Abstract. In the context of rising greenhouse gas concentrations, and the potential feedbacks between climate and the carbon cycle, there is an urgent need to monitor the exchanges of carbon between the atmosphere and both the ocean and the land surfaces. In the so-called top-down approach, the surface fluxes of CO2 are inverted from the observed spatial and temporal concentration gradients. The concentrations of CO2 are measured in-situ at a number of surface stations unevenly distributed over the Earth while several satellite missions may be used to provide a dense and better-distributed set of observations to complement this network. In this paper, we compare the ability of different CO2 concentration observing systems to constrain surface fluxes. The various systems are based on realistic scenarios of sampling and precision for satellite and in-situ measurements. It is shown that satellite measurements based on the differential absorption technique (such as those of SCIAMACHY, GOSAT or OCO) provide more information than the thermal infrared observations (such as those of AIRS or IASI). The OCO observations will provide significantly better information than those of GOSAT. A CO2 monitoring mission based on an active (lidar) technique could potentially provide an even better constraint. This constraint can also be realized with the very dense surface network that could be built with the same funding as that of the active satellite mission. Despite the large uncertainty reductions on the surface fluxes that may be expected from these various observing systems, these reductions are still insufficient to reach the highly demanding requirements for the monitoring of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 or the oceanic fluxes at a spatial scale smaller than that of oceanic basins. The scientific objective of these observing system should therefore focus on the fluxes linked to vegetation and land ecosystem dynamics.


Pathogenic bacteria are one of the main reasons for worldwide water-borne disease causing a big threat to public health, hence there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective water treatment technologies. Nano-materials in point-of-use systems have recently attracted considerable research and commercial interests as they can overcome the drawbacks of traditional water treatment techniques. We have developed a new point-of-use water disinfection kit with nanosilver textile material. The silver nanoparticles were in-situ generated and immobilized onto cotton textile, followed by fixing to a plastic tube to make a water disinfection kit. By soaking and stirring the kit in water, pathogenic bacteria have been killed within minutes. The silver leaching from the kit was insignificant, with values <100 ppb - the current US EPA and WHO limit for silver level in drinking water. Herein, the nanosilver textile water disinfection kit could be a new, efficient and cost-effective point-of-use water treatment method for rural areas and emergency preparedness.


ABSTRACT This study investigates the relationship between performances on the speaking component of the TOEFL iBTTM with performances on academic oral assessment tasks. For the academic tasks, we recorded and transcribed the performances of five local and five high-achieving international undergraduate students on oral assessment tasks in core first-year subjects in three faculties, a total of thirty students. For the TOEFL speaking tasks, we transcribed the performances of six high scoring students from mixed language backgrounds on the two independent and four integrated speaking tasks of the TOEFL iBTTM. On the basis of an analysis of the rhetorical moves characteristic of the two speaking contexts, we conclude that while the moves characteristic of the TOEFL tasks are largely represented in the academic tasks, there are also some differences across the two contexts. These findings both support and challenge the domain definition inference of the TOEFL iBTTM validity argument.


The close relationship between mind and body is neglected, but important aspect of human cognition. As anticipated by great thinkers like Vygotsky, after decades of indifference, the concept of embodied cognition finds its place in the modern research practice, partially based on the technological progress, partially based on reflection of crisis in psychological research. Embodied context like body postures or movements hugely influences various cognitive processes, special attention should be paid to sensory-motor processes. Since the majority of psychological researches stresses experimental control on the expense of ecological validity (including embodiment), practical usability of psychological findings is questionable. Recent technological development brought virtual reality (VR) systems and immersive virtual environments (IVEs) as a tools, which can provide both experimental control and ecological validity. Using VR technologies in research may not only promote knowledge about the role of body in cognitive processes, but regarding its computational capacity it may also offer a great deal of information about human behavior in environmentally valid context. These advantages are valid especially in intercultural studies, helping to understand processes standing behind human performance.


The low-swirl injector (LSI) is a lean premixed combustion technology that has the potential for adaptation to fuel-flexible gas turbines operating on a variety of fuels. The objective of this study is to gain a fundamental understanding of the effect of syngas on the LSI flame behavior, the emissions, and the flowfield characteristics for adaptation to the combustion turbines in integrated gasification combined cycle clean coal power plants. The experiments were conducted in two facilities. Open atmospheric laboratory flames generated by a full size (6.35 cm) LSI were used to investigate the lean blow-off limits, emissions, and the flowfield characteristics. Verification of syngas operation at elevated temperatures and pressures were performed with a reduced scale (2.54 cm) LSI in a small pressurized combustion channel. The results show that the basic LSI design is amenable to burning syngases with up to 60% H{sub 2}. Syngases with high H{sub 2} concentration have lower lean blow-off limits. From particle image velocimetry measurements, the flowfield similarity behavior and the turbulent flame speeds of syngases flames are consistent with those observed in hydrocarbon and pure or diluted hydrogen flames. The NOx emissions from syngas flames show log-linear dependency on the adiabatic flame temperature and aremore » comparable to those reported for the gaseous fuels reported previously. Successful firing of the reduced-scale LSI at 450 K


Lead Paper by JOHN PUNTER* The 2001 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) provided the first discrete panel to evaluate Town and Country Planning, separating its evaluation from Unit of Assessment (UoA) 33 Construction (and Architecture). In 1996 the predominantly planning, surveying, housing and transportation schools constituted about one-third of the units in UoA 33/34, but there were only two planners, one planner/surveyor and one surveyor to provide expert inputs into an assessment process that was dominated by construction expertise. The planning and surveying professions and the planning and surveying schools lobbied successfully for a separate panel which was established in 1998. The RAE at large is governed by principles of clarity, consistency, continuity, credibility, efficiency, neutrality, parity and transparency. Within these principles, the Panel quickly established its own ethos. It wanted its processes and outcomes to be as transparent as possible; it wanted to read all the outputs rather than merely the submissions and the data on income and research students; and it wanted fully to incorporate professionals as representatives of the user community in the evaluation process. To further promote transparency, this paper seeks to provide insights for the research community into the evaluation process and its outcomes, and to stimulate discussion about the nature, criteria and methods of any future assessment exercise. Feedback from the research community will help to establish appropriate traditions for the new Panel, whose membership will change significantly if there is another RAE in 2006. This paper will hardly mention individual school performance. A brief report on each submission has been sent to the respective universities and relevant heads of department, drawing attention to strengths and weaknesses in the submission. The Panel has tried to make these brief assessment reports as explicit and detailed as possible within the very severe constraints imposed by the exercise and the possibilities of legal challenge of its outcomes. However, this paper focuses on the general issues that emerged during the evaluation process and the overall nature of the Panel's views on the process and its outcomes. The paper proceeds to explain the nature of the field, the composition of the Panel, the cross-referral and external adviser system, and the criteria that were employed. It explains how the criteria were applied and how ratings were decided. It discusses the ratings as a whole, their robustness, areas of dispute, and comparisons with 1996. It makes some general observations on each of the components of each submission-outputs, doctoral programme, funding, strategy and infrastructure, and esteem. It concludes with some ideas as to how the Panel might proceed in the future should the assessment exercise be repeated. The research field included in UoA 34 The definition of the field of town and country planning included all the sub- fields of planning-rural, urban, regional, economic, social, physical, theory and practice-but also three related fields that constitute parallel disciplines/ professions in their own right-property/chartered surveying, housing and transportation. So the Panel expected to receive submissions that spanned all four disciplines/professions, but also a number of quite specific submissions focused more narrowly on property, housing or transport. In the event it received 28 submissions including most, but not all, of the major planning schools, five land economy/real estate schools, two transport schools, one predominantly housing school and one tourism school. It was disappointed not to receive more property/real estate schools, the majority of which were included within UoA 33 Construction submissions. So the UoA embraces several disciplines with their own professional orientations and research traditions which had to be fitted into a common evaluation framework. …


This article deals with the life and work of the well-known Afrikaans author, AA Pienaar, who wrote under the pseudonym of Sangiro. Emphasis is placed on his first and best-known book Uit oerwoud en vlakte (translated into English as The story of a lion family) and its place in Afrikaans literature. In an effort to clarify the controversy surrounding this work and its alleged indebtedness to the work of a virtually unknown German author, the whole question is treated in more detail. Sangiro's works are favourably reviewed in all Afrikaans literature studies and recent editions of his best-known books are evidence of his enduring popularity. Because his best-known books were inspired by the diverse fauna and flora of east Africa special attention has been given to the family's stay in German East Africa. Other books by Sangiro, such as Simba and Op Safari (On Safari), are also discussed. During his adventurous life Sangiro also made a living as a teacher, reporter, film producer, digger, farmer, and game warden. In spite of numerous newspaper reports and articles as well as an extensive collection of personal documents in the National Afrikaans Literature Museum and Research Centre there are still parts of his life, such as his stay in Germany, of which virtually nothing is known.


