Great Deeds in Ireland is the first full translation of the controversial Latin history of Ireland by the famous Dublin intellectual, Richard Stanihurst. Written after he fled Elizabethan London for the Netherlands, De Rebus in Hibernia Gestis was published in 1584 by Christopher Plantin, the greatest printer of the age. In facing Latin and English texts, Great Deeds in Ireland provides a contemporary account of Ireland's geography and people and what the author considered to be the greatest event in Irish history - the Anglo-Norman conquest. Relying on the work of Giraldus Cambrensis, Stanihurst celebrated the origins of the English colony in Ireland whilst simultaneously allegorizing the dilemma facing his own community from a new wave of Protestant English conquerors. The Anglo-Irishman's attempt to introduce Ireland to Europe's Renaissance elite in a literary tour-de-force went awry after many Gaelic Irish, also exiled on the continent, objected to the book's satirical portrayal of Ireland's clergy and its representation of the country's customs, history and learned classes. The book was burned on the orders of the Inquisition in Portugal, marked prohibido in libraries in Spain and provoked a number of angry responses from readers and other writers over the following eighty years. Because of its centrality to debates about Ireland, Stanihurst's De Rebus was the first book translation undertaken by the Centre for Neo-Latin Studies established at University College Cork for the study of this hitherto neglected corpus of Irish literature.


The expression and distribution of the murine alpha 4 (alpha 4m) integrin subunit and of one of its ligands, VCAM-1, were examined in the developing mouse embryo at different development stages. Transcription of the mRNA was investigated by in situ hybridization using single-stranded sense and anti-sense cDNA probes and by Northern blotting. In parallel sections integrin was identified by immunohistochemistry using the alpha 4m-specific antibody R1/2. In general both methods gave similar distributions. The results demonstrate that alpha 4m and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are expressed in mouse embryonic liver (E11-E15) and are developmentally down-regulated, consistent with the haematopoietic properties of embryonic liver. Developmental-stage-dependent expression of alpha 4m was also observed in lymphoid organs, such as spleen and thymus, and in some non-lymphoid organs or tissues, such as skeletal and tongue muscles, smooth muscles of the blood vessels, the outflow tract of the embryonic heart, the papilla of the tooth, the glomeruli of the kidney and the stroma of the gonads. In the latter tissues, the expression of alpha 4m correlated with the transient condensation of particular mesenchymal structures. We also confirm that VCAM-1 and alpha 4 beta 1 are co-distributed only in some tissues, suggesting that during mouse development, VLA-4 interacts mainly with another ligand, probably fibronectin.


Background: The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan has been attributed to high-risk factors such as lack of physical activity, unhealthy food and eating habits among the Pakistani population. Aims: The main aim of this study is to explore the factors that may influence diabetes self-management in the middle-aged population of rural area of Pakistan and to present the potential outcomes. Materials and Methods: The study was guided by the results of systematic reviews of self-management of type 2 diabetes and highlighted five factors which are most important to influence the diabetes self-management. Of particular mention are the factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, behavioural and psychological characteristics, social support, self-management barriers and cultural characteristics in that population. Results: The potential outcomes derived from improved diabetes self-management in the middle-aged population include quality of life, reduction in HbA1c values and overall improvements in blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: This study will help to improve the diabetes self-management approach in middle-aged population in rural area of Pakistan. The conceptual modeldeveloped in this study will provide a platform for future research and will help to better understand the contextual determinants of behaviours for future development of culturally appropriate interventions to support self-management activities.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present findings from one element of a study exploring the relationship between personalisation, in the form of personal budgets (PBs) for publicly funded social care and safeguarding.

Design/methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 people receiving PBs who had recently been the focus of a safeguarding investigation. Participants were recruited from two English local authority areas and data were subject to thematic analysis.

Findings
The analysis identified three main themes: levels of information and awareness; safeguarding concerns and processes; and choice and control. Many of the participants in this small study described having experienced multiple forms of abuse or neglect concurrently or repeatedly over time.

Research limitations/implications
This was a small scale, qualitative study, taking place in two local authorities. The small number of participants may have had strong opinions which may or may not have been typical. However, the study provides some rich data on people's experiences.

Practical implications
The findings suggest that adults receiving PBs may need information on an ongoing and repeated basis together with advice on how to identify and address poor quality care that they are arranging for themselves. Practitioners need to be aware of the influence of the level of information received and the interaction of organisational or legal requirements when responding to safeguarding concerns when care being supplied tries to reflect the benefits of choice and control.

Originality/value
This paper reports original research asking adults with care and support needs about the interaction between two key policies of safeguarding and personalisation.


Genetic algorithms (GA) are adaptive search procedures that try to produce a globally optimum solution for problems of huge search space. This paper speaks about a variant of the standard genetic algorithm (SGA) called nomadic genetic algorithm (NGA) which is based on the concept of 'birds of the same feather flock together'. This NGA is found to maintain the diversity of individuals in the population by intelligently adapting to its environment as well as results in faster convergence of the solution. The objective of this paper is to prove the merits of NGA over SGA for problems of large search space like the problem of multiple sequence alignment (MSA) in bioinformatics. NGA was applied to MSA (MSANGA) and the convergence of NGA is compared with that of SGA and the results tabulated. Also, the accuracy of the alignment produced using MSANGA is compared with nine other popular tools for the data sets chosen from the standard BaliBASE benchmark alignment suite, illustrating the superiority of NGA over SGA and all other tools to produce quality alignment at a faster rate.


Due to the limited energy supplies of nodes in wireless networks, achieving energy efficiency is crucial for extending the lifetime of these networks. Thus, we study efficient power allocations and transmission protocols for outage-restricted multihop wireless networks based on cooperative transmission. In such multihop networks, a number of nodes, acting as relays, can assist a source node in the transmission of its messages to a single destination. In this paper, several multihop transmission protocols with cooperative routing are proposed. Each of the proposed protocols offers a different rate and energy efficiency. Cooperative routing protocols are introduced using arbitrary distributed space-time codes for the purpose of energy savings, given a required outage probability at the destination. Three efficient cooperative multihop transmissions are proposed, and their corresponding distributed power allocation schemes, which depend only on the statistics of the channels, are also derived. The proposed cooperative protocols offer different degrees of energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, complexity, and signalling overhead. Simulations show that, using the proposed cooperative protocols, substantial energy savings are achievable, compared to non-cooperative multihop routing, in a network having an outage probability constraint.


Background: Chaperones engage type III secretion system (T3SS) ATPases to facilitate effector secretion. Results: The molecular basis of the chaperone-T3SS ATPase interaction interface was elucidated. Conclusion: The C-terminal region of T3SS ATPases mediates binding with multiple contact points along the chaperone. Significance: The chaperone-T3SS ATPase interaction is important for Salmonella pathogenesis and may be a target for anti-virulence drugs. A number of Gram-negative pathogens utilize type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to inject bacterial effector proteins into the host. An important component of T3SSs is a conserved ATPase that captures chaperone-effector complexes and energizes their dissociation to facilitate effector translocation. To date, there has been limited work characterizing the chaperone-T3SS ATPase interaction despite it being a fundamental aspect of T3SS function. In this study, we present the 2.1 Å resolution crystal structure of the Salmonella enterica SPI-2-encoded ATPase, SsaN. Our structure revealed a local and functionally important novel feature in helix 10 that we used to define the interaction domain relevant to chaperone binding. We modeled the interaction between the multicargo chaperone, SrcA, and SsaN and validated this model using mutagenesis to identify the residues on both the chaperone and ATPase that mediate the interaction. Finally, we quantified the benefit of this molecular interaction on bacterial fitness in vivo using chromosomal exchange of wild-type ssaN with mutants that retain ATPase activity but no longer capture the chaperone. Our findings provide insight into chaperone recognition by T3SS ATPases and demonstrate the importance of the chaperone-T3SS ATPase interaction for the pathogenesis of Salmonella.


Here we present evidence that Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), an invasive species in the western United States, displaces native plant species by exuding the phytotoxin (–)-catechin from its roots. Our results show inhibition of native species' growth and germination in field soils at natural concentrations of (–)-catechin. In susceptible species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, the allelochemical triggers a wave of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated at the root meristem, which leads to a Ca2+ signaling cascade triggering genome-wide changes in gene expression and, ultimately, death of the root system. Our results support a "novel weapons hypothesis" for invasive success.


Freshly harvested empress tree (Paulownia elongata) seeds have physiologic dormancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the dormancy and germination of empress tree seeds. After treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (an NO-releasing compound) solution, the germination percentage of seeds under 12 h of continuous light was significantly greater. Seed germination percentage was promoted significantly by 10–4 M sodium nitroprusside plus cold stratification compared with seeds treated with cold stratification only. At different hours during imbibition, empress tree seeds treated with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5- tetramethylimidazoline -1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (c-PTIO), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and sodium tungstate showed reduced seed germination percentages. During the early hours of imbibition, c-PTIO or sodium tungstate treatment inhibited seed germination significantly. The results showed that both exogenous and endogenous NO can release empress tree seed dormancy. Endogenous NO oxide was involved in dormancy release and germination of seeds during the early stages of imbibition. Wider application of NO may be used for breaking seed dormancy in other species.


