ABSTRACT Purpose: The key informants in a village setup were studied to understand the existing social and knowledge systems of farmers, their structure, and relationships between different actors. The purpose is to identify different channels of information and use them as a means to disseminate agricultural technologies and related information to farmers. Design: We use the network map analysis in a case study approach as a tool to demonstrate the linkages between the key actors and stakeholders in the information network of farmers. Findings: The government institutions are well networked among themselves but have limited interactions with non-government sources. Farmers in Bihar have strong linkages with few network actors, who are important nodes in the social knowledge network. The study showed heterogeneity and complexity in the network shape and structure across different districts. Practical Implications: Knowledge networks and social networks are the drivers of information sharing and play a significant role in the diffusion of agricultural technology and related knowledge. Understanding these networks provides a platform for introducing the agricultural technologies and getting connected to a wider group of farming communities. Theoretical Implications: The study shows that the network is formed by different actors and their role determine the nature and shape of the network. Knowledge of this heterogeneity is important in designing or revamping agricultural information systems. Originality: Information and knowledge networks are least explored in the agricultural information dissemination process. Some studies have shown the role of actors and social networks, but this study uniquely explores and presents the heterogeneity of these networks.


In the Japanese courtroom, an adversarial orientation is often manifested in the ways in which prosecution and defence counsels each utilize discourse strategies to construct competing narratives, for example, by asking coercive negative questions in cross-examination. Alternatively, counsel's attempt at building a convincing narrative is at times thwarted by the judge's inquisitorial orientation to attempt to elicit 'the truth.' This paper aims to explore the discourse of Japanese criminal trials, drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in courtroom settings in Japan. The paper specifically focuses on how the hybridity of adversarial and inquisitorial orientations to the justice process are realized in courtroom discourse. Drawing on courtroom observation notes, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials as data, I analyze Japan's 'hybrid' legal system through observing its trial genre structure, narrative construction processes and courtroom discourse strategies. Analysis suggests that blame, moral preaching and attribution of collective responsibility are sometimes incorporated into the process of questioning the defendant and witnesses in a court of law. Within this paper, the analysis of trial discourses reveals that while operating in the framework of adversarial principles, Japanese criminal trials also allow for a discursive practice particular to these courtroom settings which seeks to maintain moral and social order in Japan as a society that is structured on a hierarchical institutional power structure. The paper concludes that specifically designed language powerfully conveys the delivery and attainment of justice, where further research anthropological linguistic work can advance our understandings of the legal process, in Japan and beyond.


Gaucher disease type 1, an inherited lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by mutations in GBA1 leading to defective glucocerebrosidase (GCase) function and consequent excess accumulation of glucosylceramide/glucosylsphingosine in visceral organs. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with the biosimilars, imiglucerase (imig) or velaglucerase alfa (vela) improves/reverses the visceral disease. Comparative transcriptomic effects (microarray and mRNA-Seq) of no ERT and ERT (imig or vela) were done with liver, lung, and spleen from mice having Gba1 mutant alleles, termed D409V/null. Disease-related molecular effects, dynamic ranges, and sensitivities were compared between mRNA-Seq and microarrays and their respective analytic tools, i.e. Mixed Model ANOVA (microarray), and DESeq and edgeR (mRNA-Seq). While similar gene expression patterns were observed with both platforms, mRNA-Seq identified more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (∼3-fold) than the microarrays. Among the three analytic tools, DESeq identified the maximum number of DEGs for all tissues and treatments. DESeq and edgeR comparisons revealed differences in DEGs identified. In 9V/null liver, spleen and lung, post-therapy transcriptomes approximated WT, were partially reverted, and had little change, respectively, and were concordant with the corresponding histological and biochemical findings. DEG overlaps were only 8–20% between mRNA-Seq and microarray, but the biological pathways were similar. Cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle, heme metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction were most altered with the Gaucher disease process. Imig and vela differentially affected specific disease pathways. Differential molecular responses were observed in direct transcriptome comparisons from imig- and vela-treated tissues. These results provide cross-validation for the mRNA-Seq and microarray platforms, and show differences between the molecular effects of two highly structurally similar ERT biopharmaceuticals.


Balanced fertilization is the key factor to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of fertilization.The dosage of inorganic fertilizers applied can be determined based on the nutrient status of P, K and rice productivity. The research aims to improve balance fertilization that combines inorganic fertilizers, which is set up based on soil nutrient status, and organic fertilizers. The research was conducted in Karang Tanjung Village, Padang Ratu District, Central Lampung, in the dry season of 2009 until 2012. An experimental plot of one hectare was set up in the farmer's paddy fields. Generally, the plot for every treatment was owned by two or more farmers. The treatments consisted of the dose of fertilizer applications for lowland rice, namely (1) dose of fertilizers based on farmer practice, (2) dose of fertilizers proposed by Petrokimia, (3) 75% of fertilizer dose that was set up based on soil analysis plus straw compost, and (4) 75% of inorganic fertilizer combined with manure and biofertilizer. At the fourth growing season, each plot was applied with 100% inorganic fertilizer (NPK fertilizer). The results showed that the limiting factor of the soil used in the current study is the content of organic-C, N, K, and CEC. The compost of rice straw used as organic matter in the current study contains higher organic-C and total-N in comparison to manure. Organic matter application in the form of straw compost or manure can reduce 25% of NPK application, while the production of rice remains high. Fertilization on paddy soils based on soil nutrient status can improve fertilization efficiency. Rice production in the treatment of 100% NPK is similar to that in the fertilization treatments based on farmer practice and Petrokima rate.


High on the slopes of Plynlimon, a wild and windy mountain almost in the middle of Wales, are three springs, each of which gives birth to a river. Now two of these rivers, the Wye and the Severn are quite silly rivers - they rush off down the mountainside to look for the sea in the middle of England, which, as we all know, is probably the daftest place they could look, from "The Devil's Bridge" in "Seven Welsh Folk Tales". Richard Eastwood has brought together a cauldron of the finest ingredients - a prime selection of traditional tales from Wales - some well-known, others not so familiar. He has seasoned them well with lashings of wisdom, a generous dash of humour - and - to bring out the maximum flavour - a very large pinch of salt. This book presents traditional storytelling with the freshness of a new author's voice. It is great to read aloud and the most sophisticated listener will delight at the captivating aura of these tales. Lively full-colour and black and white drawings give vitality to the text. A first publication which welcomes new readers.


Health-care-associated infections by multi-drug-resistant bacteria constitute one of the greatest challenges to modern medicine. Bacterial pathogens devise various mechanisms to withstand the activity of a wide range of antimicrobial compounds, among which the acquisition of carbapenemases is one of the most concerning. In Klebsiella pneumoniae, the dissemination of the K. pneumoniae carbapenemase is tightly connected to the global spread of certain clonal lineages. Although antibiotic resistance is a key driver for the global distribution of epidemic high-risk clones, there seem to be other adaptive traits that may explain their success. Here, we exploited the power of deep transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) to shed light on the transcriptomic landscape of 37 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates of diverse phylogenetic origins. We identified a large set of 3346 genes which was expressed in all isolates. While the core-transcriptome profiles varied substantially between groups of different sequence types, they were more homogenous among isolates of the same sequence type. We furthermore linked the detailed information on differentially expressed genes with the clinically relevant phenotypes of biofilm formation and bacterial virulence. This allowed for the identification of a diminished expression of biofilm-specific genes within the low biofilm producing ST258 isolates as a sequence type-specific trait.


DTU Orbit (06/05/2019) Engineering Plasmonic Nanopillar Arrays for Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy This Ph.D. thesis presents (i) an in-depth understanding of the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in the nanopillar arrays (NPs) for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and (ii) systematic ways of optimizing the fabrication process of NPs to improve their SERS efficiencies. This Ph.D. project is part of the NAPLAS NAnoPLAsmonic Sensors project, funded by The Danish Council for Independent Research. LSPRs in silver capped silicon NPs are studied using numerical simulations and dark-field scattering microscopy. Simulations show that a standalone NP supports two LSPR modes, i.e., the particle mode and the cavity mode. The particle mode can be hybridized via leaning of pillars. The LSPR wavelength of the cavity mode is dominant only by the diameter of the Si pillar. The presence of a substrate dramatically changes the intensities of these two LSPR modes, by introducing constructive and destructive interference patterns with the excitation fields. Experimental scattering spectra can be interpreted using theoretical simulations. The processes, which affect the SERS efficiencies of the silver NPs, are systematically evaluated. Short exposures to the O2plasma and the use of 1-3 nm Cr adhesion layers are advantageous for reducing the SERS background signals. Influence of the NP height and silver deposition thickness on SERS intensities is also investigated. Using an optimized recipe, the measured SERS enhancement factor (EF) reaches 108, andthe SERS signal intensity exhibits a standard deviation of ~14% (660 data points) across a 5 x 5 mm2 surface area. Lastly, a further improved process shows that high-density NPs exhibit unrivalled macroscale SERS uniformities (RSD: ∼2.5% in mm scale, ∼7% in inch scale) and SERS reproducibilities (RSD: ∼1.5% across three wafers), while at the same time displaying a very large average SERS EF of >108. From a practical point of view, the developed SERS substrates are particularity interesting, since they are easy to handle and store and the fabrication is scalable, facilitating a wide and simple use of SERS in sensing applications.


