Mulberry jam sheet is modified product from jam with the addition of gelling agent such as sugar as sweetening and preservative agent also agar bar and carrageenan as gelling agent. Mulberry jam sheet was more practice in form and size which has been adapted with sliced form of bread compared with normal jam. Production of mulberry jam sheet needs addition of gelling agent to form solid texture. The addition of agar bar can affects mulberry jam sheet's characteristics, therefore it was necessary to study the effect of the concentration of agar bar. The methodology of this research was a randomized block design (RBD) with one factor, that was the concentration of agar bar (P), which consists of six levels 0.6% (P1); 0.8% (P2); 1.0% (P3); 1.2% (P4); 1.4% (P5); dan 1.6% (P6) of mulberry puree used. Repetition of the experiments are carried out four times. Difference concentration of addition agar bar affect moisture content, texture (hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness), and texture organoleptic parameter. Increasing concentration of agar bar caused a decreased of moisture content, syneresis level, and lightness also increased of hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness. Increasing agar bar concentration was not affect antioxidant activity also taste and color organoleptic. The color of mulberry jam sheet was purple-black. Best treatment of mulberry jam sheet was addition of 1% agar bar which had moisture content 30.48%, hardness 845.379 g, adhesiveness -914.791 g.s, cohesiveness 0,917, also sensory score taste 5.0160, color 4.9721, and texture 5.5966 with score 1-7 as standart.


We investigate whether the rings, lopsided features and horseshoes observed at millimetre wavelengths in transitional discs can be explained by the dynamics of gas and dust at the edge of the cavity in circumbinary discs. We use 3D dusty smoothed particle hydrodynamics calculations to show that binaries with mass ratio $q \gtrsim 0.04$ drive eccentricity in the central cavity, naturally leading to a crescent-like feature in the gas density, which is accentuated in the mm dust grain population with intensity contrasts in mm-continuum emission of 10 or higher. We perform mock observations to demonstrate that these features closely match those observed by ALMA, suggesting that the origin of rings, dust horseshoes and other non-axisymmetric structures in transition discs can be explained by the presence of massive companions.


In the tradition of LatCrit Afterwords, Professors Chang and Gotanda take the liberty of raising questions that extend beyond the particular themes of this LatCrit Conference and the papers published in this Symposium. They return to two questions - ethnicity versus race and black exceptionalism - that were raised in early LatCrit Conferences but which have since been moved to the background. They ask what LatCrit Theory and Asian American Jurisprudence might teach us about minority on minority conflict and other ethno-racial fault lines. They present an analytic model to help understand commentaries on racial conflict and coalition. This model is organized around a loose historical and theoretical progression, beginning with first order binary analyses that focus on majority-minority relations; moving to second order binary analyses that focus on minority-minority relations; and then to third order multigroup analyses that examine the relationships among the majority and two or more minority groups. They then use this model to examine the comparative racialization projects in Asian American Jurisprudence. In Asian American Jurisprudence, they note that there have been explorations of both the racial and the ethnic and that in analysis of legal doctrine and legal materials, race is the dominant analytic mode. They suggest that the language of race may facilitate a comparative analysis around white supremacy that can provide a basis for coalition around a common platform of anti-racist politics. They speculate that despite the significant success LatCrit has had in fostering coalitions (within the Latina/o group and with others), LatCrit's failure to address squarely those early questions and challenges may in time jeopardize this success. Also in the tradition of LatCrit Afterwords, Professors Chang and Gotanda end with more questions than answers but hope that their set of questions will provide useful guideposts during LatCrit's second decade.


Background: Despite advances in Dentistry, anxiety and fear are common among children and adults, constituting a barrier to dental care. Aim: To assess children's and caregivers' fear and anxiety towards dental treatment, identifying the relationship between caregivers' dental history and their perception of their children's fear/anxiety. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study in a university dental clinic. Socio-demographic questionnaire, the Children's Fears Survey Schedule-Dental Sub-scale and Venham Picture Test were used for data collection. Results: 115 pairs of children/caregivers participated. 14 caregivers (12.2%) and 10 children (8.7%) presented fear/anxiety. Children (age 7.9 ± 1.7 years) fear/anxiety related to doctors and dentists were similar. There was no relationship between gender, age, previous dental experience or socio-economic status and children's dental fear/anxiety. Correlation (r=0.409; p<0.001) was found between caregivers' perception of their children's fear/anxiety and the dental fear/anxiety self-reported by children. This relationship was not strong, and other factors should be considered. Caregivers do not project their dental fear/anxiety onto their children but they are able to predict their dental fear/anxiety. Conclusion: Caregivers' fears do not interfere with their perception of their children's fear/ anxiety, and they do not project their fears onto their children. However, they can predict their child fear and anxiety towards dental treatment.


Ngugi Wa Thiong'o's engagement with history in A Grain of Wheat has been commented upon by critics differently. G.D. Killam (201) and Andrew Gurr (92) view it within the post-colonial frame in which 'received history is tampered with, rewritten, and realigned from the point of view of the victims of its destructive process' (Ashcroft et al 34). In their view, Ngugi's first three novels — Weep Not, Child, The River Between, and A Grain of Wheat — provide his version of Kenya's history from the 1920s to the time of its independence. Ime Ikiddeh too considers Ngugi a novelist-historian, who focuses on key phases in the history of Kenya covered in the novels, but reads A Grain of Wheat mostly as a story of heroism and betrayal, of human relationships in a chosen situation (76–77). This journal article is available in Kunapipi: http://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol29/iss1/13


The transfer of training (the application of training in the workplace) is a
critical issue faced by all organizations. This issue is concerned with the impact of
training on employees and the organization. Trainee's characteristics, training
design and organizational support are identified in many studies as the three major
factors affecting the transfer of training.
This study is aimed at investigating the transfer of training on the Art of
Learning courses organized by the Education Department of Pahang. The
objectives of the study were: (1) to identify the outcomes of the Art of Learning course; (2) determine the level of learning and transfer of training among course
participants; (3) to determine the relationship between the transfer of training and
trainee's characteristic, training design and organizational support.
Ninety-four teachers out of 120 participants who attended three separate
training programs were interviewed. They were asked to rate ten questions
regarding trainee's characteristics, twenty questions each regarding training
transfer, training design and organizational support. Data were gathered through
personal interviews using questionnaires specifically designed for these studies.
Three relationships were tested by using Pearson Product - Moment Correlation.
Frequenc:ies, mean, median, percentages and t-test were also used in the analysis.
The findings from the study showed that there were changes in the level
of knowledge, level of skills and level of ability to solve problems among
participants after attending training program. However the levels of training
transfer among the participants were low . The study also found that the score on
trainee's characteristic and training design were high. The score on organizational
support was less than the median.
The findings indicated a positive and significant correlation between:
(1) transter of training and trainee' characteristics, (2) transfer of training and
training design. However the finding did not show any relationship between
transfer of training and organizational support.


In July 1914, Franz Kafka's fiancee Felice broke off their engagement in a humiliating public tribunal, surrounded by her friends and family, and the other woman with whom Kafka had recently fallen in love. Broken and bereft, Kafka - at the height of his writing powers - turned the experience into his masterpiece, "The Trial", where his lovers became the faceless prosecutors of Josef K. In "Kafka's Other Trial", Canetti explores each letter that Kafka wrote to his fiancee, from their first tender moments together to his final letter and his refusal to reconcile. In this affecting book, he offers moving insights into the creativity of Franz Kafka and the torment he suffered as a man, a lover, and a writer.


Objective Patients with BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) have a poor prognosis. Molecular status is not currently used to select which drug to use in combination with radiotherapy. Our aim was to identify drugs that radiosensitise CRC cells with known BRAF status. Methods We screened 298 oncological drugs with and without ionising radiation in colorectal cancer cells isogenic for BRAF. Hits from rank product analysis were validated in a 16-cell line panel of human CRC cell lines, using clonogenic survival assays and xenograft models in vivo. Results Most consistently identified hits were drugs targeting cell growth/proliferation or DNA damage repair. The most effective class of drugs that radiosensitised wild-type and mutant cell lines was PARP inhibitors. In clonogenic survival assays, talazoparib produced a radiation enhancement ratio of 1.9 in DLD1 (BRAF-wildtype) cells and 1.8 in RKO (BRAF V600E) cells. In DLD1 xenografts, talazoparib significantly increased the inhibitory effect of radiation on tumour growth (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions Our method for screening large drug libraries for radiosensitisation has identified PARP inhibitors as promising radiosensitisers of colorectal cancer cells with wild-type and mutant BRAF backgrounds.


Approximate clone detection is the process of identifying similar process fragments in business process model collections. The tool presented in this paper can efficiently cluster approximate clones in large process model repositories. Once a repository is clustered, users can filter and browse the clusters using different filtering parameters. Our tool can also visualize clusters in the 2D space, allowing a better understanding of clusters and their member fragments. This demonstration will be useful for researchers and practitioners working on large process model repositories, where process standardization is a critical task for increasing the consistency and reducing the complexity of the repository.


