The 'Torfowiska Doliny Izery' (Izera Valley Peat bogs) Reserve was established in 2000 and covers 271.39 ha of peat bogs, forests and meadows in Izera River Valley in Izera Mts (Sudety Mts, Poland, SW). This area is one of the largest European complexes of mountain peat bogs with very special microclimate and with the lowest (800 – 840 m above sea level) population of mountain pine in the Sudety Mts. This investigation of Mesostigmata mites is the first in the Reserve. Samples were collected from soil on four different plots: spruce forest, mountain pine forest, peat bogs and a dry meadow. A total of 1519 mite specimens of the order Mesostigmata were collected and determined to 53 species. The following species were the most frequent and had the highest number of specimens: Veigaia nemorensis, Gamasellus montanus, Trachytes montana, Paragamasus vagabundus and Trachytes pauperior. The species composition of these four various plots was very different. Cheirosieus serratus, Leptogamasus cristulifer, Leptogamasus obesus, Mixozercon sellnicki, Paragamasus crassicornutus, Paragamasus rostriforceps, Pergamasus ruehmi, Platyseius italicus and Veigaia mollis are species rarely found in Poland.


Due to a multitude of reasons, the prevailing conceptions regarding the aesthetic values and the principles of aesthetic evaluation of different urban environments are significantly varying, and there may not be a wide-spread consensus even about the general meaning of aesthetic issues in urban environments. That is to say, when discussing the aesthetics and aesthetic values of urban environments, the aesthetic concepts may refer to a variety of phenomena, and, further, the relationship between the aesthetic dimension and other key aspects constituting the urban experience is rather ambiguous. Moreover, aesthetic issues comprise a considerable part of urban planning, and yet it is not evident, how and on what grounds the diverse questions involving aesthetics are or should be solved in practice. If aesthetic questions are to be resolved collectively and by the means of rational argumentation, it is reasonable to ask for the necessary preconditions of such "aesthetic cooperation" and its coordination.
The question regarding the preconditions may be addressed using the concept of trading zone. Such an approach highlights the importance of defining the relevant actors taking part in the cooperation (i.e. the "trade") and their motivation to work cooperatively. The basis for motivation lies in recognizing achievable benefits and pursuing them by the means of trade. There may, however, be a lack of motivation if there are more straightforward and effortless alternatives available, or if the possibilities for achieving the benefits appear negligible or nonexistent. For example, if the outcomes of the official participatory planning process are continuously considered inappropriate and unjust from the viewpoint of certain stakeholders, the process may eventually lose its status as a genuine trading zone. This, in turn, may result in purposeless objections and appeals aiming at merely paralyzing the entire process.
Present-day planning processes ignore experiential and thus qualitative arguments rather easily, which is a major source of experienced injustice. Hence, there is a demand for certain "thin interpretations" summarizing the most essential values and meanings of different stakeholders without requiring a thorough explication of related lifeworlds. Experiential and qualitative arguments are essential also with regard to aesthetics, and the notion of "urban aesthetics as a trading zone" refers to thin interpretations of aesthetic issues, implying that though there could be some kind of consensus about the general and large-scale meaning of urban aesthetics despite significant and wide-spread disagreements about particular aesthetic values.
Aesthetic issues are of particular weight in the context of urban infill development – mainly due to the fact that infill development plans usually aim at changing an environment in which many locally bound networks of experiential meanings and values already exist – and empirical studies suggest that the questions of aesthetics may even be decisive when it comes to approving and disapproving potential infill plans. "Urban aesthetics as a trading zone" clarifies 1) why the infill plans are so often contested, 2) which are the fundamental values that the stakeholders eventually defend or oppose, and 3) why the encountered resistance may convert into a complete denial of cooperation so easily.


A study of the effect of processing on the nutritional values of fresh fruit juices of orange, mango and pineapple was conducted and the results show that apart from the carbohydrate content in orange juice, other values were lowered to different extents as a result of processing. The processed orange juice showed a carbohydrate value of 2.960mg/ml as against the fresh orange juice showing 2.030mg/ml amounting to over 30% increase possibly from fortification using supplements. All other values dropped to varying amounts like total protein 28%, titrable acidity 27% and pH 13%. There was no significant difference in the carbohydrate content of the fresh and processed mango juice about 1.0% whereas the total protein lowered from 12.41mg/cm 3 to 6.041mg/cm 3 equal to 51%. The titrable acidity also showed a fall from 1.05g/1000ml to 0.66g/1000ml equal to 37% while the pH dropped from 4.92 to 3.44 equal to 30%. Also there was no significant change in the carbohydrate content of fresh and processed pineapple juice. The slight drop from 2.100mg/ml to 2.030mg/ml amounted to 3.3%. However, the total protein dropped from 10.48mg/cm 3 to 5.161mg/cm 3 equal to 41.2% while the titrable acidity dropped from 2.22g/1000ml to 2.01g/1000ml equivalent to over 9.45%.  The pH only dropped from 3.85 to 3.07 equal to 2.0%


The Philosophy and Science Behind InnerTalk ® (Also called the "Taylor Method") Introduction InnerTalk is both the name of our Whole Brain audio (subliminal) technology and a descriptor of how the technology works. InnerTalk is used in place of the word subliminal because of the technical differences in our technology and the confusion about so-called subliminal audio properties. This was written to introduce you to our technology and set the record straight regarding science and self help audio subliminal tapes.


Let G be a non-abelian
group and let l2(G) be a
finite dimensional Hilbert space of all complex valued functions for which the
elements of G form the (standard) orthonormal basis. In
our paper we prove results concerning G-decorrelated
decompositions of functions in l2(G). These G-decorrelated
decompositions are obtained using the G-convolution either by
the irreducible characters of the group G or by an orthogonal
projection onto the matrix entries of the irreducible representations of the
group G. Applications of these G-decorrelated
decompositions are given to crossover designs in clinical trials, in particular
the William's 6×3 design with 3 treatments. In our example, the
underlying group is the symmetric group S3.


Drug addiction is a condition in which an individual has lost the power of self-control with reference to a drug and abuses the drug to such an extent that the individual, society, or both are harmed. Dependence, either physical or psychic, is not an essential feature of drug addiction.

The most important factor which predisposes to drug addiction is a personality disorder. In addition to the personality disorder, contact with a drug which produces mental reactions that are regarded as pleasurable is necessary. Contact with the drug as a result of curiosity about the pleasurable effects is a much more potent factor in inducing addiction than is contact as a result of legitimate medical administration.

Animal methods have only a limited place in determining the addiction liability of new drugs. Dogs and monkeys are the best species to use for such experiments. The final determination of the addiction liability of any new analgesic drug is dependent upon experimentation or clinical observations with human beings.

There is no drug in the morphine series which is known to be an effective analgesic that does not also possess addiction liability. The addiction liabilities of compounds of the morphine series generally parallel the analgesic potencies of the drugs. However, it is possible that some separation of addiction liability and analgesic potency has been achieved in the compound 6-methyldihydromorphine. N-allylnormorphine does not produce physical dependence in man, but it is not known whether this drug is an effective analgesic.

There are also no known compounds in either the meperidine or methadone series which do not possess addiction liability. Addiction to meperidine is fairly common and physical dependence can be developed in individuals who have never been previously addicted to any other analgesic drug. Addiction to meperidine, because of the toxic effects of the drug, is more undesirable than addiction to morphine.

Recent neurophysiological investigations have shown that the spinal cord, and probably other parts of the central nervous system, are involved in physical dependence on morphine. Physical dependence is not entirely due to changes in the autonomic nervous system.

The theory that the manifestations of abstinence are due to the stimulant effects of morphine outlasting the depressant effects is probably not tenable. The most satisfactory theory of dependence at the present time is that certain homeostatic responses, which oppose some of the actions of morphine, are enhanced by repeated administration of the drug. When morphine is withdrawn, these enhanced physiological counter-responses are still operative and, therefore, signs of abstinence appear. The mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of the homeostatic responses are unknown.

During addiction to morphine and other analgesics, the electroencephalogram is characterized by general slowing. Following withdrawal the electroencephalogram returns to normal.

It has not been established that partial tolerance to certain actions of morphine persists for long periods of time following withdrawal of the drug. Furthermore, it has not been established that individuals who have been addicted to one analgesic drug will develop physical dependence on another analgesic drug any more rapidly than a comparable individual without addiction experience.

There is no real evidence that addiction to morphine produces permanent anatomical damage to the central nervous system. Morphine addiction does not produce any permanent impairment of intelligence.

Treatment of morphine addiction involves withdrawal of the drug followed by a long period of rehabilitative and psychiatric therapy. Withdrawal of morphine is very easy to accomplish provided adequate environmental control of the addict can be achieved. The best and only rational method of withdrawal consists of the administration of decreasing doses of either morphine or some equivalent drug. The results of treatment of addiction, although not completely satisfactory, are much better than is commonly thought.

Barbiturates are addicting drugs no matter how the word addicting is defined. In fact, addiction to barbiturates is far more dangerous and harmful than is addiction to morphine or other analgesic drugs. Barbiturate addiction is apparently increasing in the United States.

The clinical picture of chronic barbiturate intoxication resembles that of chronic intoxication with alcohol and is characterized by impairment of mental ability, impairment of emotional control, psychic regression and dangerous neurological symptoms.