The book incorporates the essential elements of institutional theory and highlights the issues pertaining to the measurement of institutional characteristics and the empirical analyses involving such measurement. It provides the theoretical framework of and empirical evidence on fiscal institutions, covering budgetary rules and procedures as well as fiscal decentralization, and reviews the theoretical framework for monetary institutions such as central bank independence, currency boards, monetary unions and inflation targeting in addition to providing empirical evidence on their effectiveness. The role of bank regulation and supervision is also investigated. This path-breaking and original book will prove a fascinating read for a wide-ranging audience including academics, think tanks, international development agencies and policymakers within the fields of development, economics, heterodox economics and money, banking and finance.


Abstract The ITER magnet system, particularly the Poloidal Field Coils (PFC) and Central Solenoid Coils (CSC), was originally designed to drive, confine and stabilise a set of plasmas about a baseline of a reference 15MA 400s inductive burn, with capability for inductive short burn at currents up to 17MA and 10MA non-inductive plasmas depending on the plasma parameters that can be achieved. Recent assessments of experimental data and improved plasma modelling have identified some constraints in the 2001 design that may limit the range of plasmas that can be generated in ITER. The constraints are a mixture of coil superconducting performance, structural and electrical limits, and concern both the accuracy of the formation of the plasma configuration (including the position of the separatrix lines in the divertor) and the stabilisation of the plasma position.


Following the end of apartheid, the South African state has faced a number of challenges. One of these has been the growing spectre of organised crime, which has weighed heavily on the public consciousness. The narrative has been one of organised crime, which is becoming increasingly sophisticated and dangerous, pitted against a weakening and ill-equipped state. This article seeks to give insight into the legal and institutional measures taken by the South African state over the last 20 years. It focuses on direct state responses to organised crime, primarily changes to legislation and enforcement structures. It finds that although the state has been active in changing legislation to combat organised crime, it has often been its own worst enemy where enforcement is concerned, and has consequently lost some important tools in the fight against organised crime.


For the classical Euler elastic problem, conjugate points are described. Inflexional elasticas admit the first conjugate point between the first and third inflexion points. All other elasticas do not have conjugate points. As a result, the problem of stability of Euler elasticas is solved.


JOHN P. WILSON AND TERENCE M. KEANE, EDS.: Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press, New York, 1997, 575 pp, $55.00, ISBN 1-57230162-7. The recent impressive expansion of our clinical knowledge about PTSD and psychological trauma has been paralleled by a progressive introduction of a variety of self-report measures, each one with its own emphasis and relative specificity. The array of assessment instruments related to various psychological traumas and posttrauma disorders has become overwhelming if not confusing. The need for a reference book in this area was acute and crucial not only for clinicians but also for researchers. The editors have thoughtfully addressed this issue by bringing together a group of experts who have covered all the important aspects of psychological assessment in this field. The book is divided into three main areas of assessment, each addressing a particular area of psychological trauma. The first area covers standardized measures and physiological techniques related to PTSD and child-abuse effects in adults supported by a chapter on physiological assessments and another one on psychometric theory explanatory of the degree of validity of the tests. It will be unrealistic to discuss the strength and weakness of each one of the 20 standardized tests already evaluated by the contributing authors. However, an issue affecting all these tests seems to be the questionable validity of attempting by the testdevelopers to objectify the subjective answers of the clients-patients. Like in all self-report measures, there is a subjective bias which may falsify the responses, though it may measure the degree of severity of clinical symptoms, if the specific trauma is documented independently of the client. (Trauma symptom checklist -40) Another problem with these tests is that, while they have been developed based on relatively small samples, they have not been validated against the general population. As noticed by the authors, the validation of these tests is not quite documented in terms of the discriminative validity of the PTSD measures versus other measure constructs. The second group of articles reviews the standardized assessment of the traumatic reaction among victims and survivor populations. The articles included here assess a wide variety of psychological trauma from life-threatening medical illness to bereavement, marital strife with physical aggression, child abuse or combat-related stress trauma. They empirically evaluate the impact of a particular natural or human-induced stressor on people subjected to it, without telling us why some are affected more than others or not at all. …


This paper presents a novel approach for in-house operators to profile and allege fault interferences in a nanogrid system either locally or externally. The proposed hybridized methodology is modeled to apprehend, classify, and locate fault interventions using a heuristic data-driven processing model and a sensing directional flow theorem. Employment of fuzzy control and discrete Fourier transform systems are fused to recompose directional fault relay functionalities. The algorithm is composed of three computational stages: stage 1 quantifies conditional correlate coefficients (COC) based on current and phase angle features sampled at interconnecting feeders, stage 2 engages a fuzzy logic controller to express linguistic truth values against calculated COCs, and stage 3 directs circuit breaker operations advocating post phase-shift aberrations to isolate the faulted region. A nanogrid model inspired by Singapore's Green Mark Building Incentive is developed in the MATLAB environment consisting of a combine heat and power microturbine, a rooftop photovoltaic system, and battery storage units tied to the 22-kVAC distribution network. Analytical results exhibit practicability and decisive settlements in diagnosing various types of fault crises despite low data logging signal-to-noise ratio. Conjointly, engagements of circuit breakers have rendered accurate switching operations toward isolating faulted regions.


This dissertation presents practical issues in Ultrawideband – Ultrawidebeam (UWB) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signal processing and crucial applications developed on UWB SAR. In the context of this dissertation, UWB SAR refers to the SAR systems utilizing large fractional bandwidth signals and synthesizing long apertures associated with wide antenna beamwidths. On one hand, such specific systems give us opportunities to develop unique applications. One the other hand, signal processing for data collected by these systems is very challenging and therefore requires much effort due to their characteristics. In the signal processing part, the tools supporting the UWB SAR system design and evaluation are introduced. They include an Impulse Response Function in UWB SAR imaging (IRF-SAR), azimuth and range resolution equations for UWB SAR, and a definition of UWB SAR quality measurements. Pre-processing, processing and post-processing for UWB SAR are also topics that will be examined in the signal processing part. The processing is here defined by SAR algorithms. With this definition, the pre-processing refers to RFI suppression approaches whereas the post-processing implies apodization or sidelobe control methods. In the application part, Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) is selected for study due to its interest to both military and civilian end-users. GMTI developed on UWB SAR relates to the moving target detection by focusing technique which can be combined with the space-time processing such as Displaced Phase Center Antenna (DPCA) and Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP).


A construction of Bourgain [Bou05] gave the first 2-source extractor to break the min-entropy rate 1/2 barrier. In this note, we write an exposition of his result, giving a high level way to view his extractor construction. We also include a proof of a generalization of Vazirani's XOR lemma that seems interesting in its own right, and an argument (due to Boaz Barak) that shows that any two source extractor with sufficiently small error must bestrong.


We present an optimal laser welding assembly sequence for butterfly laser packages: 1) initial shift, 2) front welding, 3) rear welding, 4) joint gripper releasing, 5) mechanical fine tuning of horizontal misalignment. This sequence has been optimized significantly by modeling the initial shift and experimental investigations of three assembly sequences. Our results show that misalignment from the Post-Weld-Shift (PWS) can be compensated by accurately estimating the initial shift in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the laser hammering procedure, to compensate for misalignment of the vertical direction, can be eliminated by proper package design. Using only final mechanical tuning for horizontal misalignments, optical coupling efficiencies of 73-99% have been achieved for lasers packaged in butterfly modules.


In attempting to shed light on the potential limits to redistribution in high-inequality young democracies, clientelistic practices may be at the forefront of research into the matter. Central to the question is whether politicians allocate public goods equitably and programmatically in order to maximise social welfare or whether goods are allocated in an opportunistic manner so as to alter electoral outcomes to favour politicians themselves (Gallego&Wantchekon, 2012:1). This study makes use of a survey conducted in two low-income areas – the townships of Khayelitsha and Delft – in Cape Town, South Africa. The survey yields information into the as yet unexplored perceptions on and attitudes towards the concept in South Africa. The work conducted in collecting the data and administering the survey is itself one of the contributions of the overall study. This paper attempts to illustrate one of the possible areas of research that can be furthered with the use of the data that has been collected. We find evidence of a relationship between attitudes towards clientelism (and clientelistic practices) and redistributive preferences. We suggest promising avenues for further investigation into the exact nature of this relationship.


This article demonstrates the continuities that persist between early modern English accounts of Jerusalem and pilgrim narratives. Despite Reformed theology's denial of holiness inherent in the physical world, Protestant travelers in the generations after the Reformation relate the traditional pilgrim reaction of prayerful joy in the time-honored places, bring home relics, and record the dimensions of the holiest places, just as pilgrims always had. Recent criticism of early modern travel narratives — which views them as evidence of the increasing secularization of travel in which curiositas, trading interests, and protoimperialism have replaced the old pieties — has not fully registered the extent of the overlap: a persistence of behavior and belief which suggests that travel to the holy land is yet another aspect of post-Reformation culture in which loudly proclaimed skepticism occludes an assimilation of traditional piety. These narratives — and their avid readership — indicate that the journeys to Jerusalem undertaken by early modern Englishmen respond to the pull of holy places that Protestants believe they have abolished.