Approximately half of current contact lens wearers suffer from dryness and discomfort, particularly towards the end of the day. Contact lens practitioners have a number of dry eye tests available to help them to predict which of their patients may be at risk of contact lens drop out and advise them accordingly. This thesis set out to rationalize them to see if any are of more diagnostic significance than others. This doctorate has found: (1) The Keratograph, a device which permits an automated, examiner independent technique for measuring non invasive tear break up time (NITBUT) measured NITBUT consistently shorter than measurements recorded with the Tearscope. When measuring central corneal curvature the spherical equivalent power of the cornea was measured as being significantly flatter than with a validated automated keratometer. (2) Non-invasive and invasive tear break-up times significantly correlated to each other, but not the other tear metrics. Symptomology, assessed using the OSDI questionnaire, correlated more with those tests indicating possible damage to the ocular surface (including LWE, LIPCOF and conjunctival staining) than with tests of either tear volume or stability. Cluster analysis showed some statistically significant groups of patients with different sign and symptom profiles. The largest cluster demonstrated poor tear quality with both non-invasive and invasive tests, low tear volume and more symptoms. (3) Care should be taken in fitting patients new to contact lenses if they have a NITBUT less than 10s or an OSDI comfort rating greater than 4.2 as they are more likely to drop-out within the first 6 months. Cluster analysis was not found to be beneficial in predicting which patients will succeed with lenses and which will not. A combination of the OSDI questionnaire and a NITBUT measurement was most useful both in diagnosing dry eye and in predicting contact lens drop out.


The ecological significance of ice-rafted dropstones in present-day glacial marine benthic environments has received considerable attention from ecologists, but similar studies based on the geological records of dropstones and associated fossils are rare. In this study, we report statistically significant co-occurrences of ice-rafted dropstones with brachiopod shells in multiple stratigraphic horizons at multiple sites from the Middle Permian Wandrawandian Siltstone of the southern Sydney Basin in southeastern Australia. We analysed the distribution patterns of both dropstones and brachiopod-dominated fossil assemblages by using a quadrat-based sampling method and spatial point pattern analysis. It was revealed that the co-occurrences of ice-rafted dropstones and brachiopod shells are not random; rather, they demonstrate statistically significant and stratigraphically recurring associations that are here interpreted to represent dropstone-associated, brachiopod-dominated palaeoecological communities. In these recurring palaeocommunities, the presence of ice-rafted dropstones is considered to have added habitat complexity and heterogeneity to the benthic environment, especially suited to the settlement of brachiopods. In addition, the sinking of dropstones, from floating ice masses through the water column to the silty seafloor, is interpreted to have enriched the nutrient and oxygen supply to the benthic environment, further aiding the flourishing and maintenance of a diverse and stable marine benthic fauna. Supplementary material: Original data collection (Supplementary material 1) and spatial point pattern analysis results of rest quadrats (Supplementary material 2) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4101743


The present study explores the effect of teachers' authentic leadership in second chance programmes on students' psychological need satisfaction climate (according to self-determination theory), and the manner in which teachers' gender moderates this effect. Data collected from 60 teachers and 183 students in second chance programmes in Israel were analysed at the group level. The study found that for male teachers, authentic leadership negatively predicted psychological need satisfaction climate in the classroom. The implications of findings for authentic leadership in general and for teaching in second chance programmes are discussed.


Elastic optical networking is attracting much attention as a promising solution to achieve spectrum-efficient transport of higher data rates at 100 Gbits/s and beyond. If we draw an analogy to virtualization in cloud computing, it can be seen as network level resource virtualization of optical networks where spectrum resources in optical links are segmented as shareable resources and adaptively aggregated to create a wide variety of optical channels (OChs). In this paper, we discuss the benefits of introducing virtualization into the optical domain from the viewpoints of the network level and the hardware level. In elastic optical networks, a frequency slot through which an OCh is transported and the OCh itself are explicitly decoupled. While the adaptability in the frequency slot is brought about by bandwidth variable wavelength-selective switches, the adaptability in an OCh is yielded by digital coherent technology that is employed in transponders and regenerators. It is emphasized that in order to achieve transponders and regenerators that accommodate heterogeneous traffic demands in an economical manner, simply being adaptive is not enough, and being shareable is essential. We refer to this concept as hardware level virtualization. As examples, we describe a multiflow transponder and an elastic regenerator with results that show proof of concept. Based on the hardware virtualization concept, we propose an elastic optical transport system (EOTS) architecture that enables cost- and energy-efficient IP traffic offloading to the optical domain and improves programmability and automation of optical networks.


The needs of older people has for some time become more of a focus within health and social care. Political and economic agenda's also seem to support this, however there is concern related to long term care and planning for our ageing populations. According to Larkin (2013) Europe is the "Greyest" continent with 23 countries having the oldest population out of 25 worldwide.
With this in mind it must also be noted that groups of individuals who were less likely to reach "Old Age" are also growing older, significantly within my practice there is growing discussion about the needs of older adults with a learning disability. Gangadharan et al (2009) reflects this in his research where in the 1930's a person with a learning disability was unlikely to reach their 20's, whereas now certain groups will reach their 60's and beyond. Although life expectancy remains significantly different to the general population there remains the case that as the life expectancy raises for the general population then so it does for the learning disabled population.
As this population may already have a range of long term conditions, it is also highlighted that people with learning disabilities are at a greater risk of age related chronic diseases. The main cause of mortality in the older adult learning disabled population is however similar to the general population in relation to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory problems. Lifshitz et al (2007), suggests that although the health needs of people with learning disabilities change with age such as decline in vision, hearing, mobility and mental processes there is no evidence to suggest that this increase in age has a detrimental effect on the person's activities of daily living. However the support for people with learning disabilities from services is limited due to a lack of appropriate services and accommodation, lack of specialist knowledge of people with learning disabilities as they grow older, and the fact that services which have historically supported this group have changed and therefore the notion of retirement means that services are being lost to this group.
The needs of older adults with learning disabilities needs to be explored and shared within the health and social care workforce. There is a need to establish baseline knowledge of the needs of this complex group so that services which are commissioned to support older people are not inadvertently discriminating due to lack of knowledge. The movement to active ageing needs to include a discussion about how this can be adapted to include people with learning disabilities, rather than excluding these groups they should be accepted and valued as members of the ageing community.


In this paper, we present a new dereverberation algorithm called Temporal Masking and Thresholding (TMT) to enhance the temporal spectra of spectral features for robust speech recognition in reverberant environments. This algorithm is motivated by the precedence effect and temporal masking of human auditory perception. This work is an improvement of our previous dereverberation work called Suppression of Slowlyvarying components and the falling edge of the power envelope (SSF). The TMT algorithm uses a different mathematical model to characterize temporal masking and thresholding compared to the model that had been used to characterize the SSF algorithm. Specifically, the nonlinear highpass filtering used in the SSF algorithm has been replaced by a masking mechanism based on a combination of peak detection and dynamic thresholding. Speech recognition results show that the TMT algorithm provides superior recognition accuracy compared to other algorithms such as LTLSS, VTS, or SSF in reverberant environments.


Abstract This research contributes to a better assessment of risk factors impacting non-listed real estate fund returns. Both macroeconomic and fund-specific factors are considered, additionally taking into account the phase of the real estate cycle. Using a rich database of fund-level data for Europe, we apply panel regression techniques with random effects. Our results highlight the significant impacts of real GDP growth, interest rates, inflation components, money supply and stock market returns in explaining non-listed fund returns. Size, gearing, investment style, vehicle structure and vintage also affect returns, whereas property type does not appear to matter. For comparison purposes, the same analysis is performed for listed and direct real estate. The three kinds of real estate exposure are found to react broadly in the same way to macroeconomic risk factors, although our analyses suggest that non-listed real estate is more akin to direct real estate than it is to securitised real estate.


This software describes the transport and energy deposition of the passage of galactic cosmic rays in astronaut tissues during space travel, or heavy ion beams in patients in cancer therapy. Space radiation risk is a probability distribution, and time-dependent biological events must be accounted for physical description of space radiation transport in tissues and cells. A stochastic model can calculate the probability density directly without unverified assumptions about shape of probability density function. The prior art of transport codes calculates the average flux and dose of particles behind spacecraft and tissue shielding. Because of the signaling times for activation and relaxation in the cell and tissue, transport code must describe temporal and microspatial density of functions to correlate DNA and oxidative damage with non-targeted effects of signals, bystander, etc. These are absolutely ignored or impossible in the prior art. The GERM code provides scientists data interpretation of experiments; modeling of beam line, shielding of target samples, and sample holders; and estimation of basic physical and biological outputs of their experiments. For mono-energetic ion beams, basic physical and biological properties are calculated for a selected ion type, such as kinetic energy, mass, charge number, absorbed dose, or fluence. Evaluated quantities are linear energy transfer (LET), range (R), absorption and fragmentation cross-sections, and the probability of nuclear interactions after 1 or 5 cm of water equivalent material. In addition, a set of biophysical properties is evaluated, such as the Poisson distribution for a specified cellular area, cell survival curves, and DNA damage yields per cell. Also, the GERM code calculates the radiation transport of the beam line for either a fixed number of user-specified depths or at multiple positions along the Bragg curve of the particle in a selected material. The GERM code makes the numerical estimates of basic physical and biophysical quantities of high-energy protons and heavy ions that have been studied at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) for the purpose of simulating space radiation biological effects. In the first option, properties of monoenergetic beams are treated. In the second option, the transport of beams in different materials is treated. Similar biophysical properties as in the first option are evaluated for the primary ion and its secondary particles. Additional properties related to the nuclear fragmentation of the beam are evaluated. The GERM code is a computationally efficient Monte-Carlo heavy-ion-beam model. It includes accurate models of LET, range, residual energy, and straggling, and the quantum multiple scattering fragmentation (QMSGRG) nuclear database.