Withdrawal of barbiturates from individuals chronically intoxicated with those drugs is followed by a very definite and severe type of abstinence syndrome which is characterized chiefly by the appearance of convulsions and delirium.

Physical recovery from chronic barbiturate intoxication in man is, so far as can be judged by clinical and psychological examination, complete unless the addict incurs an accidental injury during chronic intoxication or during a convulsion in withdrawal.

The barbiturate abstinence syndrome has been produced experimentally in dogs.

Chronic barbiturate poisoning in animals is accompanied by definite pathological changes in the central nervous system.

The mechanism of symptoms of abstinence from barbiturates is unknown.

Treatment of chronic barbiturate intoxication consists in a very careful gradual withdrawal of the drug followed by a long period of rehabilitative and psychiatric therapy.


Abstract In this paper, we employ a portfolio approach based on a two-country world to study the impact of financial openness on the size of government and on other key economic variables, including the consumption-wealth ratio, the growth rate of wealth, and welfare (assuming that public spending is utility enhancing). The model suggests that the size of government, the consumption-wealth ratio, and welfare should be greater in an open economy because of higher productivity and/or less volatility because of risk sharing. The theoretical results for the growth rate depend on differences in productivity and in consumption-wealth ratios. The empirical evidence — based on a sample of 49 countries from 1970 to 2009—broadly supports the main theoretical results of the model.


Introduction: Dosing patterns of nilotinib (NIL) in chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CP-CML) patients (Pts) have not been well documented outside of clinical trials. SIMPLICITY (NCT01244750) is an ongoing observational study exploring tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) use in routine clinical practice among CP-CML pts receiving TKIs in the US and Europe since 2010. This analysis reports NIL dosing patterns and explores predictors of dose reductions. A subset analysis focusing on the first-line (1L) approved dose of 300 mg twice daily (BID) will also be presented. Methods: Only SIMPLICITY pts receiving 1L NIL BID (n=349/408) were included. Baseline demographics and dosing patterns (starting dose, dose changes, time to dose reduction, and duration of therapy [DoT]) were analyzed descriptively. Statistical comparisons were made using t-tests, the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and chi-square for categorical variables. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with dose reductions. Results: Of the 349 pts treated with 1L NIL, 281 (80.5%) started at the standard dose of 300 mg (BID) or the 400 mg (BID) dose for imatinib-resistance/intolerance, and 37 (10.6%) and 31 pts (8.9%) started on 150‒200 mg BID and 450‒800 mg BID. European pts were more likely to start on a dose >400 mg BID than US pts (P<.0001). Pts at academic centers were more likely to start on >400 mg BID than those treated at community practices (P<.0029). Among the pts starting NIL at 300 or 400 mg (BID) in 1L, 70.9% remained on these doses; 26.6% received a dose reduction (median time to dose reduction: 80.5 days); and 2.5% received a dose increase. Median DoT with NIL was 30.4 vs 43.9 months for pts with vs without a dose reduction (P=NS). The main reason for dose reduction was intolerance (n=51; 68.9%); in 51% of pts, a specific side effect was cited. Dose reductions were more likely in patients at academic centers (odds ratio=1.996; P=.021), but not in pts experiencing baseline fatigue (OR=1.799; P=0.072). Conclusions: Most pts treated with 1L NIL were started on 300 or 400 mg (BID); however, 1 in 4 pts required a dose reduction, most often due to intolerance. Physicians at academic centers were more likely to reduce the NIL dose than those in community practices. DoT with NIL for pts who received a dose reduction was shorter than that for those who did not. These findings will aid clinical decisions on dose optimization and maintaining response, whilst improving the patient quality of life.


We used Ricardian framework with heterogeneous land quality to analyse how policies used to support farm incomes, reduce negative agri-environmental externalities and enhance the provision of positive externalities influence land allocation decisions and land prices. Four agri-environmental policy instruments are considered: a uniform area payment, a quality-dependent area payment, a mandatory buffer strip policy and a voluntary buffer strip payment. We also analyse how general tax and monetary policies may affect agricultural land prices. The theoretical framework is illustrated by an application to Finnish agriculture.


This article studies immobility aspirations – or aspirations to stay – among individuals with high migration propensities (aged 16 to 23) in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Assuming that aspirations to stay are not simply the absence of migration aspirations, we explore which individual and household factors determine who aspires to stay and why, using unique survey data collected for the Young Lives project. We find that the majority of young people surveyed – between 61 percent (Ethiopia) and 82 percent (Vietnam) – aspire to stay in their home country. Between 32 percent (Ethiopia) and 57 percent (Vietnam) of young people aspired to stay at their current location, meaning they aspired to move neither internally nor internationally. Across country contexts, aspirations to stay were most often highest among the poorest. Further, the desire to stay decreases with higher levels of education, which suggests that widening access to formal schooling is an important driver of internal and international migration aspirations. Finally, respondents most often mentioned family-related reasons as the main motivation to stay in place. These findings contribute to a broader debate about the relationship between development and migration by challenging the linear relationship between poverty levels and migration aspirations that conventional migration theories implicitly or explicitly assume. Moreover, our findings on family reasons driving the aspiration to stay highlight the importance of non-economic factors in migration decision-making.


The present economic and financial crisis has underlined the importance to financial institutions and investors of having access to efficient methods of quantifying credit risk, or the probability of default. The logit models are among the techniques commonly used by large organizations and rating agencies for predicting insolvency. However, it should be borne in mind that some problems arise when using these models, such as the selection of the explanatory variables or the composition of the sample from which the model is obtained. These aspects have a decisive influence on the prediction models used to quantify companies' credit risk. The present study describes the problems that arise with logit on a sample of Spanish companies and shows that the estimated prediction models are indeed modified by changes in the sample on which they are based.


Collisions between ultrashort pulses with different wavelengths are studied numerically. The relative delay, wavelength difference, focusing geometry, and chirp are used to accurately control the distance at which pulses undergo conditional collapse and generate plasma and white light. A wide supercontinuum spectrum is achievable even with pulses that by themselves do not have sufficient power for filament formation.


This paper proposes integrated guidance and control design to intercept a non-maneuvering target at a pre-specified time of interception. The problem is addressed considering nonlinear engagement kinematics and the interceptor is steered using the combined effects of canard as well as tail configurations (dual control interceptors). Different formulations of time-to-go, without the restrictive assumption of interceptor's small heading angle, have been used in deriving the guidance commands, allowing the proposed strategies to remain effective over a wide range of impact time values. A weighted effort allocation scheme, in canard and tail deflections, has been proposed to generate the required lateral acceleration. The overall design uses sliding mode control owing to its simplicity of design. Finally, simulations are presented for various scenarios, including impaired actuator, vindicating the efficacy of the proposed technique.


Global Religious and Secular Dynamics offers a global historical perspective that integrates European theories of modern secularization and competing theories of global religious revival as interrelated dynamics. In the first section Casanova examines the emergence of the modern religious/secular binary system of classification within a critical review of Émile Durkheim's and Max Weber's divergent theories of religion. The modern system of classification is contrasted with the pre-axial one, in which all reality was organized according to the binary sacred/profane, and with the post-axial one, which was organized according to the binary transcendent/immanent.
The second and third sections contrast the internal European road of secularization without religious pluralization with the external colonial road of global intercultural and religious encounters, particularly in Asia, that led to the global system of religious pluralism. The final section examines the contemporary intertwinement of religious and secular dynamics through the globalization of the immanent frame and the expansion of global denominationalism.


This paper discusses the attempts by a group of health visitors in a
provincial English city to reform their working practices in order to work
more collaboratively and, hence, create a more expansive learning
environment. The health visitors self-consciously sought to create a
'community of practice', a term they felt captured their ambition to move
away from the historical conception of health visitors as professionals
working largely on their own but under the direction of others. The paper
shows that the outcomes of the health visitors' attempts to engineer
changes to their work organisation were shaped by the constraints and
opportunities offered by their relationships with a diverse and fragmented
network of fellow professionals, including other health visitors, doctors,
managers and personnel from other social care agencies. Our analysis
contextualises the uncertain development of discretion and trust in the
work organization of health visitors within the broader horizontal and
vertical relationships of the productive system in which they are
embedded. The paper argues that, whilst much was achieved and
considerable learning took place, the group's vision was ultimately
unsustainable due to the characteristics of the wider productive system.


Born in 1895 in a remote fishing village in Spain, Cristobal Balenciaga learned sewing and tailoring at his mother's knee. By 1937, the talented and persistent young man had opened his own design salon in Paris, and in the years following World War II he emerged as a designer to be reckoned with in the world of haute couture. The House of Balenciaga grew to serve an international clientele from locations in Paris, Madrid, and Barcelona, and from 1937 to its closing in 1968 created some of the most outstanding and innovative examples of French and Spanish haute couture of the era. This beautifully illustrated book presents nearly 70 Balenciaga creations for day and evening, along with 25 hats, from the extraordinary archives of the Texas Fashion Collection of the University of North Texas. The book also includes striking fashion photographs from Vogue magazine and Harper's Bazaar by Richard Avedon and Louise Dahl-Wolfe. A series of essays explores many aspects of the designer's work, among them his contributions to fashion history; connections with such other prominent designers as Hubert de Givenchy and Oscar de la Renta; important relationships with Neiman Marcus and fashion buyer Bert de Winter in Dallas; and his close friend and client Claudia Heard de Osborne.