Brown tumors are benign osteolytic lesions, which usually respect the bone cortex. Since these lesions may resemble bone metastases, it is important to consider them as a potential differential diagnosis. They occur as a result of increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion mainly due to primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. We present a case of multiple osteolytic lesions incidentally found on X-ray examinations in a patient, who had a radius fracture after a low-energy trauma. Due to the suspicion of multiple bone metastases, one of them mimicking sequels after a pathological fracture in the ulna, the patient had a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan performed supporting the existence of pervasive bone lesions without suggesting a primary malignancy. The blood samples showed highly elevated ionized calcium and PTH levels. Therefore, an ultrasound examination and parathyroid scintigraphy were performed, revealing a hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenoma. After removal of the adenoma, the PTH level normalised and the bone changes regressed without surgical intervention. J Endocrinol Metab. 2020;10(3-4):94-100 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem637


This paper examines the effects of government spending under both lump-sum and income tax regimes. Under a lump-sum tax financing scheme, an increase in government spending induces a rise in the real interest rate and causes labor effort and real output to increase because of the income effect. This result is reversed under an income tax regime due to the dominating wage effect. The interest rate may rise or decline under an income tax scheme, depending on the persistence of government spending.


This study reports the synthesis, antibacterial evaluation and nature of fluorine–rRNA contacts revealed by an X-ray co-crystal structure of a series of 4′-deoxy-4′-fluoro B-neomycin analogs. 4′-Deoxyfluorination improves the inhibition profile towards resistant enzymes and renders equally potent antibiotics compared to the parent neomycin B. The 4′-deoxy-4′-fluoro-4′-epi neomycin analogs showed a preferential inhibition over the 4′-deoxy-4′-fluoro neomycin counterpart against the strains of P. aeruginosa carrying a chromosomal APH(3′)-IIb enzyme, known to inactivate the parent aminoglycoside. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a neighboring-group aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme evasion by fluorine substitution. A unique F-G1491 stacking was observed in a co-crystal structure of 4′-deoxy-4′-fluoro-4′-epi neomycin with a bacterial ribosomal RNA A-site.


ABSTRACT The refugee crisis in Greece has created a great and sudden accentuation of the needs related to addressing the crises at a regional and local levels. Since early 2016, a refugee flow of over 860,000 migrants into Greece and Northern Europe has been recorded. Currently, 55,000 people have been registered as permanent residents in settlements throughout Greece. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been a determining factor in remedying the problem with involvement of hundreds of volunteers and citizens, who became active outside the traditional state frameworks, as well as the networks of major organizations, to create, on-site structures and networks for refugee support. In the framework of Seminar about Sociology of Networks at the University of the Aegean, from March to May 2016 the authors organized a field research. Four research visits and 50 open interviews with volunteers were completed in the areas of Mytilene, Victoria Square, Piraeus Port, and Eidomeni refugee camp, 2016. This article records the forms of cooperation and self-organization between the volunteers as the refugee crisis progressed, as well as their impact on safety and security in addressing the most vulnerable of the groups' issues.


There is currently relatively little information on how marine organisms process and analyze sound, making assessments about the impacts of artificial sound sources in the marine environment difficult. However, such assessments have become a priority because noise is now considered as a source of pollution that increasingly affects the natural balance of marine ecosystems. We present the first morphological and ultrastructural evidence of massive acoustic trauma, not compatible with life, in four cephalopod species subjected to low-frequency controlled-exposure experiments. Exposure to low-frequency sounds resulted in permanent and substantial alterations of the sensory hair cells of the statocysts, the structures responsible for the animals' sense of balance and position. These results indicate a need for further environmental regulation of human activities that introduce high-intensity, low-frequency sounds in the world's oceans.


Even if the recent earthquake had not shattered the Haitian capital, this film would be well worth viewing for its generalizability to other poor countries. It now has unanticipated historical significance since it was filmed months prior to the natural disaster, and many of the buildings that are featured were destroyed, probably along with some of the protagonists. Five women are interviewed at length, separated by poetic interludes of repeated material. One sees that their struggles to survive against mighty odds personify the working conditions of women in developing countries around the globe. Despite lack of credentials or much formal education, the women exhibit a sophisticated understanding of Haiti's political-economy. Where once there were jobs which brought thousands from the countryside into the city, in their place one found, prior to the earthquake, massive unemployment and locked gates of closed factories. International trade agreements destroyed the market for the products these women worked so hard to produce, some of whom, for instance, helped assemble 75 pairs of jeans per hour to earn a few dollars a day. They speak honestly and with an informed skepticism about the future of the Haitian economy, even before disaster struck. There are subtle connections made between chronic and widespread unemployment among the women, and violence perpetrated upon them by men who are in the same dire straits. The great strength of the film is in allowing the five women—Jean-Marie, garment worker, without funds for her childrens' schooling; Solange, who analyzes violence; Frisline, member of a woman's labor organization free of dominating men; Thérèse, a victim of poor health care; Hélène, a champion of women's self-defense against physical attack—to speak from their hearts at length, without moralizing from a narrator. The film should be in all university libraries for classroom use.


Interannual variability associated with the zonal and the meridional mode in the tropical Atlantic is studied in nine coupled ocean–atmosphere models for twentieth century climate conditions (TC) and the SRES‐A1B scenario for future greenhouse gas concentrations. For TC, the subtropical part of the meridional mode is reasonably well simulated, in contrast to the deep tropical part of the meridional mode and the zonal mode. A common model bias is that the onset of the meridional mode is preceded by the presence of a zonal mode in boreal fall that extends towards the western boundary of the Atlantic basin and which initiates a Wind‐Evaporation‐SST feedback. As a result of this, there is a spuriously strong interaction between the zonal and the meridional mode. The models that seem to best represent the meridional mode show a weakening for future climate conditions. Biases in the zonal mode are too strong to assess changes.


We describe a learning based method for recovering 3D human body pose from single images and monocular image sequences. Our approach requires neither an explicit body model nor prior labelling of body parts in the image. Instead, it recovers pose by direct nonlinear regression against shape descriptor vectors extracted automatically from image silhouettes. For robustness against local silhouette segmentation errors, silhouette shape is encoded by histogram-of-shape-contexts descriptors. We evaluate several different regression methods: ridge regression, Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) regression and Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression over both linear and kernel bases. The RVMs provide much sparser regressors without compromising performance, and kernel bases give a small but worthwhile improvement in performance. Loss of depth and limb labelling information often makes the recovery of 3D pose from single silhouettes ambiguous. We propose two solutions to this: the first embeds the method in a tracking framework, using dynamics from the previous state estimate to disambiguate the pose; the second uses a mixture of regressors framework to return multiple solutions for each silhouette. We show that the resulting system tracks long sequences stably, and is also capable of accurately reconstructing 3D human pose from single images, giving multiple possible solutions in ambiguous cases. For realism and good generalization over a wide range of viewpoints, we train the regressors on images resynthesized from real human motion capture data. The method is demonstrated on a 54-parameter full body pose model, both quantitatively on independent but similar test data, and qualitatively on real image sequences. Mean angular errors of 4-5 degrees are obtained - a factor of 3 better than the current state of the art for the much simpler upper body problem.


The nanocomposites of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with homogenously anchored molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) nanoparticles of 20–50 nm have been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Glucose has dual functions, i.e., reducing agent and surfactant to prohibit the anisotropic growth, resulting in the direct deposition of MoO2 nanoparticles on the CNT surfaces. As the anode of lithiumion batteries (LIBs), the as-prepared MoO2/CNT nanocomposites deliver a higher reversible capacity of 640 mA h g 1 at a current density of 100 mA g 1 after 100 cycles, compared to only 246 and 259 mA h g 1 for MoO3 nanobelts/CNT composites and MoO2 nanoparticles, respectively. The superior electrochemical performances are attributed to the nanocomposite structure of MoO2 nanoparticles anchored on CNTs, which have efficiently enhanced the electrical conductivity and lithium ion diffusion, and maintained the integrity of electrode during the charge/discharge processes.


Past studies suggest that family farming is more productive than farming groups, but empirical studies are not enough to conclude which is more efficient. This paper tries to econometrically analyze the efficiency difference between farming groups and family farming, using original plot yield data from a district in Japan. We accomplish this by, first, analyzing the empirical determinants behind the farmers' choice of participation forms in farming groups based on communities. Second, we verify the presence of free-riding at community-based farming groups which adopts an income-pooling system. Results of the regression analysis showed that for the choice of participation forms in farming groups the most important factor is family labor force. Estimating yield differences between farming group plots and family farming plots shows that farming groups is less efficient due to the incentive problem. Since the core problem of community-based farming groups seems to be the trade-off between efficiency and equity, even if farming groups yield level decreases, the adoption of commission paid according to each plot's yield is not necessarily desirable. Therefore, a profit distribution mechanism in community-based farming groups should be designed, taking equity issues also into consideration.


The red gum lerp psyllid is an insect native to Australia, where it feeds upon eucalyptus species. Since 1998 this psyllid has spread throughout California, resulting in millions of dollars in damage and control costs. To help suppress the red gum lerp psyllid, a biological control program was initiated and a psyllid-specific parasitic wasp was imported from Australia in 1999 and released in 2000. In most coastal regions this biological control agent has provided substantial control, but in some interior regions the psyllid still remains a problem. Researchers are continuing their investigations to determine if full statewide suppression will be realized eventually, or if further importation of new parasitoid species is needed.


