Based on the works of authors who focus on old age and memory through a proposal to build photographic sets and an analysis methodology, we developed an exercise/challenge for 9-10 years old kids. Still following these authors, we also proposed to think how children s memory - like that of the elderly - can build and organize itself through photographic supports that represent fragments of daily life. Although both groups include beings at the antipodes of lifetime, they are close as for this given feature. Children intuitively and reflexively elaborate their memory concepts involving memory and forgetting, which they represent in varied and creative visual forms. The building movement of memory thus indicates attempts to order a time composed of various times.


Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) it is a federal misdemeanor to kill a migratory bird "by any means, or in any manner." In 2012, three oil and gas companies operating in the Bakken region of North Dakota were charged with violations of the MBTA after dead and oiled birds were found in and around their oil reserve pits. In United States v. Brigham Oil & Gas, L.P., the companies challenged the violations by claiming that the MBTA applied only to conduct directed at birds, and not to lawful commercial activities that might result in the incidental death of birds. The District Court for the District of North Dakota agreed and dismissed the charges. This Comment argues that the motion to dismiss should not have been granted because the court's interpretation of the MBTA's scope is too narrow and runs counter to binding and persuasive precedent acknowledging that incidental killing is within the scope of


As London grew north and west in the eighteenth century, wealth settled on the new-built streets of the Cavendish-Harley (later Portland, now Howard de Walden) estate. This paper describes how, why and where individuals enriched through the East India Company came to ground in this part of London. The cases of Francis Shepheard, scion of an important company family, Governor Robert Adams, in flight from Tellicherry, his nephew Robert Orme, the historian of India, General Richard Smith, a notorious 'Nabob', and a few others elucidate the market-based origins and accidental then deliberate consolidation of this settlement and stand for many more East India Company names about whom at this point less is known.


In 2008, Chris Anderson (2008), at that time the Editor–in–Chief of Wired , proposed that in the age of the petabyte, there was no longer any need for the scientific method, nor for models or theories. Although it might be contended that this was more provocation and journalistic hubris than formal or substantiated claim, the issue was taken up and has gathered momentum ever since. Indeed within a year or so of Anderson's article, and a series of rejoinders published on the Edge Web site, 'The Age of Big Data' was being heralded, and the measure had increased from petabytes to exabytes, zettabytes, and yottabytes. Diebold (2012) usefully distinguishes between Big Data 'the phenomenon', 'the term', and 'the discipline'; arguing that the phenomenon 'continues unabated', the term is 'firmly entrenched', and the discipline is 'emerging'. In what follows we focus initially on the term and the phenomenon, but our main objective is to argue that it is critical that there is general understanding of the emerging discipline. In particular we aim to justify the assertion that in the age of Big Data the ability to be able to develop abstractions and concepts is at least as important as it was previously; perhaps even more so. Moreover that these skills and techniques need to be understood and available to all of us in an era where we are all analysts and researchers at least to the extent of our use of the internet and its potential for affording search and investigation of online resources. We seek to offer some critical insights into these activities — modeling, conceptualizing, and theorizing — by comparing and contrasting Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD) with the Grounded Theory Method (GTM). The former a technical orientation, that although predating Big Data, lies at the heart of the emerging tools and techniques. The latter a widely used approach to qualitative research aimed at developing conceptual models 'grounded in the data'.


Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), caused by ischaemic heart disease (IHD), is a leading cause of death in both men and women in the western society. Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking are examples of well-known risk factors of IHD, but also there are psychosocial factors, such as stress, vital exhaustion (unusual fatigue, irritability, and demoralization) and depression that have been associated with an increased risk in both genders. After an AMI, however, women are more likely than men to be psychosocially impaired resulting in suffering and a presumed increase in the risk of recurrent cardiac events. Psychosocial factors may be targeted in secondary prevention, complementary to drug treatment and conventional lifestyle advice. There is some evidence of beneficial effects on both psychosocial well-being and cardiac outcomes by psychosocial interventions in men. Far fewer women have been studied and the results have been inconsistent. It is not clear how psychosocial factors convey the increased risk of cardiac events, but many possible psychopathological mechanisms, including biochemical and physiological links, have been suggested. In the Women's Hearts study we have, in a randomised controlled trial, evaluated a one-year cognitive-behavioural stress management programme designed specifically for women with IHD. We included 198 women with IHD, with a mean age of 61 years and from the county of Vasterbotten in Northern Sweden, who were randomised to either conventional treatment and follow-up, or to stress management in addition to conventional care. Extensive questionnaires, blood samplings, and biomedical and physiologic data were obtained before randomisation, as well as at follow-ups approximately one and two years after randomisation. Two groups of healthy controls were included for comparisons with women with IHD. Compared to women without IHD, women with IHD reported more stress behaviour and vital exhaustion. Women with IHD also had a lower heart rate variability (HRV) than the healthy controls, possibly reflecting a dysfunctional autonomic nervous regulation of the heart. Reduced HRV has been shown to increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. At the first follow-up, performed at the end of the one-year stress management programme, women who had participated in the programme had reduced the stress behaviour and vital exhaustion, compared to the women in the conventional care group. We could not find any evidence of a direct cause-effect relationship between stress management and biological cardiovascular risk indicators, or HRV; the intervention and control groups did not differ in insulin resistance, inflammatory, haemostatic and fibrinolytic factors, or HRV. At second follow-up one year later, several additional psychosocial domains were studied. The stress management programme had accelerated psychosocial recovery at the first follow-up over and above that observed in the control group. At the second follow-up, there was further marked improvement in the control group, so the differences in psychosocial variables between the intervention and control groups were no longer significant. In conclusion, a cognitive-behavioural stress management programme could accelerate psychosocial improvement in women with IHD, and thus reduce the amount of psychological and psychosocial suffering. We could not find any evidence that the stress management programme was associated with a concomitant improvement in biological cardiovascular risk indicators, or HRV. Our results suggest that the women with the greatest psychosocial burden should be identified and targeted in new clinical trials of cognitive-behavioural interventions in women with IHD. Future studies within the Women's Hearts project will evaluate the psychosocial effects at a five-year follow-up, as well as investigations of other possible pathways by which psychosocial interventions might mediate beneficial effects on cardiac events.


As a socially disruptive technology, Ambient Intelligence is ultimately directed towards humans and targeted at the mundane life made of an infinite richness of circumstances that cannot fully be considered and easily be anticipated. Most books, however, focus their analysis on, or deal largely with, the advancement of the technology and its potential only. This book offers a fresh, uptodate, and holistic approach to Ambient Intelligence. As such, it addresses the interdisciplinary andtransdisciplinary aspects of the rapidly evolving field of Ambient Intelligence by seamlessly integrating and fusing it with artificial intelligence, cognitive science and psychology, social sciences, andhumanities. It is divided into two main parts: Part 1 is about different permutations of enabling technologies as well as core computational capabilities, namely context awareness, implicit and natural interaction, and intelligent behavior. It details the existing and upcoming prerequisite technologies, and elucidates the application and convergence of major current and future computing trends. Part 2 is an accessible review and synthesis of the latest research in the human-directed sciences and computing and how these are intricately interrelated in the realm of Ambient Intelligence. It deals with the stateoftheart humaninspired applications which show human-like understanding and exhibit intelligent behavior in relation to a variety of aspects of human functioning states and processes. It describes and elaborates on the rich potential of Ambient Intelligence from a variety of interrelated perspectives and the plethora of challenges and bottlenecks involved in making Ambient Intelligence a reality, and also discusses the established knowledge and recent discoveriesin the humandirected sciences and their application and convergence in the ambit of Ambient Intelligence computing. This seminal reference work is the most comprehensive of its kind, and will prove invaluable to students, researchers, and professionals across both computing and the human-directed sciences.


Clash narratives relating to evolutionary science and personal belief are a recurrent theme in media or public space discourse. However, a 2009 British Council poll undertaken in 10 countries worldwide shows that the perception of a necessary clash between evolutionary worldviews and belief in a God is a minority viewpoint. How then does the popular conception that there is an ongoing conflict between evolution and belief in God arise? One contributing factor is the framing and categorization of creationism and evolutionism within large-scale surveys for use within media campaigns. This article examines the issue framing within four polls conducted in the United Kingdom and internationally between 2008 and 2013. It argues that by ignoring the complexity and range of perspectives individuals hold, or by framing evolutionary science as atheistic, we are potentially creating 'creationists' − including 'Islamic creationists' − both figuratively and literally.


Intrusion detection is required to protect the security of computer network systems by detecting intrusive activities occurring in computer network systems. In this paper, we present decision tree techniques that are used to automatically learn intrusion signatures and classify activities in computer network systems as normal or intrusive for intrusion detection. We show the design of decision tree classifiers for intrusion detection, using different features of raw activity data in computer network systems and different sizes of observation windows. The performance of decision tree classifiers is discussed. We also present the impact of noises in data on the detection performance of the decision tree classifiers. Computer audit data from the Basic Security Module of the Solaris operating system are used to train and test the decision tree classifiers.