The objective of this paper is to study the effect of agricultural policies on marketing decisions as well as the link between marketing and production decisions. We develop an analytical model to study how policies affect marketing decisions and conditions under which the two types of decisions are separable. We found that government policies impact marketing decisions. We also found that the necessary conditions to have separability of decisions are rather restrictive, even in the presence of a perfect hedging tool. We build a stochastic multiperiodic farm model to investigate the empirical relevance of our theoretical findings. The farm model is used to model a representative farm for the Midi-Pyrenees region in France (South-West). The results confirm the impact of price risk and direct payments on both production and marketing decisions with the proportion of grain marketed under different contracts that vary. We also observe that a large supply of marketing contracts allows to stabilize production choices. In particular, marketing contracts can contribute to help farmers to adopt green practices, which are riskier than conventional techniques intensive in chemical inputs.


This paper surveys American Indian tribal justice systems to assess whether collateral consequences attach to convictions and whether a pardon or expungement process exists to remove tribal convictions. Tribal criminal jurisdiction is often limited to lesser crimes and only those occurring on a reservation by members of the tribe; with exceptions, other cases are transferred to U.S. state or federal court. The framework of the tribal pardon power varies widely across jurisdictions: it may be exercised by a tribal executive, a tribal legislature or council, a specially appointed pardons board or committee, a vote of the tribal membership, or some combination of the above. Some jurisdictions instead have a traditional peacemaking, forgiveness, or reconciliation ritual process in lieu of a true pardon or expungement process. Many Indian tribes impose collateral consequences for convictions both in tribal court and in state or federal court. Most commonly, these consequences restrict tribal membership and rights, including the right to vote in tribal elections or hold tribal office, but they may extend to housing, gaming licenses, tribal employment, and other areas. Many tribal jurisdictions do not have a pardon or expungement process, despite having collateral consequences attach to convictions. Several tribal courts have considered whether their tribal constitutions create an implied pardon power where one is not specifically provided for in tribal law. As a normative matter, this paper takes the position that tribal jurisdictions should have a pardon or expungement process (or its equivalent in indigenous law) where collateral consequences attach to conviction.


Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of Modern Chinese Identity, 1895-1937, by Jing Tsu. PaIo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2005. xiv + 329 pp. US$55.00 (hardcover). This is an important book which should be of considerable interest to all scholars and students of modern Chinese history, literature, diaspora studies, contemporary politics and culture. Its central focus is on exploring the creation of a national identity of victimhood in China since 1895. Tsu has analyzed the manner in which China has claimed the position of victim in the international arena and has fashioned victimhood into a moral position. Being a victim, we learn, is not merely a response to injury or humiliation, but also a modality of cultural identity. From this underlying premise Tsu examines the ways that victimhood functions as a cultural experience, ranging from the benign to the dangerous-including nationalism and racism. Victimhood is an immensely flexible identity since it need not relate to actual humiliation or victimization. The narration of victimhood has been a consistent theme in both Chinese political thought and popular culture for over a century, yet until now no scholars have explored the impact and consequences of this persistent identity on China's evolution. While nationalism has been the focus of many studies, Tsu shows that a key ingredient in Chinese nationalism has been the mobilization and articulation of China's position as an international victim. Tsu's wide-ranging and meticulously researched volume includes discussion of phenomena such as the recent anti-Japanese riots, the bombing of China's embassy in Belgrade and overseas Chinese experiences of racism, as well as key historical events such as the Boxer Wars, the New Culture Movement and the anti-Japanese War. Evidence for its arguments is drawn from such diverse sources as science fiction, Utopian and dystopian fiction, political treatises, philosophical texts, internet debates and movies. Tsu provides new insights into the ideological significance of many familiar materials by exploring them in the context of earlier and later texts. For example, we learn that, while Zou Rong's Gemingjun calls for the murder and rape of Manchus in order to wash away the humiliation of the Han race, it emerged from a context in which moderates like Kang Youwei were writing extensively about racial hierarchies. Kang, for example, espoused the view that Chinese and whites should aim to purify the world of lesser races-such as Indians and Africans-by intermarriage. The volume helps explain many apparently contradictory trends within Chinese political history. For example, Chinese intellectuals often express the desire for democracy without equally endorsing the conditions required for freedom. If one premises nation-building upon a discourse of failure and victimhood, one then removes the burden of agency within any of the espoused ideals. …


The cancer registry plays a role both for the generation and testing of hypotheses of cancer risks in relation to occupation. Most industrial risks have been detected by an alert clinician; but increased risk of nasal cancer in relation to wood work was also observed in the Danish Cancer Registry. Although 55 out of 81 cancer registries in the world record occupation this information is not fully exploited. Emerging associations should be compared internationally and followed by independent testing in studies of the cohort as case-control type. Cancer registries may be useful in both, but to that end records must be stored for decades both in industry and in the registry and they must carry personal identification. Linkage of records for medical purposes should be legal and subject to supervision by a Data Protection Board.


Graphical data representation is an important tool for model selection in bankruptcy analysis since the problem is highly non-linear and its numerical representation is much less transparent. In classical rating models a convenient representation of ratings in a closed form is possible reducing the need for graphical tools. In contrast to that non-linear non-parametric models achieving better accuracy often rely on visualisation. We demonstrate an application of visualisation techniques at different stages of corporate default analysis based on Support Vector Machines (SVM). These stages are the selection of variables (predictors), probability of default (PD) estimation and the representation of PDs for two and higher dimensional models with colour coding. It is at this stage when the selection of a proper colour scheme becomes essential for a correct visualisation of PDs. The mapping of scores into PDs is done as a non-parametric regression with monotonisation. The SVM learns a non-parametric score function that is, in its turn, non-parametrically transformed into PDs. Since PDs cannot be represented in a closed form, some other ways of displaying them must be found. Graphical tools give this possibility.


Development in rural-urban fringe communities is increasing with the potential to damage healthy ecosystems and endanger the long-term persistence of resident flora and fauna. The environmental impacts of development include loss, degradation, and fragmentation of wildlife habitat, increased air and water pollution, increased soil erosion, and decreased aesthetic appeal of the landscape. Current land use policies rarely incorporate features of landscape-scale ecosystem health. This paper develops a model that combines ecological and economic constructs to determine the optimal allocation of development across a spatially-realistic landscape. The land allocation model establishes links between long-term metapopulation persistence and development through an ecosystem constraint. A social planner seeks to maximize the benefits of development while guaranteeing a certain likelihood of long-term metapopulation persistence across the landscape that accounts for the changes to habitat patches and species dispersal success brought about by development. It is shown that in an economically homogeneous environment, the allocation of land to developed uses is determined solely by ecological elements (landscape structure and species parameters). The amount of land remaining in each habitat patch is the same regardless of their initial sizes or initial levels of development. The cost to society of meeting the ecological objective for metapopulation persistence depends on the land rent, the level of the safe-minimum-standard, the area of the landscape management unit, the distance between habitat patches, the dispersal ability of the focal species, and the species-specific area scaling parameter. Cost is not affected by the initial conditions of the habitat patches or the amount of development that has already taken place in the landscape management unit. When heterogeneity is introduced, the allocation of land is also determined by the differential land rents. More development occurs in habitat patches and landscape management units with higher land rents compared with the homogeneous case. In the heterogeneous land use case, where different land uses have different intensities of damages, the development intensity parameters are factors in the solution with more development occurring in areas zoned for less intensive land uses and the cost to society of achieving the ecological objective is a function of initial habitat patch sizes.


The British war effort in the Second World War depended on US Lend‐Lease and the accumulation of sterling balances by other countries, including the Empire. By the end of the war outstanding balances were equivalent to 60 per cent of British net receipts under Lend‐Lease. Of the total sterling balances, about a third was accumulated by India. This article seeks to evaluate the costs incurred by India in the reduction of balances after the war. The accumulation of balances and their use to repatriate India's sterling debt is described. British efforts to convince India to accept a partial cancellation of the balances are analysed, singling out the crucial role of Keynes. The negotiations after independence are detailed, including releases, transfers to Pakistan, settlement of pensions, purchase of military stores, and gold sales. The possible contribution of British divestment to reduce outstanding balances is assessed. The Indian case is compared with those of other holders, such as Portugal, Brazil, Argentina, and Egypt. The links between the accumulation of sterling balances and inflation are considered. In the end there was a significant reduction in the purchasing power of sterling balances, but not for the reasons anticipated by London.


The flow field and sound propagation around a three-coach 1/8th scale high-speed passenger train were obtained using a detached-eddy simulation and the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy. The Reynolds number of flow based on the train height and speed was 2,000,000. The numerical results of the flow and aeroacoustic fields were validated using wind tunnel experiments and full-scale data, respectively. Features of overall sound pressure level, sound pressure level and A-weighted sound pressure level of typical measuring points are discussed. The sound propagated by a high-speed train is shown as a broadband noise spectrum including tonal component, where high sound pressure levels are concentrated on the low-frequency range from 10 Hz to 300 Hz. The inter-carriage gap is found to cause distinct tonal noise in contrast to the other parts of the train that cause a broadband noise. The negative log law has been used to study the influence of distance from the centre of track on the sound pressure level, where a good fit is shown at low-frequency ranges. The peak values of A-weighted sound pressure level from both full-scale experiment and simulation results occur at approximately 1 kHz, where simulation results show almost the same range as the experiment. The surface of each component of the train as well as the whole train are chosen as the integral surface for the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings computation of the far-field noise characteristics. It was found that the sound source generated by a high-speed train is mainly dipole, and the largest noise was obtained from the leading bogie. The results of this paper provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the aeroacoustic field around a three-coach train model, and the paper has the potential to assist engineers to design high-speed trains with aeroacoustic noise reduction in a better manner.


