Throughout the United States, colleges and universities invest heavily in first year programming. Many of these institutions provide leadership development programs for students. The programs at the intersection at these two efforts are often called emerging leader programs. This study examines co-curricular, non-positional emerging leader programs for first-year students.Specifically, this study examines three aspects of emerging leader programs at three universities. First is an exploration of the way assessment impacts emerging leader programs. Second is an examination of the role that departmental and programmatic structures play in these programs. Finally this study explores the hallmarks of successful programs.This study uses a multi case study approach to establish an understanding of the role of assessment and structures in emerging leader programs and then employs the use of grounded theory to explore the hallmarks of successful emerging leader programs.The findings in this study suggest that assessment does not impact these programs significantly. Structures impact program success specifically relating to delivery format. Finally this study identified three hallmarks of emerging leader programs. These are connection, peer mentorship and future framing. Future framing is the ability of a program to teach leadership concepts to students in ways that support future application.


Evans (2012) refers to the fact that if quality support is offered to students then it can improve retention rates, and support a student's transition into higher education.
The personal tutor role within higher education has developed from its paternalistic origins (Dobinson –Harrington, 2006). The personal tutor for pre-registration nursing students is expected to encompass support around clinical placements, the offering of pastoral care, as well as academic support (Gidman, 2001). Dobinson-Harrington (2006) found that students valued access to their tutors, felt it a trusting relationship, and got a feeling of equality; in contrast the things they felt didn't work was when tutors were deemed to be inaccessible. Personal tutors mirrored some of these views; wanting to sustain access for students, offering pastoral support and encouraging empathy being important to them (Dobinson-Harrington, 2006), but also identifying that boundaries were needed, and wished for some understanding of work load which therefore impacted on their accessibility, (Dobinson-Harrington, 2006).
The use of "One page profiles", (Sanderson, 2014, p19); can offer a simple and concise way of communicating important information, identifying strengths and attributes, as well as identifying support techniques, (Sanderson, 2014). Bailey (2014) identified that one page profiles offer information richness which can be used to help frame conversations and support the delivery of care. When considering this in relation to the development of the personal tutor role then it can enable both tutor and tutee to identify what information is important to them. Overall these points seem to support the view given by Stephen et al (2008) who identified that what students and staff wanted in relation to personal tutoring was for contacts to be meaningful.
With an increasing demand for nurses to show that they are knowledgeable, confident and able to work independently with an increasingly complex patient population then the ability to maximise their learning experiences and ensure appropriate support continues to be seen as a crucial element, (Davies, 2008). Recognising that where students/future nurses feel cared for and valued then they are more likely to transfer this experience into their role as professional care providers, (Dobinson-Harrington, 2006).


For too many, physical and psychological trauma are the unfortunate consequences of living in post- conflict regions where landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) continue to litter roads, farmland, and other critical infrastructure. Master's level social work students can be engaged on micro, mezzo, and macro levels to assist such victims of conflict by engaging in mine action sector activities like psychosocial rehabilitation, mine risk education (MRE), and advocacy efforts to mitigate the effects and eliminate the use of ERW. We propose a field education plan in which social work students can engage in this vital work through international fieldwork placements. Such activities benefit international students, local communities and organizations, and the cause they serve. With fresh ideas and great enthusiasm, students have the potential to not only influence the course of the global crisis of landmines and ERW, but to reap the professional and personal rewards of participating in the international mine action sector.


This thesis examines the nature of property rights in historical and contemporary China. The principal question addressed in the study is: what is the nature and significance of the re-emergence of private property in the context of rapid socio-economic change in post-Mao China. In examining this issue the dissertation looks beyond established dichotomies in Chinese law such as 'public versus private', and explores the manner in which the Chinese define ownership and leave the boundaries between the public and the private in property rights unclear. This study concludes that while there is a limited move towards the recognition of private property in real estate in contemporary China, ownership in the law, and ownership as understood and practised socially, often diverge significantly. Since the late Qing, 'modernist' law and entrenched social practice have often opposed each other. In contrast to the official, and indeed legal, support for unitary and exclusive property rights, the reality of the property regime (from late imperial China to the present) has seen the fragmentation of property rights. The reasons for the contradiction between the legal and the social understanding of property rights include tensions between economic reform and ideological commitment to socialism, and blurred boundaries between formal and informal institutions in post-Mao China. 'Modem' conceptions and theories of property rights emerged in the context of nation-building from the late Qing onwards, and unitary and exclusive property rights were considered as 'badges' of modernity. These conceptions and theories served (and still serve) the purposes of control and governance but were, and still are, often resisted in social practice and popular thinking, leading to alienation and conflict. As such, the nature of private property and its social and political implications provide an important vehicle for analysing the changing nature of modern China.


The problem of preventing deadlocks and livelocks in computer communication networks with wormhole routing is considered. The method to prevent deadlocks is to prohibit certain turns (i.e., the use of certain pairs of connected edges) in the routing process, in such a way that eliminates all cycles in the graph. A new algorithm that constructs a minimal (irreducible) set of turns that breaks all cycles and preserves connectivity of the graph is proposed and analyzed. The algorithm is tree-free and is considerably simpler than earlier cycle-breaking algorithms. The properties of the algorithm are proven and lower and upper bounds for minimum cardinalities of cycle-breaking connectivity preserving sets for graphs of general topology as well as for planar graphs are presented. In particular, the algorithm guarantees that not more than 1/3 of all turns in the network become prohibited. Experimental results are presented on the fraction of prohibited turns, the distance dilation, as well as on the message delivery times and saturation loads for the proposed algorithm in comparison with known tree-based algorithms. The proposed algorithm outperforms the treebased algorithms in all characteristics that were considered. DEADLOCK PREVENTION IN NETWORK OF WORKSTATIONS 3 Deadlock Prevention in Network of Workstations with Wormhole Routing


BACKGROUND:
Persons with dementia may have severe physical and psychological symptoms at the end of life. A therapy dog used in their care can provide comfort and relieve their anxiety. The dog handler guides the dog during the interaction with the patient.

AIM:
To describe the impact of therapy dogs on people with dementia in the final stages of life from the perspective of the dog handler.

METHODS:
Interviews were conducted and analysed using qualitative content analysis.

FINDINGS:
The dog provides comfort and relief through its presence and by responding to the physical and emotional expressions of the dying person.

CONCLUSIONS:
Interactions with dogs were found to have a positive impact on persons with dementia and eased the symptoms associated with end of life according to the dog handlers.


Cholinesterase in Rhodnius is limited to the neuropile, the nerve-roots, and the larger nerves. None is present in the axons; it seems to be confined to the interneuronal cytoplasm, the product of the glial cells. The intensity of the reaction is greatest in the synaptic regions and appears to be proportional to the amount of interneuronal material. The ganglion cells contain traces of a non-specific esterase; and larger amounts of non-specific esterase occur in the glial layer between the cells. A similar enzyme is plentiful within the perineurium cells. Non-specific esterases occur in many other tissues: salivary glands and alimentary canal, pericardial cells, haemocytes, oenocytes, dermal glands and epidermal cells, germ-cells and fat-body. Esterase is absent from the muscle endplates. The cytoplasmic localization and the reaction of these enzymes to inhibitors are described. In the fat-body, each droplet of fat has a single well-defined 'cap' of esterase, presumably lipase. It is suggested that this controls the transfer of triglycerides to and from the storage vacuoles. Esterase is not associated with the mitochondria; but there is evidence that the enzyme may be disposed as fine filaments, particularly over the surface of the nucleus. Some of these widely distributed 'esterases' may be cathepsins.


A building design project that requires civil engineering students in the UK and architectural students in Canada to collaborate virtually has been implemented at universities in the two countries. The aims were to obtain a greater understanding of the process, strategies and expected outcomes for a more effective implementation of problem-based learning to hone communication and teamwork skills. Data were obtained from a series of interviews with 23 students from seven groups, assessment results of 249 participating and non-participating students, and student evaluation. The findings suggest that the professional ethos of the groups and the consequent building of trust is the greatest factor in supporting successful collaborations. This has been found to be able to overcome many barriers related to technology and differences of culture, language, time zone and tasks. However, the activity did not seem to have any impact on student performance, but has improved the project management skills of participati...


Employers frequently make mistakes and overpay their employees. For instance, the federal government alone, which makes up only around 2% of the U.S. workforce, will likely overpay its employees by $2 billion this year. After discovering the error, employers often recoup the mistaken overpayments without the supervision of the courts by simply exercising a self-help remedy — setting-off the debt against the employees' paychecks. The law of restitution enables this recovery because overpaying on a contract is a prototypical example of unjust enrichment. For some employees, the entire transaction is trivial, but for many others, losing significant portions of their wages and suffering from aggressive collection techniques drive the employees and their families into financial distress. Remarkably, current law does virtually nothing to protect employees who are indebted to their employers, and scholarship on restitution, creditor-debtor law, and employment law has not recognized this near absolute absence of protection. This Article uncovers law's failure to protect mistakenly overpaid employees and suggests judicial and legislative action to protect this vulnerable group.


