National commitments on the Paris Agreement on climate change interact with other global environment and sustainability objectives, such as the Minamata Convention on Mercury and the global Sustainable Development Goals. Understanding the interactions between climate change, air pollution, and sustainable development can help decision-makers identify more effective policies that can address environmental and economic goals simultaneously. To address environmental goals, I assess how mercury co-benefits (positive side effects that are peripheral to a policy's main goal) of a national climate policy in China could contribute to the country's commitments under the Minamata Convention. I examine climate policy scenarios in 2030 corresponding to various levels of carbon intensity reductions in addition to a business-as-usual scenario and an end-of-pipe control scenario that meets China's commitments under the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Economic analysis from a computable general equilibrium model of China's economy provides information on changes in economic activity resulting from the climate policy scenarios. Using the economic data from this model, I scale 2007 mercury emissions in a variety of sectors to 2030. I then use a global atmospheric transport model to project changes in mercury deposition at the regional scale in China for each policy scenario. I find that climate policy in China can provide mercury emissions and deposition co-benefits similar to end-ofpipe control policies that meet the country's Minamata Convention commitments. To address sustainable development goals, I investigate the use of the Inclusive Wealth Index for evaluating the sustainability of climate policy in China on the basis of produced capital, natural capital, and human capital at the provincial level. I find that most provinces in China exhibit an increase in Inclusive Wealth under several climate policy scenarios, providing an alternative metric for monetizing policy impacts. Thesis Supervisor: Noelle E. Selin Title: Associate Prof. of Data, Systems, and Society and Atmospheric Chemistry


Echlette gratings made by chemical etching of silicon substrates have already proved to be efficient, easy to implement, and well adapted to optical wavelength demultiplexing [ Y. Fujii K. I. Aoyama J. I. Minowa , " Optical Demultiplexer Using a Silicon Echelette Grating," IEEE J. Quantum Electron.QE-16, 165 ( 1980).]. This paper describes a collaboration between experimentalists and theoreticians devoted to the practical construction of wavelength demultiplexers for optical communications in the 0.78–0.9 and 1.2–1.35-μm ranges. A theoretical optimization of echelette gratings on silicon substrate allows us to obtain a very high diffraction efficiency. The experimental results confirmed the theoretical predictions.


PURPOSE
Athletes adopt a pacing strategy to delay fatigue and optimize athletic performance. However, many current theories of the regulation of muscle function during exercise do not adequately explain all observed features of such pacing strategies. We studied power output, oxygen consumption, and muscle recruitment strategies during successive 4-km cycling time trials to determine whether alterations in muscle recruitment by the central nervous system could explain the observed pacing strategies.

METHODS
Seven highly trained cyclists performed three consecutive 4-km time trial intervals, each separated by 17 min. Subjects were instructed to perform each trial in the fastest time possible but were given no feedback other than distance covered. Integrated electromyographic (iEMG) readings were measured at peak power output anti from 90 s before the end of each trial.

RESULTS
Subjects attained VO2 values similar to their VO2(peak) in each interval. Time taken to complete the first and third intervals was similar. Peak power output was highest in the first interval, but average power output, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and postexercise plasma lactate concentrations were not different between intervals. Power output and iEMG activity rose similarly during the final 60 s in all intervals but was not different between trials.

CONCLUSION
The increase in power output and the parallel upward trend in iEMG at the end of each interval indicate that the iEMG changes "tracked" the power output changes dynamically and that therefore the observed pacing strategies were not regulated by peripheral mechanisms. Rather, these findings are compatible with the action of a centrally regulated mechanism that alters the number of motor units that are recruited and de-recruited during exercise based upon peripheral feedback or anticipatory feed-forward.


Recently, our group established a new approach for preparing injectable hydrogels using vinyl-functionalised pH-responsive microgel particles [Liu et al., Soft Matter, 2011, 7, 4696]. pH-responsive microgels swell when the pH approaches the pKa of the particles. Liu et al. used inter-particle crosslinking of vinyl-functionalised microgel particles to prepare hydrogels composed of doubly crosslinked microgels (D-microgels). Here, we combine vinyl-functionalised microgels with added, small-molecule, crosslinkers to prepare high modulus D-microgel/hydrogel (H-X) composites for the first time. The vinyl-functionalised microgel particles used were poly(EA/MAA/BDD)/GM; where, EA MAA, BDD and GM are ethyl acrylate and methacrylic acid, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, respectively. Two added crosslinkers were used to demonstrate the versatility of our approach. They were ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGD) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BA). We compare the data to control hydrogel composites prepared using non-vinyl-functionalised singly crosslinked microgels (S-microgels). All of the composites showed pH-dependent swelling behaviours and mechanical properties. The storage modulus value for the as-made D-microgel/H-EGD composite was 0.12 MPa and is the highest reported to date for a hydrogel containing pH-responsive microgels. The as-made control S-microgel/H-X composites had high ductilities. Dynamic rheology data were used to determine the effects of vinyl functionalisation on the composite mechanical properties. All of the composites exhibited pH-dependent swelling and a "breathing in" transition occurred. The swollen D-microgel/H-X composites retained their high modulus values upon swelling; although, their ductilities decreased. Because we used two different crosslinkers and pH-responsive microgels containing carboxylic acid groups, the method introduced here for preparing high modulus hydrogel composites should be widely applicable.


The building of succeeding generations of sophisticated water and waste water plants, usually containing complex and energy intensive equipment, has been one of the marks of technically advancing countries. And yet, one of the most common problems is that adequately trained personnel are unavailable to operate these plants and another is that the equipment is in many cases costly to install and to maintain. In addition, even with competent operators, too often plants; another is that the equipment is in many to operate because of the wide variety of options provided to the operator. The purpose of this paper is to describe one approach to plant simplification, in this case a water treatment, without penalizing cost, throughput or effluent quality. In fact in the ensuing discussion it will be demonstrated that increased return on investment results when simplification occurs.


In this article, I examine the implications of Sweden's reformed national pension system and how this policy reconfigures the state–citizen relationship. By applying the methodological approach of "studying through," the study depicts a shift in responsibility from a state level to an individual level. More specifically, I here shed light on how politicians, technocrats, and bureaucrats work to educate and foster the general public into responsible, hard working and financially literate citizens. The article further reveals that such attempts are not readily accepted or adopted by the citizens at the receiving end of the pension policy and so, instead of providing stability and security, this social security policy invokes a sense of insecurity in Swedish citizens. [Pension System Reform, Anthropology of Policy, Sweden, Studying Through]


Whole-arm tactile sensing enables a robot to sense properties of contact across its entire arm. By using this large sensing area, a robot has the potential to acquire useful information from incidental contact that occurs while performing a task. Within this paper, we demonstrate that data-driven methods can be used to infer mechanical properties of objects from incidental contact with a robot's forearm. We collected data from a tactile-sensing forearm as it made contact with various objects during a simple reaching motion. We then used hidden Markov models (HMMs) to infer two object properties (rigid vs. soft and fixed vs. movable) based on low-dimensional features of time-varying tactile sensor data (maximum force, contact area, and contact motion). A key issue is the extent to which data-driven methods can generalize to robot actions that differ from those used during training. To investigate this issue, we developed an idealized mechanical model of a robot with a compliant joint making contact with an object. This model provides intuition for the classification problem. We also conducted tests in which we varied the robot arm's velocity and joint stiffness. We found that, in contrast to our previous methods [1], multivariate HMMs achieved high cross-validation accuracy and successfully generalized what they had learned to new robot motions with distinct velocities and joint stiffnesses.


The area of sport event tourism has been growing over the last years, which led to an increasing amount of research that has analysed both the economic and social impacts of sport events. Whereas a substantial amount of ex post assessment frameworks for quantitative event evaluation is available, there is growing demand for process orientated ex ante frameworks that guide the strategic study of social utility of events. To address this issue this paper presents a process framework suitable for theoretical and practical research in the area of inter-community sport events. It combines the areas of community participation, intergroup relations, social identity and event impacts in a process towards generating social capital within and among communities. The ex ante process framework is designed to support the strategic investigation of inter-community sport events and their contribution to social cohesion, socio-cultural development, and the enhancement of communities' quality of life.


The aim of this study was to determine whether two polymorphisms in the gene encoding IL13 previously associated with Schistosoma hematobium (S. hematobium) and S. mansoni infection are associated with S. japonicum infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1800925 (IL13/-1112C>T) and rs20541 (IL13R130Q) were genotyped in 947 unrelated individuals (307 chronically infected, 339 late-stage with liver fibrosis, 301 uninfected controls) from a schistosomiasis-endemic area of Hubei province in China. Regression models were used to evaluate allelic and haplotypic associations with chronic and late-stage schistosomiasis adjusted for non-genetic covariates. Expression of IL-13 was measured in S. japonicun-infected liver fibrosis tissue and normal liver tissue from uninfected controls by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The role of rs1800925 in IL-13 transcription was further determined by Luciferase report assay using the recombinant PGL4.17-rs180092 plasmid. We found SNP rs1800925T was associated with late-stage schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum but not chronic schistosomiasis (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.02–1.91, p = 0.03) and uninfected controls (OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.03–2.13, p = 0.03). Moreover, the haplotype rs1800925T-rs20541C increased the risk of disease progression to late-stage schistosomiasis (OR = 1.46, p = 0.035), whereas haplotype rs1800925C-rs20541A showed a protective role against development of late-stage schistosomiasis (F = 0.188, OR = 0.61, p = 0.002). Furthermore, S. japonicum-induced fibrotic liver tissue had higher IL13 expression than normal liver tissue. Plasmid PGL4.17-rs1800925T showed a stronger relative luciferase activity than Plasmid PGL4.17-rs1800925C in 293FT, QSG-7701 and HL-7702 cell lines. In conclusion, the functional IL13 polymorphism, rs1800925T, previously associated with risk of schistosomiasis, also contributes to risk of late-stage schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum.