Cohabitation has become increasingly widespread, yet the law refuses to recognise the consequences of the breakdown of such relationships. The inaction of Parliament has left it to the courts to distribute proprietary rights based upon the law of trusts. However, the focus on purely financial contributions, penalises those who are most vulnerable. The most problematic consequence of this is that the approach taken to cohabitation replicates gender inequalities which are prevalent throughout society. Attempts to achieve formal equality and those discourses which indicate such an approach, have done nothing to achieve any form of 'real' equality. Unmarried cohabitation serves as an example of the wider implications of inequality, and demonstrates the potential for an approach which recognises difference to change social reality both within the legal sphere and without. Engaging in a desk-based inquiry which analyses case law and legislative proposals through a socio-historical lens allows for differing approaches to equality to be identified. Through this process, connections are drawn between the socio-legal construction of women, the rhetoric of the judiciary, and the equality approach adopted and implemented. This piece aims to demonstrate that formal equality is flawed. The law's continued focus on the concept merely replicates the gendered nature of resolving cohabitation disputes, thus undermining equality in practice. What is necessary is for difference to be recognised, adopting an approach which lies between substantive and formal equality. This would allow for the recognition and alleviation of the gender bias inherent in both society and the CICT regime.


REA's Technical Design Graphics Problem Solver Each Problem Solver is an insightful and essential study and solution guide chock-full of clear, concise problem-solving gems. Answers to all of your questions can be found in one convenient source from one of the most trusted names in reference solution guides. More useful, more practical, and more informative, these study aids are the best review books and textbook companions available. They're perfect for undergraduate and graduate studies. This highly useful reference provides thorough coverage of orthographic projection, auxiliary and sectional views, as well as surfaces and solids and their intersections. Also included are developments, fasteners, cams and gears, vector analysis, and dimensioning. Over 1,000 illustrations.For students in engineering, architecture, art fields, and construction.


This article revisits previous research on the maker's experience when working with materials, and discusses this in light of new research on creative cognition and the neurobiological basis of making. It is one in a series of four articles, which draw on neurobiological knowledge to expand our understanding of the woodcarver's experience. The aim of this article is to present and discuss one element of the creative cognition of the woodcarver: memory. It reviews the basics of the nervous system and its function, cognition, and attention. I argue that one of the reasons why the woodcarver cherishes the experience of carving is that he or she can recall and relive many details in the memory of it. I will specifically discuss the role of the hippocampus in storing and recollecting declarative episodic memories. The article concludes with a short discussion of why this knowledge is useful in understanding the woodcarver's experience and, in turn, if – and, if so, why – woodcarving could be an important activity in which to engage in the twenty-first century.


Objective: Gastric fluid microbes were examined in preterm infants at birth to assess their influence on the postnatal outcome. Study design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Level III neonatal intensive care unit. Patients: A total of 103 premature neonates with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks. Main outcome measure: Gastric fluid microbes were identified by analysis of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Additionally, the urease gene of Ureaplasma species was detected by polymerase chain reaction of gastric fluid obtained at birth and/or tracheal aspirate from ventilated preterm infants. The association between detection of microbes and bronchopulmonary dysplasia was investigated through assessment from clinical features and by a lung injury marker (KL-6). Results: Forty-two of 103 gastric fluid specimens were positive for microbes. Ureaplasma species were detected in 23 of the 42 (55%) gastric fluid specimens. All infants with Ureaplasma species in tracheal aspirate fluid also had positive gastric fluid specimens. Compared to infants negative for gastric fluid microbes, infants positive for microbes had higher rates of maternal chorioamnionitis (18% vs 78%), premature rupture of membranes (11% vs 55%), severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (1.6% vs 14%) and showed higher plasma KL-6 levels during the initial 4 weeks of life. Conclusion: Detection of gastric fluid microbes was correlated well with antenatal infection and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Detection of Ureaplasma species in gastric fluid was associated with subsequent respiratory colonisation. These results suggest that antenatal exposure of the immature fetus to microbes may cause lung injury and promote the onset of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.


We derive a constraint on the strength of CO 2 fertilisation of the terrestrial biosphere through a "top-down" approach, calibrating Earth system model parameters constrained by the post-industrial increase of atmospheric CO 2 concentration. We derive a probabilistic prediction for the globally averaged strength of CO 2 fertilisation in nature, for the period 1850 to 2000 AD, implicitly net of other limiting factors such as nutrient availability. The approach yields an estimate that is independent of CO 2 enrichment experiments. To achieve this, an essential requirement was the incorporation of a land use change (LUC) scheme into the GENIE Earth system model. Using output from a 671-member ensemble of transient GENIE simulations, we build an emulator of the change in atmospheric CO 2 concentration change since the preindustrial period. We use this emulator to sample the 28-dimensional input parameter space. A Bayesian calibration of the emulator output suggests that the increase in gross primary productivity (GPP) in response to a doubling of CO 2 from preindustrial values is very likely (90% confidence) to exceed 20%, with a most likely value of 40–60%. It is important to note that we do not represent all of the possible contributing mechanisms to the terrestrial sink. The missing processes are subsumed into our calibration of CO 2 fertilisation, which therefore represents the combined effect of CO 2 fertilisation and additional missing processes. If the missing processes are a net sink then our estimate represents an upper bound. We derive calibrated estimates of carbon fluxes that are consistent with existing estimates. The present-day land–atmosphere flux (1990–2000) is estimated at −0.7 GTC yr −1 (likely, 66% confidence, in the range 0.4 to −1.7 GTC yr −1 ). The present-day ocean–atmosphere flux (1990–2000) is estimated to be −2.3 GTC yr −1 (likely in the range −1.8 to −2.7 GTC yr −1 ). We estimate cumulative net land emissions over the post-industrial period (land use change emissions net of the CO 2 fertilisation and climate sinks) to be 66 GTC, likely to lie in the range 0 to 128 GTC.


Skilled migration is a key element in Australia's strategy to address major human capital issues and imperatives. However, underutilisation of professional migrant skills remains a critical problem. This report identifies the barriers skilled migrants face and investigates the link between workforce participation and health. The report also recommends innovative strategies to ensure migrants' skills are not wasted. The report authors surveyed 508 skilled migrants to Western Australia (WA). Of those surveyed, 14 per cent reported experiencing discrimination and racism because of their migrant background. The findings also show that even though 53.1 per cent of survey respondents indicated they had less-skilled jobs in WA than before they migrated, more than 60 per cent reported finding their occupation meaningful. Finally, the research recommends changes to Australia's skilled migration framework in order to assist migrants, employers, industry and government departments.


Ebola virus is the causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever with fatality rates in humans approaching 90% with the Zaire species of the virus. Previous attempts at producing an experimental mouse model for Ebola Zaire have had limited success. Until recently, Ebola Zaire has not been shown to be lethal in adult BALB/c mice but has been lethal in suckling BALB/c mice. We performed blind passages in suckling, aged suckling and adult BALB/c mice with a low passage strain of Ebola Zaire. Suckling BALB/c and aged suckling BALB/c mice were susceptible to Ebola infection while adult BALB/c mice showed no susceptibility to Ebola infection. Antigen detection by ELISA indicated virus replication throughout the blind passages in all mouse groups. Plaque titrations in Vero E6 cells of passaged tissue suspensions were limited in success with only 8 of 43 suspesions producing plaques. Antigen detection by ELISA titers showed no correlation with the ability of the passaged suspension to produce viable plaques. The reason for the inability to produce viable plaques is unknown at this time. A more thorough evaluation of Ebola Zaire virus replication in mice is needed to fully understand Ebola Zaire virus replication in BALB/c mice.


AIM
The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of older people's dependence on caregivers' help, and of their opportunity to make independent decisions.

BACKGROUND
Throughout the world, the older population is growing, and in Sweden, the system of care for older people is currently undergoing change. Older people in the need of care are expected to live at home for as long as possible.

DESIGN
A qualitative and life world approach was used.

METHODS
Audio-taped interviews were conducted with twelve older persons living at home, dependent on daily municipal home help service. A phenomenological hermeneutic method was utilised to disclose the meanings of lived experiences.

FINDING
The findings revealed three themes: being facilitated to make one's own decisions, being hindered from making one's own decisions, struggling for vs. resigning oneself to losing the opportunity to make one's own decisions. The comprehensive understanding revealed that as older people become more dependent on caregivers' help, their opportunity to self-determine is challenged and this is stressful for them.