Title of Document: CHARACTERIAZTION OF ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE DEFECTS IN ADVANCED GATE DIELECTRICS Dawei Heh, Ph. D., 2005 Directed By: Professor Joseph B. Bernstein, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering As the gate oxide thickness of the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) Field Effect Transistor (FET) is continuously scaled down with lateral device dimensions, the gate leakage current during operation increases exponentially. This increase in leakage current raises concerns regarding device reliability. Substitute dielectrics with high dielectric constant (high-k) have been proposed to replace traditional SiO2 to reduce the leakage current in future devices. However, these high-k dielectrics also have reliability issues due to the large amount of intrinsic trapping centers. In this work, electrically active defects generated during electrical stress of ultrathin SiO2 dielectrics are characterized and studied. The mechanism of oxide breakdown is studied by investigating the contributions of hot holes to device time-tobreakdown (tbd). The proper extrapolation of tbd from accelerated testing conditions to normal device operating conditions is also studied. The factors that affect this extrapolation are discussed. Another important device reliability parameter, threshold voltage shift (∆Vth), is also investigated in this work. The dominant mechanisms causing this shift is studied using both simulation and experimental results. The current primary reliability issue with high-k dielectrics is the large amount of intrinsic traps located in the dielectric stack. Therefore, the electrical characterization of high-k dielectrics in this work is focused on these initial asfabricated trapping centers. A methodology based on 2-level charge pumping (CP) measurements at different frequencies is used to study the spatial profile of these trapping centers. The correlation between device fabrication data and measurement results indicates this methodology is accurate and reliable. CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE DEFECTS IN ADVANCED GATE DIELECTRICS


Medusae were the earliest animals to evolve muscle-powered swimming in the seas. Although medusae have achieved diverse and prominent ecological roles throughout the
world's oceans, we argue that the primitive organization of cnidarian muscle tissue limits force production and, hence, the mechanical alternatives for swimming bell function. We use a recently developed model comparing the potential force production with the hydrodynamic requirements of jet propulsion, and conclude that jet production is possible only at relatively small bell diameters. In contrast, production of a more complex wake via what we term rowing
propulsion permits much larger sizes but requires a different suite of morphological features. Analysis of morphometric data from all medusan taxa independently confirms size-dependent patterns of bell forms that correspond with model predictions. Further, morphospace
analysis indicates that various lineages within the Medusozoa have proceeded along either of two evolutionary trajectories. The first alternative involved restriction of jet-propelled medusan bell diameters to small dimensions. These medusae may be either solitary individuals (characteristic of Anthomedusae and Trachymedusae) or aggregates of small individual medusan units into larger colonial forms (characteristic of the nectophores of many
members of the Siphonophorae). The second trajectory involved use of rowing propulsion (characteristic of Scyphozoa and some hydromedusan lineages such as the Leptomedusae and Narcomedusae) that allows much larger bell sizes. Convergence on either of the differing propulsive alternatives within the Medusozoa has emerged via parallel evolution among different medusan lineages. The distinctions between propulsive modes have important
ecological ramifications because swimming and foraging are interdependent activities for medusae. Rowing swimmers are characteristically cruising predators that select different prey types from those selected by jet-propelled medusae, which are predominantly ambush predators. These relationships indicate that the different biomechanical solutions to constraints on bell function have entailed ecological consequences that are evident in the prey
selection patterns and trophic impacts of contemporary medusan lineages.


Many Colombians are confronted with the ongoing conflict that influences their decision making in everyday life, including their behavior in labor markets. This study focuses on the impact of violent conflict on self-employment, enlarging the usual determinants with a set of conflict variables. Our estimation strategy compares three different estimates: one from fixed-effects panel data (OLS-FE), estimates using lagged conflict indicators instead of contemporaneous regressors, and instrumental variables (IV-FE) estimates. Our results show that a one standard deviation increase in net displacement rates increases the rate of self-employment by about 7 percent points. Dividing the self-employed into different sectors (services and agriculture), we find that net displacement increases self-employment in the services sector but has no effect in agriculture that is affected by attacks by rebel and paramilitary groups, instead. Looking at the income of self-employed individuals, an influx of displaced reduces sharply hourly income in the self-employment sector.


You hold in your hands the best-selling guide to NewTek's LightWave 3D animation software, completely updated for LightWave v9 by award-winning animator and trainer Dan Ablan. Rather than rehash the documentation like other books, this down-to-earth, easy-to-follow guide offers an invaluable set of project tutorials that teach you the ins and outs of LightWave and show you the techniques you need to master this powerful 3D software. Inside LightWave v9's accompanying DVD features hours of high- quality video training tutorials that will help you take the projects in the book to new heights. No other book has taught more LightWave 3D users than Inside LightWave. Featured tutorials cover: Insights into the new LightWave v9 workflow Powerful new surfacing with the Node Editor Character modeling Bones and rigging for character animation Particle animation Hard body and soft body dynamics Rendering concepts with the new Global Render options Advanced camera toolsAccompanying DVD-ROM offers hours of unique training videos created just for this book, exclusively from 3DGarage.com (requires QuickTime); a demo of LightWave v9 for Mac OS and Windows; all of the projects from the book; royalty-free textures and reference images; and full-color screenshots from the book!


Within three decades of its refounding in Ann Arbor in 1837, the University of Michigan became the largest and arguably most progressive university in the United States. By century's end, its influence in higher education stretched from coast to coast- from Cornell to Stanford- and touched professional, graduate, and undergraduate education. At the end of the twentieth century, the University of Michigan continues to rank among the nation's leading universities, setting the standard for higher education in the twenty-first century.Howard Peckham's history of the University of Michigan was published in 1967 to help celebrate the University's 150th anniversary. This new edition by Margaret and Nicholas Steneck continues Peckham's broad coverage of the University of Michigan through its 175th anniversary, covering the administrations of Robben Fleming, Harold Shapiro, and the beginning of the presidency of James Duderstadt.The Stenecks have also reformatted and edited the earlier Peckham chapters to turn "The Making of the University of Michigan" into an accessible and engaging book to read or to browse, covering all aspects of campus life, from sports and students to the coming and going of faculty, administrators, and regents, with over seventy-five photos carefully integrated into the text.Margaret and Nicholas Steneck are historians at the University of Michigan who currently teach a large and popular undergraduate lecture course on the history of the University of Michigan.


Escherichia coli cell division is a complex process involving over 30 proteins that are recruited to the division site. One of the important division proteins is FtsN, which has a C-terminal peptidoglycan (PG) binding region called the SPOR domain. Most SPOR domain proteins are probably involved in bacterial cell division, but their precise roles in this process are not known. Although the structure of the FtsN SPOR domain has been solved by NMR, nothing is known about how the domain binds PG. Understanding the SPOR:PG interaction is important because it could lead to novel insights into PG metabolism during cell division. We hypothesize that the SPOR domain from FtsN recognizes and binds septal PG. To test this hypothesis we have conducted a comprehensive mutagenesis of the FtsN SPOR domain to identify amino acid residues critical for septal localization and PG binding. We targeted 33 residues and made a total of 92 point mutants, all of which were tested for septal localization. Our results revealed four amino acids that are critical for septal localization. All four of these residues map in or near the β-sheet, which we now propose is the PG binding site. Further analysis of localization-defective proteins in a PG binding assay led to the realization that the assay measures nonspecific binding to bulk PG rather then specific binding to septal PG. An important priority for the future will be to develop a better PG binding assay.


The article deals with the construction of the narrative of the battle of Krbava Field, where many Croatian noblemen perished in 1493. The accounts of the battle began to spread immediately after the fighting had come to an end, giving rise to various versions of the events. The second part of the article is devoted to the rhetoric of the various retellings with which the memory of the calamity was preserved from the sixteenth century to the eighteenth century. The article then examines the circumstances leading to the increase in the political and social importance of the narrative in the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. The final part of the article focuses on the history of the narrative of the battle within the framework of the various Croatian state formations of the twentieth century.


Ideally, any change that modifies the similar parts of a cloned code snippet should be propagated to all its duplicates. In practice however, consistent propagation of changes in clones does not always happen. Current evidence indicates that clone families have a 50% chance of having consistent changes. This paper measures cloning and co-changes at file level as a proxy to assess the frequency of consistent changes. Given that changes to a clone group are not necessarily propagated in the same commit transaction (i.e., late propagations), our analysis uses macro co-changes instead of the traditional definition of co-changes. Macro changes group bursts of changes that are closer among themselves than to other changes, regardless of author or message. Then, macro co-changes are sets of files that change in the same macro changes. Each cloned file is tagged depending on whether any of the files with which it macro co-changes is cloned with it (during the macro change) or not. Contrary to previous results, we discovered that most of the cloned files macro co-change only with files with which they share clones. Thus providing evidence that macro changes are appropriate to study the conjecture of clones requiring co-changes, and indicating that consistent changes might be the norm in cloned code.


One of the few books to focus on practice as opposed to pure substantive issues, this book provides environmental law teachers with a new resource for imparting practical skills. The authors have drawn on their wide experience as environmental law professors and practitioners to develop realistic exercises that teach the craft of environmental lawyering. Readers will learn how to bring a federal enforcement action against a polluter; negotiate a Superfund settlement; prepare documents and strategy for a citizen's suit; counsel a corporation on environmental compliance; and comment on an EPA rule making, as well as many other relevant skills. Environmental Practice is comprehensive in scope. It contains problems and exercises under each of the major environmental statues. In addition, it places readers in the three key roles played by environmental lawyers--government attorney, corporate counsel, and public interest advocate--and provides practice pointers for each of these types of work. The book makes extensive use of original documents such as the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), regulatory preambles and agency guidance, exposing students to the materials that environmental lawyers use most.