Copyright specialists have often focused on the exploitation of copyright of music and on infringement, but not on the question of how copyright conceptualises music. This highly topical volume brings together specialists in music, musicology and copyright law, providing a genuinely interdisciplinary research approach. It compares and contrasts the concepts of copyright law with those of music and musical performance. Several tensions emerge between the ideas of music as a living art and of the musical work as a basis for copyright protection. The expert contributors discuss the notions of the musical work, performance, originality, authorship in music and in copyright, and co-ownership from the disciplinary perspectives of music, musicology and copyright law. The book also examines the role of the Musicians' Union in the evolution of performers' rights in UK copyright law, and, in an empirical study, the transaction costs theory for notice-and-takedown regimes in relation to songs uploaded on YouTube. This unique study offers an interdisciplinary perspective for academics, policymakers and legal practitioners seeking a state-of-the-art understanding of music and copyright law.


Previous research suggests a high prevalence of entrapment in post-9/11 terrorism sting operations, but it is unknown whether entrapment abuses are disproportionately targeted at specific racial/ethnic, religious, or socioeconomic groups. Drawing on Black's theory of law, symbolic threat theory, and research on stereotypes, cognitive biases, and institutional incentives, the authors hypothesize that government agents and informants will use problematic tactics disproportionately against certain marginalized groups. This study empirically tests for such disparities using detailed data on post-9/11 terrorism prosecutions. Specifically, the authors code the sociodemographic characteristics of the 316 domestic terrorism defendants in cases occurring in the 13 years after 9/11 and involving informants. These data are integrated with an existing database of indicators of entrapment for each defendant. Using multivariable models, the authors test whether sociodemographic characteristics predict four key entrapment-related outcomes. Results indicate that minority racial and religious groups, undocumented immigrants, and individuals with low socioeconomic status all have elevated risk for at least one entrapment-related outcome. Strikingly, the most consistent predictor of entrapment is black Muslim identity. In contrast, white Muslims show no increased risk for entrapment vis-à-vis white non-Muslims for all but one outcome. This study thus documents apparent discrimination against African Americans (and white privilege) in yet another area of the criminal justice system. It also demonstrates that deeply ingrained forms of discrimination may become dominant even in policy fields characterized by intense discrimination against other groups.


Improvements in hygiene and socio-economic conditions in many parts of the world have led to an epidemiological shift in hepatitis A with a transition from high to low endemicity. Consequently, in these areas, higher proportion of symptomatic disease among adolescents resulting in large-scale community outbreaks has been described. In Tunisia, an increase in the average age at the time of infection has been reported, hence resulting in regular outbreaks, especially household and primary school epidemics. Molecular investigation of such outbreaks, based on the determination of viral genotype and genetic relatedness between hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains, is a useful tool to identify the potential source of HAV contamination but also to assess the virus molecular dynamics over time, such as the introduction of a new genotype or a specific clustering of HAV strains according to the geographical origin. In Sfax city, (Center-East of Tunisia), only HAV strains of genotype IA are circulating. In rural areas, HAV infection is still highly endemic with probably a water-borne transmission pattern. Nevertheless, the considerable genetic heterogeneity observed in urban areas highlights the changing pattern of hepatitis A epidemiology in these settings. Further molecular studies are strongly needed to better understand HAV epidemiology in Tunisia.


The Stac Fada Member of the Mesoproterozoic Stoer Group (Torridon Supergroup) in NW Scotland is a proximal ejecta blanket surrounding an unidentified asteroid impact crater. A combination of field observations of the ejecta deposit and underlying strata, the geographical distribution of terrane-identified basement clasts found embedded in the impactite, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the impact melt rocks at different locations can constrain the crater location to be about 15–20 km WNW of Enard Bay and thus buried under Mesozoic sediments in The Minch. Syncompressional structures within the suevite at Stattic Point give a clear indication of a southeasterly direction of mass motion. The signatures of two different terranes within the Lewisian gneiss help identify the origin of clasts found in the impactite at three locations. These clasts are unshocked and interpreted as having been swept up by the density current post-impact; their geographical distribution provides an important clue to ejecta emplacement pathways crossing the Assynt and Gruinard terranes. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is used to measure flow direction in pyroclastic density current deposits and is applied here to derive a direction of motion for the impactoclastic density current. It provides good agreement with the other independent methods.


Increasing atmospheric CO2 is decreasing ocean pH most rapidly in colder regions such as the Arctic. As a component of the EPOCA pelagic mesocosm experiment off Spitzbergen in 2010, we examined the consequences of decreased pH and increased pCO2 on the concentrations of dimethylsulphide (DMS). DMS is an important reactant and contributor to aerosol formation and growth in the Arctic troposphere. In the nine mesocosms with initial pH 8.3 to 7.5, equivalent to pCO2 of 180 to 1420 μatm, highly significant but inverse responses to acidity (hydrogen ion concentration [H+]) occurred following nutrient addition. Compared to ambient [H+], average concentrations of DMS during the most representative phase of the 30 d experiment were reduced by approximately 60% at the highest [H+] and by 35% at [H+] equivalent to 750 μatm pCO2, as predicted for 2100. In contrast, concentrations of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of DMS, were elevated by approximately 50% at the highest [H+] and by 30% at [H+] corresponding to 750 μatm pCO2. Measurements of the specific rate of synthesis of DMSP by phytoplankton indicate increased production at high [H+], in parallel to rates of inorganic carbon fixation. The elevated DMSP production at high [H+] was largely a consequence of increased dinoflagellate biomass and in particular, the increased abundance of the species Heterocapsa rotundata. We discuss both phytoplankton and bacterial processes that may explain the reduced ratios of DMS:DMSPt at higher [H+]. The experimental design of eight treatment levels provides comparatively robust empirical relationships of DMS and DMSP concentration, DMSP production and dinoflagellate biomass versus [H+] in Arctic waters.


This study investigated how social understandings influence, and often obscure, individual perception. As a replication ofLindblom's (2002) study conducted in Sweden, the aim of this project was to investigate how individuals, studying towards a health care degree such as psychology, handle the occurrence of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) when presented with it. To this end, participants were presented with a picture designed to represent CSA and were asked to interpret the nature of the picture. Following this, participants completed the Child Sexual Abuse Myth Scale (CSAMS) which served to highlight whether the three predominant social stereotypes surrounding CSA, namely, Blame Diffusion, Denial of Abusiveness and Restrictive Stereotypes, were influential in the interpretations participants offered surrounding the picture representing CSA. It was discovered that participants who scored significantly higher on the myth scale for the myths, Denial ofAbusiveness and Restrictive Stereotypes, were more likely to misinterpret CSA when presented with it. To See or Not To See a Sexually Abused Child in a Picture 5


Although student persistence in graduate programs is widely regarded as an important topic in the literature of higher education, many such works focus on the completion of studies. This paper examines the dynamics of attrition resulting in either delayed or non-completion of doctoral studies. Administrative data of 294 Ph.D. students at Makerere University in the 2000 to 2005 enrollment cohorts were analyzed. The total elapsed time from first enrollment to submission of a final dissertation or thesis copy was taken as a measure of completion time. A multinomial logistic was applied for assessing the likelihood of completion and extended candidature, rather than withdrawal, five years after initial enrollment in doctoral studies. In the results, the estimates rates of extended candidature (48.6%) and withdrawal (36.4%) indicate a low timely completion rate of doctoral students at Makerere. The observed associations, modeled by a range of candidate, candidature, and institutional variables, including discipline area, suggest the need for establishing measures to promote progress in doctoral studies at early stages of commencement as well as throughout the course of candidature.


The increasing popularity of video streaming is escalating the growth of data traffic over cellular networks. Consequently, new techniques are much needed to help serving this increasing video traffic. Furthermore, the new techniques should consider the complex, dynamic, and delay-sensitive nature of video streaming traffic to support good Quality of Experience (QoE) video streaming services over cellular networks.
The work in this thesis is focused on proposing algorithms and techniques to enhance the delivery of video contents and to improve the QoE of video streaming over cellular networks with high user density. First, we propose two algorithms for progressive caching of video segments in User Equipments (UEs) and Device-to-Device (D2D) transmission of video contents among UEs in the cell. The algorithms are employed, by the Base-Station (BS), to send segments of video files to selected UEs in the cellular network (called Storage Members (SMs)), to cache and forward the segments to requesting UEs using D2D communication. We study the performance of both algorithms in terms of the hit ratio as well as the achieved data rates.
The parameters of the wireless communication on the Radio Access Network (RAN) between the BS and UEs have an effect on video streaming QoE. As such, we analyze the impact of the wireless transmission parameters in Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) networks on video streaming QoE. We consider both cell-level and link-level parameters. Moreover, we propose an architecture for improving the QoE of video streaming in cellular networks with high user density. The architecture employs the aforementioned algorithms. Furthermore, the architecture employs Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH); an adaptive video streaming technique. We study the improvements achieved by the proposed architecture in terms of many video streaming QoE metrics. Thereafter, we improve the operation of the proposed architecture by introducing QoE awareness to both caching and distribution of video segments. We employ QoE awareness in three aspects of the proposed architecture; cellular resource allocation, caching of video segments, and SM assignment optimization. We analyze the improvements achieved by each QoE awareness technique in terms of video streaming QoE metrics.


