Indonesia is a highly revealing case study for pinpointing both the conditions under which militaries in postcolonial societies intervened in political affairs and the patterns that led to their subsequent marginalization from politics. It also demonstrates how militaries could defend some of their political interests even after they were removed from the highest echelons of power. Emboldened by the war for independence (1945–1949), the Indonesian military used divisions, conflicts, and instabilities in the early postindependence polity to push for an institutionalized role in political institutions. While it was granted such a role in 1959, it used a further deterioration in civilian politics in the early 1960s to take power in 1965. Military intervention in politics in Indonesia, then, has been as much the result of civilian weaknesses as of military ambitions, confirming Finer's theory on the civilian role in military power quests.
 Military rule in Indonesia weakened first as a consequence of the personalization of the polity built by the leader of the 1965 takeover, General Suharto. After a decade in power, Suharto turned the praetorian regime into a personal autocracy, transforming the military from a political actor into an agent. When Suharto's regime collapsed in 1998 after being hit by the Asian financial crisis, the military was discredited—allowing civilian rulers to dismantle some of its privileges. But continued divisions among civilian forces mitigated the push for the military's full depoliticization—once again proving Finer's paradigm. As post-Suharto presidents settled into the new power arrangements, they concluded that the military was a crucial counterweight against the possible disloyalty of their coalition partners. Thus, under the paradigm of coalitional presidentialism, rulers integrated the military into their regimes and granted it concessions in return. In short, while the post-1998 military is much diminished from its role in predemocratic regimes, it retains sufficient power to protect its core ideological and material interests.


Background Comprehensive smokefree laws have now been introduced in several jurisdictions. Few studies have examined the association between smokefree laws and asthma in adults and these have limitations, such as lacking appropriate adjustment for long-term trends or having limited statistical power due to small study populations. This study addresses these limitations and evaluates the short-term impact of smokefree legislation in England. It aims to investigate whether the introduction of smokefree legislation on 1 July 2007 was associated with an immediate reduction in emergency hospital admissions for asthma in the adult population, and whether any association differs across regions. Methods We identified monthly numbers of emergency admissions for asthma (primary diagnosis, 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases code J45 and J46) in the nine Government Office Regions from April 1997 to December 2010 in the population aged 16 and over. A generalised additive model was fitted that adjusted for seasonality, variation in population size and region-specific, non-linear, long-term trends. Results Smokefree legislation was associated with an immediate 4.9% (95% CI 0.6% to 9.0%) reduction in emergency admissions for asthma in the adult population. This implies that approximately 1900 emergency admissions for asthma were prevented in each of the first 3 years after legislation was introduced. The reduction in admissions did not vary significantly across regions. Conclusions Our findings add to the expanding body of evidence that smokefree policies are associated with positive health outcomes. Further research evaluating the impact of legislation in other jurisdictions is needed to support these findings.


Timing data on a frontal thrust system indicate that the Sevier thrust wedge of central Utah advanced rapidly to its ultimate structural front in ∼30 m.y., between early Albian and Campanian time. It then persisted by out-of-sequence thrusting for an additional 25 m.y., until the early Eocene. The key to the history of the frontal thrust is a piggyback basin that formed on the hanging wall. Unconformity-bounded sedimentary units within the basin thin both westward and eastward onto structures generated by thrust faulting. Up to 860 m of upper Campanian to lower Eocene strata accumulated between these structures, which consist of a ramp anticline in the west and a thrust duplex in the east. The newly recognized interaction of coeval deposition and thrust deformation permits revised limits on the inception and longevity of the frontal thrust system.


This paper examines the current national accounts measure of real output for three major service industries in Australia. It finds that real output measures for government administration services; defence services; and property and business services are unsatisfactory. Alternative estimates are presented for government administration services and defence services for the period 1986/87-1993/94. The estimates for government administration services compare well with the current national accounts measure, whereas for defence services they indicate that real output has grown less quickly than previously thought. No estimates for property and business services are presented due to lack of data.


We investigate femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) in the fabrication of magneto-optical (MO) microstructures. The experimental results show that FDLW can introduce positive refractive index change in the MO materials. With the increase of the writing intensity of femtosecond laser pulses, refractive index change increases, whereas Verdet constant of the damaged area decreases nonlinearly. With suitable writing intensity, we obtain a single-mode waveguide in which Verdet constant is 80% of the bulk MO glass.


The Supreme Court of Canada has periodically altered its approach to judicial review in order to make it more coherent and easier for courts and litigants to understand. Central to judicial review is the choice of the standard of review a court is to apply in a particular case. The standard of review determines how deferential the court is to be to the executive decision-maker. The Court has shifted over time from a formal to a contextual approach to this choice and, most recently, at least partly towards a categorical approach. This most recent approach has been criticized as overly formalistic, neglecting important aspects of the context of particular decisions. This paper examines this shift in the process for choosing the standard of review from an institutional perspective. It discusses the factors that are important in selecting an approach to choosing the standard of review in a particular case. These factors include both the implications for the actual decision at issue as well as the effect on the decisions of other executive decision-makers, lower courts, individuals seeking to challenge decisions and the legislature.


The rapid increase in open-water surface area in the Arctic, resulting from sea ice melting during the summer likely as a result of global warming, may lead to an increase in fog [defined as a cloud with a base height below 1000 ft (~304 m)], which may imperil ships and small aircraft transportation in the region. There is a need for monitoring fog formation over the Arctic. Given that ground-based observations of fog over Arctic open water are very sparse, satellite observations may become the most effective way for Arctic fog monitoring. We developed a fog detection algorithm using the temperature difference between the cloud top and the surface, called ∂T in this work. A fog event is said to be detected if ∂T is greater than a threshold, which is typically between −6 and −12 K, depending on the time of the day (day or night) and the surface types (open water or sea ice). We applied this method to the coastal regions of Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea near Barrow, Alaska (now known as Utqiaġvik), during the months of March–October. Training with satellite observations between 2007 and 2014 over this region, the ∂T method can detect Arctic fog with an optimal probability of detection (POD) between 74% and 90% and false alarm rate (FAR) between 5% and 17%. These statistics are validated with data between 2015 and 2016 and are shown to be robust from one subperiod to another.


"The Dorling Kindersley Big Book of Knowledge" is an exciting new approach to learning through pictures and words. With enchanting photographs, detailed illustrations, and clear text it introduces children to a wealth of knowledge and encourages them to look further and unearth more of the amazing secrets of our world. Did you know that the world's largest cave could hold 800 tennis courts? Did you know that a rodent's front teeth never stop growing? Did you know that it takes about 22 litres of milk to make just one kilogram of butter? These amazing facts and thousands more are all contained within the Big Book. The Big Book is an ideal first reference source of nature science and the world in which we live. Plants and animals, machines and transport, science and industry, people in the past, music and the arts, life around the world today - all these and more can be looked up in this ideal first reference book.


In the last decade, convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) have dominated and achieved state-of-the-art performances in a variety of medical imaging applications. However, the performances of ConvNets are still limited by lacking the understanding of long-range spatial relations in an image. The recently proposed Vision Transformer (ViT) for image classification uses a purely self-attention-based model that learns long-range spatial relations to focus on the relevant parts of an image. Nevertheless, ViT emphasizes the low-resolution features because of the consecutive downsamplings, result in a lack of detailed localization information, making it unsuitable for image registration. Recently, several ViT-based image segmentation methods have been combined with ConvNets to improve the recovery of detailed localization information. Inspired by them, we present ViT-V-Net, which bridges ViT and ConvNet to provide volumetric medical image registration. The experimental results presented here demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieves superior performance to several top-performing registration methods.


A serious dialogue is under way in the international community between rich and poor nations (North and South) to determine the structure of international economic relations in future decades. At stake are the rules which govern international trade, finance, investment and the allocation of world income. The new international order, first proclaimed on May 1, 1974, in the Declaration of the Establishment of a New International Economic Order (Resolution 3201 S-VI) and the Programme of Action (3202 S-VI) at the closing of the Sixth Special Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, has spawned an ongoing series of negotiations which can be expected to continue for some time to come. Current events have borne-out the statement made by Mr. Richard of the United Kingdom on May 3, 1974 at the conclusion of the Sixth Special Session:


The TGF-β signaling pathway has a complex role in regulating mammary carcinogenesis. Here we demonstrate that the type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII, or betaglycan), a ubiquitously expressed TGF-β coreceptor, regulated breast cancer progression and metastasis. Most human breast cancers lost TβRIII expression, with loss of heterozygosity of the TGFBR3 gene locus correlating with decreased TβRIII expression. TβRIII expression decreased during breast cancer progression, and low TβRIII levels predicted decreased recurrence-free survival in breast cancer patients. Restoring TβRIII expression in breast cancer cells dramatically inhibited tumor invasiveness in vitro and tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis in vivo. TβRIII appeared to inhibit tumor invasion by undergoing ectodomain shedding and producing soluble TβRIII, which binds and sequesters TGF-β to decrease TGF-β signaling and reduce breast cancer cell invasion and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Our results indicate that loss of TβRIII through allelic imbalance is a frequent genetic event during human breast cancer development that increases metastatic potential.