1. ABSTRACT This paper assesses a research framework against the findings of a field research study. The framework employs the metaphor of a triple spiral as a means by which Weick's sense-making concepts can be applied to ISD activities. The study examines the experiences of members of a large manufacturing organisation in a multinational company. Study participants included project teams members, consultants and senior management. This research is ongoing and other organisations are being engaged in the study. Results suggest that the framework is applicable to the ISD activity and could be used to encourage broad-based research in ISD i.e. research that brings together and understands the relationship between the IS as a social artefact and its complex organisational context. The results support the notion that the framework aids the understanding and management of change at microand macrolevels within organisations.


The aim of this study was to quantify the articular cartilage defect created with two different antegrade techniques of intramedullary osteosynthesis with a headless compression screw inserted through the metacarpophalangeal joint. In 12 out of 24 fingers from six cadaveric hands, a trans-articular technique with cannulated headless compression screws (2.2 and 3.0 mm diameter) was used; whereas in the other 12 fingers, an intra-articular fixation technique was used. The areas of the articular surface and the defects created were measured with a digital image software program. All measurements were made twice by two observers. In the intra-articular technique, the average defect in the base of the articular surface of the proximal phalanx was 4.6% with the 2.2 mm headless compression screw and 8.5% with the 3.0 mm screw. In the trans-articular technique, the defect size was slightly smaller; 4.2% with the 2.2 mm screw and 8% with the 3.0 mm screw, but the differences were not statistically significant. The main advantage of the intra-articular technique was that it avoided damage to the articular surface of the metacarpal head.


She called herself 'a Nazi anarchist junkie', and they thought she was joking.

As the cover girl of the fifties, the Siren of the sixties, the moon Goddess of the seventies and the eighties' High Priestess of Punk, Nico drifted through society like a phantom. All her life she fought against the idolatry of men to assert her independence as a performer, first with The Velvet Underground and then in her own right, and as a composer of dissident songs. Her Garboesque veneer disguised a lonely woman attempting to stand autonomous in a fast-changing world and to cope with her tormented mother and her troubled son, his existence denied by his film star father.

This extraordinary biography, which Nico asked Richard Witts to write shortly before her death, uncovers the reasons for her subterfuge. Exclusive contributions from David Bailey, Jackson Browne, John Cale, Fellini, Iggy Pop, Siouxsie Sioux, Viva and others – friends, relatives and enemies – make this the definitive account of a woman whose influence on popular music and style is only now acknowledged.


This book provides practical guidance for adopting a high velocity, continuous delivery process to create reliable, scalable, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solutions that are designed and built using a microservice architecture, deployed to the Azure cloud, and managed through automation. Microservices, IoT, and Azure offers software developers, architects, and operations engineers step-by-step directions for building SaaS applicationsapplications that are available 24x7, work on any device, scale elastically, and are resilient to change--through code, script, exercises, and a working reference implementation. The book provides a working definition of microservices and contrasts this approach with traditional monolithic Layered Architecture. A fictitious, homebiomedical startup is used to demonstrate microservice architecture and automation capabilities for cross-cutting and business services as well as connected device scenarios for Internet of Things (IoT). Several Azure PaaS services are detailed including Storage, SQL Database, DocumentDb, Redis Cache, Cloud Services, Web API's, API Management, IoT Hub, IoT Suite, Event Hub, and Stream Analytics. Finally the book looks to the future and examines Service Fabric to see how microservices are becoming the de facto approach to building reliable software in the cloud. What youll learn What microservices are and why are theyre a compelling architecture pattern for SaaS applications How to design, develop, and deploy microservices using Visual Studio, Power Shell, and Azure Microservice patterns for cross-cutting concerns and business capabilities Microservice patterns for Internet of Things and big data analytics solutions using IoT Hub, Event Hub, and Stream AnalyticsTechniques for automating microservice provisioning, building, and deployment What Service Fabric is and how its the future direction for microservices on Microsoft Azure Who this book is for Software Application Architects, .NET Developers, Database Admins and DevOps engineers. The code samples will primarily be in C# but will also include Node.JS samples.


Currently, lasers are widely used in biomedical field for both diagnoses and treatment. At the same time, new laser techniques are investigated to improve the application efficiency. Due to its ultrashort pulse duration and high pulse intensity, femtosecond laser shows distinctive advantages over long pulse lasers. Since the characteristics of light propagation in ocular medium are basic concern for laser application in ophthalmology, in our research, light propagation in some ocular tissues was investigated. The samples were from fresh pig eyes. The laser source was femtosecond oscillator system at 800-nm wavelength. The linear and nonlinear phenomena during laser propagation in ocular medium were discussed. Without using chirped pulse amplification system, femtosecond oscillator system itself provides a low energy processing. Our experimental results suggest that the femtosecond oscillator system has a potential to ensure the precision of incision and minimize the collateral damage in glaucoma treatment.


In 1932 and 1933, during the months surrounding the Nazi seizure of power, Daniel Guerin, then a young French journalist, made two trips through Germany. The Brown Plague, translated here into English for the first time, is Guerin's eyewitness account of the fall of the Weimar Republic and the first months of the Third Reich. Originally written for the popular French left press and then revised by the author into book form, The Brown Plague delivers a passionate warning to French workers about the terror and horror of fascism. Guerin chronicles the collapse of the German workers' movement and reports on the beginnings of clandestine resistance to the Nazis. He also describes the Socialist and Communist leaderships' inability to recognize the danger that led to their demise. Through vivid dialogs, interviews, and revealing descriptions of everyday life among the German people, he offers insight into the tragedy that was beginning to unfold. Guerin's travels took him across the countryside and into the cities of Germany. He describes with extraordinary clarity, for example, his encounters with large groups of unemployed workers in Berlin and the spectacle of Goering presiding over the Reichstag. Staying in youth hostels, Guerin met individuals representing a range of various groups and movements, including the Wandervogel, leftist brigades, Hitler Youth, and the strange, semicriminal sexual underground of the Wild-frei. Devoting particular attention to the cultural politics of fascism and the lure of Nazism for Germany's disaffected youth, he describes the seductive rituals by which the Nazis were able to win over much of the population. As Robert Schwartzwald makes clear in his introduction, Guerin's interest in Germany at this time was driven, in part, by a homoerotic component that could not be stated explicitly in his published material. This excellent companion essay also places The Brown Plague within a broad historical and literary context while drawing connections between fascism, aesthetics, and sexuality. Informed by an epic view of class struggle and an admiration for German culture, The Brown Plague, a notable primary source in the literature of modern Europe, provides a unique view onto the rise of Nazism.


There are many systems that provide anonymity service for the users. Most of these systems work on the separation between the users' identity and the final destination. The level of anonymity these services provide affected by several factors. Some of these factors are related to the design of the anonymity service itself. Others are related to how the system is used or what is the application/purpose the user wants to run over the anonymity service. In this paper we: (i) propose five factors that aim to measure the anonymity level from the user's perspective; (ii) evaluate these factors on three anonymity services, namely Tor, JonDonym, and I2P as case studies; and (iii) present a mechanism to evaluate anonymity services based on our factors and measure the level of anonymity. Keywords— Anonymity Factors; Metrics; Tor; JonDonym;


An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, builds, owns, and runs a business; however, what else is involved in starting a new business venture? The United States cultivates a society of individualist outlooks, people that place their needs and the needs of their immediate family before others, which is a sharp contradiction to South Korea's traditionally collectivist society, where individuals put the needs of the community, family, and their country before their personal needs. With such differing outlooks, which culture is better at supporting entrepreneurs? This paper will explore possible differences between the cultures of the United States and South Korea in relation to social support for female entrepreneurs. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 13 July 2019 Revised 2 September 2019 Accepted 15 September 2019


In 1988 the new IIASA project on System Immunology was inaugurated. The new activity focuses theoretical and experimental research in immunology and system mathematics to experimental planning and prediction for relevant disease applications and systematic understanding of immunology. IIASA analysis and simulation should lead to an effective plan of successive experiments to identify and to quantify particularly sensitive parameters in this most complex system of information processing, decision and control. The integration of such diverse disciplines is extremely difficult but some basis has already been established.

For several years IIASA has sponsored international workshops dealing with dynamical systems and their applications to biology. These include: (1) The conference on "Dynamics of Macrosystems"; (2) The Working Conference on "Theoretical Immunology"; (3) The Workshop on "Selected Topics in Biomathematics";

The present volume contains the proceedings of the latest Workshop "Mathematical Modelling in Immunology and Medicine", Part 1 deals with the mathematical models of autoimmune, infectious diseases and AIDS. The models are studied with the intent to establish a basis for more effective treatment. In Part 2, questions of computer simulation and data analysis in cancer research are analyzed. Part 3 is devoted to the models for antibody binding, immunoassay dynamics and immunogenetic systems. The problems of system analysis and medical decision making are discussed in Part 4.