Through genome-wide association studies (GWASs), researchers have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with particular complex traits. Previous studies have compared the pattern of association signals across different populations in real data, and these have detected differences in the strength and sometimes even the direction of GWAS signals. These differences could be due to a combination of (1) lack of power (insufficient sample sizes); (2) minor allele frequency (MAF) differences (again affecting power); (3) linkage disequilibrium (LD) differences (affecting power to 'tag' the causal variant); and (4) true differences in causal variant effect sizes (defined by relative risks). In the present work, we sought to assess whether the first three of these reasons are sufficient on their own to explain the observed incidence of trans-ethnic differences in replications of GWAS signals, or whether the fourth reason is also required. We simulated case-control data of European, Asian and African ancestry, drawing on observed MAF and LD patterns seen in the 1000-Genomes reference dataset and assuming the true causal relative risks were the same in all three populations. We found that a combination of Euro-centric SNP selection and between-population differences in LD, accentuated by the lower SNP density typical of older GWAS panels, was sufficient to explain the rate of trans-ethnic differences previously reported, without the need to assume between-population differences in true causal SNP effect size. This suggests a cross-population consistency that has implications for our understanding of the interplay between genetics and environment in the aetiology of complex human diseases.


A defining characteristic of current web applications is that they are personalized according to the interests and preferences of individual users; popular examples are Google News and Amazon.com. While this paradigm shift is generally viewed as positive by both users and content providers, it introduces privacy concerns, as the data needed to drive this functionality is often considered private. Web applications have responded by giving users the chance to deny explicit disclosure of personal information, as well as minimizing the invasiveness of the information they require. In this position paper, we address the concern that explicit disclosure alone is not sufficient to protect user privacy, as attackers can combine users' consensually-shared information with additional background information to infer private facts about individuals. We argue that to properly account for these attacks, auditors must consider not just the relationship between disclosed information and attackers' background data, but also the semantics of applications that operate over the private information.


The paper presents the principles, techniques and tools for the efficient modeling and simulation, at the component level, of an heterogeneous system composed of Wireless Sensor Network nodes that exhibits complex multi-discipline feedback loops that are likely to be found in many state-of-the-art applications such as cyber-physical systems. A Precollision Mitigation Braking System (PMBS) is used as a pragmatic case study to validate the whole approach. The component models presented (60 GHz communication channel, QPSK RF transceiver, CMOS video sensor, digital microcontroller, simplified car kinetic engine) are written in SystemC and its analog Mixed-Signal extensions, SystemC-AMS, and belong to five distinct yet highly interwoven disciplines: newtonian mechanics, op to-electronics, analog RF, digital and embedded software. The paper clearly exhibits the complex multi-discipline feed- back loop of this automotive application and the related model composability issues. Using the opto-electrical stimulus and the received RF inter-vehicle data, a car is able to exploit its environmental data to autonomously adjust its own velocity. This adjustment impacts the physical environment that in turns modifies the RF communication conditions. Results show that this holistic first-order virtual prototype can be advantageously used to jointly develop the final embedded software and to refine any of its hardware component part.


To clarify the in vivo effects and the changes in kinetic parameters of soft tissue sarcoma caused by anticancer agents, we performed double-labeling using bromo- (BrdU) and iododeoxyuridine (IUdR). A malignant fibrous histiocytoma cell line was transplanted into nude mice, and treated with 3 anticancer agents: cisplatin, doxorubicin and vincristine. The following parameters were determined: BrdU labeling index (LI), duration of S-phase (Ts), total cell cycle time (Tc), Ki-67 labeling index (KLI), PCNA labeling index (PCNA-LI), and actual tumor volume doubling time (Tv). In addition, the apoptotic cell ratio (apoptotic index; Al) was calculated in the serial specimens using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL).Vincristine inhibited the tumor growth the most effectively (Tv: -5.8 days). Doxorubicin suppressed the tumor growth better (Tv: 12.7 days) than cisplatin (Tv: 9.1 days). Tc values showed significant differences among the drug groups (ANOVA analysis; p 0.7, p<0.05) on Day 1. Al peaked on Day 10 and decreased afterward in every drug group.Anticancer agents effectively suppress tumor growth not only by necrosis and apoptosis, but also by prolonging Tc. Tc values are possibly useful for planning chemotherapy for sarcoma patients.


Literature on petroleum and its toxicities understands both as simultaneously social and ecological. Beginning with scholarship on petroleum and its toxicity that captures that simultaneity and mutual constitution, this review defines petrotoxicity as the socioecological toxicity inherent in petroleum commodification. The term signals that petroleum's social and ecological toxicities are not merely related, but always/already interdependent and inherent in petroleum commodification. Thinking about petrotoxicity this way frames it as something similar to repressive and ideological apparatuses. Althusserian apparatuses shape subjects and spaces in violent and bureaucratic ways. Generating and resisting petrotoxic apparatuses are consistent themes of literature on petrotoxicity. Thinking with Stuart Hall's critique of Louis Althusser, this review concludes by highlighting scholarship showing the limits of this popular framing of power, ecology, and intervention vis-à-vis petroleum. Long-term fieldwork in North Dakota's Bakken region informs this article at various points.


What do people want from leaders? That question has been asked for generations. In recent history, a huge growth in leadership studies has produced a wealth of information on this topic, but because of the multitude of publications, there are now many competing schools of thought about what qualities make a great leader. This paper seeks to understand the qualities that people look for in leaders and to understand if any consistent patterns emerge from these desired traits. This is done through two avenues. Firstly, a survey of the existing leadership publications in several different established leadership genres provides an understanding of what the experts seek from leaders. Several military publications show how the modern U.S. military is trying to develop quality leaders. A look at values based leadership publications shows what many leading consultants and professional leadership development experts are looking for. In addition, several business publications and international leadership sources expand the understanding of what the experts say a leader should be. Secondly, a survey conducted among various individuals from different fields helps to determine what qualities are desired in great leaders. These two pieces of information, when taken as a whole, create an understanding of what people are expecting from leaders. In the end, a recommended typology for leadership development is presented as a means for spurring future


STOEV, A., 2014. Systematization of chlorotic manifestations on pome and drupaceous fruit plant species in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., Supplement 1: 179–182 The report presents data on chlorotic manifestations, observed within 2004 – 2013 on pome and drupaceous fruit species grown in different areas of Bulgaria. Those manifestations were systematized in view of their role as a key for further investigations on their etiology and the possibilities for their prevention and treatment. The data were collected during the inspection of fruit orchards that had been created either for industrial fruit production or family consumption. The inspection, marking of the infected trees, compiling an anamnesis for the separate pathological manifestations, collecting samples for laboratory testing and the sample tests present a research process. The established manifestations were generally classifi ed as infectious and noninfectious, according to their etiology. The agents of the infectious ones were fungi and viruses and noninfectious were caused by the adverse effect of abiotic factors such as excess soil humidity and obstruction of nutrient assimilation. Moreover, abiotic factors like excess soil humidity exposed the root system to the attack of fungal pathogens.


This paper introduces a novel computer-based technique for automated detection of protein spots in proteomics images. The proposed technique is based on the localization of regional intensity maxima associated with protein spots and is formulated so as to ignore rectangular-shaped streaks, minimize the detection of false negatives, and allow the detection of multiple overlapping spots. Regional intensity constraints are imposed on the localized maxima in order to cope with the presence of noise and artifacts. The experimental evaluation of the proposed technique on real proteomics images demonstrates that it: 1) achieves a predictive value ( PV) and detection sensitivity (DS ) which exceed 90%; 2) outperforms Melanie software package in terms of PV , specificity, and DS; 3) ignores artifacts; 4) distinguishes multiple overlapping spots; 5) locates spots within streaks; and 6) is automated and efficient.


Clinical practice remains an integral part of nursing curriculum because clinical practice provides students with an opportunity to achieve professional competence. Creating a conducive learning environment for students is responsibility of academic staff, clinical nurses and students alike. However, studies in Malawi have reported poor clinical learning environment for students. This study therefore aimed at exploring nurses' experiences of clinical teaching environment in Malawi. The study used a qualitative research design utilizing a descriptive phenomenological approach. Participants were randomly identified from teaching hospitals across Malawi by nursing managers to attend a six week clinical preceptorship training at one University nursing college. Immediately before commencement of the training, participants were invited to voluntarily participate in a focus group discussion pertaining to their experiences with clinical environment. We conducted focus group discussions with 9 trainees in 2013 and 12 trainees in 2014 training cohorts. Findings reveal that nurses meet a number of challenges in teaching students in the clinical area. Four themes emerged from the study, namely, inadequate faculty support, poor clinical teaching environment, poor competence among nurses and unsupportive working conditions. Nurses require support from academic staff and their managers to ensure a conducive clinical teaching environment.