In the decade since the Corps of Engineers (Corps) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officially blessed wetland mitigation banking for purposes of satisfying mitigation requirements under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA), the practice has fueled an ongoing debate about its pros and cons. For the most part, however, the debate has focused on the relative advantages and disadvantages of banking programs in terms of administrative efficiency and ecological impact, with little attention being paid to the effects of wetland mitigation banking on people. This article presents the first comprehensive empirical study of the demographics of wetland mitigation banking, revealing what has long been suspected - that banking facilitates the redistribution of wetland resources from urban to rural areas, taking with them the important ecosystem service values wetlands provide to human communities.After an overview of the economic service values wetlands provide, the structural biases inherent in the wetland mitigation banking program, and the lack of information about the effects of wetland banking in general, we present the results of an empirical study of 24 wetland mitigation banks in Florida accounting for over 95 percent of all bank activity. By comparing the demographic attributes of the area around each bank to the areas around the development projects that purchase mitigation bank credits to satisfy their mitigation requirements, we show that the loss of wetland resources is concentrated in urban areas, whereas the compensatory mitigation provided by wetland banks is concentrated in rural areas, and that the composition of the project area and bank area populations is significantly different. We examine the policy implications of this effect and suggest several steps that can be taken to better understand and respond to its impact on the distribution of ecosystem services associated with wetland resources.


When organizations collaborate they often do so using partially distributed teams (PDTs). In a Partially Distributed Team there exist at least two distinct sub-groups. In addition, at least one of the sub-groups has two or more members that are geographically co-located. Co-located members can meet face to face; chat in the hallway; have lunch together; and otherwise socialize with one another. On the other hand, remote members must rely on technology to communicate and work together. This distinct characteristic of partially distributed teams makes them especially susceptible to the In-Group/Out Group dynamic (Huang and Ocker, 2006). This dynamic manifests itself when members of a co-located sub-group treat each other with preference or exhibit a more favorable attitude towards each other than they do towards their remote colleagues. We refer to such behaviors as 'Us-vs.-Them' and categorize their occurrences.
After examining why and how Us-vs.-Them occurs in Partially Distributed Teams, we attempt to understand under which conditions it exists and persists, as well as its relationship to effectiveness. We examine conditions of technology, team configuration, employee motivation, and organizational policies that may reduce Us-vs.-Them, and formulate a model for reduction of Us-vs.-Them and increase of effectiveness. We test our model using a survey instrument distributed to 238 industry professionals.
We found support among participant comments confirming the existence of Us-vs.-Them in partially distributed teams and its importance. We also found a strong relationship between Us-vs.-Them and effectiveness. High Us-vs.-Them showed a very high correlation to reduced effectiveness. We found support for the value of technology uniformity between sub-groups as well as technology reliability, for decreasing Us-vs.-Them. And we showed that just as in traditional teams, regular meetings are helpful in partially distributed teams.
Although we discuss informally implemented policies that proved to be valuable in partially distributed teams, we discovered that the more formal policies are the more effective type. Other important findings include: Us-vs.-Them is more prevalent in international teams as well as in teams that are composed of two sub-groups only; and when motivated by flexible schedule, work creativity, and challenging work, participants had higher perceived effectiveness ratings.
Most prior PDT research was conducted using student teams or case studies of one or two industry teams. A contribution of this dissertation research is collection and analysis of a large sample of industry data. Another important contribution is the isolation of Us-vs.-Them as a dependent variable. Understanding under which conditions it exists is important so that managers can identify it and prevent it from escalating.


Multiple surface markers have been utilized for the enrichment of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and to define primitive stem cells. We classified human bone marrow-derived MSC populations according to tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity. TNAP expression varied among unexpanded primary MSCs, and its level was not related to colony-forming activity or putative surface markers, such as CD105 and CD29, donor age, or gender. TNAP levels were increased in larger cells, and a colony-forming unit-fibroblast assay revealed that the colony size was decreased during in vitro expansion. TNAP-positive (TNAP+) MSCs showed limited multipotential capacity, whereas TNAP-negative (TNAP-) MSCs retained the differentiation potential into 3 lineages (osteogenic-, adipogenic-, and chondrogenic differentiation). High degree of calcium mineralization and high level of osteogenic-related gene expression (osteopontin, dlx5, and cbfa1) were found in TNAP+ cells. In contrast, during chondrogenic differentiation, type II collagen was successfully induced in TNAP- cells, but not in TNAP+ cells. TNAP+ cells showed high levels of the hypertrophic markers, type X collagen and cbfa1. Mesenchymal stem cell antigen-1 (MSCA-1) is identical to TNAP. Therefore, TNAP+ cells were sorted by using antibody targeting MSCA-1. MSCA-1-positive cells sorted for TNAP+ cells exhibited low proliferation rates. Expression of cell cycle-related genes (cyclin A2, CDK2, and CDK4) and pluripotency marker genes (rex1 and nanog) were higher in TNAP- MSC than in TNAP+ MSC. Therefore, TNAP- cells can be described as more primitive bone marrow-derived cells and TNAP levels in MSCs can be used to predict chondrocyte hypertrophy or osteogenic capacity.


The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history. The ancient Iranian medicine was combined by different medical traditions from Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and Greece for more than 4000 years and merged to form what became the nucleus and foundation of medical practice in the European countries in the 13th century. The Iranian academic centers like Jundishapur University (3rd century AD) were a breeding ground for the union among great scientists from different civilizations. These centers successfully followed their predecessors' theories and greatly extended their scientific research through history. Iranian physicians during the glorious Islamic civilization had a tremendous share in the progress of medical sciences. The excellent clinical observations and physical examinations and writings of Iranian scientists such as Rhazes (Al-Razi, 865-925 AD), Haly Abbas (Ali ibnal Abbas-al Majusi, died 994 AD), Avicenna (Abou Ali Sina, 980-1037) and Jurjan (Osmail ibn al-Husayn al-Jurjani, 110 AD) influenced all fields of medicine The new era of medicine in Iran begins with establishment of Dar-ul-funoon in 1851, which was the only center for modern medical education before the establishment of Tehran University. Following the establishment of the Tehran university school of medicine in 1934 and the return of Iranian graduates from the medical schools in Europe, much progress was made in the development and availability of trained manpower and specialized faculties in medicine. After the Islamic revolution by the growing spirit of independence inspired by the Iranian government the number of medical schools and medical students increased more than 10 times. For the 1st time in recent modern history the Iranian medical universities started to offer post-graduate specialized degrees in basic, clinical and engineering sciences.


The release of new and updated sea‐level rise (SLR) information, such as from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports, needs to be better anticipated in coastal risk and adaptation assessments. This requires risk and adaptation assessments to be regularly reviewed and updated as needed, reflecting the new information but retaining useful information from earlier assessments. In this paper, updated guidance on the types of SLR information available is presented, including for sea‐level extremes. An intercomparison of the evolution of the headline projected ranges across all the IPCC reports show an increase from the fourth and fifth assessments to the most recent "Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate" assessment. IPCC reports have begun to highlight the importance of potential high‐end sea‐level response, mainly reflecting uncertainties in the Greenland/Antarctic ice sheet components, and how this might be considered in scenarios. The methods that are developed here are practical and consider coastal risk assessment, adaptation planning, and long‐term decision‐making to be an ongoing process and ensure that despite the large uncertainties, pragmatic adaptation decisions can be made. It is concluded that new sea‐level information should not be seen as an automatic reason for abandoning existing assessments, but as an opportunity to review (i) the assessment's robustness in the light of new science and (ii) the utility of proactive adaptation and planning strategies, especially over the more uncertain longer term.


We introduce theory-neutral estimates of the amount of information learners possess about how language works. We provide estimates at several levels of linguistic analysis: phonemes, wordforms, lexical semantics, word frequency and syntax. Our best guess is that the average English-speaking adult has learned 12.5 million bits of information, the majority of which is lexical semantics. Interestingly, very little of this information is syntactic, even in our upper bound analyses. Generally, our results suggest that learners possess remarkable inferential mechanisms capable of extracting, on average, nearly 2000 bits of information about how language works each day for 18 years.


Since its signing by President Obama on March 18, 2010, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) has been criticized by many in the financial community. As one of the architects of FATCA, the purpose of this article is to: (i) describe my perception of the origins of FATCA, (ii) discuss selected issues, and finally (iii) make recommendations that may ultimately be helpful to insuring FATCA's success in both the short and long-run. The article is written for several audiences. The entire article should be of interest to students and academics. For tax professionals and my former colleagues in government, the recommendations in Section 4 should be of most interest. Since 2007 the US has made significant progress in addressing offshore accounts through a combination of tools, including the threat of FATCA. FATCA was a bold, unilateral action by the US intended to ultimately provide transparency surrounding offshore accounts of US taxpayers. However, FATCA will take time to successfully implement and there will be growing pains. The long-term success of FATCA may depend upon whether the US can convince other countries to adopt a similar system, or better yet, join with the US in developing a multilateral FATCA system. Thus, as the IRS and Treasury implement FATCA they need to focus on the long-term goal. In the short-run various compromises will need to be made to ease the initial implementation of FATCA. Some of those potential compromises are discussed in this article. In addition, a multilateral FATCA system and the related benefits are discussed. Finally, financial institutions worldwide should seriously consider attempting to help forge an international consensus. Although financial institutions will clearly incur substantial costs from FATCA, those costs may pale in comparison to the future costs that could be incurred over the next 5 to 20 years as other countries implement their own specific systems. It would be substantially cheaper for financial institutions if there is one global standard, rather than ultimately building separate FATCA type systems for each country.