This paper describes the use of "free-form" virtual reality (VR) interactions, specifically input from sweeping 3D movements of the hands in space, within scientific visualization applications. Use of this relatively unconstrained style of input for science is often limited because it can be difficult to control, however if controlled via appropriate interaction techniques, it can also provide natural and descriptive input for many tasks. Recent research that overcomes the control limitation in several contexts is reviewed together here. Resulting benefits to scientific workflows are discussed, including benefits to scientist-driven interactions, such as marking and selection within VR visualizations, and designer-driven interactions, such as prototyping the visual aspects of VR visualizations. Remaining limitations in applying this style of input to scientific visualization tasks may be reduced in the future through combining free-form user input with data-derived input constraints.


To the Editor: The year 2009 was the 100th anniversary of Carlos Chagas's discovery of the disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, now known as Chagas disease. Spread by infected bugs called triatomines, the disease is endemic throughout much of Mexico and Central and South America. An estimated 8–11 million persons in Latin America have the disease (1). T. cruzi infection causes more public health problems with long-term consequences in Latin America than any other parasitic disease (2).

Although earlier estimates suggested that 100,000 infected persons may live in the United States (3), recent data suggest that ≈300,000 persons are infected (4). Most of these persons are unaware that they are infected. Antiparasitic drugs to treat Chagas disease have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and are only available in the United States through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for use under investigational protocols for compassionate treatment.

Screening of the US blood supply for Chagas disease began in early 2007; more than 500 donors with T. cruzi infection were identified within the first 18 months (5). However, to date, only ≈11% of T. cruzi–positive donors (or their physicians) have contacted CDC for treatment consultations (CDC, unpub. data). One possible explanation is the limited awareness of Chagas disease in the United States among health professionals, the general public, and even among Mexican-born Americans (K.K. Stimpert and S.P. Montgomery, unpub. data).

To assess healthcare provider awareness of Chagas disease, a study was conducted by MedscapeCME (www.medscape.com) with technical support from CDC. MedscapeCME, a leading provider of online clinical and medical information and continuing medical education (CME) for physicians and other healthcare professionals, carried out a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) assessment of physician members of its website. Researchers anticipated that the results of the study would inform larger formal studies among healthcare providers in geographic areas where population demographics and blood donor screening results suggest that persons are at risk for Chagas disease.

The KAP study was based on five 10-question surveys, which were posted on the MedscapeCME website. Each survey was tailored for a specific specialty: primary care, infectious disease, cardiology, obstetrics/gynecology, and transplantation medicine; they were designed to measure basic knowledge of Chagas disease epidemiology and consideration of Chagas disease risk among these physicians.

MedscapeCME members were given the option of participating in the surveys when they logged onto each specialty site. MedscapeCME membership requirements include online registration, which is validated by confirming American Medical Association membership. Each member could complete the survey only once. All surveys were launched on December 11, 2008, but discontinued at different times (median 39 days).

Although familiarity with Chagas disease varied by specialty, the results suggested that a general lack of awareness was common across all groups (Table). This awareness deficit was most pronounced in obstetricians and gynecologists and least pronounced in infectious disease physicians (Table). The 7 responses to questions outlined in the Table may be placed in 3 categories: 1) general awareness of Chagas disease (questions 1 and 3), 2) confidence in Chagas disease knowledge and consideration of risk (questions 2 and 5), and 3) clinical aspects of Chagas disease (questions 4, 6, and 7). Across all 3 domains, obstetricians and gynecologists reported low knowledge of Chagas disease and a low level of confidence in their knowledge. Infectious disease physicians had the highest levels of knowledge and confidence across all domains, except for responses to question 1 (Table).

Table

Reponses to MedscapeCME knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey questions reflecting lack of knowledge about Chagas disease, by specialty*

Survey results suggest substantial knowledge deficits among physicians, especially among obstetricians and gynecologists. The apparent lack of knowledge in the obstetrics and gynecology community is of particular concern because Chagas disease can be transmitted congenitally (6). Because Chagas disease may also be transmitted by organ transplantation, the proportion of respondents from this specialty who indicated they never consider risk for Chagas disease in their patients (39%) is also notable. In fact, many physicians surveyed never consider the risk for Chagas disease in their patient population (29%–60%) and are not at all confident that their knowledge of Chagas disease is current (27%–68%).

The study has some limitations. The conclusions are drawn from a study in which convenience samples from selected populations were used and are thus not generalizable to larger healthcare provider populations in the United States. The high participation rate of transplant surgeons may reflect a fluctuation in membership numbers. In addition, transplant surgeons may have an increased interest in Chagas disease because of recent instances of transplant-associated transmission (7,8).

These preliminary data suggest a substantial knowledge deficit regarding Chagas disease among healthcare providers, which could have a negative effect on patient health if Chagas disease is not recognized and appropriately treated. CDC plans to conduct larger scale KAP surveys of physicians in areas where blood donor screening results suggest relatively high prevalence in the underlying communities. For example, T. cruzi infection prevalence in blood donors in Florida and California was reported to be 1/3,700 and 1/8,300, respectively (5). Future studies will help document why Chagas disease is underrecognized in the United States and further demonstrate the need for educating healthcare providers about this disease.


This research investigates the role of logistics service providers in the implementation of a differentiated supply chain. The issue is examined through a multiple case study combined with a literature review. The research shows that logistics service providers can support companies with the implementation of a differentiated supply chain in sourcing and distribution parts by providing services that the company is incapable to provide, by providing certain services more efficiently or by providing complementing services. In some situations, the logistics service provider is even responsible for the entire implementation and should continuously develop the logistics process and customised service according to the company's market situation. Eurasian transportation flows are nowadays an important part of most supply chains and needs to be considered in this differentiation work. Logistics service providers operating in these flows can support the differentiation by providing more customised and differentiated transportation services and there is a demand for more transportation alternatives in these flows.


Packaging design is a challenge for the development of micro-industries, especially to encounter high competition against well-known products. Unfortunately, most of micro-industries have limitations in term of packaging design and attractiveness. The purpose of this study was to design the right packaging prototype model for the micro-industries. The study applied the value engineering approach which consisted of information, creative, analysis, development, and recommendation stages. In the creative stage, the process included making the moodboards, sketches and digitizing designs as well as generating prototypes. Fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) was applied in the analysis stage to obtain the weight of each performance parameter. From the analysis, it found that colour was the most significant parameter in determining packaging design of specialty coffee packaging. The most appropriate model recommendation as a representation of packaging for specialty coffee businesses for micro-scale industries was the flat bottom pouch type contained in alternative III.
Keywords: fuzzy AHP, packaging design, prototype, value engineering


The option pricing theory set forth by Black and Scholes assumes that the underlying asset can be modeled by Geometric Brownian motion, with the Brownian motion being the driving force of uncertainty. Recent empirical studies, Dotsis, Psychoyios & Skiadopolous (2007) [17], suggest that the use of Brownian motion alone is insufficient in accurately describing the evolution of the underlying asset. A more realistic description of the underlying asset's dynamics would be to include random jumps in addition to that of the Brownian motion. The concept of including jumps in the asset price model leads us naturally to the concept of a Lévy process. Lévy processes serve as a building block for stochastic processes that include jumps in addition to Brownian motion. In this dissertation we first examine the structure and nature of an arbitrary Lévy process. We then introduce the stochastic integral for Lévy processes as well as the extended version of Itô's lemma, we then identify exponential Lévy processes that can serve as Radon-Nikodým derivatives in defining new probability measures. Equipped with our knowledge of Lévy processes we then implement this process in a financial context with the Lévy process serving as driving source of uncertainty in some stock price model. In particular we look at jump-diffusion models such as Merton's(1976) [37] jump-diffusion model and the jump-diffusion model proposed by Kou and Wang (2004) [30]. As the Lévy processes we consider have more than one source of randomness we are faced with the difficulty of pricing options in an incomplete market. The options that we shall consider shall be mainly European in nature, where exercise can only occur at maturity. In addition to the vanilla calls and puts we independently derive a closed form solution for an exchange option under Merton's jump-diffusion model making use of conditioning arguments and stochastic integral representations. We also examine some exotic options under the Kou and Wang model such as barrier options and lookback options where the solution to the option price is derived in terms of Laplace transforms. We then develop the Kou and Wang model to include only positive jumps, under this revised model we compute the value of a perpetual put option along with the optimal exercise point.


A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science,
Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Geography,
College of Arts and Science.
University of South Florida St. Petersburg


Development and Testing of the Valence Multipole Model OH Potential for Use in Molecular Dynamics Simulation Charles Stephen Andros Department of Geological Sciences, BYU Master of Science Here we describe the fitting and testing, via molecular dynamics simulation, of a bond-order potential for water with a unique force field parameterization. Most potentials for water, including some bond-order (reactive) potentials, are based on a traditional, many-body decomposition to describe water's structure with bond stretch, angle bend, electrostatics, and non-bonded terms. Our model uses an expanded version of the Bond Valence Model, the Valence Multipole Model, to describe all aspects of molecular structure using multibody, bond-order terms. Prior work successfully related these multibody, bond order terms to energy, provided the structures were close to equilibrium. The success of this equilibrium energy model demonstrated the plausibility of adapting its parameterization to a molecular dynamics force field. Further, we present extensive testing of ab initio methods to show that the ab initio data we obtained, using the CCSD(t)/cc-pwCVTZ level of theory, to augment the fitting set of our parameters is of the highest quality currently available for the OH system. While the force field is not yet finished, the model has demonstrated remarkable improvement since its initial testing. The test results and the insights gleaned from them have brought us significantly closer to adapting our unique parametrization to a fully functional molecular dynamics force field. Once the water potential is finished, it is our intent to develop and expand the Valence Multipole Model into a fully reactive alternative to CLAYFF, a non-reactive potential typically used to simulate fluid interfaces with clays and other minerals.


