Buildings in Port Aransas encounter drastic environmental challenges: the potential catastrophic storm surge and high winds from a hurricane, and daily conditions hostile to buildings, vehicles, and even most vegetation. Its location a few hundred feet from the Gulf of Mexico and near-tropical latitude expose buildings to continuous high humidity, winds laden with scouring sand and corrosive salt, and extremes of temperature and ultraviolet light. Building construction methods are able to address each of these, but doing so in a sustainable way creates significant challenges. The new research building at the Marine Science Institute has been designed and is being constructed to meet the demand for both survivability and sustainability. It is tracking towards formal certification as a LEED Gold structure while being robust and resistant to the harsh coastal environment.

 The effects of a hurricane are mitigated by elevating buildings and providing a windproof envelope. Ground-level enclosures are designed to be sacrificial and non-structural so they can wash or blow away without imposing damage on the upper portions of the building, and only non-critical functions and equipment will be supported within them. Design features that integrate survivability with sustainability include: orientation of building axis; integral shading from direct summer sunlight; light wells; photovoltaic arrays; collection of rainwater and air conditioning condensate for use in landscape irrigation; reduced impervious cover; xeriscaping and indigenous plants; recycling of waste heat from air conditioning systems; roofing system that reflects light and heat; long life, low maintenance stainless steel, high-tensile vinyl, hard-anodized aluminum and hot-dipped galvanized mountings throughout; chloride-resistant concrete; reduced visual impact; recycling of construction materials.


Background: The interpretation of uterine cancer rates is hindered by the inclusion of women whose uterus has been surgically removed in the population at risk. Hysterectomy prevalence varies widely by state and race/ethnicity, exacerbating this issue. Methods: We estimated hysterectomy-corrected, age-adjusted uterine corpus cancer incidence rates by race/ethnicity for 49 states and the District of Columbia during 2004 to 2008 using case counts obtained from population-based cancer registries; population data from the U.S. Census Bureau; and hysterectomy prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Corrected and uncorrected incidence rates were compared with regard to geographic and racial/ethnic disparity patterns and the association with obesity. Results: Among non-Hispanic Whites, uterine cancer incidence rates (per 100,000 woman-years) uncorrected for hysterectomy prevalence ranged from 17.1 in Louisiana to 32.1 in New Jersey, mirrored regional hysterectomy patterns, and were not correlated with obesity prevalence (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.06, two-sided P = 0.68). In comparison, hysterectomy-corrected rates were higher by a minimum of 30% (District of Columbia) to more than 100% (Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and Oklahoma), displayed no discernible geographic pattern, and were moderately associated with obesity (r = 0.37, two-sided P = 0.009). For most states, hysterectomy correction diminished or reversed the Black/White deficit and accentuated the Hispanic/White deficit. Conclusion: Failure to adjust uterine cancer incidence rates for hysterectomy prevalence distorts true geographic and racial patterns and substantially underestimates the disease burden, particularly for Southern states. Impact: Correction for hysterectomy is necessary for the accurate evaluation of uterine cancer rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(1); 25–31. ©2012 AACR.


Due to their computational efficiency, simple factor models remain popular in the pricing of credit portfolio derivatives. In this paper, we continue the elaboration on the fundamental structure of factor models initiated in [3], with a special focus on term structure effects. We describe a number of techniques to understand, and to improve control over, portfolio loss distribution term structures and intertemporal loss correlation. As part of our analysis, we introduce an extension of the RFL model ([2]) to incorporate jumps in the systematic factor and in firm residuals. We also numerically test the dependence of forward-starting synthetic CDOs on the correlation of losses across time. Finally, our analysis highlights the fact that several of the models suggested in the literature are essentially equivalent.


Normandy is a varied region of open country and woodland, stretching from the limestone plateau of the Pays de Caux in the northeast to Mont. St-Michel and the Cotentin peninsula in the west, where the villages anticipate the sturdy architecture of Brittany, and to the hills of the Perche Normand in the South a famous horse-breeding region. It is also a coastal land of towering cliffs and sandy beaches, imbued with a poignant sense of momentous historical events and punctuated by delicious villages - some fashionable resorts, others still working fishing communities like Barfleur, the most beautiful of which are illustrated in this volume. Normandy is also famous for the good things in life: a varied vernacular architecture, a rich cuisine derived from local produce (this is Camembert and Calvados country), and strong associations with the arts. Claudo Monet created his famous garden in the village of Giverny in the valley of the Seine. The village of Lyons-la-Foret, known for its traditional half-timbered houses, was home to Maurice Ravel. And no survey of the beautiful villages of Normandy would be complete without coastal Etretat, surrounded by towering cliffs and associated with Monet, de Maupassant and Courbet. In addition to the accounts of thirty-four of the most picturesque villages of Normandy, this beautiful book also includes special sections on the churches, chateaux, harbours and coastline. An essential addition to the Most Beautiful Villages series, it is completed by a guide to the most important sights, markets, hotels and restaurants.


Teaching critical thinking is a relatively new dimension of bibliographic instruction (BI) in the academic environment. It marks a departure from the teaching of "user skills" in which the primary concern is enabling library patrons to determine the appropriateness of reference tools and to use those tools effectively. This report assembles a range of opinions on the extent to which librarians should be directly involved in pursuing an institution's academic goals, cooperating with faculty, or attempting to strengthen critical thinking skills of students. Some would say that in this age of increasingly complex tools, BI violates S. R. Ranganathan's law of saving the user's time. Librarians, therefore, should use the full potential of their expertise to concentrate on delivering information to users. The image of the librarian as teacher is an organizational "fiction" created to establish a more comforting self-image or to seek equal status with faculty. Complicating matters is the increasingly prevalent idea that although critical thinking is vital to the research process, it means different things in different disciplines, and critical thinking skills learned in one area, library use, for example, cannot necessarily be transferred to another area. Others counter that BI need not be confined to how-to procedures and encouraging students to regard reference sources as constituting specific answers, but can be enlarged to teach students to look at information as "evidence to be examined." As far as librarian status goes, the professional literature seems to emphasize strategies for gaining faculty cooperation without allowing the larger issue of academic equality for librarians to take control. Pesides summarizing professional theory, the report also discusses ideas for integrating the teaching and encouragement of critical thinking into the traditional, task-oriented BI model, and for nurturing cooperative relationships between librarians and faculty which integrate library skills and course content. The report stresses the need for empirical study on librarian involvement in teaching critical thinking to students. (Contains 52 references.) (BEW) The Teaching of Critical Thinking Skills by Academic Librarians


The value of conscience in healthcare ethics is widely debated. While some sources present it as an unquestionably positive attribute, others question both the veracity of its decisions and the effect of conscientious objection on patient access to health care. This paper argues that the right to object conscientiously should be broadened, subject to certain previsos, as there are many benefits to healthcare practice in the development of the consciences of practitioners. While effects such as the preservation of moral integrity are widely considered to benefit practitioners, this paper draws on the work of Hannah Arendt to offer several original arguments in defence of conscience that may more directly benefit patients, namely that a pang of conscience may be useful in rapidly unfolding situations in which there is no time to reflect satisfactorily upon activities and that, given the hierarchical nature of healthcare institutions, a right to defy authority on the basis of conscience may benefit junior staff who lack the institutional power to challenge the orders of superiors.


Traditional backup methods are error prone, cumbersome and
expensive. Distributed backup applications have emerged as promising
tools able to avoid these disadvantages, by exploiting unused disk
space of remote computers. In this paper we propose MyriadStore, a
distributed peer-to-peer backup system. MyriadStore makes use of a
trading scheme that ensures that a user has as much available
storage space in the system as the one he/she contributes to it. A
mechanism for making challenges between the system's nodes ensures
that this restriction is fulfilled. Furthermore, MyriadStore
minimizes bandwidth requirements and migration costs by treating
separately the storage of the system's meta-data and the storage of
the backed up data. This approach also offers great flexibility on
the placement of the backed up data, a property that facilitates the
deployment of the trading scheme.


Regulating interest groups' access to decision makers constitutes a key dimension of legitimate and accountable systems of government. The European Union explicitly links lobbying regulation with the democratic credentials of its supranational system of governance and proposes transparency as a solution to increase legitimacy and regulate private actors' participation in policy making. This lobbying regulation regime consists of a Transparency Register that conditions access to decision makers upon joining it and complying with its information disclosure requirements. The extent to which transparency-based regulatory regimes are successful in ensuring effective regulation of targeted actors and in being recognised as a legitimate instrument of governance constitutes a key empirical question. Therefore, the study asks: Do stakeholders perceive the transparency-based EU lobbying regulation regime to be a legitimate form of regulatory governance? The study answers by building on a classic model of targeted transparency and proposes perceived regulatory effectiveness and sustainability as two key dimensions on which to evaluate the legitimacy of the Register. The arguments are tested on a new dataset reporting the evaluations of 1,374 stakeholders on the design and performance of the EU lobbying regulation regime. The findings describe a transparency regime that scores low in perceived effectiveness and moderate to low in sustainability. Citizens criticise the quality of information disclosed and the Register's performance as a transparency instrument. The Register did not effectively bridge the information gap between the public and interest groups about supranational lobbying. In terms of sustainability, interest organisations appreciate the systemic benefits of transparency, but identify few organisation-level benefits. Organisations that are policy insiders incur more transparency costs so they instrumentally support transparency only insofar it suits their lobbying strategies and does not threaten their position. Insiders support including additional categories of organisations in the Register's regulatory remit but not more types of interactions with policy makers. They support an imperfect regulatory status quo to which they have adapted but lack incentives to support increased transparency and information disclosure. Targeted transparency proves an ineffective approach to regulating interest groups' participation in EU policy making, constituting a suboptimal choice for ensuring transparent, accountable and legitimate supranational lobbying.


