrative law after the 2018 term, focusing on Kisor v. Wilkie and Department of Commerce v. New York. Over the last decade, the Roberts Court had demonstrated increasing concerns about an out-of-control federal bureaucracy at odds with the constitutional order, but hadn't pulled back significantly on administrative governance in practice. The 2018 term provided the Court with a chance to put its might where its mouth was. Yet administrative law's denouement did not come; established administrative law doctrines remain in force, albeit narrowed.

The 2018 Term cases demonstrate that the Roberts Court is deeply divided on administrative law along clear ideological lines. The cases also illuminate several core analytic themes and tensions in the Roberts Court's administrative law jurisprudence, in particular disagreements over: the relationship of law and policy; formalism and nonformalism; the role of history; and administrative common law versus Administrative Procedure Act originalism. Taking a further step back, two contrasting frames emerge from the Roberts Court's 2018 term administrative law opinions.

One is radical, with a categorical and uncompromising formalism, commitment to limited government and aggressive judicial review, insistently originalist stance, and rejection of contemporary judicial review doctrines as at odds with traditional understandings of judicial power and the meaning of the APA. The other is incrementalist and common law in character, encompassing justices with a broader range of views about constitutional structure and administrative government but united in their unwillingness to disrupt existing governance regimes, at least not all at once.

Which of these analytic frames will ultimately prevail still remains an open question, but incrementalism was plainly the victor in the 2018 Term's administrative law decisions. That is significant, but should also not obscure that there was unity across the Court in urging greater judicial scrutiny of administrative action. Moreover, despite invocations of the importance of bureaucratic expertise, these decisions share the concerns with unaccountable, aggrandized, and arbitrary administrative power that characterize the Roberts Court's administrative jurisprudence more widely. Notably lacking is reference to the ways that the administrative state operates to constrain power, render it accountable, and advance individual liberty. Absent a more balanced view of the administrative state, the Roberts Court is unlikely to develop a coherent approach to administrative law.


Transfer RNA (tRNA) contains a number of complex 'hypermodified' nucleosides that are essential for a number of genetic processes. Intermediate forms of these nucleosides are rarely found in tRNA despite the fact that modification is not generally a complete process. We propose that the modification machinery is tuned into an efficient 'assembly line' that performs the modification steps at similar, or sequentially increasing, rates to avoid build-up of possibly deleterious intermediates. To investigate this concept, we measured steady-state kinetics for the final two steps of the biosynthesis of the mnm5s2U nucleoside in Escherichia coli tRNAGlu, which are both catalysed by the bifunctional MnmC enzyme. High-performance liquid chromatography-based assays using selectively under-modified tRNA substrates gave a Km value of 600 nM and kcat 0.34 s−1 for the first step, and Km 70 nM and kcat 0.31 s−1 for the second step. These values show that the second reaction occurs faster than the first reaction, or at a similar rate at very high substrate concentrations. This result indicates that the enzyme is kinetically tuned to produce fully modified mnm5(s2)U while avoiding build-up of the nm5(s2)U intermediate. The assay method developed here represents a general approach for the comparative analysis of tRNA-modifying enzymes.


An assumption among clinicians and researchers is that patients with schizophrenia vary considerably in their response to antipsychotic drugs in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). To evaluate the overall variation in individual treatment response from random variation by comparing the variability between treatment and control groups. DATA SOURCES Cochrane Schizophrenia, MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, BIOSIS Previews, ClinicalTrials.gov, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from January 1, 1955, to December 31, 2016. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, RCTs of adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and prescription for licensed antipsychoticdrugs. Means and SDs of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale pretreatmentand posttreatment outcome difference scores were extracted. Data quality and validity were ensured by following the PRISMA guidelines. The outcome measurewas the overall variability ratio of treatment to control in ameta-analysis across RCTs. Individual variability ratios were weighted by the inverse-variance method and entered into a random-effects model. A personal element of response was hypothesized to be reflected by a substantial overall increase in variability in the treatment group compared with the control group. An RCT was simulated, comprising 30 patients with schizophrenia randomized to either the treatment or the control group. The different components of variation in RCTs were illustrated with simulated data. In addition, we assessed the variability ratio in 52 RCTs involving 15 360 patients with a schizophrenia or schizoaffective diagnosis. The variability was slightly lower in the treatment compared with the control group (variability ratio = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99; P = .01). In this study, no evidence was found in RCTs that antipsychotic drugs increased the outcome variance, suggesting no personal element of response to treatment but instead indicating that the variance was slightly lower in the treatment group than in the control group; although the study cannot rule out that subsets of patients respond differently to treatment, it suggests that the averagetreatment effect is a reasonable assumption for the individual patient.