Avian nest building behaviour has generally been viewed as a result of natural selection, and several functional hypotheses have been suggested to explain variance in nest size. These include responses to predation and parasitism risk, and aspects of nest stability. clutch size, insulation and sexual display. We studied variation in nest size in the Rufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas galactotes, a songbird in which both sexes contribute in nest building. Nest size was marginally negatively associated with the probability of brood parasitism, but no relationship was found with nest predation. Four additional hypotheses of the function of nest size variance were considered. The nest support hypothesis, the clutch size hypothesis and the thermoregulation hypothesis did not explain the nest size variation found, but the sexual display hypothesis was partially supported because clutch size was positively correlated with the amount of nest material, and this nest feature also tended to be positively correlated with size of prey provided to chicks by males. Nest building behaviour in the Rufous Bush Robin can be considered a post-mating sexual display that reflects the willingness of males to invest in parental care and allows females to adjusts their reproductive effort accordingly.


INTRODUCTION
Remote Area Nurses (RANs) in Australia frequently encounter hazards that contribute to violence in the work place. Resources to deal with this problem are limited.

METHODS
Adopting a risk management approach and using the Delphi method, a panel of expert RANs (n=10) from geographically diverse communities across Australia, identified and prioritised hazards that increase the risk of violence to nurses.

RESULTS
This descriptive study found that RANs encounter a wide variety of hazards from a variety of sources. Environmental hazards are complicated by living in remote areas and practicing in different locations. Relationships between the nurse and the community can be complex and lack of experience and organisational support may contribute to an increased risk of violence. Hazards prioritised as 'major' or 'extreme' risks included: clinic maintenance and security features, attending to patients at staff residences, RAN inexperience and lack of knowledge about the community, as well as intoxicated clients with mental health issues. A work culture that accepts verbal abuse as 'part of the job' was identified as a significant organisational risk to RANs. A lack of action from management when hazards are identified by clinic staff and insufficient recognition of the risk of violence by employers were also significant hazards.

CONCLUSIONS
Further consideration of the hazards described in this study following the risk management process, may provide opportunities to reduce the risk of violence towards RANs. Proposed control measures should be developed in consultation with RANs and the remote communities they work in.


Tungsten lamps are now used very extensively in photographic sensitometry, and the wide range of exposures required for various materials makes necessary the accumulation of complete data on lamps of many sizes.The characteristics of all tungsten incandescent lamps are similar in form, and in this note are described the average characteristics found for twenty lamps frequently used in this work.From a study of the slope of the straight line, best representing the average candlepower-color temperature relation, it is concluded that the changes in candlepower and color temperature, resulting from a small change in voltage, should be about equally perceptible under good conditions of observation.


This report is concerned with the development of measurement scales for self-learning of secondary students. Self-learning refers to a process whereby the learner participates actively in the act of learning, including planning, goal setting, progress monitoring, selecting learning strategies and controlling the learning environment. The capacity for self-learning has been accorded high priority in recent years by major education systems, particularly those in the Asia Pacific region. This study is motivated by the lack of measurement tools available for the study of self-learning in countries where Chinese is the main medium of instruction, including China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The sample comprised 14,846 secondary students from Hong Kong secondary schools. Questionnaires with Likert items were administered to the students during class-time. Scales included students' goal setting, academic motivation, self-efficacy, information processing strategies, monitoring and management of learning resources. Rasch modeling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to establish construct validity of these scales.


Abstract Urbanisation has created an environment with a broad spectrum of habitats of differing quality for birds. Understanding habitat characteristics is necessary for effective conservation of species in urban environments. We investigated the vegetation requirements of a small, shrub-nesting, Australian bird, the Superb Fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus), and the relative quality of urban habitats in the Illawarra region of New South Wales. Vegetation was assessed in three different habitats: suburban sites within Superb Fairy-wren territories (n = 20 sites), suburban sites where Fairy-wrens were absent (n = 20), and rural—woodland edge in which Fairy-wrens were present (n = 17). This third habitat represents a habitat assumed to be the best possible habitat for this species within the landscape. We analysed structure and floristics of the vegetation. The three habitats were significantly different from each other both in vegetation structure and floristic composition. While there was some variability in habitat selection in suburban areas, Superb Fairy-wrens were largely restricted to areas that have a dense layer of native shrubs surrounding grassy areas. They were absent from suburban sites where there were either few shrubs in total or sites with exotic shrubs, regardless of abundance. It was predicted that non-suburban habitats (habitat located on the rural—remnant edge) would be of a higher quality than suburban habitats (habitat within residential housing) owing to a prevalence of native vegetation. However, these sites were dominated by a single exotic species, Lantana (Lantana camara). Despite this plant replacing native vegetation, it was an important habitat feature. Either this plant or native shrubs must be available for this species to colonise a site.


The goal of this study was to estimate sediment and nutrient loading into Lake Tahoe from shore zone erosion over the last 60 years. We first developed a GIS database of georectified aerial photographs from 1938 to 1998 to track shoreline changes over the last 60 years. The study was augmented by field studies and collection of sediment samples for nutrient analyses. Approximately 80 samples were collected and analyzed for phosphorus and nitrogen content. Using the GIS database, surface areas of both eroding and accreting shoreline segments were calculated. For segments undergoing erosion, the areas were converted to volumetric estimates by estimating their thickness from 1918-1919 U.S. Bureau of Reclamation topographic maps with 1 and 5 foot contour intervals. Approximately 429,000 metric tons (MT) of sediment has been eroded into the lake from shore zone sources since 1938, equating to about 7150 MT per year. Using the nutrient concentrations from this study, approximately 117 MT of phosphorus and 110 MT of nitrogen have also been washed into the lake during the same time period. These values equate to about 2 MT per year of phosphorus and about 1.8 MT per year of nitrogen and are considered to be accurate within a factor of two. Although the nutrient loading values are still relatively small compared to other sources, the amount of sediment washed into the lake each year from shore zone erosion ranks second only to stream loading. Therefore, shore zone erosion is important to the sediment and, to a lesser extent, nutrient budget of Lake Tahoe.


Government technology development programs are proving difficult to deliver on time and on budget, a consequence of the complexity inherent in both the technology and the acquisition environment. This paper advocates the development of new governance and management models for such programs, as well as new thinking about how to compare these models. It also highlights the need for increased flexibility and resiliency (F&R) within organizations (both public and private) to better prepare them for governing and managing such complex programs.


A central question in online human sentence comprehension is: how are linguistic relations established between different parts of a sentence? Previous work has shown that this dependency resolution process can be computationally expensive, but the underlying reasons for this are still unclear. We argue that dependency resolution is mediated by cue-based retrieval, constrained by independently motivated working memory principles defined in a cognitive architecture (ACT-R). To demonstrate this, we investigate an unusual instance of dependency resolution, the processing of negative and positive polarity items, and confirm a surprising prediction of the cue-based retrieval model: partial cue-matches—which constitute a kind of similarity-based interference—can give rise to the intrusion of ungrammatical retrieval candidates, leading to both processing slow-downs and even errors of judgment that take the form of illusions of grammaticality in patently ungrammatical structures. A notable achievement is that good quantitative fits are achieved without adjusting the key model parameters. Processing polarity items 3 Processing Polarity: How the ungrammatical intrudes on the grammatical


Abstract The Puerto Rican Coqui Frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is a nocturnal, invasive species that was introduced into Hawaii in the 1980s. Because they reach extremely high densities (up to 90,000 frogs/ha), they have the potential to affect invertebrate prey communities. Previously, researchers used frogs collected only at night to characterize their prey. Because Coquis use retreat sites near the forest floor during the day and understory perch sites at night, frogs collected at night might show different amounts and types of prey than would frogs collected in the morning. We analyzed stomach contents of 435 frogs collected in the morning (0300–0600 h) and at night (1900–2200 h) from five sites on the island of Hawaii. Frogs collected in the morning had 1.7 times more prey items and 2.1 times greater prey volume than those collected at night; however, prey composition did not differ between morning- and evening-collected frogs. Across sites, Formicidae (ants) and Amphipoda (amphipods) were the dominant prey, and at least 61.6% of their prey items were nonnative species. Across sites, morning- and evening-collected stomach contents were not different from environmental samples of leaf-litter invertebrates but were different from environmental samples of foliage and flying invertebrates, suggesting that Coquis forage primarily in the leaf litter throughout the night. Previous research that investigated stomach contents of frogs collected only at night greatly underestimated the number and volume of prey items that Coquis consume during the entire foraging period but accurately described their primary prey: nonnative, leaf-litter invertebrates.


Learn Ajax the easy way! If you are new to programming with Ajax and are looking for a solid introduction, this is the book for you. Developed by computer science instructors, books in the for the absolute beginner series teach the principles of programming through simple game creation. You will acquire the skills that you need for more practical programming applications and will learn how these skills can be put to use in real-world scenarios. Best of all, by the time you finish the book you will be able to apply the basic principles youve learned to the next programming language you tackle.