The proton transfer from one oxygen atom to the other within the intramolecular H-bond in a molecule like o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (oHBA) would be precluded by a prior rotational isomerism that breaks this H-bond. The likelihood of such rotamerization in the ground and several excited electronic states is investigated by ab initio calculations at the CIS and MP2 levels with a 6-31+G** basis set. In the ground state, the energetics of proton transfer and rotamerization are competitive with one another; both processes are endothermic and must surmount an energy barrier. Excitation to the singlet or triplet ππ* states presents a situation where tautomerization to the keto is exothermic, with a small barrier. In contrast, rotamerization is endothermic with high intervening barriers, so excited-state proton transfer is favored. The opposite situation is encountered in the nπ* states, where rotations of the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups are facile and lead energetically downhill, in contrast to the high barriers op...


Most word-formation theories assume that derivatives in general tend towards canonicity, i.e. one-to-one correspondence between form and meaning and thus full morphosemantic transparency. However, form-meaning mismatches actually are widespread, both in terms of languages and word-formation rules. These mainly fall into two types: over-marking and under-marking. In this paper we propose a classification of these deviations, distinguishing between a derivational and a lexical level. We illustrate this classification with examples from French and other languages (English, Italian and Dutch). We sketch a unified analysis of these deviations within a word-based framework. We propose to analyse the relative importance of canonicity and discrepancies in word formation from the perspective of the interaction between the speaker and the hearer.


Time varying volatility is a characteristic of many financial series. An alternative to the popular ARCH framework is a Stochastic Volatility model which is harder to estimate than the ARCH family. In this paper we estimate and compare two classes of Stochastic Volatility models proposed in financial literature: the Log normal autoregressive model with some extensions and the Heston model. The basic univariate Stochastic Volatility model is extended to allow for the "leverage effect" via correlation between the volatility and the mean innovations and for fat tails in the mean equation innovation.A Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm developed in Jacquier, Polson and Rossi 2004 is analyzed and applied to a large data base of the French financial market. Moreover, explicit expression for the parameter's estimators is found via Monte Carlo technique.


Temporary school closures (TSC) represent a major challenge to policymakers across the globe due to their potential impact on instructional time and student achievement. A neglected but equally important question relates to how such closures affect the labor market behavior of parents. This paper provides novel evidence on the effect of temporary school closures on parental labor market behavior, exploiting the prevalence of primary school teacher strikes across time and provinces in Argentina. We find clear evidence that temporary school closures negatively impact the labor market participation of mothers, in particular lower-skilled mothers less attached to the labor force and mothers in dual-income households who face a lower opportunity cost of dropping out of the labor force. This effect translates into a statistically significant and economically meaningful reduction in labor earnings: the average mother whose child is exposed to ten days of TSCs suffers a decline in monthly labor earnings equivalent to 2.92% of the mean. While we do not find any effects among fathers in general, fathers with lower predicted earnings than their spouses also experience negative labor market effects. This suggests that the parental response to TSCs depend, at least in part, on the relative income of each parent. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggest that the aggregate impact of TSCs on annual parental earnings is more than $113 million, and that the average mother would be willing to forego 1.6 months of labor earnings in order to ensure that there are no TSCs while her child is in primary school.


We systematically study irradiation effects in nanomaterilas, including two-dimensional (2D) systems like graphene and hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN) sheets. By employing various atomistic models ranging from empirical potentials to time-dependent density functional theory we simulate collisions of energetic particles with 2D nanostructures and calculate the properties of the systems with the irradiation-induced defect. In this talk, our latest theoretical results on the response of graphene and hBN to irradiation will be presented, combined with the experimental results obtained in collaboration with several groups [3,4]. The electronic structure of defected graphene sheets with adsorbed transition metal atoms will be discussed [5], and possible avenues for tailoring the electronic and magnetic structure of graphene by irradiation-induced defects and impurities will be introduced [4,6]. The effects of ion and electron irradiation on boron-nitride sheets and nanotubes will also be touched upon. Finally, we will discuss how electron irradiation and electron beam-assisted deposition can be used for engineering hybrid BN-C nanosystems by substituting B and N atoms with carbon with high spatial resolution.


The older population, those aged 65 and older, is distributed across the urban and rural landscapes in ways that help shape this population and the country overall. According to 2012 to 2016 American Community Survey (ACS) data, there were 46.2 million older people in the United States, with 10.6 million living in areas designated as rural by the U.S. Census Bureau.1 Considering that the oldest of the baby boomers, those born between mid-1946 and 1964, began turning 65 years old in 2011, the demographic changes ahead for rural America have only begun. Most older people do not live in rural areas and most rural residents are not older. But an older, increasingly rural, population requires specialized medical and rehabilitation services, as well as innovative housing and public transportation options. An aging population clearly has the potential to shape rural America in new and important ways.


Many developmental, physiological, and behavioral processes depend on the precise expression of genes in space and time. Such spatiotemporal gene expression phenotypes arise from the binding of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) to DNA, and from the regulation of nearby genes that such binding causes. These nearby genes may themselves encode TFs, giving rise to a transcription factor network (TFN), wherein nodes represent TFs and directed edges denote regulatory interactions between TFs. Computational studies have linked several topological properties of TFNs — such as their degree distribution — with the robustness of a TFN's gene expression phenotype to genetic and environmental perturbation. Another important topological property is assortativity, which measures the tendency of nodes with similar numbers of edges to connect. In directed networks, assortativity comprises four distinct components that collectively form an assortativity signature. We know very little about how a TFN's assortativity signature affects the robustness of its gene expression phenotype to perturbation. While recent theoretical results suggest that increasing one specific component of a TFN's assortativity signature leads to increased phenotypic robustness, the biological context of this finding is currently limited because the assortativity signatures of real-world TFNs have not been characterized. It is therefore unclear whether these earlier theoretical findings are biologically relevant. Moreover, it is not known how the other three components of the assortativity signature contribute to the phenotypic robustness of TFNs. Here, we use publicly available DNaseI-seq data to measure the assortativity signatures of genome-wide TFNs in 41 distinct human cell and tissue types. We find that all TFNs share a common assortativity signature and that this signature confers phenotypic robustness to model TFNs. Lastly, we determine the extent to which each of the four components of the assortativity signature contributes to this robustness.


The histopathology, "white matter spongiosis," defined by electron microscopy (EM) as "intramyelinic edema," has been associated with vigabatrin therapy in various animal models, but its role or significance in clinical studies is unknown. We conducted a neuropathological examination on a 27‐month‐old boy with bilateral polymicrogyria and epilepsy after sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The patient was initiated on vigabatrin at 4 months of age, which controlled infantile spasms, and was continued as maintenance therapy. Autopsy showed a combination of developmental and acquired lesions: (1) bilateral gyral malformations of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and insular cortex; (2) agenesis of the olfactory tracts and bulbs; (3) hippocampal abnormalities: dentate gyrus bilamination and granule cell dispersion; and (4) areas of microscopic bilateral, symmetric white matter spongiosis in the brainstem central tegmental tract, amiculum and hilum of the inferior olive, medial longitudinal fasciculus, paragigantocellularis lateralis, optic nerves and chiasm, and hypothalamus. The white matter spongiosis was identical to the histopathologic lesions (which by EM exhibited intramyelinic edema) that were demonstrated in animal models on vigabatrin therapy, indicating that vigabatrin toxicity is not restricted to animal models.


Between 1950 and 1953, the United Nations (UN) undertook two related tasks in Korea: the first was to assist the Republic of Korea in achieving military victory in its conflict with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; the second was to support postcolonial economic and political reconstruction on the peninsula. In both, the UN promoted the implementation of modern agricultural and resource management practices, directly tying increased domestic farm and forestry productivity to military success. Through the lens of UN development projects, the Korean War, often characterized as a point of rupture, represented less a moment of disjuncture than it did a period of accelerated continuity. This article interweaves environmental, military, and development history to analyze several UN programs in the Republic of Korea between 1950 and 1953, demonstrating that the UN viewed resource development as among the most effective ways to wage and win a war.


Nonconvex sparse learning plays an essential role in many areas, such as signal processing and deep network compression. Iterative hard thresholding (IHT) methods are the state-of-the-art for nonconvex sparse learning due to their capability of recovering true support and scalability with large datasets. Theoretical analysis of IHT is currently based on centralized IID data. In realistic large-scale situations, however, data are distributed, hardly IID, and private to local edge computing devices. It is thus necessary to examine the property of IHT in federated settings, which update in parallel on local devices and communicate with a central server only once in a while without sharing local data. In this paper, we propose two IHT methods: Federated Hard Thresholding (Fed-HT) and Federated Iterative Hard Thresholding (FedIter-HT). We prove that both algorithms enjoy a linear convergence rate and have strong guarantees to recover the optimal sparse estimator, similar to traditional IHT methods, but now with decentralized non-IID data. Empirical results demonstrate that the Fed-HT and FedIter-HT outperform their competitor - a distributed IHT, in terms of decreasing the objective values with lower requirements on communication rounds and bandwidth.


