Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) is a minor citrus and its leaves are locally used for spices and essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate agronomical and physiological characters of kaffir lime seedling under modified cultural practices in order to improve leaf production. Shading and pruning were applied on five-month-old seedling during the rainy season, November 2017 to March 2018 in Bogor, Indonesia. The results showed that shading significantly improved the plant growth by 84%, and leaf number by 37%. Pruning treatment reduced the plant height by 8% and increased the shoot number by 20%. However, leaf production was more influenced by shading rather than pruning, with an increase for about 59% than control. This study also revealed a significant improvement on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency on shaded lime for about 13%, 8% and 14%, respectively. Leaf pigment was also altered in response to shading, i.e the increasing chlorophyll B by 23% and the reduction anthocyanin by 38% on shaded lime. Mild shading with 24% light reduction is recommended to gain the leaf production of kaffir lime seedling.


ICT has become an important part of the curriculum in Hong Kong's early childhood settings. However, practitioners may experience challenges in integrating ICT successfully into teaching and learning. This paper reports a study that investigated ICT in two kindergartens in Hong Kong. Findings suggested that principals and teachers have different views regarding the use of ICT with young children. Principals think that providing sufficient computer hardware is good enough to promote children's learning. However, teachers do not know how to integrate ICT in the curriculum, and find that time is too short to use computers in the overcrowded curriculum. There are challenges that principals, teachers and parents must resolve to ensure the fruitful use of ICT with young children.


This experiment examines how far extraversion of the target (self-generated information), extraversion of the target's friends (friends-generated information), and number of friends (system-generated information) influence the perceived popularity, communal orientation, and social attractiveness of the target. The warranting principle states that judgments rely more heavily on other-generated than self-generated information because the former is more immune to manipulation. It is argued that the warranting principle becomes more important when more interpersonal traits have to be judged. In line with the expectations, other-generated information had only weak impact on the popularity judgments. With regard to communal orientation, other-generated information had stronger effects and qualified the effects of self-generated information. Only other-generated information had an impact on perceived social attraction.


Medici Gardens: From Making to Design challenges the common assumption that such gardens as Trebbio, Cafaggiolo, Careggi, and Fiesole were the products of an established design practice whereby one client commissioned one architect or artist. The book reverses the usual belief that a garden is the practical application of theoretical principles extracted from garden treatises, and suggests that, in the case of the gardens in Florence, garden making preceded its theoretical articulation. Drawing from Medici tax returns, inventories, and correspondence, Raffaella Fabiani Giannetto examines the transformation of these gardens from functional and pleasurable kitchen gardens to symbols of political power and family prestige. The Medici gardens of the fifteenth century were the result both of everyday living and of a poetic activity that was influenced by cultural expectations and societal demands. Crossing disciplinary boundaries, the author compares the making of actual gardens to that of the literary pleasances described by Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Ficino. Although the fictional gardens appear "designed" in that their place within literary works is carefully thought through, their actual counterparts are the product of a modus operandi, indebted to horticultural knowledge handed down from one generation to another in a slowly evolving tradition.


Abstract Limited information is available about the actual management characteristics of dairy donkeys in Southern Europe. The aim of the present study is to describe animal management of dairy donkey farms in Italy. Twelve farmers were asked to answer a questionnaire on the management of their animals and their farms distributed over the Italian territory. Six farms grouped their animals in paddocks according to the production characteristics (e.g. lactating, dry, stallions); three farms housed the stallions in single boxes. Most of the visited farms were family run and the number of animals cared for by a single person varied from five to 103 animals. All the farms but one performed mechanical milking with a modified goat milkmaid. Vaccinations were regularly performed only on two farms. All the foals received colostrum and suckled from their own mothers. Foals were nursed by their mother until 6-12 months old. During the separation period before milking, foals were usually (83%) housed in paddocks near their mothers with the possibility of visual and/or tactile contact, however such separations could be for up to 12 hours (17%). Even though the assessed sample was small, considerable differences were seen between farms, likely due to lack of uniform information available for the farmers. The adoption of scientific based procedures is suggested in order to improve both animal welfare and milk quality.


Patient perspective is important for quality assessment of service offered by hospitals and individual clinicians, evidenced by annual surveys required by the Care Quality Commission for all English NHS Acute Trusts. Patient satisfaction has been measured in consultations in Primary Care1. However as yet unanswered, is which aspects of consultations do patients value most, and whether this preference is dependent on patient type and mode of presentation. We used a tablet PC (Customer Research Technologies) or paper questionnaires for 106 respiratory outpatients (RO), 100 respiratory inpatients (RI, 38% male) and 102 urology inpatients (UI, 67% male) to answer 18 questions of the CSQ1 on 5 point categorical scales for how important they value aspects of the consultation (very important – not at all important) & how well that aspect was achieved (strongly agree – strongly disagree) in a teaching hospital over 10 weeks. Median (range) age was 68(26–91) years and 64 (20–90) years respectively and length of stay was 7 (1–93) and 4 (1–90) days respectively for RI and UI respectively. Anonymised questionnaires on the tablet PC were completed in median (range) 264 (142–775) secs. Outcome score correlated with importance in for RI and UI (Pearson correlation coefficient, PCC, 0.90 and 0.81 respectively) but not for RO (PCC 0.56) Questions were clustered into General satisfaction (3Q), Professional care (6Q), Depth of relationship (6Q) and Length of consultation (3Q) domains. Fig.1 shows for each domain and each patient type, percentage of total possible scores and importance evaluated. Scores for all three patient categories were higher for general satisfaction and professional care than for depth of relationship and length of consultation. Depth of relationship was regarded as least important by all three patient categories. Abstract P26 Figure 1 We conclude patients value clinicians checking questions with them and being told about their treatment most and suggest doctors place more emphasis on this and on depth of relationship with patients. New technology allows preferences to be ascertained and analysed rapidly and accurately in a time constrained health service. Reference Kinnersley P et. al. (1996) A comparison of methods for measuring patient satisfaction with consultations in Primary Care, Family Practise, 13, 41–52.


In northern Morocco are located most of the dams and reservoirs of the country, while this region is affected by severe rainfall events causing floods. To improve the management of the water regulation structures, there is a need to develop rainfall–runoff models to both maximize the storage capacity and reduce the risks caused by floods. In this study, a model is developed to reproduce the flood events for a 655 km 2 catchment located upstream of the 6th largest dam in Morocco. Constrained by data availability, a standard event-based model combining a SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Service Curve Number) loss model and a Clark unit hydrograph was developed for hourly discharge simulation using 16 flood events that occurred between 1984 and 2008. The model was found satisfactory to reproduce the runoff and the temporal evolution of floods, even with limited rainfall data. Several antecedent wetness conditions estimators for the catchment were compared with the initial condition of the model. Theses estimators include an antecedent discharge index, an antecedent precipitation index and a continuous daily soil moisture accounting model (SMA), based on precipitation and evapotranspiration. The SMA model performed the best to estimate the initial conditions of the event-based hydrological model ( R 2 = 0.9). Its daily output has been compared with ASCAT and AMSR-E remote sensing data products, which were both able to reproduce with accuracy the daily simulated soil moisture dynamics at the catchment scale. This same approach could be implemented in other catchments of this region for operational purposes. The results of this study suggest that remote sensing data are potentially useful to estimate the soil moisture conditions in the case of ungauged catchments in Northern Africa.


Objective:To identify factors that predict running ability following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to quantify performance thresholds for these predictors. Design:Cross-sectional cohort study. Participants:One hundred fourteen people with TBI. Outcome Measures:Self-selected walking speed, the high-level mobility assessment tool, postural stability (lateral center of mass displacement), ankle power generation at push-off and quality of gait performance (Gait Profile Score). Results:All predictor variables were all strongly associated with the ability to run. However, only self-selected walking speed contributed significantly to the final result. Investigation of performance thresholds for self-selected walking speed indicated that following TBI, people who walk at speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher are 16.9 times more likely of being able to run than for those who walk at speeds of less than 1.0 m/s. Conclusions:Self-selected walking speeds higher than 1.0 m/s greatly increase the likelihood of running following brain injury. The 1.0 m/s threshold, although slower than able-bodied self-selected walking speeds, may be an important indicator of the ability to run in this population.


Prevention of variceal rebleeding is mandatory in cirrhotic patients. We compared the efficacy, safety, and cost of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) versus pharmacologic therapy in preventing variceal rebleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis. A total of 91 Child‐Pugh class B/C cirrhotic patients surviving their first episode of variceal bleeding were randomized to receive TIPS (n = 47) or drug therapy (propranolol + isosorbide‐5‐mononitrate) (n = 44) to prevent variceal rebleeding. Mean follow‐up was 15 months. Rebleeding occurred in 6 (13%) TIPS‐treated patients versus 17 (39%) drug‐treated patients (P = .007). The 2‐year rebleeding probability was 13% versus 49% (P = .01). A similar number of reinterventions were required in the 2 groups; these were mainly angioplasty ± restenting in the TIPS group (90 of 98) and endoscopic therapy for rebleeding in the medical group (45 of 62) (not significant). Encephalopathy was more frequent in TIPS than in drug‐treated patients (38% vs. 14%, P = .007). Child‐Pugh class improved more frequently in drug‐treated than in TIPS‐treated patients (72% vs. 45%; P = .04). The 2‐year survival probability was identical (72%). The identified cost of therapy was double for TIPS‐treated patients. In summary, medical therapy was less effective than TIPS in preventing rebleeding. However, it caused less encephalopathy, identical survival, and more frequent improvement in Child‐Pugh class with lower costs than TIPS in high‐risk cirrhotic patients. This suggests that TIPS should not be used as a first‐line treatment, but as a rescue for failures of medical/endoscopic treatments (first‐option therapies).