The fundamental goal of this study is to determine if the complex spatial concept of map overlay can be effectively learned by young adolescents through the utilization of an instructional technique based within the foundations of Instructional Geographic Information Science (InGIScience). Percent correct and reaction times were the measures used to analyze the ability of young adolescents to learn the intersect, erase, and union functions of map overlay. The ability to solve for missing inputs, output, or function was also analyzed. Young adolescents of the test group scored higher percent correct and recorded faster reaction times than those of the control group or adults of the expert group by the end of the experiment. The intersect function of map overlay was more difficult in terms of percent correct and reaction time than the erase or union functions. Solving for the first or second input consistently resulted in lower percent correct and higher reaction times throughout the experiment. No overall performance differences were shown to exist between males and females. Results of a subjective "real-world" test also indicated learning by young adolescents. This study has shown that the practice of repetitive instruction and testing has proven effective for enhancing spatial abilities with regard to the map overlay concept. This study found that with practice, young adolescents can learn the map overlay concept and perform at levels equal to or greater than adults. This study has helped to answer the question of whether this development of spatial abilities is possible.


The economic crisis that starts in 2007 in the U.S. has had dramatic effects in Italy. The level of GDP in 2009 falls of 5 percentage points, followed by production, employment and wages. This scenario underlines the weaknesses of the Italian labor market and a significant recourse to layoffs especially during the downswing. Although the evidence indicates that there is a link between aggregate supply and labour, researches on this topic are fragmented and they are not as straightforward as they appear. In order to fill this lacuna, by applying a traditional production function we use a bivariate VAR model to assess whether aggregate supply is driven by labour force. We use the industrial production index as proxy of GDP and layoffs as proxy for unemployment. Data are drawn from the Eurostat database and INPS database over the period 2005-2014. To take into account the events connected with the recession we add a dummy variable as an exogenous variable. The Granger causality test shows that in the short run there is a two-way relation from the industrial production index to ordinary layoffs. From these results emerge that layoffs ordinary layoffs may be used as a policy to contrast the economic cycle. JEL classification numbers: E00, E60, J00, J48, C22Keywords: Economic crisis; Layoffs; VAR approach; Granger causality test.


Radiocarbon dating and modeling of Egyptian dynasties are strengthening the links between historical chronology and archaeological associations. Ancient literary sources of Pharaonic Egypt constitute the historical cornerstone of time in the eastern Mediterranean region during the Bronze and Iron Ages (the third to first millennia B.C.E.). Historical chronologies for ancient Egypt are based on abundant but fragmentary written sources, and various chronological interpretations exist (1–5). Radio-carbon dating has the potential to verify those interpretations (6). On page 1554 of this issue, Bronk Ramsey et al. (7) present a comprehensive and sophisticated radiocarbon dating study on the chronology of Pharaonic Egypt, involving 211 samples. The short-lived plant samples for 14C dating were selected from individual funerary contexts in various museum collections. Each sample could be associated with the reign of a particular Pharaoh or with a specific section of the historical chronology.


Loading of bioavailable phosphorus, traditionally measured as soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), contributes to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. However, polyphosphates are also bioavailable but escape detection by the standard method used for measuring SRP. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric analysis of sediment extracts and enzymatic assay of surface waters reveal heretofore unreported presence of pyrophosphate (Ppi) in coastal wetlands. We show that the accumulation of Ppi (the smallest chemical form of polyphosphate) in coastal wetlands is related to human impact and can occur in quantities that exceed that of SRP. We further demonstrate that Ppi is readily utilized by microbes in coastal wetland sediments in the presence of nitrogen and carbon and can serve as a reservoir of orthophosphate. Thus, Ppi accumulation in estuaries will subsidize the in situ biogeochemical phosphorus cycle. This has important ecological implications for trophic responses and estuarine productivity.


In their eagerness to reward celebrities for the power of their "images," and to prevent other people from exploiting those images, courts have allowed the right of publicity to distort the First Amendment. The power of the visual image has allowed courts to create an inconsistent, overly expansive regime that would be easily understood as constitutionally unacceptable were the same rules applied to written words as to drawings and video games. The intersection of a conceptually unbounded right with a category of objects that courts do not handle well has created deep inconsistencies and biases in the treatment of visual and audiovisual media, particularly comics and video games. These problems show up both in First Amendment defenses and in copyright preemption analysis. The possible arguments one might offer for treating images differently are insufficient to justify this disparity. The Article concludes that, absent the distortion produced by images, the right of publicity would properly be understood as sharply limited.


Abstract Patrick Lenta and Jessica Wolfendale have written two very thoughtful discussions on torture. A central question that arises in responding to these essays in terms of my recent book, Stoic Warriors, is whether ancient Stoicism affords any insights into both the propensity to inflict torture as well as the capacity to endure it. Wolfendale suggests that the learned capacity to endure torture, and in particular, becoming desensitised to pain, may be part of the psychological background that informs a willingness to inflict torture. Training in resisting torture, such as that which special operations troops typically go through, involves not only learning techniques, which can then be reverse engineered in applying torture (what some argue has happened in Guantanamo Bay), but also learning the kind of stress inoculation that makes one willing to use those techniques. In short, military training that involves torture resistance hardens one's soul and makes one indifferent to the suffering that torture involves. This indifference, Wolfendale claims, is not unlike Stoic apathy. I want to argue, on the contrary, that Stoic apathy is substantively different. However, before making the case, I take up a number of other preliminary points raised in both papers. I conclude with some remarks about interrogation in general.


From the Introduction] Citizens and senators alike have cited the phrase "United We Stand," yet many Americans doubt this platitude. The wage gap between the rich and poor widens each year, resulting in one percent ofthe population owning more than a quarter of the nation's wealth (William). Gender, ethnic, and racial prejudices endure despite numerous struggles for equality, including the election of an African American President. Only last year, a southern GOP chairman "joked" how his dog should receive welfare because it's "black, unemployed, lazy, can't speak English, and has no frigging clue who his Daddy is" (Payne). Standing united about any topic seems unlikely in such a socially and politically stratified climate, and rather than working together to heal divisions, our political parties grow increasingly polarized. Yet even as the climate has grown more volatile, an alternative trend has increased both its presence and popularity. Camivalesque spaces in American culture are providing platforms for transgressing these power structures and culturally defined boundaries of identity. Particularly, Spoken Word Poetry exemplifies a carnivalesque space, allowing to reverse social hierarchies in ways seemingly impossible otherwise given the inequities. Spoken Word creates a Carnivalesque space in America by challenging power structures, re-imagining the body, utilizing all-inclusive humor, and building a strong sense of community. Document Type Capstone Project Degree Name Bachelor of Arts


The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes images on the retina during rapid head motions. The gain of the VOR (the ratio of eye to head rotation velocity) is typically around -1 when the eyes are focused on a distant target. However, to stabilize images accurately, the VOR gain must vary with context (eye position, eye vergence and head translation). We first describe a kinematic model of the VOR which relies solely on sensory information available from the semicircular canals (head rotation), the otoliths (head translation), and neural correlates of eye position and vergence angle. We then propose a dynamical model and compare it to the eye velocity responses measured in monkeys. The dynamical model reproduces the observed amplitude and time course of the modulation of the VOR and suggests one way to combine the required neural signals within the cerebellum and the brain stem. It also makes predictions for the responses of neurons to multiple inputs (head rotation and translation, eye position, etc.) in the oculomotor system.


Peyronie's disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition of penile tunica albuginea which commonly ends with penile curvature and difficulty in vaginal penetration. Unfortunately, the pathophysiology of PD has not been completely understood. In this paper, we will review what is known about the pathophysiology of PD and the nonsurgical medical treatment options that have been trialed as a result. In the last 5 years, commonly used oral medications left their places to intralesional therapies. Clostridium collagenase, which is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment for PD, is now the most prescribed intralesional therapy in the last years. Clostridium collagenase is advised for patients whose penile curvature is > 30° and < 90°. Because of its side effects, patients should be counseled before intralesional Clostridium collagenase treatment. Until finding best treatment solution for PD, more investigations in regards to the basic science of PD need to be carried out in order to elucidate the exact mechanisms of the fibrosis.


This document describes a protocol, called kx509, for using Kerberos
tickets to acquire X.509 certificates. These certificates may be used
for many of the same purposes as X.509 certificates acquired by other
means, but if a Kerberos infrastructure already exists, then the
overhead of using kx509 may be much less. While not standardized,
this protocol is already in use at several large organizations, and
certificates issued with this protocol are recognized by the
International Grid Trust Federation. This document is not an Internet
Standards Track specification; it is published for informational
purposes.


Aim: A dose-response meta-analysis was conducted in order to summarize the evidence from prospective cohort studies regarding the association between coffee intake and breast cancer risk. Methods: A systematic search was performed in electronic databases up to March 2017 to identify relevant studies; risk estimates were retrieved from the studies and linear and non-linear dose-response analysis modelled by restricted cubic splines was conducted. A stratified and subgroup analysis by menopausal and estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status, smoking status and body mass index (BMI) were performed in order to detect potential confounders. Results: A total of 21 prospective studies were selected either for dose-response, the highest versus lowest category of consumption or subgroup analysis. The dose-response analysis of 13 prospective studies showed no significant association between coffee consumption and breast cancer risk in the non-linear model. However, an inverse relationship has been found when the analysis was restricted to post-menopausal women. Consumption of four cups of coffee per day was associated with a 10% reduction in postmenopausal cancer risk (relative risk, RR 0.90; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.82 to 0.99). Subgroup analyses showed consistent results for all potential confounding factors examined. Conclusions: Findings from this meta-analysis may support the hypothesis that coffee consumption is associated with decreased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.


