In this article we investigate a case of successful union organizing in one automotive plant in Romania. We argue that in order to be able to explain why the union succeeds in defending workers' rights we need to consider both the structural and the agency dimensions that condition labor's capacity to effectively organize. We find that unions still organize at the plant level and do so effectively when they adopt an adversarial stance towards management. Our analysis of the case of the Dacia plant in Romania shows that the union there has made use of a diverse repertoire of protest activities in order to push for its demands. While striking proved to be a winning strategy for the union in the recent years, we also find that it is a strategy that is used less and less because of the shifting economic and political environment in which the plant is embedded.


Political compromise is difficult in American democracy even though no one doubts it is necessary. It is difficult for many reasons, including the recent increase in political polarization that has been widely criticized. We argue that the resistance to compromise cannot be fully appreciated without understanding its source in the democratic process itself, especially as conducted in the U.S. The incursion of campaigning into governing in American democracy—the so called "permanent campaign"—encourages political attitudes and arguments that make compromise more difficult. These constitute what we call the uncompromising mindset, characterized by politicians' standing on principle and mistrusting opponents. This mindset is conducive to campaigning, but not to governing, because it stands in the way of necessary change and thereby biases the democratic process in favor of the status quo. The uncompromising mindset can be kept in check by an opposite cluster of attitudes and arguments—the compromising mindset—that inclines politicians to adapt their principles and respect their opponents. This mindset is more appropriate for governing, because it enables politicians more readily to recognize and act on opportunities for desirable compromise. We explore the dynamics of these mindsets by examining the processes that led to the compromises on tax reform in 1986 and health care reform in 2010.


Mechanical forces acting on a cell-surface receptor affect the activation of a signaling pathway involved in breast cancer. Many types of human breast cancers overexpress a cell-surface receptor—EphA2—a tyrosine kinase activated by the ligand ephrin-A1 present on adjoining cells. Salaita et al. (see the Perspective by Paszek and Weaver) studied the regulation of mechanically stimulated EphA2 signaling by inducing intermembrane signaling between living EphA2-expressing human breast cancer cells and supported membranes displaying laterally mobile ephrin-A1. When the receptors engaged their ligands, they formed clusters that moved radially to the junction between the cells and the membranes. Physically impeding this movement altered the cellular response to ephrin-A1. Different breast cancer cell lines showed differences in receptor movement that correlated with their invasion potential—and might indicate their capacity for metastasis formation. K. Salaita, P. M. Nair, R. S. Petit, R. M. Neve, D. Das, J. W. Gray, J. T. Groves, Restriction of receptor movement alters cellular response: Physical force sensing by EphA2. Science 327, 1380–1385 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. Paszek, V. Weaver, Enforcing order on signaling. Science 327, 1335–1336 (2010). [Summary] [Full Text]


We explore heavy-element nucleosynthesis in the explosion of massive stars that are triggered by a quark–hadron phase transition during the early post-bounce phase of core-collapse supernovae. The present study is based on general-relativistic radiation hydrodynamics simulations with three-flavor Boltzmann neutrino transport in spherical symmetry, which utilize a quark–hadron hybrid equation of state based on the MIT bag model for strange quark matter. The quark–hadron phase transition inside the stellar core forms a shock wave propagating toward the surface of the proto-neutron star. This shock wave results in an explosion and ejects neutron-rich matter from the outer accreted layers of the proto-neutron star. Later, during the cooling phase, the proto-neutron star develops a proton-rich neutrino-driven wind. We present a detailed analysis of the nucleosynthesis outcome in both neutron-rich and proton-rich ejecta and compare our integrated nucleosynthesis with observations of the solar system and metal-poor stars. For our standard scenario, we find that a "weak" r-process occurs and elements up to the second peak (A ∼ 130) are successfully synthesized. Furthermore, uncertainties in the explosion dynamics could barely allow us to obtain the strong r-process which produces heavier isotopes, including the third peak (A ∼ 195) and actinide elements.


What is the point of talking about positivism in these post-modern times, full as they are of holistic approaches celebrating inter-disciplinarity of the greatest possible largesse? Who still cares? This is a short mid-term report for the newsletter of the Association of Young German International Lawyers on the international research project "International Legal Positivism in a Post-Modern World", directed by myself and Jean d'Aspremont, showing the aspirations we had in launching it and the lessons we have learnt so far.


Measurements of snow metamorphism and superimposed ice formation and the associatedmeteorological boundary conditions are presented. The observations were performed duringmelt onset, between May 20 and June 03, 2002, on first-year fast ice in Kongsfjorden,Svalbard. During the observation period, meteorological conditions changed from typical late-winterto summer conditions. This transition was characterized by a major change in the long-waveradiation fluxes, and associated air and snow temperature increases. Consequently,extensive snow melt was observed and the transformation of snow into superimposed ice. The0.23 m thick snow cover completely disappeared within 5 days, and was transformed into 5 to6 cm of superimposed ice, covered by a thin layer of deteriorated ice.


This Essay is a contribution to a recent symposium at Yale Law School asking whether there is a new New Haven School of International Law. The original New Haven School of International Law offered a significant, process-based, rejoinder to the realism and positivism that had dominated international relations theory in the United States since the close of World War II. Whereas international relations realists viewed international law as merely a product of state power relations, and positivists dismissed international law entirely because it lacked both sovereign commands and a rule of recognition, scholars of the New Haven School studied law as a social process of authoritative decision-making. Such a study necessarily expanded the state-focused perspective of both the realists and positivists by drawing attention to ongoing interactions among variously situated bureaucratic and institutional actors. Now, in the first decade of the 21st century, the gaze has widened still further, as international law scholars (and those studying law and globalization more generally) increasingly recognize that we inhabit a world of multiple normative communities, some of which impose their norms through officially sanctioned coercive force and formal legal processes, but many of which do not. These norms have varying degrees of impact, of course, but it has become clear that ignoring such normative assertions altogether as somehow not law is not a useful strategy. Accordingly, what we see emerging is an approach to international law drawn from legal pluralism. As such, this new international law scholarship owes a debt not only to Myers McDougal, Harold Lasswell, Michael Reisman and the other practitioners of the New Haven School, but to another Yale Law School professor whose name is rarely associated with international law: Robert Cover. This Essay discusses Cover's work and its relationship to the New Haven School of International Law, while arguing that Cover's emphasis on norm-generating communities - rather than nation-states - along with his celebration of jurisdictional redundancy provide a useful analytical framework for understanding the plural normative centers that are the focus of much current international law scholarship. Moreover, a pluralist perspective on international law provides a powerful critique to the latest incarnation of realism, now newly dressed up in the trappings of rational choice theory.


This written testimony accompanied Professor J.W. Verret's oral testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services. This testimony highlights some of the costs of the Stop Trading on Government Knowledge Act, or STOCK Act. It argues that Section 2 of the Act, which would include in the definition of insider trading any trades based on material non-public information obtained from government sources about pending laws or regulations, stretches insider trading law beyond its original foundation in fiduciary duty principles in a way that risks harm to efficient flows of information about political risk in capital markets.


In Europe after World War II, U.S. economic aid helped to ensure economic revival, political stability, and democracy. In the Third World, however, aid has been associated with very different tendencies: uneven political development, violence, political instability, and authoritarian rule in most countries.Despite these differing patterns of political change in Europe and the Third World, however, American conceptions of political development have remained largely constant: democracy, stability, anti-communism. Why did the objectives and theories of U.S. aid officials and social scientists remain largely the same in the face of such negative results and despite the seeming inappropriateness of their ideas in the Third World context?Robert Packenham believes that the thinking of both officials and social scientists was profoundly influenced by the "Liberal Tradition" and its view of the American historical experience. Thus, he finds that U.S. opposition to revolution in the Third World steins not only from perceptions of security needs but also from the very conceptions of development that arc held by Americans. American pessimism about the consequences of revolution is intimately related to American optimism about the political effects of economic growth. In his final chapter the author offers some suggestions for a future policy.Originally published in 1973.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


*† An innovative compliant surface foil face seal being developed for aerospace applications will be described and discussed in this paper. Due to the requirements of gas turbine applications, this compliant surface face seal was designed to accommodate large system thermo-mechanical excursions in all three dimensions. The systematic design methodology and key governing flow equations used to establish the design and predict performance will be presented and discussed. Additionally, the experimental parametric evaluation that was conducted to verify feasibility of the design concept will be presented. Test parameters varied included seal diameter, seal land length to radius ratio, axial preload and corresponding gap heights, surface velocity, and differential pressure. A total of six different seal configurations were tested having outer diameters of 97, 112, and 229 mm. Projected surface area pre-load levels up to 145 kPa, surface velocities from 0 to 425 m/s and differential pressures up to and greater than 140 kPa were used. Seal leakage was measured for each test condition, normalized to flow factor and compared to the developed theoretical/empirical model. Results from the experimental program show that excellent sealing performance and correlation with the theory was achieved. Based on the excellent correlations, flow factor projections to 690 kPa were made. A review of the high temperature seal design and forthcoming testing at temperatures to 800C using Korolon™ coating and a high temperature superalloy substrate will also be presented.