In this paper, we investigate the capacity of the Gaussian two-hop full-duplex (FD) relay channel with self-interference. This channel is comprised of a source, an FD relay, and a destination, where a direct source-destination link does not exist and the FD relay is impaired by self- interference. We model the self-interference as an additive Gaussian random variable whose variance is proportional to the amplitude of the transmit symbol at the relay. For this channel, we derive the capacity and propose an explicit capacity- achieving coding scheme. Thereby, we show that the optimal input distribution at the source is Gaussian and its variance depends on the amplitude of the transmit symbol at the relay. On the other hand, the optimal input distribution at the relay is discrete or Gaussian, where the latter case occurs only when the relay- destination link is the bottleneck link. The derived capacity converges to the capacity of the two-hop ideal FD relay channel without self- interference and to the capacity of the two-hop half-duplex (HD) relay channel in the limiting cases when the self-interference is zero and infinite, respectively. Our numerical results show that significant performance gains are achieved using the proposed capacity-achieving coding scheme compared to the achievable rates of conventional FD relaying and HD relaying.


The present study is an attempt to forecast the prices of onion at Yeola market of Western Maharashtra, as being a primary market the arrivals of Onion were found to be maximum in this market. The time series data on monthly price of onion required for the study was collected from the registers maintained in the Yeola APMC from year 2004 to 2013. The ARIMA model forecasted prices revealed an increase in the prices of onion in the future years and also demand for onion. Hence, farmers need to plan the production process in such a way that good price for the produce could be expected. ARIMA model is an extrapolation method that requires only historical time series data on the variable under study. The Box-Jenkins model provides a verified approach for identifying and filtering most appropriate variations for the series being analyzed, for diagnosing the accuracy and the reliability of the models that have been estimated and lastly, for forecasting the price. Similar model was used by Almemaychu Amera (2002), Punitha (2007) and Jalikatti and Patil (2015) to forecast the prices and arrivals of agricultural commodities and drawn conclusions.


LINKING THEORY TO PRACTICE: HOW TWO READING RECOVERY TEACHERS' REFLECTIONS INFORM THEIR TEACHING PRACTICES by Lydia Criss Mays Using a grounded theory approach to investigate the multidimensional reflections of two Reading Recovery teachers, this inquiry responds to calls for research on reflection and provides information for the field of education in understanding the nature of teachers' reflections and how they inform teaching practices. Reading Recovery is a progressive intervention program which brings the lowest performing readers and writers to average levels of achievement in twelve to twenty weeks through daily, thirty minute one-on-one tutoring sessions that follow the same lesson pattern daily. Reading Recovery teachers are carefully trained to use reflection to design, implement, and observe children's reading and writing practices to accelerate their reading and writing skills. To investigate the nature of participants' reflections and how those reflections informed their teaching practices the data sources, collected over eight weeks, for each participant included field notes from seventeen observations, two semi-structured interview transcripts, thirty-six course documents, and two member checks transcripts. Open coding, memoing, and axial coding were used to examine all data sources. Further, each of the three dimensions of reflection, time, type, and context, were accounted for to fully explore participants' reflections. Three interrelated major themes connected to the nature of Reading Recovery teachers' reflectivity and practice were identified: (1) participants' reflections are situated within the contextual framework of Reading Recovery and inform practices by serving as a roadmap to scaffold individualized instruction and examine personal philosophies of teaching and instructional assumptions; (2) Teacher identity as a reflective practitioner is a natural outcome participants and fosters the interconnectedness of practice and automaticity in their reflective practices; and (3) Systematic observations of the child during instruction focus on actions of the child and themselves as a teacher and serve as a trigger for reflection in a data-driven response sequence linking theory to practice. This study offers insight into how reflective practices of teachers of reading may be fostered through teacher education and into their own teacher development by linking their theoretical perspectives to their teaching practices. LINKING THEORY TO PRACTICE: UNDERSTANDING HOW TWO READING RECOVERY TEACHERS' REFLECTIONS INFORM THEIR TEACHING PRACTICES by Lydia Criss Mays


Ca(2+) signals regulate a wide range of physiological processes. Intracellular Ca(2+) stores can be mobilized in response to extracellular stimuli via a range of signal transduction mechanisms, often involving recruitment of diffusible second messenger molecules. The Ca(2+) mobilizing messengers InsP 3 and cADPR release Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum via InsP 3 and ryanodine receptors, respectively, while a third messenger, NAADP, releases Ca(2+) from acidic endosomes and lysosomes. Bidirectional communication between the ER and acidic organelles has functional relevance for endolysosomal function as well as for the generation of Ca(2+) signals. The two-pore channels (TPCs) are currently strong candidates for being key components of NAADP-regulated Ca(2+) channels. Ca(2+) signals have been shown to play important roles in embryonic development and cell differentiation; however, much remains to be established about the exact signalling mechanisms involved. Investigation of the role of NAADP and TPCs in development and differentiation is still at an early stage, but recent studies have suggested that they play important roles at key developmental stages in vivo and are important mediators of differentiation of neurons, skeletal muscle cells and osteoclasts in vitro. NAADP signals and TPCs have also been implicated in autophagy, an important process in differentiation. Moreover, potential links between TPC2 and cancer have been recently identified. Further studies will be required to identify the precise mechanisms of action of TPCs and their link with NAADP signalling, and to relate these to their roles in differentiation and other key developmental processes in the cell and organism.


Background Organizational downsizing has become highly common during the global recession of the late 2000s with severe repercussions on employment. We examine whether the severity of the downsizing process is associated with a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms among displaced workers, internally redeployed workers and lay-off survivors. Methods A cross-sectional survey involving telephone interviews was carried out in France, Hungary, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The study analyzes data from 758 workers affected by medium- and large-scale downsizing, using multiple logistic regression. Main Results Both unemployment and surviving layoffs were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, as compared to reemployment, but the perceived procedural justice of a socially responsible downsizing process considerably mitigated the odds of symptoms. Perception of high versus low justice was assessed along several downsizing dimensions. In the overall sample, chances to have depressive symptoms were significantly reduced if respondents perceived the process as transparent and understandable, fair and unbiased, well planned and democratic; if they trusted the employer's veracity and agreed with the necessity for downsizing. The burden of symptoms was significantly greater if the process was perceived to be chaotic. We further tested whether perceived justice differently affects the likelihood of depressive symptoms among distinct groups of workers. Findings were that the odds of symptoms largely followed the same patterns of effects across all groups of workers. Redeploying and supporting surplus employees through the career change process–rather than forcing them to become unemployed–makes a substantial difference as to whether they will suffer from depressive symptoms. Conclusions While depressive symptoms affect both unemployed and survivors, a just and socially responsible downsizing process is important for the emotional health of workers.


This book examines how policies implemented by members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) affect development and poverty in developing and transition economies.


Rapid adoption of smartphones and the business success of the Apple App Store have resulted in the rampant growth of mobile applications. Seeking new revenue opportunities from application development has created a gold rush. However, free or very cheap applications constitute a great bulk of the application downloads putting great pricing pressure on the developers. Furthermore, usage statistics suggest that most of the applications have been either one-trick applications or are downright useless, meriting no attention from the user beyond the first day. This is not surprising since cheap prices will dissuade developers from investing large sums of money to continue to develop more sophisticated, high quality applications. Developers have been complaining about the lack of visibility of their applications in stores that are beginning to resemble a high volume warehouse. It is clear that enhancing application discovery and building better marketing tools will be essential for the continued success of the mobile application marketplace and application stores. This paper proposes and investigates techniques for effective discovery of applications by matching user interests with application characteristics, with a special focus on adapting classical data mining techniques to user ratings of the applications. The user ratings are leveraged to make recommendations on potential applications of interest.


All Dolled Up and No Place to Go This body of work is the result of practice based research, culminating in a collection of five garments featuring pictorial prints, created through digital sublimation printing1. The accompanying exegesis examines the place of my work within the contextual framework of related knowledge. The exegesis explores two main contextual notions. Firstly, the position of dolls' clothing play as a hegemonic tool in the process of learning to construct identity through self-presentation. This reflects on the practice of enculturing in girls the ability not just to do, but to observe oneself whilst doing. 1 Sublimation printing is a method of chemically bonding ink to a polyester or acrylic surface such as fabric, using extremely high heat and pressure. In this research project I am bonding images of photographs to polyester and acrylic fabrics. Secondly, the role of garments and fabric as liminal2 markers at the transitional space between interior and exterior, domestic and public, self and not-self. My analysis is centered on the creation of original pieces of clothing. The garments are questioned by the issues explored in this exegesis. The research makes an original contribution to the body of knowledge by the nature of the creative work, and its analysis involving contemporary theoretical debate on the nature of fashion. 2 In this exegesis I use the word liminal to describe an occupying of an ambiguous space, on the threshold between one thing and another.