Our heliosphere—the bubble in the local interstellar medium produced by the Sun's outflowing solar wind—has finally responded to a large increase in solar wind output and pressure in the second half of 2014. NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission remotely monitors the outer heliosphere by observing energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) returning from the heliosheath, the region between the termination shock and heliopause. IBEX observed a significant enhancement in higher energy ENAs starting in late 2016. While IBEX observations over the previous decade reflected a general reduction of ENA intensities, indicative of a deflating heliosphere, new observations show that the large (∼50%), persistent increase in the solar wind dynamic pressure has modified the heliosheath, producing enhanced ENA emissions. The combination of these new observations with simulation results indicate that this pressure is re-expanding our heliosphere, with the termination shock and heliopause already driven outward in the locations closest to the Sun. The timing between the IBEX observations, a large transient pressure enhancement seen by Voyager 2, and the simulations indicates that the pressure increase propagated through the heliosheath, reflected off the heliopause, and the enhanced density of the solar wind filled the heliosheath behind it before generating significantly enhanced ENA emissions. The coming years should see significant changes in anomalous cosmic rays, galactic cosmic radiation, and the filtration of interstellar neutral atoms into the inner heliosphere.


Drowning is a serious worldwide, mostly preventable injury problem, particularly among international travelers. In 2000, approximately 449,000 people have drowned worldwide, and the exact number of travelers is not precisely known. Although comprehensive infectious disease information has been available to international travelers for many years, advice on injury risk and prevention, more specifically on drowning prevention, has received little attention. The goals of this review were to develop research-based drowning prevention and water-safety recommendations for travelers and to identify research needs for future recommendations. A group of injury-prevention and travel-medicine experts conducted several rounds of voting and ranking of the strength and evidence of drowning-prevention recommendations. Each of the thirty-two recommendations created have also been categorized using the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel scale and have been framed in the context of preevent, event, and postevent categories commonly used in injury-control theory and Haddon's Matrix. These recommendations were developed for use by travel-medicine professionals or others who prepare individuals for travel. Several of the identified interventions to prevent drownings lack conclusive scientific evidence of their effectiveness and warrant further studies to better understand their true effectiveness. Furthermore, funding for the studies of intervention effectiveness and the implications of these interventions for international travelers are essential, yet insufficient.


A five year old fully web-based nursing program for associate degree nurses completing a baccalaureate degree (RN to BSN) at the University of New Mexico College of Nursing was evaluated by student, faculty and library/technical stakeholders (N=230) using quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings suggest that students and faculty have similar views regarding technical and faculty expertise, anytime-anywhere web convenience, and the usefulness of research and written assignments. Stakeholders, however, had differing viewpoints regarding the time burden, usefulness of web discussions, building a learning community and the clarity of communications and faculty organization. Based on the evaluation results successful curricular changes were made in the standardization of Web course homepages and their content as well as program curricular content. Intervening variables of the nursing shortage and a major college undergraduate curricular change focused the college on meeting the nursing shortage by focusing on graduating new nurses rather than improving the skills and education of current RNs. This change has adversely impacted the Web delivery issues and the RN to BSN population.


Although previous studies have examined U.S. public support for the use of military force in particular historical cases, and have even made limited comparisons among cases, a full comparison of a large number of historical episodes in which the United States contemplated, threatened, or actually used military force has been missing. An analysis of U.S. public support for the use of military force in twenty-two historical episodes from the early 1980s through the Iraq war and occupation (2003-05) underscores the continuing relevance of Bruce Jentleson's principal policy objectives framework: the objective for which military force is used is an important determinant of the base level of public support. The U.S. public supports restraining aggressive adversaries, but it is leery of involvement in civil-war situations. Although the objective of the mission strongly conditions this base level of support, the public is also sensitive to the relative risk of different military actions; to the prospect of civilian or military casualties; to multilateral participation in the mission; and to the likelihood of success or failure of the mission. These results suggest that support for U.S. military involvement in Iraq is unlikely to increase; indeed, given the ongoing civil strife in Iraq, continuing casualties, and substantial disagreement about the prospects for success, the public's support is likely to remain low or even decline.


International terrorism lies at the cusp of crime, states' domestic politics, and international relations. Precisely because terrorist offenses are poised at that volatile intersection, significant practical, legal, and political difficulties attend the exercise of criminal jurisdiction over terrorist crimes in any forum. Prosecutions in the domestic courts of affected states pose one set of concerns, while prosecutions in an international criminal court-or in the domestic courts of third-party states under universal jurisdiction-pose others. This essay examines the factors underlying the jurisdictional difficulties in this field and considers the implications of those factors for future policy. I. THE IMPETUS TO INTERNATIONALIZE ENFORCEMENT Most crime is prosecuted at the national, not the international, level. This is true even of cross-border crime. For the most part, states criminalize conduct domestically. Where states need to cooperate with other states to enforce their domestic criminal law, they do so through mutual legal assistance agreements, extradition treaties, coordination of investigations, and the like. Terrorism, however, is not ordinary crime. It is not even ordinary cross-border crime. Although the term "terrorism" has no international legal definition, the term would seem to indicate, at a minimum, an unlawful violent act committed for a political purpose. Since terrorism has political motives, states typically are the targets and, not infrequently, the sponsors of terrorism. This fact enormously complicates the issue of criminal jurisdiction over terrorism. The likely involvement of states as targets or sponsors of terrorism creates an impetus to resort to some authority for the handling of terrorist offenses that is outside the state that is the sponsor or target of the terrorist act. Such outside authorities might include the UN Security Council, the International Criminal Court, or a third-party state operating under universal jurisdiction. II. INTERNATIONALIZED ENFORCEMENT FROM A POLICY PERSPECTIVE It is easy to understand the impulse to resort to international or universal jurisdiction for the handling of terrorist offenses when the alternative would be to rely for law enforcement on the very state that has sponsored the terrorist act. Take, for instance, the bombing of Pan Am flight 103, the flight that exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland. It appears that the bombing was in fact sponsored by the government of Libya.1 The Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation criminalizes and provides for the prosecution of aircraft bombing.2 Libya, the UK, and the US each were parties to that treaty at all times relevant to the Lockerbie case.3 The Montreal Convention provides that whenever an individual suspected of aircraft bombing is found on the territory of a state party to the treaty, that state must either prosecute or extradite the suspect.4 This provision for "aut dedere, aut judicare" is quite standard in the several multilateral treaties dealing with what would generally be thought of as "terrorist offenses."5 The two suspects in the Lockerbie case lived in Libya and were Libyan nationals. Libya indicated that it would prosecute the suspects in its own national courts. Since there was evidence that Libya had sponsored the bombing, this posed a problem. The UK and the US insisted that Libya not prosecute the suspects but, rather, extradite them to the US or the UK for prosecution. The issue was presented to the UN security Council. Based on the evidence that Libya itself was implicated in the crime, the security Council issued Resolution 748, under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, effectively requiring the extradition of the suspects.6 Libya took the position that the security Council lacked the authority to issue that resolution. This dispute resulted in cases brought by Libya against the UK and the US before the International Court of Justice ("ICJ"). …


The objective of this study is to assess the skill of a precipitation nowcasting (very short range forecasting) system, with particular emphasis on hig-impact Heavy Precipitation Events (HPE). A threshold amount of 20 mm in 30 minutes is
adopted, according to the first warning level issued for high rainfall rates by the Meteorological Service of Catalonia (NE Spain). These type of events are relatively frequent during autumn in the Mediterranean area and may produce flash-floods and substantial socio-economic losses when affecting densely populated areas in small catchments near the coast. Moreover, they can also produce local damage due to severe weather induced by winds of convective origin such as tornadoes or microbursts. Therefore, under these circumstances nowcasting systems producing very-short range (<3h) quantitative
precipitation forecasts (QPF) are particularly necessary.
Recent studies have pointed out the benefits of combining or blending the information from radar-based nowcasting
systems and high resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models to fill the gap between the lead-times of forecasts provided by each type of system - see for example Atencia et al. (2010), Berenguer et al. (2012) or the review by Pierce et al. (2012). Here we focus on assessing the quality of precipitation forecasts to examine realistic lead-times provided in four selected cases (see Table 1) for different precipitation amounts. The evaluation is done in two ways. Firstly forecasts are compared against radar based Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE). Secondly the QPF fields are compared against
actual raingauge data. Results are presented for all events together and for individual cases.


