Statistical relational learning models are powerful tools that combine ideas from first-order logic with probabilistic graphical models to represent complex dependencies. Despite their success in encoding large problems with a compact set of weighted rules, performing inference over these models is often challenging. In this paper, we show how to effectively combine two powerful ideas for scaling inference for large graphical models. The first idea, lifted inference, is a wellstudied approach to speeding up inference in graphical models by exploiting symmetries in the underlying problem. The second idea is to frame Maximum a posteriori (MAP) inference as a convex optimization problem and use alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to solve the problem in parallel. A well-studied relaxation to the combinatorial optimization problem defined for logical Markov random fields gives rise to a hinge-loss Markov random field (HLMRF) for which MAP inference is a convex optimization problem. We show how the formalism introduced for coloring weighted bipartite graphs using a color refinement algorithm can be integrated with the ADMM optimization technique to take advantage of the sparse dependency structures of HLMRFs. Our proposed approach, lifted hinge-loss Markov random fields (LHL-MRFs), preserves the structure of the original problem after lifting and solves lifted inference as distributed convex optimization with ADMM. In our empirical evaluation on real-world problems, we observe up to a three times speed up in inference over HL-MRFs.


The eddy correlation method was used to measure the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide continuously from April 1990 to December 1991 in a deciduous forest in central Massachusetts. The annual net uptake was 3.7 � 0.7 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. Ecosystem respiration, calculated from the relation between nighttime exchange and soil temperature, was 7.4 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year, implying gross ecosystem production of 11.1 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. The observed rate of accumulation of carbon reflects recovery from agricultural development in the 1800s. Carbon uptake rates were notably larger than those assumed for temperate forests in global carbon studies. Carbon storage in temperate forests can play an important role in determining future concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide.


Reducing child mortality is a high priority in sub-Saharan Africa, and swift, appropriate triage can make an important contribution to this goal. There has been a lot of interest and work in the field of triage of sick children in South Africa over the past few years. Despite this, in many parts of South Africa no formal system for triage of children in acute and emergency settings is used. This article aims to explain some of the key paediatric triage tools being considered and developed in South Africa. The triage tools discussed are the World Health Organization Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT), the South African adaptation of this tool known as ETAT-SA, the South African Triage Scale (SATS), and the Revised Paediatric SATS (P-SATS). The article describes how they were developed and their relevance to the country.


The symbiosis of the Fourier transform spectrometer with the computer permits the development of novel procedures for handling spectroscopic data. Two such procedures are here described. The first one produces directly the spectrum of the intermolecular interaction perturbation in solutions, while the second obtains the spectrum of pressure broadening coefficients of a gas sample. The interpretation of these techniques are discussed in the light of experimental results and shown to be critically dependent on a constant, well denned slit function and on nearly perfect spectral and intensity registration.


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This Short Cut is written to assist you, an Oracle Clinical Developer, with many of the tasks and decisions you may encounter on an occasional basis. These tasks involve study setup and maintenance, account maintenance, handling discrepancies, preparing data sets for analysis, batch-loading data, altering system-level settings and defining standard processes. A working knowledge of screen setup and procedure coding is assumed. Remote Data Capture (RDC), which moves data entry from the CRO or pharmaceutical company to the sites, is fast becoming the preferred way to gather and clean data for clinical trails. Thus, RDC, in either Classic or PDF form is frequently discussed here; however, occasionally traditional OC data entry methods will be noted. Ideally, you will have a general programming background as well as a strong knowledge of clinical trials and PL/SQL.


Intravenous administration of rabbit antiserum to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) markedly reduced the CRF-induced rise of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in intact nonstressed adult male rats while blocking more than 75 percent of the ACTH release observed in rats exposed to ether stress. Furthermore, antiserum to CRF significantly lowered ACTH levels in adrenalectomized animals. These results suggest that endogenous CRF plays a physiological role in regulating ACTH secretion.


In the above-mentioned article,1 the electronic version differs from the print version due to the placement of the figures. While the figure headings for Figure 1 and 2 are correct, the figures themselves were flipped during the processing of the article. The electronic version on the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine website has been corrected. We apologize for the error, and we regret any confusion or inconvenience it may have caused.


Abstract:Since the time of Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015), Singapore's leaders have refused to infer, merely from the country's size and composition, a need to appease the People's Republic of China (PRC). They have remained averse to the notion that little countries should kowtow to big ones, and they firmly reject the idea that their country is somehow racially embedded in a "greater China" whose roads all lead to Beijing. In recent years, however, the PRC has sought to assert what it views as its natural primacy in the region through a range of tactics that have involved not only traditional "hard" power, but also "soft," "sharp," and "sticky" power.


Two studies were conducted to investigate the aspect(s) of processing involved in the hypothesized speed mediation of adult age differences in memory. Both studies involved a serial memory task in which information was to be recalled either in the original order of presentation, or in a reordered sequence. Results from both studies indicated that task-specific processing durations were slower among older adults than among young adults, but that the attenuation of the age-related variance in memory was nearly as great after statistical control of a task-independent speed measure as after control of task-specific speed measures. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of the adult age-related differences in memory is associated with a decrease with increased age in the speed of executing many cognitive processes, and not simply the speed of one or two specific processes.


Objectives The objectives of this study were to evaluate the severity of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) on chronic pancreatitis (CP) and compare this to patients with AP without CP. Methods The Maryland Health Services database was queried for all adult inpatient discharges with a primary diagnosis of AP from 1994 to 2010. Acute pancreatitis on CP and AP without CP were defined by the presence of the associated diagnosis code for CP. Severity was defined as organ failure, intensive care unit stay, or mortality. Results Acute pancreatitis on CP accounted for 13.7% of all AP discharges (9747/70,944). The proportion of AP-on-CP discharges doubled during the study period (8.8% to 17.6%; P < 0.0001). When compared with patients with AP without CP, AP-on-CP patients were younger, were more likely to be male and black, had higher rates of alcohol and drug abuse, and had less severe disease with lower rates of mortality, organ failure, need for mechanical ventilation, and intensive care unit stay. Among AP-on-CP patients, significant predictors of severity included advanced age, weight loss, and 2 or more comorbidities. Conclusions Patients with AP on CP have less severe disease than do those with AP without CP. Weight loss, advanced age, and comorbidity increase the risk of severity in patients with AP on CP.


Although neuroanatomical tracing studies have defined the origin and targets of major projection neurons (PN) of the central nervous system (CNS), there is much less information about the circuits that influence these neurons. Recently, genetic approaches that use Cre recombinase-dependent viral vectors have greatly facilitated such circuit analysis, but these tracing approaches are limited by the availability of Cre-expressing mouse lines and the difficulty in restricting Cre expression to discrete regions of the CNS. Here, we illustrate an alternative approach to drive Cre expression specifically in defined subsets of CNS projection neurons, so as to map both direct and indirect presynaptic inputs to these cells. The method involves a combination of Cre-dependent transneuronal viral tracers that can be used in the adult and that does not require genetically modified mice. To trigger Cre-expression we inject a Cre-expressing adenovirus that is retrogradely transported to the projection neurons of interest. The region containing the retrogradely labeled projection neurons is next injected with Cre-dependent pseudorabies or rabies vectors, which results in labeling of poly- and monosynaptic neuronal inputs, respectively. In proof-of-concept experiments, we used this novel tracing system to study the circuits that engage projection neurons of the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus caudalis, neurons of the parabrachial nucleus of the dorsolateral pons that project to the amygdala and cortically-projecting neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Importantly, because this dual viral tracing method does not require genetically derived Cre-expressing mouse lines, inputs to almost any projection system can be studied and the analysis can be performed in larger animals, such as the rat.


Cyber-physical empirical methods (CPEMs) are empirical methods in which a dynamical system under study is partitioned into physical and numerical substructures. While the numerical substructures are described by validated computational models, the behaviour of the physical substructures is partly unknown. CPEMs allow to address problems in e.g. mechanical and electrical engineering that classical empirical methods alone, or models alone, cannot address in a satisfactory way. In CPEMs, the substructures are interconnected through a control system that includes sensors and actuators, having their own dynamics. The present thesis addresses how the fidelity of CPEMs, that is the degree to which they reproduce the behaviour of the system under study, is affected by the presence of this control system. In our work, the control system is represented by a parametrized set of elementary artefacts, such as sensor calibration error, bias, noise, time delays, signal loss, and actuator dynamics. Their describing parameter is assumed to be the realization of a multidimensional random variable with a known, but arbitrary, distribution, obtained from dedicated surveys or based on experience. The proposed analysis method enables the designer of a CPEM to (1) identify the artefacts that play a significant role for the fidelity, (2) define bounds for the describing parameter ensuring high-fidelity of the CPEM, and (3) evaluate whether probabilistic robust fidelity is achieved. These analyses are generally to be performed in a high-dimensional space, and involve non-closed form models of the substructures, which are possibly expensive to evaluate. To make the problem tractable, our strategy was therefore to apply adequate surrogate modelling technique, namely Polynomial Chaos Expansions (PCE) and Polynomial Chaos-based Kriging (PCK). The proposed method is first illustrated by a simple example involving coupled linear oscillators. It is then applied to the analysis of the active truncation of slender marine structures, a problem of direct relevance for hydrodynamic model testing of floating structures in ultra-deep water.