This paper reports on findings from a case study conducted in a public school offering multiple programs of choice. A guiding purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of operating multiple programs of choice in a single school setting on the organizational and lived culture of the school. The urban Alberta school under study offered alternative educational programs in science, Mandarin Immersion, special education and "regular" programs. Multiple methods of data collection followed an ethnographic approach, and included document and policy analysis, field observations, focus groups and semi-structured interviews with administrators, parents, teachers and students from each of the programs. The results reported here focus on related themes of equity and social justice related to analyses of school choice, attending specifically to participants' understandings of power and privilege, with policy and practice implications. Themes included social class stratifications, marginalization within advantage, perceptions of disempowerment, fragmented school identity, limitations of choice programs, and perceptions of teaching staff quality.


Abstract Shear-wave splitting with 20 to 120 msec time separation is observed on 3-component seismograms from earthquakes occurring at depths of 5 to 18 km in the crystalline basement beneath the Los Angeles basin. Shallow events that occur in the basement at the base of the 5-km-thick sedimentary section exhibit little splitting, while deeper events show progressively greater splitting with depth. The polarization direction of the fast shear wave is N-S, independent of the azimuth of ray path between the event and station. We interpret that the shear-wave splitting occurs mainly in the crystalline basement and is the result of vertical crustal microcracks aligned in N-S direction. Under the assumption that the alignment of microcracks is due to the subsurface stress regime, the results from the shear-wave splitting data yield a maximum principal stress direction of N-S ± 15° at depth beneath the northern Los Angeles basin, consistent with results from geological mapping and fault-plane solutions. Ray trace modeling indicates that the observations of shear-wave splitting can be explained in terms of an anisotropic basement containing vertical microcracks aligned in the N-S direction and with a crack density of ∼0.04, overlain by a weakly anisotropic sedimentary section with a crack density less than 0.02. During the last 4 yr, three major earthquakes occurred in the Los Angeles basin area. They are the M 4.6 and M 4.4 Montebello double earthquakes of 1989, the M 5.5 Upland earthquake of 1990, and the M 5.8 Sierra Madre earthquake of 1991, with epicenters of 10, 55, and 40 km away from the recorder site SCS located in the northern Los Angeles basin, respectively. We did not observe significant variations of shear-wave splitting at SCS before and after the Upland and Sierra Madre earthquakes. However, we found fairly rapid variations of shear-wave splitting following the Montebello events. The time separation between the split shear waves sharply decreased from 70 msec to less than 20 msec after the mainshock and then returned to the average level gradually. This rapid decrease in shear-wave splitting may be a temporal variation or a result of location variations of the Montebello events that were located approximately where the line singularity is expected.


With an aging population and the increase in serious diseases smart homes and telehealth is becoming more and more prevalent. As these computer systems become increasingly widespread and complex, they become progressively harder to update, troubleshoot and configure without a large expert team of maintainers. One solution is to use autonomous systems to do the work much more quickly and efficiently. As autonomous systems become more sophisticated and understood, security concerns and authentication are coming to the fore as important areas in which more research is needed. With the constant search for the illusive ideal security identifier biometric systems have become more widespread and have entered the public eye. This paper will look at the connection between smart homes, biometrics devices and autonomous systems. into biometrics.


Whole-genome studies have documented that most Native American ancestry stems from a single population that diversified within the continent more than twelve thousand years ago. However, this shared ancestry hides a more complex history whereby at least four distinct streams of Eurasian migration have contributed to present-day and prehistoric Native American populations. Whole genome studies enhanced by technological breakthroughs in ancient DNA now provide evidence of a sequence of events involving initial migration from a structured Northeast Asian source population, followed by a divergence into northern and southern Native American lineages. During the Holocene, new migrations from Asia introduced the Saqqaq/Dorset Paleoeskimo population to the North American Arctic ~4,500 years ago, ancestry that is potentially connected with ancestry found in Athabaskan-speakers today. This was then followed by a major new population turnover in the high Arctic involving Thule-related peoples who are the ancestors of present-day Inuit. We highlight several open questions that could be addressed through future genomic research.


The growth of services - leveraged by the servitization of manufacturing - stresses the urgency of novel approaches and metrics in assessing the performance of services. Building on the statistical and socio-economic paradigms, this paper outlines the microeconomic frame for the integrative analysis of service productivity. The integrative frame is further refined with the complementary premises of the organization theory. Organizations enable link descriptive theorizing of services to the real world contexts that are influenced by uncertainties and the bounded rationality of the business managers. The contingency argument implies that when technology, strategy and the organization of a service firm are mutually consistent, it is possible to address the intangible aspects of service productivity through the tangible characteristics of the firm's organization and the underlying strategy. The organizational method in the analysis of service productivity is illustrated by the productivity regimes of two Nordic banking corporations. The empirical findings suggest that the propositions of the organization theory may have a wider validity across organization types. The paper makes tentative propositions how the productivity regime of a business corporation shows up in its inter-firm relations and network strategies.


Pragmatism has been reinvented in every generation since its beginnings in the late nineteenth century. This book, by one of today's most distinguished contemporary heirs of pragmatist philosophy, rereads cardinal figures in that tradition, distilling from their insights a way forward from where we are now. Perspectives on Pragmatism opens with a new accounting of what is living and what is dead in the first three generations of classical American pragmatists, represented by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. Post-Deweyan pragmatism at midcentury is discussed in the work of Wilfrid Sellars, one of its most brilliant and original practitioners. Sellars' legacy in turn is traced through the thought of his admirer, Richard Rorty, who further developed James's and Dewey's ideas within the professional discipline of philosophy and once more succeeded, as they had, in showing the more general importance of those ideas not only for intellectuals outside philosophy but for the wider public sphere. The book closes with a clear description of the author's own analytic pragmatism, which combines all these ideas with those of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and synthesizes that broad pragmatism with its dominant philosophical rival, analytic philosophy, which focuses on language and logic. The result is a treatise that allows us to see American philosophy in its full scope, both its origins and its promise for tomorrow.


A simple empirical embedded-atom potential that includes a long range force is developed for fcc metals. The potential parameters of this model are determined by fitting lattice constant, three elastic constants, cohesive energy, and vacancy formation energy using an optimization technique. Parameters for Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Ni, Pd, Pt have been obtained. The obtained parameters are used to calculate bulk modulus, divacancy formation energy, and melting point. The predicted values are in good agreement with experimental results. We also find that the predicted total energy as a function of lattice parameter is in good agreement with the equation of state of Rose et al.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Agricultural organizations are important tools in enhancing the living standards in rural areas; better utilizing farmer's resources, increasing revenues, and achieving agricultural development. Organizational development in rural areas in Turkey is not at a desired level yet. It is very clear that organizing is for the benefit of farmers. Despite this, it is necessary to determine perceptions of farmers about farmer organizations in order to understand the reasons for their not being organized. This study is undertaken to determine the perception of farmers about organization of producers in rural areas. The research is carried out in the province of Van in eastern Turkey. The study material consists of primary data collected from 118 major producers through a questionnaire. As a result, it is determined that a meaningful relationship exists (P<0.05) between the producers' desire to become a member of farmer cooperatives and the level of education. There is also a meaningful relationship between the level of income and the belief that a farmer organization can be beneficial, as well as between the level of income and the desire to become a member of a cooperative (P<0.05). It is seen that the level of desire to become a member of cooperative increases as the level of education increases. The results show that the producers do not trust the organizations fully (50%) and that they believe that there is unfair preferential treatment of some members (30 - 33%). There is a meaningful relationship between the realization of members' expectations and the success of their cooperatives (P<0.05). According to these results, the farmers who realize their expectations within cooperative see the cooperative as a successful one.


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The abnormal condition of electrical activity of the heart given by ECG (Electrocardiogram) shows the cardiac diseases affecting the human being. The P, QRS, T wave shape, amplitude and time intervals between its various peaks contains useful information about the nature of disease. This paper presents wavelet technique to analyze ECG signal. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is employed as noise removal and feature extraction tool to achieve efficient design. Daubechies wavelet of order 10 has been designed using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) and ModelSim Altera 6.4a is used as simulator. MIT-BIH database has been used for


We propose and demonstrate a novel photonic-plasmonic antenna capable of confining electromagnetic radiation at several mid-infrared wavelengths to a single sub-wavelength spot. The structure relies on the coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonance of a bow-tie nanoantenna with the photonic modes of surrounding multi-periodic particle arrays. Far-field measurements of the transmission through the central bow-tie demonstrate the presence of Fano-like interference effects resulting from the interaction of the bow-tie antenna with the surrounding nanoparticle arrays. The near-field of the multi-wavelength antenna is imaged using an aperture-less near-field scanning optical microscope. This antenna is relevant for the development of near-field probes for nanoimaging, spectroscopy and biosensing.


Few studies have examined the relationship between environmental sustainability education and health outcomes in youth. The purpose of this study was to examine health-related quality of life over a 13-week time period in a sample of urban minority youth who participated in an environmental education program with a nature contact component. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured using a survey comprising five items (physical activity, emotional functioning, school functioning, family support, and social functioning). The overall HRQoL score was determined as the sum of the scores on the five items, with higher scores indicating better HRQoL. A pre-test/post-test within-subjects study design was used to evaluate changes in HRQoL. A total of 53 students (ages 10 to 14 years) participated in the environmental education intervention; 46 (87%) of those students completed HRQoL questionnaires before and after the program. There were statistically significant improvements in overall HRQoL scores and in the family support HRQoL domain scores. Engaging in the natural environment through environmental education may promote HRQoL in youth. Larger, prospective studies are warranted to further investigate these initial findings.