The strontium (88Sr/86Sr) stable isotope composition of seawater preserved in sedimentary foraminifera potentially provides key information on variations in the composition of material delivered by continental weathering and on changes in carbonate productivity over time. However, recent studies suggest a significant temperature dependent fractionation of Sr stable isotopes during the precipitation of calcium carbonate, which must be quantified before seawater records can be accurately retrieved [1, 2].
This study presents high-precision stable Sr isotope data (±10 ppm; 2 s.d.) for core-top planktonic foraminifera from sites in the South Atlantic covering a sea surface temperature range of ca. 18 - 28°C, and quaternary marine foraminiferal records from the SE Indian Ocean (core ). These results indicate that there is no signficiant variation in the stable isotope composition of an individual species across the temperature range studied here, but there are resolvable differences in the offset from seawater between species. In this case, seawater stable Sr isotope records can be reconstructed without the necessity of a temperature correction. The preliminary results for a glacial-interglacial planktonic foraminiferal record indicate that there are no resolvable variations in the stable isotope ratios over this time interval, indicating that there are no significant variations in the Sr isotope composition of continental runoff or carbonate productivity in the oceans over this time interval.

[1] Fietzke, J., Eisenhauer, A. (2006), Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, (8), 1-6 . [2] Ruggerburg, A., Fietzke, J., Liebetrau, V. Eisenhauer, A., Dullo, W-C., Freiwald, A. (2008). Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 269, 570-575


An exhibition curated by Emma Braso with projects by Abigail Hunt, Kieren Reed, Abdulbari Kutbi, Rosana Antoli and the collaboration of The Waste Land research group at Turner Contemporary.

"Intentionality is bound up with individualism"—Mieke Bal.

One can have a goal but be in no condition to achieve it. Yet, can one gain agency yet avoid intentionality? Through four different projects this exhibition explores the apparent contingent relation between actions and purposes in four arenas: the technological, the aesthetic, the political, and the social.

Abdulbari Kutbi's Pirouette Robots roam around the Herbert Read Gallery, changing their direction of progress when finding obstacles. Although able to take simple decisions thanks to a system of interconnected nodes, as with more complex examples of Artificial Intelligence, the question of the machine's own will remain for now an attractive possibility.

Amongst the robots, Abigail Hunt and Kieren Reed's artwork Liminal occupies the gallery space. Made up of several dozens of simple geometric sculptures, it is a piece to be experienced through action. Visitors are invited to activate the work with the hope that their participation will provoke moments of unsolicited disorientation, exchange, and discussion.

Recent political efforts such as the international Occupy movements, or the Spanish "Los Indignados," have been criticised for their lack of concrete objectives. Now that the outcomes of those movements are becoming viable political options with clear intentions, it is worth considering how to gain agency while avoiding the instrumentalization of one's actions. Rosana Antoli's opening performance for the exhibition recognises the risks of aligning actions and purposes by transforming the gallery into a space of protest for bodies and objects.

Agency is always relational; it depends on our position within a group or in a situation. On 15th September, members of the community who are researching and developing Turner Contemporary's 2018 exhibition about T.S Eliot's poem The Waste Land, met at the gallery in Margate to discuss their thoughts on the terms 'agency' and 'intention'. They followed a philosophical enquiry methodology starting with the question 'Is not having an intention a type of intention?'


We study the transmission of confidential messages across a wireless broadcast channel with K > 2 receivers and K helpers. The goal is to transmit all messages reliably to their intended receivers while keeping them confidential from the unintended receivers. We design a codebook based on nested lattice structure, cooperative jamming, lattice alignment, and i.i.d. coding. Moreover, we exploit the asymmetric compute-and-forward decoding strategy to handle finite SNR regimes. Unlike previous alignment schemes, our achievable rates are attainable at any finite SNR value. Also, we show that our scheme achieves the optimal sum secure degrees of freedom of 1 for the K-receiver Gaussian broadcast channel with K confidential messages and K helpers.


ABSTRACT The nearshore slope of Oahu consists of a shallowly dipping shelf extending from the shoreline out to the -20 m contour, where there is a sharp break in slope down to -30 m. Limestones recovered in a series of short cores taken from this nearshore terrace are typical of shallow-marine reef environments and comprise either a branching-coral or massive-coral facies. The composition as well as shoreward zonation of facies suggests that the terrace represents an in situ fossil reef complex. Th-U ages of in situ corals are all Pleistocene and suggest that the bulk of the feature formed during marine oxygen isotope stage 7. Later accretion along the seaward front of the terrace occurred during marine oxygen isotope substages 5a and/or 5c. Deposition during these interglacial highstands has not previously been documented in the sea-level record on Oahu. Although the diagenetic record in the cored samples is incomplete, three periods of diagenesis are identified: early shallow marine, meteoric, and post-meteoric shallow marine. Early shallow-marine diagenesis includes cementation by aragonite and Mg calcite in an active marine phreatic zone and predominantly micritization in a stagnant marine phreatic zone. Meteoric processes occurred in the vadose zone and include precipitation of calcite (needle fibers, meniscus cements, micritic networks), neomorphism, and dissolution. All limestones are now in an active marine phreatic zone. Evidence of post-meteoric shallow-marine diagenesis is found in last-generation Mg calcite cements and internal sediments occurring directly on limestone substrates that have otherwise been stabilized to calcite. The present seafloor is undergoing extensive biological and physical erosion. No Holocene limestones were recovered. Petrographic and geochemical signatures of subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis are recognized within the upper several centimeters of all cores. Thus, the present seafloor in the study area is a flooded Pleistocene subaerial exposure surface.


The LTC®2452 is an ultra-tiny, fully differential, 16-bit, analog-to-digital converter. The LTC2452 uses a single 2.7V to 5.5V supply and communicates through an SPI interface. The ADC is available in an 8-pin, 3mm × 2mm DFN package or TSOT-23 package. It includes an integrated oscillator that does not require any external components. It uses a delta-sigma modulator as a converter core and has no latency for multiplexed applications. The LTC2452 includes a proprietary input sampling scheme that reduces the average input sampling current several orders of magnitude when compared to conventional delta-sigma converters. Additionally, due to its architecture, there is negligible current leakage between the input pins. The LTC2452 can sample at 60 conversions per second, and due to the very large oversampling ratio, has extremely relaxed anti-aliasing requirements. The LTC2452 includes continuous internal offset and full-scale calibration algorithms which are transparent to the user, ensuring accuracy over time and over the operating temperature range. The converter has an external REF pin and the differential input voltage range can extend up to ±VREF . Following a single conversion, the LTC2452 can automatically enter a sleep mode and reduce its supply current to less than 0.2μA. If the user reads the ADC once a second, the LTC2452 consumes an average of less than 50μW from a 2.7V supply.


Abstract The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is highly dependent on sea ice conditions, and future climate change may affect its distribution and numbers. Most studies on the demography and population dynamics of emperor penguins in relation to sea ice characteristics were conducted at a single colony (Pointe Géologie). Several non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the dramatic decline of this colony, including changes in sea ice conditions, predation, flipper banding and human disturbance. Here, we report and analyse updated long-term trends in numbers of breeding pairs made at two colonies (Pointe Géologie and Haswell Island) where counts are comparable. Similar changes were observed for both colonies and paralleled changes in sea ice extent. At Pointe Géologie and Haswell Island, populations declined similarly and later growth rates were also similar since the early 1990s for Haswell and early 1980s for Pointe Géologie. The magnitude of the decline was similar between both colonies when numbers of breeding pairs were assessed. This study suggests that a common large-scale environmental factor has probably negatively affected both colonies.


Many tasks in geophysics and acoustics require estimation of mode velocities in cylindrically layered media. For example, acoustic logging or monitoring in open and cased boreholes need to account for radial inhomogeneity caused by layers inside the borehole (sand screen, gravel pack, casing) as well as layers outside (cement, altered and unaltered formation layers). For these purposes it is convenient to study a general model of cylindrically layered media with inner fluid layer and free surface on the outside. Unbounded surrounding media can be described as a limiting case of this general model when thickness of the outer layer is infinite. At low frequencies such composite media support two symmetric modes called Stoneley (tube) and plate (extensional) wave. Simple expressions are obtained for these two mode velocities valid at zero frequency. They are written in a general form using elements of a propagator matrix describing axisymmetric waves in the entire layered composite. This allows one to apply the same formalism and compute velocities for n‐layered composites as well as anisotropic pipes. It is demonstrated that the model of periodical cylindrical layers is equivalent to a homogeneous radially transversely isotropic media when the number of periods increases to infinity, whereas their thickness goes to zero. Numerical examples confirm good validity of obtained expressions and suggest that even small number of periods may already be well described by equivalent homogeneous anisotropic media.