This article deals with the organization and management of the computer files handled by mechanical engineers on their personal computers. In engineering organizations, a wide variety of electronic files (documents) are necessary to support both business processes and the activities of design and manufacture. Whilst a large number of files and hence information is formally archived, a significant amount of additional information and knowledge resides in electronic files on personal computers. The widespread use of these personal information stores means that all information is retained. However, its reuse is problematic for all but the individual as a result of the naming and organization of the files. To begin to address this issue, a study of the use and current practices for managing personal electronic files is described. The study considers the fundamental classes of files handled by engineers and analyses the organization of these files across the personal computers of 40 participants. The study involves a questionnaire and an electronic audit. The results of these qualitative and quantitative elements are used to elicit an understanding of the practices and requirements of engineers for managing personal electronic files. A potential scheme for naming and organizing personal electronic files is discussed as one possible way to satisfy these requirements. The aim of the scheme is to balance the personal nature of data storage with the need for personal records to be shared with others to support knowledge reuse in engineering organizations. Although this article is concerned with mechanical engineers, the issues dealt with are relevant to knowledge-based industries and, in particular, teams of knowledge workers.


Past experiences and expectations about the future shape how people think about work and welfare. Given the uncertainty many young people face when entering the labor market, we investigate whether 1) young peoples' experiences of social mobility and 2) their future mobility expectations impact their attitudes regarding the meaning of work and welfare. Drawing on the concepts of self-interest and deservingness, we examine how both the experiences and expectations of intergenerational social mobility influence the ways in which young adults view the so-called moral dimension of work and welfare. Results of logistic regression analyses of around 11,000 young adults in eleven countries suggest that the relationship between mobility and individuals' views on work and welfare varies depending on the dimension of mobility (economic and social origins, for example), with expected future mobility exerting a stronger effect on attitudes than past mobility experiences. We find that self-interest, not empathy with one's social origins, appears to be the primary driver of these attitudes.


Experimental data from many Tokamaks suggest that an important fraction of radial particle and heat transport in the Scrape-Off-Layer is due to poloidally-localized propagating structures of increased plasma density (blobs). A better understanding of the mechanism leading to blobs might help to lower the radial transport and control damages to plasma facing components. Such structures are experimentally investigated in the basic toroidal device TORPEX. Ion saturation current measurements from a two-dimensional imaging probe are analyzed using conditional sampling (CS). This technique is extensively studied and a large variety of trigger conditions is used to detect coherent structures in the turbulent plasma. Two scenarios are observed which lead to the ejection of blobs. The role of the density gradient in the blob ejection mechanism is investigated. In a first step, the evolution of the gradients leading to blobs is studied by triggering on such events. Their magnitude increases with the size of the blob. In a second step, these gradients are used directly as reference signals for CS. Strong gradients are found to have an enhanced probability to give rise to a blob. The location of the source before a possible blob ejection is also determined. It is concluded that the effect of the source is to steepen up the gradient in a uniform way along the vertical direction.


2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalidene-salicyloylhydrazone (HNSH) was used as an analytical reagent for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of cobalt (II). The optimum extraction conditions were evaluated by studying parameters like pH, time, solvent, reagent concentration and stability of complex etc. 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalidene-salicyloylhydrazone gave a golden yellow coloured complex with Co (II) and quantitatively extracted into iso-butyl methyl ketone in the pH range of 8.0 to 9.0. The absorption spectrum of Co-HNSH shows maxima at 430 nm and obeys Beer's law in the range of 0.0 to 10.0 ppm. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's Sensitivity were 1.616 × 103 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.036 μg mL-1 cm-2, respectively. The composition of Co (II)-HNSH was determined by Job's continuous variation method and confirmed by mole ratio method. The standard deviation and variation from mean at 95% confidence limit were 0.15 and ± 0.107, respectively. The effects of diverse ions have been studied. The proposed method is rapid, sensitive and precise. It has been applied for the determination of cobalt in synthetic and real samples.


The news spread quickly. A student at the small liberal arts college where I am a biology professor had allegedly posted anti-Semitic neo-Nazi rhetoric on social media. Faculty members and students alike were shocked. The bubble of our close-knit community had burst; the realities of the external world were now the realities of our internal world, too. In the hours and days that followed, we all asked, "How could this happen?" Students asked another question, too: "Why don't faculty in our STEM courses discuss these issues with us?" This second question troubled me. I and other STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) faculty members at my institution do explore social and political issues in our courses. But our students were telling us that, as a whole, we fell short.

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ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER

> "Science needs to be studied holistically and taught with compassion and empathy."

I make a point of presenting science within a social context. I include issues of social justice in my courses and talk with my students about current events involving hate speech and violence. But I didn't always. Why should I? After all, I was trained to be a scientist. As a graduate student in the late 1980s, fascinated by the biology of HIV and hoping to launch a career at a primarily undergraduate institution, I thought my mission was clear: Help my students understand and appreciate this amazing science. Examining the lived experience of HIV/AIDS wasn't part of the plan.

Then, as a postdoc in the mid-1990s, I saw the AIDS quilt. Started the previous decade, the quilt consists of cloth panels memorializing people who died of the disease. By 1996, it had grown to thousands of panels, and it was displayed on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.—not far from where I worked. Walking past panel after panel, my research suddenly gained a new context. Because of the virus that piqued my scientific fancy, these individuals had lost their lives, many of them estranged from their families and ostracized from their communities. The quilt's visceral impact was transformative. I realized that science can't be studied or taught from the confines of an ivory tower. Science needs to be studied holistically and taught with compassion and empathy.

Still, when I began my faculty career, I was reluctant to veer too far from basic science in my classes. But I kept recalling the AIDS quilt. I couldn't talk with my students about HIV without talking about stigma. I couldn't discuss recent advances in medicine without acknowledging the health care disparities in our country. Initially my classroom forays into social justice were limited, focusing on issues— The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks , the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, the Eugenics Board of North Carolina—that were very closely related to the science we were discussing. I was encouraged that, in course evaluations and informal chats, students said they appreciated looking at biology more broadly.

As I became increasingly aware of how science intersects with social issues, I broadened my approach. When I taught about HIV transmission, I brought up gender-based violence, needle exchange programs, and sex work decriminalization. Through the lively, robust conversations that followed, we all gained a more nuanced view of the science—and the world.

So, what about the hateful rhetoric allegedly posted by one of our students? It may not have been directly related to the content of my courses, but it was directly related to our lives as human beings. My students needed to process this troubling occurrence, and I needed to make my classroom a safe space to discuss it. I acknowledged it in class. It wasn't the first time I had acknowledged current events in the classroom. But it was the first time an event like this had hit so close to home. That made it all the more apparent to me that we should incorporate these types of conversations into our work as educators.

Treating my classroom as separate from the outside world is idealistic at best and foolhardy at worst. Science does not exist in a vacuum. Our students do not live in a vacuum. Yes, I'm a scientist, but I'm also a person living in a complex world. So are my students.

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The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), is known to play a crucial role in several developmental processes including axial patterning and differentiation. More recently, RA has been implicated in the regenerative process acting through its classical signaling pathway, the nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR), to mediate gene transcription. Moreover, RA has been shown to act as a guidance molecule for growth cones of regenerating motorneurons of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Our lab has recently shown that RA can induce this morphological response independent of nuclear transcription, however, the role of the retinoid receptors in RA-induced chemoattraction is still unknown. Here, I show that the retinoid receptors, RXR and RAR, may mediate the growth cones response to the metabolically active retinoic acid isomers, all-trans and 9-cis RA, in Lymnaea stagnalis. Data presented here show that both an RXR and RAR antagonist can block growth cone turning in response to application of both isomers. Because no prior investigations have shown growth cone turning of individual vertebrate neurons, I aimed to show that both retinoic acid isomers were capable of inducing growth cone turning of embryonic spinal cord neurons in the frog, Xenopus laevis. For the first time in Xenopus, I showed that both all-trans and 9-cis RA were able to induce significantly more neurite outgrowth from cultured embryonic spinal cord neurons and induce positive growth cone turning of individual growth cones. In addition, I showed that the presence of the RXR antagonist, HX531, blocked 9-cis RA-induced growth cone turning and the RARβ antagonist, LE135, blocked all-trans RA-induced growth cone turning in this species. Evidence provided here shows for the first time, conservation of retinoic acid-induced growth cone turning in a vertebrate model system. In addition, these data show that the receptors involved in this morphological response may be the same in vertebrates and invertebrates.