Following the violent protests in the Republic of Moldova against the Communist Party – governing since 2001 – that took place in April 2009, after the release of the parliamentary elections results, the Romanian Government has adopted the measure of simplifying the fundamental and formal conditions for regaining Romanian citizenship through Government Emergency Ordinance (GEO) No. 36/2009 for modifying and completing Law on Citizenship No. 21/1991. This measure is focusing particularly on the citizens of the Republic of Moldova who wish to be granted Romanian citizenship. By presenting the changes brought by GEO No. 36/2009, by comparing them to the other changes made to Law No. 21/1991 in 2007 and 2008, this article tries to answer the question of how the system of granting and regaining Romanian citizenship should be regulated, taking into account the Romanian accession to the European Union and the necessity to discard the consequences of the Ribbentrop – Molotov Pact, which was officially condemned by the Romanian Parliament in 1991. The de lege ferenda proposals made in this article have the purpose to make the system of acquiring Romanian citizenship more transparent and easier to explain to the entitled persons and to the European Union institutions monitoring the legal and illegal migration.


An important experiment to test effect of new drug in medical science, and brain science is to study rat behaviors. Open-field test such as holeboard model is popular experiment model to analyze rat behavior. Number of each rat behavior in a period of time, example, walking, rearing, and head dip is counted and recorded. This data is compared between before and after using the drug with rat. In present, these rat behaviors are observed and counted by experimenters, that, obviously, it is included human errors easily. In this paper, we proposed a method for improving rat walking behavior classification accuracy by local foreground extraction technique. Webcam is used to record rat behavior and it is mounted over the model 1.5 meters. The proposed method consists of four steps. First, background is constructed for background subtraction by K-Mean clustering technique. Second, foreground as rat is extracted by background subtraction technique. Third step is local extraction. It is applied to complete rat body data from the second step. Finally, rat body length measured by ellipse fitting technique is used for walking behavior classification. To evaluate performance of the proposed method, classification accuracy is measured. Accuracy rate of the proposed method is 83.8%. Results show that accuracy rate of the proposed method is higher than existing method. An advantage of the proposed method is that it improves the accuracy from the existing research.


The importance of engaging parents in health research as co‐researchers is gaining growing recognition. While a number of benefits of involving parents as co‐researchers have been proposed, guidelines on exactly how effective engagement can be achieved are lacking. The objectives of this scoping review were to (i) synthesize current evidence on engaging parents as co‐researchers in health research; (ii) identify the potential benefits and challenges of engaging parent co‐researchers; and (iii) identify gaps in the literature.


It is about the aesthetic of Bourbon drinking in general and in particular of knocking it back neat ... The joy of Bourbon drinking is not the pharmacological effect of [C.sub.2][H.sub.5]OH on the cortex but rather the instant of the whiskey being knocked back and the little explosion of Kentucky U.S.A. sunshine in the cavity of the nasopharynx and the hot bosky bite of Tennessee summertime.--Walker Percy, "Bourbon" (1) [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] In a 1975 essay bluntly and beautifully titled "Bourbon," Walker Percy asserts that "The pleasure of knocking back Bourbon lies in the plane of the aesthetic but at an opposite pole from connoisseurship." For Percy, it is Bourbon's aesthetic condition rather than its chemical composition that makes the drink so distinctly appealing. "Knocking it back neat" serves a transportive function, immersing the Bourbon drinker in the rich cultural imagery of the American South: woody, sunny, and romantic. The hot bite of the Bourbon sensuously connects the body of the drinker to nation, region, and locale, enjoining his experience with those of imagined, historical bodies, soaking up space and place in the slow burn of what appears an endless southern summertime. For Percy, a southern doctor, author, philosopher, and social critic, Bourbon drinking serves as an existential, even religious, act which connects the drinker to an imagined history, an act which ultimately provides an "evocation of time and memory and of the recovery of self and the past from the fogged-in disoriented Western world." (2) Like Percy, I am a drinker of Bourbon. Although I (and no doubt Percy as well) appreciate both its chemical and symbolic capacities, I am primarily concerned with the symbolic, its aesthetic relation to issues of personal and cultural identity. Percy's personal history with Bourbon began as a child in the Prohibition Twenties in his family's Birmingham basement, as he watched his father age his own product in a charcoal barrel. The personal narrative he recounts in his essay binds Bourbon consumption to episodes of heterosexuality, homosociality, and UNC football games. My personal history with Bourbon begins much later, in the suburban 2000s, at the parties of Virginia Beach schoolmates whose parents were out of town. At this point, my interests in men like Evan Williams, Jim Beam, and Kentucky Gentleman were primarily physical, corporeal, chemical. I privileged their bodily, pharmacological capabilities over their symbolic and welcomed their presence in my stilted, surreptitious social life with the same wide arms, open mouth, and ready chaser as any gin, vodka, or creme de menthe that we could prize from our parents' liquor cabinets. I trace the first stirrings of my symbolic appreciation of Bourbon to my second romantic relationship in college, with a white southern man who preferred it to any other liquor. During the time we spent together, I sensed something decidedly self-conscious in his choice of drink and began to conceive of it as a sort of play, a means of both challenging and asserting his place within a specific narrative of white southern masculinity, in which he was at once bound by his North Carolina lineage and excluded by his sexuality. Back then I did not articulate his liquor choice in the same historical, theoretical terms that I do now, but I did see it as somehow ironic, an act that called into question some unspoken rules of who can drink what. In my time with this man, I began drinking Bourbon as a matter of choice and of taste, although at first I rather disliked the way it tasted. I drank Bourbon in a spirit of transgression that I could not pin down but felt that, in so doing, I took some nebulous stand against the heterosexist assumption that women and queer men drank from glasses that came with umbrellas, instead of only with ice. As I looked around me, at the fraternity parties I inevitably attended, the dorm rooms in which I inevitably found myself, and the bars into which I inevitably snuck, I realized that the self-consciousness I saw in his consumption was present in everyone's. …


Ask children where food comes from, and they'll probably answer: "the supermarket." Ask most adults, and their replies may not be much different. Where our foods are raised and what happens to them between farm and supermarket shelf have become mysteries. How did we become so disconnected from the sources of our breads, beef, cheeses, cereal, apples, and countless other foods that nourish us every day?Ann Vileisis' answer is a sensory-rich journey through the history of making dinner. "Kitchen Literacy" takes us from an eighteenth-century garden to today's sleek supermarket aisles, and eventually to farmer's markets that are now enjoying a resurgence. Vileisis chronicles profound changes in how American cooks have considered their foods over two centuries and delivers a powerful statement: what we don't know could hurt us.As the distance between farm and table grew, we went from knowing particular places and specific stories behind our foods' origins to instead relying on advertisers' claims. The woman who raised, plucked, and cooked her own chicken, knew its entire life history while today most of us have no idea whether hormones were fed to our poultry. Industrialized eating is undeniably convenient, but it has also created health and environmental problems, including food-borne pathogens, toxic pesticides, and pollution from factory farms.Though the hidden costs of modern meals can be high, Vileisis shows that greater understanding can lead consumers to healthier and more sustainable choices. Revealing how knowledge of our food has been lost and how it might now be regained, "Kitchen Literacy" promises to make us think differently about what we eat.


Group identity is known to exert a powerful socio-psychological influence on behaviour but to date has been largely explored as a uni-dimensional phenomenon. We consider the role of multiple dimensions of identity, asking what might happen to ingroup and outgroup perceptions and the resulting implications for cooperation. Carefully selecting two politically charged identity dimensions documented to have similar strength and to be largely orthogonal (religious belief and views about government size), we find that priming individuals to consider both dimensions rather than one has a noticeable effect on behaviour. Moving from one to two dimensions can produce a significant increase in ingroup allocations at the expense of fairness to outgroup individuals, although the effect varies as we switch from primarily considering religion to government size. Evidence suggests that the heterogeneity of such effects is related to the degree of "harmony" between groups in the dimensions concerned.


It is generally believed that when a resource becomes increasingly scarce, a shadow is automatically cast in the form of a higher market price. The higher price induces substitution towards more abundant resources and the development of resource-saving technological progress. A growing number of ecological economists argue that, while resource prices adequately reflect the relative scarcity of various resource types, they are unable to reflect the absolute scarcity of either a particular resource type or the entire stock of all resources. They therefore believe resource prices cannot be used as a basis for determining the sustainable rate of resource use. In support of this emerging ecological economic position, a resource depletion model is employed under specific conditions to show that, for some considerable period of time, the price of a resource can fall even as the stock of the resource declines. Furthermore, the extent of the fall is greater if both a higher discount rate is applied and the marginal cost of resource extraction is assumed to be a function of past resource prices – a reasonable assumption given that the resource extraction process requires the use of previously extracted resources.