Background: Maternal health promotion is a task allocated to the kader (community health volunteers) in the community integrated health services called Posyandu. Yet, they are inadequately trained to perform this task. We present an analysis of the kader as maternal health promoters after their health promotion training with use of counselling card. Methods: Between March-April 2015, 14 participatory workshops were conducted and 188 kader in four villages in Ciranjang sub-district were trained. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions from community members, health care providers and policy makers in the four villages. A total of 44 interviews were conducted prior to health promotion training and 48 interviews posttraining. In 46 Posyandu, kader were observed during their practice of health promotion within 3 consecutive months of post training. Data was transcribed and analysed in NVivo 10. Results: Most kader acknowledged that health promotion training improved their knowledge of maternal health and counselling skills and changed their attitude towards pregnant women at the Posyandu. They could confidently negotiate health messages and importance of health facility delivery with antenatal women. The kader also found the counselling cards helped pregnant women understand the health messages more clearly. The participatory training method involving role play and direct discussions boost kader confidence to deliver health promotion. As a result, the kader gained community appreciation which enhanced their motivation about their job. Conclusions: Appropriate health promotion training, provided the kader with adequate knowledge and skills to become resourceful maternal health promoters in the community.


Global stability of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) has been investigated numerically using both three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic and hybrid (fluid electron and δf particle ion) simulations. The stabilizing effects of velocity shear and finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) on the n=1 internal tilt mode in the prolate FRCs have been studied. Sheared rotation is found to reduce the growth rate, however a large rotation rate with Mach number of M≳1 is required in order for significant reduction in the instability growth rate to occur. Kinetic effects associated with large thermal ion orbits have been studied for different kinetic equilibria. The simulations show that there is a reduction in the tilt mode growth rate due to FLR effects, but complete linear stability has not been found, even when the thermal ion gyroradius is comparable to the distance between the field null and the separatrix. The instability existing beyond the FLR theory threshold could be due to the resonant interaction of the wave with ions whose Doppler shifted frequency matches the betatron frequency.


In order to allow detection of toxic algae in the field a portable semi-automated nucleic acid biosensor was developed in the ALGADEC project (www.algadec.net). This device enables the electrochemical detection of microalgae from watersamples in less than two hours, without the need of expensive equipment. The detection of the toxic algae is based on a sandwich hybridisation that is carried out on a multiprobe sensorchip. It allows the simultaneous detection of 14 different target species. The main steps of the probe to target hybridisation and analysis process are executed automatically, whereas a manual filtering and a lysis procedure has to be done before the automatic measurement. Probe sets for the relevant toxic algae have been developed for three different areas in Europe: Skagerrak in Norway, the Galician coast in Spain and the area of the Orkney Islands in Scotland. The probe sets have been tested with laboratory strains for specificity and the applicability of the device was evaluated in the field. The scope of our current work is the automation of the sampling and sample preparation in order to obtain a fully automated nucleic acid biosensor system, that can be used in combination with other autonomous marine sensor systems. Furthermore, the biosensor is going to be adapted and validated for the monitoring of key phytoplankton species in the North Sea.


We present Cardiogram, a visual analytics system that supports automotive engineers in debugging masses of traces each consisting of millions of recorded messages from in-car communication networks. With their increasing complexity, ensuring these safety-critical networks to be error-free has become a major task and challenge for automotive engineers. To overcome shortcomings of current analysis tools, Cardiogram combines visualization techniques with a data preprocessing approach to automatically reduce complexity based on engineers' domain knowledge. In this paper, we provide the findings from an exploratory, three-year field study within a large automotive company, studying current practices of engineers, the challenges they meet and the characteristics for integrating novel visual analytics tools into their work practices. We then introduce Cardiogram, discuss how our field analysis influenced our design decisions, and present a qualitative, long-term, in-depth evaluation. Results of this study showed that our participants successfully used Cardiogram to increase the amount of analyzable information, to externalize domain knowledge, and to provide new insights into trace data. Our design approach finally led to the adoption of Cardiogram into engineers' daily practices.


The growing differentiation of services based on Big Data harbors the potential for both greater societal inequality and for greater equality. Anti-discrimination law and transparency alone, however, cannot do the job of curbing Big Data's negative externalities while fostering its positive effects.To rein in Big Data's potential, we adapt regulatory strategies from behavioral economics, contracts and criminal law theory. Four instruments stand out: First, active choice may be mandated between data collecting services (paid by data) and data free services (paid by money). Our suggestion provides concrete estimates for the price range of a data free option, sheds new light on the monetization of data collecting services, and proposes an "inverse predatory pricing" instrument to limit excessive pricing of the data free option. Second, we propose using the doctrine of unconscionability to prevent contracts that unreasonably favor data collecting companies. Third, we suggest democratizing data collection by regular user surveys and data compliance officers partially elected by users. Finally, we trace back new Big Data personalization techniques to the old Hartian precept of treating like cases alike and different cases – differently. If it is true that a speeding ticket over $50 is less of a disutility for a millionaire than for a welfare recipient, the income and wealth-responsive fines powered by Big Data that we suggest offer a glimpse into the future of the mitigation of economic and legal inequality by personalized law. Throughout these different strategies, we show how salience of data collection can be coupled with attempts to prevent discrimination against and exploitation of users. Finally, we discuss all four proposals in the context of different test cases: social media, student education software and credit and cell phone markets. Many more examples could and should be discussed. In the face of increasing unease about the asymmetry of power between Big Data collectors and dispersed users, about differential legal treatment, and about the unprecedented dimensions of economic inequality, this paper proposes a new regulatory framework and research agenda to put the powerful engine of Big Data to the benefit of both the individual and societies adhering to basic notions of equality and non-discrimination.


Fire-fountain eruptions of basaltic magma occur on Earth at centers such as Kilauea (Hawaii), and deposits from apparently similar eruptions have been found on the lunar surface. The driving force for terrestrial fire-fountain eruptions is the exsolution of dissolved CO 2 based on gases dissolved in melt inclusions trapped in olivine phenocrysts and the relatively high oxidation state of these magmas. Gases released at the vent show that SO 2 , and eventually H 2 O, are partitioned into the CO 2 -rich gas, adding to the gas volume. In contrast, analytical and experimental studies of lunar samples indicate that the gas phase responsible for driving the lunar eruptions was CO-rich and produced by the oxidation of C (graphite) carried in the slowly ascending low- f O 2 basalt. The graphite oxidation occurs when the pressure in the ascending lunar magma reaches that of the graphite-gas reaction surface (40 ± 1 MPa or ~8 km depth for the Apollo 17 orange-glass magma). As graphite is oxidized, some FeO is reduced, potentially forming a Fe-rich metal phase, and Fe-rich metal spherules are present in beads in lunar glass deposits. Other gas species such as S, Cl, and F partitioned variously into CO-rich lunar volcanic gas, and appear in surface coatings on the glass spherules. Modeling of the magma flow from 8 km depth to the lunar surface shows that the gas bubble volume fraction (assuming initial C at 50–500 ppm levels) ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 at the surface, the exit velocity ranges from 15 to 35 m/s, and the low-viscosity magma fragments only as it erupts at the lunar surface.


In many of the biggest and richest cities in America, there is a housing affordability crisis. Housing prices in these cities have appreciated well beyond the cost of construction and even faster than rising incomes. These price increases are a direct result of zoning rules that limit the ability of new supply to meet rising demand. The high cost of housing imposes a heavy burden on poorer and younger residents and, by forcing residents away from these human capital rich areas, has even reduced regional and national economic growth. While scholars have done a great deal to identify the problem, solutions are hard to come by, particularly given the strong influence of neighborhood "NIMBY" groups in the land-use process that resist any relaxation of zoning limits on housing supply. In this Article, we argue that binding and comprehensive urban planning, one of the most criticized ideas in land-use law, could be part of an antidote for regulatory barriers strangling our housing supply. In the middle of the last century, several prominent scholars argued that courts should find zoning amendments that were contrary to city plans ultra vires. This idea was, however, largely rejected by courts and scholars alike, with leading academic figures arguing that parcel-specific zoning amendments, or "deals," provide space for the give-and-take of democracy and lead to an efficient amount of development by encouraging negotiations between developers and residents regarding externalities from new building projects. We argue, by contrast, that the dismissal of plans contributed to the excessive strictness of zoning in our richest and most productive cities and regions. In contrast with both planning's critics and supporters, we argue that plans and comprehensive remappings are best understood as citywide deals that promote housing. Plans and remappings facilitate trades between city councilmembers who understand the need for new development but refuse to have their neighborhoods be dumping grounds for all new construction. Further, by setting forth what can be constructed as of right, plans reduce the information costs borne by purchasers of land and developers, broadening the market for new construction. We argue that land-use law should embrace binding plans that package together policies and sets of zoning changes in a number of neighborhoods simultaneously, making such packages difficult to unwind. The ironic result of such greater centralization of land-use procedure will be more liberal land-use law and lower housing prices.