Nd-Sr isotopic signatures of loess, modern dust, and their potential source materials are systematically investigated to discriminate the natural and anthropogenic sources of eastern Asian dust. Chinese loess is an eolian deposit that has accumulated over the past few million years, and is characterized by a negative Nd-Sr isotopic correlation that implies binary sources for the natural background of eastern Asian dust. Loess in northeastern China shows the highest eNd(0) value, while loess in western China has the lowest eNd(0). Considering the Nd-Sr isotopic signatures of the potential sources, we propose that the high eNd(0) end member is derived from the arid lands around the northern boundary of China while the low eNd(0) end member originates from the deserts on the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Loess Plateau deposits are dominated by northern margin Tibetan Plateau dust, suggesting a strong link between the thick eolian deposit in this region and the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. The long-range transported spring dust in both Nanjing (south China) and Japan has an Nd-Sr isotopic composition similar to that of loess. However, spring dust in Beijing (north China) has a much lower eNd(0) value, indicating an additional anthropogenic contribution of low eNd(0) material, possibly from the sandy lands in the adjacent north and west.


Simeonova, Ts., Benkova, M., Nenova, L. & Atanassova, I. (2021). Leaching of chemical elements under some anthropogenic impacts on Fluvisols. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 27 (4), 758–763 The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of long-term fertilizer application on the content and leaching of chemical elements with lysimetric water after maize grown as monoculture. The pilot site is Tsalapitsa village (near town of Plovdiv) in Southern Bulgaria. The experimental design included one control variant and two variants with fertilizer – (N100Р75; N200Р150 kg.ha-1) on Fluvisols. The investigation has been carried out in 2019 year. The field plots were equipped with Ebermeir lysimeters at 50 and 100 cm depth from the surface of the soil. Lysimetric water samples are taken several times a year depending on the amount of infiltrate. Experimental data shows that the lysimetric water after maize growth could be defined as calcium-hydrocarbonate composition. The reaction of the lysimetric water is neutral and tendency of decreasing of pH values was observed as a result of the long-term use of fertilizers. The ions of calcium, nitrates, sulphates and bicarbonates are prevalent and the content of magnesium, potassium, sodium and chloride are low. The research shows that the highest content and leaching of nitrate nitrogen with lysimetric water (18.8 kg.ha-1) were obtained under variant (N200P150). The highest calcium losses (42.0 kg.ha-1) are observed under the same treatment from 0-100 cm soil layer. The different fertilized rates and type of land use are among the factors that influenced elements leaching and losses. The obtained results show that the relative order of migration of the elements has the following form: Ca >S > N >Mg >Cl>


We compute families of symmetric periodic horseshoe orbits in the restricted three-body problem. Both the planar and three-dimensional cases are considered and several families are found. We describe how these families are organized as well as the behavior along and among the families of parameters such as the Jacobi constant or the eccentricity. We also determine the stability properties of individual orbits along the families. Interestingly, we find stable horseshoe-shaped orbit up to the quite high inclination of 17 ◦ .


In this thesis I have considered two alternative methods of studying the processes of institutional transfer. The acceptance and adoption of institutions (many based on Western examples) is a central feature of modern politics in the South Pacific. This study has demonstrated that a variant of a theory proposed by Kerry Howe, which I have labelled "mutual adjustment", provides an explanatory framework that assists understanding about institutional transfer processes.
Western Samoa was chosen as a case study to examine several examples of institutional transfer. I have concluded that in the case of Western Samoa, mutual adjustment offers strong research benefits because it accords due significance to the vitality, durability and adaptability of fa'a Samoa. Other interpretations, like modernisation theory, undervalue the strategic importance of Islander culture in the processes of institutional transfer. An analysis, based on theories like modernisation, would have predicated the eventual replacement of fa'a Samoa elements and institutions with new, modern, individual orientated practices and institutions. Previously political analysis of institutional transfer has been almost exclusively framed in terms of adjudicating how closely the imported version matches the original model. The end result of this adjudication is to derive a political analysis of South Pacific microstates that concentrates presentation of information in terms of losses or gains for the traditional or Western elements of the system. This analytical focus is directed at only one part of a very complicated and dynamic process. The misdirection is compounded because the static is emphasised at the cost of the dynamic.
The four case studies of institutional transfer chosen for this study were the adoption of a liberal democratic parliamentary system, political parties, a statutory legal system and trade unionism. Each of these four key examples of institutional transfer demonstrated different aspects of mutual adjustment. In each case an accommodation was reached between the demands of the imported or adopted institution and the cultural imperatives of fa'a Samoa.
I concluded that a key feature of Western Samoa politics is a dynamic process of adjustment between the imperatives of fa'a Samoa and the requirement ( driven by local forces or external demands) to adopt institutional arrangements which are based on Western examples. Mutual adjustment offers an analytical framework which accords due significance to the role, vitality and strategic importance of islander culture in this dynamic process.


This thesis applies modularity theory to services using the case of mobile payment systems. We compare three mobile payment projects—Oi Paggo in Brazil, TCASH in Indonesia, and M-PESA in Kenya—as case studies. The study of modularity is influenced by literature from the field of production and manufacturing sciences and the present work modifies and extends the theory. It also demonstrates the potential of modularity theory in managing complexity, increasing flexibility, and achieving efficiency in the service context.
Modularity is a principle that shows how a system can be designed with subsystems while reducing complex interdependencies via standardised interfaces in order to retain efficiency. Modularity offers greater flexibility through recombination and efficiency through economies of scale from reusability. We sought to find how a service provision can be dissolved into coarse-grained service modules that minimise interdependencies and make the whole system more comprehensible.
We argue that, first, the application of modular thinking in services will be likely affected by three key attributes which differentiate services from products: customer involvement, intertwined elements in the final service offerings, and modular packages that incorporate technical and human attributes. These analytical approaches are likely to be valid in those industries that are particularly technology-intensive and incorporate network effects. Second, contrary to what has been proposed by literature on product modularity, we find empirical evidence in the case of mobile payments that transactions between participants such as customers and regulators were mainly conducted at thick crossing points.
This thesis contributes to the emerging literature on modularity in services. First, we test and validate the theory of modularity in services using the case of mobile payment services. Second, we propose a redefinition of modularity in services that emphasises the peculiar characteristics of service provision. Finally, we propose an indicative proposition for service modularity that can be used to help better develop modular services.
This thesis also contributes to literature on mobile payments. We posit that technology-intensive services such as mobile payments should be developed and managed in such a modular way. Not only is it associated with flexibility and agility, modular thinking in services allows companies to maximise compatibility in fulfilling customers' needs as well as complying with regulators.


A synthesis of existing borehole data and seismic profiles has been conducted in the Artois area (northern France), along the northern border of the Paris basin, in order to explore the possible control exerted at depth by the Upper Carboniferous Variscan thrust front on the distribution of Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic depositional centers and their subsequent uplift in Tertiary times. Such control was demonstrated recently in the Weald-Boulonnais basin (Eastern Channel area) that forms the western prolongation of the area under study but was so far poorly constrained in the Artois area. Presented data provide evidence for the topography of the Artois hills and the altitude of sedimentary layers to be controlled by the activity of a network of relaying WNW-ESE striking faults inducing the systematic uplift of the southern fault blocks. Those steeply S-dipping faults branch downward onto the ramp of the Variscan thrusts forming listric faults that locally limit to the north buried half-graben structures, filled with fan-shaped fluviatile Stephanian-Permian deposits. Such clear syn-rift geometry shows that the ramp of the main Variscan frontal thrust (the Midi thrust) has been reactivated as a normal fault in Stephanian-Permian times thus forming a very demonstrative example of a negative inversion process. The reverse offset of the transgressive Middle Cretaceous-Lower Eocene layers covering unconformably the Paleozoic substratum argue for a Tertiary (Middle Eocene-Late Oligocene?) contractional reactivation of the fault network thereby documenting a repeated inversion process along the Artois Variscan thrust front. The Variscan frontal thrust zone is thus shown here to represent a prominent crustal-scale mechanical discontinuity that localized deformation in the Artois-Boulonnais area since Upper Paleozoic times.