With only 40% of college age people having parents who are married to each other, educators and counselors need to be able to separate fact from fiction when it comes to the impact of divorce and remarriage on young adult children. In general most young people do not suffer long term consequences after their parents' divorce in terms of their academic accomplishments, vocational achievements, mental health, or social development. On the other hand, sons generally end up worse off than daughter, as do those young people whose mothers do not marry within a few years of their divorce. And both sons and daughters usually end up with poorer relationships with their fathers. A number of factors are closely related to how well young people fare after their parents' divorce: their relationship with their father, their beliefs about why their parents divorced, their mother's mental health, self-reliance, and feelings about financial matters, their mother's and father's parenting styles, either parents' remarriage, and faulty memories about the family's past. Statistical Realities If the students on your college campus are representative of people their age nationwide, only 40% have parents who are still married to one another. Roughly 15% have parents who never married one another, 15% have a divorced mother who has not remarried, and about 25% have parents who divorced each other and remarried. Put differently, 40% of white, Asian, and Mexican American children and 75% of black and Puerto Rican American children have lived alone with their unmarried mother before their 18th birthday. And since 20% of black mothers and 80% of all other mothers marry again within 4 years of their divorce, roughly 10% of your black students and 25% of your other students probably have stepfathers Today's students, however, are not more likely to see their parents' marriage end in divorce than students were 20 years ago because there has been a 10% decrease in divorce since 1980 (Coontz, 1997; Cherlin. 1992; Cherlin & Furstenberg. 1994). In any event, given the makeup of most families today, those of us working with college students need to be able to separate fact from fiction regarding those whose parents are divorced. Indeed many of us might be operating under one of two assumptions: that these students are suffering from a host of fairly serious problems as a consequence of their parents divorce or, in contrast, that by time they reach college, children are no longer dealing with any issues related to their parents' divorce. Neither, in fact, is true. So what are the realities for most college students with divorced parents? And what misunderstandings might we be operating under when interacting with these young adults? The impact of divorce on college aged youth Especially if we have not had first hand experience with divorce, we might jump to conclusions about the impact of divorce on children without considering those factors that influence the outcomes. In trying to sort fact from fiction, we can start by examining our most current research in regard to these questions: If their mother remarries within a few years of their parents' divorce, how do college aged children usually fare? And when their mother has not remarried are there different consequences? In general, what are the long lasting consequences of their parents' divorce for college aged children - and what factors seem to make the most difference between the best and worst outcomes? First, the good news: When their parents divorce and their mother remarries within a few years, most children do not suffer serious long term consequences in terms of: self-confidence, peer relationships, social maturity, mental health, academic achievements, or vocational accomplishments (Amato. 1994; Ahrons. 1994; Booth & Dunn. 1994; Buchanan, Maccoby, & Dornbusch. 1997; Dunlop & Burns. 1995; Emery. 1994; Furstenberg & Teitler. …


· Submergence 1A (SUB1A), is an ethylene response factor (ERF) that confers submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) via limiting shoot elongation during the inundation period. SUB1A has been proposed to restrict shoot growth by modulating gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. · Our transcriptome analysis indicated that SUB1A differentially regulates genes associated with brassinosteroid (BR) synthesis during submergence. Consistent with the gene expression data, the SUB1A genotype had higher brassinosteroid levels after submergence compared to the intolerant genotype. Tolerance to submergence can be activated in the intolerant genotype by pretreatment with exogenous brassinolide, which results in restricted shoot elongation during submergence. · BR induced a GA catabolic gene, resulting in lower GA levels in SUB1A plants. BR treatment also induced the DELLA protein SLR1, a known repressor of GA responses such as shoot elongation. We propose that BR limits GA levels during submergence in the SUB1A rice through a GA catabolic enzyme as part of an early response and may repress GA responses by inducing SLR1 after several days of submergence. · Our results suggest that BR biosynthesis is regulated in a SUB1A-dependent manner during submergence and is involved in modulating the GA signaling and homeostasis.


Stocks added to (deleted from) the Russell 2000 and the S&P 600 indexes experience positive (negative) abnormal returns following the announcement. However, researchers disagree on whether these abnormal returns are permanent or temporary and offer competing explanations. I address this controversy by examining market reactions for firms that are added to or deleted from the FTSE Small Cap index (the main testing sample) and the S&P/TSX SmallCap index (the comparison sample). For the main testing sample, all stocks except pure additions, experience a permanent price change that is accompanied by a permanent change in liquidity. However, for the comparison sample, abnormal returns over the announcement period fully reverted within 30 days. In further examination of stock liquidity for the main testing sample, sample stocks experience permanent change in liquidity. Taken together, the observed results support the price pressure and liquidity hypotheses.


Introduction With the new 'test and treat' policy of the WHO, it is obvious that the number of HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) will grow exponentially, with consequential increase in the burden of diabetes mellitus (DM). Our aim is to summarise existing data on the incidence of pre-diabetes and DM, and associated risk factors among HIV-infected adults. Methods and analysis This systematic review will include cohort studies reporting the incidence of pre-diabetes and/or DM, and associated risk factors among HIV-infected adults on ART, with these patients being free of any impaired glucose metabolism at study baseline. We will perform electronic searches in PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science and WHO Global Health Library, supplemented with manual searches. Articles published from 1 January 2000 to 31 July 2016, in English or French languages, and without any geographical restriction will be eligible for inclusion. 3 authors will independently screen, select studies, extract data and assess the risk of bias with discrepancies resolved by consensus. We will assess clinical heterogeneity by examining the study design and setting, criteria and cut-offs used to define pre-diabetes or DM, process of calculation of incidence and outcomes in each study. We will also assess statistical heterogeneity using the χ2 test of homogeneity and quantify it using the I2 statistic. A random effects meta-analysis will be used to estimate the overall cumulative incidence of pre-diabetes/DM and risk factors. Ethics and dissemination This systematic review will use data from published studies and does not require ethics approval. Its results are expected to help putting in place action plans and preventive measures to curb the growing burden of DM in the HIV population on ART. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific conferences. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016039651.


Permanent Magnet PMDC motors have outstanding performance for use in many modern applications like automated manufacturing systems, automobiles, office machine drives, tools and medical equipment. To control these motors, speed sensors are indispensable. A sensorless control scheme using an observer is proposed. However, this sensorless control method uses motor parameters to estimate speed, and hence estimation error is caused by parameters variations. That is why; an effective and simple on-line parameter identification scheme is proposed to estimate armature resistance and inductance of the motor. The identification method is developed based on the fact that, in practice PM flux-linkage is constant. An adaptive control method is proposed to control PMDC motor speed to maintain speed estimation accuracy. Simulation results are included to prove the effectiveness of the overall control system under different operating conditions.


Forensic entomology is a subdiscipline of entomology that involves the use of insect behavior and developmental data to aid in criminal investigations. Genetic data has become increasingly important to the field as there has been a push for DNA-based species identification methods of forensically relevant insects. Genetic data can also elucidate population structure and relatedness of these insects, and such knowledge can contribute to the development of more specific datasets for insects in different regions. The first study presented here investigated the phylogenetics of sister species Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata to identify possible subspecies divisions and issues with DNA-based identifications in the United States. The initial aim of this study was to identify genetic differences between specimens of L. cuprina that preferred live versus carrion flesh. Flies collected from Indiana, USA and South Africa were sequenced and analyzed. Upon sequencing of the genes COI, Period, and 28s, our results indicated that L. cuprina from Indiana possess a unique combination of nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes that suggest a unique lineage, possibly indicating modern hybridization with L. sericata. The inability of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes to distinguish between L. cuprina and L. sericata raises questions about the capabilities of DNA-based species identifications within this genus. Additionally, the inability of these genes to distinguish between specimens that preferred live versus carrion flesh highlights a need for continued research of these behavioral differences. The second study presented here investigated the population structure and relatedness of house flies in the American southwest in relation to a civil lawsuit where neighbors of a poultry farm alleged that flies were emanating from the farm to their homes. Musca domestica (house fly) specimens were collected from the chicken farm and from locations in varying directions and distances from the farm. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed and the data were used in a number of analyses. Population reallocation simulations generally indicated that samples from different locations were not genetically different enough from other locations to allocate to their true origin population over others. Kinship analysis showed differences in samples collected in a later season that indicate a genetic bottleneck over time. Population structure analysis indicated the presence of two intermixing genetic populations in the dataset. AMOVA revealed that the majority of genetic variation laid within, rather than among, populations. A Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. These results indicate that the M. domestica population in this region of southwestern America is large and intermixing, with no clear genetic distinctions between specimens collected at the poultry farm versus the surrounding locations. In regard to the civil lawsuit, it was not possible to conclude that the flies did not emanate from the poultry farm. In a broader perspective, these data can be utilized to develop pest management strategies in this region. Overall, the data from both studies presented here will be useful to forensic investigations, development of more specific and detailed data and identification techniques, and pest control measures.


1. Natural area managers use fire and grazing to achieve nature conservation⁄production goals
and to prevent the loss of life and property. Yet, little is known of the effects of post-fire grazing on
fuel load and the proportion of days on which fire can be sustained (fire potential). This knowledge
could help managers in planning interventions to achieve their goals.
2. At seven sites in Tasmania, Australia, including sedgeland, heathy forest and grassland, fire
potential and fuel load were measured before, and for 2 years after fire. Measurements were made
in burning, fencing and burning plus fencing treatments, and in control quadrats.
3. Burning followed by grazing, largely by native vertebrates, resulted in lower fuel loads than
either grazing by itself or burning by itself. A new steady state was established in two grasslands.
Fire potential at the oligotrophic sites was largely a function of time elapsed since the last fire, while
at grassy sites was increased by grazing without fire, but depressed or slightly increased by grazing
after burning.
4. Synthesis and applications. Effects of grazing after burning on flammability are not predictable
fromthe single or additive effects of grazing and burning, varying between vegetation type and environment.
In highland grassy ecosystems fire potential can be reduced by excluding grazing animals
after fire, while in scleromorphic ecosystems grazing after fire does not affect fuel or fire potential.
Intense grazing after fire can cause an, often desirable, shift from tussock to lawn grassland. Burning
and subsequent grazing of tussock grassland vegetation in the lowlands may reduce the chance
of wildfire damaging property and conservation⁄ production values, while in highland tussock
grassland burning followed by grazing will be largely ineffective in reducing the already low chance
of such damaging fire.
Key-words: fire potential


Welcome to the body shop, where machines are busy constructing new organs, one cell at a time. 3‐D bioprinters, cousins to the common inkjet printer, squirt cells into a scaffold, printing and nurturing an organ until it can be transplanted into a patient. 3‐D bioprinting† might sound like science fiction, but the technology is already in the early stages of development and use. It builds on experience and advances made in bioengineering to enable the more efficient and cheaper production of tissues, organs, and body parts. However, if it goes mainstream, 3‐D bioprinting is likely to raise challenging legal and ethical issues, as well as to come up against regulatory hurdles.