We aimed to determine the toxicity and immunological effects of daily s.c. administered low-dose interleukin (IL) 2. Adult cancer patients received a single daily s.c. injection of IL-2 as outpatients for 90 consecutive days. Cohorts of four to nine patients were treated at escalating IL-2 dose levels until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell phenotyping, IL-2 serum levels, and the presence of anti-IL-2 antibodies were investigated. Thirty-eight patients were treated at seven IL-2 dose levels ranging from 0.4 to 1.75 million International Units (mIU)/m2 daily. The MTD was 1.25 mIU/m2, with constitutional side effects, vomiting, and hyperglycemia dose limiting. Severe toxicity did not occur at or below the MTD, although mild local skin reaction and mild constitutional side effects were common. Objective tumor regressions were not observed during this Phase I trial. Low-dose IL-2 resulted in natural killer (NK) cell (CD3(-) CD56(+)) expansion at all dose levels. This effect was dose dependent (P < 0.01), ranging from a 154 to 530% increase over baseline. Peak NK levels were achieved at 6-8 weeks and sustained through 12 weeks of therapy. As predicted by in vitro studies of IL-2 receptor structure-activity relationships, the subset of NK cells that constitutively express high-affinity IL-2 receptors (CD3(-)CD56(bright+)) showed more profound dose-dependent expansion, with increases ranging from 368 to 2763% (P = 0.015). NK expansion occurred at peak IL-2 levels <10 pM (2.3 IU/ml). Three patients developed nonneutralizing anti-IL-2 antibodies. Thus, we concluded that selective expansion of NK cells may be achieved in vivo with daily s.c. injections of low-dose IL-2 with minimal toxicity.


This study investigated whether the nurturing hypothesis - that breastfeeding serves as a proxy for family socio-economic characteristics and parenting behaviours - accounts for the association of breastfeeding with children's academic abilities. Data used were from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, which followed up a cohort of 3563 children aged 0-12 in 1997. Structural equation modelling simultaneously regressed outcome variables, including three test scores of academic ability and two subscales of behaviour problems, on the presence and duration of breastfeeding, family socio-economic characteristics, parenting behaviours and covariates. Breastfeeding was strongly related to all three tests scores but had no relationships with behaviour problems. The adjusted mean differences in the Letter-Word Identification, Passage Comprehension) and Applied Problems test scores between breastfed and non-breastfed children were 5.14 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.14, 7.14], 3.46 (95% CI: 1.67, 5.26) and 4.24 (95% CI: 2.43, 6.04), respectively. Both socio-economic characteristics and parenting behaviours were related to higher academic test scores and were associated with a lower prevalence of externalising and internalising behaviour problems. The associations of breastfeeding with behaviour problems are divergent from those of socio-economic characteristics and parenting behaviours. The divergence suggests that breastfeeding may not be a proxy of socio-economic characteristics and parenting behaviours, as proposed by the nurturing hypothesis. The mechanism of breastfeeding benefits is likely to be different from those by which family socio-economic background and parenting practices exert their effects. Greater clarity in understanding the mechanisms behind breastfeeding benefits will facilitate the development of policies and programs that maximise breastfeeding's impact.


This Discussion Paper presents the findings of initial research into palliative care in Solomon Islands. This research sought to explore the current palliative care policy and service landscape in Solomon Islands, existing strengths to expand upon, and opportunities for future action and research. The result here is the first published exploration of palliative care in Solomon Islands. Following a literature review, data collection involved documentary analysis and interviews with policy-makers, health professionals and other community stakeholders. All interviewees agreed that there is a need to pay more attention to palliative care in Solomon Islands. Key areas for future action include: supporting health professionals to have difficult conversations with people about their prognosis and what to expect during the dying process; training for health professionals in pain assessment and management; improving systems and guidelines, particularly referral systems and access to morphine; and expanding support for families caring for loved ones dying at home. Future research opportunities exist in understanding: families' and patients' needs; cultural approaches to care-giving, pain and death; the role of traditional healers; how to increase health literacy; the costs and savings associated with palliative care provision; and the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of health professionals. An examination of the opiate analgesic system is a pressing research priority. We conclude with recommendations for donors regarding how they could support future action and research.


Greek and Roman Slavery brings together fresh English translations of 243 texts and inscriptions on slavery from fifth and fourth century Greece and Rome. The material is arranged thematically, offering the reader a comprehensive review of the idea and practice of slavery in ancient civilization. In addition, a thorough bibliography for each chapter, as well as an extensive index, make this a valuable source for scholars and students.


Can activation requirements control moral hazard problems in public sickness absence insurance and accelerate recovery? Based on empirical analysis of Norwegian data, we show that it can. Activation requirements not only bring down benefit claims, they also reduce the likelihood that long-term sickness absence leads to inactivity. Our findings show that absentees who are issued graded (partial) absence certificates by their physician have shorter absences and higher subsequent employment rates than they would have had on regular sick leave. We conclude that the activation strategies that in recent years have permeated European and US welfare policy may fruitfully be carried over to sick leave insurance.


Recently several criteria have been proposed for selection of orders of AR models. One of these, namely the AIC has been used in hydrologic analysis. However, the results given by these criteria when observed hydrologic data are analyzed by using them have not been studied to determine the variability in the results obtained by these criteria.

Some of the more widely discussed of these criteria have been analyzed in this paper by using both hydrologic and nonhydrologic time series. The orders of AR models given by Akaike's information criterion, the final prediction error criterion, the criterion autoregression transfer function, Schwarz's criterion and the posterior probability criterion have been analyzed, and the results are discussed.

Although the results obtained by these criteria are often similar, the posterior probability criterion has been recommended for use because it is possible to estimate the probability of the order being correct by using it.


In the beginning, water resources personnel scratched out their estimates of how different reservoir operations or system configurations would affect a river using pencil and paper. Many of these computations were easily carried out in tabular form, but were still time consuming and tedious. The advent of computers brought some relief as predictions could now be made more quickly, and the numbers generated were at least more exact, if not more accurate. However, the logic involved in the models developed were often obscured by the 'black box' methods employed in the Fortran programming format. The proliferation of personal computers and spreadsheet software has finally succeeded in bringing our computational methods full circle. The Mobile District Corps of Engineers has developed a spreadsheet model of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin which has been used to emulate the decision making process identified in the Water Control Plan adopted for the basin. The model was not intended to be a prescriptive model of desired real-time releases and was originally designed to operate on a monthly time scale. The model can be divided into three major components: the minimum release, the navigation augmentation, and the end-of-month conditions summary components. For each step, each project is evaluated twice before deciding its final monthly release. The first time the projects are reviewed in downstream order to determine minimum hydropower, water supply/water quality or excess releases from the projects. After comparing these releases at the most downstream point to certain target flows, another loop of the projects is performed to include additional waters needed from each project to meet the desired flows downstream.


Since the successful application of computer animation in the film and video-game industries, we have seen a rise in the general education of people in the areas of graphics and audio- visual media. In contrast, the average level of understanding of architectural representation is still much lower than it is with regard to other visual media. Architectural presentations are of great importance in revealing how the built environment is conceptualised, constructed and perceived. As media types may vary, their contribution to the creation of the built environment differs too. Writings allow readers to envisage images in their minds, while perspectives and computer graphics provide more realistic and objective images, although still restricted to flat surfaces. Contemporary technology permits architects and clients to virtually visit 'the buildable'. The core problem of these presentations, however, is how to interpret them, as they represent different motivations, attitudes and values. There has been no clear conception or definition of the nature and consistency of architectural space. The need for its representation and mass diffusion perhaps has consequently not been exploited as much as it should have been. This paper investigates the nature and characteristics of architectural presentation in the context of contemporary computer graphics technology.


An exclusion audit assesses how inclusive a product or service is. This is useful for comparing designs and identifying points for improvement. In an exclusion audit, the designer or usability expert identifies the demands a product places on the user"s capabilities and enters these into an exclusion calculator. This software then estimates the proportion of the adult British population who would be excluded from using the product because their capabilities do not meet these demands. This paper describes research on improving the exclusion calculator based on a recent reanalysis of the calculator"s underlying dataset. This enabled the capabilities to be broken down into more specific sub-categories or "demand types". An experiment investigated the use of these demand types in the context of an exclusion audit. It found that participants could determine the demand type of an action consistently, in the majority of cases. This approach was adopted in a redesign of the calculator, described in this paper.


Governance by non-state actors has received increased attention. However, it is still controversial to what extent private governance regimes operate in an effective 'shadow of hierarchy'. We focus on international football where a private governance regime actively claiming autonomy from public authorities has been established since 1904. We provide comparative case study evidence that FIFA as football's global regulator has been able to force national governments and regulators to abandon interference in football's matters even in case of blatant failures of private governance. Research supports the claim that private regimes providing unique governance contributions represent an institutional equilibrium able to resist challenges. Moreover, private governance arrangements that generate positive feedbacks for political stakeholders can shape their political environment. FIFA's victories are highly problematic since they discourage national governments to fight misconduct in sport while it can be doubted that private governance alone can deal with the regulatory problems at stake.