In this paper the vibration of a spinning cylindrical shell made of functional graded material is investigated. After a brief introduction of FG materials, by employing higher order theory for shell deformation, constitutive relationships are derived. Next, governing differential equation of spinning cylindrical shell is obtained through utilizing energy method and Hamilton's principle. Making use of the principle of minimum potential energy, the characteristic equation of natural frequencies is derived. After verification of the results, the effect of changing different parameters such as material grade, geometry of shell and spinning velocity on the natural frequency are examined. © 2009 IAU, Arak Branch. All rights reserved.


Although universal childcare has become an essential tool to support child development, few economic studies analyze its effects on non-cognitive skills and little is known about causal effects on these skills in the long run. In this paper we go beyond short run analyses and examine the long run effects of one additional year of universal childcare on students' personality traits in adolescence. We focus on personality traits as part of their non-cognitive skills set and as important predictors of later educational achievements. As of 1996, a legal entitlement to universal childcare applied to children of three years and older in Germany. However, severe shortages in the former-West meant that many children could not get a childcare place and had to wait a full year until the next entry date. Using data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) we estimate effects of one additional year of childcare by exploiting geographical variation in the timing of childcare entry arising from local supply constraints. We find that an earlier entry in universal childcare increases extroversion in adolescence, which has been shown to be associated with favorable labor market outcomes.


We present an easy-to-use image retouching technique for realistic reshaping of human bodies in a single image. A model-based approach is taken by integrating a 3D whole-body morphable model into the reshaping process to achieve globally consistent editing effects. A novel body-aware image warping approach is introduced to reliably transfer the reshaping effects from the model to the image, even under moderate fitting errors. Thanks to the parametric nature of the model, our technique parameterizes the degree of reshaping by a small set of semantic attributes, such as weight and height. It allows easy creation of desired reshaping effects by changing the full-body attributes, while producing visually pleasing results even for loosely-dressed humans in casual photographs with a variety of poses and shapes.


Mycoplasma arthritidis, an agent of chronic proliferative arthritis of rodents, secretes a potent soluble superantigen, MAM, that is active for both murine and human T and B lymphocytes. We now report the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of MAM and show it to be distinct from other proteins and not closely related phylogeneticaUy to other superantigens. Two functional domains on MAM are identified based on the ability ofpeptides encompassing these regions to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by the intact MAM molecule. One of these domains shares short sequences or epitopes with other microbial superantigens. The second domain contains the consensus legume lectin motif-B, which is important for T cell activation by concanavalin (Con) A. MAM and Con A peptides containing this motif are functionally cross reactive, suggesting a novel secondary pathway for T cell activation by MAM.


Although cortical dendrites have classically been thought of as passive structures, recent evidence suggests that active conductances, including Ca2+ conductance, are also present in the dendritic membrane. To investigate this, we have recorded intracellularly in slices of rat neocortex bathed in 24 mM tetraethylammonium chloride and 1 microM TTX. Under these conditions, pyramidal neurons generated prolonged Ca2+ spikes. In computer simulations, the breakpoint voltage from which the plateau level began to repolarize was closely related to a specific region on the voltage/activation curve of the high-voltage-activated Ca2+ conductance underlying the spike. This modeling result was supported by the experimental observation that substituting Ba2+ for Ca2+ caused a hyperpolarizing shift in breakpoint voltage by 8–10 mV. Often there was stepwise repolarization from the Ca2+ spike to one or more additional plateau levels. In compartmental computer models, this could be simulated by two different mechanisms: (1) the presence of multiple, electrotonically separated sites of Ca2+ spike electrogenesis in the dendritic tree, and (2) the presence of Ca2+ channels with different voltage dependencies in the same compartment. In experiments, brief hyperpolarizing pulses could cut short the high-amplitude plateau without terminating the smaller "steps." This result could be simulated by both computer models. However, only the multicompartmental model could simulate effects of prolonged depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents on the breakpoint. Thus, the more depolarized the breakpoint, and hence the closer the spike initiation zone to the recording site, the less it was affected by the injected current. In experiments, the ratio of the breakpoint voltages for the different plateau levels was equal to the ratio of the highest repolarization rates. These data indicate that the breakpoint voltage and the time course of repolarization were the same at all the sites of Ca2+ electrogenesis. Our findings provide strong evidence that Ca2+ spike initiation occurs at electrotonically separated "hot spots" in the dendrites, and that voltage dependence of the Ca2+ channels that underlie the spikes is the same at all sites.


Effects of Subglottic Stenosis and Cricotracheal Resection on Voice Production in Women Lisa Marie Mattei Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a narrowing of the airway in the region of the cricoid cartilage below the vocal folds and above the tracheal rings. Individuals with SGS experience difficulty breathing at rest and during exertion both of which become increasingly difficult with the level of stenosis severity. Some individuals also experience negative voice changes. Individuals whose stenoses significantly impact breathing generally require medical procedures or surgery, either balloon dilation or cricotracheal resection (CTR). CTR has been shown to improve patients' ability to breathe, but it can also result in permanent vocal changes. Alternatively, balloon dilation results in similar breathing improvements but for a relatively short period of time. Many studies have been published on the effectiveness of CTR; however, only a few have examined the effects of CTR on vocal production. The purpose of this study is to quantify the acoustic and auditory-perceptual features of subglottic stenosis and examine possible acoustic and auditory-perceptual changes in voice production following a revised CTR aimed to minimize voice impact in a group of women. A retrospective chart review identified women with idiopathic SGS who received revised CTR at The University of Utah Voice Disorders Center between 2008 and 2014. Presurgical and postsurgical groups included patients with both pre and post recordings (n = 11) as well as patients with only pre (n = 6) or post (n = 9) recordings. Acoustic quantification of voice signal periodicity, as well as cepstral, spectral, and fundamental frequency (F0) analyses were performed. Auditory-perceptual ratings of overall quality and monotonicity were performed. Cross-sectional and pre-post surgery analyses were completed. Aggregate analyses revealed that both pre and posttreatment SGS patients demonstrated voice disorders in the mild to moderate severity range. Pre-post comparisons indicated no significant voice change after surgery. Mean fundamental frequency decreased from 215 Hz (SD = 40 Hz) to 201 Hz (SD = 65 Hz). Voice disorder severity based on the cepstral spectral index of dysphoniaTM for sustained vowels decreased (i.e., improved) from 41 (SD = 41) to 25 (SD = 21) points. Semitone standard deviation (2.2 semitones) was equivalent from pretreatment to posttreatment. Auditory-perceptual ratings demonstrated similar results. These preliminary results indicate that the revised CTR procedure is promising in minimizing adverse voice effects. Future research is needed to determine causative factors for pretreatment voice disorders, as well as to optimize treatments in this population.


Evolution Mining's Frog's Leg underground mine experienced an increase in the number of seismic events and rockburst occurrences during 2015. This was due to increased stress levels due to increasing mining depth and unfavourable mining geometry (mining the sole remaining diminishing pillar) as well as interaction with some seismically active crosscutting geological structures. At the time, the extraction sequence was transitioning from central access to an end-on retreat sequence with stopes in the diminishing pillar being extracted as triple lifts. Initially, a triple lift extraction methodology was implemented to eliminate the exposure of personnel and equipment to potentially seismically active ground as the closure pillar was extracted. All production activities for the closure pillar were conducted outside the oredrives from a drive situated in the hanging wall.
Intense episodes of seismic activity occurred during the third and fourth quarters of 2015 as well as early in the first quarter of 2016 while the closure pillar was being extracted. During this period, two rockbursts occurred; after the second rockburst, management decided to temporarily halt production activities in the area pending geotechnical investigation and the development of a new extraction strategy.
A Geotechnical Review Board (GRB) was formed to review and evaluate the situation to date and provide guidance on: the extraction sequence, ground support design and implementation, and seismic monitoring requirements. Following the GRB evaluation, a program of works was initiated including assessment of various extraction sequences and dynamic ground support design. Subsequently, these have been implemented and mining activities have resumed.
This paper provides an overview of the mining practices that led to increased seismicity and rockbursts as well as measures that were implemented to mitigate the hazard associated with increased mining-induced seismicity and increasing stress levels.


ABSTRACT This paper examines why firms sometimes collaborate locally rather than with higher-quality universities at a distance. Existing research has mostly relied on the localized knowledge spillover (LKS) model to explain this. This model holds that knowledge transfer across distance is costly, and collaborating locally reduces the risk of information loss when the knowledge is transferred. However, there are various other reasons that could also explain the pattern. If the local university can make a useful contribution, firms might choose to look no further. Firms may also see collaboration as a long-term investment, helping to build research quality at the local university with the hope of benefiting in future. Finally, firms may want to contribute to the local community. We extend the LKS model with these additional motivations and explore their validity using data from 23 semi-structured interviews of firms that collaborate intensively with lower-tier local universities.