> 3‐D bioprinters […] squirt cells into a scaffold, printing and nurturing an organ until it can be transplanted into a patient.

This new focus on the potential benefits and risks of 3‐D bioprinting comes as a result of the increasing attention being paid to the new technology in the press. Last year, for example, researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, USA, reported that they had printed and grown a replacement ear that could be used for reconstructive surgery on children born with malformed outer ears (http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/02/bioengineers-physicians-3-d-print-ears-look-act-real). In Ann Arbor, researchers at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital reported last year that in a medical first they had used a 3‐D printer to produce a splint to treat the trachea and bronchus of a child with tracheobronchomalacia, which causes deadly breathing problems (http://www.uofmhealth.org/news/archive/201305/baby's-life-saved-groundbreaking-3d-printed-device). These and other stories—both successful and tragic—are creating a high profile for bioprinting.

Bioprinting replacement parts for the human body expands upon techniques pioneered by bioengineers: growing new skin from a patient's own body to replace skin lost to severe burns, for instance, or creating tubular structures such as blood vessels, …


The nature of the relationship between immersion and gameplay experience is investigated, focusing primarily on the literature related to flow. In particular, this paper proposes that immersion and gameplay experience are conceptually different, but empirically positively related through mechanisms related to flow. Furthermore, this study examines gamers' characteristics to determine the influence between immersion and gameplay experiences. The study involves 48 observations in one game setting. Regression analyses including tests for moderation and simple slope analysis are used to reveal gamers' age, experience, and understanding of the game, which moderate the relationship between immersion and gameplay experience. The results suggest that immersion is more positive for gameplay experience when the gamer lacks experience and understanding of the game as well as when the gamer is relatively older. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed at length in the paper.


There is ample evidence that an unabated growth in material consumption is likely to pass the earth system's source and sink capacities. In the face of limited resources, distributional questions increasingly gain importance. Material flow accounting is a methodological tool to trace biophysical patterns of disproportionate resource consumption across countries and the debt towards the environment, other parts of the world, and towards future generations through the excessive consumption of natural resources. At the core of this article, we address different developments of material use for individual countries and world regions from 1950 to 2010. During this phase, fossil fuel-based industrialization triggered an unprecedented growth in material consumption, mainly in the wealthy world regions of Europe, Australia, North America, and partly in the countries of the former Soviet Union, while low resource consumption persists in other regions. We thus calculated cumulative resource use from 1950 to 2010 to show the extent of this wealth built up upon countries' own resources, or through imports from other countries or world regions. We use the degree of net-import dependency of individual countries as a proxy for the ecological debt, and relate it to the domestic resource extraction in a country. Our observations show that there was a highly uneven distribution of resource extraction and use in the 60 years analyzed, which has important implications for future global resource policies. Keywords: Ecological debt, material flow accounting, international trade, global resource use Resume Il


The main aim of this work is to investigate heterogeneous nucleation of solidification of metals and alloys by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy using a newly modified entrained particle technique. Attention is focused on investigating (a) heterogeneous nucleation of Cd, In and Pb particle solidification by Al in rapidly solidified Al-Cd, Al-In and Al-Pb binary alloys; (b) effects of various ternary additions such as Mg, Ge and Si on heterogenous nucleation of solidification of Cd and Pb solidification by Al; (c) heterogenous nucleation of solidification of Si by solid Al in hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys. In addition, the melting behaviour of Cd, In and Pb particles embedded in an Al matrix is investigated. The rapidly solidified microstructures of melt spun Al-Cd, Al-In and Al-Pb alloys consist of faceted 5-200nm diameter Cd, In and Pb particles homogeneously distributed throughout an Al matrix. Cd particles exhibit an orientation relationship with the Al matrix which can be described as {111} Al //{0001} Cd and andlt;110andgt; Al //andlt;112and#773;0andgt; Cd , and In and Pb particles exhibit a near cube-cube and cube-cube orientation relationship with the Al matrix respectively. Cd, In and Pb particles embedded in the Al matrix exhibit distorted truncated octahedral or truncated octahedral shapes surrounded by {111} Al and {100} Al facets. The solid Al-solid Cd, solid Al-solid In surface energy anisotropies are constant over the temperature range between room temperature and Cd and In melting points respectively. The solid Al-liquid Cd and solid Al-liquid In surface energy anisotropies decrease with increasing temperature above Cd and In melting points. Solidification of Cd, In, Pb particles embedded in an Al matrix is nucleated catalytically by the surrounding Al matrix on the {111} Al faceted surfaces with an undercooling of 56, 13 and 22K and a contact angle of 42°, 27° and 21° for Cd, In and Pb particles respectively. Addition of Mg to Cd particles embedded in Al increases the lattice disregistry across the nucleating plane, but decreases the undercooling before the onset of Cd(Mg) particle solidification. Addition of Ge to Al decreases the lattice disregistry across the nucleating plane, but increases the undercooling before the onset of Pb particle solidification embedded in the Al(Ge) matrix. These results indicate that chemical interactions dominate over structural factors in determining the catalytic efficiency of nucleation solification in Al-Cd-Mg and Al-Pb-Ge alloys. Contact between Si precipitates and Pb particles embedded in an Al matrix decreases the undercooling before the onset of Pb particle solidification. The equilibrium melting point of Cd particle in the melt spun Al-Cd alloy is depressed because of capillarity, and the depression of equilibrium melting point increases with decreasing particle size. In the melt spun Al-In and Al-Pb alloys, however, most of the In and Pb particles embedded within the Al matrix grains are superheated, and the superheating increases with decreasing particle size. The heterogeneous nucleation temperature for Si solidification by Al depends sensitively on the purity of the Al. Na and Sr additions have different effects on the Si nucleation temperatures. With an Al purity of 99.995%, Na addition increases the Si nucleation temperature, while Sr addition does not affect or decreases the Si nucleation undercooling, depending on the amount of Sr addition. The solidified microstructure of liquid Al-Si eutectic droplets embedded in an Al matrix is affected by the Si nucleation undercooling. With low Si nucleation undercooling, each Al-Si eutectic liquid droplet solidifies to form one faceted Si particle, however, with high Si nucleation undercooling, each Al-Si eutectic liquid droplet solidifies to form a large number of non-faceted Si particles embedded in Al.


Cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens (USA) in 1980 reset 30 km of upper North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) valley to a zero‐state fluvial condition. Consequently, a new channel system evolved. Initially, a range of streamflows eroded channels (tens of meters incision, hundreds of meters widening) and transported immense sediment loads. Now, single, large‐magnitude, or multiple moderate‐magnitude events are needed to accomplish substantial channel modification. Three large floods (two ≥100‐year events; one ∼10–25‐year event along lower Toutle River) from 1996 to 2015 indicate flood effectiveness in this environment is affected by both geomorphic and environmental factors. The largest and smallest of these floods (February 1996, November 2006) transported the most sediment by single floods since 1982; erosion and sediment transport by an ∼100‐year flood in December 2015 was not exceptional. Strong coupling between NFTR and its tall corridor banks, local geologic and hydraulic conditions promoting threshold erosion, event sequencing, and possibly a longitudinal gradient in stream power are important factors affecting event effectiveness on channel modification. In addition, environmental factors have also been influential, as variations in snowpack, storm trajectories and rainfall distributions, and episodic mobilization of debris flows have also influenced geomorphic response. Other factors such as vegetation anchoring, strong channel–hillside coupling, disparities between flood frequencies and perturbation relaxation times, and large variations in flood duration do not appear to be critical influences. Climate forecasts for warmer temperatures and a shift from snowfall to rainfall at high elevations may promote further acute geomorphic responses.


To harness modern multi-core processors, it is imperative to develop parallel versions of fundamental algorithms. In this paper, we present a general approach to best-first heuristic search in a shared-memory setting. Each thread attempts to expand the most promising open nodes. By using abstraction to partition the state space, we detect duplicate states without requiring frequent locking. We allow speculative expansions when necessary to keep threads busy. We identify and fix potential livelock conditions in our approach, verifying its correctness using temporal logic. In an empirical comparison on STRIPS planning, grid pathfinding, and sliding tile puzzle problems using an 8-core machine, we show that A* implemented in our framework yields faster search than improved versions of previous parallel search proposals. Our approach extends easily to other best-first searches, such as Anytime weighted A*.