An innovative cultural history of the evolution of modern marriage practices in Bengal, Marriage and Modernity challenges the assumption that arranged marriage is an antiquated practice. Rochona Majumdar demonstrates that in the late colonial period Bengali marriage practices underwent changes that led to a valorization of the larger, intergenerational family as a revered, "ancient" social institution, with arranged marriage as the apotheosis of an "Indian" tradition. She meticulously documents the ways that these newly embraced "traditions"—the extended family and arranged marriage—entered into competition and conversation with other emerging forms of kinship such as the modern unit of the couple, with both models participating promiscuously in the new "marketplace" for marriages, where matrimonial advertisements in the print media and the payment of dowry played central roles. Majumdar argues that together the kinship structures newly asserted as distinctively Indian and the emergence of the marriage market constituted what was and still is modern about marriages in India.

Majumdar examines three broad developments related to the modernity of arranged marriage: the growth of a marriage market, concomitant debates about consumption and vulgarity in the conduct of weddings, and the legal regulation of family property and marriages. Drawing on matrimonial advertisements, wedding invitations, poems, photographs, legal debates, and a vast periodical literature, she shows that the modernization of families does not necessarily imply a transition from extended kinship to nuclear family structures, or from matrimonial agreements negotiated between families to marriage contracts between individuals. Colonial Bengal tells a very different story.


Rapid sintering is one of the most attractive metalworking technologies due to its ability to fabricate the final product with different microstructure in an economical manner. During this process, the high heating rate would induce a great thermal gradient to the sintering part. Such temperature differences affect the microstructure of the product, which in turn leads to the occurrence of microstructure defects. However, for this non-isothermal sintering, the present Radiative Transfer Equation approach or Units/Cells approach cannot effectively compute the temperature distributions inside the porous media, so as to predict the part defects. Cumbersome computations are needed for the Radiative Transfer Equation approach. For the Units/Cells approach, the use of regular assembly in the model limits the analysis of complex packed sphere systems. This study seeks to simplify the entire computational process for different packed sphere systems. By introducing a Radiative Transfer Coefficient (RTC) approach, the computation of radiative heat transfer within the porous bed can be enhanced. The newly introduced Radiative Transfer Coefficient is defined as the ratio of radiative energy exchange, including direct and indirect exchange, from the emitting sphere to the receiving sphere, which is a function of the system microstructure and radiative properties. A set of energy-balanced algebraic equations can then be established. With an appropriate initial energy guess for each sphere, these equations can be solved by the Gauss-Seidel iteration scheme, thereby computing the radiative heat transfer in packed sphere systems with different microstructures and radiative properties. The temperature for each sphere can therefore be computed right away. This model has been validated in different perspectives. With this RTC approach, the overall computational time required is significantly shorter, providing a set of fine-resolution temperature solution.


Gel breakdown (GB) and overripeness (OR) remain the biggest internal problems with Prunus armeniaca L. 'Imperial', which makes the biggest contribution to the total volume of apricots exported from South Africa per annum. Prunus salicina L. 'Pioneer', an early season South African plum cultivar, ripens quickly on and off the tree which results in rejections for soft fruit at packing and on arrival overseas. 'Songold', a yellow, midseason plum cultivar tends to develop GB and OR during cold-storage in some seasons, which renders the fruit inedible and results in high rejection rates. Prompt cooling and good temperature management are essential to lower the rate of physiological deterioration of stone fruit. In some commercial depots in South Africa, forced air cooling (FAC) of stone fruit can take as long as 48 to 72 h, depending on the type of packaging. Consequently, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of the rate and duration of FAC on the fruit quality of different stone fruit cultivars. Fruit was subjected to the following FAC rates at a delivery air temperature of -1.0°C to a pulp temperature of 0°C for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h stepwise cooling and 48 h stepwise cooling for the apricot, and 12 h, 24 h, 48 h stepwise cooling, and 72 h stepwise cooling for the two plum cultivars. The fruit was evaluated after cold-storage and a simulated shelf-life period. The trial was conducted in two consecutive seasons. 'Imperial' apricots had the best internal quality after 6 h of FAC, 'Pioneer' plums were not affected by FAC rate or duration, and 'Songold' plums had the best internal quality when FAC was applied for 12 h and longer. These results on plums demonstrate that cultivar differences must be considered when drawing up handling protocols for stone fruit, as a blanket recommendation may lead to the induction of quality defects.


ABSTRACT Non-state actors are increasingly participating in international climate diplomacy. The tactics employed by diverse civil society agents to influence climate policymaking are radicalizing through the adoption of more confrontational language. Activist groups have been seeking opportunities to influence policymakers regarding the rules related to transparency, public participation and accountability in the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). By scrutinizing efforts of three environmental NGOs (ENGOs) – Climate Action Network, Center for International Environmental Law and Carbon Market Watch – the analysis concentrates on what tactical shifts have occurred in the framing positions and approaches of these activists during the 1997–2015 period. After several years of legal advocacy, expertise and/or critique in an effort to reform input legitimacy of CDM governance, the selected ENGOs have recently drifted away from narratives of green governmentality and ecological modernization and, instead, radicalized their rhetorical tactics by turning to a human rights perspective under the umbrella of climate justice.


Data quality assessment and data cleaning are context-dependent activities. Motivated by this observation, we propose the Ontological Multidimensional Data Model (OMD model), which can be used to model and represent contexts as logic-based ontologies. The data under assessment are mapped into the context for additional analysis, processing, and quality data extraction. The resulting contexts allow for the representation of dimensions, and multidimensional data quality assessment becomes possible. At the core of a multidimensional context, we include a generalized multidimensional data model and a Datalog± ontology with provably good properties in terms of query answering. These main components are used to represent dimension hierarchies, dimensional constraints, and dimensional rules and define predicates for quality data specification. Query answering relies on and triggers navigation through dimension hierarchies and becomes the basic tool for the extraction of quality data. The OMD model is interesting per se beyond applications to data quality. It allows for a logic-based and computationally tractable representation of multidimensional data, extending previous multidimensional data models with additional expressive power and functionalities.


The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) is an important plant physiological index that is used to assess the ability of vegetation to absorb PAR, which is utilized to sequester carbon in the atmosphere. This index is also important for monitoring plant health and productivity, which has been widely used to monitor low stature crops and is a crucial metric for food security assessment. The fAPAR has been commonly correlated with a greenness index derived from spaceborne optical imagery, but the relatively coarse spatial or temporal resolution may prohibit its application on complex land surfaces. In addition, the relationships between fAPAR and remotely sensed greenness data may be influenced by the heterogeneity of canopies. Multispectral and hyperspectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging systems, conversely, can provide several spectral bands at sub-meter resolutions, permitting precise estimation of fAPAR using chemometrics. However, the data pre-processing procedures are cumbersome, which makes large-scale mapping challenging. In this study, we applied a set of well-verified image processing protocols and a chemometric model to a lightweight, frame-based and narrow-band (10 nm) UAV imaging system to estimate the fAPAR over a relatively large cultivated land area with a variety of low stature vegetation of tropical crops along with native and non-native grasses. A principal component regression was applied to 12 bands of spectral reflectance data to minimize the collinearity issue and compress the data variation. Stepwise regression was employed to reduce the data dimensionality, and the first, third and fifth components were selected to estimate the fAPAR. Our results indicate that 77% of the fAPAR variation was explained by the model. All bands that are sensitive to foliar pigment concentrations, canopy structure and/or leaf water content may contribute to the estimation, especially those located close to (720 nm) or within (750 nm and 780 nm) the near-infrared spectral region. This study demonstrates that this narrow-band frame-based UAV system would be useful for vegetation monitoring. With proper pre-flight planning and hardware improvement, the mapping of a narrow-band multispectral UAV system could be comparable to that of a manned aircraft system.


A fundamental challenge faced by all organisms is the risk of infection by pathogens that can significantly reduce their fitness. The evolutionary dynamic between hosts and pathogens is expected to be a coevolutionary cycle, as pathogens evolve by increasing their level of virulence and hosts respond by increasing their level of resistance. The factors that influence the dynamics of adaptation by pathogen and host in response to one another are not well understood. Social insects live in dense colonies in high-pathogen soil environments, making them an ideal model system to study the factors influencing the evolution of pathogen resistance. In this thesis work, I investigated several alternative hypotheses to explain patterns of host resistance to entomopathogenic fungi in the harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex: that high resistance is associated with high environmental pathogen loads, that local adaptation leads to increased resistance to coevolved pathogen populations, that life history tradeoffs increase allocation to resistance in harsher environments, and that increased genetic diversity caused by interspecific hybridization enhances inherent resistance. First, I characterized patterns of spatial variation in abundance and diversity of fungal pathogens among habitats of Pogonomyrmex species. I found 17 genera of fungi in the soil, six of which were entomopathogenic. Lower precipitation habitats, where P. rugosus occurs, had the lowest diversity, while the highest was experienced by the H lineage, one of two hybrid populations. When actual infection rates of field-caught workers were compared, the mesic-habitat P. barbatus was infected significantly more often. These results suggest that habitat does plays a role in fungal diversity, and that species are exposed to more entomopathogens may be more likely to get infected. Second, I tested experimentally whether hybridization and or habitat differences play a role in pathogen resistance by testing the effect of soil type and species identity on infection rates in pupae of the two species and their hybrids. This experiment showed P. rugosus ants had the highest inherent resistance to infection, supporting the life history tradeoff hypothesis. This suggest that Pogonomyrmex ants species are allocating their resources differently according to their environment, with more stressful environment leading to less investment in reproduction and more in protection against pathogens. Overall our study shows that environment plays a role in differences in infection risk, while genetic effects such as hybridization may not play a role in pathogen resistance.