The action of cellulosomes from Clostridium thermocellum on model cellulose microfibrils from Acetobacter xylinum and cellulose microcrystals from Valonia ventricosa was investigated. The biodegradation of these substrates was followed by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, as a function of the extent of degradation. The cellulosomes were very effective in catalysing the complete digestion of bacterial cellulose, but the total degradation of Valonia microcrystals was achieved more slowly. Ultrastructural observations during the digestion process suggested that the rapid degradation of bacterial cellulose was the result of a very efficient synergistic action of the various enzymic components that are attached to the scaffolding protein of the cellulosomes. The degraded Valonia sample assumed various shapes, ranging from thinned-down microcrystals to crystals where one end was pointed and the other intact. This complexity may be correlated with the multi-enzyme content of the cellulosomes and possibly to a diversity of the cellulosome composition within a given batch. Another aspect of the digestion of model celluloses by cellulosomes is the relative invariability of their crystallinity, together with their Ialpha/Ibeta composition throughout the degradation process. Comparison of the action of cellulosomes with that of fungal enzymes indicated that the degradation of cellulose crystals by cellulosomes occurred with only limited levels of processivity, in contrast with the observations reported for fungal enzymes. The findings were consistent with a mechanism whereby initial attack by a cellulosome of an individual cellulose crystal results in its 'commitment' towards complete degradation.


This paper presents automated segmentation of structures in the Head and Neck (H&N) region, using an active contour-based joint registration and segmentation model. A new atlas selection strategy is also used. Segmentation is performed based on the dense deformation field computed from the registration of selected structures in the atlas image that have distinct boundaries, onto the patient's image. This approach results in robust segmentation of the structures of interest, even in the presence of tumors, or anatomical differences between the atlas and the patient image. For each patient, an atlas image is selected from the available atlas-database, based on the similarity metric value, computed after performing an affine registration between each image in the atlas-database and the patient's image. Unlike many of the previous approaches in the literature, the similarity metric is not computed over the entire image region; rather, it is computed only in the regions of soft tissue structures to be segmented. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the results is presented.


The Umm el-Marra Project is investigating the genesis and early history of societal complexity at a "second-tier" center of western Syria, focusing on the Early, Middle, and Late Bronze Age occupations. In 2006 and 2008, important results were achieved for all three periods. Excavation of the Early Bronze Age elite mortuary complex on the acropolis supplies new data supporting the interpretation that the complex served to inscribe elite ideologies on the landscape in its invocation of social memory and ancestral figures. Evidence of a hiatus of several centuries after the Early Bronze occupation provides new information on the urban "collapse" of the era. Monumental and defensive architecture and the remains of ritual behavior reveal the character of urban regeneration in the period of Amorite dynasties in the Middle Bronze Age. Finally, the Late Bronze Age Mittani occupation furnishes data on the site's incorporation into a large international empire. Additional figures can be found under this article's abstract on AJA Online.


This article consists of a theoretical framework for and a demonstration of the process of visualizing the finding aid to Franz Rosenzweig's archive at the University of Kassel, which contains metadata describing documents and letters pertaining to the German-Jewish philosopher, pedagogue, and translator. Its main contention is that much of the work undertaken by the digital humanities, especially data conversion, refinement, and visualization, involves salient yet undertheorized moments of translation. Indeed, Rosenzweig's own theory of translation, which advocates radical formal fidelity to the original, offers a revealing lens to understand the potential and limitations of visualizing the metadata of his archive – a lens I use to guide my translation of the archival metadata. As I show, the visualization's inclusion of peripheral voices in his archive implied by such fidelity exposes a correspondence between the journalist Siegfried Kracauer and educator Ernst Simon that calls the ideological implications of Rosenzweig's theory of translation into question. This dialectical movement between theory and praxis, metadata and material archive, I contend, is the promise and productive threat that the digital humanities represent for German Studies: as much as the digital humanities pave new inroads for research, they also require and return us to critical concepts central to German literary and cultural discourse, such as translation.


Kazantzakis wrote in 1909 a dissertation on Nietzsche's philosophy, in view of a career at the University of Athens. He based this dissertation mainly on studies by French scholars, which provided him not only with most of its content, but also with its very structure. The description of the meaning of Greece to Nietzsche, for example, and the references to ancient Greek authors are indebted to these French commentators, rather than to a direct reading of the primary source. Even more importantly, some of the concepts that Kazantzakis attributes to Nietzsche, and which play an essential role in his own thinking, up to the period of his great post-World War II novels, appear to be based on a mistaken interpretation of Nietzsche by Lichtenberger, according to which man is a particle of the divine substance, the eternal Will. For the real Nietzsche, the mysteries of sexuality constitute the only form of eternal life.


Wildfire is a natural disturbance with epic potential to drastically alter watershed hydrologic condition. Basins with high-burn severity, especially those with steep previously forested terrain, have flashier hydrographs and can produce peak-flows orders of magnitude greater than pre-fire conditions. This is due to fundamental changes in the hydrology of burnt watersheds, especially in the short term (1-3 years). Consumption of the canopy and forest-floor organic horizon that formerly intercepted precipitation, moderated infiltration, and protected mineral soil, results in decreased evapotranspiration and infiltration, and increased runoff. Further, newly exposed soil surfaces are subject to rain-drop erosion, which may be exacerbated by fire induced soil-water repellency. Though the hydrologic impacts of high-severity wildfire have been well documented in the scientific literature, the socio-political ramifications of a latent, continuous, and highly unpredictable disturbance regime (i.e. post-fire flooding and sedimentation) has not been addressed. Fires are increasing in size, frequency, and severity. Simultaneously, development continues in the wildland-urban interface and the number of people living in or visiting forest areas is growing. Understanding the post-fire hydrologic response of watersheds is paramount for effective risk management and mitigation of post-fire hydrologic and geomorphic hazards. Equally important is educating communities that are at high-risk for post-fire flooding and sedimentation hazards. This presentation encompasses research on hydrologic and geomorphic impacts of past fires, a real-time perspective on recent post-fire hazards and mitigation (including the 2010 Schultz Fire and others). It identifies some high-risk areas where opportunity exists to educate and prepare the public for post-fire hazards after wildfires.


Ploidy analysis, particularly the assessment on the chromosome number, of a species is a very crucial first step in plant breeding programme. Various ploidy analysis methods have been developed so far. The simplest method has been the staining of chromosomes in root tip or microspore cells. By this technique, the number of chromosomes can be determined precisely, and karyotype study of the chromosomes is likely to be conducted. Other method is by evaluating plant morphology or anatomical characteristics such as stomatal diameter and density, chlorophyll content within guard cells, diameter and viability of pollen grains, and leaf thickness, which are different according to the ploidy levels. Although this method offers a high accuracy, the staining technique or the evaluation of plant characteristics is not reliable to be used to evaluate the ploidy level of large scale population, because it is a time-consuming and laborious work. Now, a useful method for large-scale ploidy analysis, flow cytometry technique, has been developed. Although the initial investment is quite expensive, the benefit it offers for long-term large-scale ploidy analysis has made this method economically sound. This method of ploidy analysis rely on the nuclear DNA staining, which are then analyzed optically using an instrument called flow cytometer. The output of the reading is a histogram having different G1 peak for different ploidy levels. With the use of standard plant of known ploidy, the ploidy level of sample plant can be predicted based on the difference of their G1 peaks. This method is capable to analysis the ploidy level rapidly, but can not determine the number of chromosome. Both conventional and flow cytometry method have their own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of which method is going to be used will much depend upon the availability of resources and the objective of the works


The main goal of this paper is to conceptualize a seeping commodification. The author of the paper claims we are in the midst of a considerable qualitative transformation in the processes of commodification that is, in large part, owed to an overwhelming capitalist enclosure of the wider communicative field. The key reason for what seems to be an important qualitative transformation in the commodification process lies in the fact that communication and information flows today run through most social relations and spheres – which non-critical approaches often explain with the concept of the 'mediatization of society'. A materialist approach, distinctive of (critical) political economy of communication, enables an apt critique of these processes. In an epoch, in which capital has enclosed the wider field of communication, mediatization is in fact nothing else than a continuing commodification of our everyday lives. The author of the paper claims that commodification of communication and informational resources must be seen as a long-term process, which has accompanied the rise of capitalism. A considerable proliferation of the economic importance of communication, information, and culture has – to be precise – been enhanced in a large part by political interventions occurring in the last decades (which were a response to the economic tendencies and crises of the time). While the immediate results are observable especially in the proliferation of the new information and communication technologies and the global role of intellectual property rights, the wider social consequences of these developments have been much broader and more influential. This study proceeds from the perspective of historical materialism and adopts dialectics in an attempt to grasp contradictory social changes. The analysis is done through different methods of historicizing: firstly , by observing long-term changes in communication, information, and culture, as they have been slowly transformed into commodities produced for market exchange since the emergence of capitalism; and, secondly , by defining fundamental political and economic processes occurring in recent decades that help with an explanation of the rise in the influence of communication and information (as peculiar types of commodities) in the current epoch.


This thesis examines the attempts of the Christian Wolnammin and Christian Saeteomin to construct a catholic community within Younghak Presbyterian Church, Seoul. Both groups come from the same region in the Northern territory, yet have different identities based on the fact that their exodus to South Korea took place during different periods of the last half century. Both before and since their arrival in South Korea around 60 years ago, Christian Wolnammin were socialized in the context of a deep-rooted anti-Communist ideology. In sharp contrast, recent Christian Saeteomin were socialized by Juche (self-reliance) ideology (the official government ideology of North Korea) prior to leaving North Korea in the last decade. The contrasting ideologies cause tension and even hostility between the groups in Youngnak Presbyterian Church, posing significant difficulties for creating a space for mutual fellowship and respect. Members of the two groups did not perceive the extent of differences between them until they met each other in the church. Prior to coming together, both communities desired unification, including the sharing of what they assumed was an ethnically homogeneous identity. The serious misinterpretation of symbols and behaviour patterns caused disappointment and tension. Consequently, examples of exclusion began to emerge in Youngnak Presbyterian Church, with at least some Christian Saeteomin wanting to return home. The present study is a response to their difficulties. It locates, describes and analyses the conflicts, reflects on the place of ideology in Christian practice evident in Youngnak Presbyterian Church, and outlines a route towards a practical and prophetic resolution based on the theological concept of reconciliation and embrace.