Female hair color is thought to influence physical attractiveness, and although there is some evidence for this assertion, research has yet not addressed the question if and how physical damaging affects the perception of female hair color. Here we investigate whether people are sensitive (in terms of visual attention and age, health and attractiveness perception) to subtle differences in hair images of natural and colored hair before and after physical damaging. We tracked the eye‐gaze of 50 men and 50 women aged 31–50 years whilst they viewed randomized pairs of images of 20 natural and 20 colored hair tresses, each pair displaying the same tress before and after controlled cuticle damage. The hair images were then rated for perceived health, attractiveness, and age. Undamaged versions of natural and colored hair were perceived as significantly younger, healthier, and more attractive than corresponding damaged versions. Visual attention to images of undamaged colored hair was significantly higher compared with their damaged counterparts, while in natural hair, the opposite pattern was found. We argue that the divergence in visual attention to undamaged colored female hair and damaged natural female hair and associated ratings is due to differences in social perception and discuss the source of apparent visual difference between undamaged and damaged hair.


Studying past intervals of abrupt global warming and massive carbon release can improve our knowledge in ways relevant to understanding future climate change. Possible paleo-analogues for future climate change are the early Paleogene hyperthermal events, such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~56 Ma), during which large amounts of carbon were released. More recently, another distinct period of global warming was discovered, similar in nature to the PETM, occurring approximately two million years after the PETM, named Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2; ~53.7 Ma). While the PETM has been extensively studied, documentation of ETM2 is insufficient to unravel whether they share similar characteristics and origin. Sediments drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 208 on the Walvis Ridge in the subtropical Southeastern Atlantic, were used to reconstruct changes in the lysocline, sea surface- and deep-water temperatures and the oceanic carbon pool associated with ETM2. In addition, comparison of ETM2 with the PETM will give insight in the relationship between massive carbon input and global environmental change at different scales and boundary conditions. The present study shows that within the Elmo horizon the calcium carbonate content dropped till ~40%, indicating that ~96% of the calcium carbonate flux dissolved. This is caused by a massive and rapid injection of CO2 into the ocean and atmosphere near the onset of ETM2, causing a decrease in seawater pH and [CO32-], shoaling of the lysocline and calcite compensation depth (CCD). Comparison of high-resolution carbon and oxygen stable isotope records derived from benthic foraminiferal tests across ETM2 and the successive short-term carbon isotopic perturbation of H2 with published data for the PETM obtained from the same deep-sea cores shows that the magnitudes of the ?13C and ?18O excursions of ETM2 and H2 are significantly smaller than those during the PETM. However, their coherent relation indicates that the ?13C change of the exogenic carbon pool was similarly related to warming during these events, despite the much more gradual and transitioned onset of ETM2 and H2. Furthermore, the planktic stable isotope results are compared with those of multiple specimen benthic foraminiferal records and show largely the same pattern and magnitude, indicating that the isotopically depleted carbon injected into the ocean-atmosphere system was quickly transferred to the deep-sea. The PETM might actually comprises two short-eccentricity cycles (i.e., two CIE's), comparable to the succession of ETM2 and H2, as shown by the longer option (~255 kyr) of a newly derived duration of the PETM for Walvis Ridge sites. Finally, the impact of a massive injection of carbon during ETM2 on the preservation and biotic response of calcifying organisms (benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton) and the vertical carbon isotope gradients in terms of the efficiency of the biological pump and seasonal variations are discussed. Studying ETM2 can assist in evaluating future climate change scenarios and specifically into the coupling of global climate and the carbon cycle as possible forcing factors of changes in marine chemistry, marine productivity and the efficiency of the biological pump.