We consider the verification of lock-free data structures that manually manage their memory with the help of a safe memory reclamation (SMR) algorithm. Our first contribution is a type system that checks whether a program properly manages its memory. If the type check succeeds, it is safe to ignore the SMR algorithm and consider the program under garbage collection. Intuitively, our types track the protection of pointers as guaranteed by the SMR algorithm. There are two design decisions. The type system does not track any shape information, which makes it extremely lightweight. Instead, we rely on invariant annotations that postulate a protection by the SMR. To this end, we introduce angels, ghost variables with an angelic semantics. Moreover, the SMR algorithm is not hard-coded but a parameter of the type system definition. To achieve this, we rely on a recent specification language for SMR algorithms. Our second contribution is to automate the type inference and the invariant check. For the type inference, we show a quadratic-time algorithm. For the invariant check, we give a source-to-source translation that links our programs to off-the-shelf verification tools. It compiles away the angelic semantics. This allows us to infer appropriate annotations automatically in a guess-and-check manner. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our type-based verification approach, we check linearizability for various list and set implementations from the literature with both hazard pointers and epoch-based memory reclamation. For many of the examples, this is the first time they are verified automatically. For the ones where there is a competitor, we obtain a speed-up of up to two orders of magnitude.


The Baal Shem Tov is quoted as having said that forgetting is a form of exile and that memory is a path toward return. (1) This paradigm of exile and return, so central to Jewish history and thought, is relevant to other nations, especially those who, like the Jews, have experienced an extended diaspora. In a lengthy conversation with Margaret Mead, lames Baldwin spoke of ours as a "century of displaced people and wanderers [in which] everyone is an exile" (Rap 62). Global transmigration, crossing borders both literal and figurative, is so commonplace today that the search for better fortune or sheer survival has left an indelible imprint on modern consciousness. Accompanying this movement from one landscape to another is the tension between retaining what was (and remains) one's national identity and assimilating into new territories and cultures. It can be argued that it is in fictional characters' spiritual lives, one of the anchors of self and collective identity, and in their attempts to place themselves within the religious traditions of their community that this sought-after reconciliation of impending alienation and threatening assimilation is most pronounced. Hence, it is in literature and in social movements, particularly those of "minority" communities, that distinctiveness is most stressed. Religious faith and practice in this context provide a viable return through the often unconscious, as well as culturally constructed, phenomenon of memory. At the end of Baldwin's 1952 novel Go Tell It on the Mountain, John Grimes, the young protagonist, has an epiphany or what is more commonly referred to as a visionary conversion experience, a staple of American religious life. He embraces Jesus and endures a state of ecstatic mysticism in which he experiences "his drifting soul ... anchored in the love of God" (204). John's rebirth in Christ, his being "saved," is an affirmation of one of the strongest bulwarks in the African American community during slavery, and especially since its abolition: the black church. (2) Baldwin has said that "everything in Black history comes out of the church." It is "not a redemptive force but a `bridge across troubled water,'" Kalamu ya Salaam interviewing Baldwin responded. "It is how we forged our identity" (Pratt and Stanley 182). The church is the African American's inheritance. Black writers and the characters they create are not so easily divested of it, nor should they be. Though John Grimes's commitment to Christ is representative of black assimilation into American (white) culture, this adoption of Christian beliefs not only helped the community forge a stronger connection to their country and society, but it also enabled slaves and then emancipated Africans to shore up their sense of self-worth and value. Albert J. Raboteau, writing in his classic work Slave Religion: The Invisible Institution in the Antebellum South, observes that "as one institution which freed blacks were allowed to control, the church was the center of social, economic, educational, and political activity. It was also a source of continuity and identity for the black community" (320). Here, Raboteau postulates, blacks were able to bridge the chasm between the two continents of Africa and America, between the past and the present (4). It is in this space (both the literal church enclosure and the spiritual vault the church created around its congregants) that remembering took place; it is here that expression was given to memory. "`Do you believe'" Nana Peazant asks her female progeny in Julie Dash's film Daughters of the Dust, "`that hundreds of Africans brought here on this other side would forget everything they once knew?'" (96). (3) W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that the double consciousness haunting African Americans, the conflict between African and American points of view, could be both an empowering and a dislocating phenomenon (5). Amid the twin pressures of retention and memory, the cultural drama of the African American slave, and then free person, was played out. …


Abstract Ground reaction force (GRF) in sit-to-stand (STS) movement is used mainly for evaluating lower extremity muscle strength. We attempted to evaluate not only lower extremity muscle strength, but also balance ability from GRF in STS movement. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between GRF variables, including composite variables, which are the combination of parameters representing lower extremity muscle strength and balance ability, and mobility limitation and falls. This study included 381 community-dwelling older adults (73.8 ± 5.3 years; 45.9% men). We measured the maximal rate of force development over 87.5 ms/body weight (RFD8.75/w) and peak reaction force/body weight (F/w) to evaluate lower extremity muscle strength. We also measured lateral load sway divided by the change in vertical load/second (vx/vw) to evaluate balance ability. We then created composite variables of these variables. To perform logistic regression analysis separated by gender, three groups based on the tertile of each variable were used. Composite variables that comprised the Rv score, which was the combination of RFD8.75/w and vx/vw, and Fv scores, which combined F/w and vx/vw, were especially effective for evaluating the risk of mobility limitation in both genders. In evaluating the fall risk, the Rv and Fv scores of the poor group in women only showed significantly higher odds ratios of 2.74 (95% CI: 1.21 6.20) and 3.02 (95% CI: 1.31 6.96), respectively. These results suggest that the composite variables, Rv and Fv scores, are superior for evaluating risks of mobility limitation and falls, rather than each single variable.


Introduction: Rectal angiodysplasia is a rare lesion of bowel wall in pediatric population. Materials and Methods: We report the first laparoscopic management of a case of bifocal angiodysplasia in a child, involving the rectum and the left colonic flexure. The preoperative investigations showed only rectal lesions. A classic Swenson's pull-through by laparoscopy was performed, with discovery of second lesion necessitating a resection of the left colonic flexure. Result: At day 11, the child presented an occlusive syndrome and a partial disunion of the coloanal anastomosis, requiring a discharge transverse colostomy Two months after closure of the colostomy, the child regained 1 kg, had a normal transit (3 to 4 defecations per day) and normal haemoglobin results. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11593/bje.2013.0101.0001 Bangladesh Journal of Endosurgery Vol.1(1) January 2013: 13-15


Perceptual decision-making is commonly studied using stimuli with different physical properties but of comparable affective value. Here, we investigate neural processes underlying human perceptual decisions in the affectively rich domain of pain using a drift-diffusion model in combination with a probabilistic cueing paradigm. This allowed us to characterize a novel role for the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), whose anticipatory responses reflecting a decision bias were dependent on the affective value of the stimulus. During intense noxious stimulation, these model-based anticipatory DLPFC responses were linked to an engagement of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a midbrain region implicated in defensive responses including analgesia. Complementing these findings on biased decision-making, the model parameter reflecting sensory processing predicted subcortical responses (in amygdala and PAG) when expectations were violated. Our findings highlight the importance of taking a broader perspective on perceptual decisions and link decisions about pain with subcortical circuitry implicated in endogenous pain modulation.


ABSTRACT
Black British poetry is the province of experimenting with voice and recording rhythms beyond the iambic pentameter. Not only in performance poetry and through the spoken word, but also on the page, black British poetry constitutes and preserves a sound archive of distinct linguistic varieties. In Slave Song (1984) and Coolie Odyssey (1988), David Dabydeen employs a form of Guyanese Creole in order to linguistically render and thus commemorate the experience of slaves and indentured labourers, respectively, with the earlier collection providing annotated translations into Standard English. James Berry, Louise Bennett, and Valerie Bloom adapt Jamaican Patois to celebrate Jamaican folk culture and at times to represent and record experiences and linguistic interactions in the postcolonial metropolis. Grace Nichols and John Agard use modified forms of Guyanese Creole, with Nichols frequently constructing gendered voices whilst Agard often celebrates linguistic playfulness. The borders between linguistic varieties are by no means absolute or static, as the emergence and marked growth of 'London Jamaican' (Mark Sebba) indicates. Asian British writer Daljit Nagra takes liberties with English for different reasons. Rather than having recourse to established Creole languages, and blending them with Standard English, his heteroglot poems frequently emulate 'Punglish', the English of migrants whose first language is Punjabi. Whilst it is the language prestige of London Jamaican that has been significantly enhanced since the 1990s, a fact not only confirmed by linguistic research but also by its transethnic uses both in the streets and on the page, Nagra's substantial success and the mainstream attention he receives also indicate the clout of vernacular voices in poetry. They have the potential to connect with oral traditions and cultural memories, to record linguistic varieties, and to endow 'street cred' to authors and texts. In this chapter, these double-voiced poetic languages are also read as signs of resistance against residual monologic ideologies of Englishness.
© Book proposal (02/2016): The Cambridge History of Black and Asian British Writing p. 27 of 43


When one economic entity is both a creditor and debtor to another, a somewhat obvious and simple idea is to cross cancel their debt. We created a classroom simulation where students were required to research the debt position of 8 EU countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain, Britain, France and Germany) and then conduct a negotiation exercise to reduce their total debt burdens. As a result students developed their research skills and data analysis, and increased their understanding of the data regarding an important topical issue. The simulation itself exposed students to a number of different trading strategies, in particular the complexity of going from bilateral to wider deal making, and negotiating from weak positions. By making students the focus of the exercise their engagement and learning outcomes were high.