The purpose of this thesis is to explore various aspects
of pastoral care and counselling in the black churches in
Britain. The first aspect of caring that has been explored is acceptance. When people are genuinely accepted by others there is the possibility for personal growth and development to take place. Such acceptance can be therapeutic. It contains health-giving qualities and is a means towards greater self-acceptance, especially by those who may be affected by a sense of poor value in the way they see themselves.

The second aspect is understanding. Part of what is
discussed here is that people who are connected by and share
similar life experiences, are equipped to care for each other in ways that those who are detached outsiders may not be able to. In other words, caring which is based on understanding is enhanced when the relationship is between persons who are party to the same difficulties.

The third and fourth categories consist of an examination
of pastoral care within the context of housing and unemployment conditions. Aspects of care which are featured are those that entail sharing, support, and the promotion of self-help endeavours such as repairs done to the homes of church members. There is caring through the personal presence of individuals in the form of visits to homes, prayers offered and encouragement given. Ways in which such responses contribute to the affirmation of worth and the empowering of individuals so that they are able to take control of the adverse circumstances which affect them, are
caring factors which have been explored as well.

The fifth area looks at the black family. Caring under the
aegis of a network of support systems that nurtures and sustains individuals is featured.

The sixth category is worship. Most of the ritual aspects
and component features which combine to make worship a fulfilling and satisfying experience are assessed.

Finally, the conclusion points to other related areas
which might be looked at.


Traditionally, the virtue of democratic elections has been seen in their role as means of screening and sanctioning shirking public officials. This paper proposes a novel rationale for elections and political campaigns considering that candidates incur psychological costs of lying, in particular from breaking campaign promises. These non-pecuniary costs imply that campaigns influence subsequent behavior, even in the absence of reputational or image concerns. Our lab experiments reveal that promises are more than cheap talk. They influence the behavior of both voters and their representatives. We observe that the electorate is better off when their leaders are elected democratically rather than being appointed exogenously - but only in the presence of electoral campaigns. In addition, we find that representatives are more likely to serve the public interest when their approval rates are high. Altogether, our results suggest that elections and campaigns confer important benefits beyond their screening and sanctioning functions.


Despite the ubiquitousness of standard form contracts in the world of consumer transactions, there is no consensus as to how these contracts ought to be constructed. Some courts continue to treat form contracts as if they were classically negotiated contracts. Others attempt in a variety of ways to factor in the reality that consumers entering into these contracts are not able to negotiate the terms and almost always sign these documents, which are presented on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, without reading them. This article posits that the cause of this continued confusion over form contracts is due to a basic failure of courts to adhere to fundamental principle of contract law, that a contract is interpreted according to the objective understanding of the parties. If courts would acknowledge that the reasonable drafters of form contracts do not expect the consumer to have read the multiple pages of a form contract, then courts would conclude a reasonable drafter would not understand the signing of the contract as indicating assent to unexpected and unfair terms. Instead, using the objective theory of contracts, courts facing a consumer form contract should consider the following questions: 1) What terms would a seller reasonably expect were known and understood by the non-drafting party? 2) What subordinate terms were pointed out or explained by the seller? 3) Was information conveyed by the seller, either directly, by an agent or by advertisements, to create a reasonable expectation in the consumer? 4) What would the reasonable seller have assumed was the consumer's purpose in entering into the transaction? 5) Did the consumer communicate to the seller information indicating a particular understanding of the terms of the contract? 6) Is a clause favoring the drafter reasonably tailored to accomplish a legitimate purpose? 7) Does an unknown one-sided clause deal with issues beyond the realm of contemplation of the reasonable consumer at the time of contracting?


Before Glen Canyon Dam was completed upstream from Grand Canyon, floods scoured sand from the channel bed and deposited sand on bars within recirculating eddies. After completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, peak discharge of the mean annual floods dropped from about 2600 to 900 m 3 /s, and 85% of the sediment supply was eliminated. Under the postdam flow regime, sand bars in eddies have degraded. In an experiment to study, in part, the effects of floods in rebuilding these bars, a controlled flood was released from Glen Canyon Dam in late March and early April 1996. Although fluvial sequences characteristically fine upward, the deposits of the experimental flood systematically coarsen upward. Measurements of suspendedsediment concentration and grain size and of bed-material grain size suggest that the upward coarsening results from the channel becoming relatively depleted of fine-grained sediment during the seven days of the high-flow experiment. Predam flood beds of the Colorado River also coarsen upward, indicating that supply-limitation and grain-size evolution are natural processes that do not require the presence of a dam.


Beam control using active antenna arrays with self-oscillating harmonic mixers has been investigated. The active antenna is composed of a patch antenna receiving RF signal and a parallel feedback type oscillator which operates as the self-oscillating harmonic mixer, and down-converts the received RF signal into IF signal. The mixer has two ports for local oscillating (LO) signal. One is an output port extracting the LO signal. The other is an input port for an injection signal to synchronize the local oscillation. The mixers can be coupled unilaterally without other nonreciprocal components by connecting the output port to the input port in the next mixer. In the unilaterally coupled array, the phase differences of the LO signals between the adjacent mixers can be varied without phase shifters in injection locking state by changing the local free-running frequencies of the self-oscillating mixers. The receiving pattern can be controlled by combining the IF signals from the individual active antennas, which have phases associated with the LO signals. The IF is difference between the RF and double of the LO frequency so that arbitrary phase differences from 0 to 2π radian can be provided to the output IF signals. The experiments using the two- and three-element arrays demonstrated beam control capability.


The proposed Services Directive by the European Commission could increase intra European trade in commercial services by 30 to 60 percent. This paper analyses the welfare effects of the trade growth using an applied general equilibrium model WorldScan. It shows that GDP could be raised by 0.3 to 0.7 percent and consumption by 0.5 to 1.2 percent in the European Union as a whole. These results could only be realised if the Services Directive is implemented including the country of origin principle. If this principle is excluded from the directive, trade increases only by 20 to 40 percent. The trade-induced welfare effects are correspondingly lower. GDP could rise by 0.2 to 0.4 percent and consumption by 0.3 to 0.7 percent in the EU as a whole. The country-specific effects vary: most of the new Member States will experience larger gains than the average Member State because their services trade is now still hampered by relatively large regulatory barriers in these countries.


Orientation: The coping strategies of their employees are amongst the activities that organisations should address to improve their employees' work engagement. Research purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and work engagement in three occupational groups in South Africa. Motivation for the study: There is little understanding of the relationship between effective forms of coping and positive outcomes (like work engagement). Research design, approach and method: The researchers used a survey design. They drew random and stratified samples ( N = 3178) from three occupational groups. These were technical employees in an electricity provider, professional and enrolled nurses and police officers. They administered the Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced (COPE) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Main findings: The results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between work engagement, problem-focused coping, positive reinterpretation and growth. In the nursing sample, high problem-focused coping, low avoidance and low ventilation of emotions predicted work engagement best. In the police sample, four coping strategies (problem-focused coping, seeking social support, turning to religion and low ventilation of emotions) predicted work engagement best. In the technician sample, problem-focused coping and low ventilation of emotions predicted work engagement best. Practical/managerial implications: Organisations should consider employees' coping strategies when they introduce interventions to improve work engagement. Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to the knowledge about the relationship between coping strategies and work engagement in South African organisations.


Soft-bodied organisms with hydrostatic skeletons range enormously in body size, both during the growth of individuals and in the comparison of species. Therefore, body size is an important consideration in an examination of the mechanical function of hydrostatic skeletons. The scaling of hydrostatic skeletons cannot be inferred from existing studies of the lever-like skeletons of vertebrates and arthropods because the two skeleton types function by different mechanisms. Hydrostats are constructed of an extensible body wall in tension surrounding a fluid or deformable tissue under compression. It is the pressurized internal fluid (rather than the rigid levers of vertebrates and arthropods) that enables the maintenance of posture, antagonism of muscles and transfer of muscle forces to the environment. The objectives of the present study were (1) to define the geometric, static stress and dynamic stress similarity scaling hypotheses for hydrostatic skeletons on the basis of their generalized form and function, and (2) to apply these similarity hypotheses in a study of the ontogenetic scaling of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, to determine which parameters of skeletal function are conserved or changed as a function of body mass during growth (from 0.01 to 8 g). Morphometric measurements on anesthetized earthworms revealed that the earthworms grew isometrically; the external proportions and number of segments were constant as a function of body size. Calculations of static stresses (forces per cross-sectional area in the body wall) during rest and dynamic stresses during peristaltic crawling (calculated from measurements of internal pressure and body wall geometry) revealed that the earthworms also maintained static and dynamic stress similarity, despite a slight increase in body wall thickness in segment 50 (but not in segment 15). In summary, the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms differ fundamentally from the rigid, lever-like skeletons of their terrestrial counterparts in their ability to grow isometrically while maintaining similarity in both static and dynamic stresses.