It is a commonplace that pollution knows no borders, and that environmental law must allow for cross-border implementation. The European Union specifies this principle in EC directives on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC), on environmental impact assessment (EIA), and on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances (Seveso II). This is the first book to investigate - from both empirical and normative perspectives - the effectiveness of these directives at the national level. It provides by far the most extensive comparative analysis and evaluation of the industrial permitting and inspections, EIA, and major accident prevention in the EU. Offering an in-depth study of the transposition and implementation of EC environmental directives in eight EU member states (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), the author - who has played a significant role in the formulation of environmental legislation and regulation at both the national (German) and EU levels - provides a stable base for an assessment of the benefits and costs of the integrated approach to environmental protection. Among the factors considered are the following: key features of national constitutional, administrative, and judicial systems which provide the framework for environmental regulations and their implementation in the eight countries under study; procedures and substantive requirements transposing the IPPC, EIA and Seveso II directives into national laws; and, evaluation of national deficiencies and the extent of "muddling through." The empirical part of Dr. Bohne's analysis draws on 138 expert interviews with public and private actors, a survey of 178 public authorities, and document analyses of selected industrial permits and environmental impact statements. His comparative analysis of procedural, organizational, and substantive integration makes it possible to identify and compare national accomplishments in regulatory integration, and offers new insights into the effectiveness and limits of EC law. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for European governance and better regulation after the enlargement of the EU. This thoroughly researched, rigorous, and insightful study will be of great interest and value to policymakers, regulators, business people, environmental NGOs, consultants, and lawyers, as well as to students of environmental policies and European governance.


In a pharmaceutical industry, batch extractive distillation (BED), a combination process between extraction and distillation processes, has been widely implemented to separate waste solvent mixture of acetone-methanol because of minimum-boiling azeotrope properties. Normally, water is used as solvent and semi-continues mode is proposed to improve purity of acetone. The solvent is charged into the BED column until the purity of a desired product is achieved. After the total reflux start-up period is ended, a dynamic optimization strategy is applied to determine an acetone distillate composition profile maximizing the weight of the distillate product (acetone). The acetone distillate composition profile is used as the set point of neural network model-based controllers: the neural network direct inverse model control (NNDIC) and neural network based model predictive control (NNMPC) in order to provide the acetone composition with the purity of 94.0% by mole within 9.5 hours. It has been found that although both NNDIC and proportional integral derivative (PID) control can maintain the distillate purity on its specification for the set point tracking and in presence of plant uncertainties, the NNMPC provides much more satisfactory control performance and gives the smoothest controller action without any fluctuation when compared to the NNDIC and PID.


The Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) is a Canadian-led 15 cm Earth-orbiting telescope originally designed to detect asteroids near the Sun. Its design is however also suitable for the observation of exoplanetary transits of bright stars. We used the NEOSSat platform to perform followup observations of several Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite (TESS) targets, both as a demonstration of NEOSSat capabilities for exoplanetary science and improve the orbital ephemerides and properties of these exoplanet systems. We are able to recover / confirm the orbital properties of such targets to within mutual error bars, demonstrating NEOSSat as a useful future contributor to exoplanetary science.


The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of major pathologic lesions in internal organs of guinea pigs infected with Salmonella spp. The retrospective study was conducted using 81 necropsy records from the Pathology Laboratory of the College of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos University, which had positive bacteriological diagnosis to Salmonella spp in the period 2001-2007. Pathological lesions were classified in inflammatory processes, circulatory disorders, degenerative and adaptive, where inflammation was the most common pathological disorder (177/408). The results showed a median of five affected organs per animal, the liver being the organ with highest frequency of pathological lesions (87.7 ± 0.1%), and the prevailing pathomorphological image was necrotic hepatitis (36/81).


This manuscript summarizes the break-out session held on how does koala retrovirus (KoRV) induce disease at the genomic level at the Koala Conservation Workshop: The koala and its retroviruses: implications for sustainability and survival held at San Diego Zoo, April 17–18, 2013. The goals of this break-out session were to review current knowledge in this area and identify studies required to fill important gaps. KoRV is a gammaretrovirus with close similarity to MLV and FeLV, well-characterized pathogens of the laboratory mouse and the domestic cat. The parallel wth FeLV is particularly striking as cats harbor related endogenous retroviruses that share receptor specificity with endogenous KoRV. Also, transmission and pathogenesis of FeLV in its natural host is well understood and the virus is routinely controlled by measures that include vaccines. Alternative models for the roles of endogenous and exogenous KoRV in disease were discussed and prospective studies required to test these hypotheses were outlined. Neil, James C. 2014. How does koala retrovirus (KoRV) induce disease at the genomic level? In The Koala and its Retroviruses: Implications for Sustainability and Survival, ed. Geoffrey W. Pye, Rebecca N. Johnson and Alex D. Greenwood. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum, Online 24: 57–58.


This article discusses the relation between selection, subjunctive mood and extraction facts. We show that the degree of permeability observed in subjunctive clauses with respect to, e.g., wh -extraction is apparent, and is only indirectly related to the indicative/subjunctive alternation. We examine different verb classes in French and show that the behavior of various types of wh -phrases in extraction contexts is not directly linked to the mood of the embedded clause. We therefore propose (i) that the indicative-subjunctive distribution is a property of predicates that has to be distinguished from the property involved in complementizer selection. In a nutshell, in French, the subjunctive-indicative alternation can be accounted for in terms of the emotive–cognitive property of the matrix predicate; and (ii) that islands effects, that is, the degree of permeability of the embedded clauses can be related to the properties of the selected complementizer. In other words, the possibilities of extraction of a wh -phrase from an embedded clause can be accounted for by the size of the complementizer that acts as a more or less strong blocker for wh -extraction from the clause it selects. We therefore propose that mood 'selection' and complementizer selection are two independent properties of the main predicate.


Summary Omega-3 fatty acids are dietary essentials, and are critical to brain development and function. Increasing evidence suggests that a relative lack of omega-3 may contribute to many psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review focuses on the possible role of omega-3 in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related childhood developmental disorders, evaluating the existing evidence from both research and clinical perspectives. Theory and experimental evidence support a role for omega-3 in ADHD, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and autism. Results from controlled treatment trials are mixed, but the few studies in this area have involved different populations and treatment formulations. Dietary supplementation with fish oils (providing EPA and DHA) appears to alleviate ADHD-related symptoms in at least some children, and one study of DCD children also found benefits for academic achievement. Larger trials are now needed to confirm these findings, and to establish the specificity and durability of any treatment effects as well as optimal formulations and dosages. Omega-3 is not supported by current evidence as a primary treatment for ADHD or related conditions, but further research in this area is clearly warranted. Given their relative safety and general health benefits, omega-3 fatty acids offer a promising complementary approach to standard treatments.


The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of service quality on behavioral intention in hospitality industry. In order to measure service quality, five-dimensional and twenty two-itemed scale which adapted for hospitality industry by Tsaur, Lin and Wu from Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry's SERVQUAL scale, was used. Together with this scale, five-dimensional and thirteenitemed scale which developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry was used in order to measure behavioral intention. This study was performed in five star hotels in Belek Tourism District in Antalya, and 610 questionnaire forms were returned out of 1000 distributed ones. According to the results of the study, the correlation values related with the dimensions of service quality and behavioral intention are found varying between 0.245 and 0.821. In the path analysis, with which, examining the impact of service quality on behavioral intention was aimed; we found that the service quality has more impact on the behavioral dimensions of "loyalty" and "pay more".


The last comprehensive history of Namibian history was published in 1988. Two years later, the former South West Africa gained national independence after a protracted and extremely violent history of colonial oppression, first under German rule (1884-1915) and subsequently under the South African occupation. Since 1990, international research on various topics in Namibian history has proliferated, although it seems that interest in its former colony has waned quickly in South Africa.


Abstract The EU-TecNet monitoring network uses customized three-dimensional extensometers to record transient deformations across individual faults. This paper presents the first results from two newly established monitoring points in the Balkan Mountains in Bulgaria. The data from Saeva Dupka, recorded across an EEN-WWS striking fault, show sinistral strike-slip along the fault and subsidence of the southern block. Much of the subsidence occurred around the time of the distal MW = 5.6 Pernik Earthquake. An important transient deformation event, which began in autumn 2012, was reflected by significant compression and following extension, across the monitored fault. The data from Bacho Kiro, recorded across a NE–SW striking fault, show sinistral strike-slip along the fault and subsidence of the north-western block. The same important deformation event was reflected by changes in the strike-slip, dip-slip, and horizontal opening/closing trends. These results have been compared to data from other monitoring points in the Western Carpathians, External Dinarides, and Tian Shan. Many of the sites show evidence of simultaneous displacement anomalies and this observation is interpreted as a reflection of the plate-wide propagation of a tectonic pressure pulse towards the end of 2012.