In common with many global research funding agencies, in 2011 the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) published its Policy Framework on Research Data along with a mandate that institutions be fully compliant with the policy by May 2015. The University of Bath has a strong applied science and engineering research focus and, as such, the EPSRC is a major funder of the university's research. In this paper, the Jisc-funded Research360 project shares its experience in developing the infrastructure required to enable a research-intensive institution to achieve full compliance with a particular funder's policy, in such a way as to support the varied data management needs of both the University of Bath and its external stakeholders. A key feature of the Research360 project was to ensure that after the project's completion in summer 2013 the newly developed data management infrastructure would be maintained up to and beyond the EPSRC's 2015 deadline. Central to these plans was the 'University of Bath Roadmap for EPSRC', which was identified as an exemplar response by the EPSRC. This paper explores how a roadmap designed to meet a single funder's requirements can be compatible with the strategic goals of an institution. Also discussed is how the project worked with Charles Beagrie Ltd to develop a supporting business case, thus ensuring implementation of these long-term objectives. This paper describes how two new data management roles, the Institutional Data Scientist and Technical Data Coordinator, have contributed to delivery of the Research360 project and the importance of these new types of cross-institutional roles for embedding a new data management infrastructure within an institution. Finally, the experience of developing a new institutional data policy is shared. This policy represents a particular example of the need to reconcile a funder's expectations with the needs of individual researchers and their collaborators.


While federated learning (FL) promises to preserve privacy in distributed training of deep learning models, recent work in the image and NLP domains showed that training updates leak private data of participating clients. At the same time, most high-stakes applications of FL (e.g., legal and financial) use tabular data. Compared to the NLP and image domains, reconstruction of tabular data poses several unique challenges: (i) categorical features introduce a significantly more difficult mixed discrete-continuous optimization problem, (ii) the mix of categorical and continuous features causes high variance in the final reconstructions, and (iii) structured data makes it difficult for the adversary to judge reconstruction quality. In this work, we tackle these challenges and propose the first comprehensive reconstruction attack on tabular data, called TabLeak. TabLeak is based on three key ingredients: (i) a softmax structural prior, implicitly converting the mixed discrete-continuous optimization problem into an easier fully continuous one, (ii) a way to reduce the variance of our reconstructions through a pooled ensembling scheme exploiting the structure of tabular data, and (iii) an entropy measure which can successfully assess reconstruction quality. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of TabLeak, reaching a state-of-the-art on four popular tabular datasets. For instance, on the Adult dataset, we improve attack accuracy by 10% compared to the baseline on the practically relevant batch size of 32 and further obtain non-trivial reconstructions for batch sizes as large as 128. Our findings are important as they show that performing FL on tabular data, which often poses high privacy risks, is highly vulnerable.


The number of people classed as 'plus size', meaning overweight or obese is increasing and many feel excluded from every day activities and environments. Whilst the
need to cater for a diverse population in terms of anthropometry is recognized, rarely are the emotional and social aspects of interactions with design/environments taken into account. This paper presents the findings of an interview study to explore barriers affecting plus size people with regard to inclusivity in their lives. The findings suggest that emotional responses to physical issues are important to consider and will contribute to recommendations to raise awareness and facilitate empathy.


Malaysia's National Economic Policy was formulated with two objectives: to eradicate poverty and restructure society. In this article we trace the origins of the policy and review it from a legal perspective. We found that although the policy is not law in the sense used by traditional model jurisprudence, it has nevertheless been adhered to. We argue that this adherence was not because of any moral obligation to comply or that it reflected popular consciousness, but because of the prevailing political and institutional structures which allows the state to impose non-legal sanctions. Thus, although not law, the policy carries with it the state's coercive powers to induce compliance.


The 2018 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Ohio v. American Express Co. was at odds with a trend among antitrust commentators and enforcement authorities away from dependence on formal market definition as part of plaintiffs' burden of proof. Reliance on market definition as a dispositive issue has been ubiquitous in antitrust cases, but the costs from errors, inefficiency, and uncertainty inherent in that approach are glaring. The issue is ripe for clarification, and this Note suggests a new rule to that end. The proposed rule aims to delineate a set of cases in which formal market definition can confidently be dispensed with, in the hopes of reducing uncertainty in antitrust cases and streamlining their administration.


Art & Visual Culture: A Reader is an essential sourcebook for every student of art history, and ideal for anyone seeking a greater understanding of art and of the cultural and historical context in which it is made. Selected by leading authorities, this stimulating anthology presents the key texts that document the history of art over the past one thousand years – from the era of the Crusades right up to the present day. It includes many fascinating sources that have been especially translated and are published here in English for the first time.

Among the numerous artists, critics, art historians, philosophers and cultural commentators that feature are Aristotle, the Venerable Bede, Giorgio Vasari, Joshua Reynolds, John Ruskin, Charles Baudelaire, Walter Pater, Paul Gauguin, F.T. Marinetti, Erwin Panofsky, Nikolaus Pevsner, Jackson Pollock, Clement Greenberg, John Berger, Lucy Lippard, Thomas Crow, and Miwon Kwon. The combination of diverse sources, augmented by succinct introductions and a glossary to set the texts in context, guarantees that this beautifully presented anthology offers fresh perspectives for exploring and understanding art and visual culture.


One of the key drivers of complexity in the classical (stochastic) multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem is the difference between mean rewards in the top two arms, also known as the instance gap. The celebrated Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) policy is among the simplest optimism-based MAB algorithms that naturally adapts to this gap: for a horizon of play n, it achieves optimal O(log n) regret in instances with"large"gaps, and a near-optimal O(\sqrt{n log n}) minimax regret when the gap can be arbitrarily"small."This paper provides new results on the arm-sampling behavior of UCB, leading to several important insights. Among these, it is shown that arm-sampling rates under UCB are asymptotically deterministic, regardless of the problem complexity. This discovery facilitates new sharp asymptotics and a novel alternative proof for the O(\sqrt{n log n}) minimax regret of UCB. Furthermore, the paper also provides the first complete process-level characterization of the MAB problem under UCB in the conventional diffusion scaling. Among other things, the"small"gap worst-case lens adopted in this paper also reveals profound distinctions between the behavior of UCB and Thompson Sampling, such as an"incomplete learning"phenomenon characteristic of the latter.


Hydrokinetic turbines extract energy from free-flowing water, such as river streams and marine currents. For river applications, the typical deployment location is highly space-constrained due to both the nature of the river (i.e., its natural width and depth) and the other usages of the river. Therefore, a modified design of a conversion device is desired to accommodate these space limitations. The objective of this work is to derive optimum design criteria for a coaxial horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine system utilizing both numerical and experimental approaches. Single-turbine systems configured with different sizes of untwisted untapered blades were numerically studied to obtain the optimum solidity and to examine the blockage effects on the various-solidity rotors. The numerical modeling was, then, extended to analyze the performance of the coaxial multi-turbine system (equipped with optimum-solidity rotors) and characterize its ambient flow. The numerically predicted power outputs were validated against those measured with torque and rotational speed sensors in a water tunnel for both single-turbine and multi-turbine systems. Particle image velocimetry was also utilized to evaluate the wake structure and validate the numerical results of the flow characteristics. The optimum-solidity for the single-turbine system was found to be 0.222 48. An optimum-solidity three-turbine axial system can increase power output by 47% when compared to an optimum-solidity single-turbine system. Increasing the number of rotors from three to five only enhanced efficiency by about 4%. The study of wake structures behind a three-turbine system showed that the highest velocity deficit occurs behind the second rotor rather than the third rotor.


Retaining volunteers is a critical issue for sport organizations utilizing volunteer labor. Based on the theory of planned behavior, the theory of work adjustment, psychological contract theory, two frameworks (person-environment fit and empowerment), and previous empirical results, we proposed and tested three models to explain intention to continue volunteering with 224 volunteers from the Special Olympics State Summer Games. We accepted a model in which Empowerment fully mediated the relationship between Person-Environment Fit and Intention to Continue Volunteering. We also found that Psychological Contract Fulfillment moderated the relationship between Fit and Empowerment.


The 60th anniversary of the United States' oldest continuous legal clinic presents an opportunity to reexamine the pedagogical machinery, reshape the curriculum, reflect on advice not taken, and reignite the "movement for change" in (clinical) legal education. The author recommends a modest retooling: Law schools should offer a degree program for non-lawyer advocates. This would capitalize on the many attributes that paralegals bring to the profession. The author's focus is on how teaching paralegals or lay advocates in law schools can foster less costly non-adversarial dispute resolution, sensitivity to human and cultural aspects of client rapport, and co-education between members of the legal profession. Paraprofessionals can help lawyers accomplish their tasks with efficiency, affordability, professional collaboration, and responsiveness to clients.. While the paradigmatic example he offers is a lay advocate working on behalf of special education students in a public school setting, the value added by paralegals is by no means limited to that forum. Finally, the author suggests what educators should emphasize in a new law school curriculum and how they might design a paraprofessional program.