CONCLUSION
The older persons assess their opportunity to self-determine differently, depending on who they are as a person. The caregivers need an awareness of this, and further research is needed to gain knowledge and understanding of how caregivers can improve the way they support and enhance older people's opportunity to decide for themselves.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
The findings revealed older persons need to exercise more self-determination and caregivers' need for knowledge to enable this. Further, it indicates a move towards a person-centred approach to focus on persons as individuals and see them as interdependent. The findings contribute to improvements in similar contexts worldwide.


This paper describes a methodological approach for the simultaneous optimisation of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) component sizing and control strategy using Genetic Algorithm (GA). In this approach, using a parallel HEV configuration and an Electric Assist Control Strategy (EACS), the optimisation problem is formulated. The whole set of sizing and control variables is then encoded as the chromosomes. The multi-objective target is also defined to minimise the Fuel Consumption (FC) and emissions. In addition, the PNGV performance requirements are considered as constraints. Finally, to evaluate the objective function, three driving cycles, ECE-EUDC, FTP and TEH-CAR, are employed. The simulation results obtained in this study show that the approach is effective, resulting in improvement of the objective value and FC.


Lecture notes, slides, and a student assignment illustrate a strategy for teaching stochastic modeling of biological systems. This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes, slides, and a student assignment for a two-part lecture that introduces stochastic modeling of biological systems. The first lecture uses biological examples to present the concept of cell-to-cell variability and makes the connection between the variability of single-cell measurements and concepts from statistical mechanics and probability theory. This section makes the point that for low copy number of a species, the usual differential equation formalism is no longer applicable and needs to be replaced by a probabilistic approach based on the so-called Master Equation. As an example, a simple model of gene transcription is discussed in detail, the different contributions to the relevant Master Equation are highlighted, and the equation itself is derived. The second lecture describes how, for more complex and biologically interesting applications, direct solution of the Master Equation becomes difficult. Gillespie's algorithm, which is used in most cases of biological interest, is then introduced as a practical alternative. The lecture delves into the crux of Gillespie's algorithm, which entails the drawing of two random numbers at each time step. It establishes the corresponding formalism, details the connection between chemical rate constants and Gillespie rates, and culminates in a description and explanation of a core MATLAB program for the transcriptional model considered in the first lecture. This core program, written for a single cell, is expanded by the students in the homework assignment to consider both transcription and translation.


Total mercury (Hg) concentrations of muscle, liver, blood, and epidermal keratin were measured in typically consumed, economically and culturally important species of turtle (Podocnemis unifilis and Podocnemis expansa) and caiman (Melanosuchus niger and Caiman crocodilus) from the Rio Purus in the Amazon basin, Brazil. Methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were also measured in muscle tissue, representing the first analysis of MeHg concentrations in Amazonian reptile species. In muscle tissues Hg was mostly MeHg (79–96%) for all species. No correlations existed between animal size and total Hg or MeHg concentrations for any species other than M. niger, possibly as a result of growth dilution or the evolution of efficient Hg elimination mechanisms. Significant linear correlations were found between total Hg concentrations in all pairs of nonlethally sampled tissues (keratin and blood) and internal tissues (muscle and liver) for M. niger and between keratin and internal tissues for P. expansa, indicating that nonlethally sampled tissues can be analyzed to achieve more widespread and representative monitoring of Hg bioaccumulation in Amazonian reptiles. Although mean Hg concentrations in muscle for all species were below the World Health Organization guideline for safe consumption (500 µg kg–1), mean concentrations in caiman liver were above the safe limit for pregnant women and children (200 µg kg–1). No significant differences were found between total Hg and MeHg concentrations in tissues from wild‐caught and farm‐raised P. expansa, suggesting that farming may not reduce Hg exposure to humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2771–2781. © 2015 SETAC


Recent advances in nanotechnology have made a whole zoo of particles of different shapes available for applications, but their interaction with biological cells and their toxicity is often not well understood. Experiments have shown that particle uptake by cells is determined by an intricate interplay between physicochemical particle properties like shape, size, and surface functionalization, but also by membrane properties and particle orientation. Our work provides systematic understanding, based on a mechanical description, for membrane wrapping of nanoparticles, viruses, and bacterial forms. For rod-like particles, we find stable endocytotic states with small and high wrapping fraction; an increased aspect ratio is unfavorable for complete wrapping. For high aspect ratios and round tips, the particles enter via a submarine mode, side-first with their long edge parallel to the membrane. For small aspect ratios and flat tips, the particles enter tip-first via a rocket mode.


A clock with adjustable rise and fall time is used in conjunction with a D flip-flop that operates well with this clock. Its intended use is to relax the design of the clock network in digital circuits and to alleviate the problems with simultaneous switching noise in mixed-signal circuits. A test chip has been designed in a 0.35 μm CMOS process. The chip consists of a clock driver with adjustable rise and fall times, and an FIR filter that uses the special D flip-flop in the registers. According to measurements, the digital circuit works well when the rise and fall times of the clock is varied from 0.5 ns to 10 ns. This makes the propagation delay in the critical path to vary between 13.0 ns and 13.7 ns, and the energy dissipation to vary between 1.5 pJ and 1.7 pJ, for an input signal with a transition activity of 0.4.


ABSTRACT Discussion of the Cambridge Platonists, by Constantinos Patrides and others, is often vitiated by the mistaken contrasts drawn between those philosophers and late antique Platonists such as Plotinus. I draw attention especially to Patrides's errors, and argue in particular that Plotinus and his immediate followers were as concerned about this world and our immediate duties to our neighbours as the Cambridge Platonists. Even the doctrine of deification is one shared by all Platonists, though it is also here that genuine differences between pre-Christian and Christian exegesis can be found. All, it can be said, hope and expect to join 'the dance of immortal love', but Christian Platonists had a deeper sense of God's 'humility' in His Word's material and temporal manifestation. Not Olympian Zeus but the Crucified Christ was their preferred image of divine involvement, and their better guide to heaven.


A 490-nm-deep nanostructure with a period of 200 nm was fabricated in a GaAs substrate by use of electron-beam lithography and dry-etching techniques. The form birefringence of this microstructure was studied numerically with rigorous coupled-wave analysis and compared with experimental measurements at a wavelength of 920 nm. The numerically predicted phase retardation of 163.3° was found to be in close agreement with the experimentally measured result of 162.5°, thereby verifying the validity of our numerical modeling. The fabricated microstructures show extremely large artificial anisotropy compared with that available in naturally birefringent materials and are useful for numerous polarization optics applications.


OPNET Modeler is one of the most popular commercial products for simulating and modeling of computer networks and related technologies. While creating a new simulation study using standard models is a fairly straight-forward task, developing new models or modifying existing ones could become a challenging and often frustrating undertaking. This paper provides an overview of OPNET Modeler's software architecture for modeling wireless networks and MANET routing protocols. In particular, this paper concentrates on the modeling and simulation portion of the research project that studies improvement of Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol through the use of GPS coordinates. Using AODV modifications as an example, this paper introduces practical methodology for changing existing simulation models of MANET routing protocols and seamlessly integrating them within OPNET Modeler. In addition this paper introduces GeoAODV protocol which reduces the route discovery overhead through the use of GPS coordinates.


The ability to learn from data and to improve its performance through incremental learning makes self-adaptive neural networks (SANNs) a powerful tool to support knowledge discovery. However, the development of SANNs has traditionally focused on data domains that are assumed to be modeled by a Gaussian distribution. The analysis of data governed by other statistical models, such as the Poisson distribution, has received less attention from the data mining community. Based on special considerations of the statistical nature of data following a Poisson distribution, this paper introduces a SANN, Poisson-based Self-Organizing Tree Algorithm (PSOTA), which implements novel similarity matching criteria and neuron weight adaptation schemes. It was tested on synthetic and real world data (serial analysis of gene expression data). PSOTA-based data analysis supported the automated identification of more meaningful clusters. By visualizing the dendrograms generated by PSOTA, complex inter- and intra-cluster relationships encoded in the data were also highlighted and readily understood. This study indicate that, in comparison to the traditional Self-Organizing Tree Algorithm (SOTA), PSOTA offers significant improvements in pattern discovery and visualization in data modeled by the Poisson distribution, such as serial analysis of gene expression data.


We develop a top-down strategic pathway towards green investing and show that eco-investing should not be a puzzle or a sacrifice if investors consider the unknown impact of climate change on different asset classes. We investigate the impact of climate change over a large universe of asset classes including stocks, bonds, alternatives and a list of green assets which have low-carbon emissions, in terms of their time-varying risk-return trade-offs using a factor-based vector autoregression (VAR) model with climate risk as an additional state variable. Estimation results show that green assets are in general resilient against temperature change, while many grey assets are negatively related to the risk of warming. When simulating future investment opportunity set, we disentangle the climate effects from the return processes and introduce two climate scenarios: an optimistic scenario implied by the VAR estimates; and a pessimistic one based on the DICE model. We find a substantial demand for green assets under the pessimistic scenario, which verifies the hypothesis that investors with a decent awareness of climate change should find it profitable to invest in green.


This paper is concerned with a natural deduction system for First Degree Entailment (FDE). First, we exhibit a brief history of FDE and of combined systems whose underlying idea is used in developing the natural deduction system. Then, after presenting the language and a semantics of FDE, we develop a natural deduction system for FDE. We then prove soundness and completeness of the system with respect to the semantics. The system neatly represents the four-valued semantics for FDE.