The main objective of this study is to implement and evaluate the Physics module based on technology and learning style using students' retrospective evaluation. Physics has always been thought of as the most difficult subject as it involves abstract concepts. Research has shown that technology has the potential to increase understanding of abstract concepts. Previous research shows that matching learning style strategy with certain technology will be able to increase students learning experience. ICT which has potential to display learning experience in variety of format is seen as one way to fulfill diversity of learning styles. This study is based on the Felder Silverman Model (1988) which comprises four dimensions (visual/verbal, active/reflective, sequential/global, sensing/intuitive). The design and development of the Physics modules comprising technology tools, teaching technique, activities and advance exercise comes from the modified Delphi technique. The researchers employed 14 Physics students to test the Physics module which comprises two lessons on `gas law'. Following this, the students were interviewed to seek insight in order to evaluate the Physics module according to teachers' retrospective evaluation of the modules. This paper will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Physics module from the students' retrospective evaluation. This paper will further discuss the implication of the research to practice. The modules help students to learn abstract Physics concepts according to technology and students' learning style. Based on these findings, the researchers suggest that these Physics module which is based on technology and learning styles can be an effective teaching and learning instructional package.


The aim of this research project was to examine the impact of direct work on
practitioners in the field of statutory child protection. The author's premise was
that this work was anything but straightforward and that surprisingly, given the
intense scrutiny on Children's Services following a child death, there was little
research into the day-to-day practice of front line staff.
The aim was to explore whether psychoanalytic theory could be useful in
understanding and making sense of the social work task. Data was collected
through observation and semi-structured interviews in one Local Authority
Child in Need team over a period of six months. The findings indicated that
practitioners experienced direct work with some individuals and families as
profoundly disturbing and that this affected them physiologically as well as
psychologically. These effects persisted over time and appeared very difficult
for the workers to process or articulate. This could be expressed through
embodied or non-verbal communication in the interview. Practitioners
appeared to be 'inhabited' by particular clients, suggesting phenomena such
as projective identification were in operation. The intensity and persistence of
the impact on the practitioners appears to be directly related to the quality,
nature and intensity of the psychic defences functioning for the particular
client. Significantly, the research indicated that when practitioners were
dealing with the negative and disturbing projections from the (adult) clients it
seemed from the data that the focus on the child would slip so that the child
appeared to recede from view.
Symptoms experienced by the practitioners were akin to trauma and research
and theory on primary and secondary trauma were considered. Other issues
raised included shame, which affects the clients, practitioners and the
organisation and the meaning and implications of this are explored. Links
between neuroscience and projective identification are addressed as well as
the role of the organisation, particularly as a container for these toxic and
disturbing encounters.


Field random-number-generator (RNG) studies have reported that physical RNG outputs can sense field consciousness when many people simultaneously focus on worldwide events or news. The current study focused on the reliability of RNG outputs during an experimental event that evoked audience emotion based on the assumption that the RNG is a measure of field consciousness. Using a split-half method for internal consistency, two previous field RNG experiments (Shimizu & Ishikawa, 2010, 2012) showed positive reliability under an experimental condition (ICC(1,k)=0.684) in which an audience watched a movie that appealed to emotions. Unexpectedly, RNG outputs in the control condition showed negative reliability with a marginally significant correlation coefficient. This suggests that outputs of RNGs have some of the characteristics of quantum effects and have measurement functions in highly focused events. Future tasks are also discussed herein.

NeuroQuantology | September 2012 | Volume 10 | Issue 3 | Page 389-393


An accurate knowledge of the directional optical properties of advanced fenestration materials is necessary for them to be adequately integrated in buildings. These properties are expressed by the Bidirectional Transmission (or Reflection) Distribution Functions (BTDF, BRDF) of such elements, which are measured by specifically designed measuring equipment: an innovative, time-efficient bidirectional goniophotometer, based on digital imaging techniques, was designed and set up for that purpose. In this paper, the in-depth validation used for the bidirectional measurements performed with this apparatus is presented. It is based on different approaches including experimental error estimation, comparisons to analytical or ray-tracing based models and to other measured data, and calculation of the directional-hemispherical transmittance (reflectance) gauged against measurements of the same systems with Ulbricht (integrating) spheres. The high accuracy and reliability of this novel device were confirmed by this detailed investigation, and led to a maximum error for BT(R)DF data of only 10%.


This paper provides a structured overview of the existing parenting literature with the aim of developing an evidence-based and culture-sensitive framework of parenting and its influence on child development. The paper outlines how changes in the 21st century have altered family life and summarises evidence from 29 meta-studies and 81 quantitative studies for the developmental impact of different parenting styles and dimensions. Overall, results suggest that warm parenting that provides children with age-appropriate autonomy and structure is key for a healthy and prosperous development of children and adolescents across various domains. The parenting approach adopted by parents but also its effect varies and the paper points to various contextual (e.g. culture, socio-economic factors, support within the community and family) and individual (e.g. gender, personality and health condition of children and parents) factors explaining these variations. The paper discusses how a systematic consideration of such factors not only sharpens the scientific understanding of parenting and its impact but also helps improving family policies and support.


Background: Psychological models are used to understand and predict behaviour in a wide range of settings, but have not been consistently applied to health professional behaviours, and the contribution of differing theories is not clear. This study explored the usefulness of a range of models to predict an evidence-based behaviour-the placing of fissure sealants. Methods: Measures were collected by postal questionnaire from a random sample of general dental practitioners (GDPs) in Scotland. Outcomes were behavioural simulation (scenario decision-making), and behavioural intention. knowledge (a non-theoretical construct). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the predictive value of each theoretical model individually. Significant constructs from all theories were then entered into a 'cross theory' stepwise regression analysis to investigate their combined predictive value Results: Behavioural simulation-theory level variance explained was: TPB 31%; SCT 29%; II 7%; OLT 30%. Neither CS-SRM nor stage explained significant variance. In the cross theory analysis, habit (OLT), timeline acute (CS-SRM), and outcome expectancy (SCT) entered the equation, together explaining 38% of the variance. Behavioural intention-theory level variance explained was: TPB 30%; SCT 24%; OLT 58%, CS-SRM 27%. GDPs in the action stage had significantly higher intention to place fissure sealants. In the cross theory analysis, habit (OLT) and attitude (TPB) entered the equation, together explaining 68% of the variance in intention. Summary: The study provides evidence that psychological models can be useful in understanding and predicting clinical behaviour. Taking a theory-based approach enables the creation of a replicable methodology for identifying factors that may predict clinical behaviour and so provide possible targets for knowledge translation interventions. Results suggest that more evidence-based behaviour may be achieved by influencing beliefs about the positive outcomes of placing fissure sealants and building a habit of placing them as part of patient management. However a number of conceptual and methodological challenges remain. Background Dental decay is the most common chronic disease of childhood. In addition to the pain involved, there can be


These two volumes provide an authoritative overview of all the major environmental topics. Focusing on the current 'state of the art' as well as the examination of future perspectives. The first volume spotlights the basic sciences and environmental exploitation, exploring issues such as global climates, marine pollution, tourism and the environment, chemical time bombs and the ozone layer. The second volume is devoted to preventitive strategies, technology and management. Recommended techniques for environmental monitoring, waste management, responses to oil spills, ecological engineering are described, as are environmental education and international law. Volume 2 highlights strategies for solving 'man-made' environmental problems. This reference is addressed to scientists and engineers in industry and in academia, government planners and administrators, political scientists, lawyers and economists and promotes understanding between experts in various disciplines.


OBJECTIVES
Does exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of quinolones favour overexpression of efflux pumps or selection of target site mutations?

METHODS
ATCC 49,619 (fully susceptible) and SP32 (clinical isolate with PmrA-mediated efflux and mutation in ParE) were exposed for 24 h in broth to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin or garenoxacin at concentrations of 0.5x the MIC, with daily re-adjustments for up to 13 days. Efflux was detected phenotypically (decrease in MIC in the presence of reserpine), and expression of pmrA and patA/patB was measured by real-time PCR and comparative RT-PCR, respectively. Target site mutations were detected by sequencing of the quinolone resistance determining regions in parC, parE and gyrA. The clonal identity of isolates was checked by PFGE of genomic DNA.

RESULTS
Ciprofloxacin selected for stable mutants with 2.5-5-fold MIC increases for ciprofloxacin, 2-3-fold for levofloxacin and 1.3-2-fold for garenoxacin and moxifloxacin [partial reversion with reserpine for ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin and levofloxacin (SP32 strain only), but not for garenoxacin and moxifloxacin]. Increased MICs were associated with overexpression of patA/B but not pmrA. In contrast, exposure to levofloxacin, moxifloxacin or garenoxacin selected target site mutations (gyrA, parC, parE) in both strains. Increases in MIC caused by efflux were similar to those caused by target site mutations.

CONCLUSIONS
Exposure of Streptococcus pneumoniae to subinhibitory MICs of ciprofloxacin, a substrate for efflux pumps, results in patA/B-mediated efflux whatever the initial level of expression of pmrA of the strain. Quinolones that are poorly (levofloxacin) or not affected (moxifloxacin, garenoxacin) in their activity by efflux transporters preferentially select for target site mutants.


This paper provides a novel theory of research joint ventures for financially constrained firms. When firms choose R&D portfolios, an RJV can help to coordinate research efforts, reducing investments in duplicate projects. This can free up resources, increase the variety of pursued projects and thereby increase the probability of discovering the innovation. RJVs improve innovation outcomes when market competition is weak and external financing conditions are bad. An RJV may increase the innovation probability and nevertheless lower total R&D costs. RJVs that increase innovation also increase consumer surplus and tend to be profitable, but innovation-reducing RJVs also exist. Finally, we compare RJVs to innovation-enhancing mergers.