Renowned evolutionary biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant have produced landmark studies of the Galapagos finches first made famous by Charles Darwin. In How and Why Species Multiply, they offered a complete evolutionary history of Darwin's finches since their origin almost three million years ago. Now, in their richly illustrated new book, 40 Years of Evolution, the authors turn their attention to events taking place on a contemporary scale. By continuously tracking finch populations over a period of four decades, they uncover the causes and consequences of significant events leading to evolutionary changes in species. The authors used a vast and unparalleled range of ecological, behavioral, and genetic data--including song recordings, DNA analyses, and feeding and breeding behavior--to measure changes in finch populations on the small island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos archipelago. They find that natural selection happens repeatedly, that finches hybridize and exchange genes rarely, and that they compete for scarce food in times of drought, with the remarkable result that the finch populations today differ significantly in average beak size and shape from those of forty years ago. The authors' most spectacular discovery is the initiation and establishment of a new lineage that now behaves as a new species, differing from others in size, song, and other characteristics. The authors emphasize the immeasurable value of continuous long-term studies of natural populations and of critical opportunities for detecting and understanding rare but significant events. By following the fates of finches for several generations, 40 Years of Evolution offers unparalleled insights into ecological and evolutionary changes in natural environments.


Intractable hiccups are debilitating and usually a result of some underlying disease. Initial management includes vagal maneuvers and pharmacotherapy. When hiccups persist despite medical therapy, surgical intervention rarely is pursued. Cases described in the literature cite successful phrenic nerve blockade, crush injury, or percutaneous phrenic nerve pacing. The authors report on a case of intractable hiccups occurring after a posterior fossa stroke, Complete resolution of the spasms has been achieved to date following the placement of a vagus nerve stimulator.


Paulo Coelho's enchanting novel has inspired a devoted following around the world, and this tenth anniversary edition, with a new introduction from the author, will only increase that following. This story, dazzling in its powerful simplicity and inspiring wisdom, is about an Andalusian shepherd boy named Santiago who travels from his homeland in Spain to the Egyptian desert in search of a treasure buried in the Pyramids. Along the way he meets a Gypsy woman, a man who calls himself king, and an alchemist, all of whom point Santiago in the direction of his quest. No one knows what the treasure is, or if Santiago will be able to surmount the obstacles along the way. But what starts out as a journey to find worldly goods turns into a discovery of the treasures found within. Lush, evocative, and deeply humane, the story of Santiago is an eternal testament to the transforming power of our dreams and the importance of listening to our hearts.


This paper analyzes the effects of ATM surcharges on deployment and welfare, in a model where banks compete for ATM and banking services. Foreign fees, surcharges and the interchange fee are endogenously determined. We find situations in which surcharges are welfare enhancing. Under strategic fee setting, the increase in deployment caused by surcharging might compensate the surplus loss caused by the increase in prices.


Test program generation plays a major role in functional verification of microprocessors. Due to tremendous growth in complexity of modern designs and rigid constraints on time to market, it becomes an increasingly difficult task. In spite of powerful test program generators available in the market, development of functional tests is still known to be the bottleneck of the microprocessor design cycle. The common problem is that it takes significant effort to reconfigure a test program generation tool for a new microprocessor design. The model-based approach applied in the state-of-the-art tools, like Genesys-Pro, still does not provide enough flexibility since creating a microprocessor model is difficult and requires special knowledge and skills. The article suggests an approach to ease generator customization by using architecture specifications that describe the microprocessor behavior at a higher level. The approach is aimed at facilitating development of architecture models and, thus, minimizing time required to create functional tests. At the moment, we are working to implement a new generation of the test program generator MicroTESK that can be easily configured for various microprocessor architectures.


This paper investigates metaphor use in a heavily industrialized context. Usingvideo recordings collected at a salmon factory in France as data, I study metaphorin the gestures that workers perform in technical specialist communicationalong a noisy production line. Within a framework for describing gestureforms and identifying their underlying conceptual motivations, I analyse theiconicity of the gestures and argue that this stretch of the production line wasa context for low metaphoricity. My analyses show that gesture iconicity wasmotivated by metonymic mappings within concrete source domains but notmetaphoric mappings to abstract target domains. This finding emphasises thatmetaphor activation can depend on aspects of context, including the communicativeenvironment and the artefacts it contains.


We study a framework where agents have to avoid aversive signals. The agents are given only partial information, in the form of features that are projections of task states. Additionally, the agents have to cope with non-determinism, defined as unpredictability on the way that actions are executed. The goal of each agent is to define its behavior based on feature-action pairs that reliably avoid aversive signals. We study a learning algorithm, called A-learning, that exhibits fixpoint convergence, where the belief of the allowed feature-action pairs eventually becomes fixed. A-learning is parameter-free and easy to implement.


This book reconsiders the career of an important, controversial, but neglected figure in this history of Irish Presbyterianism. The Revd Isaac Nelson is mostly remembered for his opposition to the evangelical revival of 1859, but this book demonstrates that there was much more to Nelson's career. Nelson started out as a protégé of Henry Cooke and as an exemplary young evangelical minister. Upon aligning himself with the Belfast Anti-Slavery Society and joining forces with American abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, Nelson emerged as a powerful voice against compromise with slaveholders. One of the central objectives of this book is to show that anti-slavery, especially his involvement with the 'Send Back the Money' controversy in the Free Church of Scotland and the debate over fellowship with slaveholders at the Evangelical Alliance, was crucially important to the development of Nelson into one of Irish Presbyterianism's most controversial figures. His later opposition to the 1859 Revival has often been understood as being indicative of Nelson's opposition to evangelicalism. This book argues that such a conclusion is mistaken and that Nelson opposed the Revival as a Presbyterian evangelical. His later involvement with the Land League and the Irish Home Rule movement, including his tenure as the Member of Parliament for County Mayo, could be easily dismissed as an entirely discreditable affair. While avoiding romantic nostalgia in relation to Nelson's nationalism, this book argues that Nelson's basis for advocating Home Rule was not as peculiar as it might first appear.


Purpose: To evaluate the effect of serous macular detachment (SMD) on anti-VEGF treatment in patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) Materials and Methods: 46 eyes of 46 patients with ME due to CRVO were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to presence of the subretinal fluid in optical coherence tomography (OCT): SMD and non-SMD. Both groups were treated with three monthly anti-VEGF (aflibercept or ranibizumab) injections followed-up in PRN regimen. At baseline and after every injection bestcorrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), anatomical findings were noted from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and patients' files. Results: 19 eyes in SMD and 27 eyes in non-SMD groups were studied. The groups were similar in terms of baseline characteristics (p>0.05). Both groups had improvement in BCVA and decrease in CMT during treatment period (p<0.001). Although SMD group had higher BCVA than non-SMD group at all time, this difference was statistically significant only at first and second months (p=0.024 and p=0.023, respectively). The change in BCVA during treatment period was higher in SMD group than non-SMD group (p=0.047). The groups were similar in terms of anatomical gain (p>0.05). Conclusion: The patients with SMD had higher anatomical gain and BCVA than patients with non-SMD during the first months of the antiVEGF treatment. SMD has good impact on visual gain in patients with CRVO.


A report published by the Consultative Group on the Past (Consultative Group) in January 2009 recommended that a 'Legacy Commission' be established for Northern Ireland that would fulfil a reconciliation, truth-recovery and justice mandate. The work of the Consultative Group highlights how international justice norms are interpreted at a local level in a way that takes account of local histories and priorities. This article critically examines the proposed Legacy Commission and finds that the framework outlined by the Consultative Group does not sufficiently challenge discourses of violence that hinder the bedding down of positive peace in Northern Ireland. Universal human rights and justice concepts remain peripheral to this framework, which avoids the type of profound conflict analysis that might advance societal stability and harmony. Instead of challenging the structural and institutional inequalities that underpinned the violence of the conflict in Northern Ireland and opening up new pathways to accessing truth and justice, the Consultative Group's report advocates a truth-recovery process that is not open to public scrutiny and is couched in the language of forgetting, which begs the question whether this is a genuine attempt to explore sidelined or dissenting narratives of conflict, or merely another forum in which to contain them.


In this article we present an application of text-analysis technologies to support social science research, in particular the analysis of patterns in news content. We describe a system that gathers and annotates large volumes of textual data in order to extract patterns and trends. We have examined 3.5 million news articles and show that their topic is related to the gender bias and readability of their content. This study is intended to illustrate how pattern analysis technology can be deployed to automate tasks commonly performed by humans in the social sciences, in order to enable large scale studies that would otherwise be impossible.