I am grateful to the several contributors to this symposium and to the journal editors for arranging it. The commentators are thoughtful and I have learned from them. I will respond briefly, beginning with Professor Kateb's paper. Kateb makes valuable distinctions among types of pluralism and argues forcefully that some of the types are mutually incompatible. I did attempt a general theory and closer attention to his distinctions would have improved the book. I think the value of the book, assuming it has some, lies in the detailed engagements with several major thinkers. The conception of plu ralism that I most wanted to promote is what Kateb calls the inner plurality of individual persons, albeit it includes Kateb's second type, that is the pluralism of a diversity of individuals making up a social and political order. If I understand Kateb's argument it is that the first and second types are incompatible. I disagree with this; it seems to me that there are a number of historical examples of the two types not only coexisting but complementing one another. Certainly the theorists I discuss thought they could be. On this question see also Jacob Levy's comments. I would add that, whereas Kateb's abundant writing?which I greatly admire?has usually included a good deal of existential specificity, his essay here seems to me to be primarily an essay in quite abstract theorizing. Eric MacGilvray's paper is a detailed discussion of William James. He takes up aspects of James' thinking that I don't discuss. I learned from his accounts, but so far as I can see there are no major differences between us. Richard Boyd's article concentrates on my chapter on Michael Oakeshott. Boyd clearly knows Oakeshott very well and I read his piece as for the most part complementary to mine. He correctly observes that I don't do much of anything with the notion, central to Oakeshott, of civility and civil. That was deliberate. I have found the recent literature on civil society disturbing. It is at once too thin and too thick. It is thin conceptually but thick politically. Finally, while appreci ating my emphasis on dispositional as opposed to mechanical/institutional, Boyd objects that I have little to say about how to avoid falling into mutually destructive conflict. Jacob T. Levy's exceptionally interesting contribution gives an instructive overview of recent versions of pluralist theories, notes that my book ignores most of them and makes some highly gener ous remarks. He makes the suggestion that I am interested in plurality and not pluralism. He says that my views about rights are entirely unwarranted and unsupportable, and he thinks that my views about action and freedom leave a lot to be desired. He is


The tubular structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appears to be generated by integral membrane proteins, the reticulons and a protein family consisting of DP1 in mammals and Yop1p in yeast. Here, individual members of these families were found to be sufficient to generate membrane tubules. When we purified yeast Yop1p and incorporated it into proteoliposomes, narrow tubules (∼15 to 17 nanometers in diameter) were generated. Tubule formation occurred with different lipids; required essentially only the central portion of the protein, including its two long hydrophobic segments; and was prevented by mutations that affected tubule formation in vivo. Tubules were also formed by reconstituted purified yeast Rtn1p. Tubules made in vitro were narrower than normal ER tubules, due to a higher concentration of tubule-inducing proteins. The shape and oligomerization of the "morphogenic" proteins could explain the formation of the tubular ER.


A new species of False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae), Macroderma handae sp. nov., is described from dental, dentary and maxillary fragments recovered from limestone deposits at Dingo Gap, Oscar Range, in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. This material is likely to be of Pliocene age, or early Pleistocene, based on biocorrelation within the same sample. The absence of the P2 indicates that it is more derived than Miocene taxa including M. malugara and M. godthelpi, but its phylogenetic position relative to M. koppa could not be determined. It appears to be slightly smaller than M. gigas and M. koppa based on the size of M1 and M2. It can be distinguished from M. gigas by the lesser degree of fenestration in the maxilla; and from all other species of Macroderma by the shape of the protofossa of the M1, plus the M2 protoconid relatively high and of proportionally greater area within the trigonid. Other material collected, but not identified completely or described, includes several lower canines from a species of emballonurid, and a dentary with M1-3 representing a vespertilionid bat. Given the wear striations observed on the M3 of the newly-described Macroderma species, we suggest that it was a predator of small vertebrates, including possibly the chiropteran co-inhabitants of the cave. This new species of Macroderma is the sixth species recognized in the genus so far, and the second from the Pliocene.


This article discusses two alternative explanations for the fact that pre-war boy singers continued to sing with the high soprano voice into their late teens. The argument from technique suggests that what has changed is the way in which boys are trained. The argument from testosterone suggests that the timing of puberty has changed. The article reviews the two arguments and concludes that explanations
associated with changes in technique may be the basis of a more robust account. However, it is necessary to introduce a third factor – that of boys' vocal agency. The article suggests that boys now have greater autonomy with regard to how they will use their voices than in the past. This has generally resulted in a retreat from the soprano register. The paper illustrates the discussion with case studies of two boys
whose careers as soprano or "treble" ended in 2008 respectively at the ages of 14:7 and 15:3. Its concluding contention is that there is inadequate pastoral care or
education about what will happen to the voice for boys who must choose between conflicting positions held by adult professionals. Boys' will power and autonomous
choice may be more significant than either technique or testosterone.


This paper explores the flow paths and turnover times within a catchment characterized by the transmissivity feedback mechanism where there is a strong increase in the saturated hydraulic conductivity towards the soil surface and precipitation inputs saturate progressively more superficial layers of the soil profile. The analysis is facilitated by the correlation between catchment water storage and groundwater levels, which made it possible to model the daily spatial distribution of water storage, both vertically in different soil horizons and horizontally across a 6300‐m2 till catchment. Soil properties and episodic precipitation input dynamics, combined with the influence of topographic features, concentrate flow in the horizontal, vertical, and temporal dimensions. Within the soil profile, there was a vertical concentration of lateral flow to superficial soil horizons (upper 30 cm of the soil), where much of the annual flow occurred during runoff episodes. Overland flow from a limited portion of the catchment can contribute to peak flows but is not a necessary condition for runoff episodes. The spatial concentration of flow, and the episodic nature of runoff events, resulted in a strong and spatially structured differentiation of local flow velocities within the catchment. There were large differences in the time spent by the laterally flowing water at different depths, with turnover times of lateral flow across a 1‐m‐wide soil pedon ranging from under 1 h at 10‐ to 20‐cm depth to a month at 70‐ to 80‐cm depth. In many regards, the hydrology of this catchment appears typical of the hydrology in till soils, which are widespread in Fenno‐Scandia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The increased importance of knowledge as a source of competitiveness for modern economies suggests that the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition will be linked to higher growth rates. Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of this organization. In the present paper we investigate whether a new and promising concept, Total Entrepreneurial Activity, influences GDP growth for 36 countries in a recent period. We will also test whether this influence depends upon the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. With this test we aim to investigate to what extent the role of entrepreneurship has changed in the last decades of the 20th century. Although the limited number of observations does not allow for many competing explanatory variables, we will examine the role of the so-called Growth Competitiveness Index. This variable captures a range of alternative explanations for achieving sustained economic growth. In addition, we incorporate the initial level of economic development to correct for convergence. We find that entrepreneurial activity indeed affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.


Global inequality has been falling in the last 20 or 30 years, mainly because of rising incomes in China, India, and, more recently, also in Africa. That has been good for global justice and poverty reduction, but not for greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, the majority of growth in emissions since 1990 has taken place in emerging countries. As a result, if global inequality continues to fall, we have to confront the fact that greenhouse gas emissions will continue to rise. There is no easy solution to this problem, since it is very difficult for emerging countries to drastically change their emission pathways. But there are some policies that might help, including, for example, the removal of energy subsidies and a greater focus on air pollution and energy security, both of which are co-benefits of moving away from fossil energy. The question also remains whether more unequal countries emit more or less greenhouse gases. Theoretical arguments in this regard are ambiguous. We find that in poorer countries, higher inequality actually reduces per capita emissions, mainly because it pushes poor people out of the carbon economy and forces them to lead carbon-neutral lives, relying entirely on biomass. However, in richer countries, inequality is associated with rising emissions. Therefore, if we reduce inequality in rich countries, we will also help reduce emissions. But how to think about climate policy? Economists have very much focused on the idea that there is a first best climate policy with a global carbon price, achieved either through an emission trading scheme or a carbon tax. But one should realize that climate policy in practice involves many different initiatives at many different levels. The driving forces of such policies are often the co-benefits such as cleaner air or greater energy security than emission reduction. If we recognize this, then our analysis should focus not on trying to design first best, but unrealistic policies, but rather on studying the interactions between existing policies and on trying to improve their functioning. This will be a much more promising way to tackle climate change than focusing on an unrealistic first best option.


Ultrasonic flow meters are gaining wide usage in commercial, industrial and medical applications. Major benefits of utilizing this type of flowmeter are higher accuracy, low maintenance (no moving parts), non-invasive flow measurement, and the ability to regularly diagnose health of the meter. This application note is intended as an introduction to ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) flow sensing using the TDC1000 ultrasonic analog-front-end (AFE) and the TDC7200 picosecond accurate stopwatch. Information regarding a typical off-the-shelf ultrasonic flow sensor is provided, along with related equations for calculation of flow velocity and flow rate. Included in the appendix is a summary of standards for water meters and a list of low cost sensors suitable for this application space.


Chapters are devoted to the following: pathophysiology and epidemiology of age related macular degeneration (AMD); clinical features of AMD; imaging techniques; and medical therapy for both non-neovascular AMD and neovascular AMD. Both clinically validated and experimental therapies are well described, including rehabilitation technology (a highly important topic that is often overlooked in the management of patients with AMD).


Why do victims sometimes receive sympathy for their suffering and at other times scorn and blame? Here we show a powerful role for moral values in attitudes toward victims. We measured moral values associated with unconditionally prohibiting harm ("individualizing values") versus moral values associated with prohibiting behavior that destabilizes groups and relationships ("binding values": loyalty, obedience to authority, and purity). Increased endorsement of binding values predicted increased ratings of victims as contaminated (Studies 1-4); increased blame and responsibility attributed to victims, increased perceptions of victims' (versus perpetrators') behaviors as contributing to the outcome, and decreased focus on perpetrators (Studies 2-3). Patterns persisted controlling for politics, just world beliefs, and right-wing authoritarianism. Experimentally manipulating linguistic focus off of victims and onto perpetrators reduced victim blame. Both binding values and focus modulated victim blame through victim responsibility attributions. Findings indicate the important role of ideology in attitudes toward victims via effects on responsibility attribution.