Globalization is producing a new kind of fictional writing that may be better described as cosmopolitan than postcolonial because it moves beyond the cultural categories described in postcolonial theory without ignoring inequalities of power. This article analyses Jhumpa Lahiri's short story collection Interpreter of Maladies by way of example. Keywords: Cosmopolitanism, Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies, Postcolonial Literature, Nationalism "Where are you from?" "I'm not from anywhere." "Well, where were you born?" "I was born in the United States, but I have no memories of it because my family left when I was two." "So where did you grow up?" "All over the world: South Africa, Kenya, Brazil, Mexico. And as an adult I've lived in the United States, Singapore, and Trinidad, but mostly Britain." "But you're still American, aren't you?" "Yes and no. I have British and U.S. citizenship, but I have never felt that either of those identities fits me." "So how do you define your identity?" "Not in terms of nationality" How many times have I had variations of that conversation? And it usually leaves the other person frustrated, unable to categorize me, or certain that I am being stubborn and difficult, making heavy weather of what should be easy small talk. To people who are alarmed or baffled by this refusal of national identity, I can only say: get used to it. Globalization is happening, whether we like it or not, and consequently there will be more and more people who do not define themselves in terms of nationality. Many people see globalization as a sinister phenomenon; they equate it with homogenization, Americanization, and loss of indigenous identity Others see it as a potential force for good in the world: they believe it encourages people to look beyond artificial divisions of nationality, ethnicity, religion, and other forms of cultural identity, to envision a world community that is inclusive without being homogenous. Ideally, in this globalized world, close connections between people of diverse origins will reduce mutual misunderstanding, hostility, and conflict. For good or ill, there might even be more people like myself who cannot comprehend tribalism because we do not have a tribe and who do not have an "us and them" attitude because we are not sure who is "us" and who is "them." Some people describe this condition as cultural rootlessness; others identify it as cosmopolitanism, or cultural identity rooted in individual experience rather than geographical location. Far from producing homogenization, this venture beyond nationally-demarcated borders produces more flexible and varied forms of cultural identity. Cosmopolitan people like myself are not homogenized or Americanized; the cultural identity of each cosmopolitan person is unique, eclectic, and certainly not "American"--whatever that may be. Cosmopolitanism has traditionally been considered a condition available only to the elite, but in the contemporary world of increased migration, mass travel, and communications technology, this is certainly no longer the case. Many migrants and refugees become cosmopolitan without becoming elite, and even people who have never travelled live in a world in which cultural and linguistic diversity is omnipresent. As Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen observe, "the capacity to communicate with others and to understand their cultures is available, at least potentially, to many" (5). This observation implies that cosmopolitanism is an attitude rather than a lifestyle. It is possible to have a culturally open disposition and to imagine the world as one community while remaining rooted in one's homeland; conversely, it is also possible to retain a. limiting sense of national and cultural affiliation while travelling and even living all over the world. As Rachel Trousdale notes in her discussion of transnational fiction, people with a cosmopolitan orientation conceive of their communities "based not on the location of their roots but on a shared willingness to reach beyond them" (194). …


Advances in technology have enabled dynamic route guidance systems to reach the stage of implementation on the road network. Dynamic route guidance measures vehicle journey times and flows through a road network and calculates and conveys to individual drivers information on the best route to a destination. A small scale trial of route guidance systems has been demonstrated and shown to work satisfactorily in Great Britain (Catling, 1991) and Germany (Sparmann, 1989). This report summarises two studies that estimate the impact of introducing dynamic route guidance to the London area bounded by the M25-orbital motorway. The studies used a large scale traffic assignment computer model (DTp, 1987), and comprised a number of tests with varying proportions of guided traffic. The tests included: estimates of the benefits for guided and unguided traffic in the peak period and the inter-peak period, the effect of increased traffic demand on the network, the restriction of guided traffic to strategic sub- networks, and potential accident cost savings. (A)


When DNA profiling was first introduced into the American legal system in 1987, it was heralded as a technology that would revolutionize law enforcement. As an investigative tool, it has lived up to much of this hype - it is regularly used to track down unknown criminals, put murderers and rapists behind bars, and exonerate the innocent. Yet, this promise took ten turbulent years to be fulfilled. In "Genetic Witness", Jay D. Aronson uncovers the dramatic early history of DNA profiling that has been obscured by the technique's recent success. He demonstrates that robust quality control and quality assurance measures were initially nonexistent, interpretation of test results was based more on assumption than empirical evidence, and the technique was susceptible to error at every stage. Most of these issues came to light only through defense challenges to what prosecutors claimed to be an infallible technology. Although this process was fraught with controversy, inefficiency, and personal antagonism, the quality of DNA evidence improved dramatically as a result. Aronson argues, however, that the dream of a perfect identification technology remains unrealized.


Mine safety in underground coal mines is normally threatened by the likelihood of accident occurrence. The outcome of such occurrences includes and is not limited to loss of machinery and equipment, loss of life, injury, disability, and mine closures. In this study, the Risk Priority Number (RPN) has been determined for the Kerman Coal Mine and the main causes of uncertainty found through the RPN. The implementation of a decision tree and a risk management plan considering the causes of accidents has been proposed. Data covering a complete range of every accident occurred during the time period of 2003-2008 has been analyzed and the accidents have been classified and sorted by RPN. It has been shown that amongst all types of incidents, the risk of roof failure is the most probable risk of all. It is concluded that the probability of an accident occurring every 24 days is 95%. It has been shown through the decision tree that due to the high number of accidents, the cost of investing in preventative measures is significantly less than costs related to accident consequences and therefore, financially justified.


Personal communication between User-Centered Design (UCD) specialists and developers is important for communicating user needs and design solutions in agile development. In distributed projects where opportunities for personal communication are limited, the design documentation is an important surrogate. This study has investigated the perceived effectiveness of boundary objects in a distributed agile team, and their role in communicating target user needs. Six in-depth interviews with UCD specialists showed that the boundary objects rarely communicate underlying needs of the users but rather focus on interaction with the system that is being developed. The used boundary objects also do not work as stand-alone deliverables; they need to be explained and elaborated. Making the boundary objects comprehensive enough to be stand-alone is seen as too time consuming and not worth the effort. For agile projects with distributed teams, this creates hand-over and follow-up problems.


Multiple views of data, both naturally acquired (e.g., image and audio) and artificially produced (e.g., via adding different noise to data samples), have proven useful in enhancing representation learning. Natural views are often handled by multiview analysis tools, e.g., (deep) canonical correlation analysis [(D)CCA], while the artificial ones are frequently used in self-supervised learning (SSL) paradigms, e.g., BYOL and Barlow Twins. Both types of approaches often involve learning neural feature extractors such that the embeddings of data exhibit high cross-view correlations. Although intuitive, the effectiveness of correlation-based neural embedding is mostly empirically validated. This work aims to understand latent correlation maximization-based deep multiview learning from a latent component identification viewpoint. An intuitive generative model of multiview data is adopted, where the views are different nonlinear mixtures of shared and private components. Since the shared components are view/distortion-invariant, representing the data using such components is believed to reveal the identity of the samples effectively and robustly. Under this model, latent correlation maximization is shown to guarantee the extraction of the shared components across views (up to certain ambiguities). In addition, it is further shown that the private information in each view can be provably disentangled from the shared using proper regularization design. A finite sample analysis, which has been rare in nonlinear mixture identifiability study, is also presented. The theoretical results and newly designed regularization are tested on a series of tasks.


OBJECTIVES
The current study examined the types of borderline personality profiles, associated psychological disorders and stressful life-events.

DESIGN
Data from the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey were used to examine homogeneous subtypes of participants based on their responses to nine borderline personality disorder (BPD) criteria.

METHODS
Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify homogeneous groups, or classes, of individuals. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between classes and associated psychological disorders and stressful life-events.

RESULTS
A 4-class solution provided the best fit, ranging from a class with a low probability of showing any BPD symptoms to a class whose members had a relatively high probability of endorsing all criteria. Severity of BPD was associated with higher co-morbidity and higher stressful life-events.

CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that four discrete classes make up the borderline continuum.


ABSTRACT Statistics bear out the dire need for civic education and engagement within our nation's libraries, those free and "equalizing" institutions that traditionally afforded opportunities assisting in the development of civically astute individuals. Per our founding principles, libraries and librarians remain responsible for instituting programming that assists in the development of capable citizens who actively participate in political life, hence ensuring the perpetuation and positive evolvement of our governmental system and its resulting law. Public and school libraries must return to a targeted emphasis on the provision of services that develop critical thinking opportunities steeped in civic intent and purpose. Examples include civic-oriented instruction, debate, communication, service and public policy facilitation, and forum building.