The seasonal variability of cirrus depolarization ratio and its altitude at the region of Beijing (39.93N,116.43E, the capital of China) are presented. From the results obtained from the cloud aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observations lidar measurements, it appears that the values of depolarization ratio and altitude of cirrus are generally higher in autumn and summer than those in spring and winter, and the cirrus altitude is modulated by the height of tropopause. Additionally, the depolarization ratio tends to linearly vary with the increase of altitude and the decrease of temperature.


We examine the current performance and future demands of interconnects to and on silicon chips. We compare electrical and optical interconnects and project the requirements for optoelectronic and optical devices if optics is to solve the major problems of interconnects for future high-performance silicon chips. Optics has potential benefits in interconnect density, energy, and timing. The necessity of low interconnect energy imposes low limits especially on the energy of the optical output devices, with a ~ 10 fJ/bit device energy target emerging. Some optical modulators and radical laser approaches may meet this requirement. Low (e.g., a few femtofarads or less) photodetector capacitance is important. Very compact wavelength splitters are essential for connecting the information to fibers. Dense waveguides are necessary on-chip or on boards for guided wave optical approaches, especially if very high clock rates or dense wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is to be avoided. Free-space optics potentially can handle the necessary bandwidths even without fast clocks or WDM. With such technology, however, optics may enable the continued scaling of interconnect capacity required by future chips.


You have a family computer for e-mail and browsing the Internet. Your son and daughter have their own computer for school work and your spouse has a laptop that he or she brings home from work every day. With your family spread out all over the house on their computers, wouldn't it be nice if you could make them all work together? Create Your Own Home Networksi? is a unique book that will show you how to make your home computers talk to each other while sharing files, music and printers. The most common networking tasks are presented in project-format that doesn't require any in-depth understanding of computer systems or networks beyond that of a typical computer user. You will learn how to setup your computers to: Share printers, files, and Internet connections IM one another instantly Get your e-mail in and out of your network Create a network jukebox Roam your house with wirelessYou'll also get tips on choosing the right networking equipment, hiding wires and patching holes in your drywall, and when to call the pros. Create Your Own Home Networks is all that you need to get started on creating your very own home network.


Network theory and methods are becoming increasingly used to study the causes and consequences of conflict. Network analysis allows researchers to develop a better understanding of the causal dynamics and structural geometry of the complex web of interdependencies at work in the onset, incidence, and diffusion of conflict and peace. This issue features new theoretical and empirical research demonstrating how properly accounting for networked interdependencies has profound implications for our understanding of the processes thought to be responsible for the conflict behavior of state and non-state actors. The contributors examine the variation in networks of states and transnational actors to explain outcomes related to international conflict and peace. They highlight how networked interdependencies affect conflict and cooperation in a broad range of areas at the center of international relations scholarship. It is helpful to distinguish between three uses of networks, namely: (1) as theoretical tools, (2) as measurement tools, and (3) as inferential tools. The introduction discusses each of these uses and shows how the contributions rely on one or several of them. Next, Monte Carlo simulations are used to illustrate one of the strengths of network analysis, namely that it helps researchers avoid biased inferences when the data generating process underlying the observed data contains extradyadic interdependencies.


This month I examine a practical aspect of environmental law, namely the role of the environmental law practitioner in a due diligence exercise. More and more frequently local and international purchasers of (shares in) South African companies require that environmental investigations be carried out during the course of a preacquisition due dil igence exercise. It is not unknown for non-compliance with environmental laws to scuttle a transaction, particularly where environmental considerations are important in the jurisdiction of the purchasing company and where purchasing parties cannot be seen to be applying different environmental standards in different countries.


Online grooming is an ever-increasing problem in societies and the time spent online is recently started to rise drastically. People can become anonymous whilst posting, sharing his/her own opinion, and being a part of online chatting. Option to be anonymous also brings together the chance for hiding personal identity when making an attempt on illegal activities. Online grooming is one of the significant areas of aforementioned actions and sexual predators can easily use online chatting platforms to quickly build a friendly relationship with children or teenagers to gain their trust and make them share their obscene media files. These sexual predators mostly try to convince their victims to meet and it may lead to having sexual intercourse with a minor. In order to draw attention to the huge challenge that most societies face, this study mainly aims to identify predators in the early stage of online communication. The objective is to do an investigation to detect child grooming through online chat records by using Machine Learning techniques. In the first part of the study, it has been achieved to make a multi-label classification on a Wikipedia dataset with more than 97 percent accuracy, where a given text gets classified based on the toxicity types. The outcome of this work is also used in the second stage and herein PAN12 dataset has been used to train and test our model. We have ended up with more than 92 percent accuracy, where suspicious conversation messages from the chat records get identified and sexual predators can be recognized. Keywords— Child Abuse Detection, Online Sexual Predator Identification, Multi-Label Text Classification, Machine Learning


Abstract:After the "Arab Spring" and the initial democratic reforms in Turkey under the Justice and Development Party (AKP), why has democratic progress remained so elusive in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)? In recent years, that question has preoccupied numerous scholars, commentators, and policy makers. Behind most of their analyses, we believe, lurks an assumption that secular parties are intrinsically better stewards of constitutional liberalism than their Islamist counterparts. Yet have non-Islamist parties really been superior agents of democratic change? We test this by surveying secular parties in three countries: Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey. In order to assess each party's liberal credentials, we analyze each along four key dimensions:1) history of exclusivist and statist positions; 2) ties to the military; 3) past political behavior; and 4) internal party democracy.


Undernutrition affects a large proportion of children in developing countries. Black et al 1 estimated that, in 2005, 32% of all children under five years of age in developing countries were stunted and that 20% were underweight. Many factors are responsible for these figures, including maternal undernutrition, intrauterine growth restriction, lack of or inadequate breastfeeding, poor complementary infant-feeding practices beyond six months of age, and the interaction between undernutrition and recurrent infections. These authors estimated that maternal and child undernutrition was the underlying cause of 3.5 million deaths annually and 35% of the disease burden in children under the age of five years. While many countries have shown impressive reductions in under-five mortality since 2005, thus probably reducing these figures to some extent, 2 undernutrition remains a major factor that is responsible for child mortality and morbidity.


Cognitive radio network concept has been considered as a promising solution to improve the spectrum utilization. However, it may be vulnerable to security problems as the primary user PU and secondary user SU access the same resource. In this paper, we consider a system model where an eavesdropper EAV illegally listens to the PU communication in the presence of a SU transmitter SU-Tx communicating with a SU receiver SU-Rx. The SU-Tx transmit power is subject to the peak transmit power constraint of the SU and outage probability constraint of the PU. Given this context, the effect of the interference from the SU-Tx to the EAV on the primary system security is investigated. In particular, analytical expressions of the probability of existence of non-zero secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability of the PU are derived. Moreover, the performance analysis of the secondary network is examined where closed-form expressions of the symbol error probability and achievable rate are presented. Numerical examples are provided to evaluate the impact of the primary system parameters and channel conditions among users on the system performance of secondary and primary networks. Interestingly, our results reveal a fact that the security of the primary network strongly depends on the channel condition of the SU-Tx to the EAV link and the transmit power policy of the SU-Tx. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The information technologies increasingly enable companies to set up websites for customers to design and purchase their own individualized products. Although customer co-design offer benefits for both suppliers and customers, how to manage the co-design process, especially the central interface features of design toolkit have emerged as a contentious issue among researchers and practitioners. This paper focuses on the effects of both utilitarian and psychological customer-design product value (i.e., perceived preference fit and psychological ownership) on customers' purchase decision. Based on the self-determination theory, we propose that the effectiveness of the value increment mechanisms is influenced by three leading toolkit characteristics the reusability of the peer-generated design solutions, design autonomy, and peer feedback, which represent three important stages in the design process, i.e., idea generation, configuration, and outcome evaluation. Laboratory experiment will be carried out to test the hypotheses. This study attempts to extend the self-determination theory to the online co-design context and to explore the value of customer-designed product through psychological ownership. It also intends to suggest pragmatic strategies for companies to improve co-design process and promote their product sale.


The assessment of thermal stability parameters of biologics is an integral part of formulation development in biopharmaceutical research. The ever growing number of biologics in the development pipelines worldwide demands rapid and precise methods to quickly screen large sets of conditions in an easy and straightforward manner. In our study, we compare two methods for the detection of thermal unfolding transition temperatures (Tm) of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb): nanoDSF, which analyzes changes in the fluorescence emission properties of proteins, and differential scanning calorimetry (μDSC), which detects changes in the heat capacity of a protein solution upon unfolding. nanoDSF and μDSC both provide precise and consistent data. nanoDSF in addition overcomes several limitations by μDSC, such as low throughput and high sample consumption, and thus represents the ideal technology for rapid and precise thermal stability screening in biopharmaceutical development.