Scalp defect can have a number of origins and their repair is depends upon their location, size and depth. Knowledge of scalp anatomy is essential for preparing these flaps. Repair of scalp defects using local hair bearing scalp is technically challenging. Local transposition or rotation flaps are the most common reconstruction methods for moderate or large anterior scalp defects. We present two cases of scalp burn due to electric shock. One over vertex and parietal region the size was 15 x 5.5 cm, other on left temporoparietal region exposing mastoid bone it is of 7 cm diameter circular shape. Reconstruction of the defect was done by rotation flap which has got excellent result without complications. It was primary closure without skin grafting. The peri-cranium bones were even exposed due to electric burns. Based on our experience, we suggest the large scalp defects located especially temporoparietal area can be reconstructed with rotational flaps in one stage without the need for multiple surgeries.


Aim: The focus of the current study was to develop fast dissolving tablet (FDT) of aspirin using quality by design (QbD) approach. QbD was applied for better understanding the process and to enhance design space, using quality target product profile, critical quality attributes, and risk assessment. The aim of the project is to achieve early onset of aspirin by FDT. Materials and Methods: FDT of aspirin was developed by 32 factorial using Box–Behnken design. In factorial design we have selected two variables povidone and crospovidone at three levels. The response surface plots were generated. Ultraviolet (UV), Fourier-transform infrared, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis have been done for pre-formulation and post-formulation evaluations. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Results and Discussions: The λmax was confirmed at 275 nm by UV spectroscopy. In compatibility study IR, it was observed that the drug was in pure form and there were no major interactions with other polymers. DSC and XRD studies revealed that the drug was in crystalline form showing sharp peaks. The in vitro dissolution study revealed that the batch F7 is best among nine batches been prepared. It was stable at 25°C ± 2°C/60% ± 5% RH and 40°C ± 2°C/70% ± 5% RH for 90 days. Conclusion: The study indicates that FDT of aspirin using QbD approach was successfully developed.


A number of VUV lines, produced in a theta-pinch plasma, have been identified in the triplet system of Cd-like Xe vii. They serve to establish the positions of all the 5s5p3P0, 5p2 3P, 5s6s3S, and 5s5d3D levels. An ionization energy of 743 000 ± 6000 cm 1 (92.1 ± 0.8 eV) is derived from these observations.


This thesis contributes a deep study on the extensions of the IMPLY operator in classical binary logic to fuzzy logic, which are called fuzzy implications. After the introduction in Chapter 1 and basic notations about the fuzzy logic operators In Chapter 2 we first characterize In Chapter 3 S- and R- implications and then extensively investigate under which conditions QL-implications satisfy the thirteen fuzzy implication axioms. In Chapter 4 we develop the complete interrelationships between the eight supplementary axioms FI6-FI13 for fuzzy implications satisfying the five basic axioms FI1-FI15. We prove all the dependencies between the eight fuzzy implication axioms, and provide for each independent case a counter-example. The counter-examples provided in this chapter can be used in the applications that need different fuzzy implications satisfying different fuzzy implication axioms. In Chapter 5 we study proper S-, R- and QL-implications for an iterative boolean-like scheme of reasoning from classical binary logic in the frame of fuzzy logic. Namely, repeating antecedents $n$ times, the reasoning result will remain the same. To determine the proper S-, R- and QL-implications we get a full solution of the functional equation $I(x,y)=I(x,I(x,y))$, for all $x$, $y\in[0,1]$. In Chapter 6 we study for the most important t-norms, t-conorms and S-implications their robustness against different perturbations in a fuzzy rule-based system. We define and compare for these fuzzy logical operators the robustness measures against bounded unknown and uniform distributed perturbations respectively. In Chapter 7 we use a fuzzy implication $I$ to define a fuzzy $I$-adjunction in $\mathcal{F}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$. And then we study the conditions under which a fuzzy dilation which is defined from a conjunction $\mathcal{C}$ on the unit interval and a fuzzy erosion which is defined from a fuzzy implication $I^{'}$ to form a fuzzy $I$-adjunction. These conditions are essential in order that the fuzzification of the morphological operations of dilation, erosion, opening and closing obey similar properties as their algebraic counterparts. We find out that the adjointness between the conjunction $\mathcal{C}$ on the unit interval and the implication $I$ or the implication $I^{'}$ play important roles in such conditions.


We present LinkSO, a dataset for learning to rank similar questions on Stack Overflow. Stack Overflow contains a massive amount of crowd-sourced question links of high quality, which provides a great opportunity for evaluating retrieval algorithms for community-based question answer (cQA) archives and for learning to rank such archives. However, due to the existence of missing links, one question is whether question links can be readily used as the relevance judgment for evaluation. We study this question by measuring the closeness between question links and the relevance judgment, and we find their agreement rates range from 80% to 88%. We conduct an empirical study on the performance of existing work on LinkSO. While existing work focuses on non-learning approaches, our study results reveal that learning-based approaches has great potential to further improve the retrieval performance.


The empirical concepts for the liquid limit and plastic limit of fine-grained soils have been in use since they were originally defined by Atterberg in 1911, introduced into use by Terzaghi and modified by Casagrande.

The liquid limit by fall-cone has been the preferred method since 1975 and is currently described in BS1377: Part 2: (1990). It seems a logical step that the plasticity index should also be determined using the fall-cone. It is at present defined as the mathematical difference between two separate tests:- the current thread rolling plastic limit test and the cone penetrometer liquid limit test, both as described in BS 1377: Part 2: (1990).

This research, whilst taking into account the findings of others is empirical in nature. Laboratory testing is carried out by the author to produce data for analysis from samples of natural remoulded UK soils. The initial testing programme involves the determination of cone penetration and undrained shear strength by laboratory shear vane. Determination of plastic limit, (thread-roll method), and liquid limit, (fall-cone method), is also carried out for each soil sample. Other tests include clay content, particle density and dry density. Samples are also prepared and tested for clay mineralogy by x-ray diffraction.
A correlation is discovered linking density at the cone penetromer liquid limit with plasticity index. Consequently, additional samples are obtained and tested for index limits and density only.
A new method of determining plasticity index from fall cone and density determination is proposed.
A survey is conducted whereby volunteers are asked to carry out liquid limit and plastic limit tests on standard soil samples. Additionally, extra weighings are required. Analysis of these data enable a direct comparison to be made between plasticity index determiations produced by the colunteers using both the current method and the proposed new method.
It is concluded that the new method, in addition to being faster, gives plasticity test results comparable wioth and more reproducible than results obtained using the current method.


This paper covers threes issues : first, defining and measuring inclusive growth; second, the relationship between international trade and inequality; and third, the links between infrastructure and inequality. Both international trade and infrastructure make it easier for people to exchange goods and services and to increase income by allowing specialization, economies of scale, variety, etc. The gains are important not only in aggregate, but also at an individual level, and different people's ability to take advantage of them varies. Hence each can increase inequality. Critical to sharing the gains from trade is mobility—specifically labor mobility, which determines the capacity of people to move from areas, sectors, skills, or firms of low or declining opportunity to those of higher opportunity. In the context of inclusive growth, this constitutes a challenge. However, the answer should not be to eschew opening up the economy or building infrastructure, but to do so in an informed way and seek to undertake complementary policies that help the less well-off take advantage of them.


On‐board vehicle applications dictate the need for improved low‐temperature power densities of rechargeable batteries. Integration of high‐permittivity artificial dielectric solid electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) into the lithium ion battery architecture is a promising path to satisfy this need. The relationship between the permittivity of various artificial dielectric SEIs and the resulting high‐rate capability at low temperatures is investigated. Room‐temperature studies reveal a weak relationship between these variables. However, at low temperatures, the correlation between the larger permittivity of the dielectric SEIs and the greater high‐rate capabilities of the cells is striking. The high‐rate capabilities for pulsed laser deposition‐synthesized cathode thin films with various BaTiO3 (BTO) SEIs covering configurations are evaluated. A remarkable improvement in the high‐rate capability is observed for LiCoO2 (LCO) modified with dot BTOs, while the rate capability for planar BTO (fully covered LCO) is weakened significantly. A series of experimental results prove that a large polarization, P, in the dielectric SEIs intensified with permittivity accelerates interfacial charge transfer near the dielectrics–LCO–electrolyte triple junction.


Interaction between surface and tectonic processes plays a key role in the structural evolution, kinematics, and exhumation of rocks in orogenic wedges. The deformation patterns observed in analog models show that strain partitioning has a strong impact on the vertical component of displacement of tectonic units, which in return favors erosion in domains of important uplift. Partitioning is controlled by tectonic processes and by climate-dependent surface processes, including erosion and sedimentation. The effects of partitioning include localization of deformed domains, exhumation above areas of deep underplating, and steady-state maintenance of wedges for long time periods. Simple models illustrate well how the morphostructural evolution of mountain belts is determined by these complex interactions.


Evaluation of An Assessment of Check-In/Check-Out with Children who are Homeless in an After School Care Program" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Abstract Schoolwide Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (SWPBIS) is an approach designed to improve the correct implementation, consistent use, and maintenance of evidence-based practices related to behavior, classroom management and school discipline systems. Check-in/Check-out (CICO) is often recognized as a successful intervention in SWPBIS. However, most of the research on the use of CICO has focused on the school setting. This study provided an extension to the literature by examining the effects of the CICO program with homeless children attending an afterschool program. A non-concurrent multiple baseline across participants design was used to evaluate the CICO program effects. Students were exposed to a CICO intervention in which problem behaviors were targeted for reduction and task engagement was targeted for acquisition. Of the five participants selected for the study four participants were exposed to a CICO intervention. Results demonstrated a decrease in problem behaviors and an increase in task engagement for all four participants.