This study was to identify the organisational transformation of BIMB since its
establishment in 1983. It also identified the elements that contribute positively or
negatively towards this change and the intervention techniques being practiced.
The sources of data were in-depth interviews with three BIMB management
officers (human resource manager, marketing manager and retail banking manager) in
the Head Office in Kuala Lumpur and a field survey covered 15 randomly selected
branches in KL and Selangor State. A sample of 122 BIMB staff members filled in the
questionnaire in this survey. BIMB documents were also employed as a secondary
source.
The in-depth interviews concerned about the organisational transformation of
BIMB, external elements motivate to change, intervention techniques being practised and organisation resistance to change Staff questionnaire was close-ended aimed at
identifying staff resistance to change BIMB documents were employed to support the
interviews
The data analysis included descriptive statistics in terms of mean and frequency
counts, categoristation of interviews, and a content analysis of documents were used to
answer the objectives
The findings of this study revealed that BIMB has experienced different
intervention techniques to cope with the changing environment in terms of liquidity,
market competition, macroeconomics trends and crisis, technological innovation and
globalisation and liberalisation As a result of its transformation, BIMB witnessed a
great development and change, in terms of capital, size and functions. Also the results
showed that BIMB capabilities in terms of capital and infrastructure support any change
plans In contrast, the study showed that staff resist change because it threats their social
environment, old routine and values.


This research aimed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of how the application of a pharmaceutical lubricant coating onto the small particles of fine powders changes how the powder flows. Coated powders flowed better because the coating significantly reduced the strength of the naturally strong attractive forces between the particles. However, the thickness and extent of the coating was also influential on the flow behaviours of the powders. Powders with a partial coating only showed better flow under specific conditions, while powders with thick coatings flowed more poorly than powders with a thin coating.


This paper discusses a teaching experiment in which participation and observation of a drama helped first year nursing students to consider ways of dealing with death and dying. Workshops included dramatised scenarios of critical incidents demonstrating different peoples' experiences of the death of a fictional patient in hospital. Two nurse teachers performed a two-part drama about the experiences of a patient just diagnosed with terminal cancer. Live performances were presented to large groups of students and followed by small group discussions. Drama as a teaching method was well received, and the combination of drama and group discussion was considered very effective by students, who requested more similar sessions. Drama appears highly satisfactory for achieving learning in the affective domain, and can be added to teaching methods for improving communication skills and coping strategies with nursing students who will be caring for the dying. However, further research is necessary.


Over the past quarter of a century, trade mark applications have grown by 2.3 per cent per annum faster than real GDP in Australia. This paper explores the factors associated with this growth. We find some evidence that over the past two decades, trademarking has been associated with more inventive companies, the growth of the service sector, globalisation and industry based microeconomic reforms. There is provisional evidence that higher levels of real income per capita have supported some of these factors.


Ayurveda, the ancient system of Indian herbal remedies has many important and useful herbs for women. In Ayurveda there are many nature cure herbs which can help women to find their body rhythm, which are closely linked to nature. Therefore, women respond more better to Ayurveda treatment. In present era, most of the women are working women and due to change in life style, food habit, workload, she faces lots of stress and strain. Owing to complicated structure of the female body women are subject to a large number of complains connected with genital organs. Shatapushpa is one of the most important & a widely used herbal drug in various female disorders.


We analyze the optimal location choice of a monopolistic firm that operates two platforms on a two-sided market. We show that the optimal platform locations are equivalent to the one-sided benchmark if both sides are either restricted to single- or multi-homing. In the mixed case (one side single-homes, the other one multi-homes), the optimal platform locations are determined by the relative profitability of both market sides. Our results indicate that modeling mergers on two-sided markets with fixed locations is often inappropriate.


Like many African cities affected by urban schistosomiasis, Maroua in the Far North Region of Cameroon has a moderate level of schistosomiasis transmission, as indicated by human infections. This study was designed to identify and map some potential transmission sites of schistosomiasis in Maroua. Water ponds were surveyed for snail intermediate host of schistosome and mapped using a handheld Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Snail status was assessed via cercaria shedding procedure. The vegetation cover, human water contact activities and some physico-chemical characteristics of the water including pH, temperature, salinity, total dissolve solute (TDS) were measured and documented. Twenty two water ponds were surveyed and 21 of them were found to have at least one of the two identified schistosome snail host species. A total of 658 specimens of snails were collected: 57.45% B. senegalensis and 42.55% B. globosus. Eleven water ponds were found to have both snail host and the 10 other have single species (8 with B. senegalensis and 2 with B. globosus). Ten (1.56%) of the 642 snails were found to shed Schistosoma cercariae: 2.21% in B. senegalensis and 0.71% in B. globosus and they were not significantly different (?2 = 1.431, p= 0.232). The presence of B. senegalensis and B. globosus (two known intermediate snail host of S. haematobium) snail and their infections with Schistosoma suggest possible local transmission of human schistosomiasis in Maroua. Exposure to these water environments may pose infection risk to general population, in particular children who seem to have greater water contact.


Background
For many years, topical use of fluorides has gained greater popularity than systemic use of fluorides. A possible adverse effect associated with the use of topical fluoride is the development of dental fluorosis due to the ingestion of excessive fluoride by young children with developing teeth.

Objectives
To describe the relationship between the use of topical fluorides in young children and the risk of developing dental fluorosis.

Search strategy
Electronic search of the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Dissertation Abstracts and LILACS/BBO. Reference lists from relevant articles were searched. Date of the most recent searches: 9th March 09.

Selection criteria
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional surveys, in which fluoride toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, foams, paint-on solutions, and varnishes were compared to an alternative fluoride treatment, placebo or no intervention group. Children under the age of 6 years at the time topical fluorides were used.

Data collection and analysis
Data from all included studies were extracted by two review authors. Risk ratios for controlled, prospective studies and odds ratios for case-control studies or cross-sectional surveys were extracted or calculated. Where both adjusted and unadjusted risk ratios or odds ratios were presented, the adjusted value was included in the meta-analysis.

Main results
25 studies were included: 2 RCTs, 1 cohort study, 6 case-control studies and 16 cross-sectional surveys. Only one RCT was judged to be at low risk of bias. The other RCT and all observational studies were judged to be at moderate to high risk of bias. Studies were included in four intervention/exposure comparisons. A statistically significant reduction in fluorosis was found if brushing of a child's teeth with fluoride toothpaste commenced after the age of 12 months odds ratio 0.70 (random-effects: 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.88) (data from observational studies). Inconsistent statistically significant associations were found between starting using fluoride toothpaste/toothbrushing before or after the age of 24 months and fluorosis (data from observational studies). From the RCTs, use of higher level of fluoride was associated with an increased risk of fluorosis. No significant association between the frequency of toothbrushing or the amount of fluoride toothpaste used and fluorosis was found.

Authors' conclusions
There should be a balanced consideration between the benefits of topical fluorides in caries prevention and the risk of the development of fluorosis. Most of the available evidence focuses on mild fluorosis. There is weak unreliable evidence that starting the use of fluoride toothpaste in children under 12 months of age may be associated with an increased risk of fluorosis. The evidence for its use between the age of 12 and 24 months is equivocal. If the risk of fluorosis is of concern, the fluoride level of toothpaste for young children (under 6 years of age) is recommended to be lower than 1000 parts per million (ppm).

More evidence with low risk of bias is needed. Future trials assessing the effectiveness of different types of topical fluorides (including toothpastes, gels, varnishes and mouthrinses) or different concentrations or both should ensure that they include an adequate follow-up period in order to collect data on potential fluorosis. As it is unethical to propose RCTs to assess fluorosis itself, it is acknowledged that further observational studies will be undertaken in this area. However, attention needs to be given to the choice of study design, bearing in mind that prospective, controlled studies will be less susceptible to bias than retrospective and/or uncontrolled studies.

Plain Language Summary
Is the use of fluoride toothpaste during early childhood associated with discolouration/mottling of teeth?

There is strong evidence that the use of toothpaste containing fluoride can prevent tooth decay (caries) in both children and adults. However, a possible adverse effect associated with the use of fluoride toothpaste is the mottling of permanent teeth due to the swallowing of excessive fluoride by young children with developing teeth. This dental fluorosis can range from, typically, mild white patches on the teeth to severe mottling of the teeth with brown staining. The aim of this review was to evaluate whether the use of fluoride toothpaste by children is associated with an increased risk of developing dental fluorosis in children. The review included 25 studies of different designs; some providing stronger evidence than others. There is some evidence that brushing a child's teeth with a toothpaste containing fluoride, before the age of 12 months, may be associated with an increased risk of developing fluorosis. There is stronger evidence that higher levels of fluoride (1000 parts per million (ppm) or more) in toothpaste are associated with an increased risk of fluorosis when given to children under 5 to 6 years of age. However, for some children (those considered to be at high risk of tooth decay by their dentist), the benefit to health of preventing decay may outweigh the risk of fluorosis. In such circumstances, careful brushing by parents/adults with toothpastes containing higher levels of fluoride would be beneficial.


FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Doctor of Philosophy CONTENT BASED RETRIEVAL AND NAVIGATION OF MUSIC USING MELODIC PITCH CONTOURS by Steven George Blackburn The support for audio in existing hypermedia systems is generally not as comprehensive as for text and images, considering audio to be an endpoint medium. Temporal linking has been considered in the Soundviewer for Microcosm. This linking model is beginning to become more mainstream through the development of standards associated with the World Wide Web, such as SMIL. This thesis investigates the application of content based navigation to music. It considers the viability of using melodic pitch contours as the content representation for retrieval and navigation. It observes the similarity between content based retrieval and navigation and focuses on the fast retrieval of music. The technique of using n-grams for efficient and accurate content based retrieval is explored. The classification of MIDI tracks into musical roles is used to reduce the amount of data that must be indexed, and so increase speed and accuracy. The impact of classification is evaluated against a melodic retrieval engine. Finally, the system built for retrieval is modified for navigation. A set of tools which support both temporal and content based navigation is built to provide proof of concept.


Length alterations in microsatellite repeats, termed microsatellite instability (MSI), are found in 10-15% of sporadic colon, endometrial, and gastric cancers harboring defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes We used the microsatellite markers Big Adenine Tract (BAT) 26 and BAT-25 from the reference panel of five markers recommended by the National Cancer Institute to evaluate the incidence of MSI in 206 central nervous system tumors. We screened 102 pediatric and 104 adult cases representing 165 astrocytic and 41 nonastrocytic tumors. The overall incidence of MSI was 8% (16 of 206). All 16 tumors with MSI were found in pediatric rather than adult patients. MSI was associated with two distinct subtypes of pediatric tumors occurring in 27% (12 of 45) of WHO grade III and grade IV astrocytomas and 24% (4 of 17) of gangliogliomas We evaluated the difference in clinicopathological and genetic features among 45 high-grade pediatric astrocytomas by MSI status. The median survival for pediatric patients with MSI (n = 12) was 8 months compared with 15 months for those patients without MSI (n = 33; P = 0.18). The frequency of p53 gene mutations was 13% for pediatric patients with MSI (n = 8) compared with 47% for those patients without MSI (n = 19; P = 0.19). These results revealed a trend between MSI status and prog nosis and MSI status and frequency of p53 gene mutations. Our data suggest that pediatric high-grade astrocytomas can be attributed to two different genetic pathways: a MMR-deficient pathway and a MMR proficient pathway.


This article describes the ongoing legislative and administrative efforts to curtail tax shelters. It concludes that these efforts, which rely largely on disclosure requirements and penalties, cannot succeed as long as taxpayers continue to win many of the litigated shelter cases. It also concludes that the recent proposal of the Joint Committee on Taxation, to codify the economic substance doctrine, is unlikely to solve the problem. Although the proposal would have the salutary effect of preventing courts from deciding that the economic substance doctrine does not exist, courts would remain free to conclude that the doctrine is not applicable in particular situations, or to find that the doctrine is satisfied in highly dubious circumstances. Narrowly tailored legislative responses to particular types of shelters are also not adequate as a solution to the overall shelter problem; since the legislative fixes are prospective only, taxpayers merely move on to new types of shelters not yet legislated against. Accordingly, the article suggests a new approach to the shelter problem, based on the general disallowance of noneconomic losses. This could be accomplished by either (1) the enactment of a Code provision flatly disallowing noneconomic losses, subject to an exception for noneconomic losses the deduction of which is clearly contemplated by Congress, or (2) a legislative grant of authority to the Treasury to promulgate regulations retroactively disallowing noneconomic losses, as necessary to prevent abuse.


Abstract Introduction: Erlotinib and gefitinib are the most commonly used epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in the treatment of EGFR mutant nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Both erlotinib and gefitinib have shown equal efficacy in terms of response rates and overall survival. Hence, their toxicity profile becomes the most important determining factor in choosing these agents when treating EGFR mutant NSCLC. In this study, we compared the toxicity profile of erlotinib and gefitinib among an Indian subset of lung cancer patients. Materials and Methods: In this prospective nonrandomized study, 85 patients of South Indian origin with NSCLC were tested for EGFR mutation status, and EGFR mutant patients were started on either erlotinib or gefitinib. They were periodically monitored for drug toxicities. Results: Out of the 85 patients tested, 34 patients were positive for EGFR mutation. Eleven of them were started on erlotinib and 23 were started on gefitinib. The most common side effect of TKIs was skin rash. Nine out of the 11 patients started on erlotinib and 7 of the 23 patients started on gefitinib had skin rash. Grade 3 and 4 skin rash was significantly more among patients treated with erlotinib which resulted in treatment delays. Other side effects of TKIs such as diarrhea and deranged liver functions were similar among the both subsets of patients. Conclusion: Skin toxicity is the major and serious side effect with erlotinib among Indian patients with EGFR mutant lung cancer. This resulted in significant treatment delay, which might adversely affect the overall survival of patients. Gefitinib was better tolerated and had a safer toxicity profile compared to erlotinib in Indian patients.


This article examines the political, economic, and moral cases against transfer taxes. First, it argues that the rhetoric surrounding the effort to repeal the estate and gift tax--particularly the charge that it destroys family farms and closely held businesses—is misleading and even disingenuous. Second, it demonstrates that the estate and gift tax does not threaten aggregate saving, labor supply, or economic growth as its critics maintain. Nor does it generate an insignificant amount of revenue, produce prohibitive compliance costs, primarily tax wealth that has already been taxed, or have no influence on the rate of charitable contributions, again, all of which critics maintain. This article also challenges the assertion that transfer taxes are immoral because they prevent parents from passing along hard-earned wealth to children, and because they tax saving, not consumption. The fact that we care about our children does not make transfer taxes immoral, anymore than the fact that we care about what we consume makes consumption taxes immoral. More fundamentally, this article challenges the moral case against taxing wealth at death by invoking history. Americans have long considered wealth a civic right, not a birthright. Taxing inherited wealth fulfills a moral obligation in a liberal democratic society. I conclude that the estate and gift tax should be reformed, not repealed. In the interest of preempting further calls to abolish the estate and gift tax, preserving one of the most progressive features of the federal tax system, and improving horizontal equity, I recommend raising the effective exclusion, broadening the tax base, and lowering marginal rates.


The traditional view of middle managers is that they play a role to receive and deliver information upwards and downwards in the organization. With this position in the hierarchy the middle manager is said to feel stuck in the middle due to conflicting expectations from upper and lower levels in the organization. Researchers have provided theories whether the middle manager is needed or not in the modern organization. When organizational structure begins to change due to downsizing and decentralization the roles of the middle managers begin to change. With the organizational change theorists then argue about the different effects on the middle manager. But how does the middle manager actually perceive his or her role in the new organization?This thesis aims at reaching a greater understanding of the middle manager's perceived role within the organization and how the role is affected by the relationships with the upper management levels.To answer the purpose of this thesis a qualitative method is used. A sample of 50 middle managers from four different organizations is taken from an inhouse database belonging to a research program in collaboration between Jonkoping International Business School and Umea University. The technique chosen is therefore to analyse secondary data originally collected in recent research within the field of middle management.How the middle manager's role is perceived differs between the individual middle manager and his or her experience, which indicates that the middle manager's identity is the most influencing factor on the perceived role.


The building sector accounts for a significant proportion of industrial countries total energy use, thus a cut in this sector has been regarded necessary to reach future climate goals. An important measure in this context is the introduction of zero emission buildings, buildings which can be defined as having a net zero annual energy demand. This master thesis is centered around finding cost optimal energy supply systems for zero emission buildings at an early stage of the building process. This thesis is closely linked to the Adland project, currently the largest pilot project for the Research Center on Zero Emission Buildings. The testing was performed on a four floor building block located in Bergen. The ZEB-definition used was net zero primary energy consumption, where primary energy factors were used as weighting factors for the various energy carriers. Two types of primary energy factors were tested; total primary energy factors and non-renewable primary energy factors. Five different energy supply packages were investigated: Bio+PV, CHP+PV, DH+PV, HP+ST+PV and CHP+ST+PV. The base heating systems were dimensioned to cover the heating demand (space heating and domestic hot water), while PV was dimensioned so that the building reached the ZEB balance. Excess electricity was exported to the grid and sold to the local power company. The simulation tool IDA-ICE was used both for modeling the building and performing the energy simulations. The cost calculations followed the European Cost Optimal Methodology, calculating the net present value of all costs attributed to the implementation of the different packages (investments, annual costs and residual values) over a calculation period of 30 years. Both a pure financial and a macroeconomic calculation were performed for all packages. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the energy price escalation as well as investment costs. When total primary energy factors were used, the package HP+ST+PV proved to be the optimal package in all the different scenarios considered. The macroeconomic and the financial results were almost identical, mainly because of the low CO2-prices. The sensitivity analyses showed that the result is very stable with respect to uncertainties in both investment costs and future energy costs. For non-renewable primary energy factors the results showed that the package HP+ST+PV is best for both normal and high future energy price development, while the package Bio+PV was the best alternative for low energy price developments. The sensitivity analysis on investment cost showed the result for low energy price development was very sensitive for changes in investment costs, while for medium and high energy price development the result were more stable. Overall, for the energy supply packages considered and the primary energy factors used in this thesis, the conclusion is that HP+ST+PV is the cost optimal energy supply solution for the evaluated building.