Ingo Maurer has been illuminating lives since 1966, when he designed his first light fixture for an installation at the Herman Miller showroom in Munich, Germany. His creation was entitled "Bulb" and featured a light bulb within a light bulb. The design was so successful that Maurer had to produce more to match the demand. Since then, his fascination with lighting, his pursuit of simplicity of form and his talents as a graphic designer and typographer have brought him to the forefront of his field. His work has been exhibited in countless museums and it has brightened urban bridges, artistic exhibitions, retail and commercial spaces as well as many private homes. Arranged thematically, this dazzling retrospective brings together an extensive and representative selection of Maurer's lamps and lighting systems. Contributions by design experts, including Issey Miyake and Paola Antonelli, round out this portrait of a creative mind who continues to push the boundaries of lighting design.


Electric double-layer supercapacitors (SCs) are promising devices for high-power energy storage based on the reversible absorption of ions into porous conducting electrodes. Graphene is a particularly good candidate for the electrode material in SCs due to its high conductivity and large surface area. In this paper, we consider SC electrodes made from a stack of graphene sheets with randomly inserted spacer molecules. We show that the large volumetric capacitances $C\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{F}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ observed experimentally can be understood as a result of collective intercalation of ions into the graphene stack and the accompanying nonlinear screening by graphene electrons that renormalizes the charge of the ion clusters.


The #1 Windows device driver book-fully updated for Windows 2000! Step-by-step planning, implementation, testing, debugging, installation, and distribution Complete coverage of the new Windows Driver Model (WDM) Practical debugging and interactive troubleshooting CD-ROM: Exclusive tools for streamlining driver development, plus extensive C/C++ sample driver library! Windows Driver Model (WDM) for Windows 2000 and 98-in depth! Building drivers that support Plug-and-Play and Power Management Windows Management Instrumentation: logging device errors and events-and interpreting them Constructing safe reentrant driver code Handling time-out conditions safely and effectively Advanced techniques: kernel-mode threads, layered drivers, and more Start-to-finish debugging and troubleshooting techniquesForeword by Andrew Scoppa, UCI CorporationThe #1 book on Windows driver development-totally updated for Windows 2000!With The Windows 2000 Device Driver Book, any experienced Windows programmer can master driver development start to finish: planning, implementation, testing, debugging, installation, and distribution. Totally updated to reflect Microsoft's Windows Driver Model (WDM) for Windows 2000 and 98, this programming bestseller covers everything from architecture to tools, and includes a powerhouse library of exclusive tools and code for streamlining any driver development project.You'll start with a high-level overview of WDM components and then move quickly into the details of the development environment and driver installation. Next, master the Windows 2000 I/O Manager, its data structures, and its interaction with drivers. Using extensive practical examples, you'll implement Plug-and-Play and Power Management; construct safe reentrant driver code; use Windows Management Instrumentation to log errors and events, and more.The book covers today's most advanced Windows driver development techniques and provides extensive debugging guidance, including crash dump analysis using WinDbg; lists of common bugcheck codes, meanings, and probable causes; and much more.About the CD-ROMBonus CD-ROM contains powerful resources for streamlining device driver development! An exclusive Device Driver AppWizard that works with Visual Studio to instantly create your driver's framework A library of complete sample drivers C++ classes to jumpstart any project-including a Unicode string handling class that eliminates tedious, repetitive code An exclusive Driver Installation Utility to simplify initial testingUCIUCI Software Training Centers specializes in high-end developer, systems, and Internet Training on Microsoft products and technologies. For more information about training in this topic and others, UCI can be reached at 800-884-1772, or on the Web at www.ucitraining.com


Globally, gender based violence effects one out of every three women. Recently, the alarming rise in reported cases of domestic violence in Qatar has led to a national call to find an effective way to deal with the issue. This paper documents the efforts of a group of Qatar University students to do just that: draft legislation to criminalize domestic violence. The research project involves eight Qatar University male and female undergraduate students from five different countries (Bahrain, Pakistan, Egypt, Nigeria and Qatar), and three faculty members from different countries (Palestine, Egypt and Saudi Arabia). In order to determine the status of current societal and legal protection provided to victims of domestic violence, interviews were conducted with law enforcement authorities, judges, religious scholars/leaders, medical professionals and victims of domestic violence themselves. After analyzing the interviews, along with the official documentation provided by institutions (such as hospitals, police departments, and shelters) systematic weaknesses and legal loopholes were identified. A benchmarking of legislation in the Arab and Muslim world was then conducted in order to come up with a conceptual framework for a comprehensive protection system for female victims of domestic violence in Qatar.


Who Are You, My Daughter? Reading Ruth through Image and Text. By Ellen F. Davis and Margaret Adams Parker. Louisville, Ky. and London: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. xxiv + 127 pp. $19.95 (cloth). This collaborative work takes the form of Davis's annotated translation of Ruth, interspersed with Barker's illustrative woodcuts. It is divided into four chapters corresponding to the four chapters of the biblical text. The three basic elements of translation, commentary, and illustration are pleasingly balanced. The translation is given in large type on the left-hand pages, and the notes in smaller type on the right-hand (and sometimes several succeeding) pages. Although the notes are considerably longer than the text itself, they do not overwhelm it. They gently guide the reader through the story without displacing it as the main object of attention. The illustrations are strategically placed at turning points in the story, so that each shapes the reader's imagination through one section of the narrative until a plot shift provides the occasion for another one to shape the imagination through the next section. Unlike most modern translators, Davis does not strive for completely idiomatic English. Particularly because she views certain repeated words as narrative leitmotifs, she wants to translate them with the same English term in every instance, so as not to lose the repetitive effect. For example, various modern translations render davaq as "cling" in 1:14, where it describes Ruth's staying with Naomi in contrast with Orpah's kissing her good-bye, but render the same term as "keep close" or "stay with" in 2:8, 21, and 23, where it describes how Boaz has Ruth associate with the women gleaners rather than the men. One can see why a translator might choose different ways of rendering davaq in these two different contexts. In loyally deciding to leave her homeland and follow Naomi, Ruth does more than just "stay with" her. And however tightly Ruth associates with the women gleaners, she does not "cling" to them. Davis, however, looks for an English equivalent that might work in both contexts, so as not to efface their suggestive interconnection. She uses "stick with," noting that "repetitions of the relatively rare word [davaq] . . . hint at the fact that Ruth's own exceptional loyalty to Naomi is beginning to find an echo in Boaz's protective regard for this courageous and yet still vulnerable foreign woman" (p. 45). This approach to translation sometimes leads to cumbersome English phraseology, but it serves to highlight significant connotative associations that would otherwise be lost. Davis's comments show a gentle sophistication. Although they take the form of notes on particular words or phrases, they amount to a sustained reading of the entire narrative. In addition to telling readers about the social world reflected in the story, as well as the subtleties of Hebrew terminology that cannot be conveyed in translation, Davis presses the ambiguities in the narrative. …


As the share of intermittent renewable energy increases in the generation mix, power systems are exposed to greater levels of uncertainty and risk, which requires planners, policy and business decision makers to incentivise flexibility, that is: their adaptability to unforeseen variations in generation and demand. The greater need for flexibility, along with the fact that its provision is costly, highlights the importance of efficient procurement. As a commodity, flexibility has multiple attributes such as capacity, ramp rate, duration and lead time among which there are complementarities. Additionally, along with traditional sources, which already enable flexibility, a number of business models, such as thermostat-based demand response, aggregators and small storage providers, are emerging in electricity markets and expected to constitute important sources of flexibility in future decentralised power systems. However, due to presence of high transaction costs, relative to the size of resource, the emerging small resources cannot directly participate in an organised electricity market and/or compete. This paper asks the fundamental question of how should the provision of flexibility, as a multi-dimensional commodity, be incentivised in this context? We model the procurement of flexibility services from emerging small resources through bilateral contracts in a multidimensional adverse selection setting. We take a normative perspective and show how efficient contracts for flexibility services can be designed given its peculiarity as an economic commodity. Through a simulation analysis we elucidate the applicability of the proposed model and demonstrate the way it can be utilised in, for example, a thermostat based demand response programme.