We present a novel method for handling uncertainty in evolutionary optimization. The method entails quantification and treatment of uncertainty and relies on the rank based selection operator of evolutionary algorithms. The proposed uncertainty handling is implemented in the context of the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) and verified on test functions. The present method is independent of the uncertainty distribution, prevents premature convergence of the evolution strategy and is well suited for online optimization as it requires only a small number of additional function evaluations. The algorithm is applied in an experimental setup to the online optimization of feedback controllers of thermoacoustic instabilities of gas turbine combustors. In order to mitigate these instabilities, gain-delay or model-based H infin controllers sense the pressure and command secondary fuel injectors. The parameters of these controllers are usually specified via a trial and error procedure. We demonstrate that their online optimization with the proposed methodology enhances, in an automated fashion, the online performance of the controllers, even under highly unsteady operating conditions, and it also compensates for uncertainties in the model-building and design process.


This book explores the influences on the thought of Vaclav Havel and how Havel develops a unique political philosophy from these. This is informed from the phenomenological tradition. The book situates this philosophy among current debates in liberalism and agonism.


This paper derives physical limitations on the interactions of antennas exciting TM or TE modes (but not both) and wireless propagation channels. The derivation is based on the spherical vector wave expansion of the electromagnetic field outside a sphere circumscribing the antennas. The result is an extension of the seminal work of Chu on the classical limitations on maximum antenna gain and radiation Q . Rather than maximizing antenna gain in a single direction we obtain physical limitations on the antenna gain pattern, which is directly translated to more condensed parameters, i.e., the instantaneous effective gain Gi and the mean effective gain Ge if instantaneous realizations or correlation statistics of the expansion coefficients of the electromagnetic field are known, respectively. The obtained limitations are on the maximum of Gi/Q and Ge/Q, which establish a trade-off between link gain and Q .


A prominent ozone minimum of less than 240 Dobson Units (DU) was observed over Irene (25.5° S, 28.1° E), a subtropical site in the Southern Hemisphere, by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) during May 2002 with an extremely low ozone value of less than 219 DU recorded on 12 May, as compared to the climatological mean value of 249 DU for May between 1999 and 2005. In this study, the vertical structure of this ozone minimum is examined using ozonesonde measurements performed over Irene on 15 May 2002, when the total ozone (as given by TOMS) was about 226 DU. It is shown that this ozone minimum is of Antarctic polar origin with a low-ozone layer in the middle stratosphere above 625 K (where the climatological ozone gradient points equatorward), and is of tropical origin with a low-ozone layer in the lower stratosphere between the 400-K and 450-K isentropic levels (where the climatological ozone gradient is reversed). The upper and lower depleted parts of the ozonesonde profile for 15 May are then respectively attributed to equatorward and poleward transport of low-ozone air toward the subtropics in the Southern Hemisphere. The tropical air moving over Irene and the polar one passing over the same area associated with enhanced planetary-wave activity are successfully simulated using the high-resolution advection contour model of Ertel's potential vorticity MIMOSA. The unusual distribution of ozone over Irene during May 2002 in the middle stratosphere is connected to the anomalously pre-conditioned structure of the polar vortex at that time of the year. The winter stratospheric wave driving leading to the ozone minimum is investigated by means of the Eliassen-Palm flux computed from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA40 re-analyses.


Mycobacterium celatum is nontuberculous mycobacterium which is rarely pathogenic in human. We describe the case of M. celatum infection in immunocompetent patient. Caucasian 64-years old female patient was referred to the outpatient service because of pulmonary hemorrhage, cough and fever up to 39 o C. She reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) 3 years ago. At presentation the physical examination was unremarkable.  Chest computed tomographic scan showed multifocal bronchiectases and upper lobes consolidations suggestive. Empiric antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin was undertaken. At the same time the consecutive sputum samples were immediately analyzed. Smears of six from eight sputum specimens were positive for acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Culture from each specimen produced slow-growing mycobacterium, identified as M. celatum by mycolic acid analysis with high performance liquid chromatography. The treatment with clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin was continued for 18 months with clinical improvement. Conclusion- we present the accuracy of microbiological diagnosis of M. celatum in patient with normal immune status, which allowed successful treatment. M. celatum infection was reported in HIV infected patients or with the history of pulmonary TB prior to mycobacterial infection. Also in our patient the TB in anamnesis may indicate "hidden immunodeficiency".


Report presents the results of tests of longitudinal stability characteristics of models of several flying boats conducted in the NACA Tank No. 1. These investigations were made for the purpose of (1) determining suitable methods for evaluating the stability characteristics of models of flying boats, and (2) determining the design parameters which have an important effect on the porpoising. This report is mainly concerned with the construction of suitable models, the apparatus, and methods used in the tests. The effect of changes in some design parameters is discussed.


Abstract:Depressive symptoms, somatic complaints, and circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined as correlates of social and physical peer victimization in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents (N = 91) using a multi-informant approach. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that social peer victimization was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, somatic complaints, and inflammation. However, being physically bullied only predicted lower levels of inflammatory markers. Additionally, the role of depressive symptoms in the victimization– inflammation relation was examined. Social victimization indirectly influenced levels of IL-6 (via depressive symptoms) and CRP (via depressive symptoms and IL-6, in series). These results provide initial evidence that peer victimization is associated with inflammatory markers in an adolescent sample and that symptoms of depression may be an important presage to inflammation and health problems, while highlighting the differential effects of social and physical forms of peer victimization.


Wikipedia relies on a community of editors who construct articles related to various topics such as new disease outbreaks. New disease outbreaks are often characterized by emergent and changing information which, in turn, require Wikipedia editors to spend time and effort to retrieve and understand information that is sometimes ambiguous, complex, and contradictory. This makes a good case study for identifying different types of uncertainty, as well as delineating strategies for managing uncertainty. Despite recent research that explores how the general population expresses uncertainty during crisis events on social media platforms, limited work has focused explicitly on how Wikipedia editors express uncertainty while editing articles when knowledge or background information is either incomplete or unknown. Thus, the goals of this study are to identify types of uncertainty expressed by Wikipedia editors during new disease outbreaks, and examine different strategies deployed by Wikipedia editors to manage uncertainty. Our findings may be used to build a theoretically and empirically-driven framework to better understand and manage uncertainty on Wikipedia.


Heart failure (HF) is usually defined by the dominantly affected heart chamber; therefore, termed right or left HF (RHF or LHF). Pulmonologists understand RHF as a complex syndrome characterized by insufficient delivery of blood from the right ventricle associated with elevated systemic venous pressure at rest or exercise. Cardiologists specify LHF by its clinical functional class and the relation to a reduced (HFrEF), preserved (HFpEF) or mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Pediatric cardiologist, dealing also with patients with a failing single ventricle, define HF as a condition of insufficient systemic oxygen delivery (DO2). Certainly, pediatricians do not think of the right and left heart, or even a single ventricle as an isolated, independently acting entity. Because of the importance of cardiac interactions, the creation of a restrictive atrial communication aims at a palliative approach with the goal to diminish the congestive consequences of a dysfunctional ventricle; further to serve as a pop-off valve in order to prevent syncope and cardiovascular collapse. This review covers the background, the particular indications, the techniques and preliminary results achieved following the creation of a restrictive atrial septum defect (rASD) in different pathophysiological settings. Based on the institutional experience, percutaneous trans-catheter perforation of the atrial septum, followed by gradual balloon dilatation can be performed at any age and location worldwide. Medical institutions in low resource countries can make use of such palliating procedures in the setting of right as well as LHF independent of their pharmacological facilities.


We further develop a recently introduced variational principle of stationary action for problems in nonconservative classical mechanics and extend it to classical field theories. The variational calculus used is consistent with an initial value formulation of physical problems and allows for time-irreversible processes, such as dissipation, to be included at the level of the action. In this formalism, the equations of motion are generated by extremizing a nonconservative action $\mathcal{S}$, which is a functional of a doubled set of degrees of freedom. The corresponding nonconservative Lagrangian contains a potential $K$ which generates nonconservative forces and interactions. Such a nonconservative potential can arise in several ways, including from an open system interacting with inaccessible degrees of freedom or from integrating out or coarse-graining a subset of variables in closed systems. We generalize Noether's theorem to show how Noether currents are modified and no longer conserved when $K$ is non-vanishing. Consequently, the nonconservative aspects of a physical system are derived solely from $K$. We show how to use the formalism with examples of nonconservative actions for discrete systems including forced damped harmonic oscillators, radiation reaction on an accelerated charge, and RLC circuits. We present examples for nonconservative classical field theories. Our approach naturally allows for irreversible thermodynamic processes to be included in an unconstrained variational principle. We present the nonconservative action for a Navier-Stokes fluid including the effects of viscous dissipation and heat diffusion, as well as an action that generates the Maxwell model for viscoelastic materials, which can be easily generalized to more realistic rheological models. We show that the nonconservative action can be derived as the classical limit of a more complete quantum theory.