Summary Controlling varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) populations in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies with acaricides has been a challenge for beekeepers due to the rapid development of resistant mite populations. For this reason, many beekeepers are adopting Integrated Pest Management strategies as alternatives to chemocentric varroa control schemes. One non-chemical tool that has been used for varroa control is dusting bee colonies with powdered sugar. The objective of our study was to determine the efficacy of powdered sugar as a varroa control by comparing mite populations, adult bee populations, and brood area in untreated colonies with those in colonies dusted every two weeks for 11 months with 120 g powdered sugar per application. We found that dusting colonies with powdered sugar did not significantly affect the adult bee population (treated: 10061.72 ± 629.42; control: 10691.00 ± 554.44) or amount of brood (treated: 4521.91 ± 342.84 cm2; control: 4472.55 ± 365.85 cm2). We also found no significant differences between the total number of mites per colony (treated: 2112.15 ± 224.62; control: 2197.80 ± 207.75), number of mites per adult bee (treated: 0.080 ± 0.010; control: 0.097 ± 0.010), or number of mites per capped brood cell (treated: 0.112 ± 0.013; control: 0.106 ± 0.018). All data are mean ± s.e. Within the limits of our study and at the application rates used, we did not find that dusting colonies with powdered sugar afforded significant varroa control.


This publication is the result of an artists' research residency that used unseen parts of the Lace Archive in Nottingham as catalysts for the creation of new artworks.
Andrew Bracey, Danica Maier and Lucy Renton spent two and half years rummaging, exploring and making.
Critical texts by Pennina Barnett, Fiona Curran, Janis Jefferies, Sian Vaughan, alongside interviews with the artists involved, unpack the findings.
This is part of a larger research project 'Bummock: New Artistic Responses to Unseen parts of the Archive'. Like the Bummock – the largest part of the iceberg that remains hidden under water – archives often contain far more than is ever accessed. Bummock gives a platform for these stored and yet to be appreciated parts, and is developing alternative methods for researchers to access archives.
This is the first of a series of publications that will collate the findings and artworks from residencies in different archives.


The latest version of the Human MetabolomeDatabase (v4.0) lists 114,100 individual entries, nearly a threefold increase from version 3. Typically, however, metabolomics studies identify only around 100 compounds and many features identified in mass spectra are listed only as 'unknown compounds'. The lack of ability to fully identify all metabolites detected (which I term the dark metabolome) means that, despite the great contribution of metabolomics to a range of areas in the last decade, a significant amount of useful information from publicly funded studies is being lost or unused each year. This loss of data limits our potential gain in knowledge and understanding of important research areas such as cell biology, environmental pollution, plant science, food chemistry and health and biomedical research. Metabolomics therefore needs to develop new tools and methods for metabolite identification to advance as a field. In this talk I will identify potential issues with metabolite identification and how how new and discuss some of the emerging technologies which may help solve this problem (thus illuminating the dark metabolome) and advance metabolomics. I will specifically discusses Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (DNP-NMR), non-proton NMR active nuclei, Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2DLC) and Raman Spectroscopy (RS) and show how developing new methods for metabolomics with these techniques could lead to advances in metabolomics and better characterisation of biological systems.
Video from the Keynote Speaker Dr. Oliver Jones can be found:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_0OHA1umoY


A recent report from EdChoice documents two staffing trends in public schools. After a temporary pause during the Great Recession, school staffing in the U.S. resumed an upward trajectory, and hiring tilted toward non-teaching personnel as compared to teachers. The report concludes that staffing growth outpaces enrollment growth and that there has been no corresponding increase in student performance. The report then recommends increasing teacher pay, at the expense of non-teaching staff, and school choice. While the data on staffing trends are obtained from NCES publications, the report's discussion of inputs, outcomes, and policy approaches is poorly grounded, leading to unsupported conclusions and policy prescriptions. It does not examine why there has been a staffing surge or whether it reflects a valid use of personnel. It evaluates the effectiveness of school staffing changes using concurrent achievement and finance measures, and it fails to acknowledge that educational outcomes have steadily improved, even though any benefits of staffing increases will be lagged and only show up gradually over time. The report presents no logical relationship between staffing trends and the solutions proposed. As a result, the report is irrelevant and is devoid of any important policy implications. NEPC Review:


Why did over 100 million consumers spend $40 billion in 1991 shopping by phone or mail? Because they wanted to maximize their leisure time and avoid expensive, time-consuming hassles at retail stores and shopping malls. Today, more than ever before, catalogue sales are big business, and "Home Based Catalog Marketing" shows entrepreneurs, small business owners, and people looking to build extra income how to capitalize on this rising consumer demand by starting up and operating a successful catalogue business in the convenience of their own homes. William J. Bond explains their operation in a highly motivational, yet thoroughly practical, way that makes each step clear and manageable. The book offers practical, easy-to-follow guidance, and shares numerous illustrations of successful catalogues as well as anecdotes and success stories. The book supplies everything needed to design, produce, and market a competing catalogue that turns readers into satisfied customers who keep coming back for more, including: how to select the best products (or services) for the 90s; how to master creative writing strategies that really sell; how to design offers that maximize product or service appeal; how to test copy approaches, sales, theme, and mailing lists; how to manage and grow a catalogue business; and how to get free publicity on radio and television There is also a special chapter that lists the 125 essential points to getting a catalogue-selling business up and running.


Abstract We propose pouch motors, a new family of printable soft actuators integrated with computational design. The pouch motor consists of one or more inflatable gas-tight bladders made of sheet materials. This printable actuator is designed and fabricated in a planar fashion. It allows both easy prototyping and mass fabrication of affordable robotic systems. We provide theoretical models of the actuators compared with the experimental data. The measured maximum stroke and tension of the linear pouch motor are up to 28% and 100 N, respectively. The measured maximum range of motion and torque of the angular pouch motor are up to 80° and 0.2 N, respectively. We also develop an algorithm that automatically generates the patterns of the pouches and their fluidic channels. A custom-built fabrication machine streamlines the automated process from design to fabrication. We demonstrate a computer-generated life-sized hand that can hold a foam ball and perform gestures with 12 pouch motors, which can be fabricat...


Recovering a high-quality image from noisy indirect measurements is an important problem with many applications. For such inverse problems, supervised deep convolutional neural network (CNN)-based denoising methods have shown strong results, but the success of these supervised methods critically depends on the availability of a high-quality training dataset of similar measurements. For image denoising, methods are available that enable training without a separate training dataset by assuming that the noise in two different pixels is uncorrelated. However, this assumption does not hold for inverse problems, resulting in artifacts in the denoised images produced by existing methods. Here, we propose Noise2Inverse, a deep CNN-based denoising method for linear image reconstruction algorithms that does not require any additional clean or noisy data. Training a CNN-based denoiser is enabled by exploiting the noise model to compute multiple statistically independent reconstructions. We develop a theoretical framework which shows that such training indeed obtains a denoising CNN, assuming the measured noise is element-wise independent, and zero-mean. On simulated CT datasets, Noise2Inverse demonstrates an improvement in peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index compared to state-of-the-art image denoising methods, and conventional reconstruction methods, such as Total-Variation Minimization. We also demonstrate that the method is able to significantly reduce noise in challenging real-world experimental datasets.


Despite diversity in family dynamics within and between societies, globally, it is adults who are usually relied upon to care for family members who are sick, disabled or have other care needs. Young people in Zambia and other African countries affected by the HIV epidemic are under increasing pressure to obtain a good education and employment to support their families, whilst some also have to cope with the loss of parents and care for relatives with little external support. This article discusses the findings of qualitative research that explored the experiences of young people (aged 14-30) who had significant family caring responsibilities and those without such responsibilities in Zambia. Interviews and life-mapping methods were conducted with a total of 35 young people living in rural and urban areas, 12 parents and relatives and 12 professionals. We analyse young people's experiences and perceptions of socially expected transitions, such as completing education and earning an income to support themselves and their families, in addition to more unpredictable changes in young people's family lives. 'Critical moments' (Thomson et al, 2002), such as bereavement and loss of parents and other family members, disinheritance of assets and property grabbing, migration and mobility between different relatives homes, parental divorce and separation, often had significant impacts on young people's ability to navigate their pathways to adulthood according to wider social norms and expectations. A more relational conceptualisation of youth transitions is needed that takes account of young people's caring responsibilities and changing family dynamics.