BACKGROUND--Emphysema is currently defined as "a condition of the lung characterised by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of their walls, and without obvious fibrosis." The functional and morphological changes that occur in emphysema have largely been attributed to changes in alveolar elastin rather than in collagen. A study was performed to determine whether the amount of collagen in the alveolar wall changes with age in the lungs of non-smokers and of smokers with different types of macroscopically defined emphysema in relation to a microscopic measurement of lung structure. METHODS--Total alveolar wall collagen was measured (as hydroxyproline) in known volumes of distended lung tissue (by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography) in the lungs of non-smokers (n = 23) and in regions sampled away from emphysematous lesions in the lungs of 36 smokers (four with no emphysema, 13 with centriacinar emphysema (CAE), nine with panacinar emphysema (PAE), and 10 with a mixture (MIX) of both PAE and CAE). Mean lung airspace wall surface area per unit volume (AWUV) was calculated from at least six random blocks per lung and on histological sections immediately adjacent to those prepared for collagen measurement with a rapid scanning device (fast interval processor). RESULTS--In non-smokers there was no significant correlation between the amount of collagen in the alveolar wall tissue and either mean lung AWUV or increasing patient age when amounts of collagen were expressed either per unit volume of distended lung (40 mm3 sample) or per unit surface area of airspace wall tissue. Smokers without emphysema had similar amounts of collagen to non-smokers. Lungs with PAE and MIX, but not CAE alone, contained significantly more collagen than normal when expressed per unit volume of airspace wall tissue whereas all groups, including CAE, contained significantly raised amounts of collagen when expressed per unit surface area. CONCLUSIONS--There is no significant age related change in the collagen content of the lungs of non-smokers which suggests that, as AWUV is lost with age, the main collagenous framework is maintained. However, in smokers with emphysema there is a loss of airspace wall tissue in regions remote from the macroscopic lesions that is accompanied by a net increase in collagen mass. The greater accumulation of collagen in MIX lungs than in CAE lungs suggests a greater degree of structural damage, indicative of an alternative pathogenetic mechanism operating between the different types of emphysema. Our results suggest an active alveolar wall fibrosis in emphysema as a consequence of cigarette smoking. It is suggested that the definition of emphysema may require further revision to include such change.


In Japan, the line that divides myth from reality is not merely blurred, it is nonexistent. Superstitions, legends, and folk myths are passed down through generations and pervade daily living. When a child playing near a river fails to return home, it is whispered that she was swept away by an adzuki arai, or Bean Washer. When a man boarding a ship hears the ringing of an unseen insect, it is announced that a funadama (Boat Spirit) is present and so the auspicious harbinger of smooth seas and abundant catch is celebrated. Even something as innocuous as waking up to find your pillow at the foot of your bed is thought to be the trick of a makura gaeshi, otherwise known as a Pillow Turner. Nothing is as simple as it seems. Your neighbor isn't merely an eccentric old woman--she might very well be a shape-shifting, grudge-harboring Water Sprite. The Japanese examine life and living with the keenest eyes and the most vivid of imaginations. Thersa Matsuura has captured that essence in this darkly insightful collection illuminating the place where reality falters and slips into the strange and fantastical.


Sorting is one of the most important and well-studied problems in computer science. Many good algorithms are known which offer various trade-offs in efficiency, simplicity, memory use, and other factors. However, these algorithms do not take into account features of modern computer architectures that significantly influence performance. Caches and branch predictors are two such features and, while there has been a significant amount of research into the cache performance of general purpose sorting algorithms, there has been little research on their branch prediction properties. In this paper, we empirically examine the behavior of the branches in all the most common sorting algorithms. We also consider the interaction of cache optimization on the predictability of the branches in these algorithms. We find insertion sort to have the fewest branch mispredictions of any comparison-based sorting algorithm, that bubble and shaker sort operate in a fashion that makes their branches highly unpredictable, that the unpredictability of shellsort's branches improves its caching behavior, and that several cache optimizations have little effect on mergesort's branch mispredictions. We find also that optimizations to quicksort, for example the choice of pivot, have a strong influence on the predictability of its branches. We point out a simple way of removing branch instructions from a classic heapsort implementation and also show that unrolling a loop in a cache-optimized heapsort implementation improves the predicitability of its branches. Finally, we note that when sorting random data two-level adaptive branch predictors are usually no better than simpler bimodal predictors. This is despite the fact that two-level adaptive predictors are almost always superior to bimodal predictors, in general.


A common definition of a labor union is that it is an association of workers who bargain collectively with their employer regarding the terms and conditions of employment. Economic analysis of labor unions falls largely into four related categories: 1) unions as maximizing agents, 2) dispute resolution: strikes and arbitration, 3) the effect of unions on wages, and 4) the determination of union membership. This essay is organized around discussions of these topics.


The application of lighting simulation techniques for daylight illuminance modelling in architectural spaces is described in this thesis. The prediction tool used for all the work described here is the Radiance lighting simulation system. An overview of the features and capabilities of the Radiance system is presented. Daylight simulation using the Radiance system is described in some detail. The relation between physical quantities and the lighting simulation parameters is made clear in a series of progressively more complex examples. Effective use of the inter-reflection calculation is described. The illuminance calculation is validated under real sky conditions for a full-size office space. The simulation model used sky luminance patterns that were based directly on measurements. Internal illuminance predictions are compared with measurements for 754 skies that cover a wide range of naturally occurring conditions. The processing of the sky luminance measurements for the lighting simulation is described. The accuracy of the illuminance predictions is shown to be, in the main, comparable with the accuracy of the model input data. There were a number of predictions with low accuracy. Evidence is presented to show that these result from imprecision in the model specification - such as, uncertainty of the circumsolar luminance - rather than the prediction algorithms themselves. Procedures to visualise and reduce illuminance and lighting-related data are presented. The ability of sky models to reproduce measured sky luminance patterns for the purpose of predicting internal illuminance is investigated. Four sky models and two sky models blends are assessed. Predictions of internal illuminance using sky models/blends are compared against those using measured sky luminance patterns. The sky model blends and the Perez All-weather model are shown to perform comparably well. Illuminance predictions using measured skies however were invariably better than those using sky models/blends. Several formulations of the daylight coefficient approach for predicting time varying illuminances are presented. Radiance is used to predict the daylight coefficients from which internal illuminances are derived. The form and magnitude of the daylight coefficients are related to the scene geometry and the discretisation scheme. Internal illuminances are derived for four daylight coefficient formulations based on the measured luminance patterns for the 754 skies. For the best of the formulations, the accuracy of the daylight coefficient derived illuminances is shown to be comparable to that using the standard Radiance calculation method. The use of the daylight coefficient approach to both accurately and efficiently predict hourly internal daylight illuminance levels for an entire year is described. Daylight coefficients are invariant to building orientation for a fixed building configuration. This property of daylight coefficients is exploited to yield hourly internal illuminances for a full year as a function of building orientation. Visual data analysis techniques are used to display and process the massive number of derived illuminances.


The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained wide popularity both in academic and industrial contexts. Nowadays, such systems exhibit many important challenges across many dimensions. In this work, we propose ThingsJS, a rich Javascript-based middleware platform and runtime environment that abstracts the inherent complexity of such systems by providing a high-level framework for IoT system developers, built over Javascript. ThingsJS abstracts several large-scale distributed systems considerations, such as scheduling, monitoring and self-adaptation, by means of a rich constraint model, a multi-dimensional resource prediction approach and a SMT-based scheduler to properly schedule and manage the execution of high-level, large-scale distributed applications on heterogeneous physical IoT devices. ThingsJS also provides a rich inter-device communication framework built on top of the widely-used publish/subscribe/MQTT paradigm. Finally, ThingsJS also proposes a rich inter-device Javascript-based code migration framework to support the transparent migration of live IoT components between heterogeneous devices.


In this work, the potential use of organic wastes in improving the productivity of the low-base status of an ultisol was evaluated in the greenhouse using a completely randomized design. There were twelve treatments replicated four times including the control. The treatments were solid poultry droppings, piggery dung and cow dung and their extracts obtained after soaking for one week, two weeks, and more than two weeks. These treatments were properly applied to 2 kg of potted soil (equivalent of 15 t ha -1 ) and planted with maize grains at a rate of two grains per pot and thinned down to one seedling after germination. The results showed that extract from poultry droppings soaked for more than two weeks gave the highest yield of maize dry matter (18.30 g plant -1 ), followed by extracts from pig dung soaked for more than two weeks which yielded (18.14 g plant -1 ) and solid poultry dropping (17.47 g plant -1 ) while solid cow done or its extracts gave the lowest yield of (5.08 g plant -1 ) but all were significantly higher than control (1.84 g plant -1 ). All the treatments significantly increased the soil organic matter, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity and the available phosphorus. With the increase of soil nutrients following the application of the organic wastes, all amendments increased maize performance over the control. The recommended best form of the animal manure for optimum maize growth was the liquid form especially that of poultry that was soaked for more than two weeks.


This paper forms the United Kingdom's contribution to the International Banking Research Network's project examining the impact of liquidity shocks on banks' lending behaviour, using proprietary bank-level data available to central banks. Specifically, we examine the impact of changes in funding conditions on UK-resident banks' domestic and external lending from 2006–12. Our results suggest that, following a rise in the liquidity shock measure, UK-resident banks that grew their balance sheets quicker relative to their peers pre-crisis, decreased their external lending by more relative to other banks, and increased their domestic lending. When we account for country of ownership, we find that the same pattern was true for both UK-owned and foreign-owned banks, but more pronounced for UK-owned banks' domestic and foreign-owned banks' external lending. These results are robust to splitting the data into real and financial sector lending, the use of more granular bilateral country loan data and controlling for the various banking system interventions made by governments in 2008–09.