Land surveys of soil attributes can provide valuable information on the geographic distribution of important soil attributes and summarize the levels found. Landscape position can have a major influence on soil attributes. Consideration of field landscape variables in selecting sampling locations and interpreting results, even in large-scale surveys, should help to reduce unexplained variability in many soil attributes. We report the results of a survey of selected soil attributes in agricultural fields across North Dakota at sites selected within each field by landscape position. Our objective was to determine if this sampling design might contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of soil attributes. Soils from two or three fields within each of the 53 counties of North Dakota were sampled in 1996. Within each field, three samples of surface soil (0–15 cm) were obtained. One sample was collected from an upland position, one from a slope, and one from a depression. Each field was georeferenced using a differentially corrected GPS receiver. The samples were analyzed for DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-extractable Cu, Zn, and Cd; water soluble B and Se; and soil pH. Mapping and analysis showed distinct regional patterns of all soil factors. Some soil attributes, including pH and extractable Zn, Cu, and Cd, exhibited a strong relationship to field landscape position, while soluble B and Se were less related. The results suggest that separating field sampling locations into upland, sloping, and depressional areas will reduce the confounding effects of field landscape position on larger-scale spatial trends in soil attributes.


This paper reviews the state of the art and some emerging issues in research areas related to pattern analysis and monitoring of web-based social communities. This research area is important for several reasons. First, the presence of near-ubiquitous low-cost computing and communication technologies has enabled people to access and share information at an unprecedented scale. The scale of the data necessitates new research for making sense of such content. Furthermore, popular websites with sophisticated media sharing and notification features allow users to stay in touch with friends and loved ones; these sites also help to form explicit and implicit social groups. These social groups are an important source of information to organize and to manage multimedia data. In this article, we study how media-rich social networks provide additional insight into familiar multimedia research problems, including tagging and video ranking. In particular, we advance the idea that the contextual and social aspects of media are as important for successful multimedia applications as is the media content. We examine the inter-relationship between content and social context through the prism of three key questions. First, how do we extract the context in which social interactions occur? Second, does social interaction provide value to the media object? Finally, how do social media facilitate the repurposing of shared content and engender cultural memes? We present three case studies to examine these questions in detail. In the first case study, we show how to discover structure latent in the social media data, and use the discovered structure to organize Flickr photo streams. In the second case study, we discuss how to determine the interestingness of conversations—and of participants—around videos uploaded to YouTube. Finally, we show how the analysis of visual content, in particular tracing of content remixes, can help us understand the relationship among YouTube participants. For each case, we present an overview of recent work and review the state of the art. We also discuss two emerging issues related to the analysis of social networks—robust data sampling and scalable data analysis.


What is osteobiography good for? The last generation of archaeologists fought to overcome the traditional assumption that archaeology is merely ancillary to history, a substitute to be used when written sources are defective; it is now widely acknowledged that material histories and textual histories tell equally valid and complementary stories about the past. Yet the traditional assumption hangs on implicitly in biography: osteobiography is used to fill the gaps in the textual record rather than as a primary source in its own right. In this article we compare the textual biographies and material biographies of two thirteenth-century townsfolk from medieval England-Robert Curteis, attested in legal records, and "Feature 958," excavated archaeologically and studied osteobiographically. As the former shows, textual biographies of ordinary people mostly reveal a few traces of financial or legal transactions. Interpreting these traces, in fact, implicitly presumes a history of the body. Osteobiography reveals a different kind of history, the history of the body as a locus of appearance and social identity, work, health and experience. For all but a few textually rich individuals, osteobiography provides a fuller and more human biography. Moreover, textual visibility is deeply biased by class and gender; osteobiography offers particular promise for Marxist and feminist understandings of the past.


Abstract The transient atmospheric response to interactive SST anomalies in the midlatitudes is investigated using a three-layer QG model coupled in perpetual winter conditions to a slab oceanic mixed layer in the North Atlantic. The SST anomalies are diagnosed from a coupled run and prescribed as initial conditions, but are free to evolve. The initial evolution of the atmospheric response is similar to that obtained with a prescribed SST anomaly, starting as a quasi-linear baroclinic and then quickly evolving into a growing equivalent barotropic one. Because of the heat flux damping, the SST anomaly amplitude slowly decreases, albeit with little change in pattern. Correspondingly, the atmospheric response only increases until it reaches a maximum amplitude after about 1–3.5 months, depending on the SST anomaly considered. The response is similar to that at equilibrium in the fixed SST case, but it is 1.5–2 times smaller, and then slowly decays away.


What really is it about "big data" that makes it different from traditional data? In this talk I illustrate one important aspect: massive ultra-fine-grained data on individuals' behaviors holds remarkable predictive power. I examine several applications to marketing-related tasks, showing how machine learning methods can extract the predictive power and how the value of the data "asset" seems different from the value of traditional data used for predictive modeling. I then dig deeper into explaining the predictions made from massive numbers of fine-grained behaviors by applying a counter-factual framework for explaining model behavior based on treating the individual behaviors as evidence that is combined by the model. This analysis shows that the fine-grained behavior data incorporate various sorts of information that we traditionally have sought to capture by other means. For example, for marketing modeling the behavior data effectively incorporate demographics, psychographics, category interest, and purchase intent. Finally, I discuss the flip side of the coin: the remarkable predictive power based on fine-grained information on individuals raises new privacy concerns. In particular, I discuss privacy concerns based on inferences drawn about us (in contrast to privacy concerns stemming from violations to data confidentiality). The evidence counterfactual approach used to explain the predictions also can be used to provide online consumers with transparency into the reasons why inferences are drawn about them. In addition, it offers the possibility to design novel solutions such as a privacy-friendly "cloaking device" to inhibit inferences from being drawn based on particular behaviors.


Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) are key to realizing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Although VANETs belong to the class of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), and there are numerous routing protocols for MANETs, none of these protocols are applicable for VANETs. In particular, VANETs are highly dynamic due to high speed mobility of vehicles and traditional routing algorithms for MANETs cannot deal with such dynamicity of network nodes. Several comparative studies have suggested AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), a well known MANET protocol that is adaptive to dynamic changes in network and makes efficient utilization of network resources, to be the best candidate for dealing with VANETs. However, verbatim adoption of AODV is not an efficient routing solution for VANETs. Recent works therefore proposed various modifications and/or additions to AODV to make it suitable for VANETs. It is particularly important to control congestion in VANETs by efficiently dealing with the AODV "Route Request" (RREQ) packets. In this paper, we propose Pro-AODV (Proactive AODV), a protocol that uses information from the AODV routing table to minimize congestion in VANETs, yet sustains other performance metrics at acceptable levels. The novelty and elegance in Pro-AODV comes from the fact that it does not require the execution of any additional logic, it is sufficient to know only the size of the routing table at each node.


The accession of Hungary to the European Union (EU) in 2004 was expected to lead to price convergence to the EU levels. The influence of national and EU policies on Hungarian producers and consumers is important as they were facing a new situation. Consumers' welfare depends on the constantly altering world- and common market, and political actions. The purpose of this study is to analyse welfare changes and distributional impacts on Hungarian food consumers. The paper focuses on Laspeyres index, compensating variation and elasticities of demand.


In multiple sclerosis (MS), MRI has emerged as the most useful paraclinical biomarker. 'No evidence of disease activity' is a desired outcome in therapeutic clinical trials and therapy monitoring in individual patients, which includes the absence of new or enhancing lesions on MRI. Therefore, frequent follow-up contrast-enhanced MRI examinations play an important role in disease monitoring.

In 2013, Kanda et al 1 described an increased signal intensity (SI) of the dentate nucleus (DN) on unenhanced T1-weighted MRI after multiple applications of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) suggesting a deposition of gadolinium. Since then, numerous studies evaluated the effects of gadolinium deposition in the brain after serial application of GBCAs, and recent studies provide evidence that T1 hyperintensity of the DN is associated with the prior administrations of linear GBCAs, but not with macrocyclic GBCAs.2 3 However, the experience of an abnormal SI in the DN after more than 15 administrations of GBCAs is limited up to now.2 Since MS typically affects young adults, patients with MS commonly undergo a high number of MRI examinations through their lifetime. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 15 or more serial injections of the macrocyclic GBCA gadoterate meglumine on the SI of the DN on unenhanced T1-weighted images in patients with MS.