The research aims to determine how much influence community empowerment has on family welfare in Mattappawalie Village, Pujanting District, Barru Regency, the model used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method and the data collection technique uses a questionnaire, using 40 samples. And the analytical method used is simple linear regression analysis and t test, to find out the independent variables that affect the dependent variable, in managing this data using SPSS version 15. The results of this study indicate that community empowerment has a good effect. it is hoped that community participation in the Mattappawalie sub-district, Pujananting District, Barru Regency, will be even better. Keywords: Community Empowerment, Family Welfare


Mr. Males responds with new data to support his central point - that teenage and adult sexual behaviors are so intertwined at both the personal and the societal levels that there is, in reality, no distinct "teenage pregnancy" phenomenon amenable to school intervention. Stephen Caldas presents a cogent argument for expanding school programs of sexual and contraceptive education in order to prevent what we call "teenage" pregnancy. Unfortunately, he does not address the points in my Match 1993 article regarding the monumental difficulties confronting the school-based measures he advocates.(1) We begin with a fundamental disagreement: Caldas assumes that modern "teenage" sex and pregnancy are deviant behaviors that schools can isolate and address separately from socially acceptable "adult" sex and pregnancy. But the point of my previous article was that teenage and adult sexual behaviors are so inter-mixed at both the personal and the societal levels that there is, in reality, no distinct teenage phenomenon amenable to school intervention. I now offer an update of crucial, rarely mentioned facts in support of my argument: 1. The large majority of all "teenage" pregnancies are caused by adults. A 1990 tabulation of 60,000 births among both married and unmarried teenage mothers in California (85% of all teen births in the state that year - the most comprehensive sample yet assembled) details the overwhelming adult role in "teen" pregnancy.(2) * Men older than high school age account for 77% of all births among girls of high school age (ages 16-18) and for 5 1 % of births among girls of junior high school age (15 and younger). * Men over age 25 father twice as many "teenage" births as do boys under age 18. * Men over age 20 father five times more births among junior high school age girls than do junior high school age boys and 2.5 times more births among senior high school age girls than do senior high school age boys. * Junior high school age boys account for just 7% of the births among junior high school age girls. Senior high school age boys father only 24% of births among all school-age girls. * Additionally, adult women over age 20 account for 14% of the births fathered by school-age boys. A less complete national tabulation of 309,819 "teen" births reported in the most recent Vital Statistics of the United States (1988) confirms the pattern found in California: only 89,509 births (29%) involved two teenage partners; 220,310 (71%) involved a teenage partner and an adult partner over age 20.3 California figures show that the age gap between male and female partners is much larger than is generally assumed. Indeed, the younger the mother, the greater the age gap. When the mother is 12 years old or younger, the father averages 22 years of age; for mothers of junior high age, fathers average nearly five years older; for mothers of high school age, fathers average nearly four years older. These adult/youth sex patterns have profound implications for the spread of sexually transmitted disease (STD) and AIDS as well. STD and AIDS rates are 2.5 times higher among females under age 20 than can be predicted from rates among males under age 20 - a "surplus" pointing strongly to transmission from older men.(4) By denying the definitive reality of adult/teen sex, school prevention programs, in effect, assign girls as young as junior high school age the responsibility of preventing pregnancies typically involving much older adult partners. Such an approach is fraught with troubling real-life implications, both practical and philosophical, which are exacerbated by the special problems of girls who are at risk of becoming pregnant. 2. A large majority of all pregnant teenagers have histories of rape, sexual abuse, and physical abuse. A 1985 Los Angeles Times survey showed that 27% of all women and 16% of all men were sexually abused as children - nearly all by adults and half by "someone in authority. …


Title of dissertation: A SUSY SO(10) GUT MODEL WITH LOPSIDED STRUCTURE Yingchuan Li, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Dissertation directed by: Professor Xiangdong Ji Department of Physics The standard model (SM) of elementary particles has been established for more than 30 years and tested by a large number of experiments. However, because of the naturalness problem of the electroweak symmetry breaking scale and a large number of unexplained parameters in SM, physicists have been looking for a more fundamental theory. Supersymmetry (SUSY) and grand unification are two appealing concepts that have been mostly implemented to build candidates for beyond SM theories. SUSY helps to stabilize the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking, and grand unification embeds the SM gauge groups into larger and more fundamental gauge groups. Neutrino oscillations, signaling massive neutrinos, are the first direct evidence of beyond SM physics. A tiny neutrino mass can be elegantly explained by the seesaw mechanism. The neutrino masses from this mechanism are of Majorana type and therefore break the B − L (baryon number minus lepton number) symmetry. A favorable framework of studying neutrino masses and oscillations is the SO(10) grand unification theory (GUT) which naturally accommodates a B − L breaking. The same B−L breaking can also facilitate baryogenesis via a leptogenesis scenario. This provides an interesting correlation between these two pieces of phenomenology. This thesis presents a realistic SUSY SO(10) GUT model with lopsided structure, which generates the correct masses and mixing of neutrinos and produces the right amount of baryon asymmetry. One of the most characteristic features of this model is the lopsided mass matrices structure. We examine observables in B decays that are sensitive to this structure, and find a specific pattern of predictions that can be used to test this type of models. A SUSY SO(10) GUT MODEL WITH LOPSIDED STRUCTURE


The authors present a framework and practical strategies for engaging deaf persons who have language and learning challenges as well as sexual offending behaviors in sex offender oriented mental health treatment. Current treatment approaches for persons who commit sexual offenses are reviewed along with modifications that have been made for persons with intellectual impairments. The additional challenges when the persons referred are deaf and poor language users are explored. The treatment resources for helping this subgroup of deaf persons with highly specialized needs are limited, and the common fallacy that a "signing clinician" with some knowledge of sexual offending treatment can make up for this absence of resources is contrasted with what it actually takes to do this work effectively. Finally, practical suggestions for treatment providers and programs without such highly specialized expertise, but with clients who have these problems, are presented.


This study reports on the effect of endogenous substances such as fatty acids and indoxyl sulfate on the binding of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PB) to human serum albumin (HSA), using an ultrafiltration technique. The free concentration of PB in the filtrate was determined by HPLC. Fatty acids, particularly, octanoic acid are accompanied by a decrease in the binding of PB to HSA through an inhibitory displacement mechanism. The binding of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, to PB-HSA was decreased with increasing concentrations of caused of indoxyl sulfate. However, bilirubin showed a different behavior compared with octanoic acid and indoxyl sulfate: bilirubin had no effect on PB-HSA binding at lower concentrations of bilirubin, but the extent of binding was decreased at higher concentrations of bilirubin. The findings reported in this work provide basic and valuable information regarding our knowledge of altered PB binding that can occur in in certain diseased states.


Abstract The Rochdale Formation of eastern New York (= Fort Ann and lower Bascom formations, designations abandoned) is now recognized to record the earliest stages of the Great Ordovician Radiation of cephalopods. The earliest Bassleroceratidae, Tarphyceratidae and endoceridans on the east Laurentian shallow carbonate platform occur in the upper, thrombolite-bearing member of the Rochdale. This fauna demonstrates that the earliest radiation of Ordovician nautiloids took place in the late Tremadocian and is best recorded in tropical platform facies. Revision of this cephalopod fauna based on approximately 190 specimens collected along a 200 km, N–S belt in easternmost New York has provided new information on inter- and intraspecific variation of earlier described species. The ellesmerocerid Vassaroceras and the endocerids Mcqueenoceras and Paraendoceras are emended. New taxa include Bassleroceras champlainense sp. nov. and B. triangulum sp. nov., Mccluskiceras comstockense gen. et sp. nov., Exoclitendoceras rochdalense gen. et sp. nov. and Paraendoceras depressum sp. nov. A rank abundance plot of 146 specimens from a locality in the Lake Champlain lowlands provides information on the community structure of a nautiloid fauna in which the longiconic cyrtoconic Bassleroceras is shown to dominate strongly. The nautiloid community structure of the Rochdale Formation is similar to that of the underlying Tribes Hill Formation (late early Tremadocian) with respect to the depositional setting, diversity and evenness but displays a remarkably increased taxonomic distinctness.


Plant volatiles include terpenoids, which are generally involved in plant defense, repelling pests and pathogens and attracting insects for herbivore control, pollination and seed dispersal. Orange fruits accumulate the monoterpene limonene at high levels in the oil glands of their fruit peels. When limonene production was downregulated in orange fruits by the transgenic expression of a limonene synthase (CitMTSE1) in the antisense configuration, these fruits were resistant to the fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. and the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and were less attractive to the medfly pest Ceratitis capitata. These responses were reversed when the antisense transgenic orange fruits were treated with limonene. To gain more insight into the role of the limonene concentration in fruit responses to pests and pathogens, we attempted to overexpress CitMTSE1 in the sense configuration in transgenic orange fruits. Only slight increases in the amount of limonene were found in sense transgenic fruits, maybe due to the detrimental effect that excessive limonene accumulation would have on plant development. Collectively, these results suggest that when limonene reaches peak levels as the fruit develops, it becomes a signal for pest and pathogen attraction, which facilitate access to the fruit for pulp consumers and seed dispersers.


This book shows how creative maths can really work. Exploring the ways in which maths skills can be learned through cross-curricular activities based on visual arts and music, the book presents maths as a meaningful and exciting subject which holds no fears for children. The authors recognise that while maths-phobia prevails in our increasingly mathematicised world, attitudes and approaches to teaching the subject need to be reviewed, and issues such as gender stereotyping, which encourage maths-apathy, need to be tackled at an early stage. Within this collection of classroom-based stories are detailed examples of integrative mathematic projects; these will give teachers the confidence to try out cross-curricular activities in their classes. The book also provides support with difficult areas such as assessment, planning and development. Fascinating to read in its own right this book will appeal to the specialist and non-specialist alike.