Patients' Perceptions of Nurse Caring Behaviors in an Emergency Department The purpose of this study was to (a) determine which caring behaviors of the nurse do patients' perceive as being the most and the least important, (b) examine patients' perceptions of nurse caring behaviors in relationship to their age and perception of illness; and (c) compare and contrast responses between patients and parents of children who are patients. Data for this questionnaire (N = 59) were collected over a two-month period at a not-for-profit, teaching hospital, which specializes in the care of women and children in an Appalachian state located in the southeastern United States. The Caring Behaviors Assessment instrument is a 63-item questionnaire and used a Likert-type summation scale. An additional three qualitative questions were asked to correlate data with patients' age range, perception of severity of illness, and whether or not the person completing the survey was a patient or a parent of a patient. Analysis of data was completed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of this study revealed Human Needs Assistance as the most important subscale and this correlates with the results of other similar studies using the CBA tool. The results of the study also revealed, "being kind and considerate" as the single most important behavior by the nurse to indicate a sense of caring by the patient or parent of a patient. This finding is mirrored in other studies as the most important behavior; however, "being kind and considerate" is found in the top ten lists of most important single items in other studies using the CBA tool.


SUMMARY We use the Harvard catalogue of seismic moment tensor solutions to investigate the statistical properties of incremental static stress caused by earthquakes. Using Okada's (1992) program for a point dislocation in a half-space, we compute normal and shear stress on nodal planes for each earthquake in the catalogue, as well as stress invariants in the focal zone of each event. These accumulated stress values are calculated at the location of any future reference earthquake (pre-stress) and then compared with the stress level measured at the same point after the event (post-stress). Comparison of the statistical distributions for pre- and post-stress indicates that the normal stress level has little influence on an earthquake occurrence. On the other hand, the shear stress in the focal zone of an event is significantly higher before an earthquake than after that earthquake (the stress caused by the reference earthquake is not taken into account in this comparison). Earthquakes are more likely to be induced by incremental shear stress if the stress and the moment tensor of an ensuing event are consistent, i.e. the incremental stress has the same sign as the seismic moment tensor of the reference earthquake. Similar results are obtained if we compare the first and second pre- and post-stress invariants: earthquake triggering is not influenced by the average normal stress (first invariant); contrary to that, the average shear stress (second deviatoric invariant) is significantly larger before an earthquake than after it. The distribution of hypocentres from the PDE catalogue confirms the above conclusions: the incremental stress caused by events in the Harvard list and measured at hypocentre locations of PDE events, is higher for the pre-stress shear component, but shows no significant difference for compressional/dilatational stresses. These findings, if interpreted in a typical framework of the Coulomb failure criterion, would suggest that the effective friction coefficient p is close to zero. Since this effect is observed in various seismotectonic regions for shallow and intermediate earthquakes (with a depth of as much as 300 km), the conventional explanation for the low value of p-high pore pressure-is less plausible. We conjecture that these results can be explained by the fractal pattern of earthquake fault geometry which is due to the fault selforganization in conditions of high lithostatic and tectonic shear stress.


Newspapers help teachers to connect their classes with the real world. Their role in education is widely researched, but the use of historical newspapers has attracted little attention. Using social practice theory, this article examines the practices they enable, and how such practices relate to the skills and knowledge upper-secondary students are expected to acquire in school. These questions are pertinent today, as the digitization of newspaper heritage is generalizing access to materials traditionally considered for scholarly research. My approach is ethnographic, involving in-depth interviews, focus-group discussion, and participant observation. The teachers' accounts motivated me to consider the tradition of using newspapers in school. The class projects demonstrated that historical newspapers reflect attributes that make present-day newspapers popular. Closer examination of students' work demonstrated that the digital library that houses historical newspapers facilitated and constrained the students' freedom and capacity to go deep when conducting research. The main finding is that historical documents can support the students' digital skills. By considering digitization and preservation processes of media heritage, the scope of media education can be widened from its focus on production and consumption. In practice, a better understanding of these materials, will help educators give adequate guidelines to their students.


Computer simulation of a chemical plant can provide students with a different learning environment, where they can investigate and understand the plant by changing the values of variables and observing responses. The Amoco Computer Simulation Model is a computer‐based simulation of the Amoco Resid Hydrotreater that has been used as the final assignment for the chemical engineering design course taken by third year students at the University of Canterbury. This project allowed students to further develop their problem solving skills, implementing some of the techniques taught earlier in the course. Students investigated the chemical process by gathering data, performing data analysis and validating their results on the pilot plant. A control strategy was developed and tested to simulate the start up of a single reactor, controlling the operating conditions manually to reach steady state, and then ceasing control of the system, noting time elapsed before automatic shut down after 40 hours. Another important aspect of the project was that students worked together in groups of three, which the majority of students enjoyed. A questionnaire administered at the end of the course measured student responses to this learning experience. Tests, before and after using the simulation, assessed the learning outcome, and showed a significant improvement.


Econometric models designed to show how national policies affect state agricultural sectors often use national prices as proxies for state prices. Consequently, they ignore the influence of freight rates on state production. An application to the Hawaii beef industry demonstrates that both freight rates and national beef prices have important impacts on Hawaii beef prices and production. By using state prices rather than national prices, error from changes in freight rates might be reduced, and the model's capacity for policy analysis might be broadened.


This study examines how young Indian professionals make decisions about apparel products considering the myriad of options that are now available to them in the marketplace. Declared an emerging market by the US Department of Commerce in 1993 (Bandyopadhyay & Banerjee, 2003), and with projections of increases in urban per capita GDP of 6% every year until 2025, India has become an attractive market for many foreign companies. Considering its large population and emerging young professional middle class, many apparel brand companies have begun to compete for the Indian consumer's attention. However, little is known about what this consumer looks for when considering apparel brands. In this study, a qualitative approach was used to understand the role of brands in the decision-making process of young, urban Indian consumers. Multiple methods were employed to collect data, including focus groups, spousal dyad interviews and observation. Data collection took place in Bangalore, a large city in the South of India. Thirty-four males and females between the ages of 22 and 35 participated in the study. In addition, consumption behaviors of young consumers in three shopping malls in and around Bangalore were observed. Data analysis was conducted for commonalties and differences that surfaced in the participants' experiences which were then grouped together to form themes. These themes were used to structure four conceptual areas that help in understanding the decision-making process of young professionals in urban India: Brand Awareness, Brand Choice, Brand Meaning and Understanding the Young Urban Indian Consumer. Participants were segmented into groups by factors that surfaced as important to their decision-making, including brand consciousness, price consciousness, whether they were from the city or had migrated to the city, and whether they were married or single. Practical implications of the study for retailers and marketers are provided along with suggestions for further study.


We investigate factors that affect speech overlaps in conversation, using large corpora of conversational telephone speech. We analyzed two types of speech overlaps: 1. One side takes over the turn before the other side finishes (turn-taking type); 2. One side speaks in the middle of the other side's turn (backchannel type). We found that Japanese conversations have more short turn-taking type of overlap segments than the other languages. In general, females make more speech overlaps of both types than males; and both males and females make more overlaps when talking to females than talking to males. People make fewer overlaps when talking with strangers than talking with familiars, and the frequency of speech overlaps is significantly affected by conversation topics. Finally, the two conversation sides are highly correlated on their frequencies of using turn-taking type of overlaps but not backchannel type.


The state of Papua New Guinea adopted the common law system of government in 1975 during independence. The genesis of most if not all its legislation can be traced back to the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and other commonwealth countries. The tendency for legal transplants of legislative texts from these common law jurisdictions to sections of Papua New Guinean laws has been a constant reoccurrence. With huge texts of laws transplanted it begs the question whether these laws are coherent with existing laws and appropriate for Papua New Guinea. This paper analyses the existing Mining Act 1992 and Oil and Gas Act 1998 vesting ownership of minerals and petroleum in the State although these resources are located on customary land. I will use the said acts to establish the hypothesis that, in the rush to transplant legislation from Australia, this transplanted provision fails the functionality test and is not effective in Papua New Guinea. I will also try and point out the effects and solutions to redress this situation. Keywords: Customary law, alienated land, legal transplants, functionality test


Recent advances in volcano seismology such as the measurement from seismic noise of subtle decreases of seismic velocities preceding volcanic eruptions (Brenguier et al. 2008; Duputel et al. 2009) or the precise localization of volcano-hydrothermal microseismic tremor sources (Taisne et al. 2011; Cros et al. 2011) have emerged from the analysis of long-term, continuous, and high-quality seismic data. There is thus an increasing need for high-resolution continuous seismic data in volcanic environments to improve our knowledge of fundamental volcanic processes such as deep magma transfers, volcanic unrest, magma transport, and eruptions.

With 30 eruptions since 2000, Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Reunion Island) has been among the most active volcanoes worldwide. This volcano emits basaltic lavas with volumes ranging from less than 1 million cubic meters to hundreds of millions of cubic meters. Piton de la Fournaise volcano has been monitored since 1979 from a permanent observatory that since 1999 has recorded continuous seismic and deformation data. Since 2009, we have deployed new broadband seismic and GPS stations under the framework of the UnderVolc research project. Most of the temporary stations are being converted to permanent stations, and the continuous seismic waveforms are publicly available by standard netdc requests.