We retrospectively identified patients with relapsing-remitting MS who are at least 18 years of age and who underwent a minimum of 15 gadolinium-enhanced examinations in our institution that were all exclusively performed with the …


The aim of the article is to show how to encourage students to deepen their knowledge, creativity and their enthusiasm for research. In this way we can also promote the popularization of science and technology as well as the identification of students talented in specific research areas. This article presents an example of writing a research assignment undertaken by students in the final year of primary school (class 9, i.e. age 14-15).We live in the age of diminishing supplies of fossil fuels and consequently a growing interest in the renewable energy sources, including biofuels. Through research assignment, we wanted our students to learn more about the characteristics
of biofuels which we haven't discussed in detail in class. Biofuel is a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel, obtained from a relatively recently deceased biological substance. For the production of biofuels, we use various plants and substances of plant origin, which are known under the term "biomass". In addition to looking for information in literature and electronic resources, we conducted experiments in which we measured how many degrees a particular quantity of water heats up by the burning of various fuels, and the amount of residue left after burning. The biofuels we used were: pellets, briquettes, olive pulp, cherry stones, biodiesel, ethanol and sawdust.
We established that different types of fuel emit, when burnt, different amounts of heat. Water heated up the most when burning ethanol, while it heated up the least when using biodiesel. Experiments showed that different fuels burn for different amounts of time, leaving a residue which depends on the type of fuel


Abstract The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, causes considerable mortality in Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, forests. Within-stand distribution of mortality was examined in affected stands using geostatistical techniques. A 10 × 10 m grid was established in two 4-ha study sites. Live and beetle-killed host basal area was measured at each node. In a 16-ha stand, a variable-resolution grid was established and the same information collected. The relationship between Douglas-fir basal area and Douglas-fir basal area killed was examined using non-spatially explicit and spatially explicit linear regression models. A positive linear relationship was observed between the variables. Significant spatially explicit models suggest that the relationship is also true at fine scales. Relative variograms were constructed for Douglas-fir basal area before and after the Douglas-fir beetle outbreaks. For the 4-ha sites, increased spatial dependency in the distribution of Douglas-fir basal area was observed as a result of the Douglas-fir beetle outbreak. For the 16-ha site, kriging was used to estimate live Douglas-fir basal area before and after the outbreak to a 10-m resolution and the stand rated for potential mortality illustrating the potential applicability of geostatistical techniques to rating a stand for potential mortality. Cross-validation analysis indicated that although the potential exists for large estimation errors, the majority of the estimates were within acceptable ranges. The study suggests that geostatistical approaches may be suitable to extend our understanding bark beetle ecology and improving the application of extent of mortality models.


Civic boosters advocate physical arts development as a path for urban revitalization. Current research examines these specialized bricks and mortar efforts through snapshot outcome evaluations, broad policy analyses, and critiques of predatory activity. Project development is overlooked as is whether such efforts mirror general urban development patterns and behavior. This case study explores a successful dual-nonprofit partnership between the Seattle Art Museum and the Trust for Public Land to build the Olympic Sculpture Park. This recent history explains institutional motivations and political strategies and identifies organizational assets employed to overcome intense market pressures and past failures. It adds richness to conventional development wisdom and its intense focus on public–private partnerships as the prevalent model for urban development. This alignment between a local arts institution and a national conservation organization may unveil an alternative model or shed light on a less visible structure for developing urban civic amenities. This study further reinforces the connection between contemporary urban improvement and early beautification agendas via municipal art, open space, and civic leadership.


Insufficient sleep among children and adolescents is associated with increased risk for obesity, diabetes, injuries, poor mental health, attention and behavior problems, and poor academic performance (1-4). The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has recommended that, for optimal health, children aged 6-12 years should regularly sleep 9-12 hours per 24 hours and teens aged 13-18 years should sleep 8-10 hours per 24 hours (1). CDC analyzed data from the 2015 national, state, and large urban school district Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBSs) to determine the prevalence of short sleep duration (<9 hours for children aged 6-12 years and <8 hours for teens aged 13-18 years) on school nights among middle school and high school students in the United States. In nine states that conducted the middle school YRBS and included a question about sleep duration in their questionnaire, the prevalence of short sleep duration among middle school students was 57.8%, with state-level estimates ranging from 50.2% (New Mexico) to 64.7% (Kentucky). The prevalence of short sleep duration among high school students in the national YRBS was 72.7%. State-level estimates of short sleep duration for the 30 states that conducted the high school YRBS and included a question about sleep duration in their questionnaire ranged from 61.8% (South Dakota) to 82.5% (West Virginia). The large percentage of middle school and high school students who do not get enough sleep on school nights suggests a need for promoting sleep health in schools and at home and delaying school start times to permit students adequate time for sleep.


Relocatable classrooms (RCs) are commonly used by school districts with changing demographics and enrollment sizes. We designed and constructed four energy-efficient RCs for this study to demonstrate technologies with the potential to simultaneously improve energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Two were installed at each of two school districts, and energy use and IEQ parameters were monitored during occupancy. Two RCs (one per school) were finished with materials selected for reduced emissions of toxic and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Each had two HVAC systems, operated on alternate weeks, consisting of a standard heat-pump system and an indirect-direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) system with gas-fired hydronic heating. The IDEC system provides continuous outside air ventilation at {sup 3}15 CFM (7.5 L s-1) person-1, efficient particle filtration while using significantly less energy for cooling. School year long measurements included: carbon dioxide (CO2), particles, VOCs, temperature, humidity, thermal comfort, noise, meteorology, and energy use. IEQ monitoring results indicate that important ventilation-relevant indoor CO2 and health-relevant VOC concentration reductions were achieved while average cooling and heating energy costs were simultaneously reduced by 50 percent and 30 percent, respectively.


Software architecture compliance checking (SACC) is an approach to monitor the consistency between the intended and the implemented architecture. In case of static SACC, the focus is mainly on the detection of dependencies that violate architectural relation rules. Interpretation of reported violations may be cumbersome, since the violations need to be connected to architectural resolutions and targeted qualities such as maintainability and portability. This paper describes an SACC case study which shows that inclusion of different types of rules in the SACC process enhances reasoning on architecture violations, especially if a rule type is related to specific architectural pattern. The SACC is performed with HUSACCT, an SACC-tool that provides rich sets of module and rule types in support of patterns such as layers, facade, and gateway. The case system is a governmental system developed in C#, which follows the .NET common application architecture. Even though the system appeared to be well-structured, the SACC revealed that 10 of the 17 architectural rules were violated.


More than 10 years ago, Amartya Sen estimated than some 100 million women are 'missing' as a result of excess female mortality in parts of the developing world, most notably South Asia, China, West Asia, and parts of North Africa (Sen, 1989; Sen 1990). Coale (1991) and Klasen (1994) used more precise demographic techniques and arrived at figures that varied between 60 million (Coale) and 90 million (Klasen). All three estimates confirmed the enormous toll excess female mortality was exacting on women in these parts of the world. All these estimates 'missing women' were based on demographic information of the 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, there has been considerable speculation about current trends of gender bias in mortality with some observers suggesting a falling intensity while others predicted the opposite (e.g. Klasen, 1994; Das Gupta and Mari Bath, 1997; Dreze and Sen, 1995; Mayer, 1999; Croll, 2000). Figure 1 shows recent projections by the United Nations Population Division of the sex ratio in the world and in the regions where males outnumber females. These estimates suggest that the sex ratio in the female deficit regions, after rising steadily since 1960, is estimated to peak in about 1985 and then are believed to decline quite sharply. Given the high share these regions have in the world's total population, a turning point in the global sex ratio, after a similar rise since 1960, is also estimated for 1995.


This paper deals with the integration of functional (discourse-based) and formal (syntactic and statistical) phenomena in an overall linguistic explanation which accounts for the distribution of 'marked' declarative sentences in the epistolary genre, where 'markedness' implies deviation from the unmarked clausal pattern '(non-dummy) subject + verb (+complements)'. Discourse- and sentence-based issues such as information packaging (principle of end focus), constituent length (principle of end weight), syntactic complexity and the organisation of the sentence are investigated in a corpus of late Middle, Modern and Present-day English letters. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of the corpus data provide an interesting insight into the possibility of characterising a particular genre – letters – according to both its complexity and its informative and linguistic organisation.


Current techniques for query answering over DL-Lite ontologies have severe limitations in practice, since they either produce complex queries that are inefficient during execution, or require expensive data pre-processing. In light of this, we present two complementary sets of results that aim at improving the overall peformance of query answering systems. We show how to create ABox repositories that are complete w.r.t. a significant portion of DL-Lite TBoxes, including those expressed in RDFS, but where the data is not explicitly expanded. Second, we show how to characterize ABox completeness by means of dependencies, and how to use these and equivalence to optimize DL-Lite TBoxes. These results allow us to reduce the cost of query rewriting, often dramatically, and to generate highly efficient queries. We have implemented a novel system for query answering over DL-Lite ontologies that incorporates these techniques, and we present a series of data-intensive evaluations that show their effectiveness.


Carotenoids have been found to be important in improving the integrity of biomembranes in eukaryotes. However, the molecular details of how carotenoids modulate the physical properties of biomembranes are unknown. To this end, we have conducted a series of molecular dynamics simulations of different biologically-relevant membranes in the presence of carotenoids. The carotenoid effect on the membrane was found to be specific to the identity of the carotenoid and the composition of the membrane itself. Therefore, different classes of carotenoids produce a different effect on the membrane, and different membrane phases are affected differently by carotenoids. It is apparent from our data that carotenoids do trigger the bilayer to become thinner. The mechanism by which this occurs depends on two competing factors, the ability of the lipid tails of opposing monolayers to either (1) compress or (2) interdigitate as the bilayer condenses. Indeed, carotenoids directly influence the physical properties via these two mechanisms, thus compacting the bilayer. However, the degree to which these competing mechanisms are utilized depends on the bilayer phase and the carotenoid identity.