In Drosophila, the Toll signaling pathway regulates the antifungal host defense. In this immune response, when the ligand Spaetzle (Spz) binds to the Toll receptor, the antimicrobial peptide drosomycin is up-regulated. Levashina et al. now add Spn43Ac, a member of the serpin family of serine protease inhibitors, to the Toll cascade. When Spn43Ac is eliminated, Spz is continuously cleaved, which leads to the constitutive activation of Toll signaling; Spn43Ac negatively regulates Toll. In bacterial infection, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is sensed by the host cells, which triggers an immune response involving the Toll pathway. Toll has been reported to act as a pattern recognition receptor in mammals for LPS. Because the Spn43Ac is located upstream of Toll in Drosophila, Toll does not appear to be its pattern recognition signal. The actual pattern recognition signal in Drosophila is still unknown. Levashina, E.A., Langley, E., Green, C., Gubb, D., Ashburner, M., Hoffman, J.A., Reichart, J-M. (1999) Constitutive activation of Toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila. Science 285: 1917-1919. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Which pricing kernel restrictions are needed to make low dimensional Markov models consistent with given sets of predictions on aggregate stock-market fluctuations ? This paper develops theoretical test conditions addressing this and related reverse engineering issues arising within a fairly general class of long-lived asset pricing models. These conditions solely affect the first primitives of the economy (probabilistic descriptions of the world, information structures, and preferences). They thus remove some of the arbitrariness related to the specification of theoretical models involving unobserved variables, state-dependent preferences, and incomplete markets.


A reliable working methodology for the reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of rubella virus (RV) RNA was established. The effect of magnesium concentration and RNA concentration on the yield and specificity of PCR products was investigated. Factors involved in the design of efficient primers for PCR were also studied. RT primers designed to specifically anneal to the RV genome were shown to increase the yield of PCR product when compared to RT-PCRs in which the RT reaction was primed by random hexamers. Using the RT-PCR technology, nonstructural (NS) protein coding regions of the wild-type strain Thomas and the vaccine strain Cendehill were amplified, cloned and sequenced. In addition a region encompassing part of the 5' NC region and the start NS protein ORF, covering nucleotides 18 to 540, for the wild-type strains Thomas, RB-1 and Machado and vaccine strains Cendehill, RA27/3, HPV77.DE5 and TO-336 was amplified, cloned and sequenced. When the Cendehill and Thomas sequences were compared with the equivalent sequences in the Therien and M33 wild-type strains, three amino acids were found which were unique to the Cendehill vaccine strain. The sequences of part of the 5' NC and 5' end of the NS coding regions of the above strains were compared to the equivalent sequences in the Therien and M33 strains. One amino acid substitution was found which was unique to RA27/3 and a second was identified which was present in both the RA27/3 and TO-336 vaccine strains. Nucleotide substitutions found in an area of the 5' NC region which, it has been suggested, plays a key role in the initiation of translation and positive strand replication were also identified. The importance of all of these substitutions is discussed with particular reference to their possible roles in attenuation. The suitability of the NS RV RT-PCR system developed in the early stages of these studies was examined with regard to its use in the amplification and detection of RV in clinical samples. The results obtained were in total agreement with those obtained using an RT-PCR system which detects the El RV gene and also correlated well with other laboratory results. Possible future applications of the NS RV RT-PCR system were discussed. Results obtained in this thesis were discussed in the context of possible future molecular biology studies in this field.


Debates on lethal autonomous weapon systems have proliferated in the past 5 years. Ethical concerns have been voiced about a possible raise in the number of wrongs and crimes in military operations and about the creation of a "responsibility gap" for harms caused by these systems. To address these concerns, the principle of "meaningful human control" has been introduced in the legal–political debate; according to this principle, humans not computers and their algorithms should ultimately remain in control of, and thus morally responsible for, relevant decisions about (lethal) military operations. However, policy-makers and technical designers lack a detailed theory of what "meaningful human control" exactly means. In this paper, we lay the foundation of a philosophical account of meaningful human control, based on the concept of "guidance control" as elaborated in the philosophical debate on free will and moral responsibility. Following the ideals of "Responsible Innovation" and "Value-sensitive Design," our account of meaningful human control is cast in the form of design requirements. We identify two general necessary conditions to be satisfied for an autonomous system to remain under meaningful human control: first, a "tracking" condition, according to which the system should be able to respond to both the relevant moral reasons of the humans designing and deploying the system and the relevant facts in the environment in which the system operates; second, a "tracing" condition, according to which the system should be designed in such a way as to grant the possibility to always trace back the outcome of its operations to at least one human along the chain of design and operation. As we think that meaningful human control can be one of the central notions in ethics of robotics and AI, in the last part of the paper, we start exploring the implications of our account for the design and use of non-military autonomous systems, for instance, self-driving cars.


A novel particle method of characteristics (PMOC) to simulate unsteady pipe flows is introduced and validated in the present study. Contrary to the conventional method of characteristics (MOC), the present formulation is built by reallocating the computational nodes along the characteristic lines. Both the right- and left-running characteristics are accurately traced and imitated with their associated computational particles. The annoying numerical inconveniences in the fixed-grid arrangement due to incompatible Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition by repeating solution interpolations is effectively eliminated. Special particles with dual states satisfying the Rankine–Hugoniot relations are deliberately imposed to emulate the shock structure. Efficacy of this formulation is verified by solving some benchmark problems with significant transient effects in pipe flows. Computational results of piezometric head and flow velocity are meticulously compared with available analytical solutions. It is concluded that the proposed PMOC will be a useful tool to replicate transient phenomena in pipe flows.


Large-scale websites are predominantly built as a service-oriented architecture. Here, services are specialized for a certain task, run on multiple machines, and communicate with each other to serve a user's request. Reducing latency and improving the cost to serve is quite important, but optimizing this service call graph is particularly challenging due to the volume of data and the graph's non-uniform and dynamic nature. In this paper, we present a framework to detect hotspots in a service-oriented architecture. The framework is general, in that it can handle arbitrary objective functions. We show that finding the optimal set of hotspots for a metric, such as latency, is NP-complete and propose a greedy algorithm by relaxing some constraints. We use a pattern mining algorithm to rank hotspots based on the impact and consistency. Experiments on real world service call graphs from LinkedIn, the largest online professional social network, show that our algorithm consistently outperforms baseline methods.


In the early 1970s, Sulfolobus was first isolated by Thomas Brock and co-workers from sulfur-rich acidic hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Sulfolobus became one of the model organisms of Archaea in general, and of Crenarchaea in particular. Many of its unusual physiological characteristics have been investigated, and several of its thermostable enzymes have been studied in considerable detail. For fundamental reasons, and because of its potential for industrial applications, Sulfolobus has been selected for a genome sequence project. The recent completion of the Sulfolobus solfataricus genome has set the stage for a series of postgenome research lines that will be reviewed here. Comparative genomics aims to unravel the cell's metabolic potential (enzymes, pathways, and regulation) and compare it to other organisms. This in silico analysis of Sulfolobus has revealed several unique metabolic features and confirmed that the major control processes (transcription, translation, and replication) resemble eukaryal much more than bacterial equivalents. Currently, several research groups use a functional genomics approach—a genomebased, high-throughput analysis of the complete Sulfolobus cell—at the level of RNA (transcriptomics), protein (proteomics), and metabolic intermediates and products (metabolomics). Apart from analyzing the cell's response to different cultivation conditions, the comparison of different genotypes (wild type and mutants) would be very interesting for both basic science and applied reasons. Much effort has recently been put into the establishment of tools that allow genetic engineering of Sulfolobus. The future challenge is to integrate available knowledge in order to understand the relevant mechanisms that enable Sulfolobus to thrive in its extreme habitats. Moreover, such a Systems Biology approach is essential as a basis for the directed engineering and industrial exploitation of this unique microorganism. comparative genomics


"Identity and Ethnicity in the Rural South" investigates the interaction of cultural and ethnic identity as realised in language variation. Through the quantitative and qualitative analysis of sociolinguistic data on the past tense of the verb be and on its absence, this work explains the synchronic and diachronic trends of language variation and several important social factors, including ethnicity, sex, and cultural identity. This volume also informs the debates about the origins and contemporary synchronic relations of African-American Vernacular English to other ethnic varieties. Kirk Hazen is Assistant Professor of English at West Virginia University.


Most studies on the relationship between public debt and economic growth implicitly assume homogeneous debt effects across their samples. We –in accordance with recent literature– challenge this view and state that there likely is a great deal of cross-country heterogeneity in that relationship. However, other than scholars assuming that all countries are different, we expect that clusters of countries differ. We identify three country clusters with distinct economic systems: Liberal (Anglo Saxon), Continental (Core EU members) and Nordic (Scandinavian). We argue that different degrees of fiscal uncertainty at comparable levels of public debt between those economic systems constitute a major source of heterogeneity in the debt-growth relationship. Our empirical evidence supports this assumption. Continental countries face more growth reducing public debt effects than especially Liberal countries. There, public debt apparently exerts neutral or even positive growth effects, while for Nordic countries a non-linear relationship is discovered, with negative debt effects kicking in at public debt values of around 60% of GDP.