This project investigates the application of model reference adaptive system (MRAS) for the speed sensorless control of an induction motor. The rotor speed can be accurately estimated by employing the closed-loop observer named reactive MRAS. Therefore, this observer eliminates the need of a speed sensor for the control of the motor speed. The method is robust to stator and rotor resistance variations due to change of temperature. The dynamic system equations of the induction machines are formulated, and the motor control system performance is studied. Both scalar voltage-to-frequency (V/f) control and vector field oriented control (FOC) schemes, implemented using digital signal processor (DSP), are investigated. The design of the speed sensorless DSP-based controller is completed. Software packages have been developed to implement the design. An experimental system using the proposed controller has been built. Various tests have been conducted to verify the technical feasibility of the control technique. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed speed sensorless V/f control scheme using MRAS speed estimator. The designed V/f profile has been tested. Even with step change of the load or that of the command speed, the system can achieve the correct steady state after a short transient operation. The experimental results also confirm the feasibility of the proposed speed sensorless FOC control scheme using MRAS speed estimator. The current regulators meet the design requirements. Both the flux-producing current component and the torque-producing current component can be controlled separately. In the implementation, digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320 FL2407 and voltage source inverter (VSI) Skiip 342GD120-316CTV are employed. The modular strategy is adopted to develop the software package.


Reinhart and Reuland (1993) propose the following typology of anaphoric expressions: SELF anaphors (+SELF, R), SE anaphors (SELF, R), and pronouns (SELF, +R). We argue that the Greek anaphor o eaftos tu the self his exemplifies a fourth type, predicted by Reinhart and Reuland's typology but not instantiated in their system: an inalienable possession anaphor (+SELF, +R). Within Reinhart and Reuland's framework such anaphors are allowed provided that (a) they do not enter into chain formation and (b) they satisfy the (reflexivity) binding conditions through abstract incorporation of the nominal head into the predicate they reflexivize. The proposed analysis makes valid predictions concerning the distribution of Greek anaphors as opposed to English/Dutch anaphors.


In this paper we consider a two-way relaying system with two sources A, B and one relay R, where the two sources desire to exchange information through the relay. The transmission consists of two states: multiple access (MAC) stage, where A and B transmit the channel-coded signals to R simultaneously, and broadcast (BC) stage, where R transmits towards both A and B. One critical process at R is to decode the superimposed signal from A and B in such a way that A and B could decode the information from each other reliably at the BC stage. Instead of decoding the individual information belonging to A and B separately, R aims to decode the superimposed signal to the network-coded combination of the two source information, i.e., the binary XOR of the two source information. We refer this decoding process as the joint channel decoding and physical network encoding (JCNC). In this paper, a novel iterative decoding algorithm is presented for the physical network coding scheme, which is applicable to any linear channel code, e.g. Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code. Furthermore, the two-way relaying scheme is extended to distributed multiple input multiple output (MIMO) multi-hop networks. Based on an antenna selection criterion within each virtual antenna array (VAA), the end-to-end (e2e) BER of the multi-hop system can be further reduced. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms other recently proposed network coding schemes with slightly increased complexity.


Multidrug resistance is a state of insensitivity or resistance (natural or acquired) of a microorganism to the administered antimicrobial drug, making these drugs ineffective. At present, Antimicrobial Resistance has become a global crisis endangering the efficacy of antibiotics which had once transformed the medical history, saving millions of lives. In accordance to WHO report, the treatment regime for diseases like Tuberculosis, HIV, Influenza, Pneumonia etc. have become ineffective due to the emergence of resistant mutant strains. This review focuses on the mechanism, growing risk, causes of MDR and possible alternatives which could be the major need in the present scenario.


In this study we show the interaction of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) with a small GTP-binding protein, Rab6. NSF is an ATPase involved in the vesicular transport within eukaryotic cells. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have isolated new NSF-binding proteins from the rat lung cDNA library. One of them was Rab6, which is involved in the vesicular transport within the Golgi and trans-Golgi network as a Ras-like GTPase. We demonstrated that the N-terminal domain of NSF interacted with the C-terminal domain of Rab6, and these proteins were co-immunoprecipitated from the rat brain extract. This interaction was maintained preferentially in the presence of hydrolysable ATP. Recombinant NSF-His(6) can also bind to C-terminal Rab6-glutathione S-transferase under the conditions to allow the ATP hydrolysis. Surprisingly, Rab6 stimulates the ATPase activity of NSF by approx. 2-fold as does alpha-soluble NSF attachment protein receptor. Anti-Rab6 polyclonal antibodies significantly inhibited the Rab6-stimulated ATPase activity of NSF. Furthermore, we found that Rab3 and Rab4 can also associate with NSF and stimulate its ATPase activity. Taken together, we propose a model in which Rab can form an ATP hydrolysis-regulated complex with NSF, and function as a signalling molecule to deliver the signal of vesicle fusion through the interaction with NSF.


Long before lucrative tribal casinos sparked controversy, Native Americans amassed other wealth that provoked intense debate about the desirability, morality, and compatibility of Indian and non-Indian economic practices. Alexandra Harmon examines seven such instances of Indian affluence and the dilemmas they presented both for Native Americans and for Euro-Americans--dilemmas rooted in the colonial origins of the modern American economy. Harmon's study not only compels us to look beyond stereotypes of greedy whites and poor Indians, but also convincingly demonstrates that Indians deserve a prominent place in American economic history and in the history of American ideas.


The respiratory flow is a good indicator of sleep-related breathing disorders. Common praxis is to use a pneumotachograph as the golden standard for flow measurement. However, it does not have to be necessarily the best possible test device for long-term condition, because the device is very uncomfortable and rarely suitable for measurement during sleep. A computer-based method to determine the respiratory flow, called ThorAKUSTIK, yielded a highly positive correlation between the calculated flow out of the tracheal breath sound and a measured flow signal. In order to avoid noise interference due to a breath-mask or a pneumotachograph, in this study we applied the ThorAKUSTIK-method to lung sound which was measured at the back of 18 subjects and investigated the correlation between the calculated flow and the measured flow by a pneumotachograph. The new method showed a highly positive correlation (r = 0.89 and 0.90). Additionally we examined the use of an accelerometer signal to distinguish between inspiration and expiration. In this case we got high correlation coefficients of r = 0.87 and 0.88 between the calculated and measured airflow as well.


A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 5-FU injection and human serum. A Nova-park C18 column (3.9 × 150 mm, 4.6 μm) and mobile phase consisting of 5 mmol/L KH2PO4 (pH 6.0) - methanol (96:4, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min were used for separation. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The human serum was treated with AgNO3 (20%) and NaCl (20%). The method showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0.1 - 100 μg/mL (R^2 = 0.9999) with limits of quantification (LOQ) at 0.10 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL (S/N = 10) in 5-FU injection and human serum, respectively. The average recoveries of different concentrations in 5-FU injection and human serum were 95.79 - 105.1% and 90.2 - 108.8%, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of precision was 0.4%, and those of stability and repeatability were less than 1.3% and 2.1% (n = 5) in both samples, respectively. Impurities in the human serum did not interfere with the determination of 5-FU. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and can accurately determine 5-FU in 5-FU injection and human serum.


Abstract Monte Carlo point detector and surface crossing flux tallies are two widely used tallies, but they suffer from an unbounded variance. As a result, the central limit theorem cannot be used for these tallies to estimate confidence intervals. By construction, kernel density estimator (KDE) tallies can be directly used to estimate flux at a point, but the variance of this point estimate does not converge as 1/N, which is not unexpected for a point quantity. However, an improved approach is to modify both point detector and surface crossing flux tallies directly by using KDE within a variance reduction approach and taking advantage of the fact that KDE estimates the underlying probability density function. This methodology is illustrated by several numerical examples and shows numerically that both the surface crossing tally and the point detector tally converge as 1/N (in variance), and both are asymptotically unbiased.


Abstract The Carpathian Mountains across Slovakia and Romania are home of several ice caves located at elevations between 700 and 1,200 m above sea level (asl). Although the mean surface annual temperature is above the freezing point, perennial ice deposits are common in caves and shafts with certain morphologies (large entrances followed by steep vertical or downward-sloping passages), into which the dense cold winter air sinks and remains trapped all year round. A particular type of cave pearls (cryogenic cave pearls, CCPs) occur in spatially restricted accumulations or extensive pearl fields (layers locally up to 0.5 m in thickness) within the scree covering the cave floor in the periglacial zone of these caves. The temperature in the periglacial zone oscillates around the freezing point, promoting seasonal ice formation. A similar type of pearl is observed in the entrance section of other caves that experience temporary freezing conditions during the cold season. When compared to pearls of non-iced caves, those from ice caves always occur at sites where liquid water cannot accumulate. CCP formation in nests with drips or in cave pools surrounded by rimstone dams is therefore excluded. Freezing–thawing processes are responsible for moving the pearls, preventing their cementation to the floor or between them. Results of U-series and radiocarbon dating indicate that the pearls are Holocene in age, with their growth continuing into the present. Pearls show high porosity, ranging from 7.6 to 22.6%. In the center they frequently contain radial aggregates of larger carbonate crystals, and their concentric layering is less obvious compared to normal cave pearls. In addition, polygonal pearls and pearl aggregates are common. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope study indicates the formation of an initial crystal aggregate by cryogenic precipitation during freezing of drip water. After that, pearls grow by addition of new carbonate layers, either at water freezing conditions or at temperature above 0°C. Overall, the pearl isotope data plot along a mixing line in the δ13C vs. δ18O diagram, connecting the field of normal speleothems of non-iced caves of the area, with the field of fine-grained cryogenic carbonate powder, formed in the glaciated parts of the ice caves. Seasonal water freezing and frost action in the cave periglacial zone is a necessary condition for the formation of these pearls.