A spectrochemical method for the determination of 10–1000 ppm tantalum and 20–1000 ppm tungsten in plutonium metal is described. Chemical separation by precipitation of the plutonium as insoluble plutonium trifluoride, centrifuging, and sampling the supernatant solution is well suited to the glove box operation necessary in handling plutonium. Excitation is by graphite spark; spectra are recorded photographically; and concentrations are determined by standard photometry practices using an emulsion calibration-analytical curve technique with a molybdenum internal standard.


Aim To evaluate the efficacy of a home care program, closely integrated with a medical oncology department. Patients and methods The charts, prospectively recorded, of all the patients treated at home by the "L'Aquila per la Vita" Home Care Unit from August 2006 to December 2011, were reviewed. The number of patients, home accesses, length of the home care, hospital admission, emergency calls, and the place of death were recorded. Data were analyzed considering the origin of the patients (medical oncology department or other). Results A total of 461 patients was followed at home for a total of 10,503 home accesses (median accesses/patient, 20; range, 1–159). The median length of home care was 76 days (range, 2–643 days). The median was 101 days for patients coming from the medical oncology department and 53 days for patients coming from other origins (P <0.0005). There were 428 emergency calls (4.1% of all the home accesses). Emergency calls accounted for 253 of 7,364 home accesses (3.4%) among patients coming from the medical oncology department and for 175 of 3,139 home accesses (5.6%) among patients coming from other origins (P = 0.00005). Eighty of 461 patients (17.3%) required one in-hospital admission and 19/461 patients (4.1%) more than one. Fifty-nine of 259 (17.8%) patients coming from the medical oncology department and 40 of 186 (26.9%) coming from other origins required in-hospital admissions (P = 0.04). A total of 311 patients died (163 coming from the medical oncology department and 148 from other origins). Twenty-eight of 163 (17.1%) coming from the medical oncology department and 52 of 148 (35.1%) coming from other origins died in the hospital (P = 0.0002). Conclusions A multidisciplinary and expert team, closely integrated with the hospital, can guarantee a long length of home care, avoiding hospitalization and closing the gap between the patients' preferences and the services offered regarding the place of death.


We investigate a decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme with a sub-Poissonian single-photon source, which is generated on demand by scattering a coherent state off a two-level system in a one-dimensional waveguide. We show that, compared to coherent state decoy-state QKD, there is a two-fold increase of the key generation rate. Furthermore, the performance is shown to be robust against both parameter variations and loss effects of the system.


The problem of understanding the stream of messages exchanged on social media such as Facebook and Twitter is becoming a major challenge for automated systems. The tremendous amount of data exchanged on these platforms as well as the specific form of language adopted by social media users constitute a new challenging context for existing argument mining techniques. In this paper, we describe an ongoing work towards the creation of a complete argument mining pipeline over Twitter messages: (i) we identify which tweets can be considered as arguments and which cannot, (ii) over the set of tweet-arguments, we group them by topic, and (iii) we predict whether such tweets support or attack each other. The final goal is to compute the set of tweets which are widely recognized as accepted, and the different (possibly conflicting) viewpoints that emerge on a topic, given a stream of messages.


This paper reports the initial results of a wider research programme that investigates how service design might positively contribute to the development of product-service systems (PSS) within manufacturing SMEs. The paper presents the results of interviews with two firms that have begun to embrace service design. The analysis of these results is used to produce a conceptual framework that aims to aid understanding of a company's potential readiness for servitization through service design.


Business process execution language for Web services (BPEL) is becoming the industrial standard for modeling Web-service-based business processes. Behavioral compatibility for Web service composition is one of the most important topics. The commonly used reachability exploration method focuses on verifying deadlock freeness. When this property is violated, the states and traces in the reachability graph only give clues to redesign the composition. The redesign must then repeat itself until no deadlock is found. In this paper, multiple Web service interaction is modeled with a Petri net called composition net (C-net for short). The problem of behavioral compatibility among Web services is hence transformed into the deadlock structure problem of a C-net. If services are incompatible, a policy based on appending additional information channels is proposed. It is proved that the policy can offer a good solution that can be mapped back into the BPEL models automatically.


We present algorithms for topic modeling based on the geometry of cross-document word-frequency patterns. This perspective gains significance under the so called separability condition. This is a condition on existence of novel-words that are unique to each topic. We present a suite of highly efficient algorithms with provable guarantees based on data-dependent and random projections to identify novel words and associated topics. Our key insight here is that the maximum and minimum values of cross-document frequency patterns projected along any direction are associated with novel words. While our sample complexity bounds for topic recovery are similar to the state-of-art, the computational complexity of our random projection scheme scales linearly with the number of documents and the number of words per document. We present several experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets to demonstrate qualitative and quantitative merits of our scheme.


Marine pollution causes significant damage to fisheries and other economically productive uses of the ocean. The value of that damage can be quantified by economists, but the meanings of those valuations and how they are derived are often obscure to non-economists. "Economic Losses from Marine Pollution" brings a fuller understanding of the variety and extent of marine losses and how they are assessed to scientists, lawyers and environmentalists by systematically identifying and classifying marine losses and relating them to models and methods of economic valuation. The authors use a step-by-step approach to show how economists have used these methods and how they approach the problem of assessing economic damage. The book begins by describing the importance of economic valuation of marine damages, the history of concern over marine pollution, and the development of economic methodologies to assess damages from it. Following that, the book: considers types of marine pollution and their effects on organisms, ecosystems and humans, and the corresponding economic effects of those biological impacts; introduces the economic principles and methods needed to understand and to assess economic damages; expresses losses from water quality impairments in terms of economic value; introduces the basic economic techniques that have been developed and used to measure changes in economic value; discusses how to apply those economic techniques, and presents a variety of practical examples; and explores limitations and problems that can arise in such applied work. "Economic Losses from Marine Pollution" includes all of the relevant economic theory together with specific examples of how that theory has been and can be applied. It offers environmental professionals with little of no background in economics the basic economic tools needed to understand economic valuations of environmental damage, and represents a unique handbook for environmental and marine scientists, lawyers, economists, policy professionals and anyone interested in issues of marine water quality.


The present study is based on 85 inspection reports in primary schools, composed during the 2010–2011 academic year by six National Education Inspectors in an academy in Brittany, France. Our main objective is to describe the genre of the report in a text statistics framework, using both extralinguistic (enunciative situation, pragmatics) and linguistic characteristics. Among the results we obtained, we noted that the reports were significantly grouped together by author. In spite of significant compositional and generic constraints, strengthened by the report model recommended for use by the Academy, some authors clearly distinguished themselves from the others and this allowed us to consider "personal styles" of writing for these administrative reports.


Most conceptualisations of the bottom billion assume that "the poor" are a minority group in a state of continuous dependency, identifiable by region and demographic. Using a flow analysis (inflow and outflow) of poverty, rather than a stock analysis, we explain why poverty is more appropriately understood as a dynamic, with the majority of people flowing in and out of poverty for short durations. Distinguishing between structural and transitory poverty gives rise to a focus on the identification of multiple constituencies in the wider population including the permanently poor; sometimes poor; and non-poor. External shocks, including economic and environmental shifts, and risks such as ill-health, can affect any individual, household, or population in a non-predictable way, and can lead to loss of livelihood and a descent into poverty for various durations. At any point in time the bottom billion is made up of a blend of both transitory and structural elements with the former reflecting poverty as a risk for a much wider population than is often assumed. Using this analysis, the total stock of poverty potentially entails up to 5.1 billion people who do not have access to comprehensive social protection systems and are therefore vulnerable to spells in poverty. To protect against shared risks and mutual vulnerabilities, this paper argues that global insurance instruments, regulated through domestic institutions, would provide an efficient solution to transitory poverty. Further, it argues that these instruments could provide a foundation for investment in more equitable and extensive social protection measures that could target the multiple dimensions of structural poverty thereby seeking to ensure that no one is left behind.


Introduction Muscle power of the Plantarflexors has been shown to be a prospective risk factor for Achilles Tendinopathy (AT).1 Several studies have shown associations between Achilles tendinopathy and Plantarflexor power, but little thought has been given to how the individual muscles of the Triceps Surae are affected. Aim – Compare the Triceps Surae power of runners with and without AT. Method 41 runners with AT and 27 runners without a history of AT (control group) have participated in this study. Plantarflexor muscle power was measured during concentric and eccentric muscle contractions at 90º/sec using an Isokinetic dynamometer. Testing utilised a knee extended position (both Gastrocnemius and Soleus) and an 80º knee flexed position (significantly inhibiting Gastrocnemius).2,3 Results Independent t tests revealed statistically significant differences between healthy controls and participants with AT for both test speeds and positions (p = 0.004 for concentric 90º/sec in knee flexion, p ≤ 0.001 for all other test speeds and positions). Discussion This study shows that participants with AT have weaker Plantarflexors than healthy runners. It also shows that the deficits in power appear similar whether testing was performed with knee extension or flexion, since Gastrocnemius does not contribute significantly to force generation in knee flexion it seems feasible that the Soleus is responsible for the majority of observed deficits in both positions. Pain was not reproduced during testing for any individual and therefore did not limit performance. It is possible these neuromuscular deficits are due to central motor inhibition or potentially pre-existing weakness. Resolution of these muscle deficits may be essential to return to normal function, it is unclear whether normal rehabilitation successfully resolves these deficits. Abstract 75 Figure 1 The peak Plantarflexor power for participants with AT and the control group in knee extension (both Gastrocnemius and Soleus active) Abstract 75 Figure 2 he peak Plantarflexor power for participants with AT and the control group in knee flexion (Gastrocnemius significantly inhibited) Conclusion Weakness of Soleus maybe responsible for the majority of the deficits observed in participants with AT. Further work needs to determine how current clinical interventions alter these deficits. References Lauber, et al . Physiological reports. 2014;2, doi:10.14814/phy2.12044 Mahieu, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:226–235 Reid, et al. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2012;13:150–155