Within this paper, we will provide technical information about the deployed UnderVolc broadband seismic and GPS stations. We will also present data quality measurements from a noise spectral analysis using PQLX (McNamara and Buland 2004). We will show examples of seismic records during volcanic crisis and present novel results from the new seismic velocity monitoring method (Brenguier et al. 2008) using the new network. Finally, we will present some results of long-term displacement rates of the Piton de la Fournaise edifice flank using GPS data.

Piton de la Fournaise volcano is a hot-spot shield volcano located on La …


Phylogenetic relationships among frogs of the genus Rana from western North America are investigated using 2013 aligned bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the genes encoding ND1 (subunit one of NADH dehydrogenase), tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Met), ND2, tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr), and COI (subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase), plus the origin for light-strand replication (O(L)) between the tRNA(Asn) and tRNA(Cys) genes. The aligned sequences contain 401 phylogenetically informative characters. A well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis in which the Rana boylii species group (R. aurora, R. boylii, R. cascadae, R. muscosa, and R. pretiosa) is monophyletic is obtained. Molecular sequence divergence suggests that the R. boylii species group is approximately 8 million years old. The traditional hypothesis showing monophyly of the yellow-legged frogs (R. boylii and R. muscosa) is statistically rejected in favor of a hypothesis in which R. aurora, R. cascadae, and R. muscosa form a clade. Reanalyses of published nuclear ribosomal DNA restriction-site data and allozymic data support a monophyletic R. boylii group, but do not effectively resolve relationships among species within this group. Eight populations of R. muscosa form two major clades separated by a biogeographic break in the Sierra Nevada of California. This biogeographic break is broadly concordant with breaks found in four other amphibian and reptilian taxa. The two major clades within R. muscosa are estimated to have diverged approximately 2.2 million years before present. Each of these major clades contains two subgroups showing approximately 1.5 million years divergence, implicating climatic effects of Pleistocene glaciation in vicariance. The four distinct subgroups of R. muscosa separated by at least 1.4 million years of evolutionary divergence are suggested as potential units for conservation.


As 3D audio becomes more commonplace to enhance auditory environments, designers are faced with the challenge of choosing HRTFs for listeners that provide proper audio cues. Subjective selection is a low-cost alternative to expensive HRTF measurement, however little is known concerning whether the preferred HRTFs are similar or if users exhibit random behavior in this task. In addition, PCA (principal component analysis) can be used to decompose HRTFs in representative features, however little is known concerning whether the features have a relevant perceptual basis. 12 listeners completed a subjective selection experiment in which they judged the perceptual quality of 14 HRTFs in terms of elevation, and front-back distinction. PCA was used to decompose the HRTFs and create an HRTF similarity metric. The preferred HRTFs were significantly more similar to each other, the preferred and non-preferred HRTFs were significantly less similar to each other, and in the case of front-back distinction the non-preferred HRTFs were significantly more similar to each other.


Modernization has changed Dutch-Frisian language relations after the Second World War radically. Full bilingualism and the dominant position of Dutch have led to favourable conditions for interference of Frisian from Dutch. In this paper we go into these changes and present an overview of the types of interference that take place from different grammatical domains: the lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax. These examples indicate that this interference is data-oriented and not grammar-oriented, as predicted by the Chomskyan view on language acquisition. Furthermore we pay attention to the external factors that defines the relation between Dutch and Frisian as one of competitive bilingualism, Frisian being the language under heavy pressure. Finally we sketch the changes in the language situation in Fryslân against the background of the provincial language policy.


Clinicians use several oxygen-based indices in intensive care units as surrogates to determine the condition of the patient's lung and verify monitoring progress. Examples of these oxygen indices include the ratio of arterial oxygen tension to inspired oxygen fraction (PaO2/FiO2 ratio); arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio (PaO2/PAO2); alveolar–arterial oxygen tension difference (PA-aO2); respiratory index (RI= (PA-aO2)/PaO2), and content-based venous admixture (Qs/Qt). One of the issues with this approach is that these indices fail to take into consideration several additional external pulmonary physiological factors and, as such, these indices could potentially mislead clinicians. This thesis explores the nature of the oxygen-tension-based indices response and examined the effect that varying certain external pulmonary factors, such as FiO2, PaCO2, Hb, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and respiratory quotient, had on PaO2 using virtual subjects and patients' data to quantify oxygenation defect through a combination of mathematics, different diseases, and pathophysiology. There were one or two approaches that could lead us to the answer, and many dead end routes. Eventually, the research produced a new index that was compared and validated using two approaches. First, on virtual subjects with lung pathologies that were commonly seen in the intensive care unit and then on real clinical data that was obtained from the intensive care unit. The results of these validation investigations indicated that the proposed index is more robust and resistant to variations in certain external pulmonary factors than the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. As such, there is a strong indication that it may help to improve the quality of patient care provided. The feasibility of manually calculating and applying this newly proposed index in the ICU is an issue that merits further exploration. Theoretically, if the newly proposed index was found to be practicable, it could improve the healthcare provided; reduce the cost of unnecessary blood work, and save time and effort. However, due to the time it takes to calculate crPaO2 manually, the use of medical technology and computer applications is desirable.


Ever since the Viking spacecraft sent home images of water-cut valleys on Mars in the 1970s, most Mars scientists have assumed that during its first billion years or so, the planet was shrouded in a thick, warm atmosphere capable of frequent rain. It was an environment seemingly hospitable to some form of life. But lately, some planetary scientists have been advancing a far less life-friendly view. According to these cold-and-icy thinkers, Mars never had an atmosphere thick enough to drench the planet, even in its early days. There was water on the surface all right, but it was almost always tied up as ice. On this alternative Mars, the surface was icy, dry, and hostile for many millions of years at a time, and life would have struggled to gain a foothold.


This article is based on the findings of a 2-year study that examined the nature of effective faculty/student undergraduate research (UR) science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) relationships. The study site was a large urban public college where three fourths of all incoming freshmen receive need-based aid; and although not a historically Black college or university (HBCU), 85% are students of color. The college offers 2- and 4-year STEM degree programs. Utilizing cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) as both a theoretical and methodological framework, this phenomenological study employed semistructured interviews, written surveys, and member checking to understand four paired faculty/student UR mentoring relationships over 2 years. The findings not only concur with the bulk of UR research, indicating UR's promise for addressing the low enrollment and retention rates of students of color in the STEM disciplines but also raise issues around the emotional, financial, and professional costs to UR faculty. It is these costs that are the focus of this article that concludes with ideas, for university and college administrators and all others concerned, about on how we might support faculty in UR's crucial work toward the goal of retaining students of color in STEM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:527–542, 2012


In pre-WWI London, mass-circulation publications like Alfred Harmsworth's Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips, and best-selling novels like Marie Corelli's The Sorrows of Satan, epitomized a commercial culture that arose alongside a huge increase in the availability of consumer products, and a concomitant expansion of the advertising industry to create markets for new goods.(1) Though Habermas implicates the commercialization of the press in the decline of the liberal public sphere, Edwardian oppositional groups discovered ways to deploy some of the same tactics that made Harmsworth a millionaire in order to unite large publics and support widespread social and political change. Suffragists and radical political groups created discursive spaces outside of the dominant public sphere - what I will call "counter-public spheres"[2] - but the burgeoning commercial mass culture made these counter-public spheres viable. Commodity ads funded suffrage papers; public spectacles and popular advertising campaigns helped package, publicize, and sell causes like "the vote" to thousands of women (see Tickner). Anarchists, syndicalists, and socialists also turned to mass-publication strategies to create an alternative press and to reach new followers. As Andreas Huyssen suggests, many early modernist writers and artists responded to aspects of this expanding commodity, culture with antipathy (Huyssen, pt. 1). The Egoist (E) and its predecessors, The Freewoman (FW) and New Freewoman (NFW), would seem to exemplify, the type of "coterie" publication that turned its back on mass audiences and published either for posterity or for what Ezra Pound would call the "party of intelligence" (E2/1/17, 21).(3) These little magazines were arenas for radical political and economic theories, the "egoistic" philosophy affirmed by Dora Marsden, and the early work of modernist authors like Pound, Richard Aldington, H. D., F. S. Flint, and T. S. Eliot - all of whom generally appear to affirm the high-culture side of Huyssen's "great divide."(4) But Huyssen's argument overlooks an important phase of early modernism, one that blurs the separation of modernists from avant-gardists by their stances toward mass culture? I wish to explore the close, if brief, contact between modern commodity-advertising tactics and the modernists who in many ways most upheld a notion of high culture against mass-culture "contamination." The counter-public spheres that I will discuss - those of suffragism and of anticapitalist and antistatist political movements - showed these modernists how to adapt mass-advertising tactics to further political and social, rather than explicitly economic, goals. I will argue that the writers and editors for The Freewoman/New Freewoman/Egoist were attracted to the proliferating types of publicity of an energetic advertising industry, and that they also attempted to adopt mass-advertising tactics - not directly from the commercial enterprises of the mass-market magazines, but rather via the suffrage and anarchist movements - in order to seek out large audiences within the prewar London masses. These attempts mark a surprising optimism among modernists about the possibility of forming broad-based counter-public spheres in opposition to bourgeois social norms, liberal and statist politics, and, above all for modernist authors, conventional literary taste. I will give an overview of developments in commercial advertising, and how those developments were deployed by suffragists and other political radicals in prewar London. These oppositional movements provided an institutional context for the little magazine that began as The Freewoman - a feminist paper - and ended as The Egoist - a primary vehicle for modernist authors. I will then discuss these authors' attempts to forge ties to oppositional movements and to market modernism via the institutions and material practices of commercial culture. Avant guerre oppositional groups, like women's suffrage organizations and socialist, anarchist, and syndicalist political movements, were intricately related to mass-advertising and mass-publication techniques, which were enjoying unprecedented success. …