Shared social responsibility (SSR) reqiures the definition of a unified methodology of multi-stakeholder governance making effective the idea of 'sharing' responsibilities. At minimum in fact, shared social responsibility is a matter of allocating responsibility among a number of public, private, individual or organized subjects in relation to social welfare principles and goals that may be shared, and implemented on regional and local level. Such subjects differ in nature, and their competence and powers have different magnitudes. Allocating responsibilities, establishing rules for their fulfillment, and enabling cooperation and coordination among such subjects are typical purposes of a multi-stakeholder governance mechanism. Hence the main questions that this paper addresses are: what governance mechanisms and methodology, can make the idea of shared social responsibility effective? And what different specifications of the overall model of governance are required in order to account for different configurations of stakeholders, along with their relative power, knowledge and degree of mutual dependence? These questions are addressed by developing the basic concepts for an SSR governance methodology. After having worked out a definition of SSR as a multi-stakeholder governance model on territorial level based on the analogy with a previous definition of corporate social responsibility (Sacconi 2006a,b) and its identification with an endogenously stable social institution (Aoki 2001), the social contract approach to SSR is put forward. Two aspects of the social contract model are suggested: (i) the idea of a 'local social contracts,' that renders affordable to account for local governance structures in terms of the social contract model (Donaldson and Dunfee 1995, 1999); and (ii) the game theoretical reformulation of the Rawlsian maximin principle that uniquely specifies the egalitarian terms of the social contract among stakeholders and understands it not only as satisfaction of a moral requirement but also of a stability requirement to be met when an 'original position' perspective is adopted (Binmore 2005). Thereafter, the design of the governance methodology that can implement these ideal models of fair bargaining will be introduced. A key role is played by the idea of deliberative democracy (Gutman and Thompson 1996, 2005) as the deliberative procedure, constrained by a set of formal and substantial impartiality conditions, to be implemented within SSR governance models. Deliberative democracy makes it possible to constrain governance mechanisms with procedural principles that allow for real life bargaining among stakeholders in order to approximate the model of fair 'local social contracts.' The implementation of policies through SSR are then discussed by analyzing the conditions for the emergence of endogenous motivations and incentives that allow considering SSR as a self-sustaining norm of behaviour. The basic motivational mechanisms considered are reputation effects (Kreps 1990) and the preference for reciprocal conformity with a fair norm or 'the sense of justice' (see Rawls 1971, Grimalda and Sacconi 2005, Sacconi and Faillo 2010). Finally, these endogenous motivations are studied with reference to specific interaction structures (games) among different stakeholders and hence particular governance models: the concentric model exemplified by CSR, the egalitarian community model of commons' governence, and the network of heterogeneous stakeholders.


The proposed approach in this article applies an efficient and novel statistical technique to accurately describe radiometric data measured by Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES). The corrected data set will then be applied to improve the strength of NOAA Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data set for the 1982- 2003 period produced from AVHRR. The GVI is used extensively for studying and monitoring land surface, atmosphere and recently for analyzing climate and environmental changes. The POES AVHRR data, though useful, cannot be directly used in climate change studies because of the orbital drift in the NOAA satellites over the lifetime of the satellites. This orbital drift causes inaccuracies in AVHRR data sets for some satellites. The main goal is achieved by implementing a statistical technique that uses an Empirical Distribution Function (EDF) to produce error free long-term time-series for GVI data sets. This technique permits the representation of any global ecosystem from desert to tropical forest and to correct deviations in satellite data that are due to orbital drifts and AVHRR sensor degradations. The primary focus of this research is to generate error free satellite data by applying the EDF technique for climatological research.