39 Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old R´´gime and the French Revolution, trans. Stuart
Gilbert (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Doubleday, 1955), pp. 88-89.Taking their cue from Thomas Carlyle9s Sartor Resartus (1833-34), scholars of Regency
and early-Victorian dandyism have focused on a supposed opposition between the
dandyism of a declining aristocracy and the moral earnestness of a rising bourgeoisie.
This historical model obscures the full complexity of relations between the nineteenthcentury
British bourgeoisie and aristocracy, a complexity that can be illuminated by a
closer examination of William Makepeace Thackeray9s works. Thackeray9s novels and
sketches, which are surprisingly filled with middle-class dandies (such as Vanity Fair9s
George Osborne and Jos Sedley) and vigorous, hypermasculine aristocrats (such as
Vanity Fair9s Rawdon Crawley), reverse the Victorian literary stereotypes of effete aristocrats
and manly bourgeoisie. Focusing particularly on Vanity Fair (1847- 48) and on
Thackeray9s sketch journalism, I seek to understand why Thackeray repeatedly depicts
bourgeois men who are feminized both by their vanity and by their homosocial-even
homoerotic-desire for more powerful aristocratic men. My essay places Thackeray9s
works within recent historiographical models that emphasize the fusion of, rather than
the opposition between, the nineteenth-century British bourgeoisie and aristocracy.
Protesting against this fusion in the name of bourgeois independence, Thackeray indicts
the British middle classes for their obsession with aristocratic concepts of gentility,
a phenomenon that he was the first to label "snobbism." For Thackeray, I argue, the
comic trope of bourgeois male vanity becomes an especially powerful device for critiquing
"snobbism." By calling upon the scandalous figure of the mirror-gazing man,
Thackeray attempts to shock his middle-class readers into acknowledging the artificial
and performative nature of their own class personae.


Rasayanchikitsa is one of the eight specialized branches of Ayurveda that primarily deals with the maintenance of health. Rasayana is intended in classical Ayurveda as an effective tool to synthesize the excellent quality of dhatu that entails the prevention and alleviation of senility and diseases. It consists of dietary & therapeutic measures like herbal preparations which are able to correct as well as improve dhatus immunity by a proper nutrition. Experimental studies done on various rasayana drugs prove that they have immune stimulant, antioxidant, adoptogenic and anti-stress properties. Rasayanas are believed to build a barrier against stress and infection. These act principally by strengthening the immune system of the body acting as both brain and body tonic, promotes vitality and maintain it. Rasayana therapy aids in reviving the health of a healthy person as well as in combating the disease of the diseased one. Rasayan drugs consist of the substances which are rich in Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Beta carotene, riboflavin. So these substances are capable of counteracting the damaging effect of oxidation by working as anti-oxidants & prevent aging process.


We derive the equations of second order dissipative fluid dynamics from the relativistic Boltzmann equation following the method of W. Israel and J. M. Stewart [1]. We present a frame independent calculation of all first- and second-order terms and their coefficients using a linearised collision integral. Therefore, we restore all terms that were previously neglected in the original papers of W. Israel and J. M. Stewart.


The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of effectivity of board of commisionerand audit committee on the relationship between related party transactions (RPT) amountand disclosure on earnings management. This research is using 86 samples of the company inmanufacturng industry on 2010 and 2011 to see the comparation of the changes in PSAK No.7.The result shows board of commisioner and audit committee effectiveness weaken the relationshipbetween amount of RPT and earnings management. Moreover, disclosure of RPT according toPSAK No.7 (revised 2010) and Bapepam-LK weaken the relationship between RPT and earningsmanagement.


Fire scars and other paleoecological methods are imperfect proxies for detecting past patterns of fire events. However, calculations of long fire rotations in Grand Canyon ponderosa pine forests by Baker are not convincing in methodology or assumptions compared with fire-scar evidence of frequent surface fires. Patches of severe disturbance are a possible hypothesis to explain the relatively short age structure at the park, where ∼12% fewer trees were older than 300 years compared with another unharvested northern Arizona site. However, mapped patterns of old trees as well as the evidence for frequent surface fire from fire scars, charcoal deposition studies, and evolutionary history are more consistent with the dominance of surface fire prior to c. 1880. The most relevant available evidence of fire recurrence at a given point, mean point fire intervals, had median values <16 years at all five study sites, close to filtered composite fire interval statistics (∼6-10 years), but much lower than Baker's calculated fire rotation values (55-110 years). The composite fire interval is not a uniquely important statistic or a numerical guideline for management, but one of many lines of evidence underscoring the ecological role of frequent surface fire in ponderosa pine forests.


How the general notion of experience is understood determines to some extent what one thinks about art and aesthetic experience. Pragmatism widens the concept of experience from that of sense experience. Action, practice and movement are epistemologically significant elements of experience. The environment is not just perceived, it is experienced also by acting, moving around and participating in different practices, as can be spelled out in terms of Peircean semiotics. From the pragmatist point of view, aesthetic experience is not characterized only as disinterested contemplation of art works and other elements of our environment as objects of perception. Aesthetic experience is intertwined with different social and cultural practices in the flux of our everyday life.[1]


Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a potentially debilitating condition that has been associated with profound psychosocial dysfunction. It is the most common complication of herpes zoster infection, or shingles, in immunocompetent adults. Approximately 10% of patients develop the condition. PHN is particularly common in the elderly, with 60% of patients with shingles developing PHN at the age of 60, and 75% at the age of 70. This review discusses PHN clinical features and risk factors, as well as possible ways to prevent complications. An overview of the currently recommended treatment options is also provided.


The maxillary sinus varies according to age, however there are limited studies that have illustrated its 3D form over time. This study aimed to classify the maxillary sinus by the shape, number of septa and scallops in a 1 to 25 year age gr oup, utilising computerized tomography (CT) scans and 3D reconstruction. CT scans (n=480) were reviewed from the picture archiving a nd communication system (PACS) of the state and private hospitals in Pietermaritzburg and Durban KwaZuluNatal (KZN), South Afric a. The sample consisted of 276 males and 204 females, 1-25 years and of two population groups, black African and white. SLICER 3D (www.slicer.org) was utilised in order to reconstruct a 3D model of the sinus. Morphological traits such as the presence of the sinus, scalloping and septa within the sinuses were categorised. In addition, the shape of the 3D model of the sinus was analysed ante riorl (coronal) and laterally (sagittal) adapting the classifications by Kim (1962) and Kim et al. (2002). The maxillary sinus was present bilaterally in n=477 individuals (99.4 %). Five different anterior shapes viz. Type 1 (triangular), Type 2 (upside down triangl e), Type 3 (square), Type 4 (irregular) and Type 5 (rectangular) were identified in the anterior view. This shape was associated with age and population groups (p<0.05). In the lateral view, the maxillary sinus appeared to be quadrilateral with differences noted along th inferior wall. Intrasinus maxillary septa were more evident in the anterior region of the maxillary sinus (27.9 % right; 28.5 % left). T he maxillary septa were commoner in females (37.9 % right; 39.4 % left) than in males (28.5 % right; 30.3 % left). They were also mor commonly observed in the white cohort (63.8 % right; 68.1 % left) than in the black African cohort (29.1 % right; 30.5 % left). Sca loping in the axial plane from above along its anterior margin was also observed. An in-depth classification of the morphology of the 3D f rm of the maxillary sinus according to age (1 to 25 years) was established. Five different shapes in both the anterior and lateral view of the 3D model were observed. Anteriorly, it was noted that the main shape was Type 2 (upside down triangle). The shape of the sinus changed in the form according to age. Laterally, the shape was related to the development of the teeth, as the inferior wall of the sinus was classified. Maxillary septa and scalloping of the sinus were reported in all age groups. Surgically, the sinus morphology is es sential for dental procedures such as sinus augmentation or dental implants, and anthropologically, in forensic identification.


The intracellular events and specifically the role of protein kinase C-mediated protein phosphorylation, after alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation of the heart, are not well understood. We examined the phosphorylation of sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic reticular, myofibrillar, and cytosolic proteins in perfused beating rabbit hearts on activation of protein kinase C by phenylephrine. Perfusion of rabbit hearts with phenylephrine was associated with a positive inotropic response, which was dose and time dependent. Maximal stimulation (1.54-fold increase in +dP/dt) was obtained with 10 microM phenylephrine at 4 minutes. Examination of the activity levels of protein kinase C in these hearts revealed a redistribution of this activity from the cytosolic to the membranous fraction, suggesting the activation of this enzyme in vivo. Prazosin, an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, prevented the increase in the inotropy and the redistribution of protein kinase C activity mediated by phenylephrine. Examination of the degree of phosphorylation of membranous, myofibrillar, and cytosolic proteins revealed that activation of protein kinase C in vivo was associated with increased phosphorylation of a 15-kd sarcolemmal protein and a 28-kd cytosolic protein. There were no increases in the degree of phosphorylation of phospholamban in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and of troponin I, troponin T, and C protein in the myofibrils, although these proteins were found to be substrates for protein kinase C in vitro. These findings provide evidence that protein kinase C is activated in response to alpha-adrenergic stimulation and that activation is associated with increased phosphorylation of a 15-kd sarcolemmal protein and a 28-kd cytosolic protein in the myocardium.


Traditional framework of discriminative correlation filters (DCF) is often subject to undesired boundary effects. Several approaches to enlarge search regions have been already proposed in the past years to make up for this shortcoming. However, with excessive background information, more background noises are also introduced and the discriminative filter is prone to learn from the ambiance rather than the object. This situation, along with appearance changes of objects caused by full/partial occlusion, illumination variation, and other reasons has made it more likely to have aberrances in the detection process, which could substantially degrade the credibility of its result. Therefore, in this work, a novel approach to repress the aberrances happening during the detection process is proposed, i.e., aberrance repressed correlation filter (ARCF). By enforcing restriction to the rate of alteration in response maps generated in the detection phase, the ARCF tracker can evidently suppress aberrances and is thus more robust and accurate to track objects. Considerable experiments are conducted on different UAV datasets to perform object tracking from an aerial view, i.e., UAV123, UAVDT, and DTB70, with 243 challenging image sequences containing over 90K frames to verify the performance of the ARCF tracker and it has proven itself to have outperformed other 20 state-of-the-art trackers based on DCF and deep-based frameworks with sufficient speed for real-time applications.