The metaphysical realist asserts, while the metaphysical antirealist denies, that there are individuals that exist independently of the existence and workings of any mind or minds. I begin by distinguishing the thesis of metaphysical realism from other theses that are also called 'realism'. Of particular interest in this discussion is the relation between metaphysical realism and views such as moral realism and scientific realism.Metaphysical realism is commonly thought to be the default position in the debate since it is prima facie supported by our commonsense intuitions concerning the nature of reality. I develop several arguments to show that, when we examine our intuitions in detail, metaphysical realism is not the entirely commonsensical view that it at first appears. I argue that if metaphysical realism is true, it is difficult to see how semantic and epistemic access to the mind-independent world is possible and that, even if we do have such access, it will be difficult to rule out very bizarre ontologies. While none of these arguments constitute a decisive objection to metaphysical realism, they do suggest that the metaphysical realist should say something in defense of his view.I then examine Peter van Inwagen's attempted defense of metaphysical realism. This defense takes the form of a series of arguments designed to show that metaphysical antirealism is incoherent because incompatible with the existence of objective truth. I argue that his criticisms do not constitute an adequate defense of metaphysical realism because certain forms of antirealism, if otherwise philosophically viable, plausibly escape.This leads to a discussion of the extent to which an antirealist metaphysic can be considered a viable philosophical view. In this context, I examine the views of Hilary Putnam and Paul Grice. While the versions of metaphysical antirealism presented face serious difficulties of their own, I argue that it is a matter of philosophical judgment which view, metaphysical realism or metaphysical antirealism, has the more severe problems.


The resolvase from the transposon Tn21 catalyses site-specific recombination between the two res sites on its DNA substrate both in the absence and presence of Mg2+ ions. This contrasts with reports on the resolvase from gamma-delta (Tn1000) and on other recombinational proteins that are homologous to Tn21 resolvase but which need Mg2+ for their activity. Magnesium ions could enhance the activity of Tn21 resolvase, as did a number of other cations but some metal ions such as Ni2+ inhibit recombination. The metal ions are not directly involved in the catalytic process but probably affect recombination by altering the conformation of the DNA. Tn21 resolvase relaxes its DNA substrate in the presence and in the absence of Mg2+, and also in ionic conditions that inhibit recombination. Hence, the topoisomerization reflects an activity of resolvase that is distinct from recombination. However, the two activities are functions of the same DNA-protein complex. The complex contains about 6 molecules of the resolvase dimer per molecule of DNA.


Decisions regarding capacity and capital investment are among the most critical for firms, as reflected in the extensive literature devoted to this subject. However, substantially less work has been carried out on the decision to disinvest. This is unfortunate as in some situations, such as recessionary times, the main competitive moves pertain to disinvestment, rather than investment. This study aims to contribute to this subject, in particular it aims to identify why industries with a concentrated structure can when proactively rationalise when required, while fragmented ones cannot. Research methodology a case study approach, comprising in-depth interviews with six industry experts from the Irish printing industry. This aimed to explore the reasons for the excess capacity in this industry, the impediments to rationalising, and to explore whether any potential solutions to the capacity issues in the industry could be identified. The findings support the theoretical models of a maturing and fragmented industry with rising capacity (Porter, 1980, Bower, 1986, and Woods, 2009). Causes of excess capacity identified in prior studies such as new substitutes, improvements in technology, recession and the pursuit of more (Collins, 2009). This last cause can lead to over-investment, and create barriers to exit. A number of themes emerged in relation to internal and external failings, in a time of industry change. Proactive approaches to rationalising were identified from the literature and examined with a view to their potential in this contextual situation. These were then explored with the respondents, possible solutions and recommendations for this struggling industry were then developed.


The study investigated pottery production activities in the Ankole region, Western Uganda, focusing on technical and socio-economic issues. The main objective was to investigate how pottery industry plays a role in cubing unemployment and mitigating poverty as well as its impact on the environment. The fieldwork component of the study involved qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. Firstly, questionnaires were administered to 148 respondents from a wide cross-section of Ankole region. Secondly, 40 potters were interviewed and 7 focus group discussions were conducted with potters from this region in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the experiences and opinions of both traditional and contemporary potters something a questionnaire alone could not yield. The findings indicate that traditional pottery is primarily in the hands (role) of women, while men are engaged mainly in innovations and commercial pottery production. Undeniably, brick and tile making have become a lucrative business, especially for the male youths because of the high demand of the products by both the rural and urban communities. However, pottery activities have had a devastating effect on the environment. In some places, these activities have created pools of stagnant water which have become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, which spread malaria in many parts of the region.


Anisoplanatic effects can cause significant systematic photometric uncertainty in the analysis of dense stellar fields observed with adaptive optics. Program packages have been developed for a spatially variable PSF, but they require that a sufficient number of bright, isolated stars in the image are present to adequately sample the PSF. Imaging the Galactic center is particularly challenging. We present two ways of dealing with spatially variable PSFs when only one or very few suitable PSF reference stars are present in the field. Local PSF fitting with the StarFinder algorithm is applied to the data. Satisfying results can be found in two ways: (a) creating local PSFs by merging locally extracted PSF cores with the PSF wings estimated from the brightest star in the field; (b) Wiener deconvolution of the image with the PSF estimated from the brightest star in the field and subsequent estimation of local PSFs on the deconvolved image. The methodology is tested on real, and on artificial images. The method involving Wiener deconvolution of the image prior to local PSF extraction and fitting gives excellent results. It limits systematic effects to ~2-5% in point source photometry and ~10% in diffuse emission on fields-of-view as large as 28" x 28" and observed through the H-band filter. Particular attention is given to how deconvolution changes the noise properties of the image. It is shown that mean positions and fluxes of the stars are conserved by the deconvolution. However, the estimated uncertainties of the PSF fitting algorithm are too small if the presence of covariances is ignored in the PSF fitting as has been done here. An appropriate scaling factor can, however, be determined from simulated images or by comparing measurements on independent data sets.


The experience of Mexican Americans in the United States has been marked by oppression at the hands of the legal system but it has also benefited from successful appeals to the same system. Mexican Americans and the Law illustrates how Mexican Americans have played crucial roles in mounting legal challenges regarding issues that directly affect their political, educational, and socioeconomic status. Each chapter highlights historical contexts, relevant laws, and policy concerns for a specific issue and features abridged versions of significant state and federal cases involving Mexican Americans. Beginning with People v. Zammora (1940), the trial that was a precursor to the Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles during World War II, the authors lead students through some of the most important and precedent-setting cases in American law: - Educational equality: from segregation concerns in Mendez v. Westminster (1946) to unequal funding in San Antonio Independent School District vs. Rodriguez (1973) - Gender issues: reproductive rights in Madrigal v. Quilligan (1981), workplace discrimination in EEOC v. Hacienda Hotel (1989), sexual violence in Aguirre-Cervantes v. INS (2001) - Language rights: Yniguez v. Arizonans for Official English (1995), Garcia v. Gloor (1980), Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools (1974) - Immigration-: search and seizure questions in U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975) and U.S. v. Martinez-Fuerte (1976); public benefits issues in Plyler v. Doe (1982) and League of United Latin American Citizens v. Wilson (1997) - Voting rights: redistricting in White v. Regester (1973) and Bush v. Vera (1996) - Affirmative action: Hopwood v. State of Texas (1996) and Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson (1997) - Criminal justice issues: equal protection in Hernandez v. Texas (1954); jury service in Hernandez v. New York (1991); self incrimination in Miranda v. Arizona (1966); access to legal counsel in Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) With coverage as timely as the 2003 Supreme Court decision on affirmative action, Mexican Americans and the Law offers invaluable insight into legal issues that have impacted Mexican Americans, other Latinos, other racial minorities, and all Americans. Discussion questions, suggested readings, and Internet sources help students better comprehend the intricacies of law.


We have identified 91 Petschek-type exhausts associated with local, quasi-stationary magnetic reconnection in the solar wind in plasma and magnetic field data from the Ulysses spacecraft obtained over a wide range of heliocentric distances (1.4-5.4 AU) and latitudes (S79°-N65°). The characteristic signature of an exhaust was a brief (minutes) interval of accelerated or decelerated plasma flow within a bifurcated current sheet in which changes in magnetic field and flow velocity were correlated at one edge and anticorrelated at the other. Transitions from outside to inside the exhausts were always slow-mode-like, the exhausts appearing to an observer as encounters with closely spaced, forward-reverse, slow-mode wave (shock) pairs. The exhausts almost universally occurred in low-speed or interplanetary coronal mass ejection plasma having low proton β (<1 and often ≪1) at relatively large shears (90°-180°) in the heliospheric magnetic field. Magnetic field strength decreases within the exhausts were highly variable from event to event and were roughly correlated with the magnitude of the local magnetic shears; this indicates the presence of substantial guide fields in at least some of these events. Many of the exhausts occurred at current sheets separating plasma having distinctly different Alfvén speeds and were thus asymmetric. Local exhaust widths at Ulysses varied up to a maximum of ~2 × 106 km but statistically did not vary significantly with heliocentric distance. We offer several possible explanations of this observation.


