To study the interaction of the fac-[M(CO)(3)](+) moiety (M = (99m)Tc, (188)Re) with DNA bases, we reacted [M(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)](+) with 9-methylguanine (9-MeG), guanosine (G), and 2-deoxyguanosine (2dG). Two bases bind to the metal center via the N7 atoms. X-ray structure analysis of [(99)Tc(CH(3)OH)(9-MeG)(2)(CO)(3)](+) (4) (monoclinic, I2/a, a = 28.7533(14) A, b = 8.0631(4) A, c = 32.3600(15) A, beta = 91.543(6) degrees, V = 7499.6(6) A(3), Z = 8) and [Re(OH(2))(9-MeG)(2)(CO)(3)](+) (7) (monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 12.2873(11) A, b = 16.0707(13) A, c = 14.1809(16) A, beta = 103.361(12) degrees, V = 2724.4(5) A(3), Z = 4) reveals that the two bases are in a head-to-tail (HT) orientation. Kinetic studies show that the rates of substitution of the purine bases are comparable to that of one of the active forms of cisplatin. The bis-substituted complexes are generally less stable than the platinum adducts, and metalation of the bases is reversible.


Abstract Background: The prevalence and predictors of alcohol use and abuse among school students were investigated with the aim of gaining insight to guide prevention interventions. Method: A cross-sectional, self-administered survey pertaining to a one-month period was conducted among students in grades 11 and 12 in purposively selected schools with mixed-race groups. Frequencies and χ2 analyses were conducted and forward stepwise, conditional entry logistic regression models were fitted to determine the significant demographic predictors and influence of peers and parents on students' alcohol use and binge drinking. Results: About 54% of students had used alcohol before, while 14.5% had had their first drink before the age of 13. In the relevant month, 41% used alcohol and 32% engaged in binge drinking. Students who were more likely to have used alcohol in the preceding month were older [odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, P = 0.006], male (OR = 2.1, P < 0.001), white (OR = 5.1, P < 0.001), had often seen their fathers drunk (OR = 1.9, P < 0.001) and had friends who frequently use alcohol (OR = 3.5, P < 0.001). Students who were more likely to report binge drinking in the preceding month were older (OR = 1.6, P < 0.001), male (OR = 2.4, P < 0.001), white (OR = 1.6, P = 0.048), had often seen their fathers (OR = 1.5, P = 0.001) and mothers (OR = 1.4, P = 0.05) drunk and had friends who frequently use alcohol (OR = 3.6, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The long-term consequences of hazardous drinking patterns initiated during adolescence may have negative effects on achievement in life, health and general well-being, and therefore these patterns are in need of urgent address. While older, white male students are at particular risk, the significant influence of peer and parental alcohol use is highlighted and should be considered when developing prevention interventions in schools.


This paper examines spillover effects of R&D investment in the ICT industry to other industries by analyzing panel data composed of 6 manufacturing industries for the period of 1983~2011. Major findings are as follows; (1) The increase of R&D investment in ICT industry has a significantly positive relationship with the increase in the value-added of the remaining 5 industries with 3~10 year lags, depending on the source of R&D funds and R&D stage. (2) More specifically, public R&D shows the spillover effects during 3~7-year lag periods, whereas private R&D started to exert spillover effects from 9-year lag. The result implies that the public R&D appropriately targets projects with more spillover effects. (3) Basic research, applied research, and development showed the spillover effects for the period of 9~10, 7~10, and 10-year lag, respectively. (4) The R&D investment in 5 other industries such as machinery, chemicals, and materials does not have positive spillover effects to the remaining industries. Few studies have been done to analyze the R&D spillover effects to other industries, with certain limitations. This study contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the spillover effects of the different R&D funds and R&D stages, and by considering various time-lag effects


The sustainable management of water supply networks requires the control of physical pipe leakages, such as those due to junction obsolescence or pipe creeping. These leakages usually increase with the operating pressure, and their discharge is commonly assumed to scale with the power of the pressure. The same functional form is also employed to evaluate leakage occurring in the portion of the network downstream a node. The parameters involved in these relationships may be estimated from field experimental data. However, a sensible fluctuation in their values is observed, and therefore the definition of a suitable leakage law represents a major source of uncertainty in water network modeling. In the present paper, the estimation of the leakage law parameters is carried out simultaneously to the hourly demand pattern. To this aim, a hydraulic network model coupled to a genetic algorithm is employed to minimize the deviation between predicted and measured time series of pressure and flow at a small number of sites of the network. A field test case is analyzed to show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.