Service development and delivery is by its very nature an activity that requires cooperation between suppliers and customers. This cooperation does not imply or require parity between the parties. In any such relationship parties divide responsibilities based on a perception of self-competency and subsequent economic value. This is not always rational. One result of many such co-production agreements is to leech competency to one partner to the detriment of all other parties. Black box relationships are an unintended consequence of such interactions, relying on an ability of all of the partners to express their requirements in terms of rigid service level agreements whose origins are opaque to all but the originating organisation (and even then may not be well understood). This unhappy position is made worse by a tendency to involve many service providers at different points in the provision chain, none of whom have an adequate or rational understanding of the requirements of their customers or suppliers. This paper argues that true co-production can never be successfully met without effective co-design – achieved through the deliberate exposure of internal structure and imperatives by all parties. Apparent productivity gains will be short lived without this exposure as organisations limit their choices of partners in markets as well as restricting their own ability to address new opportunities.


Abstract. We investigate changes in the delivery and oceanic transport of Amazon sediments related to terrestrial climate variations over the last 250 ka. We present high-resolution geochemical records from four marine sediment cores located between 5 and 12° N along the northern South American margin. The Amazon River is the sole source of terrigenous material for sites at 5 and 9° N, while the core at 12° N receives a mixture of Amazon and Orinoco detrital particles. Using an endmember unmixing model, we estimated the relative proportions of Amazon Andean material ("%-Andes", at 5 and 9° N) and of Amazon material ("%-Amazon", at 12° N) within the terrigenous fraction. The %-Andes and %-Amazon records exhibit significant precessional variations over the last 250 ka that are more pronounced during interglacials in comparison to glacial periods. High %-Andes values observed during periods of high austral summer insolation reflect the increased delivery of suspended sediments by Andean tributaries and enhanced Amazonian precipitation, in agreement with western Amazonian speleothem records. Increased Amazonian rainfall reflects the intensification of the South American monsoon in response to enhanced land–ocean thermal gradient and moisture convergence. However, low %-Amazon values obtained at 12° N during the same periods seem to contradict the increased delivery of Amazon sediments. We propose that reorganizations in surface ocean currents modulate the northwestward transport of Amazon material. In agreement with published records, the seasonal North Brazil Current retroflection is intensified (or prolonged in duration) during cold substages of the last 250 ka (which correspond to intervals of high DJF or low JJA insolation) and deflects eastward the Amazon sediment and freshwater plume.


This study introduces the occupational dimension into the study of strategy-making, with particular reference to Higher Education in the UK. The concepts of occupation and self- and social identity are deployed to explore the relational dynamics amongst the occupational groupings in higher education in the context of the increasing marketisation of the sector. The personal identity work of the university employees is analysed contributing to the study of the occupational aspect of self-identities of the members of the three higher education occupational groupings: academics, manager-academics and non-academics. The concept of 'occupational connectivity' is introduced and developed to reveal the tensions amongst the occupational groupings and to explore the nature of these tensions in relation to the student experience initiative in a university context. University practices of strategy-making associated with the organisational approaches aimed to respond to the student experience initiative are seen as arenas where the occupational interests are acted and negotiated. A framework of four occupation strategies, representing a nexus between the levels of uncertainty and the ease of the access to economic and social opportunities, is developed. This is proposed as a useful conceptual development in the study of work and occupations due to its potential for revealing the strategies of occupational groupings in any given organisational setting.

Note on redaction: Copy lacks acknowledgements only.


We review Quadratic Convex Reformulation (QCR) for quadratic pro-
grams with general integer variables. This solution 2-phase approach
consist in first reformulating the quadratic program into an equivalent
other problem having a convex ob jective function. The second phase
relies on MIP solvers that solve the reformulated problem by standard
branch-and-b ound. Then, we consider some graph partitioning problems
that can be formulated as quadratic programs with binary variables. We
show many enhancements of the standard QCR method that efficiently
solve graph partitioning problems


Methanol is an attractive alternative non-food feedstock for industrial fermentations that can be used instead of sugar-based raw materials. Here, the thermophilic and methylotrophic bacterium Bacillus methanolicus MGA3 was metabolically engineered to produce the platform chemical (R)-acetoin from methanol at 50 °C. Three different heterologous alsSD/budAB operons, each encoding acetolactate synthase and acetolactate decarboxylase, were functionally expressed under control of an inducible promoter in B. methanolicus MGA3, resulting in up to 0.26 ± 0.04 g L−1 of (R)-acetoin titer in shake flask cultivations. To further improve acetoin production, a total of six different genes or operons were expressed in the acetoin producing strains to increase supply of the acetoin precursor pyruvate. In particular, expression of a gene coding for malic enzyme from Geobacillus stearothermophilus in combination with the isocitrate lyase gene from B. methanolicus MGA3 increased acetoin titers 1.6-fold up to 0.42 ± 0.01 g L−1 which corresponds to 0.07 g g−1 methanol. This resulted in an MGA3 strain overproducing 4 recombinant enzymes in total from two different plasmids with two distinct antibiotics resistance markers, demonstrating the increased complexity of metabolic engineering allowed by newly developed genetic tools for this organism. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of microbial production of acetoin from methanol.


Because of tough competition conditions in global economy, technological developments, changes in consumer preferences, economic crisis, changes in law and number of other reasons, companies choose business combinations in order to reduce the business risks, increase the performance, efficiency and competitive power, expand into new markets and reduce the costs. Companies reporting in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards apply IFRS 3 Business Combinations while accounting of business combinations. Transactions defined as "Reverse Acquisitions" in the literature are discussed in a separate chapter within the standard. As per the standard, accounting treatments for reverse acquisitions differ in many ways from regular business combinations.The purpose of this study is to explain the theoretical and practical accounting treatment differences between regular business combinations and reverse acquisitions.


A review of the literature in personality disorders leaves no doubt that more research is needed for the understanding and management of this clinical condition. The frequent misuse of drugs and alcohol within this population adds an extra complication for the treatment of these individuals who are often neglected or mistreated by the health care system. The creation of specialist personality disorder teams following the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) report in 2003 gave new hope for both patients and professionals working in this area. Mentalization Based Treatment (MBT) is one of the promising psychological interventions for personality disorders, and there is evidence that it works for Borderline Personality Disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate if MBT is effective in patients with various concomitant personality disorder types and with co-morbid addiction problems. Since most research has focused on whether MBT works, it seemed important to also find out 'what' is it that works in MBT i.e. what are the helpful therapy processes or 'ingredients' of change. A research based MBT program was established in an outpatient setting, with six patients considered to be suitable; they engaged in twice weekly group psychotherapy, periodic clinical reviews with the consultant psychiatrist in psychotherapy and additional support from a psychosocial nurse, all within a mentalizing framework. Close links with the Community Mental Health Team and the Community Drug and Alcohol Service were maintained. An adjudicated form of the Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design method (HSCED) was used, aiming to gain deep, contextual, knowledge into a small number of cases undergoing treatment. A rich case record was obtained for each case, including quantitative and qualitative data. Following the collection of data two researchers have engaged in a reflexive process, trying to gather affirmative and sceptic evidence regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of treatment. Nine 'judges' were then invited to give their expert opinion on each case resembling a legalistic trial. The judges rated their conclusions on a scale from 0% (no change) to 100% (changed completely), indicating that after one year of treatment the patients have made considerable (60%) positive changes and that these changes can be attributed to the therapy programme to a substantial (80%) degree. A number of treatment 'ingredients' have been discovered but these appear to be common factors in many psychotherapeutic approaches rather than specific to MBT. The HSCED method was considered to be an appropriate choice, showing that it can be of value in cases of severe disturbance within complex treatment programs. Nonetheless, some adaptations are recommended.


Objectives Ambulance workers are regularly exposed to call-outs, which are potentially psychologically traumatic. The ability to remain objective and make adaptive appraisals during call-outs may be beneficial to this at-risk population. This pilot study investigated the links between cognitive appraisals, objectivity and coping in ambulance workers. Methods Forty-five ambulance workers from the London Ambulance Service, UK, were studied. Trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms were assessed using self-report measures. Positive and negative appraisals were measured in relation to two previous call-outs: one during which they coped well and one during which they did not. Results Enhanced coping was associated with making more positive appraisals during the call-out. Better coping was also related to greater levels of objectivity during these call-outs. Coping less well was associated with the use of more negative appraisals during the call-out. Conclusions Ambulance workers may benefit from psychological interventions, which focus on cognitive reappraisal and enhancing objectivity to improve coping and resilience.


Currents driven by radio frequency (rf) waves in the interior of magnetic islands can stabilize deleterious tearing modes in tokamaks. Present analyses of stabilization assume that the local electron acceleration is unaffected by the presence of the island. However, the power deposition and electron acceleration are sensitive to the perturbation of the temperature. The nonlinear feedback on the power deposition in the island increases the temperature perturbation, and can lead to a bifurcation of the solution to the steady-state heat diffusion equation. The combination of the nonlinearly enhanced temperature perturbation with the rf current drive sensitivity to the temperature leads to an rf current condensation effect, which can increase the efficiency of rf current drive stabilization and reduce its sensitivity to radial misalignment of the ray trajectories. The threshold for the effect is in a regime that has been encountered in experiments, and will likely be encountered in ITER.