A recently developed spectrographic technique was used for the comparison of observed optical emission spectra from self-breakdown in air of high current and high voltage impulse arcs which are often used to represent the respective components of a natural lightning strike for a variety of lightning studies. These components are separated as it is practically impossible to simultaneously generate both in a single arc within the laboratory. The high current aspect is typically related to the amount of damage a lightning arc does to an impacted object and can be used to characterize conductivity properties, whereas the high voltage aspect is typically related to the attachment mechanism of lightning to an object when creating a path to ground and can be used to characterize insulation properties. The spectra of a range of high current arcs up to 100 kA and high voltage arcs up to 120 kV across a 14 mm air-gap between a pair of hemispherical tungsten electrodes were investigated and compared with the natural lightning reference spectrum reconstructed from the literature. All three spectra were found to present similar trends, but the high voltage arc had notably lower blackbody radiation, indicating a less energetic and cooler arc. Further, whereas atomic lines from oxygen and nitrogen were clearly present, an atomic line from argon was not prominent, indicating that the bulk energy delivered into the air was in the range of 1400–1520 kJ/mol. The high current arc, much like natural lightning, delivered a bulk energy greater than 1520 kJ/mol.


This paper outlines several centrist ideas on how to improve health insurance markets in the United States. The proposals discussed here include – (1) new incentives to encourage continuous health insurance coverage, (2) alterations to rules governing health savings accounts and high deductible health plans, (3) rule changes leading to reduced reliance on employer based insurance, and (4) government subsidies for certain expensive health care cases, which are not easily treated by narrow-network HMOs. The new subsidies for contributions to health savings accounts and expensive health care cases are partially paid for by reductions in tax expenditures on ACA and employer-based insurance.


Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as with labour and traffic accidents. However, current evidence suggests beneficial effects of moderate drinking on cardiovascular events including coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease and congestive heart failure. The underlying mechanisms to explain these protective effects against coronary heart disease include an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase in insulin sensitivity, and a decrease in platelet aggregation and circulating concentrations of fibrinogen. However, there are discrepancies regarding the specific effects of different types of beverages on the cardiovascular system, and also whether the possible protective effects of alcoholic beverages are due to their alcohol component (ethanol) or non-alcoholic products containing, mainly polyphenols. Recent randomised clinical trials have shown that wine, a polyphenol-rich alcoholic beverage, provides higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects than some spirits such as gin, a polyphenol-free alcoholic beverage. In addition, dealcoholized red wine decreases blood pressure through a nitric oxide mediated mechanism, suggesting a protective effect of polyphenols on vascular function. Other studies performed in women have observed that daily doses of 15–20 g of alcohol as red wine are sufficient to elicit protective effects similar to those observed in men who consumed higher doses of wine. In conclusion, moderate consumption of wine exerts a protective effect on biomarkers related to the progression and development of atherosclerosis due to its alcoholic (ethanol) and non-alcoholic (polyphenols) content. Women are more sensitive to the beneficial effects of wine.


Energy efficiency matters in future mobile communications networks. The key driving factor is the growing energy cost of network operations that can make up as much as 50% of the total operational cost today [1]. In the context of green information and communication technology (ICT), this has led to many global initiatives such as the Green Touch consortium.


The accuracy of optical measurements at low light levels is limited by the quantum noise of the source and by the random nature of the interaction with the measured object. The source noise may be reduced by use of nonclassical photon-number squeezed light. We consider the use of two photon-correlated beams (generated, for example, by spontaneous parametric downconversion) to measure the optical transmittance of an object. The photons of each beam obey a random Poisson process but are synchronized in time. One beam is used to probe the object, and the other is used as a reference providing information on the realization of the random arrival of photons at the object. The additional information available by such measurement may be exploited to improve the accuracy of the measurement. Various estimators, including the maximum-likelihood estimator, are considered, and their performance is evaluated and compared with the measurement based on a single-beam conventional (Poissonian) source and a maximally squeezed (fixed-photon-number) source. The performance advantage that is established depends on parameters such as the intensity of the source, the transmittance of the object, the quantum efficiency of the detectors, the background noise, and the degree of correlation of the photon numbers in the two beams.


This book provides an insightful assessment of today's ESCO (energy services) industry around the world. Analyzing current trends, the volume discusses opportunities and problems of the ESCO industry in each country. It includes significant contributions by Pierre Langlois and Paolo Bertoldi. The author and contributors have reached into the far corners of the world to get trusted colleagues to tell the story of the energy services industry's development in their respective countries, and in their own words. Chapters cover selected countries from Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, North America, South America, New Zealand and Australia, as well as the overall global picture.


Strategic interaction has traditionally been modelled in economics with game theoretic equilibrium models. In these models, strategies constitute best responses to beliefs that are consistent with other players' strategies. While this consistency is realistic in settings familiar to the players, it is less appropriate in situations that are encountered for the first time. This shortcoming has led to the conception of models of bounded rationality, in particular the level-k model of levels of reasoning. While experimental studies usually employ only action data to test the level-k model, in this thesis, a team setup with electronic communication between participants allows for a qualitatively richer insight in actual reasoning processes. Two different games are played to investigate different notions of strategic thinking. The first study uses a dominance-solvable 'beauty contest' game in which 6-8 teams compete for a prize. This game lends itself naturally to the observation of levels of reasoning. In addition, the communication allows to analyse the anchoring level-0 belief and the population belief of individual players. The second study uses a zero-sum 'hide and seek' game that two teams play against each other. Both the influence of non-neutral framing on the level-0 belief and the task-dependence of the level of reasoning can be brought to light in this study. The third and final chapter considers an application of the equilibrium concept in the theory of implicit incentives, a situation of complex strategic interaction. The method and results of the study are viewed against the background of the limitations of equilibrium models to reflect a situation of inherent one-shot nature.


Performance on two lateralized attention tasks, a unique, modified version of the Stroop task, and the Lateralized Attention Network Task, was investigated to add evidence to the topic of lateralized hemispheric strengths and weaknesses between the sexes. Sixty total participants at a mid-sized public university completed both tasks to obtain research credit for their classes. Results concluded that there were no significant differences between the sex of the participant and visual field in their efficiency in responding to the three metrics of the Lateralized Attention Network Task. Individual analysis of the six cue types showed some interactions between sex and visual field on response accuracy however, generally the results were not significant. Stroop task data analysis yielded no significant differences between sex and visual field in either Stroop effect or response accuracy. Overall, results were not consistent with our hypotheses. There was, however, a noticeable trend that males were likely to be more efficient at responding to the tasks when the stimuli were presented in the left visual field, as well as that women tended to perform more efficiently when the stimuli was presented in the right visual field. Although not a significant finding, the trend does add further evidence to the current belief that men respond better to items lateralized to the right hemisphere and that women respond better to items lateralized to the left hemisphere.


An 8-year-old boy whose family had recently immigrated from Southeast Asia was brought to the emergency department (ED) with a well-demarcated, pruritic rash that had appeared on his face 6 weeks earlier. At that time, the patient's primary care physician had diagnosed Fifth disease. As the rash spread to the child's arms and back, atopic dermatitis was considered. The week before presentation in the ED, the rash had become more inflamed and pruritic and was accompanied by fevers.


The political feasibility study presented in this working paper has been undertaken in the course of the PHARE-project "Evaluation of consequences of an accession of the Slovak Republic into the EU on the competitiveness of the Slovak food processing industry". The main objective of the PHARE-project was to identify the adjustment problems faced by the food-processing industry in the Slovak Republic when joining the EU and to elaborate on the best strategies in dealing with approaching competition from the EU food industry subject to the restrictions imposed by GATT. The main scope of the study at hand was to analyze to what extent economically efficient agricultural policies are politically feasible, i.e. will actually be implemented in the given Slovakian politico-economic system. In particular, the analysis consists of an evaluation of the political feasibility and implementation requirements of reforms economically needed by the processing industry given the present structure of the Slovakian politico-economic system. In addition, it has been analyzed to what extent EU-accession can be considered as a second-best policy leading to sub-optimal results from an economic point of view in comparison to first-best policies. However, being politically feasible it can thus be considered just as preferable as first-best policies, which are found to be politically infeasible. Moreover, specific changes of structural or institutional conditions of the political sector have been identified which shift the politico-economic equilibrium towards first-best policies


Autosomal recessive osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) was diagnosed in three unrelated Israeli Bedouin consanguineous families. Fractures were evident in all cases in infancy. Genome‐wide linkage analysis ruled out association with any of the known OI genes, and identified a single homozygosity locus of approximately 2 Mb on chromosome 9 common to all affected individuals (maximum multipoint lod score 6.5). Whole exome sequencing identified only a single mutation within this locus that was shared by all affected individuals: a homozygous deletion mutation of exon 4 of TMEM38B, leading to an early stop codon and a truncated protein, as well as low TMEM38B mRNA levels. TMEM38B encodes TRIC‐B, a ubiquitous component of TRIC, a monovalent cation‐specific channel involved in Ca2+ release from intracellular stores that has been shown to act in cell differentiation. Molecular mechanisms through which a TMEM38B mutation might lead to an OI phenotype are yet to be explored.