This technical note was prepared by IDB's Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) as an input for OVE's 2015 Annual Report. The paper takes an integral look at IDB policy-based lending, a key instrument that has featured in individual OVE evaluations, including Country Program Evaluations and comparative project evaluations. Several previous Bank and OVE studies have reviewed this instrument, but no comprehensive analysis on its design and use has been undertaken. By providing such an analysis, this paper sheds light on the instrument's strengths and weaknesses, and provides an input for the forthcoming broad review of Bank instruments to be conducted by the Office of Strategic Planning and Development Effectiveness (SPD).


Particle flux data from 27 sites in the Atlantic Ocean have been compiled with a view to determining regional variations in the strength and efficiency of the biological pump and quantifying basin-wide fluxes and estimating the potential oceanic sequestration of atmospheric CO2. An algorithm is derived relating annual particulate organic carbon (POC) flux to primary production and depth that yields variations in the Export Ratio (ER = POC FLUX/Primary Production) at 125 m of between 0.1 and 0.4 over the range of production from 50 to 400 gCm yr. Significant regional differences in changes of the ER with depth are related to the temporal stability of flux. Sites with more pulsed export have higher shallow ERs and show more rapid degradation of particulate organic carbon (POC) flux with depth, resulting in little variation in fluxes below ca. 3000 m. The opposing effects of organic carbon production and calcification on ∆pCO2 of surface seawater are combined to calculate an "effective carbon flux" at the depth of euphotic zone and at the base of the winter mixed layer. POC flux at the base of the euphotic zone between 65°N and 65°S amounts to 3.14 GtCyr, of which 5.7% is remineralised above the winter mixed layer, and is thus not available to sequestration on climatically relevant time scales. The effective carbon flux, termed Jeff, amounts to 2.47 GtCyr -1 and is a measure of the potential sequestration of atmospheric CO2 for the area considered. A shift in the composition of sedimenting particles (opal: carbonate ratio) is seen across the entire North Atlantic, indicating a basin-wide phenomenon that may be related to large-scale changes in climatic forcing.


Multi-wall carbon nanotubes are systematically explored for the first time as a means to obtain an enhanced ultraviolet (UV) transparency in melt-quenched phosphate glasses. An optical characterization is carried out by UV/Vis transmission and photoluminescence spectroscopy including time-resolved measurements. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman microspectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are employed to further investigate the source of the improved UV light transmission. The data suggest that the formation of P–O–C bonds is connected to the enhanced UV transparency. A model is presented accounting for the incorporation of carbon into the phosphate network facilitated by the creation of intermediate reactive oxygen species.


Cockroaches intrude everywhere by exploiting their soft-bodied, shape-changing ability. We discovered that cockroaches traversed horizontal crevices smaller than a quarter of their height in less than a second by compressing their bodies' compliant exoskeletons in half. Once inside vertically confined spaces, cockroaches still locomoted rapidly at 20 body lengths per second using an unexplored mode of locomotion— body-friction legged crawling. Using materials tests, we found that the compressive forces cockroaches experience when traversing the smallest crevices were 300 times body weight. Cockroaches withstood forces nearly 900 times body weight without injury, explaining their robustness to compression. Cockroach exoskeletons provided inspiration for a soft, legged search-and-rescue robot that may penetrate rubble generated by tornados, earthquakes, or explosions. (See pp. E950–E957.)


Abstract. Wind turbines in a wind farm typically operate individually to maximize their own performance and do not take into account information from nearby turbines. To enable cooperation to achieve farm-level objectives, turbines will need to use information from nearby turbines to optimize performance, ensure resiliency when other sensors fail, and adapt to changing local conditions. A key element of achieving a more efficient wind farm is to develop algorithms that ensure reliable, robust, real-time, and efficient operation of wind turbines in a wind farm using local sensor information that is already being collected, such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data, local meteorological stations, and nearby radars/sodars/lidars. This article presents a framework for developing a cooperative wind farm that incorporates information from nearby turbines in real time to better align turbines in a wind farm. SCADA data from multiple turbines can be used to make better estimates of the local inflow conditions at each individual turbine. By incorporating measurements from multiple nearby turbines, a more reliable estimate of the wind direction can be obtained at an individual turbine. The consensus-based approach presented in this paper uses information from nearby turbines to estimate wind direction in an iterative way rather than aggregating all the data in a wind farm at once. Results indicate that this estimate of the wind direction can be used to improve the turbine's knowledge of the wind direction. This estimated wind direction signal has implications for potentially decreasing dynamic yaw misalignment, decreasing the amount of time a turbine spends yawing due to a more reliable input to the yaw controller, increasing resiliency to faulty wind-vane measurements, and increasing the potential for wind farm control strategies such as wake steering.


Geodesic curves in surfaces are not only minimizers of distance, but they are also the curves of zero geodesic (sideways) curvature. It turns out that this property makes patterns of geodesics the basic geometric entity when dealing with the cladding of a freeform surface with wooden panels which do not bend sideways. Likewise a geodesic is the favored shape of timber support elements in freeform architecture, for reasons of manufacturing and statics. Both problem areas are fundamental in freeform architecture, but so far only experimental solutions have been available. This paper provides a systematic treatment and shows how to design geodesic patterns in different ways: The evolution of geodesic curves is good for local studies and simple patterns; the level set formulation can deal with the global layout of multiple patterns of geodesics; finally geodesic vector fields allow us to interactively model geodesic patterns and perform surface segmentation into panelizable parts.


But is it art? C. Freeland (2001). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 230 pages. ISBN 0-19-210055-6The New Art History: A Critical Introduction J. Harris (2001). London and New York: Routledge. 302 pages. ISBN 0-415-23008-XOne of the peskier issues confronting art historians during the last quarter of the 20th century has been the relation of theory to methodology. As those writing the new art histories point out, the discipline appeared especially resistant to acknowledging and reflecting upon the theories that informed art historical practice (Rees & Borzello, 1988; Moxey, 1994). Moreover, admitting that criticism and aesthetics played an active role in art history was anathema to the traditional art history scholar (Rees & Borzello, 1988). The appearance in 2001 of Cynthia Freeland's But is it art? and Jonathan Harris's The New Art History: A Critical Introduction demonstrates that the field has changed. Using theory to make sense of the changes that have occurred in the complex world of art is a central theme of both authors. Of particular import to art educators is that Freeland and Harris claim to write to the broadest possible audience. As these authors attempt to offer introduction to what has been happening in art and art history since the late 1970s, they purport to write to all students of art-even those who might not so identify themselves. That theory is the discourse both Freeland and Harris employ as the clarifying lens for what many viewers of art would consider a bewildering array of images and ideas renders their writing all the more meaningful for art educators, who often find themselves having to explain the world of art.In the question she poses as the title of her book, But is it art?, Cynthia Freeland reveals her desire to speak directly to everyday viewers perplexed by what they see in museums and galleries. Freeland, however, also writes to the serious student of art. The value of embracing philosophical aesthetics for art history inquiry quickly becomes apparent in reading Freeland's book. She is not an art historian, but a professor of philosophy who studies art, film, ancient Greek philosophy, and feminist theory. Eut is it art? was born out of the program of the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Association of Aesthetics. Like many of those assembled at the conference, Freeland found herself in sessions confronted by the chilling content of some contemporary art. "Why has blood been used in so much art?" (p. 1), Freeland asks in the first chapter. The journey involved in answering this and the question of the book's title is more Freeland's point than arriving at definitive conclusions. That first chapter and each subsequent one become models for the reader regarding how theory might provide an organizing framework for making sense of art. In trying to figure out why blood has been a recurring motif not only in contemporary art, but also in the art of the past, Freeland deftly guides the reader in applying ritual theory, formalism, and expressionism. Since the questions she poses are not resolved in chapter one, Freeland's whole book becomes a "virtual tour" through the history, institutions, politics, paradigms, and cultural contexts that make up and bring meaning to the world of art. Art theory serves as Freeland's tour guide.Toward the end of But is it an?, Freeland reveals that she concurs with John Dewey's cognitive theory of art in answering the title question; that is, artists use art to express thoughts and ideas to an audience. She further agrees with Arthur Danto that these thoughts are conveyed within a context, which is the artworld. Earlier in the book, when discussing cultural contexts of art, Freeland asserts that interpretations of art require information from the broader cultural context, thereby modifying her agreement with Dewey and Danto. Freeland also points out that the role of interpretation and criticism is not to tell us what to think about art, but to help us see and respond to artworks on a meaningful and personal level. …


Models of moral judgment have linked generalized emotionality with deontological moral judgment. The evidence, however, is mixed. Other research has linked the specific emotion of disgust with generalized moral condemnation. Here too, the evidence is mixed. We suggest that a synthesis of these two literatures points to one specific emotion (disgust) that reliably predicts one specific type of moral judgment (deontological). In all three studies, we found that trait disgust sensitivity predicted more extreme deontological judgment. In Study 3, with deontological endorsement and consequentialist endorsement operationalized as independent constructs, we found that disgust was positively associated with deontological endorsement but was unrelated to consequentialist endorsement. Across studies, the disgust–deontology link was mediated by individual difference variables related to preference for order (right-wing authoritarianism and intolerance for ambiguity). These data suggest a more precise model of emotion and moral judgment that identifies specific emotions, specific types of moral judgment, and specific motivational pathways.