Abstract. The influence of a CO 2 doubling on the stratospheric potential vorticity (PV) is examined in two climate models. Subsequently, the influence of changes in the stratosphere on the tropospheric zonal wind response is investigated, by inverting the stratospheric PV. Radiative effects seem to dominate the stratospheric response to CO 2 doubling in the Southern Hemisphere. These lead to a stratospheric PV increase at the edge of the polar vortex, resulting in an increased westerly influence of the stratosphere on the troposphere, increasing the midlatitude tropospheric westerlies in late winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, dynamical effects are also important. Both models show a reduced polar PV and an enhanced midlatitude PV in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere. These PV changes are likely related to an enhanced wave forcing of the winter stratosphere, as measured by an increase in the 100 hPa eddy heat flux, and result in a reduced westerly influence of the stratosphere on the high latitude tropospheric winds. In one model, the high latitude PV decreases are, however, restricted to higher altitudes, and the tropospheric response due to the stratospheric changes is dominated by an increased westerly influence in the midlatitudes, related to the increase in midlatitude PV in the lower stratosphere. The tropospheric response in zonal wind due to the stratospheric PV changes is of the order of 0.5 to 1 m s −1 . The total tropospheric response has a somewhat different spatial structure, but is of similar magnitude. This indicates that the stratospheric influence is of importance in modifying the tropospheric zonal wind response to CO 2 doubling.


Shaping Plant Evolution Amborella trichopoda is understood to be the most basal extant flowering plant and its genome is anticipated to provide insights into the evolution of plant life on Earth (see the Perspective by Adams). To validate and assemble the sequence, Chamala et al. (p. 1516) combined fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic mapping, and next-generation sequencing. The Amborella Genome Project (p. 10.1126/science.1241089) was able to infer that a whole-genome duplication event preceded the evolution of this ancestral angiosperm, and Rice et al. (p. 1468) found that numerous genes in the mitochondrion were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from other plants, including almost four entire mitochondrial genomes from mosses and algae. Fluorescence in situ hybridization allows for next-generation sequencing of a large, difficult genome. [Also see Perspective by Adams; Research Articles by Amborella Genome Project and Rice et al.] Genome sequencing with next-generation sequence (NGS) technologies can now be applied to organisms pivotal to addressing fundamental biological questions, but with genomes previously considered intractable or too expensive to undertake. However, for species with large and complex genomes, extensive genetic and physical map resources have, until now, been required to direct the sequencing effort and sequence assembly. As these resources are unavailable for most species, assembling high-quality genome sequences from NGS data remains challenging. We describe a strategy that uses NGS, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and whole-genome mapping to assemble a high-quality genome sequence for Amborella trichopoda, a nonmodel species crucial to understanding flowering plant evolution. These methods are applicable to many other organisms with limited genomic resources.


In this paper, we describe an innovative approach to teaching parallel computing concepts in a lab setting using a master and slave cluster of Pentium PCs strapped together using Scyld Corporation's Beowulf software, applying a straightforward, custom written prime number test analytical program. This classroom based parallel processing application serves to illustrate three useful topics for the advanced decision sciences student: l) the Linux operating system and programming concepts, 2) Beowulf cluster computing, and 3) the importance of Linux based parallel processing using low level PCs to solve complex computing applications. It is likely that the results described here can be replicated at low cost in most academic computing environments, yielding enhanced student understanding and ownership of previously less accessible information systems programming concepts. Further, learning the described cluster computing technology tool may build improved problem solving skills for students faced with large, non-trivial computational requirements. Finally, we believe that the demonstrated approach is inherently scalable, thus, deploying this method in larger and larger clusters would be additionally instructive.


Congestion games are a widely studied class of non-cooperative games. In fact, besides being able to model many practical settings, they constitute a framework with nice theoretical properties: Congestion games always converge to pure Nash Equilibria by means of improvement moves performed by the players, and many classes of congestion games guarantee a low price of anarchy, that is the ratio between the worst Nash Equilibrium and the social optimum. Unfortunately, the time of convergence to Nash Equilibria, even under best response moves of the players, can be very high, i.e., exponential in the number of players, and in many setting also computing a Nash equilibrium can require a high computational complexity


The Denver Basin is a Laramide foreland basin that filled with synorogenic sediment shed from the rising Rocky Mountains from the end of the Cretaceous through the Eocene. This sedimentary sequence contains a rich and diverse biota that is difficult to correlate because of the low relief and poor exposures characteristic of this region. This study has correlated the stratigraphic sequence and fossil localities using a combination of three techniques. Magnetostratigraphy has proven to be an effective way to date these rocks as they contain a measurable and interpretable reversal sequence that can be correlated to the latest Cretaceous through Tertiary geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). The palynostratigraphy of the region is well known and the rocks contain multiple levels that yield palynomorphs. Volcanic ashes found in both the Cretaceous and Tertiary units can be dated using the 40Ar/39 Ar isotopic dating method. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages, but in combination, these three chrono- and biostratigraphic methods have the potential to date with a high level of precision virtually every fossil locality sampled in the Denver Basin. To effectively date the exposures from across the entire basin, a reference or benchmark section had to be established against which the biostratigraphic zonation could be directly correlated to the chronology. Due to the paucity of long surface outcrops, drilled wells were the only way to obtain a continuous rock sequence from which a reference section could be constructed. Two cores, one drilled at Castle Pines on the western margin of the basin, and another at Kiowa in the central part of the basin, provided a continuous rock sequence from the top of the Maastrichtian Pierre Shale to the Eocene rocks of the D2 synorogenic sequence.

The magnetostratigraphic study of these cores established a reversal sequence that could be correlated to the GPTS ranging from polarity chron 31 through to chron 24. The palynostratigraphy yielded a zonation ranging from the Aquilapollenites striatus Interval Zone through to the early Eocene, and accurately placed the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary in each core. Isotopic ages were obtained from the Maastrichtian, early Paleocene, and early Eocene parts of the section, and allow us to independently confirm the calibration of the units to the time scale. With this chronostratigraphic framework in place, the individual fossil-bearing localities and surface sections from across the entire basin can be correlated and dated to a precision that is comparable to the calibrating isotopic ages.

The measured sedimentation rates vary across this asymmetric basin, with higher rates in the western, proximal part of the basin, and a pronounced increase in sedimentation rate across the K-T boundary. Two separate packages of strata, separated by a regional unconformity between the D1 and D2 synorogenic sequences, were dated. The Maastrichtian through Paleocene sequence that encompasses the Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Sandstone, Laramie Formation, and D1 strata dates from about 69 to 64 Ma. The overlying D2 synorogenic strata are poorly constrained and date from about 54 Ma. The reversal pattern of the D2 sequence varies across the basin, which indicates that sedimentary hiatuses, probably caused by tectonically quiet intervals along the mountain front, were followed by differential subsidence across the basin as sedimentation resumed at different times across the 100 km (60 mi) breadth of the basin.


In an age when human depredation has severely damaged the earth and the delicate balance of life thereon, the task of poets writing about nature has become vastly more complex, fraught with the sometimes conflicting demands of aesthetics and of political and ethical responsibilities unimagined by their Romantic predecessors. In Greening the Lyre, David W. Gilcrest offers a richly insightful analysis of contemporary environmental poetry informed by a keen knowledge of psychology, linguistics, epistemology, rhetoric, and recent literary theory. If one of the roles of poetry is to make life better and understanding more profound, how is the poet to discuss the natural world in the face of environmental devastation and extraordinary rates of extinction? How can art alter the path of a culture bent on destruction? Using careful analyses of works by A. R. Ammons, Wallace Stevens, Adrienne Rich, Charles Wright, Robert Frost, and others as the foundation of his discussion, Gilcrest examines both the power of poetry to help humanity re-envision its relationship to the nonhuman world and its limitations in achieving this awesome role. Greening the Lyre is literary criticism at its most relevant, exploring the borderland between art and politics, between aesthetics and survival. Ultimately, Gilcrest suggests, a "skeptical environmental poetics" must develop an awareness of an evolving world that lies beyond the grasp of language, an understanding that language alone cannot fully define what is most precious in the world of wilderness, the ineluctable mystery of all living things.