In the present communication, performance analyses of interconnected N number of fully covered semitransparent photovoltaic thermal integrated concentrator collectors combined with single effect vapor absorption refrigeration system have been carried out. The proposed system was analyzed under the constant mass flowrate of collectors' fluid. Mathematical expressions have also been derived for generator temperature of the absorption unit as a function of both design and operating parameters. Further, simulations have been performed for a typical day of May month of New Delhi climatic conditions. Performance parameters have been evaluated such as collector exit temperature, generator inlet temperature, electrical power output, electrical efficiency, overall thermal energy gain, instantaneous thermal efficiency, overall exergy gain and coefficient of performance of the absorption system. The simulation code has been written in matlab. From the present analyses, the following salient conclusions have been drawn: Operating generator temperature of the absorption system is suitable for five number of photovoltaic thermal-integrated parabolic concentrator collector connected in series. The proposed system will continue operating for 5 h during May month in New Delhi climate conditions. The maximum solar coefficient of performance, refrigeration coefficient of performance, and exergy coefficient of performance are reported as 0.1551, 0.8344, and 0.2697, respectively, for the proposed novel system under given design and operating conditions. Additionally, the effects of other design parameters of this novel system have also been investigated.


Retail sales of container gardens have increased dramatically in recent years, rising 8% from 2004 to 2005, to $1.3 billion. The objective of this study was to determine consumer preferences for three attributes of container gardens; color harmony, price, and amount of care information provided with the purchase. A hierarchical set of levels for each attribute was used in a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial conjoint analysis. A Web-based survey was conducted on 18 Oct. 2006 with 985 respondents. Survey participants were asked to complete a series of questions on a 7-point Likert scale. Survey participants also answered questions about past experiences with and future purchase intentions of container gardens as well as demographics. The three attributes accounted for 99.8% of the variance in container garden preference. Relative importance decreased from price (71%) to amount of care information (23%) to color harmony (6%). Survey participants preferred a container garden with a price point of $24.99, extensive care information, and complementary color harmony. A large portion (76%) of participants in this study indicated that they would be more likely to purchase a container garden if extensive care information was included with the purchase and 85% of participants said they would be willing to visit an Internet Web site that would provide more information on how to care for and maintain a container garden. Results of this study show that there is a potential to increase the value of a container garden through providing educational material with the purchase.


Abstract Fractured gneiss lithologies form a basement-cored high, the Rona Ridge in the Faroe–Shetland Basin. Basement structures are known to play an important role in the petroleum system for the overlying giant Clair Field. An onshore analogue exposure in the Lewisian Gneiss Complex at Kinlochbervie in NW Scotland provides an example of a hanging-wall damage zone of a large basement-hosted normal fault. In this study, we used remote sensing (2D), outcrop line sample methods (1D) and a virtual outcrop created by terrestrial laser scanning methods (3D) to characterize spatial variations of the fracture systems. Spacing distributions from 1D line samples collected from exposures and pseudo-wells constructed through the virtual outcrop show power-law distributions. The virtual outcrop data enable us to extend the scale-invariant description from 1 to 3 orders of magnitude. We developed a novel box-counting workflow to provide an assessment of 2- and 3D variations in the fracture properties. Fracture density and fractal dimension are elevated whereas the number of intersections is decreased within a 220 m-wide volume adjacent to the fault. We discuss how the methods and results from this study can aid the development of analogue for basement reservoirs in the offshore UK continental shelf.


The labral pilifers and the labial palps form ultrasound-sensitive hearing organs in species of two distantly related hawkmoth subtribes, the Choerocampina and the Acherontiina. Biomechanical examination now reveals that their ears represent different types of hearing organs. In hearing species of both subtribes, the labral pilifer picks up vibrations from specialized sound–receiving structures of the labial palp that are absent in non–hearing species. In Choerocampina, a thin area of cuticle serves as an auditory tympanum, whereas overlapping scales functionally replace a tympanum in Acherontiina that can hear. The tympanum of Choerocampina and the scale–plate of Acherontiina both vibrate maximally in response to ultrasonic, behaviourally relevant sounds, with the vibrations of the tympanum exceeding those of the scale plate by ca. 15 dB. This amplitude difference, however, is not reflected in the vibrations of the pilifers and the neural auditory sensitivity is similar in hearing species of both subtribes. Accordingly, morphologically different –– tympanal and atympanal –– but functionally equivalent hearing organs evolved independently and in parallel within a single family of moths.


New technologies including digital health and robotics are driving the evolution of healthcare. At the same time, healthcare systems are transitioning from a multiprofessional model approach of healthcare delivery to an interprofessional model. The concurrence of these two trends may represent an opportunity for leaders in healthcare because both require renegotiation of the complex division of work and enhanced interdependency. This review examines how the introduction of new technologies alters the role boundaries of occupations and interdependencies among health occupations. Based on a scoping review of ethnographic studies of technology implementation in a variety of contexts (from primary care to operating room) and of diverse technologies (from health informatics systems to robotics), we develop the concept of role reconfiguration to capture simultaneous adjustments of multiple, interdependent roles during technological change. Ethnographic and qualitative studies provide rich, detailed accounts of what people actually do and how their work and role is changed (or not) when a new technology arrives. Through a synthesis of these studies, we develop a typology of four types of role reconfiguration: negotiation, clarification, enlargement and restriction. We discuss leadership challenges in managing role reconfiguration and formulate four leadership priorities. We suggest that leaders: redesign roles proactively, paying attention to interdependencies; offer opportunities for collective learning about new technologies; ensure that knowledge of new technologies is distributed across roles and prepare to address resistance.


"Von Aussenseitem zu Etablierten? Partnerwahl und Heirat unter inleindischen Migranten in Antwerpen, Rotterdam und Stockholm, 1850-1930". Processes of social inclusion and exclusion among internal migrants in Antwerp, Rotterdam and Stockholm in the period 1850-1930 are studied with the help of data on partner choice and marriage of migrants who moved to these cities as singles. In practice, four outcomes related to meeting and mating are linked in our conceptual model to four acculturation trajectories, which form together a sliding scale in terms of social in- and exclusion. The models were tested by means of logistic regression. The results show that in all three cities social exclusion was a widespread phenomenon, and that only a small minority of the migrants became fully incorporated into urban mainstream society. Social exclusion was highly related to cultural differences between migrants and natives. Economic capital did not reduce the migrants' risk of facing marginalization, but it did facilitate the crossing of group boundaries for a specific group of migrants who were able to escape marginalization. The fact that social inclusion took place on a larger scale in Antwerp and Rotterdam compared to Stockholm suggests that large port cities facilitated the incorporation of migrants more than industrial cities.


The past two decades have witnessed growing interest in researcher mobility especially in relation to internationalization of higher education (Rizvi, 2011). The widespread use of information and communication technologies has further expanded educational possibilities resulting in unprecedented development in transnational onsite and online learning (Gu & Schweisfurth, 2011; Rizvi, 2011). As globalization continues to link human beings culturally and linguistically, a need has emerged for a deeper investigation into the processes of cross-language research (Halai, 2007), especially in relation to conducting doctoral research within predominantly monolingual contexts. In their research on international doctoral researchers in the UK, Magyar and Robinson-Pant (2011) confirm that reading and writing multilingually can become problematic for researchers, several of whom recounted feelings of disempowerment caused by standardized procedures and set literacy practices within primarily English language research contexts. Supervisors may reject atypical writing approaches (Robinson-Pant, 2009) and directly or indirectly advise researchers against consulting literature in languages other than English. This, in turn, shapes emerging researchers' understanding of what constitutes legitimate literature (Magyar & Robinson-Pant, 2011) and influences decisions about language choice for future publication.

This paper reports on the recently completed one-year project "Researching Multilingually" (December 2011 - November 2012) funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) in the UK. The project aimed to develop deeper insights into the possibilities and complexities of researching in more than one language by inviting researchers of different backgrounds to share individual experiences into how they theorize and operationalize their multilingual research practice.
Eleven doctoral researchers (current and recently-graduated) contributed to the project by presenting at its seminars and/or posting their stories on the project website (www.researchingmultilingually.com). That they came from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds (Chinese, Greek, English, Indian, Italian, Pakistani, and Russian) and worked within a range of specializations (e.g., intercultural communication, counselling, TESOL, and multilingualism) enriched our investigation into the opportunities and challenges of undertaking cross-language research.

This paper will focus on findings emerging from analyzing the experiences of these researchers, and therefore aims to address the following questions:

RQ.1: How is researcher awareness developed vis-a-vis the processes of researching multilingually?

RQ.2: What possibilities and complexities are researchers aware of in relation to their multilingual research practice?