Nature conservation can often be costly and the resources available are often less than are required. Resource allocations and expenditures for nature conservation have an opportunity cost in terms of foregone projects, but are rarely subjected to as much scrutiny as other public activities. Failure to apply economic tools to nature conservation decision making can result in errors in project selection, wasted use of scarce resources, and lower levels of conservation than it is possible to achieve from the resources available. In some instances where economics has been proposed for use in nature conservation research, the methodologies applied provide information that is of limited usefulness to decision makers. Non-market valuation has limited potential to help in nature conservation decision making, is costly to complete and should be supplanted by more useful techniques that focus on the cost and the payoff from nature conservation actions. In contrast, Cost Effectiveness Analysis and Cost Utility Analysis are practical tools that can provide valuable information for conservation decision makers and improve conservation achievement.


Using data on twenty major OECD countries over time, this paper documents a new evidence on real equity and real currency prices: higher real returns in the home equity market relative to foreign counterparts are generally associated with real home currency depreciation at a monthly frequency, but this negative correlation breaks down or even reverses during times of relatively higher aggregate economic uncertainty or volatility. This paper also proposes one plausible explanation for this time-varying correlation structure. The suggested model is based on a long-run risks type model, combined with time-varying liquidity risks in stock markets. With recursive preference for the early resolution of uncertainty and a negative link between the level of short-run economic growth and equity market liquidity volatility, the model demonstrates that severe short-run economic uncertainty overturns the otherwise negative link between the real currency and real relative equity returns.


This paper demonstrates that microlens rasters that transfer an image from screens with no brightness loss can be created on a glass substrate by using UV radiation in combination with high-temperature ion-exchange diffusion. The dependence of the microlens parameters on the conditions of ion-exchange processing are investigated. An expression is obtained that makes it possible to estimate the height of the segments and consequently the radius of curvature of the microlenses as a function of the duration of the ion-exchange diffusion. © 2005 Optical Society of America


AC-completion efficiently handles equality modulo associative and commutative function symbols. When the input is ground, the procedure terminates and provides a decision algorithm for the word problem. In this paper, we present a modular extension of ground AC-completion for deciding formulas in the combination of the theory of equality with user-defined AC symbols, uninterpreted symbols and an arbitrary signature disjoint Shostak theory X. Our algorithm, called AC(X), is obtained by augmenting in a modular way ground AC-completion with the canonizer and solver present for the theory X. This integration rests on canonized rewriting, a new relation reminiscent to normalized rewriting, which integrates canonizers in rewriting steps. AC(X) is proved sound, complete and terminating, and is implemented to extend the core of the Alt-Ergo theorem prover.


Brown eyes stare back at me from beneath black eyebrows above a ruddy face framed by thick black hair which melts into a long, well-groomed beard. An orange jumpsuit contrasts with otherwise colorless surroundings. Staccato-like rattling of an ankle chain interrupts the harmonic humming of an air conditioner The detainee and I face each other Our knees almost touch. We can smell each other CAMP DELTA is a confinement facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where, beginning in 2002, America transferred more than 1,000 men who had been captured during Operation Enduring Freedom, an operation launched to topple the Taliban and to pursue terrorists and dismantle their sanctuaries. (1) As a federal investigator with the U.S. Department of Defense Criminal Investigative Task Force (CITF), I interviewed this orange-clad man deemed an "enemy combatant" in the Global War on Terrorism. (2) My job was to determine the truth. Success would determine whether the detainee would be prosecuted or released. (3) I asked myself: What is America trying to achieve? What does success look like on a strategic level? Defining success must begin with a pragmatic, candid, and thoughtful appraisal of America's goals. Is there a course of action to achieve them? And most important, is America's strategy working? These questions frame a necessary dialogue to assess progress against terrorists, who clearly demonstrate their own strategy. (4) Three distinct missions with different objectives and varied degrees of accomplishment are ongoing at Camp Delta. The first mission is intelligence collection and analysis. The second is detention operations, characterized by humanitarian and welfare issues relating to overall treatment. The third, criminal investigation and prosecution, determines the details of a detainee's actions. (5) Intelligence Measures According to the mission statement of Joint Task Force Guantanamo, the primary pursuit at Camp Delta is gleaning intelligence from the detainees, who are considered unlawful combatants under Article IV of the Geneva Conventions. (6) Some argue that success cannot be measured if the public does not know what is being learned or what methods are being used. In fact, skilled questioning and analysis has uncovered lifesaving information. Even 2 years after capture, actionable intelligence about terrorist networks and those who are undermining stability in Afghanistan is still forthcoming at Guantanamo. (7) The eternal paradox of intelligence, however, is that the exceptional success is also exceptionally secret. Achievements will be obscure if intelligence gathering is the principal metric for measuring success. To measure success, the world must evaluate tangibles and observables. Yet, because of the inexcusable activity at Abu Ghraib prison, the American public demands accountability. (8) So how can the public form an opinion as to whether America is succeeding? Humanitarian Measures Human rights and humane treatment are criteria used to assess how a government behaves and, by extension, the rectitude of that nation's conduct. History will be critical of what America does at Guantanamo and will ask: How well were the detainees cared for while in America's custody? Were detainees protected from each other? Was there evidence of torture, and if so, what actions were taken to correct the situation? Did detainees receive proper medical treatment? Were food, exercise, recreation, and promotion of mental well-being adequate? Were religious practices respected? Like any federal prison, Camp Delta's concern is with the safety and security of the detainees and guards. The detention mission is the responsibility of the Military Police (MP) Corps. The MP contingent at Guantanamo is a mix of active duty and Reserve Component soldiers designated as the Joint Detainee Operations Group. During the time I was there, detainees were housed in safe, secure, comfortable facilities that were constantly being improved. …


In our increasingly globalized world, the notions of language, culture, community, and nation are more and more fluid. Considering the influence of globalization, new media, and current societal flux, sociolinguists have begun to examine how identity, language, and culture are negotiated through popular culture (Pennycook, 2010). Using a descriptive, interactional sociolinguistic approach, this paper explores this phenomenon by examining a small community of approximately 20-30 students who are members of a salsa club at a university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. First, this case study explores student motivation for joining this community of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991). Second, it considers the pedagogical practices within the classroom, which although informal in design, are traditional in style. Students learn how to move their bodies as well as interact on the dance floor. Finally, it will examine how gendered roles are defined and negotiated. The findings from this study suggest conflicting attitudes and ideologies about the agency each partner has (or does not have).


This paper studies co-movements in real output growth across countries of Latin America in the sample period 1970-2007. To detect the change over time, correlations in real growth are analyzed over two sub-samples: 1970-1986 and 1987-2007. Correlation coefficients detect co-movements in real growth across five regional groups: Andean, Caribbean, Central America, LAC7(Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela) and Mercosur. In addition, growth in each of the EU, the U.S., and Brazil are assumed to be common sources of co-movements in real output growth in Latin America. Business-cycle comovements within and across regions have varied over time. We also examine the impact of trade flows and financial linkage on co-movements in real growth within and across regions. The effect of trade flows is not conclusive. Business cycles may diverge, converge, or not vary significantly in response to trade flows across countries. More recently, co-movement in real growth appears to be tracking comovement in short-term interest rates across Latin America.


Using a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in hot rubidium vapor, we demonstrate a compact diode-laser-pumped system for the generation of intensity-difference squeezing down to 8 kHz with a maximum squeezing of -7 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of kilohertz-level intensity-difference squeezing using a semiconductor laser as the pump source. This scheme is of interest for experiments involving atomic ensembles, quantum communications, and precision measurements. The diode-laser-pumped system would extend the range of possible applications for squeezing due to its low cost, ease of operation, and ease of integration.


Anatomical and physiological studies of the primate visual system have suggested that the signals relayed by the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the LGN remain segregated in visual cortex. It has been suggested that this segregation may account for the known differences in visual function between the parietal and temporal cortical processing streams in extrastriate visual cortex. To test directly the hypothesis that the temporal stream of processing receives predominantly parvocellular signals, we recorded visual responses from the superficial layers of V1 (striate cortex), which give rise to the temporal stream, while selectively inactivating either the magnocellular or parvocellular subdivisions of the LGN. Inactivation of the parvocellular subdivision reduced neuronal responses in the superficial layers of V1, but the effects of magnocellular blocks were generally as pronounced or slightly stronger. Individual neurons were found to receive contributions from both pathways. We furthermore found no evidence that magnocellular contributions were restricted to either the cytochrome oxidase blobs or interblobs in V1. Instead, magnocellular signals made substantial contributions to responses throughout the superficial layers. Thus, the regions within V1 that constitute the early stages of the temporal processing stream do not appear to contain isolated parvocellular signals. These results argue against a direct mapping of the subcortical magnocellular and parvocellular pathways onto the parietal and temporal streams of processing in cortex.