Integrated waveguide polarizers and polarization-selective micro-ring resonators (MRRs) incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) films are experimentally demonstrated. CMOS-compatible doped silica waveguides and MRRs with both uniformly coated and patterned GO films are fabricated based on a large-area, transfer-free, layer-by-layer GO coating method that yields precise control of the film thickness. Photolithography and lift-off processes are used to achieve photolithographic patterning of GO films with precise control of the placement and coating length. Detailed measurements are performed to characterize the performance of the devices versus GO film thickness and coating length as a function of polarization, wavelength and power. A high polarization dependent loss of ~53.8 dB is achieved for the waveguide coated with 2-mm-long patterned GO films. It is found that intrinsic film material loss anisotropy dominates the performance for less than 20 layers whereas polarization dependent mode overlap dominates for thicker layers. For the MRRs, the GO coating length is reduced to 50 microns, yielding a ~ 8.3-dB polarization extinction ratio between TE and TM resonances. These results offer interesting physical insights and trends of the layered GO films and demonstrate the effectiveness of introducing GO films into photonic integrated devices to realize high-performance polarization selective components.


As experts acknowledge innovation is rarely driven by individuals acting in an isolated capacity, it is generally a social and collaborative element that triggers the concepts of organizational behavior. The question is then how to create environments in projects and in organizations where individual's creativity and contribution fosters pollination to drive innovation. Studies confirm that the key impacting element in this area is team - work quality, rather than team composition. Thus, organizations need to create teams with key traits that drive positive collaborations such as communication, coordination, balance of member contributions, mutual support, effort, and cohesion. These traits will allow a social group to deal with the inevitable creative tension needed for innovation ecosystems to flourish. Since human behavior is not mathematical, the only way to do this is creating the conditions for these traits to appear. In this context, leaders as social architects become very important, setting the tone of the organization, clearly defining the mission, identifying and living shared values, setting example, and understanding how organizations and social groups behave. When they are able to build high quality and performing environments, they become innovation brokers generating models that are scalable to be able to impact communities.


The literary nature of the Beatitudes demonstrates a composition that developed orally. Speech act theory is utilized in understanding the oral features of the text as well as demonstrating what Jesus did in his utterances. The significance of the Beatitudes lies in the authoritative utterances of Jesus. Speech act theory allows for an investigation into the nature of those utterances. This paper recognizes six principles guiding speech act theory on the Beatitudes. A speech act model is presented and applied to the Beatitudes pericope (Matt 5:3-16). The formula is SP+(EE)CH=ACT: analyse the situated performativity of a text, add it to the multiplying nature of existential engagement by the interpreter with the illocutionary force found through the critical horizon of guiding worldviews, and the result is an Acquired Communal Translation for the social body.
It is understood that Matthew intended to compose a pericope in serving as a paradigmatic utterance to guide the Matthean community in its existence and mission in the world. In addition, the paradigm is to be adopted by all Christian communities in their mission to the world.


ABSTRACT The study of legitimacy in situations of conflict and peacebuilding has increased in recent years. However, current work on the topic adopts many assumptions, definitions, and understandings from classical legitimacy theory, which centers on the relationship between the nation-state and its citizens. In this introduction, we provide a detailed critical overview of current theories of legitimacy and legitimation and demonstrate why they have only limited applicability in conflict and post-conflict contexts, focusing on the three main areas that the articles included in this special issue examine: audiences for legitimacy, sources of legitimacy, and legitimation. In particular, we show how conflict and post-conflict contexts are marked by the fragmentation and personalization of power; the proliferation and fragmentation of legitimacy audiences; and ambiguity surrounding legitimation strategies.


Dominant educational approaches in chemistry focus on the learning of somewhat isolated concepts and ideas about chemical substances and reactions. Reform efforts often seek to engage students in the generation of knowledge through the investigation of chemical phenomena, with emphasis on the development and application of models to build causal explanations and predict outcomes. However, chemistry has been characterized as a technoscience that blends scientific pursuit and technological goals. Besides searching for explanations, our discipline also involves the design of substances and processes to address relevant problems, as well as the evaluation of social, economic, and environmental benefits, costs, and risks associated with chemical knowledge and products. In order to develop authentic curricula, instruction, and assessments that are better aligned with the core goals and practices of chemistry, we need to understand how students' chemical thinking progresses over time. We define chemical thinking as the development and application of chemical knowledge and practices with the main intent of analyzing, synthesizing, and transforming matter for practical purposes. In this paper we present a blueprint of a theoretically sound and evidence-based foundation for an educational framework centered on the idea of chemical thinking. Our investigations are focused on the development of a learning progression that describes likely pathways in the evolution of students' chemical thinking with training in the discipline from grade 8 (age 13–14) through 16 (undergraduate completion).


What were the reasons behind the terrorist attacks of September 11th? Does the cause of Islamist terrorism relate to the lack of democracy in the Middle East? Through detailed research into the activities of both radical and moderate organizations across the Middle East, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas and Hizbullah, and via interviews with key personnel, Katerina Dalacoura investigates whether repression and political exclusion pushed Islamist entities to adopt terrorist tactics. She also explores whether inclusion in the political process has had the opposite effect of encouraging Islamist groups toward moderation and ideological pragmatism. In a challenge to the conventional wisdom, she concludes that Islamist terrorism is not a direct consequence of authoritarianism in the Middle East and that there are many key factors that generate radicalism.


The objective of this study is to assess the environmental and economic performance of a combined wind-wave energy converter over its entire lifecycle. The lifecycle analysis covers embedded costs, energy balance and carbon footprint, right from the raw materials to the final decommissioning. It is demonstrated that Wave Dragon in combination with wind has a 17% lower LCOE than a Wave Dragon without wind turbines. This is due to the fact tha t wind turbines are a very cost efficient technology when deployed in high wind speed sites if the costs of foundation and grid connection can be kept at a reasonable level – and this is obviously the case when installing on top of a heavy and stable platform like Wave Dragon.


This paper reports new records of Didogobius splechtnai Ahnelt et Patzner, 1995 along the French Mediterranean coast. Additional comments on older underwater observations of D. schlieweni Miller, 1993 are also provided. The status of rarity of these two species is discussed. D. splechtnai is probably regularly distrib - uted in the north-western and eastern Mediterranean where suitable habitats are available but both species are considered as rare ( D. splechtnai ) to very rare ( D. schlieweni ).


THIS ARTICLE ADDRESSES THE CULTURAL and social appreciation linked with Einar Englund's Symphony No. 1 (1946), involving the audience, the composer, and the performers, and particularly how male gender articulation was enhanced by the symphony. Addressing these issues requires a focus on the interconnections between Englund's symphony and Finnish musical culture after World War II. I am interested in understanding why this piece became so popular after the war. Of the four performances between 1947 and 1956, all except the first were also broadcast on the national radio. This frequent performance rate is exceptional. Much more common would have been a single performance, followed by a sinking into oblivion. (2) (1.) I read earlier versions of this work as papers at the 5th Symposium of the Finnish Musicological Society, Oulu, Finland, 19-21 April 2001, and the 7th International Congress on the Musical Signification Project, Imatra, Finland, 7-10 June 2001. I thank Lucy Green, Marianne Kielian-Gilbert, Pirkko Moisala, Raymond Monelle, John Richardson, and Edith Zack for their helpful comments. (2.) The following is a complete list of Finnish performances of Einar Englund's Symphony Nr. 1: (1) 17 January 1947, Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, Leo Funtek; (2) 20 January 1948, Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Nils-Eric Fougsted; (3) 22 April 1952, Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Simon Parmet; (4) 6 March 1956, Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Paavo Berglund; (5) 30 March 1967, Turku Philharmonic Orchestra, Paavo Rautio; (6) 21 January 1971, Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, Jorma Panula; (7-32) Ballet Sports, a ballet choreographed by Heikki Vartsi, The Orchestra of Finnish National Opera, Harry Damgaard: 24, 26, 29, and 30 April 1975, 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, and 30 May, 5 and 6 June, 30 August, 3, 12, 22, 26, and 29 September, 1 and 8 October, 1 and 8 November 1975; (33) 18 and 19 February 1982, Turku Philharmonic Orchestra, Pertti Pekkanen; (34) 21 November 1985, Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, Pertti Pekkanen; (35) 15 and 16 March 1990, Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra, Ari Rasilainen; (36) 30 March 2000, Oulu Symphony Orchestra, Cecilia Rydinger Alin. The program notes for each performance have been consulted for this article, except for the first one, which I have been unable to locate, and the 1956 performance, for which the notes were not printed owing to the general strike. (The strike, however, was not so general as to prevent Einar Englund (1916-99) holds an important place in the Finnish art music canon. Particularly his early symphonies acted as catalysts for musical modernism after World War II. But when the Finnish musical avant-garde turned during the 1950s to serialism, integral serialism, and particularly in the 1960s to musical anarchism, Englund withdrew. His comeback took place during the early 1970s, when with the advent of musical pluralism, tonality and classical forms became more acceptable. Englund's musical output is large; it includes seven symphonies (1946-89) and concertos for cello (1954), violin (1981), flute (1985), clarinet (1991), and two for piano, which was Englund's own instrument (1955 and 1974). He also wrote chamber music, choral songs, and two ballets, but no operas or solo songs) Much of his music has been published and released on CD. Although Englund is for the most part known only in Finland, discussing his music outside his (and my) home country is worthwhile. The methodological standpoint, symphony as a technology of male gender articulation, is of more general relevance, and Englund's Symphony No. 1 provided a particularly delicious opportunity for research. Furthermore, writing about a composer who is not a well-known member of the Western art music canon in practice questions the hierarchies present in canon formation both in musical culture and in musicological scholarship. Toward Cultural Music Analysis Culture is a space for processing living and meaning. …