Abstract. The recently developed 3-D TenStream radiative transfer solver was integrated into the University of California, Los Angeles large-eddy simulation (UCLA-LES) cloud-resolving model. This work documents the overall performance of the TenStream solver as well as the technical challenges of migrating from 1-D schemes to 3-D schemes. In particular the employed Monte Carlo spectral integration needed to be reexamined in conjunction with 3-D radiative transfer. Despite the fact that the spectral sampling has to be performed uniformly over the whole domain, we find that the Monte Carlo spectral integration remains valid. To understand the performance characteristics of the coupled TenStream solver, we conducted weak as well as strong-scaling experiments. In this context, we investigate two matrix preconditioner: geometric algebraic multigrid preconditioning (GAMG) and block Jacobi incomplete LU (ILU) factorization and find that algebraic multigrid preconditioning performs well for complex scenes and highly parallelized simulations. The TenStream solver is tested for up to 4096 cores and shows a parallel scaling efficiency of 80–90 % on various supercomputers. Compared to the widely employed 1-D delta-Eddington two-stream solver, the computational costs for the radiative transfer solver alone increases by a factor of 5–10.


Purpose: Treatment deviations have been tracked from 2000 to the present covering over 23,000 treatment courses and 420,000 fractions. During this period multiple error reduction actions were taken including implementation of an electronic record and verify system (ERVS), a departmental weekly QA meeting, a time out procedure, a dosimetry boarding pass and ACR accreditation preparation. This study will examine error rates before and after these actions to estimate the effect on the overall and categorical error rates. Methods: A treatment deviation was defined as any error in radiation treatment delivery that reached the patient. Deviations were catalogued by type of error, detection method, number of fractions delivered prior to detection, and percentage of treatment course affected by the deviation. Results: The use of ERVS was incrementally applied to linacs from 1999 until 2006 by which time all linac treatments were electronically verified. In 2006 a weekly QA meeting and a requirement for a patient specific dosimetry boarding pass were started. A treatment timeout procedure was initiated in 2007. Standards were modified to meet ACR standards during 2007–08 resulting in accreditation. From 2000– 2002 the overall error rate averaged 5.4 per 1000 treatments (0.0054) and decreased to 0.0024 for the 2005–2007 period with 2004 being an outlier due to a single upstream error affecting multiple patients. The rate continued to decline to 0.0019 for 2008– 09 and to 0.0010 for 2010–12. Conclusion: Simultaneous technology and procedural changes make it difficult to correlate the effect of individual changes directly to the error rate. Nevertheless, the data clearly shows a progressive error rate reduction as QA procedures were implemented. Reduction in some classes of errors can more easily be tied to specific changes. We believe the combined implementation strongly contributed to an overall culture of safety resulting in a reduced error rate.


A unified framework for understanding asset prices and aggregate fluctuations is critical for understanding both issues. I show that a real business cycle model with external habit preferences and capital adjustment costs provides one such framework. The estimated model matches the first two moments of the equity premium and risk-free rate, return and dividend predictability regressions, and the second moments of output, consumption, and investment. The model also endogenizes a key mechanism of consumption-based asset pricing models. In order to address the Shiller volatility puzzle, external habit, long-run risk, and disaster models require the assumption that the volatility of marginal utility is countercyclical. In the model, this countercyclical volatility arises endogenously. Production makes precautionary savings effects show up in consumption. These effects lead to countercyclical consumption volatility and countercyclical volatility of marginal utility. External habit amplifies this channel and makes it quantitatively significant.


Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been a subject of discussion both among scientists and in the mass media, especially because of their association with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied the adoption of specific protective behaviors for the prevention of STDs among women, as well as the associations between these behaviors and socioeconomic and demographic variables. This was a descriptive study based on secondary data from a previous study carried out in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 635 women were selected using the social network ("snowball") technique. Subjects were classified into four groups: adolescents and adults of upper middle and lower socioeconomic status, respectively. Condoms were the STD prevention method most frequently mentioned by interviewees. A negative association was observed between having a steady partner and condom use in all the groups. The main reason mentioned for not using condoms was "having a single partner and trusting him". Among adolescents, a positive association was observed between schooling above the 8th grade and condom use, and a negative association was observed between age and condom use. Among adults, only condom use in general was also positively associated with socioeconomic status.


In this study, we improved upon a high-input impedance monitoring device comprising capacitive sheet electrodes placed under a bed sheet, aiming to detect all ECG waves including T waves. To accomplish this, we widened the passbands for ECG and respiratory movement (RM) signals. However, because this widening may lower noise tolerance, we substituted conventional front-end buffers with buffers able to discharge DC potential. Further, the backside of the modi ed electrode was doubly shielded by using the electric potential of the buffer's output and ground. We also introduced a virtual midpoint circuit to realize stable ECG and independent RM measurements of the chest and abdomen with the goal to detect obstructive sleep apnea in future applications. We tested our device on seven healthy adults during a six-hour sleep experiment. In all subjects, we detected T waves and observed ECG and RM signals in supine and lateral positions. In experiments in which respiratory rate was changed at regular intervals, the RM signal was synchronized with the simultaneously measured reference signal. The sensitivity and accuracy of R waves averaged over all subjects were 93.2% and 92.9%, respectively. Both averaged sensitivity and accuracy for T waves were 94.5%, while averaged accuracy of chest and abdominal RM was 70.9% and 74.0%, respectively. The results for ECG signals indicate that our improved system is applicable to unconstrained monitoring of vital signs in adults. Although there is still room for improvement in RM measurements, the results suggest that our system may also be used to detect variations in breathing.


Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT), are well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). We have recently reported that TBT induces growth arrest in the human embryonic carcinoma cell line NT2/D1 at nanomolar levels by inhibiting NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH), which catalyzes the irreversible conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NAD-IDH mediates TBT toxicity remain unclear. In the present study, we examined whether TBT at nanomolar levels affects cell cycle progression in NT2/D1 cells. Propidium iodide staining revealed that TBT reduced the ratio of cells in the G1 phase and increased the ratio of cells in the G2/M phase. TBT also reduced cell division cycle 25C (cdc25C) and cyclin B1, which are key regulators of G2/M progression. Furthermore, apigenin, an inhibitor of NAD-IDH, mimicked the effects of TBT. The G2/M arrest induced by TBT was abolished by NAD-IDHα knockdown. Treatment with a cell-permeable α-ketoglutarate analogue recovered the effect of TBT, suggesting the involvement of NAD-IDH. Taken together, our data suggest that TBT at nanomolar levels induced G2/M cell cycle arrest via NAD-IDH in NT2/D1 cells. Thus, cell cycle analysis in embryonic cells could be used to assess cytotoxicity associated with nanomolar level exposure of EDCs.


An education professor and a preservice teacher candidate describe their respective insights on the design and implementation of the first iteration of an open, web-based professional portfolio project. The student's lived experience shows that for some, a Digital Hub can be a useful tool for curation, reflection, and networking; survey data suggests that not all students see value in this work, however. The pedagogical, programmatic, and research implications of this project are discussed.


Notes from the Underground (1864) is one of the most profound works of nineteenth-century literature. A probing, speculative book, often regarded as a forerunner of the Existentialist movement, it examines the important political and philosophical questions that were current in Russia and Europe at the time. The Gambler (1866), set in the fictional town of Roulettenberg, explores the compulsive nature of gambling, one of the author's own vices and a subject he describes with extraordinary acumen and drama. Specially commissioned for the World's Classics, this new translation includes a full editorial apparatus. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


Given a certain function $f$, various methods have been proposed in the past for addressing the important problem of computing the matrix-vector product $f(A)b$ without explicitly computing the matrix $f(A)$. Such methods were typically developed for a specific function $f$, a common case being that of the exponential. This paper discusses a procedure based on least squares polynomials that can, in principle, be applied to any (continuous) function $f$. The idea is to start by approximating the function by a spline of a desired accuracy. Then a particular definition of the function inner product is invoked that facilitates the computation of the least squares polynomial to this spline function. Since the function is approximated by a polynomial, the matrix $A$ is referenced only through a matrix-vector multiplication. In addition, the choice of the inner product makes it possible to avoid numerical integration. As an important application, we consider the case when $f(t)=\sqrt{t}$ and $A$ is a sparse, symmetric positive-definite matrix, which arises in sampling from a Gaussian process distribution. The covariance matrix of the distribution is defined by using a covariance function that has a compact support, at a very large number of sites that are on a regular or irregular grid. We derive error bounds and show extensive numerical results to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.