"Openness" to international trade and investment encourages technology transfer and productivity growth. It may also provide a degree of stability in the face of national and regional business cycles. To assess New England's relative openness, this article surveys New England's links with the world economy: its trade in goods and services, its banking ties, its inbound and (to the extent possible) its outbound foreign direct investments. ; The author finds evidence that New England's 1987-89 export growth has been slow, and that inbound foreign investment recently has played a below-average role in the regional economy, especially in the manufacturing sector. She suggests that the decline in the region's manufacturing may be adversely affecting its international trade and investment ties. New England remains one of the most open regions in the country, however, and opportunities abound for further expansion of its export activities.


We present an analysis of a suite of simulations run with different particle- and grid-based cosmological hydrodynamical codes and compare them with observational data of the Milky Way. This is the first study to make comparisons of properties of galaxies simulated with particle- and grid-based codes. Our analysis indicates that there is broad agreement between these different modelling techniques. We study the velocity dispersion–age relation for disc stars at z= 0 and find that four of the simulations are more consistent with observations by Holmberg, Nordstroem & Andersen in which the stellar disc appears to undergo continual/secular heating. Two other simulations are in better agreement with the Quillen & Garnett observations that suggest 'saturation' in the heating profile for young stars in the disc. None of the simulations has thin discs as old as that of the Milky Way. We also analyse the kinematics of disc stars at the time of their birth for different epochs in the galaxies' evolution and find that in some simulations old stars are born cold within the disc and are subsequently heated, while other simulations possess old stellar populations which are born relatively hot. The models which are in better agreement with observations of the Milky Way's stellar disc undergo significantly lower minor-merger/assembly activity after the last major merger, that is, once the disc has formed. All of the simulations are significantly 'hotter' than the Milky Way disc; on top of the effects of mergers, we find a 'floor' in the dispersion that is related to the underlying treatment of the heating and cooling of the interstellar medium, and the low density threshold which such codes use for star formation. This finding has important implications for all studies of disc heating that use hydrodynamical codes.


Internal forced displacement is a current social problem in Colombia. Although this phenomenon has been studied extensively, the purpose of this article is to analyse the administration of this crisis under the grille interprétative of humanitarian government during the presidential term of Juan Manuel Santos (2010–18). My argument is that humanitarian government functions as a biopolitical assembly that amalgamates two elements: resilience – a fundamental element of psychosocial attention to the displaced – and the language of compassion used publicly by President Santos. Finally, I will try to underline that this logic operates as a condition of possibility to normalise this phenomenon and hide the functioning of the violence that unequally distributes the compassion between lives considered valuable and those whose lives and problems simply appear to be not valuable at all.


This text aims to provide tools for effective management. It is written for managers with a minimum of time who need guidance for immediate implementation of effective management techniques. It covers marketing management, financial management, people management, customer relations and environmental management. It is intended to be jargon-free, and includes practical questionnaires and checklists of action points, practical tips for problem-solving and decision-making, and is suitable for new entrants to management.


Edward Snowden's revelations were a political fiasco and an economic threat to US based tech companies. The extent of NSA's data collection drove away overseas customers in large numbers over security and privacy concerns creating, at the same time, an opportunity for non-US tech companies. Given that cloud computing is a remotely accessed service, the connection between provider and customer needs to be adequately protected against all known security risks. In order to ensure this, an open and clear specification of all standards, technologies and security protocols adopted by the cloud provider is required. In this presentation, we will review current issues concerned with security threats to cloud computing and present a solution based on our unique patented compression-encryption method. The method provides highly efficient data compression where a unique symmetric key is generated as part of the compression process and is dependent on the characteristics of the data. Without the key, the data cannot be decompressed. We focus on threat prevention by cryptography that, if properly implemented, is virtually impossible to break directly. Our security by design is based on two principles: first, defence in depth, where our proposed design is such that more than one subsystem needs to be violated to get both the data and their key. Second, the principle of least privilege, where the attacker may gain access to only part of a system. The presentation will highlight the benefits of the solution that include performance, less bandwidth requirements, faster data transmission and response times, less storage space, and less energy consumption among others. Data protection and privacy legislations are not similar across the globe. Our solution addresses security and privacy issues to the highest standards, addressing concerns when cloud computing platforms are located in servers either inside or outside the European Union.


Initiation and regulation of localized selective proteolysis is an important effector property of cells of macrophage (Mo) lineage. Among such effector responses is the induced expression of tissue factor (TF) by cells of Mo lineage. In characterizing the regulation of the Mo responses that may influence the magnitude of the effector phase of the cellular immune response, we have identified a role for the cell surface adhesive receptor CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3) to amplify the induced TF response. Occupancy of CD11b/CD18 by MAb as surrogate ligands does not directly initiate a TF response. In contrast, after either T cell-derived cytokine or LPS as initial signals, engagement of CD11b/CD18 by MAb induces a two- to eight-fold functional enhancement of the TF response in murine and human Mo. This pathway of CD11b/CD18 enhancement of this Mo effector response was also confirmed with recognized ligands for CD11b/CD18 by exposure of Mo to immobilized fibrinogen. A quantitative increase of Mo surface expression of TF was validated by flow cytometry. We suggest that engagement of CD11b/CD18 by complementary ligands including adherence to extracellular matrix, and possibly in antigen-driven TH:Mo collaborative responses, results in the transduction of cellular signals that quantitatively enhance the expression of TF per se and thereby enhance the inflammatory component of Mo mediated response.


This paper examines the impact of the ILO's concept of Decent Work on development thinking and the associated literature. We attempt to answer the question of what makes a development initiative successful by comparing the decent work approach to the UNDP's human development concept (in conjunction with the human development indicator). We consider that the latter has been one of the most successful development concepts ever to have been launched, while the impact of decent work by comparison has been limited. Our hypothesis relating to the question of what makes a development initiative successful has four fundamental components: first, a solid theoretical foundation that justifies the launch of a development concept. A second vital factor is the availability of sufficient national and internationally comparable data that enables researchers and policymakers alike to apply the concept, preferably by means of a synthetic indicator. Third, the political will and institutional structure of the development institution that launches a concept is a key factor, particularly if data availability is limited as countries then have to be persuaded to generate new data. Finally, the intellectual environment into which the development initiative is launched has to be "ready" to receive and accept the new concept.


Bacteria use various strategies to avoid destruction by the host cell, and many of these involve modifying intracellular signaling pathways to allow bacterial survival and promote bacterial replication. For example, Salmonella activates protein kinase A (PKA) and Akt (also known as protein kinase B), which may allow bacterial survival by altering the actin cytoskeleton and inhibiting fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes (the bacteria reside in phagosomes). Based on this information, Kuijl et al. tested a panel of kinase inhibitors for the ability to inhibit Salmonella typhimurium growth in the human breast cancer cell line MCF7. H-89, which inhibits PKA and structurally related kinases, inhibited bacterial growth without compromising host cell viability. However, two other specific PKA inhibitors failed to inhibit bacterial growth, which suggests that the target of H-89 in this antibiotic effect was not PKA. H-89 and two related compounds, ETB067 and ETB275, also inhibited growth of two myobacterial strains in human macrophages, suggesting that these pathogens rely on similar host cell kinases for survival. Using a siRNA screen targeting the human kinome and 121 kinase-associated or regulatory proteins, the authors identified 11 kinases and 3 kinase-associated proteins that when knocked down inhibited S. typhimurium growth. One of these was Akt1; none of these was PKA. Akt1 is also inhibited by H-89 because of the structural similarity of the ATP-binding site with that of PKA. Indeed, an inhibitor selective for Akt1 and Akt2 also inhibited S. typhimurium and M. smegmatis growth in macrophages and MCF7 cells; however, inhibition of both Akt isoforms ultimately caused apoptosis. Treatment of S. typhimurium-infected mice with ETB067 prolonged mouse survival without any apparent effect on viability and without causing tissue damage. Akt is activated as a consequence of the action of the bacterial protein SopB, which has phosphoinositide phosphatase activity. The regulation of the activity of three guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), RhoA, Rac1, and Rab14, by Akt appears to be an important mechanism by which pathogen activation of Akt contributes to pathogen survival and replication. In the presence of the Akt inhibitor, a constitutively active form of the kinase PAK4, which is upstream of RhoA and Rac1 and is involved in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, partially rescued intracellular growth of S. typhimurium. In addition, the active form of Rab14, which is also stimulated in response to Akt, remained associated with phagosomes longer in infected cells than in noninfected cells, thereby inhibiting lysosomal fusion by an unknown mechanism. Overexpressing Rab14 or knocking down its GTPase-activating protein AS160 partially reversed S. typhimurium growth in Akt-inhibited cells. Thus, the authors suggest that Akt1 appears to be an attractive target for antibiotic development. C. Kuijl, N. D. L. Savage, M. Marsman, A. W. Tuin, L. Janssen, D. A. Egan, M. Ketema, R. van den Nieuwendijk, S. J. F. van den Eeden, A. Geluk, A. Poot, G. van der Marel, R. L. Beijersbergen, H. Overkleeft, T. H. M. Ottenhoff, J. Neefjes, Intracellular bacterial growth is controlled by a kinase network around PKB/AKT1. Nature 450, 725-730 (2007). [PubMed]