Background Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the US. Training massage therapists (MTs) in skin cancer prevention and detection creates opportunity for reducing skin cancer burden. Little is known about MTs' perceptions of skin cancer prevention and detection, their discussions of these topics with clients, or their referral recommendations for suspicious skin lesions. Purpose We surveyed MTs' perceptions of their role in engaging in conversations about skin cancer prevention, viewing the skin for suspicious lesions, and referring clients with such lesions to health care providers. Setting, Participants, Research Design We administered an online survey from 2015–2017 of licensed MTs practicing in the US and at least age 21 years (n = 102); quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed in 2017. Main Outcome Measures The main variables assessed were MTs perceptions of (a) appropriateness for asking clients about skin cancer history, skin cancer prevention, suspicious lesion referral and follow-up; and (b) comfort with recognizing and discussing suspicious lesions, recommending a client see a doctor for suspicious lesion, and discussing skin cancer prevention. Results Quantitative data revealed that most MTs were amenable to discussing skin cancer prevention during appointments; few were engaging in these conversations. MTs were more comfortable discussing suspicious lesions and recommending that a client see a doctor than they were sharing knowledge about skin cancer and sun safety. Categories based on qualitative content analysis were: sharing information for the client's benefit, and concerns about remaining within scope of practice. Conclusions MTs have boundaries for skin cancer risk-reduction content to include in a client discussion and remain in their scope of practice. These findings will help support a future educational intervention for MTs to learn about and incorporate skin cancer risk-reduction messages and activities into their practice.


The aim of this project was to determine the acceptability and usefulness of an educational videotape for African Americans with depression. Four focus groups were held in two community settings and at a historically black university. Subjects included 24 African Americans, aged 18-76 years, who screened positive for depression. Focus group questions addressed the usefulness of the videotape to understand depression and its treatment, the most and least effective parts of the videotape, and the cultural appropriateness of the information presented. Participants took pre- and post-tests on attitudes about depression. Discussions were audiotaped, transcribed, and reviewed independently by two investigators to identify and group comments into specific themes. Two other investigators reviewed the themes and comments for consistency and relevance. The videotape was generally well received and was rated effective in improving knowledge about depression and its treatment. After watching the videotape, attitudes improved in several areas, including depression as a medical illness, effectiveness of treatment, negative perceptions of antidepressant medication and reliance upon spirituality to heal depression. This culturally tailored videotape about depression is deemed acceptable and effective for most African Americans with depression participating in focus groups. It also improved knowledge and several attitudes about depression.


Abstract Developmental education (dev-ed) aims to help students acquire knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in college-level coursework. The traditional prerequisite approach to postsecondary dev-ed—where students take remedial courses that do not count toward a credential—appears to stymie progress toward a degree. At community colleges across the country, most students require remediation in math, creating a barrier to college-level credits under the traditional approach. Corequisite coursework is a structural reform that places students directly into a college-level course in the same term they receive dev-ed support. Using administrative data from Texas community colleges and a regression discontinuity design, we examine whether corequisite math improves student success compared with traditional prerequisite dev-ed. We find that corequisite math quickly improves student completion of math requirements without any obvious drawbacks, but students in corequisite math were not substantially closer to degree completion than their peers in traditional dev-ed after three years.


Low-income adults without dependent children have historically had few paths to obtain public health insurance unless they qualified for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) cash benefits because of a disability. However, in states that expand their Medicaid programs, childless adults may obtain Medicaid without undergoing an intensive SSI disability review process and with substantially higher income and assets than the SSI program allows. This expanded availability of Medicaid coverage, independent of SSI participation, creates an opportunity to increase earnings and savings without jeopardizing health insurance coverage. In this paper, we use the natural experiments created by state decisions to expand Medicaid to nondisabled, nonelderly adults without dependent children to study the effect of decoupling Medicaid eligibility and cash assistance using a difference-in-differences study design. We collected data on the income eligibility limits, enrollment caps, and coverage characteristics of state Medicaid expansions to childless adults from 2001 to 2013. We combine these data with the nationally representative American Community Survey to estimate the effects of state expansion on SSI participation. We find relative declines in SSI participation of 0.17 percentage points on average after the introduction of Medicaid coverage for childless adults, a 7% relative decrease. This finding suggests the potential for small but important efficiency gains from separating SSI and Medicaid eligibility.


This article describes the origins and impact of two modern reforms that dramatically rewrote the law governing the prosecution of juvenile offenders: the Warren Court's due process decisions and the juvenile justice legislation of the 1990s. Beginning with the prosecution of Mychal Bell, who was one of the Jena 6, the article provides a broader historical and analytical framework to assess the procedural protections available to juveniles charged with serious offenses, particularly the adequacy of the remedies to challenge prosecutorial discretion and disparate treatment by the prosecution. The article first describes the key role race played in the Warren Court's jurisprudence and in the adoption of later state reforms of the juvenile justice system, and then turns to an assessment of the impact of those developments. It comes to several conclusions. First, despite the Warren Court's general concern with racial equality, race was almost entirely absent from the Court's criminal procedure opinions, and those rulings have surprisingly little to offer for defendants such as the Jena 6. Second, the statutory reforms of the 1990s were adopted in a legislative frenzy whipped up by politicians and news media that exaggerated the prevalence of juvenile crime, depicted minority youths as the perpetrators, and created the frightening specter of a new breed of superpredators. Not surprisingly, the resulting reforms made the system more punitive, but they also shifted the discretion to treat juveniles as adults from the courts to prosecutors.Finally, the article concludes that the absence of judicial review or oversight of discretionary decisions by the prosecutor, and others such as such as police and probation officers, is especially troubling because of mounting evidence that racial imagery, stereotypes, and prejudice affect the multiple discretionary judgments that are made in the juvenile justice system. Neither the federal constitution nor state law provides judicial oversight or review.


Methods for the estimation of the effects of chronic disease risk factors on mortality continue to be an area that generates confusion and controversy. In response to the frequently observed U- or J-shaped relations between risk factors and mortality, some authors suggest that subjects dying during the first k years of follow-up (where k is some positive number less than the total length of follow-up) be excluded from statistical analyses. By excluded, the authors mean completely removed from the data set. The rationale is that persons dying during the first k years are likely to have a preexisting occult disease that confounds the relation between the risk factor under study and mortality. Excluding persons dying during the first k years of follow-up purportedly reduces this confounding. However, the authors are aware of no demonstration that this procedure effectively accomplishes its goal. They show that excluding subjects who die during the first k years of follow-up does not necessarily lead to a reduction in bias in the estimated effect of a risk factor on mortality when this relation is confounded by the presence of occult disease. Moreover, it is possible for such exclusion to exacerbate the confounding due to preexisting disease. Thus, excluding subjects dying during the first k years of follow-up is not necessarily an effective strategy for dealing with confounding due to occult disease. Investigators are encouraged to pursue alternative methods.


The need for smaller and more powerful processors has become more and more important in recent times. This need is nowhere more evident than in the military where the ability to process large amounts of data quickly and accurately can save lives. So the University of Arkansas has been researching a new chip design, the 3-D stack-up thru-silicon via chip. This has several benefits over the traditional chip designs, but comes at the price of having more heat to be dissipated. Due to the need to dissipate up to 20 watts per wafer a liquid cooling system was used with C8F18. This project was to cover this topic by modeling the fluid-thermal characteristics for both a 1 mm x 1 mm chip and a 1 cm x 1 cm chip using software provided. The different models were examined, though the 1 cm x 1 cm was not able to be examined as thoroughly as wanted due to the computers available unable to handle the models. There were also certain standards that the chip was expected to be able to perform at, but for the scenarios examined the chip was not able to perform as wanted for the scenario modeled.


Forecasting accuracy and performance of extrapolation techniques has always been of major importance for both researchers and practitioners. Towards this direction, many forecasting competitions have conducted over the years, in order to provide solid performance measurement frameworks for new methods. The Theta model outperformed all other participants during the largest up-to-date competition (M3-competition). The model's performance is based to the a-priori decomposition of the original series into two separate lines, which contain specific amount of information regarding the short-term and long-term behavior of the data. The current research investigates possible modifications on the original Theta model, aiming to the development of an optimized version of the model specifically for the monthly data. The proposed adjustments refer to better estimation of the seasonal component, extension of the decomposition feature of the original model and better optimization procedures for the smoothing parameter. The optimized model was tested for its efficiency in a large data set containing more than 20,000 empirical series, displaying improved performance ability when monthly data are considered.


Since the foundation of Northern Ireland in 1920, the issue of control over primary and secondary education has been a source of significant tension between the two main ethno-religious communities in Northern Ireland, and between them and the government of Northern Ireland. Education in Northern Ireland is distinctly differently organized in Northern Ireland compared with the rest of the United Kingdom, and several of its 'unique features' (McKeown and Connolly, 1992, 211) arise out of the particular form of the political and religious sensitivities of education in the former. The paper is structured as follows. First, I shall outline the features of the governance of education in Northern Irish model. Second, I shall attempt to explain briefly why these features came about. Third, I shall consider research that has attempted to understand what are the effects of the model on the religious background of pupils in different schools. Fourth, I shall consider the role of teachers in this model. Fifth, I shall consider issues relating to curriculum and collective worship. Sixth, the crucial issue of school funding will be examined. Finally, I shall consider the prospects for the model in the future, by considering pupil opinion on the structure of schooling, and I shall explain how this model relates to political developments in Northern Ireland generally.