The purpose of this thesis was to develop a hand held shoreline sanitation device for coastal oil spill operation scenarios. Today, the most effective method is still the use of manual labour with buckets, shovels and bark. This is highly inadequate in terms of efficiency, economy, ergonomics, the results obtained and HSE issues. This project has been executed by Silje Rabben, Arne Sigmund Skeie and Marius Hover Montarou at the Department of Product Design at NTNU in Trondheim, fall of 2010. The two first-mentioned have carried out the work as their final master project, whereas the latter has had is as a pre-master specialization project. Collaborating companies are Kaliber Industrial Design, represented and owned by the three students, and NOFO (Norwegian Clean Seas Association). The initial MOSE concept was conceived at the Institute of Product Design at NTNU in the fall of 2007. Since then, three functional prototypes have been made, tested and evaluated. On the basis of an earlier collaborative technology development project during the spring of 2010 (Oljevern 2010), NOFO decided to grant further funding to the team and project. Having the role of the client, NOFO wanted a handheld sanitation unit adapted to on-shore oil spill recovery needs. As a result, the focal application of the MOSE production prototype is shoreline restauration operations subsequent to marine oil spills. Given the scenario based framework for the project, the majority of the analyses and research revolve around the user, the user context, the system and the market. Also, product references are used to determine the semantic expression and have presented an effective tool to getting to know the product format. Product refinement and detailing represents a large part of the development process, which has been necessary in order to develop a production prototype in only six months. Even though two functional handheld prototypes have been made prior to the master thesis project, the new production prototype and the primitive MOSE v1.0 are worlds apart in terms of ergonomics, flexibility, dimensioning and semantic coherence. All in all, the production prototype is an actual product whereas the MOSE v1.0 was a basic functional model, offering not more than the bare minimum of operational requirements. Considering that the MOSE is a novel product, continuous testing have through trial and error made out the core of the development process. In return, this provides a thoroughly tested product. Many processes have simultaneously taken place. Developing the MOSE technology has included developing a company to manage it. This has offered challenges and experiences in many different, but still highly dependant fields of knowledge. Consequently, this is reflected in the thesis.


This chapter reviews the recent theoretical and empirical economic literature on migrants' remittances. It is divided between a microeconomic section on the determinants of remittances and a macroeconomic section on their growth effects. At the micro level we first present in a fully harmonized framework the various motivations to remit described so far in the literature. We show that models based on different motives share many common predictions, making it difficult to implement truly discriminative tests in the absence of sufficiently detailed data on migrants and receiving households' characteristics and on the timing of remittances. The results from selected empirical studies show that a mixture of individualistic and familial motives explains the likelihood and size of remittances. At the macro level we first briefly review the standard (Keynesian) and the trade-theoretic literature on the short-run impact of remittances. We then use an endogenous growth framework to describe the growth potential of remittances and present the evidence for different growth channels. We then explore the relationship between remittances and inequality. This relationship appears to be non-monotonic. This is consistent with different theoretical arguments regarding the role of migration networks and/or the dynamics of wealth transmission between successive generations.


The spiritual status of the early modern child was often confused and uncertain, and yet in the wake of the English Reformation became an issue of urgent interest. This book explores questions surrounding early modern childhood, focusing especially on some of the extreme religious experiences in which children are documented: those of demonic possession and godly prophecy. Dr French argues that despite the fact that these occurrences were not typical childhood experiences, they provide us with a window through which to glimpse the world of early modern children. The work introduces its readers to the dualistic nature of early modern perceptions of their young - they were seen to be both close to devilish temptations and to God's divine finger, as illustrated by published accounts of possession and prophecy. These cases reveal to us moments in which children could be granted authority or in which writers and publishers framed children in positions of spiritual agency. This can tell us much about how early modern society perceived, imagined and depicted their young, and helps us to revise the notion that early modern children's lives, which were often fleeting, may have gone unregarded. Both contributing to, and informed by, some of the most recent historiographical directions taken by early modern history, this book engages with three key areas: the history of extreme spiritual experience such as demonic possession, the 'lived experience' of early modern religion and the history of childhood. In this way, it offers the first scholarly exploration of the dialogue between these three areas of current and widespread historical interest which have, perhaps surprisingly, not yet been considered together.


Leader has a crucial role in the process оf knowledge management. In order to be successful, leader has to possess qualities and skills that create the conditions for creating, sharing and use of knowledge in organizations. However, apart from the creation, transfer and use of knowledge, it is essential that it promotes and creates new knowledge that will contribute to creating value for the organization. The aim of this work is to point out the necessity of knowledge management, and to suggest the styles of leadership at various stages of knowledge management. The research is of theoretical nature and method of analysis will be used. In this paper we will firstly describe leadership styles. Then we will expose phase of the process of knowledge management. Finally, we describe the role of the leader in the individual stages of the process of knowledge management. By analyzing the styles of leadership and phases of knowledge management process, we have found that the roles and tasks of leaders differ in the stages. Therefore, it is necessary to apply different leadership styles. According to this, different stages of the process of knowledge imply different styles of leadership.


Space technologies have changed the way we live in the present day society and manage many aspects of our daily affairs through Remote sensing, Navigation & Communications. Further, defense and military usage of spacecraft has increased tremendously along with civilian purposes. The number of satellites deployed in space in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and the Geostationary Orbit (GEO) has gone up. The dependency on remote sensing and operational capabilities are most invariably to be exploited more and more in future. Every country is acquiring spacecraft in one way or other for their daily needs, and spacecraft numbers are likely to increase significantly and create spacecraft traffic problems. The aim of this research paper is to propose innovative design concepts for adaptive spacecraft. The main idea here is to improve existing design methods of spacecraft design and development to further improve upon design considerations for futuristic adaptive spacecraft with inbuilt features for automatic adaptability and self-protection. In other words, the innovative design considerations proposed here are to have future spacecraft with selforganizing capabilities for orbital control and protection from antisatellite weapons (ASAT). Here, an attempt is made to propose design and develop futuristic spacecraft for 2030 and beyond due to tremendous advancements in VVLSI, miniaturization, and nano antenna array technologies, including nano technologies are expected. Keywords—Satellites, low earth orbit, medium earth orbit, geostationary earth orbit, self-organizing control system, anti-satellite weapons, orbital control, radar warning receiver, missile warning receiver, laser warning receiver, attitude and orbit control systems, command and data handling.


Innovators across all sectors of society are using information and communication technology to reshape economic and social activity. Even after the boom -- and despite the bust -- the process of structural change continues across organizational boundaries. Transforming Enterprise considers the implications of this change from a balanced, post-bust perspective. Original essays examine the impact on the economy as a whole, and, in particular, the effect on productivity; the role of information technology in creating and using knowledge -- especially knowledge that leads to innovation; and new organizational models, as seen in the interlocking and overlapping networks made possible by the Internet. The authors also analyze structural changes in specific sectors, including the effect of information technology on the automotive industry, demand-driven production and flexible value chains in the personal computer industry, and new models of outsourced manufacturing in the electronics industry. The final essays examine the societal implications of the diverse ways that information technologies are used -- across individuals, groups, communities, and nations -- and considering questions of access and the digital divide.


Session of Tuesday, December 29 The Society was called to order at 10 o'clock a m, in the lecture hall of the United States National Museum, where all the daily sessions were held, President Joseph Le Conte in the chair. Mr Charles D. Walcott, Director of the United States Geological Survey, made a brief address of welcome, and suggested that the Society should establish the custom of holding its meetings in Washington very frequently. After a few words of response, the President introduced the administrative business by a call for the report of the Council. This was submitted in print by the Secretary and copies were distributed to the Fellows. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To the Geological Society of America, in Ninth Annual Meeting assembled: During the past year the Council has found it necessary to hold only its stated meetings in connection with the Philadelphia and Buffalo meetings of


The loss of motor function at the elbow joint can result as a consequence of stroke. Stroke is a clinical illness resulting in long lasting neurological deficits often affecting somatosensory and motor cortices. More than half of those that recover from a stroke survive with disability in their upper arm and need rehabilitation therapy to help in regaining functions of daily living. In this paper, we demonstrated a prototype of a low-cost, ultra-light and wearable soft robotic assistive device that could aid administration of elbow motion therapies to stroke patients. In order to assist the rotation of the elbow joint, the soft modules which consist of soft wedge-like cellular units was inflated by air to produce torque at the elbow joint. Highly compliant rotation can be naturally realised by the elastic property of soft silicone and pneumatic control of air. Based on the direct visual-actuation control, a higher control loop utilised visual processing to apply positional control, the lower control loop was implemented by an electronic circuit to achieve the desired pressure of the soft modules by Pulse Width Modulation. To examine the functionality of the proposed soft modular system, we used an anatomical model of the upper limb and performed the experiments with healthy participants.