Measuring systems are an essential part of all automated production systems, they also serve to ensure quality of production or they are used to assure the reliability and safety in various areas. The same applies in principle likewise for fields of telecommunication, energy production and distribution, health care etc. Similarly no serious scientific research in the field of natural and technical sciences can be performed without objective data about the investigated object, which are usually acquired using measuring system. Demands on the speed and accuracy of measurement increase in all areas in general. These are the grounds for publishing this book. The book "Advanced distributed measuring systems - exhibits of application" offers 8 up-to-date examples of typical laboratory, industrial and biomedical applications of advanced measuring and information systems including virtual instrumentation. It arose based on the most interesting papers from this area published at IDAACS'2011 conference. However, single chapters include not only system design solution in wider context but also relevant theoretical parts, achieved results and possible future ways of design and development. Technical topics discussed in the book include: embedded applications; small distributed systems; automotive distributed system; distributed monitoring systems based on wireless networks; synchronisation in large DAQ systems; virtual instrumentation. "Advanced distributed measuring systems - exhibits of application" is ideal for personnel of firms deals with control systems, automotive electronics, airspace instrumentation, health care technology etc. as well as academic staff and postgraduate students in electrical, control and computer engineering.


Background: The breast is a common site for pathologies which predominantly involves the female breast. While benign diseases are more common, malignancies are of utmost concern for the patient, clinician, and the pathologist. Aim: The aim of this study is to audit the clinical and pathological features of patients with breast lumps in a tertiary center in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of histologically diagnosed breast lumps over a period of 8 years. Results: Lumps were common in the 20–39 years age group (>50%), with a mean age of 34.95 years. Females accounted for 759 (98.1%) of cases. In 467 (60.4%) cases, the lumps measured >5 cm and only 175 (22.6%) cases presented to the surgeon within 12 weeks of noticing a breast lump. Ninety-one (11.8%) cases also presented with axillary lymph nodes, breast pain 79 (10.2%), peau d' orange 56 (7.2%), and ulceration 47 (6.1%). Benign breast disease (BBD) occurred in 401 (51.8%) cases and malignant breast diseases (MBD) occurred in 344 (44.3%) of cases. Conclusion: BBD and MBD are common among the young in Uyo. Lumps are the primary complaint and late presentation is the norm.


This thesis aims to evaluate the environmental sustainability of European imports of farmed aquatic food products from Asia, using life cycle assessment (LCA). Farming of Asian tiger prawn, whiteleg shrimp, freshwater prawn, tilapia and pangasius catfish in Bangladesh, China, Thailand and Vietnam were chosen as representatives of the Asian aquaculture industry.
Initial research revealed large discrepancies among LCA results driven by methodological choices and data sourcing. A protocol for quantifying dispersions around unit process data was therefore developed, characterising inherent uncertainty, spread (variability) and unrepresentativeness as the three major sources driving overall discrepancies.
Results, propagated using Monte Carlo simulations, highlighted that the uncertainty related to LCA results could range with over an order of magnitude. For comparative purposes, however, only relative uncertainties are of relevance. Defining a hypothesis and using dependent sampling therefore allowed for several significant conclusions to be identified. Among these were significantly lower environmental impacts of Asian tiger shrimp farming in western Bangladesh, tilapia in Guangdong and pangasius in large-scale farms. Common environmental hot-spots included aqua-feeds, eutrophying effluents from farms, the use of benzalkonium chloride and other chlorine releasing compounds as disinfectants, and extensive use of paddle-wheels on shrimp farms.
The research identified discrepancies


This article analyzes the increasing spread of male-to-female harassment on the streets of Cairo. The aim is to first describe, define and contextualize street harassment as a social phenomenon and secondly to suggest some main social factors that provoked the development of the problem in the first place. This analysis takes a particular look at the correlation between street harassment and decades of structural and institutional changes which have had an impact on patriarchy as a defining system for the relationship between men and women. Historically in Egypt, patriarchy was not only fundamental for spatial and gendered organization within the private family sphere, but also for demarcating movement and participation in the public domain. In recent decades, high unemployment rates among men have undermined the conditions for upholding the patriarchal structure. This article argues that street harassment is symptomatic of high unemployment rates and of a consequentially weakening patriarchal system. It identifies the everyday spectacle of male-to-female street harassment as indicative of the frustration and difficulties in adhering to cultural ideals in a time of immense structural transformations. These transformations have impaired Egyptian males' ability to fulfil their traditional role as economic providers, something which has resulted in their lack of achievement and demasculinization.


This paper discusses the evolution of our 2.05 eV AlGaInP top sub-cell. Although we were not successful in introducing a more optimum 1.94 eV AlGaInP alloy into the top sub-cell of our 3 or 4J-IMM (inverted metamorphic multi-junction) structure because of insufficient current density capacity, we did successfully develop a 2.05 eV AlGaInP top sub-cell structure for 5 or 6J-IMM application. To achieve the desired current capacity of 11.3mA/cm2, we fabricated 2.05 eV hetero-junctions composed of a 1.91 eV GaInP emitter and a 2.05 eV AlGaInP base. Such a hetero-junction top sub-cell incorporated in a 3J-IMM iso-type structure exhibited sufficient Jsc but reduced Voc=1.466 V, being only 43 mV greater than the 1.91 eV GaInP homo-junction sub-cell. Minor modification to the emitter of our AlGaInP homo-junction permitted the fabrication of a 2.05 eV sub-cell in a 5J-IMM iso-type structure with sufficient current density and improved Voc=1.537 V. 5 and 6J-IMM cells incorporating these top sub-cells demonstrated maximum Vocs= 4.839 and 5.195 V, respectively.


In this study, we examined the typology and structure of basic-level activity, which is one of the five eventuality types (the others being stative, achievement, semelfactive and accomplishment) in Afaan Oromoo. Accordingly, we use the three temporal features (dynamicity, durativity and atelicity) and verb constellations of clauses to identify and describe each subclass of the situation aspect. These are claimed to denote the state-of-affair based on perceptual and cognitive abilities. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from written web corpora of different genres. These corpora were developed by The HaBit Project and Ethiopian Language Technology Group in 2016. Afaan Oromoo textbooks of grades 9-12 were also used as data sources. On the assumption that activities are dynamic, durative and atelic which imply no inherent final points, we have identified five subcategories: motion, emission, consumption, creation and active perception. The verbs in these subtypes of activities co-occur with agentive, non-agentive and self-agentive arguments to show various semantic readings. Regarding logical structure, we have proposed [DO' (x, [Pred' (x) or (x, y)])] as the general logical structure of the situation. In the structure, the prime DO' represents the logical operator, Pred' is to any activity verb, 'x' is agent, effector or experiencer, and 'y' is a theme, patient or stimulus. However, 'x' is the theme for one-place predicates. From the findings, we suggest that the computational aspect of logical and argument structures should be formulated to advance Afaan Oromoo a step towards natural language processing technology.


A systematic study was performed of the flow phenomena in an axisymmetric cavity. Axial flow Reynolds numbers ranged from 100,000 to 530,000 for cavity L/D range of 0.25 to 1.65. Working medium for this study was water reflecting that only incompressible domain of cavity flow was covered in this study. Previous results of axisymmetric flow investigations were reproduced and extended to lower L/D values, with the modified test article. Introduction of swirl in the cavity flow was studied in detail for its effects on the enhancement or suppression of cavity modes that have been measured. The axial apparatus tested here recreated the results of that of the original apparatus. The values of the maximum peaks fell within the range of Helmholtz resonator values at that specific velocity, for a given L/D at and below L/D = 1.05, at the same flow conditions. At and above moderate swirl numbers (S > 0.4), first mode of oscillation was completely suppressed. There was also evidence of a flattening of the remaining trend at higher swirl numbers (S > 0.6). The range of maximum amplitudes experienced in this study was also in agreement with earlier work. Overall, a trend of an increase of the frequency with an increase in swirl was seen in all tests. Generally, the range of greatest increase was for 47.23 ft/s axial flow, with the addition of 38.56 ft/s to 54.54 ft/s of tangential flow. The frequency increase was iv attributed to the effects of swirl through the range of 0.3 < S < 0.6. Over this range, the magnitude of the peak oscillation was seen to decrease markedly up to the point that the spectrum depicted no peaks, only a nominal level of broadband noise. This resulted in the conclusion that swirl effect existed only within a certain range of swirl numbers, and that the high swirl caused the elimination of certain cavity generated pressure oscillations. With the introduction of swirl, through tangential injection, the frequency of peak oscillations in axisymmetric cavity flow can be controlled to a limited extend. The primary region of control lies in the moderate swirl number region of 0.3 < S < 0.6. The presence of helical modes in the flow was explored. Aliasing of high frequency acoustical tones is presented with peaks noted at the calculated values demonstrating the potential for the presence of helical modes in the flow. Helical modes were present at higher swirl velocities, with a trend approaching near agreement with theory.