This paper describes the way in which we have employed agent-based models to understand fission-fusion dynamics (FFD), a collective pattern of behavior in many social animals. Groups with a high degree of FFD split into subgroups that vary in size, cohesion and composition, often within short temporal scales. These dynamics are thought to be more complex than those of other species with cohesive, stable groups, leading to hypotheses about the origin of social intelligence. Also, a flexible grouping pattern is supposed to be an adaptive solution to the temporal and spatial variation in feeding resources. We have used models where relatively simple agents forage in realistic, heterogenous environments and have shown that, for intermediate levels of heterogeneity in the size of food patches, agents form subgroups that vary in size and composition in a similar fashion as they do in species with a high degree of FFD. We have also explored the idea that by splitting in subgroups that vary in size, animals can exploit a heterogeneous environment with ephemeral food sources more efficiently than cohesive groups. Agent-based models have provided ways to test hypotheses and develop predictions about social and ecological dynamics.


The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of sampling on the accuracy (precision and bias) of crop area estimates made from classifications of Landsat MSS data. Full-frame classifications of wheat and non-wheat for e'ghty counties in Kansas were repetitively sampled to simulate alternative sampling plans. Four sampling schemes involving different numbers of samples and different size sampling units were evaluated. The precision of the wheat area estimates increased as the segment size decreased and the number of segments was increased. Although the average bias associated with the various sampling schemes was not significantly different, the maximum absolute bias was directly related to sampling unit size.


We present the Measurement Manager Protocol (MGRP), an in-kernel service that schedules and transmits probes on behalf of active measurement tools. Unlike prior measurement services, MGRP transparently piggybacks application packets inside the often significant amounts of empty padding contained in typical probes. Using MGRP thus combines the modularity, flexibility, and accuracy of standalone active measurement tools with the lower overhead of passive measurement techniques. Microbenchmark experiments show that the resulting bandwidth savings makes it possible to measure the network accurately, but faster and more aggressively than without piggybacking, and with few ill effects to piggybacked application or competing traffic. When using MGRP to schedule measurements on behalf of MediaNet, an overlay service that adaptively schedules media streams, we show MediaNet can achieve significantly higher streaming rates under the same network conditions.


This paper discusses the beginnings of a soundscape project, The Sixth Shore, at Lake Clifton in the Yalgorup National Park, south of Mandurah, Western Australia. The final endpoint of the project is a site-specific art installation at Lake Clifton where audiences will be able to hear on headphones a 3D sound environment composed of strata of sound recordings. The route that participants walk through the landscape will determine what they hear. The kinds of sounds involved will include in situ ambient sound recordings and birdcalls, sounds and voices from scientific knowledge about the environment, from human communities and from the local oral archive. The structuring of the project comes from the layering of six different timescales of differing ecological agents including birds, ecosystems and people. The focus in this essay is on just two layers: deep thrombolitic time and shifting shorelines. My aim in The Sixth Shore is to articulate the competing agents at Lake Clifton in a way that decentres the current environmental impasse to encourage new solutions to human-nonhuman interactions. Using the findings of scientific understandings of thrombolites and the sequence of changing sea levels and evolving coastal deposits, I then draw forth their metaphorical implications that in turn inform the composition of the sound world that I will be creating. As additional complexities are revealed I examine how 'brittle' non-fecund wetlands can be part of an expanded sense of place in Australia.


Book Synopsis: From Terra Nullius to Land of Opportunities and Last Frontier, the European dream has constructed and deconstructed Australia to feed its imagination of new societies. At the same time Australia has over the last two centuries forged and re-invented its own liaisons with Europe arguably to carve out its identity. From the arts to social sciences, to society itself, a complex dynamic has grown between the two continents in ways that invite study and discussion.
A transnational research group has begun its collective investigation project of which this first volume is the outcome. The book is a substantial multidisciplinary collection of current research and offers critical perspectives on culture, literature and history around themes at the heart of the Imagined Australia project. The essays instigate reflection, discovery and discussion of how reciprocal imagining between Australia and Europe has articulated itself and ways and dimensions in which a relationship between communities, imagined and not, has unfolded.


Vihiga, one of the poorest and densely populated districts in Kenya is perpetually food deficit. Poor welfare indicators and resource base continue to curtail efforts to circumvent food insecurity among households in the district. In their current financial status, what are their preferences when it comes to choosing inputs for food production? How do they allocate their scarce input expenditure among the various inputs required for food production? What are their major considerations when they are making such choices? Descriptive statistics were used to determine input preferences and cost distribution among the farm inputs. Cluster sampling was used with divisions forming the main clusters in the district. Using systematic random sampling, 50 households were selected from each cluster resulting in a sample of 300. Results show that labor cost pre-dominates farm input cost followed by fertilizers and seed maize. Out of the total labor cost, land preparation, weeding and shelling account for the largest chunk of labor cost the balance being accounted for by planting, harvesting, topdressing and transport activities. Similarly, inorganic fertilizers are the major contributor to soil amendment costs. Similarly, local seed variety is preferred due to its low acquisition costs, while hybrid H 614 is preferred to other hybrid seed due to its performance and other desirable properties like low postharvest losses during handling.Farmers' input preference and a deeper understanding of contributors to input cost is critical for proper planning of farmers production. Especially when production is rain fed.


The protein product of the AVPR2 gene, coding for the arginine vasopressin receptor type 2, is essential for vasopressin-dependent concentration of the urine. The arginine residue at position 137 in the protein product of this gene is uniquely pivotal for function. The R137H mutant inactivates the receptor conferring congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, whereas activating mutations at this same residue (i.e., R137C and R137L) confer pathological water retention in the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. These mutations were discovered in human subjects with conspicuous phenotypes in clinical water balance. Prevalence of these polymorphisms among asymptomatic individuals has not been assessed, nor has their contribution to broad interindividual variation in serum sodium concentration; no data addressing minor allele frequency are available. We genotyped two large cohorts using a validated high-throughput Pyrosequencing-based assay that we designed to capture the totality of pathological variation at this important residue. In the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study, all participants were male (i.e., hemizygous for AVPR2 gene on the X-chromosome), and participants were oversampled at the extremes of the population distribution for serum sodium concentration. In the Offspring Cohort of the Framingham Heart Study, male and female participants were genotyped. No pathological variants affecting R137 were detected among the 5,142 AVPR2 alleles successfully genotyped. Even at the population extremes of serum sodium distribution, we estimate minor allele frequency < 0.06%. We conclude that these disease-associated variants are exceedingly uncommon and do not contribute broadly to interindividual variability in serum sodium concentration or to its heritability.


This paper will focus on the probable impact of AIDS upon family law and family issues in America. Although it is still too early to tell precisely what effect AIDS will have in these areas, it is essential for lawyers and other professionals to begin a dialogue now in order to face the many challenges which lie ahead as the disease continues to spread and impact family relationships.
Among the many subjects discussed below is the likely trend that fear of infection and death will restrict the societal demand and acceptance of new definitions of family. In order to provide for security, monogamy is preferable and marriage, because it offers status and structure, follows. Within the marital home, the illusion of spousal unity will continue to retreat before the protective devises of torts, abuse, annulments, divorce and, where unity is preferred, a quest to obtain insurance, pensions, government benefits and medical assistance to preserve dignity and life. Whether in retreat from marriage for fear of infection, or security within marriage because of infection, the quest will be the same: economic security.
Also considered are the profound family law issues surrounding children-presumptions of best interest, primary caretaker, what the child would have enjoyed, the wishes of the child or enabling the child to thrive, custody and visitation, adoption, and termination of parental rights-all of which will continue to be affected by AIDS. Finally discrimination, intrusive governmental compelling interests and the responsibility of professionals to respond seriously and creatively to the many challenges presented by AIDS will be discussed.


It is estimated that over 90% of all new information produced in the world is being stored on magnetic media, most of it on hard disk drives. Despite their importance, there is relatively little published work on the failure patterns of disk drives, and the key factors that affect their lifetime. Most available data are either based on extrapolation from accelerated aging experiments or from relatively modest sized field studies. Moreover, larger population studies rarely have the infrastructure in place to collect health signals from components in operation, which is critical information for detailed failure analysis.

We present data collected from detailed observations of a large disk drive population in a production Internet services deployment. The population observed is many times larger than that of previous studies. In addition to presenting failure statistics, we analyze the correlation between failures and several parameters generally believed to impact longevity.

Our analysis identifies several parameters from the drive's self monitoring facility (SMART) that correlate highly with failures. Despite this high correlation, we conclude that models based on SMART parameters alone are unlikely to be useful for predicting individual drive failures. Surprisingly, we found that temperature and activity levels were much less correlated with drive failures than previously reported.