The aim of the study was to explore the democratic mission of the preschool as expressed in the preschool teachers' talk and practical work and also through the children's actions. The goal was to acquire new knowledge about how the democratic mission is carried out in preschool practice and what democratic subjects are supported and developed by the preschool teachers.Field studies were carried out between 2008 and 2010, with a concentration in spring 2009. The study included 5 preschool teachers and 20 children aged 3-6. Observations were made during the teachers' planning meetings, when they worked with the children and when the children were playing or acting on their own. Two focus group interviews with the preschool teachers were also carried out, and local documents, for example work plans and evaluations, were analyzed.The results indicate that there has been a shift in view from group orientation in the preschool to greater focus on the individual child. In the analysis of the democratic subjects it was clear that much of what happens in the preschool is focused on individual children rather than the children as a group.In summary, preschool teachers speak of the democratic mandate as important but difficult to implement in their daily work. Children's influence and participation are set up as goals in the work plan, but the preschool teachers do not feel they come to fruition in the pedagogical practice. Still, they define and condition children's influence and they do work at the task, seemingly unconsciously, in practice.For their part, the children often seize opportunities when they arise but they also create their own. They take initiative and present ideas about what they want to do in preschool. It even turned out they had influence far beyond the preschool walls.


Contrary to the predominant perception of all of China's key partners in africa being either resource rich or economic powerhouses, ethiopia is neither. its strategic position within the Horn of africa and its stable and efficient – although coercive – government, coupled with the concentration of regional institutions in addis ababa, have gradually turned ethiopia into one of the main entry points into africa. While pursuing its own development path, the ethiopian government has also been drawing inspiration from success stories in east asia, not least China. in terms of engaging with foreign partners, ethiopia is increasingly skilled in linking its national development priorities to its foreign policy strategies. as a result, the ruling party's firm grip on the economy and on political power is having a direct impact on its engagement with foreign actors. by focusing on the themes of peace and security, human security and governance capacity building, this paper not only explores the nature of political cultures and concepts of power in ethiopia but also looks at the ways in which China navigates this complex political landscape (both domestically and regionally) while seeking to expand its foothold and bargaining power on the ground.


Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) emergence in South America revealed the lack of knowledge regarding clinical manifestations in HIV-infected individuals. Objectives: We described the clinical characteristics, laboratory manifestations, differential diagnosis, and outcome of ZIKV infection in a large, single-center cohort of HIV-infected patients. Methods: HIV-infected patients aged 18 years and older with clinical suspected arboviral disease from an ongoing cohort were followed from February 2015 through December 2015. Acute serum samples were tested for ZIKV, dengue virus (DENV), and chikungunya virus by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, anti-DENV immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG, and syphilis assays; convalescent samples were tested for anti-DENV IgM/IgG; and urine samples were tested for ZIKV by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. ZIKV disease was defined according to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) guidelines. Results: Of 101 patients, ZIKV was confirmed in 43 cases and suspected in 34, and another diagnosis was assumed for 24 patients (dengue, secondary/latent syphilis, respiratory infections, human parvovirus B19, adverse drug reaction, musculoskeletal disorders, and acute gastroenteritis). ZIKV-confirmed and ZIKV-suspected patients reported similar signs and symptoms. Pruritic rash was the most common symptom, followed by myalgia, nonpurulent conjunctivitis, arthralgia, prostration, and headache. In the short-term follow-up [median 67.5 days (interquartile range: 32–104.5)], CD4 cell count (Z = −0.831, P = 0.406) and HIV viral load (Z = −0.447, P = 0.655) did not change significantly after ZIKV infection. There were no hospitalizations, complications, or deaths. Conclusions: Among HIV-infected patients with suspected arboviral disease, 42.6% were ZIKV-infected. CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load were not different after ZIKV infection. Differential diagnosis with other diseases and adverse drug reaction should be evaluated.


Associated with the Frankfurt School, Jurgen Habermas's work focuses on the modern foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalistic societies and democracy, the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary politics, particularly German politics. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests. Habermas is known for his work on the concept of modernity, particularly with respect to the discussions of rationalization originally set forth by Max Weber. He has been influenced by American pragmatism and action theory. This paper sets out to explore the problems and possibilities of communicative action and the reconstruction of rationality which Habermas claims was lost in postmodern genre.


Underwater pipeline inspections are conducted using ultrasonic cylindrical guided waves in the laboratory environment. Three different types of mechanical defects - gouge, removed metal, and dent, are fabricated in small diameter, 22.22 mm, aluminum pipes and tested. To efficiently propagate the antisymmetric (flexural) cylindrical guided waves through the aluminum pipe in water, a new transducer holder device is designed. The device uses commercially available ultrasonic transducers that generate compressional ultrasonic waves in the water. The device can change the striking angle of the incident beam from 0° to 51°. With the help of this device the incident angle adjustment and frequency sweeping can be carried out. This is necessary for obtaining the time history of the received signals for various incident angles and signal frequencies; then these time histories are converted to V(f) curves, or received signal amplitude vs. frequency curves. From the amplitude of these V(f) curves the type and extent of the mechanical defects can be estimated. This investigation shows that the new coupler device can be effectively used for health monitoring of underwater pipelines using guided waves.


While observations and analysis of supernova remnants (SNRs) located within the Milky Way Galaxy have been extensive, severe limitations have been imposed by massive photoelectric absorption along the Galactic plane and significant uncertainties in distance. Alternatively, the study of extragalactic SNRs offers a unique opportunity to examine them at a relatively known distance without Galactic plane interference. Here, I present multi-frequency identification and analysis of radio SNRs and their local environments in the direction of NGC 300 and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Using both Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and Very Long Array observations, 18 radio SNRs (with 3 radio candidate SNRs and one microquasar candidate) were identified in NGC 300 based on selection criteria including spectral index and cross identification with optical and X-ray sources. X-ray co-identifications include those found in newly reduced data from the XMM-Newton archive and use of X-ray spectral models and hardness ratios. Five of these 18 radio remnants are associated with reported optical remnants, 3 have X-ray counterparts and 12 are found in archived [S ii] images. The 1.374 GHz luminosity function suggests that only the brightest SNRs are seen and correlations with OB associations or H ii regions suggest they originate within star forming regions. In the SMC, multi-wavelength identification criteria identified a total of 21 radio SNRs (16 known and 5 new candidates). Out of a total of 717 SMC radio sources found using the ATCA, 71 are classified as H ii regions, 616 as background objects, 2 as microquasar candidates and 2 as planetary nebulae. Follow-up optical spectra also confirmed one of the radio candidates as an SNR. Statistics for SNRs, H ii regions and background objects are presented for both galaxies; extensively for the SMC. These statistics suggest that for this mature population of remnants, radio brightness and density/abundance-sensitive optical spectral line intensities are not directly related to diameter, but rather reflect the local interstellar environment. An average of their 'metal'abundances (10−4.1), based on these optical line intensities, agree with those previously reported for the SMC, obtained by other methods. Observations of extragalactic SNRs reflect both their nature (progenitor) and their nurture (environment) since in the evolution of their life cycle, the two cannot be separated.


How long-tail liability claims such as asbestos bodily injury claims and environmental property damage claims are allocated among multiple triggered policy years can result in the shifting of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars from one party to another. In recent years, insurers have argued that clauses commonly titled, "Prior Insurance and Non-Cumulation of Liability" (referred to herein as "Non-Cumulation Clauses"), which are found in commercial liability policies, should be applied to reduce or eliminate their coverage responsibilities for long-tail liability claims by shifting their coverage responsibilities to insurers that issued policies in earlier policy years. The insurers' argument should be rejected under insurance policy interpretation principles such as "contra proferentem" and the "reasonable expectations" doctrine. When such principles are applied to Non-Cumulation Clauses, such clauses are hopelessly ambiguous in the context of long-tail liability claims. Indeed, the conclusion that Non-Cumulation Clauses are ambiguous when interpreted and applied to long-tail liability claims is highlighted by the numerous court decisions in which the courts cannot agree on what the clauses mean or how they should be applied to long-tail liability claims. The insurers' argument is also inconsistent with the intended purpose of Non-Cumulation Clauses. According to one of the underwriters involved with the drafting of the London version of the clause, the clause was intended only to prevent a policyholder from obtaining a windfall double recovery for a loss under two different policy forms when the insurance industry was transitioning from one policy form to another in the early 1960s. In fact, some versions of the Non-Cumulation Clause, such as the London version, were drafted long before long-tail liability claims were recognized as such and before the modern trigger and allocation rules had been adopted by the courts. Consequently, Non-Cumulation Clauses were never intended to apply to long-tail liability claims under modern trigger and allocation rules. When analyzed, Non-Cumulation Clauses are really just a variation of "other insurance" clauses. As such, after the policyholder's liabilities have been paid in full, the policyholder's liabilities should be apportioned among the triggered policies in accordance with the applicable jurisdiction's laws regarding allocation and "other insurance" clauses.


At Levens Hall in the Lake District are the most famous and elaborate topiary gardens in Britain. They were first laid out in 1694 by Guillaume Beaumont, who also worked at Hampton Court Palace. The gardens have changed little since. In addition to the famous topiary, the gardens display stunning seasonal bedding, a "wilderness", an orchard and vegetable and herb gardens in a series of small compartments, making them a useful source of inspiration for visitors. There is a wealth of contrasting features, and an impressive collection of plant varieties, not to mention the earliest ha-ha, or sunken ditch, in England. The gardens at Levens Hall resonate with their 300-year-old heritage while incorporating new developments and changing influences. Head gardener Chris Crowder narrates the rich history of the gardens and presents a detailed horticultural description of them today and the work that goes on there. The text is illustrated with new photography by Vivian Russell as well as illustrations from the Levens archives.