To achieve more cost efficient transportation infrastructure within the state of Arkansas, a series of cost-benefit analyses were performed. The analyses, specifically developed for load resistance factor design (LRFD) designed drilled shaft foundations, were designed to compare the fiscal impacts of the drilling and sampling, in-field and laboratory testing, full-scale load testing, and concrete mixing techniques utilized by the University of Arkansas (UofA), the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD), and the Missouri Department of Transportation (MODOT). The methodologies were compared at three test site locations within the state of Arkansas: Siloam Springs, AR, Turrell, AR, and Monticello, AR. These sites were selected to represent the predominant geological deposits within the state. Three drilled shaft foundations (two four-foot diameter drilled shafts and one six-foot diameter drilled shaft) were each constructed at the Siloam Springs Arkansas Test Site (SSATS) and the Turrell Arkansas Test Site (TATS). A drilled shaft database was developed containing soil properties, and predicted and measured results of the full-scale load tests performed upon each drilled shaft. Cost-benefit analyses for each methodology were compared by means of predicted and measured static axial capacity. Values of predicted axial capacity were generated for each methodology using the Bridge Software Institute FB-Deep, Ensoft SHAFTv2012, and Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet programs. Based on the results of the full-scale load testing, the FB-Deep program utilizing the data from the UofA sampling and testing method was selected as the best methodology for predicting the axial capacity values for drilled shaft foundations in the state of Arkansas. Results of the cost-benefit analyses indicated a potential savings of $262,800 (32 percent) for drilled shaft foundations in rock. A potential savings of $323,800 for performing full-scale drilled shaft load tests in rock were attained. Unit cost per ton of resistance values of $24.11 and $82.70, and $75.47 and $141.57 were determined for the UofA and AHTD sampling and testing methods at the SSATS and TATS, respectively. Drilled shaft foundations tested in liquefiable soil were concluded to cost $137,500 (8.7%) more than driven pile foundations, but provided the benefit of additional lateral resistance.


By changing riparian plants from Eucalypts to pasture and exotic deciduous trees, modern development has altered the type of carbon assimilated by Australian rivers. To investigate influences of plant litter substrates on biochemical oxygen demand, plant materials entering the Murray River were analyzed for their composition and mineralization potential. Plant materials were distinguished compositionally by two principal components, structural carbon and macronutrients, as: (i) Eucalyptus leaves, (ii) Eucalyptus bark and Casuarina cunninghamiana seed cone, (iii) grasses, (iv) macrophytes, (v) aquatic herbs, (vi) non-eucalypt leaf (Salix, Casuarina, Acacia). Ratios of C/P (1879-14524) and C/N (65-267) were relatively high in Eucalyptus bark, while mean N/P (7-60) ratios were similar among plant materials. Terrestrial weathering increased C/P and C/N ratios, while N/P ratios remained similar, due to greater loss of N and P relative to C. Aerobic decay experiments showed that nutrient supplementation accelerated decay of all organic substrates, except for grasses that decayed efficiently without supplementation. Aquatic herbs also had substantial carbon availability, macrophytes and non-eucalypt leaves had intermediate carbon availability, while eucalypt leaf and bark had intermediate to low carbon availabilities. Because biochemical oxygen demand varies with organic substrates sampled from the Murray River, and also with soluble nutrient availability, it is plausible that that modern changes to riverine plant communities and land use have influenced the biogeochemistry of this river toward faster, and more complete, processing of allochthonous carbon.


Most reaction products from the pyrolysis and the early stages of gasification of solid fuels are chemically reactive. Secondary reactions between primary products and with heated fuel particles tend to affect the final product distributions. The extents and pathways of these secondary reactions are determined mostly by the heating rate and the size and shape of the reaction zone and of the sample itself. The wire-mesh reactor configuration discussed in this paper allows products to be separated from reactants and enables the rapid quenching of products, allowing suppression of secondary reactions. The design allows decoupling the experimental results from the nature of the experimental technique, providing a more accurate assessment of solid fuel behaviour than other available experimental designs. In its various configurations, the wire-mesh reactor configuration has provided new information that helps to further the understanding and improvement of pilot and commercial scale plant and has served as a valuable first stage in the development of new concepts. This paper presents an overview of the development of wire-mesh reactors, describing several diverse applications and offers some perspectives for ensuring the reliability of the data.


During the first two decades after the collapse of communism, 37 political parties won representation in the Czech, Slovak, or Hungarian Parliaments. By 2012, 22 of these parties had failed in the sense that they have fallen below the 5% electoral threshold at least once. This set of failed parties includes a wide range of parties, from the far right and nationalist flanks to unreconstructed communists, including centre, green, agrarian, Christian, and social democrat parties. Some were represented in parliament for one term only; others were in parliament for two decades. In this article, we explore how and why these parties fell out of parliament. Beyond the obvious answer – that they failed to win enough votes – five factors involve particularly high political risk for political parties. Two system-level factors are somewhat beyond the control of the smaller parties: changes in the salience of cleavages and the electoral system. However, the other three are directly linked to the parties' strategies for competition: whether they participate in coalition government as a junior partner, how they manage internal dissent, and the party's organisational strength.


We report on a widely tunable, diode-pumped, continuous-wave, single-frequency Cr(3+):LiSrAlF(6) laser with a novel double-ring cavity configuration. The optical diode and the tuning element were located in the ring subcavity to decrease their insertion loss. Using an 1800-lines/mm grating as the tuning element, we obtained a laser emission of 20-mW output power at 870 nm and a tuning range of from 800 to 936 nm. When we used a 1200-lines/mm grating with a higher diffraction efficiency, the laser had a slightly wider tuning range of from 800 to 938 nm. However, the output power decreased at this tuning range.


1. Observed and predicted declines in Arctic sea ice have raised concerns about marine mammals. In May 2008, the US Fish and Wildlife Service listed polar bears (Ursus maritimus) - one of the most ice-dependent marine mammals - as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. 2. We evaluated the effects of sea ice conditions on vital rates (survival and breeding probabilities) for polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea. Although sea ice declines in this and other regions of the polar basin have been among the greatest in the Arctic, to date population-level effects of sea ice loss on polar bears have only been identified in western Hudson Bay, near the southern limit of the species' range. 3. We estimated vital rates using multistate capture-recapture models that classified individuals by sex, age and reproductive category. We used multimodel inference to evaluate a range of statistical models, all of which were structurally based on the polar bear life cycle. We estimated parameters by model averaging, and developed a parametric bootstrap procedure to quantify parameter uncertainty. 4. In the most supported models, polar bear survival declined with an increasing number of days per year that waters over the continental shelf were ice free. In 2001-2003, the ice-free period was relatively short (mean 101 days) and adult female survival was high (0.96-0.99, depending on reproductive state). In 2004 and 2005, the ice-free period was longer (mean 135 days) and adult female survival was low (0.73-0.79, depending on reproductive state). Breeding rates and cub litter survival also declined with increasing duration of the ice-free period. Confidence intervals on vital rate estimates were wide. 5. The effects of sea ice loss on polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea may apply to polar bear populations in other portions of the polar basin that have similar sea ice dynamics and have experienced similar, or more severe, sea ice declines. Our findings therefore are relevant to the extinction risk facing approximately one-third of the world's polar bears.


Residual stress is an elastic stress in remaining part after the various stages of production. If residual stress values in rails are known, mechanical properties of rails and their effects in railway can be predicted. For this purpose, residual stresses of rails which had same casting number were measured by cutting and X-ray diffraction method in this study. Five rails were used for measurement. Firstly, according to the EN 13674-1 which is railway rails standard, strain gauge that is an electrical apparatus were used and one meter long rails were cut. After cutting, Hooke law was applied and residual stress values of rails were found. The residual stress values were around between 115 MPa and 180 MPa. In addition to standard residual stress measurement, X-ray diffraction method was used to compare between destructive and nondestructive techniques. Five specimens taken from five rails in the appropriate size for X-ray device. In this method stress values were around between 200 and 400 MPa. After residual stress measurement, brinell hardness test was applied to three samples and microstructure of rail which has biggest residual stress value was examined by SEM. The results show that, residual stress values in cutting method were different from X-ray diffraction method and residual stress could effect the rails hardness.


With the publication of The God Delusion (Bantam, 2006) Richard Dawkins became enthroned as the unofficial 'Emperor' for a cadre of writers advancing a rhetorically robust form of anti-theism dubbed 'The New Atheism' by Wired Magazine contributing editor Gary Wolf. Many have cheered Dawkins and his court, seeing in their writings just what they long to see. For, after the fashion of the fairy-tale Emperor's fabled new clothes, the 'new atheism' has seen naturalism wrapping itself in a fake finery of counterfeit meaning and purpose.


Photocatalytic degradation of phenol (P) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in aqueous solutions by different individual as well as combined sources (halogen light, H2O2, TiO2) were studied. The influences of various operating parameters including the initial pollutant concentration (100–1000 mg/l), solution pH (3–11), and reaction time (1-6 h). The removal efficiency of halogen, H2O2/sunlight, halogen/H2O2, TiO2, TiO2/halogen, TiO2/halogen/H2O2 photocatalytic degradation systems with various operation conditions had 24% 30% 39%, 46%, 53% and 64%; 33%, 49%, 62%, 70%, 79% and 87% for P and 4-NP, respectively. It is found that maximum removal of P and 4NP were obtained at pH 11, C0 =100 mg/l, 4h reaction time. Combined halogen/H2O2/TiO2 process may be applied as an effective process for removal of P and 4NP from aqueous solution such as industrial wastewater and polluted water resources.