This paper describes the creation of a database providing estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints for 6 million US households over the period 2008-2012. The database allows analysis of footprints for 52 types of consumption (e.g. electricity, gasoline, apparel, beef, air travel, etc.) within and across geographic regions as small as individual census tracts. Potential research applications with respect to carbon pricing and tax policy are discussed. Preliminary analysis reveals:- The top 10% of US polluters are responsible for 25% of the country's GHG footprint. The least-polluting 40% of the population accounts for only 20% of the total. The average GHG footprint of individuals in the top 2% of the income distribution is more than four times that of those in the bottom quintile.- The highest GHG footprints are found in America's suburbs, where relatively inefficient housing and transport converge with higher incomes. Rural areas exhibit moderate GHG footprints. High-density urban areas generally exhibit the lowest GHG footprints, but location-specific results are highly dependent on income.- Residents of Republican-held congressional districts have slightly higher average GHG footprints than those in Democratic districts – but the difference is small (21.8 tCO2e/person/year in Republican districts; 20.6 in Democratic). There is little relationship between the strength of a district's party affiliation and average GHG footprint.


We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to quantitatively explore the torque balance criterion for gap-opening (as formulated by Crida et al.) in a variety of disks when considering a migrating planet. We find that even when the criterion is satisfied, there are instances when planets still do not open gaps. We stress that gap-opening is not only dependent on whether a planet has the ability to open a gap, but whether it can do so quickly enough. This can be expressed as an additional condition on the gap-opening timescale, t gap ?> , versus the crossing time, t cross ?> , i.e., the time it takes the planet to cross the region which it is carving out. While this point has been briefly made in the previous literature, our results quantify it for a range of protoplanetary disk properties and planetary masses, demonstrating how crucial it is for gap-opening. This additional condition has important implications for the survival of planets formed by core accretion in low mass disks as well as giant planets or brown dwarfs formed by gravitational instability in massive disks. It is particularly important for planets with intermediate masses susceptible to Type III-like migration. For some observed transition disks or disks with gaps, we expect that estimates on the potential planet masses based on the torque balance gap-opening criterion alone may not be sufficient. With consideration of this additional timescale criterion theoretical studies may find a reduced planet survivability or that planets may migrate further inwards before opening a gap.


One of the most formidable challenges in speech recognition, whether by humans or machines, is dealing with variability in the speech code. Different instances of the "same" sound can contain enormous variation, yet listeners are for the most part unconscious of this variability. Some of this variability stems from differences in speakers, but even sounds produced by the same speaker may demonstrate significant acoustic dissimilarity due to the phonetic context in which the sound is uttered.


In this paper, a reformative scatter difference discriminant criterion (SDDC) with fuzzy set theory is studied. The scatter difference between between-class and within-class as discriminant criterion is effective to overcome the singularity problem of the within-class scatter matrix due to small sample size problem occurred in classical Fisher discriminant analysis. However, the conventional SDDC assumes the same level of relevance of each sample to the corresponding class. So, a fuzzy maximum scatter difference analysis (FMSDA) algorithm is proposed, in which the fuzzy k-nearest neighbor (FKNN) is implemented to achieve the distribution information of original samples, and this information is utilized to redefine corresponding scatter matrices which are different to the conventional SDDC and effective to extract discriminative features from overlapping (outlier) samples. Experiments conducted on FERET face databases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Accurately recognizing and resolving ambiguity is a hallmark of linguistic ability. English is a language with scope ambiguities in doubly-quantified sentences like A shark ate every pirate ; this sentence can either describe a scenario with a single shark eating all of the pirates, or a scenario with many sharks—a potentially-different one eating each pirate. In Mandarin Chinese, the corresponding sentence is unambiguous, as it can only describe the single-shark scenario. We present experimental evidence to this effect, comparing native speakers of English with native speakers of Mandarin in their interpretations of doubly-quantified sentences. Having demonstrated the difference between these two languages in their ability for inverse scope interpretations, we then probe the robustness of the grammar of scope by extending our experiments to English-dominant adult heritage speakers of Mandarin. Like native speakers of Mandarin, heritage Mandarin speakers lack inverse scope in Mandarin. Crucially, these speakers also lack inverse scope in English, their dominant language in adulthood. We interpret these results as evidence for the pressure to simplify the grammar of scope, decreasing ambiguity when possible. In other words, when two systems meet—as in the case of heritage speakers—the simpler system prevails. This article is part of the special collection: Quantifier Scope


Manufactured home villages (MHVs) are an increasingly popular housing option for older Australians. This paper reports a cross-sectional survey that sought to describe the health status and health service access of MHV residents. The survey tool comprised demographic and health status items, primary healthcare access perceptions and the World Health Organization Quality of Life tool (WHOQOL-BREF). One-hundred-eighty-six MHV residents from regional NSW completed the survey. Hypertension (54.8%) and arthritis (46.5%) were the most prevalent chronic diseases reported. Overall, respondents expressed a high level of satisfaction with the sense of safety and security (82.8%), neighbours (69.4%) and the overall location of the villages (66.7%). There was good to excellent internal consistency of all four WHOQOL-BREF domain scores, with a comparatively lower sample mean score for the 'Physical' and 'Psychological' domains. MHV residents are a significant cohort of older people with high rates of chronic disease and reasonably poor access to transport services, which affects their capacity to access health services. They also have comparatively low levels of quality of physical and psychological life along with low levels of satisfaction with their health.


Abstract. To enter the Port of Hamburg, one of Europe's busiest ports all vessels need to navigate around 145 km along the Elbe river, a tide influenced navigation channel. To protect the Elbe shoreline from erosion and to channel the waterway groynes (rigid hydraulic structures) have been built along the river. In the past years since ca. 2001 there has been a large increase in damage of groynes structural integrity at parts of the German waterways. The reason for this was determined in the ever growing size of container vessels passing by and inducing long periodical primary waves which have such a force that they erode the groynes rock structure. To analyse and improve the groynes structural resistance for vessel-induced long periodical wave loads an in-situ study is carried out at Juelssand, located at the Elbe river estuary. Over a period of two years the change of the geometrical structure of two different groyne shapes is monitored automatically by utilising two terrestrial laser scanners mounted in protective housings, located each on a 12 m high platform. The self-contained monitoring systems perform scanning of the two groynes one to two times a day at low tide, as the structures are fully submerged at high tide. The long-periodical wave loads are also determined using pressure sensors in each groyne. To correlate the captured data with vessel events and analyse the effects, vessel related parameters are recorded utilizing the Automatic Identification System (AIS). This paper describes the automated processes for the data acquisition and focusses on the deformation that is calculated using current, extended and new algorithms of the Point Cloud Library. It shows the process chain from the acquisition of raw scan files from an elevated station to the filtering of point cloud, the registration, the calculation of pointwise changes and the aggregation to a grid for later correlation with ship parameters. When working outdoor in all kinds of weather conditions, the processes and equipment need to be robust and account for various cases and situations. This is especially applicable for the algorithms, which need to be adaptable to different scenarios like wet surfaces or snow and unwelcome objects ranging from flotsam to birds sitting on the groyne. At the current stage of the research, deformation in the magnitude of a couple of decimetres is observable. The orientation and location of the deformation is on the seaward side and corresponds to the lower distance of vessels leaving the harbour.


Yiddish is generally regarded as a form of High German that underwent extreme Slavicization over some seven centuries. I believe, in contrast, that Yiddish is a mixed Slavic language that was created by two separate processes of relexification between the 9th–15th centuries: from Upper Sorbian and Kiev-Polessian (contemporary North Ukrainian and Southern Belarusian) to Middle High German and, secondarily, Classical Hebrew. The relexification was described in great detail in earlier studies of mine. The present paper shows (1) why an etymological dictionary of a relexified language must be radically different from that of a non-relexified language and (2) why such a dictionary is an ideal way to demonstrate the fact of relexification.


Current models for Miocene backarc extension of the Aegean region generally suggest that stretching was accommodated mainly by NE-dipping low-angle normal faults with N to NE sense of shear. A crustal-scale low-angle normal fault system trending over a length of more than 200 km forms the North Cycladic detachment system, which records a NE-directed normal shear sense separating the Cycladic Blueschist unit in the footwall from the Upper Cycladic unit in the hanging wall. Based on new structural field data, we propose the existence of another large-scale low-angle normal fault system, the West Cycladic detachment system, which is exposed on Kea, Kythnos, and Serifos, strikes over a length of at least 100 km, and has a possible extension to the SE, where the existence of a South Cycladic detachment system has been recently postulated. The West Cycladic detachment system shares many similarities with the North Cycladic detachment system, with the notable exception that the structure dips toward the SW with top-to-the-SSW kinematics. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and U-Th/He thermochronological data suggest that the West Cycladic detachment system accommodated extension throughout the Miocene. Since both the North and the West Cycladic detachment systems were active until the late Miocene but exhibit opposing shear sense, we propose that a large part of the stretching of the Aegean crust was accommodated by these two bivergent crustal-scale detachment systems.


Malnutrition impacts negatively on morbidity, mortality, educability and productivity. Notwithstanding the success reported in relation to the reduction of specific nutrient deficiencies such as folate and iodine, the overall nutritional status of the South African population has not improved over the last fourteen years. In reality, the double burden of disease has become more severe with the increased prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (i.e. vitamin A and iron) together with high levels of overweight and obesity. The Integrated Nutrition Programme is located within a Primary Health Care framework, is based on internationally accepted 'best practice' and has a comprehensive set of interventions. Analyses of selected interventions suggest that implementation is sub-optimal. Inadequate human resources and lack of appropriate capacity have been identified as critical contributors to the lack of progress. Improvement in the nutrition situation will therefore require a concerted and coordinated effort to develop a range of capacities at different levels and within different cadres of health workers. These capacities and skills should not only be developed in-service, but should also be infused during training. In addition, further research into implementation is encouraged to assist in finding sustainable solutions for South African nutrition problems.