Book synopsis: Has male dominance in political life been broken? Will gender balance in elected assemblies soon be reached? Around 100 years after women's suffrage was gained, and in spite of much effort, most countries are still at some distance from this goal. In 2012, the average representation of women in the world's parliaments was around 20 per cent. This book analyses the longitudinal development of women's political representation in eight old democracies, where women were enfranchised before and around World War I: Denmark, Iceland, Germany, The Netherlands, New Jersey (USA), New South Wales (Australia), Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These countries/states have all followed an incremental track model of change in women's position in political life, but have followed different trajectories. This slow development stands in contrast to recent examples of fast track development in many countries from the Global South, not least as a result of the adoption of gender quotas. Furthermore, the book discusses in four separate chapters the common historical development in old democracies, the different trajectories and sequences, the framing of women politicians, and the impact of party and party system change.

In this book an innovative model of male dominance is developed and defined in terms of both degree and scope. Four stages are identified: male monopoly, small minority, large minority, and gender balance. The book then reconceptualizes male dominance by looking at horizontal and vertical sex segregation in politics, at male-coded norms in the political workplace and at discourses of women as politicians.

According to the time-lag theory, gender balance in politics will gradually be achieved. However, this theory is challenged by recent stagnation and drops in women's representation in some of the old democracies. A new concept of conditional irreversibility is developed in the final discussion about whether we are heading for gender balance in politics.


The purpose of this paper is to explore how information on air pollution is shaped online on an everyday basis, with a particular emphasis on digital devices and digital representations as constitutive of environmental information practices. Furthermore, this research highlights an understudied aspect of air pollution – the digital flow of multimodal representations that citizens encounter and produce in their everyday life.,The information gathering was carried out on an everyday basis during February-March 2017. The study is based on 403 microblog posts from the social media site Sina Weibo, and netnographic fieldwork, including the observation of news, advertisements, and diary writing. The collected data were mapped in clusters based on the interrelations of objects, agents, and activities, and analyzed in depth using qualitative multimodal analysis.,Information enacted through specific socio-materialist configurations depicts air pollution as self-contained and separated from human action. Air quality apps are central in connecting a wider nexus of representations and promoting such perceptions, illustrating the role of digital devices in an everyday information context.,The study reveals a schism between Chinese political environmental visions and everyday environmental information practices, which raises questions of how the battle against air pollution can be sustained in the long term.,This study suggests that digital material aspects – inbuilt applications of digital devices and digital representations of objects – are interrelated with physical experiences of air pollution, and thus constitute elements of practice in their own right.


When we speak to colleagues across campus and across the country, almost everyone who teaches online
tells the same stories. An increasing number of students spend considerable energy seeking, finding, and
negotiating loopholes in online course assignments. While this behavior is not new or shocking, the
anonymous, self-driven nature of online classes may exacerbate the tendency (Kennedy et al. 2000). Rather
than the exception, this behavior is becoming the rule. In what follows, we address some of the further factors—particularly related to information technology—that
pose special challenges to online instructors as they face a new generation of students, and we outline some
of the more typical behavior patterns that such instructors are likely to encounter in their work. We then
provide some recommendations for how instructors can disrupt these behavior patterns while stressing the
vital link between ethically responsible practice in the university and the similar expectations students will
encounter in their professional careers.


The objective was to conduct a clinical and epidemiological study of mammary cancer in bitches, considering their reproductive history, physical examination, histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis. We used 60 breast tumors which were divided into groups (group 1 - group 2 and benign - malignant). We evaluated data from the reproductive history, physical examination and histopathology and immunohistochemistry for VEGF. The study of reproductive history had 90% of irregular estrus, 86.63% of the dogs were not tested with contraceptives and 83.33% were not castrated. On physical examination, there was no difference (p>0.05) between groups regarding the consistency of the masses, surface regularity of the tumor and anatomic location of tumors. As for the masses, there was a difference between groups (p=0.0077), with 0.78±1.13cm for group 1 and 1.81±2.29 cm for group 2. 40% of benign masses and 60% of malignant masses were diagnosed, according to the types of malignancies. For VEGF, the average values were 2.22±0.89 for malignant tumors and 1.66±0.91 for benign, with differences between groups (p=0.0315). The mammary tumors do not exhibit characteristics of reproductive history and clinical examination to help the differential diagnosis, and histopathology is the only method for completion of diagnosis and immunohistochemistry which can be used for injury prognosis.


A foundation of Chinese life sciences and medicine, "The Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen" is now available for the first time in a complete, fully annotated English translation. Also known as "Su Wen," or "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic," this influential work came into being over a long period reaching from the 2nd century bce to the 8th century ce. Combining the views of different schools, it relies exclusively on natural law as conceptualized in "yin/yang" and Five Agents doctrines to define health and disease, and repeatedly emphasizes personal responsibility for the length and quality of one's life. This two-volume edition includes excerpts from all the major commentaries on "The Su Wen," and extensive annotation drawn from hundreds of monographs and articles by Chinese and Japanese authors produced over the past 1600 years and into the twentieth century.


The use of tissue transfer flaps has become a common and effective technique for reconstructing or replacing damaged tissue. While the overall failure rate associated with these procedures is relatively low (5-10%), the failure rate of tissue flaps that require additional surgery is significantly higher (40-60%). The reason for this is largely due to the absence of a technique for objectively assessing tissue health after surgery. Here we have investigated spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) as a potential tool to do this. By projecting wide-field patterned illumination at multiple wavelengths onto a tissue surface, SFDI is able to quantify absolute concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin over a large field of view. We have assessed the sensitivity of SFDI in a swine pedicle flap model by using a controlled vascular occlusion system that reduced blood flow by 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the baseline values in either the vein or artery. SFDI was able to detect significant changes for oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, or tissue oxygen saturation in partial arterial occlusions of at least 50% and partial venous occlusions of at least 25%. This shows SFDI is sensitive enough to quantify changes in the tissue hemoglobin state during partial occlusions and thus has the potential to be a powerful tool for the early prediction of tissue flap failure.


The purpose of response to intervention, or RTI, is founded on the premise that, with data-based decision making and evidence- based practices, children who otherwise may have been identi?ed with a mild educational disability will receive early instructional intervention and thus have the opportunity to remain with their peers in general education settings. For RTI to be successful, educational professionals need to have the core building blocks for implementation. A comprehensive RTI plan integrates academic interventions with behavioral supports to catch struggling learners early. Identi?cation models that include RTI may lead to better achievement and behavior outcomes for all students. Presented here are ideas and resources that teachers can use as interventions for planning for RTI at all levels. The intent is that that these practices will assist in providing informed decisions to address the needs of all student learners.


BACKGROUND
 Survival rates after childhood cancer now reach nearly 80% in developed countries. However, treatments that lead to survival and cure can cause serious adverse effects with lifelong negative impacts on survivor quality of life. Hearing impairment is a common adverse effect in children treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy or cranial radiotherapy. Ototoxicity can extend from high-tone hearing impairment to involvement of speech frequencies. Hearing impairment can impede speech and language and neurocognitive development. Although treatment-related risk factors for hearing loss following childhood cancer treatment have been identified, the individual variability in toxicity of adverse effects after similar treatment between childhood cancer patients suggests a role for genetic susceptibility. Currently, 12 candidate gene approach studies have been performed to identify polymorphisms predisposing to platinum-induced ototoxicity in children being treated for cancer. However, results were inconsistent and most studies were underpowered and/or lacked replication.

 OBJECTIVE
 We describe the design of the PanCareLIFE consortium's work packages that address the genetic susceptibility of platinum-induced ototoxicity.

 METHODS
 As a part of the PanCareLIFE study within the framework of the PanCare consortium, we addressed genetic susceptibility of treatment-induced ototoxicity during and after childhood cancer treatment in a large European cohort by a candidate gene approach and a genome-wide association screening.

 RESULTS
 This study included 1124 survivors treated with cisplatin, carboplatin, or cranial radiotherapy for childhood cancer, resulting in the largest clinical European cohort assembled for this late effect to date. Within this large cohort we defined a group of 598 cisplatin-treated childhood cancer patients not confounded by cranial radiotherapy. The PanCareLIFE initiative provided, for the first time, a unique opportunity to confirm already identified determinants for hearing impairment during childhood cancer using a candidate gene approach and set up the first international genome-wide association study of cisplatin-induced direct ototoxicity in childhood cancer patients to identify novel allelic variants. Results will be validated in an independent replication cohort. Patient recruitment started in January 2015 and final inclusion was October 2017. We are currently performing the analyses and the first results are expected by the end of 2019 or the beginning of 2020.

 CONCLUSIONS
 Genetic factors identified as part of this pan-European project, PanCareLIFE, may contribute to future risk prediction models that can be incorporated in future clinical trials of platinum-based therapies for cancer and may help with the development of prevention strategies.

 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR
 DERR1-10.2196/11868