Geophysical methods, including a shallow seismic reflection (SSR) survey, surface and borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data, and electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), were conducted at the Savannah River site (SRS), South Carolina, to investigate the shallow stratigraphy, hydrogeophysical zonation, and the applicability and performance of these geophysical techniques for hydrogeological characterization in contaminant areas. The study site is the P Reactor area located within the upper Atlantic coastal plain, with clastic sediments ranging from Late Cretaceous to Miocene in age. The target of this research was the delineation and prediction of migration pathways of a trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminant plume that originates from the northwest section of the reactor facility and discharges into the nearby Steel Creek. This contaminant plume has been migrating in an east-to-west direction and narrowing away from the source in an area where the general stratigraphy along with the groundwater flow dips to the southeast. Here, we present the results from a stratigraphic and hydrogeophysical characterization of the site using the SSR, GPR, and ERI methods. Although detailed stratigraphic layers were identified in the upper approximately 50 m (164 ft), other major findings include (1) the discovery of a shallow (23 m [75 ft] from the ground surface) inverse fault, (2) the detection of a paleochannel system that was previously reported but that seems to be controlled by the reactivation of the interpreted fault, and (3) the finding that the hydraulic gradient seems to have a convergence of groundwater flow near the area. The interpreted fault at the study site appears to be of upper Eocene age and may be associated with other known reactivated faults within the Dunbarton Triassic Basin. The coincident use of the SSR and ERI methods in conjunction with the complementary 50-, 100-, and 200-MHz GPR antennas allowed us to generate a detailed geologic model of the shallow subsurface, suggesting that the migration of the TCE plume is constrained by (1) the paleochannel system with respect to its migration direction, (2) the presence of an inverse fault that may also contribute to the paleochannel growth and structural evolution, and (3) the local groundwater flow volume with respect to its longer and narrower shape away from the source updip stratigraphic bedding.


ABSTRACT In the decade since the founding of WikiLeaks, no non-leak-related issue has dominated coverage of the organization more than the August 2010 allegations made by two women in Stockholm against WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. This case has been addressed on the WikiLeaks Twitter feed on a consistent basis over the past 6 years. The tweets from WikiLeaks to millions of followers constitute a form of popular communication where a broad—albeit somewhat prefigured—audience is targeted using an open social media platform. With this audience in mind, I analyze the use of Twitter by WikiLeaks to address the 2010 rape allegations against Assange (and the subsequent follow-on events after those allegations), with a particular focus on two issues: (a) the framing by WikiLeaks of the allegations, Sweden, rape, and feminism; and (b) how the sources (links) used in those tweets to back up claims should be seen as part of the general framing process.


Introduction The PulseRider is a novel device intended for use in the treatment of aneurysms arising at bifurcations. We present the initial results of the first three cases in the USA employing the PulseRider device. Methods Aneurysms intended to be treated with the PulseRider device at a single institution were identified prospectively. Aneurysms arising at either the carotid terminus or basilar apex that were relatively broad-necked were considered candidates for treatment with the novel device. Results Patients were pretreated with dual antiplatelet therapy. All cases were performed under general endotracheal anesthesia. An appropriately sized PulseRider device was deployed across the neck of the aneurysm. A microcatheter was then navigated over a 0.014 inch microwire through the device into the aneurysm. Complete occlusion of the aneurysm was achieved in all cases without intraprocedural complications. Conclusions We have found in our early experience with the Pulse Rider device that its use is safe and effective as an adjunct in the treatment of bifurcation aneurysms arising at the basilar apex or carotid terminus. As such, it represents a useful addition to the armamentarium of the neuroendovascular specialist.


When red and green stimuli are alternated at some appropriate frequency, we perceive flicker. The flicker can be increased or decreased by changing the ratio of the two radiances; some particular ratio gives minimum flicker. When an adapting field of a certain color is applied, the ratio must be changed in order to obtain the minimum flicker, owing to selective chromatic adaptation. A red adapting field, for example, causes greater sensitivity loss for red compared to other spectral ranges. Thus the radiance ratio should be altered so as to increase the radiance of red stimulus over the green one. Factors HR and HG are introduced which specify the ratio change caused by the red and green adapting fields, respectively. A large HR is especially characteristic of normal color vision, and virtually zero HR is obtained for color defectives. Thus HR, in combination with HO, which specifies the radiance ratio with no adaptation, provides a new method of discriminating color defectives from normals and distinguishing types of defects. The present investigation shows that the discrimination among the three groups is very clear and that no misclassification occurs. However, dichromats are not distinguished from anomalous subjects; further investigation is needed concerning that point.


Failures in reactive embedded systems are often unacceptable. Effective testing of embedded systems to detect such unacceptable failures is a difficult task. We present an automated black box test suite generation technique for embedded systems. The technique is based on dynamic mining of specifications, in the form of a finite state machine (FSM), from initial runs. The set of test cases thus produced may contain several redundant test cases. Many of the redundant test cases are then eliminated by an aggressive greedy test suite reduction algorithm to yield the final test suite. The tests generated by our technique were evaluated for their effectiveness on five case studies from the embedded domain. The evaluation of the results indicate that a test suite generated by our technique is promising in terms of effectiveness and scales easily. Further, the test suite reduction algorithm may sometimes remove non-redundant test cases too. Therefore, in our experimentation, we have also evaluated the change in the effectiveness of test suites due to this reduction. In this thesis, we describe the test suite generation and reduction technique in detail and present the results of the case studies.


Chandra's 53-hour observation of the central region of the Perseus galaxy cluster (left) has revealed wavelike features (right) that appear to be sound waves. The features were discovered by using a special image-processing technique to bring out subtle changes in brightness. These sound waves are thought to have been generated by explosive events occurring around a supermassive black hole (bright white spot) in Perseus A, the huge galaxy at the center of the cluster. The image also shows two vast, bubble-shaped cavities filled with high-energy particles and magnetic fields. They create the sound waves by pushing the hot X-ray emitting gas aside. The pitch of the sound waves translates into the note of B flat, 57 octaves below middle-C. This frequency is over a million billion times deeper than the limits of human hearing, so the sound is much too deep to be heard.


Abstract Within marketing and consumer behaviour research, museums have been generally conceptualised as public consumption spaces where visitors benefit from a variety of affective, recreational, and cognitive experiences. As such, the social context has been largely subordinated to enhancing visitors' cultural consumption experience in the physical environment of the museum. Our study takes a reverse path by highlighting how the cultural consumption experience in the museum nourishes 'interactive sociality' both inside and outside the museum. The analysis of our qualitative data (interpretive individual and group interviews and non-participatory observations) on Kelvingrove Museum and Art Gallery in Glasgow, UK, imply that by leveraging interactive sociality, managers can enhance the museum's value proposition and societal worth in contemporary society. The paper critiques museum studies' over-reliance on (social) psychology theories and demonstrates the value of adopting alternative (sociocultural) approaches to the advancement of theory in the field. It provides evidence for the fact that cultural consumers' interaction with(in) the organisation is not confined to the physical boundaries of a given context. People extend their varying experiences and sensibilities to other domains beyond the museum walls.


An optical pulse-shaping system using an electro-optic modulator driven by an aperture-coupled-stripline (ACSL) electrical-waveform generator has been developed. The ACSL electrical-waveform generator consists of two electrical striplines stacked and coupled through an aperture layer. By changing the aperture layer, the pulse-shaping system is capable of producing arbitrarily shaped optical pulses with 100-ps structure over a 1- to 5-ns pulse envelope.


In this paper, comparative experiments on the inactivation of Chironomid larvae by ozone and chlorine were conducted. In addition, batch experiments were performed in order to analyze the influence of pH value, organic precursor concentration and temperature on the inactivation efficiency of Chironomid larvae with ozone. Based on it, removal effect of different pre-oxidation combined with coagulation process on Chironomid larvae in raw water was evaluated. The results showed that ozone possessed better inactivation performance than chlorine, and complete inactivation of Chironomid larvae in raw water was obtained at ozone dose of 2.0 mg/L after 25 minutes of contact time. The inactivation rate of Chironomid larvae at pH 6.0 was higher than those found at pH 8.0 in same contact time. Meanwhile, the organic precursor had negative effects on inactivation, indicated by the decreasing inactivation rate from 100% at TOC concentration of 0 mg/L to 20.0% at 8 mg/L after 30 min of contact time. With regard to the temperature, the inactivation efficiency of Chironomid larvae improved with the temperature increasing within the range investigated of 10–25°C. The inactivation rate was reduced by 73.3% when temperature reduced from 25°C to10°C. The coagulation jar test showed that Chironomid larvae in the raw water could be completely removed by ozone pre-oxidation combined with the coagulation process at ozone dosage of 1.2 mg/L.


We observed that increasing the clusters size and laser pulse contrast can enhance the X-ray flux emitted by femtosecond-laser-driven-cluster plasma. By focusing a high contrast laser (10(-10)) on large argon clusters, high flux Kα-like X-rays (around 2.96 keV) is generated with a total flux of 2.5 × 10(11) photons/J in 4π and a conversion efficiency of 1.2 × 10-4. In the case of large Kr clusters, the best total flux for L-shell X-rays is 5.3 × 1011 photons/J with a conversion efficiency of 1.3 × 10-4 and, for the Kα X-ray (12.7 keV), it is 8 × 10(8) photons/J with a conversion efficiency of 1.6 × 10-6. Using this X-ray source, a single-shot high-performance X-ray imaging is demonstrated.