Recommender systems are needed to find subject items of one's interest. We review recommender systems and recommendation methods. We propose a subject personalization framework based on adaptive hypermedia for Computer Science ACM Curricula. We extend Hermes framework with subject recommendation functionality. We combine TF-IDF term extraction method with cosine similarity measure. Specialization and standard subject database are incorporated into the knowledgebase. Based on the performed evaluation, we conclude that semantic recommender systems in general outperform traditional recommenders systems with respect to accuracy, precision, and recall, and that the proposed recommender has a better F-measure than existing semantic recommenders.


An mformation centre is defined, and the principal advantages of its use are listed. The integral parts of an information centre are each descnbed. They compnse: a tool for writing reports; a tool for defimng new records on the system; a tool for putting data on to files; a tool for putting data off files and loading it onto a personal computer; and decision support systems. The role of the data processing department is considered, and an example of information centre use is presented. Some guidelines for effective operation are mcluded.


Most companies around the world are controlled by their founding families, including more than half of all public corporations in the U.S. and Europe, and more than two thirds of these in Asia. These companies are the subject of the Financial Management of Family and Closely Held Firms course, an elective MBA course at Harvard Business School. The course introduces students to the unique finance, governance, and management issues faced by family firms, and to the ways in which these issues can be addressed. The course provides students with a framework for analyzing how family ownership, control, and management affect value, and whether and how more value can be created for the various stakeholders in family firms. The course is designed for students who may be involved with these companies in a variety of roles, including those of founders, shareholders, or managers of their own family's firm, as well as those of non-family managers and employees, investors or business partners (e.g., private equity investors), and advisors of various kinds (e.g., Investment bankers, board members, or consultants).


In 1994, Kuhajda and colleagues unambiguously identified the oncogenic antigen-519, a prognostic molecule found in breast cancer patients with markedly worsened prognosis, as fatty acid synthase (FAS),the key enzyme for the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. It now appears that human carcinomas and their pre-neoplastic lesions constitutively over express FAS and undergo significant endogenous fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, FAS blockade specifically induces apoptotic cancer cell death and prolongs survival of cancer xenograft hosts. Therefore, FAS signaling seems to play a central role in the maintenance of the malignant phenotype by enhancing cancer cell survival and proliferation. This review documents the rapidly changing perspectives on the function of FAS in cancer biology. First, we describe molecular mechanism by which aberrant transduction cascades driven by oncogenic changes subvert the down-regulatory effects of dietary fatty acids, resulting in tumor-associated FAS insensitivity to nutritional signals. Second, we speculate von the putative function that hypoxia can play as the epigenetic factor that triggers and maintains FAS overexpression in cancer cells by inducing changes in gene expression and in metabolism for survival. Third, we explore the role that FAS exhibits in cancer evolution by specifically regulating cancer-related proteins such as Her-2/neu oncogene and estrogen receptor. Finally, we reveal previously unrecognized functions of FAS on the response of cancer cells to chemo-,endocrine-,and immuno therapies. These findings, all together, should ultimately enhance our understanding of how FAS-dependent endogenous fatty acid metabolism, once considered a minor anabolic-energy-storage pathway in normal cells, has become a jack-of-all-trades in cancer cells.


Recent battles in Washington over how to fix America's fiscal failures strengthened the widespread impression that economic issues sharply divide average citizens. Indeed, many commentators split Americans into two opposing groups: uncompromising supporters of unfettered free markets and advocates for government solutions to economic problems. But such dichotomies, Benjamin I. Page and Lawrence R. Jacobs contend, ring false. In "Class War?" they present compelling evidence that most Americans favor free enterprise and practical government programs to distribute wealth more equitably. At every income level and in both major political parties, majorities embrace conservative egalitarianism - a philosophy that prizes individualism and self-reliance as well as public intervention to help Americans pursue these ideals on a level playing field. Drawing on hundreds of opinion studies spanning more than seventy years, including a new comprehensive survey, Page and Jacobs reveal that this worldview translates to broad support for policies aimed at narrowing the gap between rich and poor and creating genuine opportunity for all. They find, for example, that across economic, geographical, and ideological lines, most Americans support higher minimum wages, improved public education, wider access to universal health insurance coverage, and the use of tax dollars to fund these programs. In this surprising and heartening assessment, Page and Jacobs provide our new administration with a popular mandate to combat the economic inequity that plagues our nation.


Recipient of "Outstanding Academic Book" Award "CHOICE, " 2006With breathtaking speed, the republics of the former Soviet Union have been transformed into independent states expected to perform their own foreign policy functions. Yet many of these republics have little experience in foreign relations, and their appearance on the international stage may upset power balances in regions that are already unstable.The new Central Asian states in particular are becoming of increasing interest to the West, because of their enormous resource base, especially oil and gas; their large, mostly Muslim, population; and their relative proximity to the volatile Middle East. But there is a dearth of informed analysis on this much misunderstood region.This timely volume helps fill that gap by closely examining the developing foreign policies of the Central Asia republics especially Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. It describes in detail how they handled their transitions to statehood and draws important conclusions about the implications for regional and international peace and security."


Resume de l'editeur : This book covers many aspects of thermal processing of milk and milk products with particular focus on UHT processing. It commences with an overview of the major thermal processing technologies: thermisation, pasteurisation, extended-shelf-life (ESL), UHT and in-container sterilisation. It discusses the principles of the technologies, the processing and packaging equipment used, processing issues such as temperature-time profiles, heat stability, fouling and cleaning, and the quality and safety aspects of the products produced. It provides a balance of the engineering aspects of the processes and the chemical, microbiological and sensory aspects of the products. The changes that occur in products during processing and storage, and the related defects which can arise, are central to the book. The discussions of these changes will be an aid to industry personnel in identifying the causes of quality defects in these products and devising measures which can be taken to eliminate or minimise the defects.


When big-dollar attorney Dan Weisberg left his private-sector position in 2003 to join the New York City school system, the district was having a hard time getting principals to provide honest assessments of low-performing teachers. Each negative piece of feedback was subject to a three-step grievance and arbitration process and, as Weisberg explains, "The final two steps were a big deal, because [principals] had to leave their building and go downtown, which could take hours. Principals complained about it and used it as an excuse for why they couldn't document poor performance when they saw it." When Weisberg's team asked the principals why they couldn't attend the hearings by phone, he notes, "The answer we first got was, 'No, we can't do it. We've never done it that way. And we said, 'Where is that in the contract? Where is that in some policy?' And the answer was nowhere. So we just did it. It was a small thing, but it showed principals that we cared, that we understood this was very burdensome and we were trying to make their lives easier. ... It had a concrete impact in encouraging principals to take action to document poor performance." When it comes to reforming American education, today's would-be-reformers get it half right. They correctly argue that statutes, rules, regulations, and contracts make it hard for school and school-system leaders to drive improvement and, well, lead. They are wrong, however, to ignore a second truth: school officials have far more freedom to transform, reimagine, and invigorate teaching, learning, and schooling than is widely believed. It's true that prescriptive union contracts and procurement processes, rules and regulations like the federal "supplement not supplant" provision, state laws, board policies, and the like hinder school officials in all kinds of ways, making it difficult to repair a fence, hire talented staff, or schedule grade-level team meetings. But it has become increasingly clear that much of what administrators say they can't do, think they can't do, or just don't do is in fact entirely possible. Contracts, rules, regulations, statutes, and policies present real problems, but smart leaders can frequently find ways to bust them--with enough persistence, knowledge, or ingenuity. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The problem is not just the very real statutory, regulatory, and contractual barriers, but the "culture of can't," in which even surmountable impediments or ankle-high obstacles are treated as absolute prohibitions. This mind-set threatens to undermine the success of hard-won reforms and can make policy impediments appear more severe than they truly are. The Bogeymen of Leadership We often hear from principals about all the things they'd like to do but that are impossible due to circumstances beyond their control. Perhaps the most commonly cited sources of frustration are, first, teachers' contracts and, second, state and federal policies that tie the principals' hands when it comes to teacher assignment, compensation, hiring, professional development, instructional time, and much else. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Yet a closer look raises some questions about these common complaints. For example, in a 2008 analysis of the collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) of the 50 largest U.S. school districts, Coby Loup and I found that although one-third were highly restrictive, the majority included much room to maneuver. Lehigh University professor of education and law Perry Zirkel notes that the perception that it's nearly impossible to let go of low-performing, tenured teachers arises from "the substitute of lore for law. The lore is that it is difficult, if not impossible, to win a performance-based termination of a tenured teacher. The reality is quite different." In his study of court decisions on teacher terminations for competency, Zirkel found that "defendant districts prevailed over plaintiff teachers by better than a 3-to-1 ratio. …


Published on the occasion of an exhibition of the same name, Jean-Michel Basquiat Drawing is the first book on the Schorr Collection of Basquiat's works on paper. Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960-1988) was barely out of his teens when he rocketed to the center of New York's art scene; he was 27 when he died of a heroin overdose. A friend of Keith Haring and Andy Warhol, and always controversial, Basquiat is now established as a major contemporary painter whose unique work continues to enthrall. Herbert and Lenore Schorr began collecting the work of Basquiat in 1981, before his first New York exhibition. During the artist's seminal years of 1982-83, the Schorrs acquired several of his most important paintings, but in contrast to virtually every other early collector, the Schorrs also pursued and acquired a great number of works on paper both directly from the artist and from his first dealer. Their collection demonstrates the focus and ambition that the artist invested in the medium of drawing.


Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive plant that, due to climatic changes (increasingly dry summers), has gained a massive explosion in recent years in our country. The allergies caused by the pollen of this plant coincide with its flowering period: the middle of July to the end September. The symptomatology is violent, with a complex clinical picture that exceeds in intensity the allergies to the pollen of flowers and trees in the spring. It is interesting from a medical point of view the increased period that goes from exposure to the pollen of the plant to the appearance of the first symptoms, around 10-15 years. In addition, it takes five more years for the clinic to be manifested and the symptoms to appear at the real intensity. So, the problems themselves appear after 15-20 years. The best method by which this issue is limited for the health of the population is the eradication of the plant, that grows among ruins, at the roadside. It has been shown that the plants grown at a pH=7 were smaller and did not produce flowers and pollen. Also, the soil acid pH favors the growth of the plant and the pollen produced has a marked allergenic character. The IgE emitted signal was higher in samples collected from the soil with a pH=5. The solution remains the eradication by mowing before the blooming period, not later than June 30, as regulated by the Law no. 62/2018 which entered into force on March 17, 2018, and the methodological norms for application were approved on 5.09.2018.


The human brain is a really complex organization of connectivity whose principal elements are neurons, synapses and brain regions. Up to now this connectivity is not fully understood, and recent impulse in investigating its structure has been given by Graph Theory. However, some points remain unclear, mainly due to possible mismatching between the Mathematical and the Neuroscientific approach. It is known that neural connectivity is classified into three categories: structural (or anatomical) connectivity, functional connectivity and effective connectivity. The point is that these categories demand different kinds of graphs, except in the case of the resting state, and sometimes topological and metrical parameters are involved simultaneously, without a specific distinction of their roles. In this paper we propose a mathematical model for treating the functional connectivity, based on directed graphs with weighted edges. The function W(i,j,t), representing the weight of the edge connecting nodes i,j at time t, is obtained by splitting the model in two parts, where different parameters have been introduced step by step and rigorously motivated. In particular, there is a double role played by the notion of distance, which, according to the different parts of the model, assumes  a discrete  or an Euclidean meaning. Analogously, the time t appears both from a local and from a global perspective. The local aspect relates to a specific task submitted to an health volunteer (in view of possible future applications also to subjects affected by neurological diseases), while the global one concerns the different periods in the human life that characterize the main changes in the neural brain network. In the particular case of the resting state, we have shown that W reduces to the usually employed probabilistic growth laws for the edge formation. We tested the correctness of our model by means of synthetic data, where the selection of all involved parameters has been motivated according to what is known from the available literature. It turns out that simulated outputs fit well with the expected results, which encourages further analysis on real data, and possible future applications to neurological pathologies.


Neural network training is usually accomplished by solving a non-convex optimization problem using stochastic gradient descent. Although one optimizes over the networks parameters, the main loss function generally only depends on the realization of the neural network, i.e. the function it computes. Studying the optimization problem over the space of realizations opens up new ways to understand neural network training. In particular, usual loss functions like mean squared error and categorical cross entropy are convex on spaces of neural network realizations, which themselves are non-convex. Approximation capabilities of neural networks can be used to deal with the latter non-convexity, which allows us to establish that for sufficiently large networks local minima of a regularized optimization problem on the realization space are almost optimal. Note, however, that each realization has many different, possibly degenerate, parametrizations. In particular, a local minimum in the parametrization space needs not correspond to a local minimum in the realization space. To establish such a connection, inverse stability of the realization map is required, meaning that proximity of realizations must imply proximity of corresponding parametrizations. We present pathologies which prevent inverse stability in general, and, for shallow networks, proceed to establish a restricted space of parametrizations on which we have inverse stability w.r.t. to a Sobolev norm. Furthermore, we show that by optimizing over such restricted sets, it is still possible to learn any function which can be learned by optimization over unrestricted sets.


The article examines European institutions for implementing EU regulation. It assesses their development using seven different models that have been introduced or discussed for organising implementation. It argues that the development of European regulatory space has followed an evolutionary pattern involving gradual reshaping through a series of steps, with previous stages influencing later stages and institutions being built on existing structures. Despite pressures and frequent discussions of comprehensive change, existing organisations have managed to limit and shape reforms. The result has been institutional 'layering' and 'conversion' instead of streamlining, and a gradual strengthening of networks of national independent regulatory agencies. The analysis therefore suggests that evolutionary analysis based on historical institutionalist approaches seems highly appropriate to the EU. Equally, it shows how even if there are strong demand-side pressures for centralisation of regulation, existing institutional arrangements and organisations limit and shape the supply of new institutions, so that debates about radical change coexist with a fragmented, cluttered and complex European regulatory space.


Chilli (Capsicum annuum L .) is the one of vegetable commodities that has high economic value.Low productivity chili in Riau caused by several factors, including soil conditions mostly submarginal land such as peatland. This study aimed to obtain the performance chili hybrids from crosses between wrinkled chili and smooth chili that was grown in the peatland to be recommended as a genotype that has a high yield. This study used a randomized block design (RBD), consisting of 8 treatments (IPB C-111xIPB C5, IPB C-111xIPB C19,IPB C-120xIPB-C5,IPB C-120xIPB C-19,IPB C-159xIPB C-5, IPB C-159xIPB C-19, Tanamo, Biola) and 3 replications. The results of this study showed that 8 chili genotypeshad grown in peatland had different potentials between a genotype with others.All chilies genotype showed nonsignificant weight per plant compare to Tanamo and Biola. Genotype ofIPB C120xIPB C-5 is the highest yieldbecause had bigger stem diameter and highest fruit weigth. Keyword : Chili, Genotypes, Performance, Peatland.


Three-dimensional CAD systems contribute considerably to the detailed design processes of products. They are applied to the construction of 3D design models which are also utilized for design evaluation using a CAE system and for NC data generation using a CAM system. Since the functions of 3D CAD systems for constructing 3D models are increasingly being enhanced, they enable designers to easily construct 3D product models without design expertise. In detailed design work, designers are required not only to exactly define product shapes but also to assign attribute information such as dimensional tolerance, geometrical tolerance, roughness, machining process to be performed etc., which are essential for the manufacturing process. However, inexperienced designers often find it extremely hard to determine optimum attribute values and design values. In addition, it is more difficult to construct the required die/mold from the desired product shape taking into account forming errors caused by shrinkage during plastic injection and springback during press forming. This paper proposes a method to automatically assign required attribute information to each part of a designed product, to assist the model construction of a die/mold from a product shape, and to provide design support information on each part of a designed product to a designer. The proposed method is realized by assigning a Function Feature to each part; all the function features proposed in this paper are original. A CAD system based on the proposed method for injection molding and press forming was developed, and results of simple design experiments confirmed the usefulness of the CAD system and function features


ERK1/2 not only controls the cell cycle but also has new roles impacting various mechanisms affecting ciliogenesis. DUSP6 inhibition activates ERK to immediately inhibit ciliary assembly and upstream pathways. MAPK pathways are well-known regulators of the cell cycle, but they have also been found to control ciliary length in a wide variety of organisms and cell types from Caenorhabditis elegans neurons to mammalian photoreceptors through unknown mechanisms. ERK1/2 is a MAP kinase in human cells that is predominantly phosphorylated by MEK1/2 and dephosphorylated by the phosphatase DUSP6. We have found that the ERK1/2 activator/DUSP6 inhibitor, (E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (BCI), inhibits ciliary maintenance in Chlamydomonas and hTERT-RPE1 cells and assembly in Chlamydomonas. These effects involve inhibition of total protein synthesis, microtubule organization, membrane trafficking, and KAP-GFP motor dynamics. Our data provide evidence for various avenues for BCI-induced ciliary shortening and impaired ciliogenesis that gives mechanistic insight into how MAP kinases can regulate ciliary length.


Arbitration clauses in contracts require consumers to waive their rights to bring litigation in court. The clauses are often unavoidable because firms include arbitration clauses in contracts of adhesion. In recent years, firms have begun to load their arbitration clauses with unconscionable terms unrelated to arbitration itself. For example, firms insert terms that shorten statutes of limitations, reduce damages, or prohibit injunctive relief. These contract terms are considered unconscionable – and, thus, unenforceable – in many states. However, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Federal Arbitration Act (the FAA) to require judicial deference to arbitration clauses. Consequently, many courts allow firms to bootstrap unenforceable contract terms into an enforceable arbitration clause in order to make those unconscionable contract terms enforceable. The Supreme Court has invoked the legislative intent of the 1925 Congress in order to assert that the FAA applies to consumer contracts. Courts have further suggested that Congress intended arbitration clauses to be enforced as written and that this requires deference to anti-consumer terms that would otherwise be found unconscionable under state law. Finally, the Supreme Court has asserted that the FAA preempts all state efforts to police arbitration clauses, including basic notification requirements. This Article examines the actual legislative history of the FAA and explains that Congress never intended the FAA to apply to consumer contracts. Congress was exclusively concerned with the enforceability of arbitration agreements between sophisticated businesses in commercial disputes. Congress never considered the possibility that retailers would impose mandatory arbitration clauses on their customers, let alone that these arbitration clauses would be structured to limit damages, to truncate statutes of limitation, or to otherwise remove procedural protections from consumers. The congressional intent that courts should enforce anti-consumer terms in arbitration clauses is an imagined one. The Article concludes that courts should stop asserting that the FAA mandates enforcement of unconscionable terms so long as they reside in an arbitration clause. When confronting unconscionable terms in arbitration clauses, courts can take one of three actions: enforce the unconscionable terms; sever the unconscionable terms; or strike the arbitration clause as a whole because it is so overrun by unconscionable terms. The Article explains why only the latter two options are consistent with Congressional intent and good public policy.