This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the usefulness of economic models for policy analysis. It argues that there is a need for models which incorporate both the modern inter-temporal approach to macroeconomics and short-run ad-hoc behaviour. This need cannot be met by the simple models that permeate the macroeconomics literature, but requires large-scale simulation models such as the MSG2 and G-Cubed multi-country models. It is shown that these models give insights into the adjustment process in a number of historical episodes which are not well explained by simple macroeconomic frameworks: Reaganomics in the 1980s; German reunification in the early 1990s; fiscal consolidation in Europe in the mid-1990s; the formation of NAFTA; the Asian Crisis; and the current productivity boom in the USA. The paper also argues that using a well-defined theoretical specification but introducing real-world rigidities can also help to explain the 'six major puzzles in international macroeconomics' highlighted in a recent paper by Obstfeld and Rogoff (2000).


In Spring 2003, both the 5th Circuit and the D.C. Circuit agreed that Congress has the authority under the Commerce Clause to protect intrastate endangered species on private lands under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), but used completely opposite reasoning to reach the same result. The 5th Circuit in GDF Realty v. Norton rejected the government's argument that the economic impact of the commercial development regulated under the statute was the appropriate focus for whether the statute has a substantial effect on interstate commerce. Instead, the 5th Circuit concluded that intrastate spiders and beetles, which have no economic value, do have substantial impacts on interstate commerce when their impacts are aggregated with the impacts of all other protected species, and that aggregation of all endangered species is appropriate because of the "interdependence of all species." However, in Rancho Viejo v. Norton, the D.C. Circuit adopted the reasoning that the 5th Circuit had explicitly rejected, concluding that the "regulated activity is Rancho Viejo's planned commercial development, not the arroyo toad that it threatens." On July 22, 2003, the D.C. Circuit by a 7-to-2 vote denied Viejo's request for a rehearing en banc. In separate dissenting opinions, Judges Sentelle and Roberts each cited GDF in arguing that Viejo was inconsistent with recent Supreme Court Commerce Clause decisions (Lopez & Morrison) by inappropriately focusing on the commercial development rather than on the toad.While Lopez and Morrison do not directly answer whether GDF or Viejo provide a better Commerce Clause analysis, Viejo's commercial activities approach is arguably both over and under-inclusive. It is potentially over-inclusive because the government arguably could regulate any indirect non-economic activities of a large commercial enterprise even if the non-economic activities have nothing to do with interstate commerce. On the other hand, Viejo's commercial activities approach is arguably under-inclusive because the government could regulate large construction projects or businesses, but not hikers, off-road vehicles or perhaps individual homeowners even though in the aggregate they could cause significant harm to many species.GDF's approach of aggregating all endangered species regardless of their commercial value might seem questionable in light of Lopez and Morrison's emphasis that the Commerce Clause is generally limited to regulating activities that have significant economic impacts on interstate commerce. However, there is a rational basis for Congress's assumption in the ESA that it is necessary to preserve all endangered species because there is a strong interdependency among all species and ecosystems that the loss of any endangered species must be avoided to prevent harm to interstate commerce. Thus, the GDF court correctly concluded that protecting commercially insignificant endangered species is an essential component of a larger regulatory scheme that is valid under the Commerce Clause.


Three experimental diets were formulated to contain Moringa oleifera leaf meal at levels of 20%, 40% and 60% of the total dietary protein (Diets 2, 3 and 4 respectively) and Diet 1 as a control, which included only fish meal and soya bean meal as protein sources were fed to cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) of mean weight 19.00 ± 2.00 g and mean length of 14.00 ± 0.5 cm in replicates for 60-day growth period. The best growth response was obtained in fish fed 20% Moringa oleifera leaf inclusion. Fish fed 60% Moringa leaves had the lowest growth response. All the treatment diets showed that growth due to increasing dietary Moringa leaves were significant (p<0.05). The results revealed that optimum inclusion level of Moringa leaves in the formulation of practical diets for the improved growth of Clarias gariepinus was 20% inclusion level.


The current stage of renewable energy (RE) development poses new challenges to this sector. The existing mechanisms of state stimulation of Renewable energy system are gradually exhausting its capacity. This requires the development of new methods to support the industry, or giving them up altogether. This article presents the results of the theoretical analysis of the systemic features of RE risk assessment at each stage of a project's life cycle. A sectoral approach to the risk assessment of energy projects is proposed. It is based on the well-known logit-model that studies a set of external and internal indicators. Based on this model, a study of the dynamics of the risk indicators of RE projects on three basic stages was conducted. Calculations were made for RE projects implemented in different countries of the world, including China, USA, Canada, Japan, India and a number of European countries. Initially, all projects were divided into three main groups depending on the types of state support: concessional lending, subsidies or the lack thereof. Based on the results of the calculations, the overall and average dynamics of risk by group and by project stage allowed for assessing the global effectiveness of state measures to support the sector, as well as for drawing appropriate conclusions in the context of individual countries. The results of the study are of practical importance and will be used in developing a new approach to risk assessment, taking into account the specifics of the RE market, as well as in enhancing the concept of competition in the global energy market.


Sustainability of forage production in the Northeast USA is affected by environmental and climatic variability. Complex forage mixtures may be better adapted than simple mixtures to variable environments and produce greater dry matter (DM) yield more evenly throughout the growing season, thereby increasing sustainability of forage production. A grazing trial was set up to evaluate forage production, nutritive value, and botanical composition dynamics of well-adapted and commonly sown forage species. The forage treatments consisted of simple mixtures (two and three species) and complex mixtures (six and nine species). The experiment was mob-grazed with cow–calf (Bos taurus L.) pairs five times each year. Dry matter distribution during the growing season was independent of mixture complexity; it was, instead, influenced mainly by the weather. When averaged across all 3 yr, mixtures containing six species produced greater (P , 0.001) forage yield (9900 kg DM ha 21 ) compared with two-species (8700 kg DM ha 21 ) or three-species mixtures (8400 kg DM ha 21 ). However, forage production varied within species richness groups. In general, regardless of the initial botanical composition, the predominant species in most mixtures by the end of the experiment were orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Variation in nutritive value among mixtures was explained mainly by variation in the proportions of grasses and legumes. We conclude that when it comes to large yields and top nutritive value, the most important consideration is the individual species, not the complexity of the mixtures.


Background: Hearing Loss (HL) is one of the most common disorders that affects people. The positive impact of the use of cochlear implants in the lives of the hearing impaired is demonstrated in several studies.
Objective: Evaluate the level of satisfaction of patients undergoing hybrid crawl implant by applying the SADL questionnaire.
Methods: Clinical study including 14 patients implanted with the brand MED-EL FLEX EAS in a tertiary hospital in the last three years.
Results: Fourteen subjects were selected initially for the study, but only 13 reached all inclusion and exclusion criteria according to our methods. There are 5 males and 8 females patients. The average age of the patients, at the cochlear implant surgery moment, were 44.7 years old.
Conclusion: Positive effects were very high, with very low negative factors, costs or negative effects on personal image of the patients, indicating that cochlear implantation was very good for these patients.


We present the case of a 50-year-old man (case 1) with hypertension and smoking habits, who presented with an ongoing chest pain for 2 h and an ST-segment elevation on the anteroseptal and lateral leads on the electrocardiogram, who underwent urgent cardiac catheterization. The coronary angiography revealed a dominant right coronary artery with no stenosis (Fig. 1A). The left main coronary artery (LMCA) was found to originate from the right coronary sinus, with a separate ostium from the right coronary artery and a retroaortic course. Severe lesions in the middle and distal-shafts of the LMCA were disclosed (Fig. 1B, white arrow). The anomalous LMCA was easily cannulated with a Judkins Left 4.0 catheter and successfully stented (Fig. 1C). Acute pulmonary edema in the context of a hypertensive crisis, requiring mechanical ventilation, occurred in the immediate period after revascularization. Maximum troponin I levels were found to be 185.9 mg/L. Recovery was uneventful and the left ventricular systolic function was only mildly compromised at discharge. Multislice computed tomography coronary angiography confirmed an LMCA retroaortic course (Figs. 1D and E, black arrows) and coronary stent patency (Fig. 1F, arrowhead).


Bioresorbable films can serve simultaneously as anatomic support structures and as drug delivery platforms. In the present study, bioresorbable PLLA films containing dexamethasone were developed through solution processing. The effect of processing parameters on the film morphology and the resulting mechanical properties was studied. A model describing the structuring of these films is suggested. Generally, the solvent evaporation rate determines the kinetics of drug and polymer crystallization and thus, both the mode of drug dispersion in the polymer and the resulting mechanical properties. Two types of structured films were studied: (1) a polymer film with drug located on its surface, obtained due to drug skin formation accompanied by a later polymer core formation; and (2) a polymer film with small drug particles and crystals distributed within the bulk, obtained by parallel solidification of the two components. A prototypical application of these films is an expandable biodegradable support structure (stent), which we have developed. This stent demonstrated good initial mechanical properties. The film structure has only a minor effect on the stent radial compression strength, but more significantly affects the tensile mechanical properties.