Cyanobacteria are among the earliest of inhabitants of Planet Earth and their existence can be traced back to 3.8 billion years. Their oxygenic photosynthesis led to the gradual conversion of the Earth"s atmosphere from an anaerobic to an aerobic one. This change enabled the advent of aerobic organisms that eventually underwent rapid evolution and became the dominant, highly diverse members of the current global biodiversity. Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in their distribution and are found in all the latitudes from Arctic and Anatarctic regions to the Tropical deserts perhaps reflecting their pioneering habitation of the primitive earth. They are also unique in their ability to simultaneously perform oxygenic photosynthesis and oxygen labile nitrogen fixation. Through these processes they make significant contributions to the Carbon and Nitrogen bio-geochemical cycles, particularly in the deep oceans. The ability of these organisms to fix N 2 either independently or in symbiosis with other organisms not only contributes to natural ecosystems but is applied in certain countries particularly for rice cultivation. Their ability to grow in highly polluted environments is also used in the treatment of sewage and industrial effluents. Cyanobacteria are the most efficient among all living organisms in the harvesting of solar energy and are currently looked at as highly attractive candidates for biofuel production. A few species are being used for the production of highly nutritive food supplements. On the negative side, some cyanobacteria form massive growths called "blooms" in water bodies and many of them produce toxins harmful to fish, digastric animals and are suspected to be responsible for certain human ailments. Having reviewed most of these aspects of cyanobacteria, it is concluded that knowledge on these little known organisms would be invaluable not only for students, scientists and environmentalists but also for industrialists and policy makers. Key words: cyanobacteria; blue-green algae; algal toxins; biofertilizers; biofuels DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i2.3925 CJSBS 2011; 40(2): 71-88


Between 2000 and 2010, the Gini coefficient declined in 13 of 17 Latin American countries. The decline was statistically significant and robust to changes in the time interval, inequality measures, and data sources. In-depth country studies for Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico suggest two main phenomena underlie this trend: a fall in the premium to skilled labor and more progressive government transfers. The fall in the premium to skills resulted from a combination of supply, demand, and institutional factors. Their relative importance depends on the country.


BACKGROUND
Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) makes possible the simultaneous visualization of changes in perfusion imaging and wall motion.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the accuracy of real-time MCE for detecting the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD), and to evaluate the correlation between wall motion and myocardial perfusion by visual examination.

METHODS
A total of 140 consecutive patients without resting wall motion abnormalities were screened to undergo dobutamine stress MCE with power modulation and coronary angiography. Significant coronary disease was defined by the quantification of over 50% stenosis in a major epicardial vessel. The visual identification of wall motion and myocardial perfusion abnormalities was determined by blind review.

RESULTS
Eight patients were excluded due to suboptimal images (feasibility 94.3%). Myocardial contrast enhancement analysis and wall motion analysis were similar in terms of sensitivity (81.2% versus 83.5%, respectively) and specificity (76.5% versus 80.9%, respectively) in detecting the presence of CAD. Myocardial contrast enhancement analysis tended to have a greater sensitivity than wall motion analysis in detecting the ischemic extent over multiple vascular territories among patients with multiple-vessel disease (sensitivity 83.8% versus 71.4% [P=0.09], and abnormal segment length 54.7+/-21.1% versus 48.9+/-24.7% [P=0.03] for myocardial contrast enhancement and wall motion analysis, respectively). There was good concordance between the presence of myocardial ischemia and wall motion abnormality for the segment-by-segment analysis (89.7% agreement, kappa = 0.745). The correlation of the wall motion score and perfusion score at peak stress was also good (r=0.793, P=0.015).

CONCLUSIONS
Dobutamine stress MCE with power modulation is similar in sensitivity and specificity to wall motion analysis for detecting the presence of CAD. However, it provides greater sensitivity in evaluating the extent of ischemia in patients with multiple-vessel disease.


Biofouling, the unwanted growth of biofilms on a surface, of water-treatment membranes negatively impacts in desalination and water treatment. With biofouling there is a decrease in permeate production, degradation of permeate water quality, and an increase in energy expenditure due to increased cross-flow pressure needed. To date, a universal successful and cost-effect method for controlling biofouling has not been implemented. The overall goal of the work described in this report was to use high-performance computing to direct polymer, material, and biological research to create the next generation of water-treatment membranes. Both physical (micromixers - UV-curable epoxy traces printed on the surface of a water-treatment membrane that promote chaotic mixing) and chemical (quaternary ammonium groups) modifications of the membranes for the purpose of increasing resistance to biofouling were evaluated. Creation of low-cost, efficient water-treatment membranes helps assure the availability of fresh water for human use, a growing need in both the U. S. and the world.


The high-energy evolution in perturbative QCD suffers from a severe lack-of-convergence problem,
due to higher order corrections enhanced by double and single transverse logarithms. We resum double logarithms to all orders within the non-linear Balitsky-Kovchegov equation,
by taking into account successive soft gluon emissions strongly ordered in lifetime. We further resum single logarithms generated by the first non-singular part of the splitting functions and by the one-loop running of the coupling. The resummed BK equation admits stable solutions, which are used to successfully fit the HERA data at small x for physically acceptable initial conditions and reasonable values of the fit parameters.


This short communication is concerned with long object shift of reflexives in Swedish. Only 3rd person reflexives can shift across their antecedent. For some reason this is possible even if the antecedent is 1st or 2nd person as well, but certain requirements on the antecedent are necessary. This paper shows that neither a purely syntactic nor a purely semantic analysis can account for all the facts. Instead the best analysis seems to be one that makes use of Bonet's (1995) post-syntactic morphological processes: feature delinking, feature erasure and feature insertion.


Seafood is an important food industry globally and increasing seafood consumption is high on the agenda of many developed countries.Understanding consumers is fundamental to the development of any marketing strategy, and while considerable research has been undertaken with European seafood consumers little is known about the seafood consumer in other markets including Australia.
This paper presents a profile of the Australian seafood
consumer designed to inform the decisions of key stake
holders in the seafood industry:producers, middlemen and retailers. The profile has been developed from a range
of studies undertaken through the Australian Seafood
Collaborative Research Centre, a government supported body with a mission to improve profitability in the seafood industry and increase Australian seafood consumption.
Australians consume on average approximately 2.2 serves of seafood per week. Two thirds of all seafood is prepared and consumed at home with 61% of seafood for at - home consumption purchased at supermarkets and 18% at fish markets or fish mongers. Key drivers of seafood consumption are taste, convenience, health,and versatility and these vary across species. Key barriers are price, concerns about origin and freshness and a lack of knowledge/confidence.
Overwhelmingly, Australian consumers prefer Australian
seafood and 'Australian' serves as a surrogate for quality, safe, fresh and sustainable.


Laszlo Moholy-Nagy's experiments aimed to innovate knowing through drawing, projection and performance. His 'Score Sketch of a Mechanical Eccentric' (Partiturskizze zu einer machanischen exzentrik, 1924-5) is a unique drawing that aims to demonstrate the multiplicity of actions that occur when a theatre performance evolves over time. In this drawing Moholy-Nagy proposed a diagram, of how a theatre performance might evolve. The four columns in this diagrammatic drawing try to demonstrate various aspects of theatre performance. In drawing these 'columns' Moholy-Nagy imagined how aspects of performance evolve over time. The first column Moholy-Nagy called 'form and motion'. The second column Moholy-Nagy called 'form motion and cinema'. The third column Moholy-Nagy called 'light (colour)'. The fourth and end column Moholy-Nagy called 'sound (music)'.

The notations of actions in each of the columns are related to one of Moholy-Nagy's three stages: the main stage, the stage for projection and the in-between stage. Column one actions are to be performed in stage one (the main stage), column two actions are to be performed in stage two (the stage with fold-out projection screen) and the column four are actions to be performed in stage three – the in-between stage where mechanical musical instruments are situated. The lighting effects in column three affect all spaces and stages. Moholy-Nagy has separated a variety of actions within each column. These actions take place simultaneously in space on three different stages. As Moholy-Nagy suggested 'the synchronisation in the score appears in the horizontal'. The relationship between columns happens in the gaps between them, horizontally.

Apart from its similarity with the idea of a musical score, the 'Score Sketch' drawing opens up other interesting issues. As stated by Moholy-Nagy, the synchronising relationship between the columns is horizontal, although there are no drawn lines in the 'Score Sketch' that make this connection. These absent, un-drawn, lines are temporal lines that connect the various actions represented in each of the columns in a unified performance. The absence of explicit, or drawn connections between the separate parts (columns) is also what makes the drawing appear like a musical notation. In a musical score the temporal gaps are part of the notation, but here we have to imagine similar temporal gaps between the actions depicted in each column that are the part of the performance. As a drawing 'Score Sketch' seem to offer an un-prescribed way of how the performance may evolve, in other words, it demonstrates the potentiality of the performance. In this sense, we can view the 'Score Sketch' as a propositional as well as a generative drawing, suggesting a plurality of actions and events, drawing of many ways of knowing.

Consisting of column-notations whose parallel vertical positioning allows for many possibilities to be made across them horizontally and could be seen as proposing something 'yet to come'. One thing 'yet to come' is the potential of the future performance that cannot be known in a drawing but suggested. Such potential is open to interpretation, since the 'Score Sketch' is a non-illustrative, rather abstract drawing; its notations are without 'symbolic' or 'iconic' investment. As Andrew Benjamin suggests when discussing diagrams, such drawings 'allows for another existence' and 'the possibility of realizing that which is yet to come'.