ABSTRACT The Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, consist of one A subunit and five B subunits. The Stx1 and Stx2 B subunits form a pentameric structure that binds to globotriaosylceramide (Gb3-Cer) receptors on eukaryotic cells and promotes endocytosis. The A subunit then inhibits protein biosynthesis, which triggers apoptosis in the affected cell. In addition to its Gb3-Cer binding activity, the data in the following report demonstrate that the Stx2 B pentamer induces apoptosis in Ramos Burkitt's lymphoma B cells independently of A subunit activity. Apoptosis was not observed in A subunit-free preparations of the Stx1 B pentamer which competitively inhibited Stx2 B pentamer-mediated apoptosis. The pancaspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk, prevented apoptosis in Ramos cells exposed to the Stx2 B subunit, Stx1 or Stx2. Brefeldin A, an inhibitor of the Golgi transport system, also prevented Stx2 B subunit-mediated apoptosis. These observations suggest that the Stx2 B subunit must be internalized, via Gb3-Cer receptors, to induce Ramos cell apoptosis. Moreover, unlike the two holotoxins, Stx2 B subunit-mediated apoptosis does not involve inhibition of protein biosynthesis. This study provides further insight into the pathogenic potential of this family of potent bacterial exotoxins.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast-enhancing MS lesions are important markers of active inflammation in the diagnostic work-up of MS and in disease monitoring with MR imaging. Because intravenous contrast agents involve an expense and a potential risk of adverse events, it would be desirable to identify active lesions without using a contrast agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether pre-contrast injection tissue-relaxation rates and proton density of MS lesions, by using a new quantitative MR imaging sequence, can identify active lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with a clinical suspicion of MS were studied. MR imaging with a standard clinical MS protocol and a quantitative MR imaging sequence was performed at inclusion (baseline) and after 1 year. ROIs were placed in MS lesions, classified as nonenhancing or enhancing. Longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates, as well as proton density were obtained from the quantitative MR imaging sequence. Statistical analyses of ROI values were performed by using a mixed linear model, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Enhancing lesions had a significantly (P < .001) higher mean longitudinal relaxation rate (1.22 ± 0.36 versus 0.89 ± 0.24), a higher mean transverse relaxation rate (9.8 ± 2.6 versus 7.4 ± 1.9), and a lower mean proton density (77 ± 11.2 versus 90 ± 8.4) than nonenhancing lesions. An area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.832 was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhancing MS lesions often have proton density and relaxation times that differ from those in nonenhancing lesions, with lower proton density and shorter relaxation times in enhancing lesions compared with nonenhancing lesions.


The high capital cost of robots prohibit their economic application. One method of making their application more economic is to increase their operating speed. This can be done in a number of ways e.g. redesign of robot geometry, improving actuators and improving control system design. In this thesis the control system design is considered. It is identified in the literature review that two aspects in relation to robot control system design have not been addressed in any great detail by previous researchers. These are: how significant are the coupling terms in the dynamic equations of the robot and what is the effect of the coupling terms on the performance of a number of typical independent axis control schemes?. The work in this thesis addresses these two questions in detail. A program was designed to automatically calculate the path and trajectory and to calculate the significance of the coupling terms in an example application of a robot manipulator tracking a part on a moving conveyor. The inertial and velocity coupling terms have been shown to be of significance when the manipulator was considered to be directly driven. A simulation of the robot manipulator following the planned trajectory has been established in order to assess the performance of the independent axis control strategies. The inertial coupling was shown to reinforce the control torque at the corner points of the trajectory, where there was an abrupt demand in acceleration in each axis but of opposite sign. This reduced the tracking error however, this effect was not controllable. A second effect was due to the velocity coupling terms. At high trajectory speeds it was shown, by means of a root locus analysis, that the velocity coupling terms caused the system to become unstable.


This article provides and analyzes data on copyright infringement cases filed in U.S. federal district courts in 2013; it focuses on infringement cases involving activity on the internet and discusses actual and potential conflict-of-laws issues that the cases raised or could have raised. The article complements the report entitled "Private International Law Issues in Online Intellectual Property Infringement Disputes with Cross-Border Elements: An Analysis of National Approaches" (the "Report"), which was published by the World Intellectual Property Organization in September 2015. In the Report its author, Professor Andrew F. Christie, discusses his empirical findings about the intersection of intellectual property ("IP") law and conflict of laws and concludes that training activities, further research, and development of soft law would be the optimal means to address conflict-of-laws issues associated with cross-border IP infringements. This article arrives at a different conclusion: while training activities, further research, and the development of soft law may raise awareness of the issues, they will not solve the core problems that IP rights holders face when they strive to protect their rights against infringements on the internet. Development and coordination of conflict-of-laws rules, improvements in judicial cooperation, and streamlining of judicial proceedings in cross-border cases will be indispensable for addressing the issues effectively.