Accruing evidence reveals best practices for how to help individuals living with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD); yet, the implementation of these evidence-based practices in healthcare settings is lacking. The Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium (SCDIC) is a national consortium that uses implementation science to identify and address barriers to care in SCD. The SCDIC seeks to understand how and why patients become unaffiliated from care and determine strategies to identify and connect patients to care. A challenge, however, is the lack of agreed-upon definition for what it means to be unaffiliated and what it means to be a "SCD expert provider". In this study, we conducted a Delphi process to obtain expert consensus on what it means to be an "unaffiliated patient" with SCD and to define an "SCD specialist," as no standard definition is available. Twenty-eight SCD experts participated in three rounds of questions. Consensus was defined as 80% or more of respondents agreeing. Experts reached consensus that an individual with SCD who is unaffiliated from care is "someone who has not been seen by a sickle cell specialist in at least a year." A sickle cell specialist was defined as someone with knowledge and experience in SCD. Having "knowledge" means: being knowledgeable of the 2014 NIH Guidelines, "Evidence-Based Management of SCD", trained in hydroxyurea management and transfusions, trained on screening for organ damage in SCD, trained in pain management and on SCD emergencies, and is aware of psychosocial and cognitive issues in SCD. Experiences that are expected of a SCD specialist include experience working with SCD patients, mentored by a SCD specialist, regular attendance at SCD conferences, and obtains continuing medical education on SCD every 2 years." The results have strong implications for future research, practice, and policy related to SCD by helping to lay a foundation for an new area of research (e.g., to identify subpopulations of unaffiliation and targeted interventions) and policies that support reaffiliation and increase accessibility to quality care.


In this thesis the paradoxes faced by New Zealand nurses as they set out to prove their abilities as nurses to the soldiers in World War I are examined in the context of the wider issue of establishing a profession. The discussion reflects on why nurses wanted to go to war, how they achieved this goal, and analyses the difficulties they encountered in order to achieve professional standing in this setting. It presents a view which challenges the traditional image of New Zealand military nurses as passive players willingly carrying out the traditional work of nursing, clean to the point of sterility, always serene, attending calmly and efficiently to the sick and injured soldiers. It is argued that from 1883, moves to promote a new system of New Zealand nursing included a deliberate campaign by nurses to limit the place of the untrained in the nursing work force. By fostering the feminine ideal of women's 'nature', their domesticity and duty to care, and assuming special skills to nurse the sick, the stratum of society from which nurses were drawn was more narrowly defined and men were largely excluded. This self imposed image of womanly propriety and feminine skills assisted the emergence of the reformed system of nursing in the civilian sphere, but in military structures it inevitably limited the place of nurses. Nurses contributed substantially to the nursing of soldiers and readily gained public recognition for this work, yet they struggled to gain credibility for professional nursing within military structures. In war the Victorian notions of women's 'natural' capabilities to nurse reinforced the perception that military nursing was just an extension of womanly qualities and hence was suitable for amateurs. The Victorian notions of gender adopted by the profession whereby its members were required to be womanly, dedicated and morally respectable served to endorse nurses as eminently suitable women to nurse soldiers separated from their own womenfolk. It did not assist nurses as they battled to reinforce their professional status within military hierarchies. Relative to the early hopes and aspirations the gains were small. In the final analysis the traditional belief that nursing was women's work limited the professional contribution that nurses were able to make in war.


Since the events of September 11, 2001, against the backdrop of two decades of the ascendance of global religious politics, urgent calls for the reinstatement of secularism have reached a crescendo that cannot be ignored. The most obvious target of these strident calls is Islam, particularly those practices and discourses within Islam that are suspected of fostering fundamentalism and militancy. It has become de rigueur for leftists and liberals alike to link the fate of democracy in the Muslim world with the institutionalization of secularism — both as a political doctrine and as a political ethic. This coupling is now broadly echoed within the discourse emanating from the U.S. State Department, particularly in its programmatic efforts to reshape and transform "Islam from within." In this essay, I will examine both the particular conception of secularism that underlies the current consensus that Islam needs to be reformed — that its secularization is a necessary step in bringing "democracy" to the Muslim world — and the strategic means by which this programmatic vision is being instituted today. Insomuch as secularism is a historically shifting category with a variegated genealogy, my aim is not to secure an authoritative definition of secularism or to trace its historical transformation within the United States or the Muslim world. My goal here is more limited: I want to sketch out the particular understanding of secularism underlying contemporary American discourses on Islam, an understanding that is deeply shaped by U.S. security and foreign policy concerns in the Muslim world. A number of origin stories can be told about the modern phenomenon of secu-


Current touch-based UIs commonly employ regions near the corners and/or edges of the display to accommodate essential functions. As the screen size of mobile phones is ever increasing, such regions become relatively distant from the thumb and hard to reach for single-handed use. In this paper, we present two techniques: CornerSpace and BezelSpace, designed to accommodate quick access to screen targets outside the thumb's normal interactive range. Our techniques automatically determine the thumb's physical comfort zone and only require minimal thumb movement to reach distant targets on the edge of the screen. A controlled experiment shows that BezelSpace is significantly faster and more accurate. Moreover, both techniques are application-independent, and instantly accommodate either hand, left or right.


The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory (HIFS-VNL) is currently developing design concepts for NDCX-II, the second phase of the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment, which will use ion beams to explore Warm Dense Matter (WDM) and Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) target hydrodynamics. The ion induction accelerator will consist of a new short pulse injector and induction cells from the decommissioned Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). To fit within an existing building and to meet the energy and temporal requirements of various target experiments, an aggressive beam compression and acceleration schedule is planned. WDM physics and ion-driven direct drive hydrodynamics will initially be explored with 30 nC of lithium ions in experiments involving ion deposition, ablation, acceleration and stability of planar targets. Other ion sources which may deliver higher charge per bunch will be explored. A test stand has been built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to test refurbished ATA induction cells and pulsed power hardware for voltage holding and ability to produce various compression and acceleration waveforms. Another test stand is being used to develop and characterize lithium-doped aluminosilicate ion sources. The first experiments will include heating metallic targets to 10,000 K and hydrodynamics studies with cryogenic hydrogen targets.


In the healthcare industry, it is and has traditionally been assumed that care providers, researchers and industry executives are more expert medical innovators than are patient "user innovators" – those who are themselves afflicted by medical problems needing solutions. This assumption has led to a top-down model of innovation favoring large organizations such as hospital networks, academic medical centers, pharmaceutical companies and the like. There is however strong evidence that this top-down, hierarchical model is quietly and systematically being challenged in some areas of medicine, just as it is in many other fields today. Patients – often the end users of medical innovations – are becoming increasingly empowered and effective innovators in activity areas ranging from innovation development to clinical trials. In this paper, we explore the evidence and argue that recognizing, supporting, and integrating this increasingly powerful source of clinical trial innovation can yield great dividends for all participants in the healthcare system.


This article uses one of Kresnik's most famous pieces – Ulrike Meinhof (1990) – alongside the American artist David Dorfman's Underground (2006) to examine how these choreographers tackle the highly contentious subject of anti-state terrorism. Taking recourse to Frankfurt School theorists who question the boundaries between the aesthetic and political, this paper suggests that just as terrorist acts may have theatrical properties, so certain theatre dance works aim to shock and frighten their audiences into greater awareness of social and political reality. While Kresnik openly sympathises with the aims of his protagonist and offers a grotesque and harrowing depiction of the capitalist society that Meinhof sought to undermine, Dorfman's portrayal of historical events is more opaque – although his discourse against political apathy is clearly expressed through speech as well as bodily movement and other visual media. Moreover, while both works are ostensibly about the far-left movements of the 1960s and 1970s – the German RAF and US Weathermen respectively – both artists allude to more recent developments in their countries, namely, German re-unification and American neo-conservatism under George W. Bush.


After decades of supporting free trade, in 2018 the U.S. raised import tariffs and major trade partners retaliated. We analyze the short-run impact of this return to protectionism on the U.S. economy. Import and retaliatory tariffs caused large declines in imports and exports. Prices of imports targeted by tariffs did not fall, implying complete pass-through of tariffs to duty-inclusive prices. The resulting losses to U.S. consumers and firms who buy imports was $51 billion, or 0.27% of GDP. We embed the estimated trade elasticities in a general-equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. After accounting for tariff revenue and gains to domestic producers, the aggregate real income loss was $7.2 billion, or 0.04% of GDP. Import tariffs favored sectors concentrated in politically competitive counties, and the model implies that tradeable-sector workers in heavily Republican counties were the most negatively affected due to the retaliatory tariffs.


Injectable, in situ-gelling nanostructured hydrogels have been prepared from hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized polymer precursors based on a copolymer of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA) and an oligo(lactic acid) macromonomer (OLA) with varying lactic acid chain lengths. The resulting hydrogels contain a mix of chemical (hydrazone bond formation between hydrazide and aldehyde groups) and physical (hydrophobic interactions between OLA chains) cross-links which form competitively as a function of the OLA chain length and density. An increase in the OLA chain length and density results in the formation of more physical cross-links and fewer chemical cross-links. Tuning the relative prevalence of physical and chemical cross-link formation facilitated largely independent tuning of gel mechanics relative to gel swelling and degradation. Small-angle neutron scattering of these OLA-containing hydrogels reveals a microstructure consisting of associative hydrophobic domains, based on an increased scattering intensity and decreased blob size relative to that observed for POEGMA hydrogels prepared without the OLA co-monomer. The presence of hydrophobic OLA domains increases the uptake and slows the release of bovine serum albumin, a protein well-known to associate with hydrophobic domains. Coupled with the observed cytocompatibility of the reactive precursor polymers used to prepare the hydrogels, we anticipate significant potential applications of these hydrogels for the prolonged release of hydrophobic cargoes.