Capacity is affected by construction type and its intensity on adjacent open traffic lanes. The effect on capacity is a function of vehicles moving in and out of the closed lanes of the work zone, and the presence of heavy construction vehicles. Construction activity and its intensity, however, are not commonly considered in estimating capacity of a highway lane. The main purpose of this project was to attempt to quantify the effects of construction type and intensity (e.g. maintenance, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and milling) on work zone capacity. The objective of this project is to quantify the effects of construction type and its intensity on work zone capacity and to develop guidelines for Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) to estimate the specific operation type and intensity that will improve the traffic flow by reducing the traffic flow and queue length commonly associated with work zones. Despite the effort put into field data collection, the data collected did not show a full speed-flow chart therefore extracting a reliable capacity value was difficult. A statistical comparison between the capacity values found in this study using either methodologies indicates that there is an effect of construction activity on the values work zone capacity. It was found that the heavy construction activity reduces the capacity. It is very beneficial to conduct similar studies on the capacity of work zone with different lane closure barriers, which is also directly related to the type of work zone being short-term or long-term work zones. Also, the effect of different geometric and environmental characteristics of the roadway should be considered in future studies.


[1] The Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia (ACE-Asia) was conducted in March–May 2001 in the western North Pacific in order to characterize the complex mix of dust, smoke, urban/industrial pollution, and background marine aerosol that is observed in that region in springtime. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides a large-scale regional view of the aerosol during the ACE-Asia time period. Focusing only on aerosol retrievals over ocean, MODIS data show latitudinal and longitudinal variation in the aerosol characteristics. Typically, aerosol optical depth (τa) values at 0.55 μm are highest in the 30°–50° latitude band associated with dust outbreaks. Monthly mean τa in this band ranges ∼0.40–70, although large differences between monthly mean and median values indicate the periodic nature of these dust outbreaks. The size parameters, fine mode fraction (η), and effective radius (reff) vary between monthly mean values of η = 0.47 and reff = 0.75 μm in the cleanest regions far offshore to approximately η = 0.85 and reff = 0.30 μm in near-shore regions dominated by biomass burning smoke. The collocated MODIS retrievals with airborne, ship-based, and ground-based radiometers measurements suggest that MODIS retrievals of spectral optical depth fall well within expected error (Δτa = ±0.03 ± 0.05τa) except in situations dominated by dust, in which cases MODIS overestimate both the aerosol loading and the aerosol spectral dependence. Such behavior is consistent with issues related to particle nonsphericity. Comparisons of MODIS-derived reff with AERONET retrievals at the few occurrences of collocations show MODIS systematically underestimates particle size by 0.2 μm. Multiple-year analysis of MODIS aerosol size parameters suggests systematic differences between the year 2001 and the years 2000 and 2002, which are traced to instrumental electronic cross talk. Sensitivity studies show that such calibration errors are negligible in τa retrievals but are more pronounced in size parameter retrievals, especially for dust and sea salt.


Postembryonic production of sensory hair cells occurs in both normal and aminoglycoside-damaged avian inner ears. The cellular source and mechanism that results in new differentiated hair cells were investigated in the avian vestibular epithelia using three distinct cell-cycle-specific labeling methods to identify proliferating sensory epithelial cells. First, immunocytochemical detection of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase, allowed labeling of cells in late G1, S, and early G2 phases of the cell cycle. Second, a pulse-fix tritiated thymidine autoradiographic protocol was used to identify cells in S phase of the cell cycle. Finally, Hoechst 33342, a fluorescent DNA stain, was used to identify epithelial cells in mitosis. The distribution of cells active in the cell cycle within the normal and ototoxin-damaged vestibular epithelium suggests that supporting cells within the sensory epithelia are the cellular precursors to the regenerated hair cells. Differences between the proliferation marker densities in control and damaged end organs indicate that the upregulation of mitotic activity observed after streptomycin treatment is due primarily to an increase in the number of dividing progenitor cells. The differences between the extent of ototoxic damage and the level of reparative proliferative response suggest a generalized stimulus, such as a soluble chemical factor, plays a role in initiating regeneration. Finally, after DNA replication is initiated, progenitor cell nuclei migrate from their original location close to the basement membrane to the lumenal surface, where cell division occurs. This pattern of intermitotic nuclear migration is analogous to that observed in the developing inner ear and neural epithelium.


Does copyright protection offer the best means of stimulating the production of expressive works? Perhaps, at the moment, it does. If so, however, copyright protection will probably become inefficiently over-protective as the market for expressive works grows. With such growth, copyright holders will find it increasingly remunerative to focus on customers willing to pay a premium for particular expressive works. In a larger, more finely segmented market, copyright holders will find that their statutory rights generate larger monopoly rents. Yet copyright holders will suffer no corresponding increase in production or distribution costs; thanks to technological advances, we can expect those costs to continue to decline. The private benefits of copyright protection will rise. So, too, will its social costs. Holding all else equal, therefore, growth in the market for expressive works will make copyright policy inefficient. This paper explains that effect and discusses how policymakers should respond.


This paper investigates the representations of Africans in the Swedish comic press around the time 1880-1920, with the purpose of establishing how Africans were depicted and how these representations can be explained. The sources consist of four comic magazines: Kasper, Sondags-Nisse, Strix and Naggen.Results show that images of Africans in the late 19th and early 20th century Swedish comic press highly conform to international representations. Traditional stereotypes and overall caricatures are widely applied, mediating racial difference and black subordination. The comic strips and jokes can be divided into categories, defined by their main theme: 1) Exotic animals and nature 2) Skin colour 3) The unintelligent or uncivilised savage 4) Cannibalism 5) The civilised African 6) Imperialistic overtones. The use of international stereotypes indicates that some comic strips might have been directly copied from foreign publications, and incorporated into Swedish contexts.Several theories, likely interacting, can be considered in explaining the imagery. Firstly the representations may function as construction, establishment and strengthening of Swedish identity by defining, demonstrating and stressing the codes for 'swedishness' and otherness. Secondly the iconography can be seen as a political strategy, a carrier of imperialistic, patriarchal agenda that confirms white supremacy. Thirdly the representations may strongly depend on convention and tradition within the genre, wherein generic models and conventional codes limited artists' representations.


Coronary artery disease was the cause of half of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in 2013. Myocardial infarction (MI) has been a common medical emergency with high mortality rate and complications unless it is early and appropriately treated. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been popularly used in assessment of health state among coronary artery disease patients undergone both medical and surgical therapies. Bayesian model averaging approach statistically facilitated for identifying potential predictors of HRQoL among post-MI patients following up at University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City. The cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 146 participants diagnosed and treated with acute myocardial infarction from April 1st 2017 to June 30th 2017. The better HRQoL in physical component summary was associated with higher educational levels (coefficient=1.2) and weekly moderate – intensity physical activity (coefficient=0.002) but the contrast status for the female (coefficient =-3.7) in the fit model with R2= 0.24, BIC=-25.7 and posterior probability=11.7%. The good economic household (coefficient=9.8), more daily sitting time (coefficient =1.4) and weekly moderate – intensity physical activity (coefficient =0.004) predicted the increase of mental component summary score in the given model with R2= 0.08, BIC=-20.3 and posterior probability=25%. The post – MI patients experienced low physical health much more than mental health. The female and suitable physical activity should be concerned in the rehabilitation program as well as follow-up care during the discharge process.


PURPOSE
To report the use of presurgical intravitreal bevacizumab in the context of proliferative sickle-cell retinopathy with retinal detachment.

METHODS
Intravitreal bevacizumab was injected 3 days before the surgical procedure for traction retinal detachment. Vitrectomy, membrane peeling, endolaser, and SF6 gas tamponade were performed. A 37-year-old African American woman presented with hemoglobin sickle-cell disease and temporal retinal detachment with bullous subretinal fluid extending through the fovea associated with an area of active sea-fan retinal neovascularization with preretinal hemorrhage and retinal traction, with 3 associated retinal breaks.

RESULTS
The sea-fan neovascularization associated with the traction retinal detachment and the resultant retinal breaks appeared more fibrotic and les vascular than was noted prior to the pre-operative bevacizumab injection. Segmentation and dissection were performed with minimal bleeding, and retinal traction was relieved without difficulty. This was believed to be atypical in the experience of the surgeons. One month postoperatively, vision measured 20/50, and the retina remained attached.

CONCLUSION
Further study is necessary to clarify the role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in the treatment of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy associated retinal detachment.