The best tools we have for understanding the origin of solar magnetic variability are kinematic dynamo models. During the last decade, this type of models has seen a continuous evolution and has become increasingly successful at reproducing solar cycle characteristics. The basic ingredients of these models are: the solar differential rotation – which acts as the main source of energy for the system by shearing the magnetic field; the meridional circulation – which plays a crucial role in magnetic field transport; the turbulent diffusivity – which attempts to capture the effect of convective turbulence on the large scale magnetic field; and the poloidal field source – which closes the cycle by regenerating the poloidal magnetic field. However, most of these ingredients remain poorly constrained which allows one to obtain solar-like solutions by "tuning" the input parameters, leading to controversy regarding which parameter set is more appropriate. In this thesis we revisit each of those ingredients in an attempt to constrain them better by using observational data and theoretical considerations, reducing the amount of free parameters in the model. For the meridional flow and differential rotation we use helioseismic data to constrain free parameters and find that the differential rotation is well determined, but the available data can only constrain the latitudinal dependence of the meridional flow. For the turbulent magnetic diffusivity we show that combining mixing-length theory estimates with magnetic quenching allows us to obtain viable magnetic cycles and that the commonly used diffusivity profiles can be understood as a spatiotemporal average of this process. For the poloidal source we introduce a more realistic way of modeling active region emergence and decay and find that this resolves existing discrepancies between kinematic dynamo models and surface flux transport simulations. We also study the physical mechanisms behind the unusually long minimum of cycle 23 and find it to be tied to changes in the meridional flow. Finally, by carefully constraining the system through surface magnetic field observations, we find that what is believed to be the primary source of poloidal field (also known as Babckock-Leigthon mechanism) may not be enough to sustain the solar magnetic cycle.


The large mining height fully mechanized top-coal caving mining technique has developed rapidly and become the most extensively used mining method for ultra-thick coal seams. The arching of coal/gangue and the drawing out of gangue are peculiar phenomena in the process of fully mechanized top-coal caving mining, which not only affects the recovery of top-coal, but also affects the quality of the coal. This paper studies the arching phenomenon in top-coal caving mining process of ultra-thick coal seam. A series of laboratory granular material simulation experiments were performing and a top-coal arching model in the framework of mechanics was established to explore the formation characteristic of arches and their effects to top-coal loss. Then the countermeasures against the arches and technology path of intelligent mining based on improving top-coal recovery were put forward and performed in practice. The results show that the recovery ratio of top-coal has increased nearly 6%, and increased the production efficiency at the same time. The research on arching mechanism and removing strategies of dynamic random arches effectively improves the efficiency of fully mechanized top-coal caving mining in ultra-thick coal seams, and provides the foundation for the realization of intelligent top-coal caving mining technology.


Vegetation in general and mangrove, in particular, plays a significant role in the protection of the coastal and estuarine regions from erosion. In particular, estuarine mangrove forests can effciently reduce the impact of a strong along-bank flow during high tides and high river discharge, creating shelter regions for the development of the ecological system. As estuarine mangrove is usually inundated during high tides and exposed to strong tidal flows, the hydrodynamic of estuarine mangrove forest is similar to that of a vegetated compound channel. In order to gain more insight into this field of the research, a hydraulic laboratory experiment of a shallow flow field in a vegetated compound channel has been conducted. Experimental results confirm a pronounced existence of large horizontal coherent structures (LHCSs). Although the presence of the large horizontal coherent structures in the vegetated channel has been well recognized, it is still unclear how they affect the flow field, mass and momentum exchange in the vegetated compound channel. Detailed analyses of the experimental data reveal more about the role of the large horizontal coherent structures. The flow field under the effect of the large coherent structures shows a spatially and temporally cycloid motion, contributing a large part to the momentum and mass transfer. The quadrant analysis of the Reynolds shear stresses has been applied to examine the connection between the motion of the large horizontal coherent structures and their associated cycloid flow events.


The history of the rule of law in the EU Treaty framework has been one of gradual but extensive process of entrenchment and formal enshrinement. While it may be argued that the founding Treaties did protect the rule of law to the extent that they provided for a supranational and independent court with a wide jurisdiction to guarantee that the "law is observed", it was not until a 1986 judgment of the Court of Justice that the rule of law was explicitly and prominently referred to in a ruling in which the then European Community (EC) was described as "a Community based on the rule of law". This first judicial reference was followed, starting in 1992, by multiple and important references in the EU's founding Treaties

When comparing the evolution of the Treaty framework to the evolution of the EU's rule of law toolbox, it is difficult not to be struck by the contrast between the gradual evolution of the Treaty framework with the rapid development of the EU's rule of law toolbox. This swift development and densification of the EU's rule of law toolbox may be understood both in a positive and negative way: It may be positively understood as the sign of a broad consensus regarding the critical importance of the rule of law and an increasing awareness of the existential nature of the threat that rule of law backsliding poses to the EU. Conversely, this evolution may be understood as a failure to fully confront those who have deliberately undermined the rule of law in their countries by instead focusing in a quasi-permanent new instrument creation cycle at the EU level.


In this account of metrical stress theory, Bruce Hayes builds on the notion that stress constitutes linguistic rhythm - that stress patterns are rhythmically organized, and that formal structures proposed for rhythm can provide a suitable account of stress. Through an extensive typological survey of word stress rules that uncovers widespread asymmetries, he identifies a fundamental distinction between iambic and trochaic rhythm, called the "Iambic/Trochaic law," and argues that it has pervasive effects among the rules and structures responsible for stress. Hayes incorporates the iambic/trochaic opposition into a general theory of word stress assignment, intended to account for all languages in which stress is assigned on phonological, as opposed to morphological, principles. His theory addresses particularly problematic areas in metrical work, such as ternary stress and unusual weight distinctions, and he proposes new theoretical accounts of them. Attempting to take more seriously the claim of generative grammar to be an account of linguistic universals, Hayes proposes analyses for the stress patterns of over 150 languages. Hayes compares his own innovative views with alternatives from the literature, allowing students to gain an overview of the field. "Metrical Stress Theory" should interest all who seek to understand the role of stress in language.


As planning technology improves, artificial intelligence planners are being embedded in increasingly complicated environments: ones that are particularly challenging even for human experts. Consequently, failure is becoming both increasingly likely for these systems (due to the difficult and dynamic nature of the new environments) and increasingly important to address (due to the systems' potential use on real world applications). The paper describes the development of a failure recovery component for a planner in a complex simulated environment and a procedure (called failure recovery analysis) for assisting programmers in debugging that planner. The failure recovery design is iteratively enhanced and evaluated in a series of experiments. Failure recovery analysis is described and demonstrated on an example from the Phoenix planner. The primary advantage of these approaches over existing approaches is that they are based on only a weak model of the planner and its environment, which makes them most suitable when the planner is being developed. By integrating them, failure recovery and failure recovery analysis improve the reliability of the planner by repairing failures during execution and identifying failures due to bugs in the planner and failure recovery itself. >


Trees are common data structures that are used in many programs and applications. In its simplest form, a binary tree can be used to store numbers in sorted
manners. Kd-trees, render trees and abstract syntax trees are more sophisticated
examples of tree structures. Furthermore, in functional programming algebraic data
types are essentially tree structures as well.

 In several tree-based applications, a tree is constructed, and several traversals
traverse the tree to perform different computations. Tree fusion is a transformation
that targets combining and fusing different traversals that traverse the same tree and
perform them together (ideally in one traversal). Traversal fusion has several performance benefits such as reducing the traversing overhead and the memory accesses,
enhancing locality, and eliminating intermediate structures.

 Previous work has been done on fusion and was mostly successful either in specific domains or limited scopes. This work introduces novel techniques for performing
fusion in both imperative and functional programming settings with a focus on generality. The new techniques target general traversals; minimizing the burden on programmers and increasing the coverage of the transformation. Furthermore, it exploits
fusion opportunities that previous approaches do not, achieving significant speedups
for a wider range of programs.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate, in an exploratory study, a hip school led by physical therapists for patients with hip dysfunction including pain.

METHODS
Physicians in primary care and orthopedic units consecutively recruited patients by residential area to a treatment group (T group; n = 77) and a control group (C group; n = 68), mean age 61.8 years, 59 men, 86 women. Ninety-nine of the 145 subjects had radiologic hip osteoarthritis. Outcome measures were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP).

RESULTS
After hip school (6 months) the T group showed greater reduction on the subscales of pain and activity limitations (WOMAC) than the C group. The subscales sleep disturbances, pain, and physical mobility (NHP) showed improvement for the T group compared with at start. The results for the T group persisted after an additional 6 months.

CONCLUSION
A hip school may reduce pain and activity limitations and improve health-related quality of life for patients with hip dysfunction including pain.


This study investigated the academic and athletic experiences of African-American males in a Division I football bowl subdivision football program. Critical race theory, identity development model, and social learning model were the theoretical frameworks used as the critical lenses in a qualitative design to examine the participants. The participants' responses were analyzed and interpreted using thematic analysis. A qualitative research design, which included individual interviews with 10 second year African-American male football players, was used to address this research problem. The goal was to bring together both the psychological and sociological perspectives and to challenge participants to candidly describe their academic and athletic experiences and attitudes toward obtaining an undergraduate degree. Four themes were determined in the data analysis: differential treatment and determining oneself, time management, relationships, and career aspirations. In relation to the theoretical frameworks, the development of self-confidence and knowledge of balancing their academic and athletic schedules was critical for all participants. The sense of feeling different and challenged because of the differences in culture and experience was evident. From this study, university and collegiate athletics administrators may better understand the backgrounds, challenges, and learning needs of this population. As a result, higher education personnel may improve the services they provide these young men in hopes of educating and developing whole persons—physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, and spiritually—to become well-rounded and functional in contemporary society.