Exciton formation and charge separation and transport are key dynamical events in a variety of functional polymeric materials and biological systems, including DNA. Beyond the necessary cofacial approach of a pair of aromatic molecules at van der Waals contact, the extent of overlap and necessary geometrical reorganization for optimal stabilization of an excimer vs dimer cation radical remain unresolved. Here, we compare experimentally the dynamics of excimer formation (via emission) and charge stabilization (via threshold ionization) of a novel covalently linked, cofacially stacked fluorene dimer (F2) with the unlinked van der Waals dimer of fluorene, that is, (F)2. Although the measured ionization potentials are identical, the excimeric state is stabilized by up to ∼30 kJ/mol in covalently linked F2. Supported by theory, this work demonstrates for the first time experimentally that optimal stabilization of an excimer requires a perfect sandwich-like geometry with maximal overlap, whereas hole stabilization in π-stacked aggregates is less geometrically restrictive.


The paper examines the widespread effects of climate change and variability on food security in Zimbabwe. Climate change has posed a serious threat on food security in developing countries in Africa. This has led developing countries to heavily rely on foreign aid in the form of food hand-outs to avert hunger. The shift in climatic conditions over the sub-Saharan region towards semi-arid to arid conditions has stemmed up a lot of concern as to whether Africa can feed itself. The past three decades have been characterized by an erratic rainfall pattern over Africa's sub-tropics and a significant decline in the amount of rainfall. This has resulted in droughts which have significantly affected agriculture and food production. Crops and livestock have failed to quickly adapt to these harsh climatic conditions. Research on the impacts of climate change in Zimbabwe shows that the country's agricultural sector is already suffering from changing rainfall patterns, temperature increases and more extreme weather events, like floods and droughts. Longer and more frequent droughts have substantially reduced crop yields and this has negatively impacted food production in the country. A shift in the country's agroecological regions has been observed and this shift has been attributed to climate change. The paper analyses the various drought mitigation measures that the government of Zimbabwe has put in place to avert the effects of climate change. It has become apparently clear that the only way Zimbabwe will be able to out-run the effects of climate change on food security would be to scale up production in the agricultural sector by setting up schemes to assist farmers so that they attain the maximum crop yields. These measures are analyzed, looking at their strengths and shortfalls. The paper takes an interesting turn as it analyses the social impact of climate change and its ability to influence changes in Zimbabwe's political landscape. The shortage of food and depletion of water resources has a greater chance of triggering the escalation of conflict which may influence shifts in the country's balance of power.


From 1945 to 2010 the proportion of private-sector workers covered by collective bargaining agreements declined from 36% to a once unthinkable 6.9%. This decline raises the question of how well labor unions serve their rank and file. This study addresses the economics of labor unions in an attempt to determine who captures the rents from unionization. Among other things, it examines the generosity of multiemployer defined benefit pension plans for rank-and-file union members and the officer and staff plans for the union that administers them. For a given wage, it finds that union officers and staff enjoy pensions and related benefits that are lavish by comparison. Although this could be the outcome of efficient implicit contracting, given the high agency costs workers and employers face monitoring union administration, it is impossible to reject the hypothesis that union officers and staff are the primary beneficiaries of unionization in the multiemployer setting. Multiemployer plans now appear obsolete and should be replaced by 401(k) defined contribution plans despite resistance from union officials anxious to preserve their private benefits of control.


A collaboration between the Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE) and Stellenbosch University (SU) was initiated in 2016 to address the structure, layout and functionality of the online Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles ( DSAEHist ). This article focuses on work undertaken during the initial stages of the DSAE-SU collaboration and presents current work in adapting a print historical dictionary for the digital age. As with other print dictionaries that enter the electronic medium, the pilot version of the online DSAEHist still felt and looked like a print dictionary, albeit with a somewhat more user-friendly access structure. Another difficulty that the DSAEHist faces is the need for a dictionary based on historical principles to showcase large diachronic datasets. This requires that the article and microstructure, as well as the access structure, be adapted. Apart from this, the general layout of the dictionary is also being re-evaluated and redesigned to make it more usable on online platforms. To accommodate new users and to bring the DSAEHist into the digital era (with regard to standard web and mobile practices) stylistic, navigational and functional changes are being made. This article presents these changes to show how a valuable cultural and language resource is being brought into the digital era.


data center, virtual data center, operating environment, e-service, services, servers, service monitoring and management The business and enterprise computing infrastructures are consolidating into data centers in order to improve the access control, increase security and reduce the maintenance costs. Big corporations or e-service providers span their data and applications over several data centers, combining their resources into virtual data centers. There may be many layers of virtualization in general case. At the bottom are platform centers that provide "physical" computing resources and logistics, such as computer platforms, basic software, databases, and network capabilities. At the top are e-service centers that face end customers and are specialized in providing specific e-services to the customers. Virtual centers that serve as intermediaries between the first two layers help to split design and management concerns, in particular, to balance customer satisfaction by services with efficiency of using platform resources. Each lower layer provides to a higher layer an operating environment, in which terms the higher level sees the lower layer and maps its objects onto the objects of the environment. The report outlines the basic high-level concepts, issues, and main problems, such virtual (core) services and virtual resources (servers), configuring of a virtual center inside a platform center or over several platform centers, deployment of services among servers of the virtual center, dynamic service monitoring and management.


Among the five membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), MT1-, MT2-, MT3-, and MT5-MMPs have about a 20-amino acid cytoplasmic tail following the transmembrane domain. In contrast, a putative transmembrane domain of MT4-MMP locates at the very C-terminal end, and the expected cytoplasmic tail is very short or nonexistent. Such sequences often act as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring signal rather than as a transmembrane domain. We thus examined the possibility that MT4-MMP is a GPI-anchored proteinase. Our results showed that [3H]ethanolamine, which can be incorporated into the GPI unit, specifically labeled the MT4-MMP C-terminal end in a sequence-dependent manner. In addition, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment released the MT4-MMP from the surface of transfected cells. These results indicate that MT4-MMP is the first GPI-anchored proteinase in the MMP family. During cultivation of the transfected cells, MT4-MMP appeared to be shed from the cell surface by the action of an endogenous metalloproteinase. GPI anchoring of MT4-MMP on the cell surface indicates a unique biological function and character for this proteinase.


Many real-world regression problems demand a measure of the uncertainty associated with each prediction. Standard decision forests deliver efficient state-of-the-art predictive performance, but high-quality uncertainty estimates are lacking. Gaussian processes (GPs) deliver uncertainty estimates, but scaling GPs to large-scale data sets comes at the cost of approximating the uncertainty estimates. We extend Mondrian forests, first proposed by Lakshminarayanan et al. (2014) for classification problems, to the large-scale non-parametric regression setting. Using a novel hierarchical Gaussian prior that dovetails with the Mondrian forest framework, we obtain principled uncertainty estimates, while still retaining the computational advantages of decision forests. Through a combination of illustrative examples, real-world large-scale datasets, and Bayesian optimization benchmarks, we demonstrate that Mondrian forests outperform approximate GPs on large-scale regression tasks and deliver better-calibrated uncertainty assessments than decision-forest-based methods.


This paper presents an improved Direct Torque Control (DTC) of induction motor. DTC drive gives the high torque ripple. In DTC induction motor drive there are torque and flux ripples because none of the VSI states is able to generate the exact voltage value required to make zero both the torque electromagnetic error and the stator flux error. To overcome this problem a torque hysteresis band with variable amplitude is proposed based on fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic controller is used to reducing the torque and flux ripples and it improve performance DTC especially at low speed.


Jainism evokes images of monks wearing face-masks to protect insects and mico-organisms from being inhaled. Or of Jains sweeping the ground in front of them to ensure that living creatures are not inadvertently crushed: a practice of non-violence so radical as to defy easy comprehension. Yet for all its apparent exoticism, Jainism is still little understood in the West. What is this mysterious philosophy which originated in the 6th century BCE, whose absolute requirement is vegetarianism, and which now commands a following of four million adherents both in its native India and diaspora communities across the globe?In his welcome new treatment of the Jain religion, Long makes an ancient tradition fully intelligible to the modern reader. Plunging back more than two and a half millennia, to the plains of northern India and the life of a prince who - much like the Buddha - gave up a life of luxury to pursue enlightenment, Long traces the history of the Jain community from founding sage Mahavira to the present day. He explores asceticism, worship, the life of the Jain layperson, relations between Jainism and other Indic traditions, the Jain philosophy of relativity, and the implications of Jain ideals for the contemporary world. The book presents Jainism in a way that is authentic and engaging to specialists and non-specialists alike.


The Watts Memorial to Heroic Self-Sacrifice in Postman's Park, London, is a Victorian monument containing fifty-four ceramic plaques commemorating sixty-two individuals, each of whom lost their own life while attempting to save another. Every plaque tells a tragic and moving story, but the short narratives do little more than whet the appetite and stimulate the imagination about the lives and deaths of these brave characters. Based upon extensive historical research, this book will, for the first time, provide a full and engaging account of the dramatic circumstances behind each of the incidents and reveal the vibrant and colourful lives led by those who tragically died.