A Farrier Making Every Contact Count: A Microlevel Analysis of Farrier-Client Interaction for Partnership Working in Managing a Horse With Laminitis Journal Item How to cite: Lynden, Jenny; Hollands, Teresa and Ogden, Jane (2020). A Farrier Making Every Contact Count: A Microlevel Analysis of Farrier-Client Interaction for Partnership Working in Managing a Horse With Laminitis. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 87, article no. 102924.


This contribution deals with the make-up of Italo-Romance clitic sequences. Building on Kayne (1994), I will argue that some clitic combinations are clusters in which one clitic is left-adjoined to the other, while others are split sequences formed by adjacent clitic heads. In particular, on the basis of morphological evidence, I will argue that clusters are formed via a process of root incorporation. Evidence supporting this view comes from both diachronic and synchronic data. Diachronically, I argue that the emergence of cluster configurations resulted in a change reversing the order of certain clitic combinations (roughly, from accusative > dative to dative > accusative). Synchronically, clusters differ from split combinations as the latter can be marginally separated.


Thin-film transistors (TFTs) using oxide semiconductor channels have intensively been investigated as oxide semiconductors such as In–Ga–Zn–O (IGZO) show field effect electron mobilities in excess of 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, higher than that of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Despite however the tremendous potential, further advancements have been hampered by a lack of hole-transporting oxides with similar or comparable transport characteristics to their n-type counterparts, limiting the applications of oxide-semiconductor-based TFTs to monotype devices and circuits. Although there are a reports on p-type doping of traditional n-type oxides, the subject still remains controversial as doping of metal oxides is typically one-sided due to self-compensation so alternative metal oxides that show intrinsic p-type characteristics are required. To date, only a few compounds such as SnOx and Cu2O have been realised and incorporated into p-type TFTs. Both compounds however show relatively low hole field-effect mobilities in the range between 0.001 and 4 cm2 /Vs, high operational voltages and most importantly the TFTs show very high off currents. Collectively, however, these results reaffirm that field-effect mobility of > 1 cm2 /Vs is generally achievable with Cu2O-based TFTs. In the case of Cu2O this is further supported by the fact that Hall Effect measurements showed mobilities exceeding 100 cm2 /Vs reaching values as high as 250 cm2 /Vs. This presentation reports on the deposition of both p-type Cu2O-based as well as n-type In2O3:W-based thin films by spray coating in air at substrates temperatures of about 320 oC from Copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate and Indium(III) isopropoxide. Furthermore, TFT's employing spray coated cubic MgO gate dielectrics and Cu2O and In2O3:W semiconducting channels showed excellent operating characteristics, in particular low operation voltage (5V), high charge carrier mobility on the order of 10 cm2 Vs, low off currents ( 105. Finally, this work reports on the fabrication of a CMOS inverter based on the above TFTs of optimised structures. Results obtained from optimised structures demonstrate CMOS operation with switching at around Vdd/2 and highr gain in excess of 15. The deposition methodology as well as the results that are presented here, demonstrate a route for the manufacturing of large-area compatible oxide electronics and represent a significant step towards the development of low-cost, large-area CMOS technologies at moderate temperatures.


PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Goal setting in one format or another is used by most acute, post-acute and community rehabilitation teams. However, the contribution that goal setting makes to the rehabilitation process is not yet established. Similarly, the specific form of goal setting that is most useful is still to be determined. The purpose of this review was to examine recent studies of goal setting and identify implications for clinical practice both early and late after brain injury.

RECENT FINDINGS
Increasing patient involvement in the goal-setting process is feasible without significant additional resource, improves the patient experience of rehabilitation, and changes the nature of goals set to goals that are more meaningful to individuals without loss of levels of overall goal achievement. There is preliminary evidence that reminding technology can enhance learning of goals in both inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation. Goal-attainment scaling offers a means of measuring outcome in complex, multidisciplinary rehabilitation programmes. Its sensitivity to change may be increased by adoption of a six-point grading scale, but questions have been raised concerning its reliability as a tool for use in randomised controlled trials.