RQ.3: How can doctoral researchers be supported to become more intentional creative, and resourceful in their multilingual research practice?


This paper deals with the Job Shop scheduling problem with constraints of minimum and maximum Time Lags (JSTL). This problem is an extension of the job shop scheduling problem, with additional constraints of minimum and maximum time lags existing between successive operations of the same job. In this work, we investigate Parallel Tabu Searches implemented by competitive agents for the Job Shop problem with Time Lags. The resolution model consists of an Interface Agent and a set of n competitive Job Agents, each one containing the tabu search core, generates an initial solution, executes the tabu search process and uses the NEH heuristic process for the diversification step. Good performances of the proposed model are shown through different comparisons on benchmarks based on instances of the literature.


BACKGROUND
Dietary protein is required to attenuate the loss of muscle mass and to support recovery during a period of hospitalization. Jejunal feeding is preferred over gastric feeding in patients who are intolerant of gastric feeding. However, the impact of gastric vs. jejunal feeding on postprandial dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics in vivo in humans remains largely unexplored.

OBJECTIVE
We compared the impact of gastric vs. jejunal feeding on subsequent dietary protein digestion and amino acid (AA) absorption in vivo in healthy young men.

METHODS
In a randomized crossover study design, 11 healthy young men (aged 21 ± 2 y) were administered 25 g specifically produced intrinsically l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled intact casein via a nasogastric and a nasojejunal tube placed ~30 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz. Protein was provided in a 240-mL solution administered over a 65-min period in both feeding regimens. Blood samples were collected during the 7-h postprandial period to assess the increase in plasma AA concentrations and dietary protein-derived plasma l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichment.

RESULTS
Jejunal feeding compared with gastric feeding resulted in higher peak plasma phenylalanine, leucine, total essential AA (EAA), and total AA concentrations (all P < 0.05). This was attributed to a more rapid release of dietary protein-derived AAs into the circulation, as evidenced by a higher peak plasma l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichment concentration (2.9 ± 0.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.2 mole percent excess; P < 0.05). The total postprandial plasma AA incremental area under the curve and time to peak did not differ after jejunal vs. gastric feeding. Plasma insulin concentrations increased to a greater extent after jejunal feeding when compared with gastric feeding (275 ± 38 vs. 178 ± 38 pmol/L; P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Jejunal feeding of intact casein is followed by more rapid protein digestion and AA absorption when compared with gastric feeding in healthy young men. The greater postprandial increase in circulating EAA concentrations may allow a more robust increase in muscle protein synthesis rate after jejunal vs. gastric casein feeding. This trial was registered at trialregister.nl as NTR2801.


Is there an Asia-Pacific model of democracy? Over the past two decades, more than a dozen Asian and Pacific states have made the transition to democratic rule. But many of these states are also ethnically, linguistically, and regionally diverse, creating real challenges for effective government. This book explains how the Asia-Pacific's political reformers responded to the twin challenges of democracy and diversity through ambitious and often innovative political engineering. Far-reaching reforms to electoral, parliamentary, and party systems have seen the emergence of a distinctive regional model of democracy. Benjamin Reilly analyses this new approach to the design of political institutions, and its consequences for democratic governance in the Asia-Pacific and other world regions.


The United States food system, from field to table, is at a crossroads for change. Improving the sustainability of this complex system requires a thorough understanding of the relationships between food consumption behaviors, processing and distribution activities, and agricultural production practices. The product life cycle system is a useful framework for studying the links between societal needs, the natural and economic processes involved in meeting these needs, and the associated environmental consequences. The ultimate goal is to guide the development of system-based solutions. This report presents a broad set of indicators covering the life cycle stages of the food system. Indicators address economic, social, and environmental aspects of each life cycle stage: origin of (genetic) resource, agricultural growing and production, food processing, packaging and distribution, preparation and consumption, and end of life. The report then offers an initial critical review of the condition of the U.S. food system by considering trends in the various indicators. Multiple threats to the long-term vitality of the U.S. food system demonstrate that the current system is not economically, socially, or environmentally sustainable. Key indicators supporting this conclusion include: rates of agricultural land conversion, income and profitability from farming, degree of food industry consolidation, fraction of edible food wasted, diet related health costs, legal status of farmworkers, age distribution of farmers, genetic diversity, rate of soil loss and groundwater withdrawal, and fossil fuel intensity. We suggest that the most effective opportunities to enhance the sustainability of the food system exist in changing consumption behavior, which will have compounding benefits across agricultural production, distribution and food disposition stages.


The prostate gland is situated in the true pelvis and plays a supportive role in the male reproductive system. Its principal purpose is to secrete alkaline solution protective for sperm in the acidic environment of the vagina. The fluid acts to balance the acidity of the vagina, which increases the overall lifespan of the sperm, allowing the greatest length of time to fertilize an egg successfully. The fluid also contains supportive proteins and enzymes that provide nourishment to sperm. The added volume of the prostatic fluid to the seminal fluid and sperm allow for easier mechanical propulsion through the urethra.


To improve the performance of GaN power devices, we have investigated the crystalline quality of thick (>20 µm) carbon-doped GaN layers on n-type GaN substrates and templates. The surface morphologies and X-ray rocking curves of carbon-doped GaN layers were improved by using GaN substrates. However, the crystalline quality degraded when the carbon concentration was too high (1 × 1020 cm−3), even in the case of GaN substrates. High breakdown voltages (approximately 7 kV under a lateral configuration) were obtained for the carbon-doped GaN layers on n-type GaN substrates when the carbon concentration was 5 × 1019 cm−3. These results indicate that lateral power devices with high breakdown voltage can be fabricated by using thick carbon-doped GaN buffer layers, even on n-type GaN substrates.


Intermittent streams and flat sandy catchments are common throughout the world. In south Western Australia, Ellen Brook provides a model landscape for the study of water quality issues associated with managing flat sandy coastal catchments, where the highly permeable sands have limited capacity to intercept and store nutrients arising from agricultural activity. Revegetating riparian zones is universally used as a best-management practice to intercept nutrients and improve stream condition. However, the riparian zone can only be effective in nutrient removal if there is interaction between runoff and riparian vegetation. Key elements driving this interaction are slope, providing flow through the riparian zone and a mechanism for uptake and storage of nutrients (e.g. reactive soils). In addition, riparian vegetation is known to provide a suite of environmental benefits, however, there is little information on the influence of riparian vegetation on in-stream biota of intermittent streams.

The questions posed in this thesis are 1) can vegetated riparian zones effectively ameliorate nutrient inputs in flat sandy catchments (no slope and unreactive soils) and 2) do riparian zones on intermittent streams in flat sandy catchments influence in-stream biological communities?

This thesis compares hydrology and nutrient dynamics between an intermittent stream in a flat sandy landscape (Bingham Creek) and a perennial stream in a nearby landscape with slope and reactive soils (Lennard Brook). Nutrient stores within groundwater, soil and vegetation were analysed. A column experiment was undertaken to determine how the vertical rise and fall of groundwater affected nutrient dynamics in paddock and riparian soils and compared the effect of nutrient addition from fertiliser and cow manure. The thesis also examined the ecological condition of riparian vegetation and its influence on in-stream biota amongst a wider range of intermittent and perennial streams in this catchment.

In flat sandy catchments, the lack of slope and unreactive soils reduced the capacity for riparian vegetation to intercept and store nutrients. The dominant flow path was the vertical rise and fall of groundwater in response to rainfall, which limited the interaction of groundwater with the active root zone of riparian soils, reducing the potential for nutrient assimilation. However, slow (0.23-0.3 m/day) horizontal groundwater flow through riparian zone, results in extended residence times (106-141 days), allowed nutrient transformations to occur. Riparian and paddock soils at Bingham Creek had a poor nutrient holding capacity, resulting in nutrients being stored in the groundwater (e.g. filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP) 48-600 μg/L-1) and not the soil (e.g. 4-510 mg.P/kg). Whereas at Lennard Brook the improved soil characteristics (increased iron oxides and clay) provided a greater opportunity for nutrient interception and storage by the soils (e.g. 29-1037 mg.P/kg) and groundwater flow to the stream was low in phosphate (e.g. FRP 10-74 μg/L-1).

The riparian vegetation had a similar community structure at both sites and contributed comparable amounts of litterfall (369 and 404 g/m2) and nutrients per unit area (0.8-1.5 and 0.5-1 mg.P/m2) at Bingham Creek and Lennard Brook, respectively. This enhanced the organic matter content of underlying riparian soils that in turn slowed the rate of water movement (paddock 0.08-0.7 L/hr, riparian 0.04-0.24 L/hr), improved the phosphorus binding capacity of the soil and promoted loss of mineral nitrogen, probably by denitrification. However, the increased carbon content also supported a greater microbial community and the input of extra nutrients (including labile carbon) increased microbial respiration, leading to release of iron-bound phosphorus into groundwater.

In the Ellen Brook catchment, flow regime (Global R = 0.444, P < 0.001) and the presence/absence of riparian vegetation (Global R = 0.407, P < 0.001) were the most influential factors associated with invertebrate assemblage composition. On average there were more invertebrate families in vegetated (30 ± 1.4) streams than unvegetated (27 ± 3.2) streams. Riparian vegetation helped shape and improve in-stream biological communities through the provision of organic matter for food and habitat and by limiting algal growth in stream water through shading. This was illustrated by a higher proportion of algal grazers (Chironominae and Physidae) in unvegetated streams and more detrital feeders (Leptoceridae, Gripopterygidae, Ceinidae) in vegetated streams.