This paper explains the benefits and challenges of urban green spaces based on the critical discussion of study results from different studies in different cities. The important roles played by green spaces are social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects of sustainable development. Urban green spaces can be a comprehensive tool for long term protection of environmental sustainability through improving the quality of life and air quality, increasing property value due to their amenity and aesthetic characteristics, and reducing the energy costs of cooling buildings. Urban green spaces also can provide ecosystem services in which the recreation and relaxation facilities are especially available to urban dwellers and tourists too. To confirm the multiple roles played by green spaces, certain level of qualitative improvements and distribution of green spaces within the urban area should be considered and incorporated effectively into the environmental sustainability agenda. To do this, an integrated approach regarding the planning, monitoring, designing and maintaining of urban green spaces is required for improving the environmental sustainability in cities in different countries.


Summary This article critically examines the involvement of NGOs in World Bank‐supported development projects. It attempts to 'unpack' NGO involvement in Bank projects by shedding light on the variety of motivations that NGOs may have for working with the Bank and vice versa. The article identifies four distinct forms of NGO involvement, based on the primary purpose of that involvement. It shows how each of these forms ‐ NGOs behaving as 'beneficiaries', 'mercenaries', 'missionaries' or 'revolutionaries' ‐ brings with it a distinct set of potential benefits and challenges. The article concludes that it is important both for the Bank and NGOs to be explicit about why , in any given situation, they are choosing to work together and what they expect from the collaboration. This is essential: (i) as a first step towards negotiating working relationships that are more productive and (ii) to avoid creating unrealistic expectations (and subsequent disillusionment) regarding NGO 'partnership' in Bank operations.


The Orang Asli communities in Malaysia have been practicing indigenous agroforestry for generations, but little is known about the specifics of their practices. This study examined the indigenous management and sustainability of agroforestry practices, constraints experienced and contribution to household income. Data were collected from two Orang Asli villages practicing forest-garden agroforestry (FAF) and homegarden agroforestry (HAF). Tools of participatory rural appraisal namely semi-structured household interviews, group discussion and personal observation were used to collect data. In both types of agroforestry practices villagers planted commercially important local fruit species of which durian was the most common and more profitable. Locally available planting materials, use of household labour, market demand of agroforestry products, and usage of mulching and litter to maintain soil fertility were the principal attributes of sustainable agroforestry. A majority of the respondents reported that agroforestry was their principal source of income, selfemployment, and safe and healthy food. Income from per unit area of HAF was significantly higher (21 %) than that of FAF. Land tenure and wildlife disturbances were two major constraints among others. Recommendations were made to resolve land tenure issue in light of government policy for agroforestry promotion.


Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nano-ZVIs) have been widely studied for in situ remediation of groundwater and other environmental matrices. Nano-ZVI particle mobility and reactivity are still the main impediments in achieving efficient in situ groundwater remediation. Compared to the nano-ZVI "coating" strategy, nano-ZVI stabilization on supporting material allows direct contact with the contaminant, reduces the electron path from the nano-ZVI to the target contaminant and increases nano-ZVI reactivity. Herein, we report the synthesis of nano-ZVI stabilized by cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) rigid nanomaterials (CNC-nano-ZVI; Fe/CNC = 1 w/w) with two different CNC functional surfaces (-OH and -COOH) using a classic sodium borohydride synthesis pathway. The final nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized and the reactivity of CNC-nano-ZVIs was assessed by their methyl orange (MO) dye degradation potential. The mobility of nanocomposites was determined in (sand/glass bead) porous media by utilizing a series of flowthrough transport column experiments. The synthesized CNC-nano-ZVI provided a stable colloidal suspension and demonstrated high mobility in porous media with an attachment efficiency (α) value of less than 0.23. In addition, reactivity toward MO increased up to 25% compared to bare ZVI. The use of CNC as a delivery vehicle shows promising potential to further improve the capability and applicability of nano-ZVI for in situ groundwater remediation and can spur advancements in CNC-based nanocomposites for their application in environmental remediation.