Current water desalination techniques are energy intensive and some use membranes operated at high pressures. It is shown here that water desalination can be accomplished without electrical energy input or high water pressure by using a source of organic matter as the fuel to desalinate water. A microbial fuel cell was modified by placing two membranes between the anode and cathode, creating a middle chamber for water desalination between the membranes. An anion exchange membrane was placed adjacent to the anode, and a cation exchange membrane was positioned next to the cathode. When current was produced by bacteria on the anode, ionic species in the middle chamber were transferred into the two electrode chambers, desalinating the water in the middle chamber. Proof-of-concept experiments for this approach, using what we call a microbial desalination cell (MDC), was demonstrated using water at different initial salt concentrations (5, 20, and 35 g/L) with acetate used as the substrate for the bacteria. The MDC produced a maximum of 2 W/m2 (31 W/m3) while at the same time removing about 90% of the salt in a single desalination cycle. As the salt was removed from the middle chamber the ohmic resistance of the MDC (measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) increased from 25 Omega to 970 Omega at the end of the cycle. This increased resistance was reflected by a continuous decrease in the voltage produced over the cycle. These results demonstrate for the first time the possibility for a new method for water desalination and power production that uses only a source of biodegradable organic matter and bacteria.


Patent holders are, with increasing frequency, making public promises to refrain from asserting patents under certain conditions, or to license patents on terms that are "fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory" (FRAND). These promises or "patent pledges" generally precede formal license agreements and other contracts, but are nevertheless intended to induce the market to make expenditures and adopt common technology platforms without the fear of patent infringement. But despite their increasing prevalence, current contract, property and antitrust law theories used to explain and enforce patent pledges have fallen short. Thus, a new theory is needed to secure the market-wide benefits that patent pledges can offer. This article proposes a novel "market reliance" theory for the enforcement of patent pledges. Market reliance is rooted in the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel, but adds a rebuttable presumption of reliance borrowed from the "fraud-on-the-market" theory under Federal securities law. Under this approach, a patent holder's public commitment is enforceable by any participant in the relevant market, absent a showing that it knowingly rejected the commitment. The market reliance theory offers a robust means for enforcing legitimate patent pledges by third party market participants, and extends the effect of such pledges to downstream purchasers of patents. As such, the market reliance theory could fill a critical gap in the existing patent enforcement landscape and give greater assurance to the technology markets that depend on them.


Follows forty juvenile male offenders, from their first-time admissions to the Ohio system through their incarceration and reentry into the community. The author conducted three lengthy interviews with each of these youth over a period of two and a half years. These interviews bring alive their attitudes and day-to-day prison experiences, as well as the intricate connections between life on the inside and life on the outside. Status is key to everyday life in prison, and it is often played out in demonstrations of masculinity, misogyny, and violence. Some gangs and some "area codes" (as the old neighborhoods are called) are seen as tougher than others and are given more respect. Even letters from family members and girlfriends are important signs of whether a prisoner matters: one young man says, "I'd write letters every day to people to beg 'em to write me back." Another reports, "There would be people in there writing girls, saying, hey, write me this nasty letter of things we're going to do and things we did. And they'd write back with these letters. And now he'll get to walk around with his letter bragging, like, hey, check this out. These are the kind of girls I got." Incarcerated youth also work hard at impression management. Coping with prison requires a young man to present one face to fellow prisoners and another to the authorities who will decide his release date. The author pays substantial attention to the programs youth are offered, including those focusing on education, anger management, job training, and parenting skills. Another section looks at contact between incarcerated youth and the outside world, including a discussion of the impact of incarceration on families. Based on her extensive knowledge of policies in other states, the author also provides a broad overview of the juvenile justice system nationally, describing how the system is organized, administered, and funded. Readers are taken through the juvenile justice process from conviction through parole with special attention paid to new state initiatives and sentencing structures.|Locked Up, Locked Out follows forty juvenile male offenders, from their first-time admissions to the Ohio system through their incarceration and re-entry into the community. The author conducted three lengthy interviews with each of these youth over a period of two and a half years. These interviews bring alive their attitudes and day-to-day prison experiences, as well as the intricate connections between life on the inside and life on the outside. Status is key to everyday life in prison, and it is often played out in demonstrations of masculinity, misogyny, and violence. Some gangs and some "area codes" (as the old neighborhoods are called) are seen as tougher than others and are given more respect. Even letters from family members and girlfriends are important signs of whether a prisoner matters: one young man says, "I'd write letters every day to people to beg 'em to write me back." Another reports, "There would be people in there writing girls, saying, hey, write me this nasty letter of things we're going to do and things we did. And they'd write back with these letters. And now he'll get to walk around with his letter bragging, like, hey, check this out. These are the kind of girls I got." Incarcerated youth also work hard at impression management. Coping with prison requires a young man to present one face to fellow prisoners and another to the authorities who will decide his release date. The author pays substantial attention to the programs youth are offered, including those focusing on education, anger management, job training, and parenting skills. Another section looks at contact between incarcerated youth and the outside world, including a discussion of the impact of incarceration on families. Based on her extensive knowledge of policies in other states, the author also provides a broad overview of the juvenile justice system nationally, describing how the system is organized, administered, and funded. Readers are taken through the juvenile justice process from conviction through parole with special attention paid to new state initiatives and sentencing structures.


The first objective of this research was to develop a decondensation treatment for bovine spermatozoal DNA that worked consistently across bulls and breeds. The second objective was to use the decondensed DNA for polymerase chain reaction analysis of levels of Y-bearing spermatozoa in different ejaculates and in sex sorted spermatozoa. Decondensation of spermatozoa with dithiothreitol and potassium hydroxide was compatible with in vitro amplifi cation and did not inhibit amplification. The polymerase chain reaction and image analysis were used to differenti ate between proportions of Y spermatozoa by measuring fluorescent intensities of electophoresed, polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA. There were differences in intensities of amplified DNA between bulls and between ejaculates within bulls. _ Using the mean intensity measure from the analysis, percent Y-bearing spermatozoa was found to range from 26.5% to 95.5% with an average across all ejaculates of bulls of 50.8%. Intensities of sex chromo some sorted spermatozoa from 5 bulls were measured and differences in fluorescent intensity of DNA of Y-enriched sperm samples were found in 1 of 5 bulls.


Presented study is aimed at using additional information to improve process representativity of hydrological modelling. The study region is the Haute-Mentue catchment located in the western part of Switzerland, 20 km north of Lausanne. Previous research in this catchment allowed improving of the understanding of the runoff generation by combining point soil moisture measurements (TDR) and integrating measurements both at the hillslope scale (dye tracing) and at the catchment scale (environmental tracing). In this work, environmental tracing information will be integrated into a semi-distributed hydrological model, which is a modified version of TOPMODEL taking into account a rapid stormflow generation above a less permeable soil horizon. Additional information has been incorporated by using a version of simulated annealing adapted for multi-criteria optimisation


In South Africa the majority of anaesthetics are provided by non-specialists. In most cases this involves anaesthesia for small, brief procedures. Many of these cases are anaesthesia for caesarean section. Unfortunately the reports on maternal death indicate that South Africa has a relatively high rate of deaths associated with anaesthesia for caesarean section. This may be an indicator of all anaesthesia care. Many factors contribute to this situation, but the loss of experienced practitioners in rural areas, inadequate training, and high turnover of personnel are factors that are important.


One suggestion for coping with the Lucas critique of applied econometric research is to estimate the taste and technology parametersthat presumably underlie supply and demand curves. Proponents of this approach generally interpret economy-wide data on prices and quantities as the results of optimization problems solved by representative consumers and firms. Theoretical first-order conditions (normally linear)for interior solutions are then used to convert observed data intoestimates of the taste and technology parameters of representative agents.This brief paper points to a hazard in this type of research.Specifically, the new style of econometrics can lead to serious error if the economy-wide data are not in fact generated by interior optima of representative agents, but rather come from aggregating over agents that behave quite differently.In an example where the market-wide demand curve is smooth eventhough each individual's demand function is a step function, the procedures of the new econometrics are shown to lead to grievous errors even though all consumers optimize and the econometrician is assumed to know the precise form of the utility function. It is argued that this example is of quite general applicability, and that the simpler procedures of "old fashioned" econometrics may be less hazardous.


Mary Ann Hoberman and Michael Emberley have added Aesop's fables to their bestselling and award-winning series. Rediscover familiar tales and find new favourites in this delightful collection - these are fables as you've never seen them before! Aesop's fables are perennial favorites with parents, teachers, librarians, and kids alike, and this collection includes both beloved tales such as 'The Ant and the Grasshopper' and 'The Lion and the Mouse', as well as less familiar but equally charming stories like 'The Peacock and the Crane'. While there are many other editions of Aesop's fables, most include the traditional text and either focus on a single story or include hundreds of fables. Mary Ann's rhyming text coupled with Michael's lively art offers a more approachable and kid-friendly retelling of each tale, and fables are a perfect fit for the YRTM format.