SUMMARY
Goal setting is not just an administrative tool, it is a clinical intervention. Rehabilitation team members should question whether practice within their own service is optimal and in particular the extent to which their current goal setting practice genuinely involves, wherever possible, patients as collaborative partners. Provision of support to participate in goal setting as well as to remember goals and use goal progress feedback may be necessary.


A user-friendly, nickel-catalyzed reductive amidation of unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides with isocyanates is described. This catalytic strategy offers an efficient synthesis of a wide range of aliphatic amides under mild conditions and with an excellent chemoselectivity profile while avoiding the use of stoichiometric and sensitive organometallic reagents.


Silver-based nanostructures were prepared through reduction/oxidation reactions of aqueous silver nitrate solutions mediated by extracts of red fruits of the piquin pepper (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare) at room temperature. Detailed morphological and microstructural studies using X-ray diffraction, conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction revealed that the product was constituted by three kinds of nanoparticles. One of them was composed of twinned metallic silver nanoparticles with a size of few nanometers. Other kind of particles was ultrafine disk-like single crystals of silver 4,4′-dimethyldiazoaminobenzene, being in our best knowledge the first time that this compound is reported in the form of nanoparticles. Both kinds of nanoparticles experienced processes of self-assembly and subsequent grain growth to form the third kind of nanoparticles. Such resulting nanostructures are monocrystalline and flattened metallic silver nanoparticles that have diameters around tens of nanometers, the [112] direction perpendicular to the particle plane, and are coated by a surface organometallic layer and residues of biomolecules. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum of the biosynthesized product showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) extinction band with an absorbance maximum at around 400 nm, thereby confirming the presence of fine Ag particles. Studies carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the principal active compounds responsible of the reduction of the Ag ions are proteins and capsaicin (through the amino groups) and phenolic compounds (through hydroxyl groups).


Orthogonally polarized four-wave mixing is studied theoretically in a configuration involving two coupling coefficients with different magnitudes, one of which is effectively zero. The configuration is studied to reduce the complexity of the feedback and to achieve a unidirectional power flow from one of the pumps to the diffracted wave. The analytical solution of the coupled-wave equations is derived for both a transmission-type grating and a reflection-type grating. The solution clearly explains the relative phases between the two components of a grating and its effect on the performance of the system. Phase matching is also studied. For characterization of its operation, diffraction efficiency and diffracted-beam reflectivity are calculated, plotted, and analyzed as functions of different quantities, such as coupling strength, probe ratio, pump ratio, and angular difference of the waves. A signal distributor as a possible application is also discussed.


Applications of premixed turbulent combustion are common in the modern
environment. The diversity of the applications spans turbulent flame propagation in
explosions to combustion in an internal combustion engine. The research effort in the
former is directed towards the improvement of plant safety and the latter to the
reduction of harmful emissions.
In this thesis key examples of the use of turbulent combustion in practical situations
highlight the need for increased understanding within this field of combustion. Thus,
this thesis presents a detailed laser diagnostic investigation into three fundamental
areas within the study of premixed turbulent combustion. These are firstly ignition,
flame kemal formation and laminar flame propagation; secondly the interaction of a
propagating flame with a vortex; and finally flame interaction with solid obstacles.
The first investigation involved the accurate recording of unrestricted flame
propagation. Development of a high speed laser sheet flow visualisation technique
provided the basis for recording ignition kemal development and flame propagation.
The effects of mixture stoichiometry and chamber exit blockage were studied. Results
provided an estimate of the unstretched laminar burning velocity. Initiating a flame within a premixed charge and allowing it to interact with solid
blockages placed along the centre line of the combustion chamber replicates practical
examples of turbulent combustion. The second area of the study provided
quantification of flow field and flame front development during flame/vortex
interactions. An application of particle image velocimetry, PIV, was employed to
quantify the mixture flow field. A new development of the PIV technique,
incorporating two individual systems analysing the exact same region allowed the
temporal quantification of flame and flow. The results provided the basis for
extraction of flame properties such as flame displacement speed and stretch.
Correlations between flame displacement speed and stretch with the local radius of
curvature were highlighted.
In the final study, the newly developed laser diagnostic techniques were applied to
characterise the interaction between flame and multiple solid obstacles located along
the chamber centreline. Increasing the number of blockages ahead of the flame caused
an increase in the apparent turbulent nature of the flame. Results highlighted the
increase in translational flame speed, with number of obstacles. Quantification of flow
fields in the wake of the blockages demonstrated the formation of turbulent structures
by vortex shedding from the obstacle sides. Application of the twin camera PIV
diagnostic provided results for flame displacement speed in the wake of each obstacle.
An increase in the calculated value of displacement speed was seen with increased
obstacle number. Examples of flame stretch were shown that matched findings
presented in the literature.