SCHUBERT, LELAND (11 June 1907-27 June 1998) was an educator and benefactor who with his wife Helen D. gave Mayor Carl B. Stokes' Cleveland Now! program $1 million dollars in 1968 to help provide employment opportunities, improved housing and education for Cleveland's poor. Schubert was born in Toledo, OH to Arthur H. Schubert, an advertising manager, and Leila (Browne) Schubert. He graduated from West High School in Minneapolis, MN, received a bachelors degree from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1930, a master's degree in fine arts from Yale University in 1934, and a doctorate in drama from Cornell University in 1938. Shubert taught drama, speech an literature at Ohio Wessleyan, Carleton College, and Madison College in Harrisonburg Va. In 1956 he retired as chairman of the Madison College English department and moved to Cleveland. Schubert, who met Helen Keller when he was fifteen, became a certified Braille transcriber in 1960. He wrote a Braille teaching book for sighted parents to teach their blind children to read and transcribed books for the Cleveland Society for the Blind (See Cleveland Sight Center of the Society for the Blind) and the Red Cross Braille Service for Cleveland. He donated his 5,000 rare theater book collection to the Cleveland Play House, then contributed the money to build the Leland and Helen Schubert Library in which to house them. His contributions to Cleveland Now!, Case Western Reserve University, Help for Retarded Children, Central State University, the Urban Community School and other organizations were made possible by the AHS Foundation which Schubert established with a bequest from his father in 1968. He was a trustee of the Cleveland Orchestra's Musical Arts Association, Cleveland Playhouse, the former Woodruff Hospital in Cleveland, the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, and Project Bridge. He and his wife received the Catholic Interracial Council of Cleveland's Interracial Justice Award in 1971 and shared an honorary doctorate from John Carroll University. Schubert married Helen Dwan in 1931 and had three sons John, Gage and Lee. Schubert died of complications following surgery at the Cleveland Clinic (See Cleveland Clinic Foundation) and is buried in the Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis, MN.


Energy addition using a hot surface probe is required for reliable ignition of aircraft compression ignition engines running on fuel variations and at altitude conditions. Thus, durability of the hot surface probe is crucial for application in these engines. Thermo-mechanical stress is one of the key parameters that determine durability, which requires an accurate prediction of the transient temperature field based on well-defined boundary conditions representing the dynamic and complex fluid flow inside engines. To meet this requirement, the present study focuses on transient thermo-mechanical stress analysis using a sequentially coupled CFD-FEA approach to understand transient thermo-mechanical responses of the hot surface probe. A 3D transient reacting flow simulation was conducted first using CONVERGE software, the results of which were exported to map thermal and pressure boundary conditions onto a structural finite element mesh. Transient thermo-mechanical stress analysis was performed sequentially using ABAQUS software utilizing the mapped boundary conditions. The results such as transient temperature history, resultant thermo-mechanical stress, displacement, potential failure modes, etc. were critically reviewed, which can provide helpful information for further design improvement.


In this paper, the spatial changes and trends in non-point source (NPS) total phosphorus (TP) pollution were analyzed by land and non-land uses in the Songliao River Basin from 1986 to 2000 (14 years). A grid-based export coefficient model was used in the process of analysis based on to a geographic information system. The Songliao Basin is divided in four regions: Liaoning province, Jilin province (JL), Heilongjiang province and the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia (IM) Autonomous Region. Results indicated that the NPS phosphorus load caused by land use and non-land use increased steadily from 3.11×10(4) tons in 1986 to 3.49×10(4) tons in 2000. The southeastern region of the Songliao Plain was the most important NPS pollution contributor of all the districts. Although the TP load caused by land use decreased during the studied period in the Songliao River Basin, the contribution of land use to the TP load was dominant compared to non-land uses. The NPS pollution caused by non-land use steadily increased over the studied period. The IM Autonomous Region and JL province had the largest mean annual rate of change among all districts (more than 30%). In this area, livestock and poultry breeding had become one of the most important NPS pollution sources. These areas will need close attention in the future.


This paper examines the effect of the Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services (WPRS) system. This program "profiles" UI claimants to determine their probability of benefit exhaustion (or expected spell duration) and then provides mandatory employment and training services to claimants with high predicted probabilities (or long expected spells). Using a unique experimental design, we estimate that the WPRS program reduces mean weeks of UI benefit receipt by about 2.2 weeks, reduces mean UI benefits received by about $143, and increases subsequent earnings by over $1,050. Much (but not all) of the effect results from a sharp increase in early exits from UI in the experimental treatment group compared to the experimental control group. These exits coincide with claimants finding out about their mandatory program obligations rather than with actual receipt of employment and training services. While the program targets those with the highest expected durations of UI benefit receipt, we find no evidence that these claimants benefit disproportionately from the program. In addition, we find strong evidence against the "common effect" assumption, as the estimated treatment effect differs dramatically across quantiles of the untreated outcome distribution. Overall, the profiling program appears to successfully reduce the moral hazard associated with the UI program without increasing the take-up rate.


Life history theory is an elegant instrument for describing major differences in patterns of life history traits across plant and animal taxa (Charnov, 1993; Roff, 1992, 2002; Stearns, 1992). Typical life history traits discussed in the classic evolutionary biology literature include size at birth, growth pattern, age of sexual maturation, size at maturity, age of first reproduction, number and sex ratio of offspring produced, age and size-specific reproductive investments, age and size-specific mortality schedules, and length of lifespan (see Stearns, 1992). A basic assumption of the classic optimality approach to life history theory is that, given adequate genetic variation, the evolution of species has involved natural selection of optimal combinations of these traits. However, genetic and other constraints, and trade-offs have reduced the set of possible combinations. Life history theory predicts trade-offs between energetic investment in growth, maintenance, and reproduction across species, of which a trade-off between the main constituents of reproductive investment, mating and parental effort, may be the most common (McGlothlin, Jawor, & Ketterson, 2007). It is easy to see how if organisms possess finite resources that trade-offs affecting life history traits would necessarily evolve over evolutionary time. If the "pie of finite resources" is divided up between life history traits, taking a large slice of one type of trait leaves less of the pie to be divided into other forms of investment. Among vertebrate species, for example, salmon have very different life histories than primate species. Their life history consists of relatively rapid growth, early maturation and first reproduction, small size, little parental care, and the production of a high number of offspring, followed immediately by death in semelparous species,eclipsing a postreproductive period. In contrast, the life history of human beings consists of relatively slow development, late puberty and first reproduction, iteroparity, large body size, low number of offspring, followed by high parental investment (extended to grandparental investment) and a long life span, including a female postreproductive period.


In this paper, we examine the problem of packet scheduling in a single-hop multichannel system, with the goal of minimizing the average message waiting time. Such an objective function represents the delay incurred by the users before receiving the desired data. We show that the problem of finding a schedule with minimum message waiting time is NP-complete, by means of polynomial time reduction of the time table design problem to our problem. We present also several heuristics that result in outcomes very close to the optimal ones. We compare these heuristics by means of extensive simulations.


Librarians providing information literacy training to Imperial College London's medicine faculty have set up a successful working model implemented by the Imperial Library Medicine Information Literacy Group (MILG). MILG was created to improve and develop library services to support the Faculty of Medicine at Imperial College and to overcome the many challenges librarians face when attempting to provide information literacy training. These challenges include keeping up to date with new developments in their subject area, maintaining effective liaison with their faculty, updating their own skills and ensuring that they provide relevant and informative training sessions. MILG's achievements include a successful, coordinated approach to liaison which has led to information literacy training being embedded into the curriculum of the Faculty of Medicine. The group has also developed working practices that allow its members to maintain and update their skills through professional development and "train the trainer" sessions. MILG members maintain current awareness within their subject area through the use of resource champions and make use of the latest technologies when they are training. The group uses a variety of methods to improve both the quality and relevance of the information literary training it provides. This involves adapting training to meet the changing needs of the medicine faculty and developing new ways of staying in contact with library users such as the Imperial Library medicine blog. This article outlines the work of MILG and explains how the group's development has enabled its members to better coordinate library services across six campus libraries. This working model has already been successfully adapted by other library teams within Imperial College London and could be adapted to meet the needs of librarians outside Imperial.


There is a need for efficacious therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) after disease progression on docetaxel. The SRC tyrosine kinase and its related family members may be important drivers of prostate cancer and can be inhibited by dasatinib. mCRPC patients, after one previous chemotherapy, started dasatinib at 70 mg twice daily, amended to 100 mg daily. The primary endpoint was the disease control (DC) rate, defined as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) in prostate specific antigen (PSA), RECIST, bone scan, and FACT-P score. Up to 41 patients were to be accrued (two-stage design, 21+20) to rule out a null-hypothesized effect of 5 versus 20% (&agr;=0.05, &bgr;=0.1). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlatives. Of 38 patients, 27 were evaluable for response or toxicity. The median duration of therapy was 55 days (6–284). Five patients showed DC after 8 weeks of therapy (18.5% DC, 95% CI: 6.3–38.1%). One PR (3.7% response rate, 95% CI: 0.1–19.0%) was observed in a patient treated for 284 days. Twelve patients (43%) discontinued treatment for toxicity. Dasatinib induced a decrease in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated CSF2, CD40L, GZMB, and IL-2 mRNAs in blood cells, indicating target engagement. Decreases in plasma IL-6 and bone alkaline phosphatase, and in urinary N-telopeptide, were associated with DC. Dasatinib has definite but limited activity in advanced mCRPC, and was poorly tolerated. The observation of a patient with prolonged, objective, clinically significant benefit warrants molecular profiling to select the appropriate patient population.