A conceptual model of hydrology and nutrient dynamics for riparian zones in flat sandy catchments was developed, which describes the key points of difference to the hydrological and nutrient dynamics in sloped catchments with reactive soils. Riparian vegetation appears to be acting similarly between catchment types but the capacity for riparian zones to remove nutrients in flat sandy catchments is limited due to soil type and hydrology. However, in these catchments, riparian zones are also the only sink contributing to a reduction in nutrient export from the catchment and so still have value in regulating nutrient dynamics. Clearly, riparian vegetation alone across the catchment alone cannot stem the flow of nutrients in flat sandy catchments. Instead, a multi-pronged approach is required to reduce nutrient export and improve the nutrient holding capacity of soils. Furthermore, riparian vegetation helps maintain and improve in-stream biological communities in intermittent and perennial streams in sandy catchments with low relief. Overall, riparian vegetation increased the retention of nutrients, improved soils and in-stream biodiversity, warranting the protection and rehabilitation of riparian zones in flat sandy catchments.


Introduction: A growing number of people are living with complex care needs characterized by multimorbidity, mental health challenges and social deprivation. Required is the integration of health and social care, beyond traditional health care services to address social determinants. This study investigates key care components to support complex patients and their families in the community. Methods: Expert panel focus groups with 24 care providers, working in health and social care sectors across Toronto, Ontario, Canada were conducted. Patient vignettes illustrating significant health and social care needs were presented to participants. The vignettes prompted discussions on i) how best to meet complex care needs in the community and ii) the barriers to delivering care to this population. Results: Categories to support care needs of complex patients and their families included i) relationships as the foundation for care, ii) desired processes and structures of care, and iii) barriers and workarounds for desired care. Discussion and Conclusions: Meeting the needs of the population who require health and social care requires time to develop authentic relationships, broadening the membership of the care team, communicating across sectors, co-locating health and social care, and addressing the barriers that prevent providers from engaging in these required practices.


The wetting of solid surfaces by liquids is commonly observed in nature, and it is also a key to a number of industrial applications and biological processes. In the past two centuries, most studies about wetting were devoted mainly to equilibrium situations and thus to static measurements. However, in most cases the dynamic wetting is more relevant and it has received less attension. The goal of this thesis is to study the effects of softness, wettability and curvature of the substrate and influence of external electric fields on dynamic wetting of viscous liquids.
The thesis contains two main parts. The first part focuses on the early dynamic wetting of simple liquids on two types of surfaces that show different complexity: flat viscoelastic substrates and highly curved solid microparticles. On the viscoelastic substrates, a novel wetting stage dominated by inertia was found. The dynamics in this stage is characterized by the wetting radius, r=K't^α, following a power law similarly as on rigid surfaces, with the exponent α only depending on surface wettability. After the inertial wetting stage, spreading slows down and enters another stage dominated by the viscoelasticity of the substrate. The transition between inertial and viscoelastic stage is controlled by the surface "softness". A simple theory was developed with Prof. Martin E.R. Shanahan to explain these findings. An early inertial wetting stage was also observed during the snap-in process, i.e. the wetting, of single colloidal particles into large water drops. The snap-in time is dependent on the capillary force and on inertia, but is independent on surface wettability. In contrast, the snap-in force is larger for hydrophilic and smaller for hydrophobic particles. A scaling model was proposed to describe the snap-in or early wetting of individual colloids.
The second part of the thesis is devoted to study the dynamic wetting of rigid flat surfaces by simple and viscous liquids. First, the early spreading of drops of aqueous electrolyte solutions on various wettable surfaces driven by electrostatic forces, which was termed "electrospreading", was investigated. It was found that early electrospreading is only dominated by inertia and electrostatics. The wetting dynamics is not only dependent on surface wettability and applied electric potential, but also on the concentration of the electrolyte solutions. The electrostatic energy stored in the electric double layer near the solid-liquid interface served as an additional energy for driving drop spreading. Based on molecular dynamics simulation done by Dr. Chunli Li, a simple scaling model was presented to describe the wetting dynamics. Finally, a systematic study of dynamic wetting of various wettable surfaces by viscous liquids was carried out. Both surface wettability and liquid viscosity influence the inertial stage of wetting as well as the viscous stage. During the inertial wetting stage, the effective mass of the spreading drop is affected by surface wettability and liquid viscosity. This results in a slower spreading speed on hydrophobic surfaces, or of highly viscous liquids. Viscous wetting did not take place on all substrates, but only on those surfaces with equilibrium contact angles smaller than a critical value, which depended again on liquid viscosity. A scaling law was proposed to explain these experimental observations.


The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA) established a unified procedure for determining the tax treatment of partnership items at the partnership level rather than the partner level. The TEFRA-partnership refund procedures differ from the refund claim procedures that apply to other taxpayers. For a TEFRA partnership, a refund claim is an administrative adjustment request (AAF) and a notice of deficiency is a notice of final partnership administrative adjustment (FPAA). Procedures for the assessment of additional tax attributable to partnership items have received much attention in recent years, but the procedures concerning refunds are complex and full of traps.
The tax matters partner (TMP) plays a key role in protecting the partners' rights, but the TMP's interests may differ significantly from those of other partners. Because of potential conflicts of interest, an individual partner should not rely entirely on the TMP. This article recommends five steps a taxpayer should take to protect its rights in a TEFRA partnership.
First, file an AAR before the IRS issues an FPAA; otherwise, it will be too late. Outside of the TEFRA-partnership context, taxpayers can simply default on a notice of deficiency, pay the resulting assessment, and then file a refund claim. With a TEFRA-partnership, the partners may no longer file an AAR after the IRS issues an FPAA so the only way to pursue a taxpayer-favorable adjustment on other issues is to contest the FPAA in court. Failing to do so will permanently forfeit any such favorable adjustments.
Second, review the complex statute of limitations for AARs carefully. There are significant differences between the statute of limitations concerning refund claims and refund suits, outside the TEFRA-partnership context, and the statute of limitations for AARs and related judicial review. Assumptions based on other statutes of limitations could easily result in forfeiting claims.
Third, file a separate AAR and do not rely entirely on the AAR filed by the TMP. Individual partners can always contest an FPAA in court, even if the TMP chooses not to, so their rights are protected. But if the IRS disallows an AAR filed by the TMP, only the TMP can file a petition for judicial review and redetermination. Individual partners should consider filing their own AAR and not relying on the TMP's. The duplicative AAR will likely be rejected but would preserve the partner's right to judicial review if the TMP's AAR is disallowed and the TMP does not file a petition in Tax Court.
Fourth, consider extending the partner-level statute of limitations for assessments to avoid forfeiting potential refund claims. If the TMP consents to an extension of the statute of limitation for the assessment of tax attributable to partnership items, that will extend the statute of limitations for filing an AAR. If the TMP has not extended the statute of limitations, and an individual partner needs more item to prepare an AAR, the partner may need to extend the partner-level statute of limitations.
Fifth, if beyond the statute of limitations for an AAR, consider alternative methods of recovery. For example, the partner may request a discretionary adjustment by the IRS under Section 6230(d). In appropriate circumstances, a partner can seek to apply the statutory mitigation provisions or the judicial doctrine of equitable recoupment.
The TEFRA procedures for AARs provide all partners a way to recover overpayments attributable to partnership items. The procedures are complex, however, with many potential pitfalls. Any partner who identifies a potential refund item for the partnership should thoroughly review all of the applicable requirements and carefully assess what it must do to preserve its rights. In particular, a partner may find it beneficial to file its own AAR, or include refund items in a petition for readjustment of an FPAA, in case the TMP cannot or will not act in the partner's interests. Under some circumstances, it may even be appropriate for a partner to extend its own statute of limitations to protect its interests.


Gypsum has been used as building material over a very long period of time. The production of gypsum plaster in Iraq confined on three types; plaster of Paris, ordinary gypsum and mechanical gypsum. The purpose of this study is to present a proposal to produce another type of gypsum plaster called Keene's cement, it has improvement characterizes than the other types of gypsum. In this study different percentage of alum solution has been used to soaked in gypsum lumps and different recalcinating temperatures also have been used. The results show that 12% of alum and 250 C° recalcinating temperature gave the highest result of compressive strength of Keene's cement product.


Abstract. The seasonal thermocline in shelf-seas represents an important biogeophysical barrier to the vertical flux of nutrients into the photic zone. Episodic weakening of this barrier plays an important role in sustaining the sub-surface chlorophyll maximum in summer and hence impacts the carbon draw-down in the seasonally-stratified zones of the shelf seas. Here we present estimates of the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation inferred from microstructure shear probes and compare them with dissipation rates inferred from a standard conductivity-temperature-depth instrument and from a fast thermistor (Thorpe Scale methodology) at a site in the seasonally-stratified Irish Sea. All methods show strong dissipation rates in response to tidal stresses near the bed (order 10�2 Wm�3) with qualitatively similar temporal and spatial patterns. In the interior of the water column, however, only the microstructure shear probe estimates resolve the mixing in the region of the thermocline.