TEXT BOOK OF ELEME~TARY CH~r.lIS-r:RY. . Bv Professor Alexander Smith of Columbia University; New York: The Century Company. 12 mo. Cloth. 439 pp. Price, $1.2.>. '. The author of this carefully written work has In mind the preparation of an elementary treatise .on a most important study of one branch of science. Chemistry enters so largely into practical everyday l:fe. into materials and processes used in the household and in commerce, that some aequamtance with it is invaluable, even though the student may not purpose to follow it uP. as a complete study. ~he a1!thor believes that a practical knowledge of chemistry IS of real value to the many who may never advance to the secondary schools, but who will be benefited by ~ome acquaintance with the subject. The personal experrence as an' instructor in this line of study gives the author the ability to master and present his theme. In fortytwO chapters he deals with a number of things that are commonly connected with chemistry, and in so simplified and yet thorough a manner, that the student mav find both illuminative and helpful as well as attractive. The entire treatment assures that experiments arc shown in the classroom demonstration, and that suitable laboratory work will be an accompaniment. Full page portraits of eminent chemists, together with excellent diagrams. are a feature of the work.


The paper is based upon the accounts of mental health service users, who all suffered from severe long-term mental illness. The training intervention: "Empowering people in recovery" was developed during the Emilia project (see below). The training process in recovery at Middlesex University, London, an Emilia demonstration site, was accredited, took place over twelve weeks, four hours every session. At the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, the other Emilia demonstration site, there were twelve hours of taught training programme over three days in one week. The second phase was also twelve hours but at once a week intervals. The Emilia project also developed a "personal development plan" module for the training; both London and Warsaw demonstration sites assisted their mental health service users in using it. Many students taking part in this training found it to be a very positive experience. These results need replication and further work to identify what were the preconditions for making it such a worthwhile experience and how this could be replicated on a wider basis.


In 1921, the existence of bounded dynamics solutions was raised by Gullstrand. However, some claimed to have explicit examples. It turns out that the bounded plane-wave of Misner, Thorne and Wheeler is due to calculation errors. Wald claimed the second order term of a wave can be obtained, but failed to have an example. Christodoulou and Klainerman claimed to have constructed a set of bounded dynamic solutions. However, such a construction is actually incomplete. 't Hooft came up with a bounded time-dependent solution, but without an appropriate source. The fact is that bounded dynamic solutions for the Einstein equation actually do not exist. For the dynamic case, the non-linear Einstein equation and its linearization also cannot have compatible solutions. The existence of a dynamic solution requires an additional gravitational energy-momentum tensor with an antigravity coupling. Thus, the space-time singularity theorems, which require the same sign for couplings, are irrelevant to physics. The positive energy theorem of Schoen and Yau means only for stable solutions because no bounded dynamic solutions satisfy the requirement of asymptotically flat. However, such recognition is crucial to identify the charge-mass interaction. Its experimental verification means that EinsteinÂÂ's unification between electromagnetism and gravitation is proven valid.


This research study examined the behaviour of road users at Cycle Advanced Stop Lines (ASLs). ASLs are primarily a measure designed to increase cyclists' safety by allowing cycle users to move away from traffic signals slightly in advance of motorised traffic. ASL facilities provide a second stop line in advance of the regular line. Between the two lines is an area (ASL reservoir) which is reserved for cyclists. This reservoir is sometimes surfaced with a coloured material. ASLs are legally accessed by cyclists via a feeder lane, which may be located at kerbside or centrally within the carriageway. The objective of the study was to obtain quantitative information on the behaviour of cyclists and other road users where there are Advanced Stop Lines (ASLs).


Die ekonomiese en politieke verval van Zimbabwe duur reeds langer as 'n dekade en versleg toenemend. Weghol-hiperinflasie van ondenkbare afmetings, 'n werkloosheidskoers van bykans honderd persent en 'n verpletterde geldeenheid met letterlik geen eksterne waarde of aansien nie, kenmerk hierdie verval. Die katastrofiese afmetings van die volhardende sosio-ekonomiese en politieke tragedie dui op 'n nog bleker toekomsprentjie vir die land indien die huidige politieke onderhandeling nie beslissend aangepak word nie. Daar bestaan geen kits politieke of ekonomiese oplossing vir hierdie weersinwekkende situasie nie, maar ekonomiese herstel moet immers met sekere basiese ekonomiese hervorming stappe begin. Hierdie artikel stel dollarisering voor as 'n alternatiewe wisselkoers stelsel waarmee die ekonomiese wanorde wat tans die ekonomiese toneel kenmerk, opgeruim kan word. Dit verduidelik die term "dollarisering", die eienskappe daarvan sowel as die onderliggende rasionaal van die regime as 'n supervaste wisselkoersstelsel vir Zimbabwe. Daarna word die moontlike voor- en nadele van so 'n stelsel vir Zimbabwe uitgelig, gepaardgaande met 'n bespreking van randarisering as 'n moontlike alternatiewe oplossing. Dollarisering word as 'n moontlike oplossing vir Zimbabwe aanbeveel, maar randarisering kan ook met versigtigheid oorweeg word. Hoewel dollarisering op sigself sal help, sal dit nie 'n kitsoplossing vir die Zimbabwiese verval bied nie. Dit sal nie die huidige ramp oplos tensy dit deur ander wydlopende en geloofwaardige politieke en ekonomiese hervormings vergesel word nie.
Dollarisation as economic solution for the Zimbabwean demise
The Zimbabwean economic and political malaise has been going on for longer than a decade and has deteriorated unabated. Runaway hyperinflation reaching unthinkable proportions, an almost hundred percent unemployment rate and a shattered currency with literally no external value or esteem characterise this demise. Fiscal profligacy funded by an ever increasing fiscal deficit has played its part in this socio-economic tragedy. This state of affairs would not have been possible if the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had fulfilled its role as protector of the nation's currency. Sadly, the Bank slavishly accommodated the government's request for printing more money and did not render any sign of independence from government as a respected central bank should have done. As in many other cases of hyperinflation, this weakness provided the basis from which the evolving tragedy gained momentum. The gigantic proportions of the continuous socio-economic and political tragedy predict an even bleaker future for the country if not attended to in a decisive way.
No instant political or economic solution exists for this appalling situation, but economic restoration has to start with certain basic steps of economic reform. This paper suggests official dollarisation as an alternative exchange rate regime with which to clear up the economic disorder that currently characterises the economic scene. The paper explains the term "dollarisation", its features and the underlying rationale of the regime as a super-fixed exchange rate system for Zimbabwe. Thereafter the possible advantages and disadvantages that Zimbabwe can obtain from the system are highlighted, accompanied by a brief discussion on randisation as a possible alternative solution. Especially important among the advantages is the fact that dollarisation will help to restore the lost credibility of the Zimbabwean policy-makers since it will now be imported externally from an anchor country and its currency. This will not only substantially decrease the inflation and interest rates, but it will also contribute to promoting saving, investment, economic growth and employment. It will, furthermore, stabilise the dysfunctional Zimbabwean credit system, enhance long term lending contracts and correct the misallocation of resources caused by hyperinflation.
These benefits must be balanced by certain costs of dollarisation, especially the loss of seigniorage income, the loss of monetary autonomy and national pride, as well as the loss of the lender-of-last-resort-function of the central bank. However, in the case of Zimbabwe these costs are found to be thoroughly overshadowed by the benefits derived from dollarisation. In addition, the Zimbabwean situation and the current stance of its economy actually fit the prerequisites for a country that should seriously contemplate dollarisation.
Although dollarisation is supported as a possible solution for Zimbabwe, randisation may also work but will have to be considered with care. South Africa is indeed the biggest trading partner of Zimbabwe and also has deep financial ties with the latter. Nevertheless, the volatility in the exchange rate of the rand and the possibility of loan default on South African loans to Zimbabwe are risks in need of contemplation. Another, but less credible policy alternative for Zimbabwe, is to adopt a currency board arrangement where the exchange rate of the Zimdollar is not only firmly fixed to the South African rand, but also fully (100 per cent) covered by rand reserves as a back-up measure of credibility. Yet, under the current circumstances dollarisation presents itself as a more likely system with which to obtain rapid and trustworthy results.
Although dollarisation on its own will certainly help, it will not pose a "quick-fix" for the Zimbabwean demise. Dollarisation can not compensate for corruption, disruptions in the social structure and a lack of transparency in the political and economic system. Furthermore, it can not compensate for a lack of human prudence in decision-making, a lack of protection of property rights and the absence of a rule of law. The latter aspects require fundamental and credible reforms on the political and juridical front, without which no economic rescue package will have any success whatsoever.


We consider the problem of distinguishing polysemous from homonymous nouns. This distinction is often taken for granted, but is seldom operationalized in the shape of an empirical model. We present a first step towards such a model, based on WordNet augmented with ontological classes provided by CoreLex. This model provides a polysemy index for each noun which (a), accurately distinguishes between polysemy and homonymy; (b), supports the analysis that polysemy can be grounded in the frequency of the meaning shifts shown by nouns; and (c), improves a regression model that predicts when the "one-sense-per-discourse" hypothesis fails.