We construct a "universe" of over 18,000 fundamental signals from financial statements and use a bootstrap approach to evaluate the impact of data mining on fundamental-based anomalies. We find that many fundamental signals are significant predictors of cross-sectional stock returns even after accounting for data mining. This predictive ability is more pronounced following high-sentiment periods and among stocks with greater limits to arbitrage. Our evidence suggests that fundamental-based anomalies, including those newly discovered in this study, cannot be attributed to random chance, and they are better explained by mispricing. Our approach is general and we also apply it to past return–based anomalies.


Uninterrupted for forty-five years, from 1558 to 1603,
Protestants in England were able to use the printing press to
disseminate Protestant ideology. It was a period long enough for
Protestantism to root itself deeply in the life of the nation and
to accumulate its own distinctive literature. English Protestantism,
like an inf ant vulnerable to the whim of a parent under King Henry
VIII, like a headstrong and erratic child in Edward's reign, and
like a sulking, chastised youth in the Marian years, had come of age
by the end of the Elizabethan period.
At the outset of Elizabeth's reign the most pressing religious
need was a clear, well-reasoned defence of the Church of England.
The publication of Bishop Jewel's Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae
in 1562 was a response to that need and set the tone of literary
polemics for the rest of the period. It was a time of muscleflexing
for the Elizabethan Church, and especially in the opening
decades, a time when anti-Catholicism was particularly vehement.
Consistently throughout the period, when Queen and country were
threatened by Catholic intrigues and conspiracies, literature of
exceptional virulence was published against Catholicism.
But just as the press became an effective tool for defenders
and apologists of the Church of England, it soon was being used as
an instrument to advance the cause of further reform by more radical
Protestants. Puritans, Familists and Separatists resorted to the
printing press to publicize their particular brand of Protestantism.
Puritans, especially, used the press to put pressure on Parliament
by arranging the publication of their demands to coincide with the
calling of Parliament. Stinging attacks on the established church
were met with stout resistance; authors, printers and booksellers
often were imprisoned and the literature suppressed. The radicals
then turned to secret presses, or to presses outside of England,
and continued their onslaught against the "half" reformed Church
of England. The bitterness and pugnacity once reserved for the
popes of Rome now became, for the dissidents, appropriate sentiments
to be levelled at English bishops.
Religious polemics, however, though most eye-catching and
revealing from the historian's viewpoint because they reflect pressing
issues and concerns, were only one aspect of Elizabethan literature.
While the polemicists crossed swords, the great majority of authors and translators busied themselves in producing works designed for
general Protestant edification. These were the devotional, didactic
and exegetical works that went into multiple editions and were in
constant demand throughout the reign. Polemical and controversial
writings were published from time to time, but works of edification
issued from the press in a continuous stream throughout the reign.
The constant repetition of Protestant doctrine and attitudes reinforced
the Protestant policies consistently laid down by the
government.
For moral and financial support in publishing their literature,
Elizabethan Protestant authors relied heavily upon a relatively small
group of persons. The great majority of dedications in Protestant
literature were addressed to no more than a dozen or so patrons, and,
except for a few, tended to sympathize with moderate Puritanism.
Furthermore, the Elizabethan period was a watershed in the history
of literary patronage and this was reflected in Protestant literature.
Printers and publishers became more important to the author than
the patron in getting his manuscript into print and furthering his
literary pursuits. And it was a relatively small number of printers
and publishers (no more than twenty-five) who bore the brunt of
financing the lion's share of Protestant literature.
With such a powerful and relatively new medium as print to disseminate
ideology, it is not surprising that strong censorship was
exercised. From the Queen's Injunctions of 1566, when the Vestments
controversy was at its height and offensive Puritan tracts were
being published, control of the press tightened as Catholics and
radical Protestants became more adept at clandestine printing and at
smuggling their literature into the country. Officers of the government,
the church and the Stationers' Company worked so effectively
together in their "search and destroy" missions for printing presses
used in illegal publishing ventures that, by the end of the period,
almost all offensive religious literature had to be printed abroad.
The role of the printing press in Elizabethan England is comparable
to that of television in the 20th century. As television
revolutionizes the art of politics, from political party conventions
to national elections, so the printing press affected politics and
religion in the last half of the 16th century. The most effective
way for Puritans, for example, to attack and embarrass the Establishnent
-- and for the Establishment to defend itself -- was to use
the medium of print. So much more efficient than preaching -- with much less risk of detection -- the press replaced the pulpit as
the main instrument of religious education and of religious reform.


Abstract. Human communication is notable both for its precision and flexibility (Krauss, 2002). By following a mutually shared set of signs and rules, meaning can be conveyed from one entity to another. In doing so, human communication allows to formulate an "unlimited number of meaningful novel messages that are not tied to the immediate present" (Krauss, 2002, p.1). Human language in particular allows to refer to and think about both concrete objects and abstractions, past events and experiences, remote both in space and time, or which exist only in the imagination (Keates, 1996). The same applies to visual communication. However, despite their similarities, maps are unlike language. Its elements are unlike words, but independent associative symbols with a reference fixed by convention but not by a single, nor unequivocal reference (Bertin, 1974; Langer, 1953; Wood, 2010; MacEachren, 1982).At the same time, humans constantly respond to their environments and the stimuli therein, responding differently in respect to the type and characteristics of the stimuli exposed to (Russell, 1980; Russell & Feldman Barrett, 1999). Applying this perspective to cartography indicates that the choices on how to depict and express data will affect how a map is perceived and interpreted (Monmonier, 1996). Thus, cartographic elements and their visual parameters (e.g. shape, color, hue, size, texture, and orientation) must be carefully elected to adequately represent and correspond with the particular aspect of information to be communicated (Bertin, 1974). The variety of methods available for representing information through cartographic representations allow to create strikingly different results created from a single set of data (Thompson, Lindsay, & Gaillard, 2011). And yet, while a map may be designed to convey a single dataset of interest, it does not convey a single universal message (Thompson et al., 2011). Chandler even claims that "changing the form of the signifier while keeping the same signified can generate different connotations. Changes of style or tone may involve different connotations, such as when using different typefaces for exactly the same text, or changing from sharp focus to soft focus when taking a photograph" (Chandler, 2007, p.143).In cartography, semiotic rules (Bertin, 1974) provide a framework to adequately select between the type of visual variables in correspondence to the characteristics of information to be communicated, such as when to represent information by shape, color, or size. These rules, however, do not further differentiate within each type of visual variable, such as regarding the effects of different signifiers in maps on the map readers' associations and interpretations, such as the effect of depicting information by particular shape or color. In other words, while semiotics provides a shared set of signs and rules, it does not address how choices for or the composition of graphic variables may lead to different connotations, interpretations or judgments.Recent research in cartography has begun to empirically study such effects of design decisions on the map reader's responses. Findings support the notion that changes in visual map styles can influence the map readers' responses, such as towards altering emotional responses, trust, liking, recall, efficiency, and effectiveness (Fabrikant, Christophe, Papastefanou, & Maggi, 2012; Garlandini & Fabrikant, 2009; Jenny et al., 2018; Muehlenhaus, 2012). However, empirical findings are still scarce.This research is therefore dedicated to further disclosing the impact of visual variables on the map reader's responses. Following Chandler's claim (Chandler, 2007), it is tested whether varying the signifier on a map while keeping the same signified will lead to different responses towards the map. Among the most prevalently used visual signifiers in thematic cartographic representations, geometric shapes (e.g. circle, triangles, squares) are a common means to indicate spatio-temporal occurrences. Yet, their significance and effect on map interpretation has not been explored. Hence, this research focusses on two profound questions, i.e. firstly, what are the unique qualities geometric shapes are imbued with?, and secondly, to which extent do cartographic representations, which are altered merely according to their geometric signifiers, involve different affective and cognitive responses towards the map? We claim that the choice of signifier matters, such as the choice for a circular shape (as opposed to a sextant) may influence the map viewer's responses due to the signifier's inherent qualities. Figure 1 illustrates a set of signifiers used in the empirical studies of the present research.Empirical studies have been designed and conducted to identify the particular qualities of basic geometric shapes (e.g. qualities of activation, potency, and valence) from a user perspective as well as to identify and quantify (dis)similarities of geometric shape stimuli, commonly used in visual communication and in particular in thematic cartographic representations. The concept of similarity is of crucial importance to theories in cognitive sciences, revealing part of the stimuli' cognitive structures and relatedness. In a second step of this research, further empirical studies have been conducted to test the impact of the previously identified shape qualities and (dis)similarities on map interpretation and map related judgments. Current findings strongly support the notion that even basic geometric shapes imbue particular qualities, affecting map connotations, associations, and judgments.By unravelling hidden communication effects and cognitive structures of graphic variables, this research indicates significant implications in the context of cartography and beyond. In research and practice, it is particularly beneficial to appropriately discriminate between stimuli in order to take informed choices. This research aims to contribute to a more holistic understanding concerning the effects of design decisions and to contribute to more effectively communicating messages by deliberately applying visual variables with distinct qualities.