Exploration of trajectories of expressive language samples is essential for understanding potential indicators for language disorder assessment. This study examined conversational language samples from 341 typically developing Mandarin-speaking children aged 3–7. Through analysis of lexical diversity and word classes, a norm-referenced dataset for vocabulary assessment was built, including indicators such as vocD and the types and tokens of nouns, verbs, measures, adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions. As norm-referenced indicators for the language development of children speaking Mandarin, these developmental data could also inform clinical therapists about the direction of intervention for children with vocabulary deficits.


The building sector is responsible for at least 30% of energy use in most countries worldwide (UN environment, 2017) and around 33% of energy is used by HVAC systems in buildings (Salib & Wood, 2013). As a passive design element, an atrium has the potential to naturally provide heating and cooling, as well as adequate daylight, in arid and temperate climates. Moreover, a naturally ventilated atrium has also proven to be a useful environmental feature in tall building design (Moosavi et al., 2014; Salib & Wood, 2013; Sharples & Bensalem, 2001). This thesis investigated the impact of different configurations of atria on the energy performance of tall office buildings in Tehran. Despite having a rich history of climatic conscious design, the contemporary architecture of the Middle East, and Iran as one of the countries in this region, has witnessed excessive energy use (Holford & Hunt, 2003). The building sector in Iran consumes six times more energy in comparison to that of average European countries (Asgar, 2014a). Moreover, the HVAC sector in Iran uses 61% of the energy in office buildings (IFCO Iranain organization for Fuel Consumption Optimisation in the country, 2010). Providing thermal comfort via passive means is a challenge for tall buildings situated in semi-arid climates and therefore, the atria design for this region is of utmost importance.
In this thesis, different types of atria are incorporated into square and rectangular plan tall office buildings and their performances are examined when the buildings are only naturally ventilated throughout the year. The outputs are compared to when HVAC assists the naturally ventilated buildings, and for this, a Dynamic Thermal Simulation (DTS) tool, called Design Builder, has been used. This thesis utilises a Design Science research method. A number of scenarios were simulated with different atria configurations for square and rectangular plan buildings. The outcome of the simulation showed that the atria located on the north and west facades generally perform more efficiently in minimising heat loss. It was also concluded that rectangular plan models generally perform more efficiently than square plan models in terms of lowering energy load and ensuring fewer uncomfortable hours. Amongst the rectangular plan models, the lowest heating and cooling load prototypes had a reduction of 66.65% in energy load. Meanwhile, amongst the square plan models the lowest heating and cooling load prototype had a reduction of 33.71% in energy load.


This study examines the demographic and financial determinants of housing choices of older Americans, and how they have changed over the past several decades. Using logistic regressions with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a nationally representative longitudinal survey from 1968 to 2011, we find that in earlier periods, greater wealth was associated with "aging in place" and a lower likelihood of living in senior housing. More recently, the relationship between wealth and senior housing has changed, and higher wealth has become associated with increased senior living. Underlying this change is a shift in the mix of senior facilities, from predominantly those focused on medical needs and skilled nursing to newer retirement communities with a higher level of non-medical services, activities and amenities. The move to senior housing has become, for many older Americans, a choice of lifestyle rather than a move based on medical or nursing needs.These trends suggest that the aging Baby Boom generation's effects on senior living communities may extend beyond those merely related to its size. With a large number of high-wealth individuals in the Baby Boom generation, demand for high-end retirement communities may experience a particular rise in the years ahead. The age at which older Americans move into a senior facility has shifted forward over the past two generations, and the front edge of the Baby Boom generation will soon be approaching the age range when moving to a senior community becomes a realistic consideration.


Enterprise Networking has a strong set of requirements in terms of resiliency, reliability and resources usage. With current approaches being based on monolithic and expensive infrastructures using dedicated overlay links, providers are moving to more economical hybrid solutions that encompass private dedicated links with public/regular Internet connections. However, these usually rely on complex, hardware-dependent and/or proprietary Traffic Engineering (TE) solutions, which are computationally costly, in particular for the forwarding nodes. In this paper, we propose SEMPER: a lightweight TE solution based on MP-TCP that, in contrast to other TE solutions, moves the complexity to the endpoints of the connection, and relieves the forwarding elements from complex operations or even maintaining state. As our evaluation shows, SEMPER efficiently makes use of all available paths between the endpoints while maintaining fairness, and properly adapts to variations on the available capacity.


The distributions of blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in individual vessels of the normal human retina were determined as a function of vessel diameter. The mean velocity of blood, Vmean, was calculated from the centerline velocity measured by bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). Volumetric flow rate was determined from Vmean and the vessel diameter, D, measured from monochromatic fundus photographs. Diameter of the arteries and veins at the site of the LDV measurements ranged from 39 to 134 microns and 64 to 177 microns, respectively. Flow velocity correlated with D (P less than 0.001 for both arteries and veins). Volumetric flow rate varied with D at a power of 2.76 +/- 0.16 for arteries and 2.84 +/- 0.12 for veins, in close agreement with Murray's law. Calculated from 12 eyes, the average total arterial and venous volumetric flow rates were 33 +/- 9.6 and 34 +/- 6.3 microliters/min, respectively. The good agreement between both flow rates suggests that the technique and the assumptions for calculating flow yield results that satisfy mass conservation. Total arterial and venous volumetric flow rates correlated with total arterial and venous vessel cross-section. Volumetric flow rate in the temporal retina was significantly greater than in the nasal retina, but the difference is likely to be due to the larger area of the temporal retina. No difference in flow rate was observed between the superior and inferior retinal hemispheres. Finally, blood velocity in the major retinal vessels measured under normal experimental conditions appears remarkably constant over short (hours) and long (months) periods of time.


The role of social status in life expectancy is a burgeoning topic of interest in health research. Isolating the impact of "pure status" on longevity is empirically challenging as an individual's ranking within the social hierarchy is related to other SES measures (e.g. education, income) which are correlated with health. Previous work is based either on animal studies (e.g. Sapolksy's work on baboons) or studies of humans in unique non-experimental settings (e.g. British Civil Servants: Academy Awards and Nobel Prize winners). We use the precise rules for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame to examine the impact of status attainment (or non-attainment) on life expectancy. The Baseball Hall of Fame provides a compelling context since the selection rule for induction by the Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA) is perfectly observed - a BBWAA vote share of 75 percent or more. We explore whether this discontinuous rule for assigning status leads to differential exposure to stress depending on proximity to the cut-off. We obtain BBWAA voting data from the Baseball Hall of Fame website (www.baseballhalloffame.org). For each player born prior to 1946 (n=597) we use complete voting histories to construct a series of variables used in our analysis. From membership lists on the Hall of Fame website we construct indicators denoting whether a player was inducted by the BBWAA or the Committee on Baseball Veterans. From two other websites (www.baseball-reference.com, www.baseball-almanac.com) we obtain player characteristics including exact dates of birth/death, height/weight, ethnicity and education. Finally, we categorize cause of death using obituaries found through Lexis-Nexis, and a book on the necrology of baseball players. We estimate the impact of Hall of Fame induction and the number of narrow losses (vote share>50%) on life expectancy, controlling for each player's maximum vote share, the number of ballot appearances, and demographic characteristics. We use several parametric (Tobit MLE, Buckley-James) and non-parametric (Kaplan-Meier survivor analysis) methods to correct for right censoring in the life durations of players who are still alive. The effect of induction on longevity depends both on the definition of the reference group and the ease of induction. BBWAA inductees do not live longer, on average, than players who were not inducted. However, they do live 10 percent longer than players who narrowly missed induction through the BBWAA. This results from the reduced life expectancies of players who narrowly missed induction relative to non-inductees with lower BBWAA vote shares. Life expectancy falls by 3 percent for each ballot with a vote share over 50 percent but below the 75 percent threshold required for induction. Hall of Fame induction through the Veteran's Committee increases life expectancy, with the largest effect among players who never received a BBWAA ballot share above 10 percent. The effect sizes of the Hall of Fame variables are much larger in magnitude than the effects of BMI, year of birth, and educational attainment (i.e., college matriculation). Our results suggest that the anxiety induced by non-attainment or delayed attainment of status can lead to premature death - with heart attacks being the predominant cause of death - and that there are health benefits of status attained through 'luck' rather than through performance.