The large number and significant variety of systems available for space exploration missions produce countless potential architecture combinations. Compounding this are the scheduling intricacies of system life-cycle phases, time dependent operational dependencies, as well as the uncertainty associated with each system and technology in terms of cost, schedule, and performance. Traditional architecting emphasizes the individual design of component systems over the wide-ranging and robust assessment of architecture options early in mission design. A top down method that can assess the capabilities, requirements, and risks associated with the diversity of available space systems and form optimal portfolios of interdependent systems is necessary. This dissertation describes and demonstrates a portfolio optimization technique that can de-sign and assess Lunar space exploration architectures by optimizing on programmatic objectives such as cost, performance, schedule, and robustness while simultaneously accounting for system operational interdependencies and schedule dependencies of the selected systems. Several specific enhancements to the Robust Portfolio Optimization method are produced, resulting in the the novel Progarmamtic Portfolio Optimization (PPO) approach: including life-cycle phase modeling, variable capability sizing of systems, and multi-domain constraints to model time dependent objectives.


CASE DESCRIPTION
A 4-year-old Thoroughbred mare was evaluated because of placental abnormalities and a retained placental remnant.

CLINICAL FINDINGS
Microbial culture of the placenta yielded pure growth of Amycolatopsis spp. Histologic examination of the placenta revealed a focally expanding chorionitis with intralesional gram-positive filamentous bacilli and multifocal allantoic adenomatous hyperplasia on the apposing allantoic surface.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
Treatment with lavage and oxytocin resulted in expulsion of the placental remnant within hours of parturition. The mare did not become pregnant again despite multiple breedings. The foal appeared healthy but died of complications during an elective surgical procedure at 7 weeks of age.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
To the author's knowledge, all previously confirmed cases of nocardioform placentitis have been in mares bred in the central Kentucky region. Indications that the pathogen in the mare reported here is a different species than that isolated in Kentucky suggest that this is an emerging disease. Mares with nocardioform placentitis usually do not have the same clinical signs as mares with placentitis resulting from an ascending pathogen.


• This introduction addresses the origins, general assumptions and inten-tions of the special issue. The guest editors show how reading primers published and used around the end of the Second World War in several European countries may serve as an object of study in different disciplinary contexts. They present a broad working definition of the reading primer as an educational medium that lends itself to interdisciplinary research which takes into account aspects such as visual and textual content, materiality, and societal contexts of production, distribution and usage. The editors further highlight characteristics of current research into primers and argue in favor of more comparative approaches that reveal transnational dimensions of textbooks designed to teach children how to read and write.


The increase in atmospheric CO2 levels due to climate change may greatly impact invasive plant species, which are non-native organisms that spread unchecked in space and negatively impact native organisms. The success of these invasives may be related to specific traits, such as their photosynthetic pathway. We acquired the specimen information for invasive species registered in the Consortium for California Herbaria of the University of California Berkeley to evaluate the community dynamics of 1,000 invasive species in Los Angeles County. We found that both diversity and richness of invasive plant species has increased over a period of 180 years. We hypothesize that the pattern of occurrence of a given photosynthetic pathway may correspond with historical increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, therein favoring invasives with a C3 photosynthetic strategy. We utilized the primary literature to identify the photosynthetic pathway for all of the invasive plant species in our database, then used curvefitting techniques to evaluate the change in richness for C3, C4, and CAM. We found evidence to support that C3 invasives were indeed favored over C4 and CAM. We are currently examining stomatal densities of historical specimens in order to link this finding to CO2 levels. If stomatal densities of these C3 invasives has decreased, they have been responding to increased CO2, supporting our hypothesis.


Ca-dependent gene transcription and L-type Cachannel inactivation share a common initiating event. As
 Ikeda
 explains in his Perspective, in each case, local increases in [Ca] result in binding to calmodulin that is tethered to the Cachannel protein. An accompanying conformational change triggers phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB and closure, or inactivation, of L-type Cachannels (
 Dolmetsch
 et al .).


All quantities, which are measured in the gravity field of the Earth are affected by the field, therefore, there should be correlations amongst them. Here, we focus on some gravimetrically-determined quantities like deflections of vertical, deflections of Moho, vertical-horizontal gravity gradients and the shear sub-lithospheric stress components due to mantle convection. We show that how these quantities are related to each other mathematically so that one of them can be written in term of another. This somehow proves the presence of the mentioned correlations theoretically. Also, we generate the maps of these quantities over the Indo-Pak and surrounding areas and show how similar they are. Thereafter, they are explained and interpreted geologically. Our investigations show that the maps of these quantities are in good agreements with topographic and geological features. The map of the vertical-horizontal gravity gradients shows more detailed information of the gravity field due to signal amplification at high degrees, that of Moho deflection shows sub-surface features due to reduction of the effect of topographic masses. The map of the shear sub-lithospheric stress components is much smoother than the gradients, as expected, and has good agreement with the collisional and subduction zones as well. Relationship amongst gravity gradients, deflection of vertical, Moho deflection and the stresses derived by mantle convections-a case study over Indo-Pak and surroundings. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292538682_Relationship_amongst_gravity_gradients_deflection_of_vertical_Moho_deflection_and_the_stresses_derived_by_mantle_convections-a_case_study_over_Indo-Pak_and_surroundings [accessed Feb 1, 2016].


Objective: Adolescent obesity is a national public health concern with significant immediate and long-term health consequences. Certain social groups in the United States, such as immigrant adolescents, have been identified as particularly vulnerable to overweight and obesity. A pattern of results coined the "immigrant paradox" that refers to the phenomenon wherein obesity is less prevalent in first-generation immigrant youth when compared with second- and third-generation peers. Seeking to better understand this concerning trend, this study examined the mediating role of several health behaviors on the relation between generation status and body mass index (BMI). Method: Participants were 2292 Latino immigrant adolescents and emerging adults enrolled in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results: Multiple linear regression models indicated that sedentary behaviors partially mediated the relation between generation status and BMI. Conclusion: The findings indicate the unique role that sedentary behaviors play in explaining weight gain among Latino immigrants.


A classical definition of landscape is "nature perceived through a culture". On the "historicity" of the landscape, some authors have underlined the cinema's capacity to register the transformations of the territory and, at the same time, to direct the gaze on it. Since the end of the Second World War, the Basilicata region has been a film location; more than forty full length movies have been shot in Basilicata. Most of them, from The Gospel According to St. Matthew by Pier Paolo Pasolini to Christ stopped at Eboli by Francesco Rosi, have shown the misery and the backwardness of Basilicata, inspired by the works of some authors as Carlo Levi and Ernesto De Martino. In the last years, Basilicata has been the location of some worldwide box office hits: The Passion, Ben Hur, Wonder Woman. The paper presents a project of film routes, developed by Basilicata Region, Eni Enrico Mattei Foundation, Gal Bradanica, and Osservatorio del Cineturismo aiming at make available the cinematic landscapes.


In spite of its mercantilist past, France has reluctantly converted to market liberalism and trade liberalization, both as the unintended by-product of European integration and as a conscious effort by policy-makers. As a result, we should expect France to break free from the traditionally protectionist demands of special interests and instead promote a more open international trade agenda. Nevertheless, the dominant political debate in France today centers precisely on the issue of how much control the nation should retain over its borders. This article analyzes why the theme of "globalization" has met with such a resonance in French public opinion and why France has taken the international lead in fighting the spread of globalization. I argue that the apparent paradox of the French discourse on trade highlights a general shift in the dominant paradigm of trade politics worldwide. The trade debate no longer rests on the traditional openness vs. protectionist dichotomy, but has been recast as Anglo-Saxon globalization vs. preservation of national and cultural identity. The novel features of this new protectionism are, first, that it transcends traditional political cleavages and, second, that it claims to be protecting the interests of the nation as a whole (if not humankind), instead of the special interest of small groups. I call this "global protectionism." This article first traces the evolution of the anti-globalization discourse in French politics. It then focuses on international factors and on French domestic explanations to account for the extraordinary appeal of the anti-globalization agenda in France. Finally, this article analyzes the potential of the antiglobalization theme for reshaping the domestic political landscape, the course of European integration, and the world political economy.


Most of the human tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) characterized thus far are derived from nonmutated "self"-proteins. Numerous strategies have been developed to break tolerance to TAAs, combining various forms of antigens with different vectors and adjuvants. However, no study has yet determined how to select epitopes within a given TAA to induce the highest antitumor effector response. We addressed this question by evaluating in HLA-A*0201-transgenic HHD mice the antitumor vaccination efficacy of high- and low-affinity epitopes from the naturally expressed murine telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT). Immunity against low-affinity epitopes was induced with heteroclitical variants. We show here that the CTL repertoire against high-affinity epitopes is partially tolerized, while that against low-affinity epitopes is composed of frequent CTLs with high avidity. The high-affinity p797 and p545 mTERT epitopes are not able to protect mice from a lethal challenge with the mTERT-expressing EL4-HHD tumor. In contrast, mice developing CTL responses against the p572 and p988 low-affinity epitopes exhibit potent antitumor immunity and no sign of autoimmune reactivity against TERT-expressing normal tissues. Our results strongly argue for new TAA epitope selection and modification strategies in antitumor immunotherapy applications in humans.