Aim: To distinguish typologies of university students in southern Chile on the basis of their level of satisfaction with life and food-related life, and to characterize them according to their eating habits inside and outside the place of residence, aspects associated with health and demographic characteristics. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 347 students at the Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. The instruments for collecting information included the SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale), SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life) and the HRQOL (Health-related Quality of Life Index). Questions were asked about eating habits inside and outside the place of residence, weight and approximate height, and variables for demographic classification. Results: Using a cluster analysis, three student typologies were distinguished, with significant differences in the SWLS and SWFL scores. The typologies differed in the number of days affected by emotional health problems, classification of their nutritional status (BMI), selfperception of their state of health, importance of food to personal well-being, place of residence during the period of studies, frequency of eating in the place of residence and frequency of meals at inconvenient times. Conclusions: The possibility of living with parents during the period of university studies is associated with better eating habits, better emotional health and selfperception of health, lower prevalence of overweight and obesity, and greater satisfaction with the life and foodrelated life.


This paper presents the design and application of an environmental monitoring system on the historical site of Odda's Chapel in Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, UK, and the determination of hygroscopic behaviour of the original building materials to obtain long-term moisture content variation. The monitoring system provides a comprehensive profile of hygrothermal conditions in the walls at the locations where moisture conditions are potentially causing decay and damage. The system makes use of temperature and relative humidity sensing technology placed on the wall construction, providing continuous data including rainfall, wind-driven rain and runoff rain measurements. The relative merits and results of the designed system are evaluated and discussed, as well as the implications of its application in the conservation of historical structures. The environmental monitoring results show general deterioration in the shell of the building. Internal wall surface measurements are essential for the documentation of wall interior response and should be conducted across the wall section at several locations. The fact that 91% of in-wall recorded relative humidity (RH) values are greater than 75% RH throughout the monitoring period demonstrates the need for measures to conserve this historical stone masonry.


This study investigated the awareness and use of social media by students in Colleges of Education (COE) in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The study was a descriptive research of the survey type. 200 students from the institutions responded to the questionnaire designed to elicit responses regarding the purposes of the study. Frequency count, percentage and t-test were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that colleges of education students were aware of and use social media for learning. Also, colleges of education students interact with and assimilated faster when using Social Media and this influences colleges of education students learning style. There was no significant difference in the awareness of colleges of education students based on gender and also, gender does not influence colleges of education students' use of social media. The study concluded that COE students in Ilorin have ample awareness about the use of social media for learning and that the lecturers' role would be to guide the application to learning. It was recommended that the use of social media in teaching and learning in Colleges of Education be encouraged and adequately monitored to avoid abuse.


There are two main topics in this thesis, a corpus-based parser and a study of sublanguage.
A novel approach to corpus-based parsing is proposed. In this framework, a probabilistic grammar is constructed whose rules are partial trees from a syntactically-bracketed corpus. The distinctive feature is that the partial trees are multi-layered. In other words, only a small number of non-terminals are used to cut the initial trees; other grammatical nodes are embedded into the partial trees, and hence into the grammar rules. Good parsing performance was obtained, even with small training corpora. Several techniques were developed to improve the parser's accuracy, including in particular two methods for incorporating lexical information. One method uses probabilities of binary lexical dependencies; the other directly lexicalizes the grammar rules. Because the grammar rules are long, the number of rules is huge--more than thirty thousand from a corpus of one million words. A parsing algorithm which can efficiently handle such a large grammar is described. A Japanese parser based on the same idea was also developed.
Corpus-based sublanguage studies were conducted to relate the notion of sublanguage to lexical and syntactic properties of a text. A statistical method based on word frequencies was developed to define sublanguages within a collection of documents; this method was evaluated by identifying the sublanguage of new documents. Relative frequencies of different syntactic structures were used to assess the domain dependency of syntactic structure in a multi-domain corpus. Cross-entropy measurements showed a clear distinction between fiction and non-fiction domains. Experiments were then performed in which grammars trained on individual domains, or sets of domains, were used to parse texts in the same or other domains. The results correlate with the measurements of syntactic variation across domains; in particular, the best performance is achieved using grammars trained on the same or similar domains.
The parsing and sublanguage techniques were applied to speech recognition. Sublanguage techniques were able to increase recognition accuracy, and some promising cases were found where the parser was able to correct recognition errors.


The aim of this paper was to explore the possible bridging between two areas of capital expenditure budgeting research, i.e. environmental conditions and capital investment modelling, using secondary data, and also to identify fruitful areas of primary research into capital investment decision-making. The modelling indicated a high degree of association between a measure of industry protection and capital investment in the Australian footwear industry. Thus the research was considered to be a relevant indicator of fruitful primary research into the probable relationship between protection, one aspect of the economic and political environment of footwear manufacturers, and capital expenditure budgeting processes.


The naturalist Edward Newman did not provide an etymology for the mecopteran Merope tuber when he described it in 1838. In 1872 Asa Fitch asserted that the genus was named after Merope one of the Pleiades sisters of Greek mythology; however, he provided no reason for his assumption. We researched several etymological alternatives. We concur with Fitch and conclude that Newman did indeed name the genus Merope after the dullest of the Pleiades sisters.


Machine‐learning methods for identifying planktonic organisms are becoming well‐established. Although similar morphologies among species make traditional image identification methods difficult for larval bivalves, species‐specific shell birefringence patterns under polarized light permit identification by color and texture‐based features. This approach uses cross‐polarized images of bivalve larvae, extracts Gabor and color angle features from each image, and classifies images using a Support Vector Machine. We adapted this method, which was established on hatchery‐reared larvae, to identify bivalve larvae from a series of field samples from a Cape Cod estuary in 2009. This method had 98% identification accuracy for four hatchery‐reared species. We used a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to confirm field identifications and to compare accuracies to the software classifications. Image classification of larvae collected in the field had lower accuracies than both the classification of hatchery species and PCR‐based identification due to error in visually classifying unknown larvae and variability in larval images from the field. A six‐species field training set had the best correspondence to our visual classifications with 75% overall agreement and individual species agreements from 63% to 88%. Larval abundance estimates for a time‐series of field samples showed good correspondence with visual methods after correction. Overall, this approach represents a cost‐ and time‐saving alternative to molecular‐based identifications and can produce sufficient results to address long‐term abundance and transport‐based questions on a species‐specific level, a rarity in studies of bivalve larvae.


This study documents the singing self-efficacy beliefs of 165 primary teacher education students at a New Zealand university. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used in order to establish a singing self-efficacy profile for the group under investigation, and to explore the factors which influenced the development of their beliefs. Participants completed a questionnaire containing Likert-scale items and open-ended questions. Data on gender, age and ethnicity were also collected. In-depth interviews were conducted with three students who identified as having low self-efficacy. Analysis of the quantitative data revealed a wide range of singing selfefficacy beliefs. Although the study found no differences in self-efficacy on the basis of gender or age, Maori students appeared to hold more positive beliefs about their singing capability than European/Pakeha students. Three factors, other people, the self, and musical experiences, emerged as significant in the development of students' singing self-efficacy. Because of the prevalence of performance-oriented goal structures m New Zealand school music programmes, and because of fixed rather than incremental conceptions of singing ability, individuals who learn to smg accurately early in their lives are more likely to develop high self-efficacy in singing. The study revealed little evidence of the impact of vocal development research on beliefs about singing capability. Student teachers with low self-efficacy in singing often express anxiety about how they will meet the requirement to teach singing as part of the classroom programme. There is also a strong likelihood that teachers will perpetuate the practices which contributed to their own beliefs about singing capability. It is important therefore to understand how singing self-efficacy develops and to identify classroom goal structures which facilitate the development of both singing skills and positive singing self-efficacy.


THE AIM OF THIS PAPER IS TO PROVIDE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ABOUT THE PRESENCE OF SO-CALLED JANUARY EFFECT, AND OTHER SEASONAL EFFECTS, IN MAJOR LATIN AMERICAN CAPITAL MARKETS. TO THIS END, IN THE ANALYSIS TWO SINGLE EQUATION ECONOMETRIC SPECIFICATIONS WITH DUMMY VARIABLES ARE USED FOR STOCK RETURNS IN EACH MARKET, VALUED BOTH IN LOCAL CURRENCY AND DOLLARS. IN ESTIMATING SUCH SPECIFICATIONS ARCH EFFECTS WERE DETECTED FOR SOME COUNTRIES, SO THE TEST SPECIFICATION WAS EXPANDED WITH A GARCH MODEL FOR THE VOLATILITY OF THE RETURNS ON THESE MARKETS. IN THE END, MIXED EVIDENCE ON THE EXISTENCE OF JANUARY EFFECT IS FOUND IN THOSE MARKETS, EVIDENCE WHICH DEPENDS ON: 1) THE SPECIFICATION USED IN THE TEST, AND 2) HOW RETURNS ARE VALUED, WHETHER IN LOCAL CURRENCY OR IN US DOLLARS.


The abilities of pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction angiography and ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q) to detect experimental acute pulmonary emboli were evaluated in a group of 18 research dogs. Emboli were produced by forceful intravenous injection of clotted blood. In five dogs, emboli were labeled with thallium-201 prior to reinjection so that embolus position could be confirmed on scintigraphic studies.

Studies were independently reviewed by three observers. Results were combined so that the relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each imaging technique could be compared using chi-square and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. Digital subtraction angiography and V/Q studies proved to be significantly more specific and accurate than conventional pulmonary angiography. V/Q studies were uniformly of good to excellent quality while the quality of digital subtraction angiography studies was variable depending on the adverse effects of respiratory motion. It was concluded that ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is the best available method to screen dogs suspected of having pulmonary thromboembolism.