The trapped magnetic field is examined in bulk high-temperature superconductors that are artificially drilled along their c-axis. The influence of the hole pattern on the magnetization is studied and compared by means of numerical models and Hall probe mapping techniques. To this aim, we consider two bulk YBCO samples with a rectangular cross-section that are drilled each by six holes arranged either on a rectangular lattice (sample I) or on a centered rectangular lattice (sample II). For the numerical analysis, three different models are considered for calculating the trapped flux: (i), a two-dimensional (2D) Bean model neglecting demagnetizing effects and flux creep, (ii), a 2D finite-element model neglecting demagnetizing effects but incorporating magnetic relaxation in the form of an E – J power law, and, (iii), a 3D finite element analysis that takes into account both the finite height of the sample and flux creep effects. For the experimental analysis, the trapped magnetic flux density is measured above the sample surface by Hall probe mapping performed before and after the drilling process. The maximum trapped flux density in the drilled samples is found to be smaller than that in the plain samples. The smallest magnetization drop is found for sample II, with the centered rectangular lattice. This result is confirmed by the numerical models. In each sample, the relative drops that are calculated independently with the three different models are in good agreement. As observed experimentally, the magnetization drop calculated in the sample II is the smallest one and its relative value is comparable to the measured one. By contrast, the measured magnetization drop in sample (1) is much larger than that predicted by the simulations, most likely because of a change of the microstructure during the drilling process.


The theoretical and experimental considerations presented in this paper refer to flat specimens, with a special bridge clamped to their surfaces, subjected to axial cyclic loading, transversal clamping load, and a friction force appearing on contacting surfaces. The theoretical analysis shows that the highest tensile stress exists at the edge of the bridge along with the maximum level of an elastic strain energy. The fatigue experiments and the metallographic examinations of the specimens proved the theoretical assumption that the fatigue crack propagates in such a direction, that the total strain energy decrease, caused by the crack growth, is maximum. The main crack, which is responsible for the final fracture of the specimen, originates from the edge of the bridge, propagates initially at a 45° angle to the surface and, while growing, gradually becomes perpendicular to the surface. The paper also presents a theoretical approach to the conditions of development of short fatigue cracks remaining in the area of residual stresses appearing as the result of clamping pressure. The linear theory of fracture mechanics has been applied to calculate the range of the stress intensity factor in the specimen and the fretting fatigue limit of the junction. The result of the experiments conducted with carbon steel are generally in good agreement with the calculations.


Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is one factor affecting animal growth. GHR is required by growth hormone (GH) to carry out its effects on target tissues. The objective of the study was to estimate genetic diversity of the GHR|AluI gene in bali, limousin, simmental and pesisir cattle. Genotyping was performed on 248 animals, including 162 bali, 21 limousin, 17 simmental and 48 pesisir. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) had been found in exon 10, coding for the cytoplasmic domain of GHR, which was located at position 81 bp (A/G) induced amino acid substitutions Ser/Gly. Genotype frequencies of bali cattle AA ( 0.988) , GG ( 0.006) and AG (0.006) were evidenced for the GHR AluI monomorphism, but mostly different from limousin GG ( 0.667), AA ( 0.238) and AG (0.095) , simmental AG ( 0.529), GG (0.471) and AA ( 0.000) , pesisir AA ( 0.604), GG (0.375) and AG ( 0.021) were the evidence of polymorphism. Homozigosity (monomorphism) in bali cattle might be affected by adaptability in extreme environmental conditions such as poor nutrition and improper management practices. It also could be affected by natural selection and phenotype plasticity phenomena.