Feature Issue on Passive Optical Network Architectures and TechnologiesThis article presents remodulation schemes with reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs), which have recently been developed for application to the wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON). The remodulation schemes have a common feature that the optical signal modulated with downstream data is reused to carry the upstream data through the RSOA in the subscriber-side equipment by a series of processes such as being flattened out, reflected at the rear facet of the RSOA, and then remodulated with upstream data. The major advantage of remodulation schemes is the possibility of realizing the simplest WDM-PON optical link structure, which is directly reflected in cost-effectiveness of the network both in equipment and maintenance. Three schemes are presented; the simplest one is to use the RSOA gain saturation, the second uses the effect of frequency detuning on the extinction ratio of optical signal, and the third uses RSOA gain control by dynamically varying the current injection. Feasibilities of those schemes are discussed in the view of commercial application to WDM-PON.


Accumulation, critical period and social mobility are three powerful, interrelated life course mechanisms often tested using relatively crude empirical measures. This contribution wants to highlight the possibilities of life history data in grasping the importance of duration, timing and order of housing over the life course, by examining its association with wellbeing in later life. Housing is a key dimension of life course socioeconomic position, as the most common form of wealth accumulation in the UK. Our study makes use of the residential life history data, from birth up until the age of 50, collected in wave 3 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), in a combination of sequence analysis, cluster analysis and regression techniques. A longer duration of renting and owning accommodation is related to respectively worse and better later life affective and eudemonic wellbeing. Moving more in childhood is not associated with later life wellbeing, while frequent moving in young adulthood has a positive association with affective and eudemonic wellbeing. Moving more in midlife is associated with lower life satisfaction. Ten distinct housing careers emerge, illustrating the importance of accommodating heterogeneity in the population. Downward housing trajectories are associated with significantly lower later life wellbeing, while growing up abroad as a child is associated with higher later life wellbeing.


Ethics, respect for others and integrity (embracing respect for the law), should definitely be pre requisites for leadership. Unfortunately many so called leaders do not understand or practise these values. Some leaders who are held with high regard and esteem at the workplace are prepared to sacrifice a life time's achievement and reputation within seconds. What is even worse, these (appalling) role models comfortably reveal their weaknesses and lack of character publicly. If we cannot trust our leaders to exercise a reasonable degree of integrity – both with respect to observing and practising the law, who can we be responsible to or look up to? There is also the very critical and rather unfortunate issue where the environment encourages or even accepts such low ethical standards. Many leaders with low ethical values are therefore encouraged into believing they can escape certain practices (are beyond the law) – even where their targets are entitled to prevailing jurisdictional rights!!! Some leaders who serve as poor role models for their future generations are frequently associated with the shameful practice of bullying their younger successors. Whilst certain countries appreciate the roles which their future generations will assume in the future and prepare these for the future, other jurisdictions are content to watch selfishly and parasitically exploit their future leaders. In many organisations, workplaces, the input of future leaders (of tomorrow) is unbelievably low that one wonders how these future leaders will be able to assume their future responsibilities competentently and confidently. To educate is of vital importance. To re educate constitutes even a greater task – where certain perceptions are already permanently and firmly embedded in a mode of thinking.Where the development of a nation or organisation depends on the need and ability to change certain perceptions, then such re education becomes vitally important. Through a consideration of issues which include the need to respect the rights of others, the need for leadership qualities such as ethics and integrity, this paper not only presents "research which is capable of practical application within organisations", but also reflects "evidence and considerations of how the research can benefit ethics within businesses and other organisations."


We developed an application using synthetic character technology to allow users to practice administering informed consent. The target audience for this application is health communications researchers, field interviewers, and others who administer informed consent to research participants. The synthetic character was designed to simulate a potential participant/respondent in a study who has questions about the study, including many of the queries researchers typically get from research participants. These queries include questions about the sponsor, the content of the study, how respondents were selected, confidentiality, how much time the study is expected to take, benefits and risks, and who to contact for further information. The synthetic character appears on the monitor and asks the questions audibly. The users must respond to these queries correctly, using natural spoken language. The application was developed to be easily adaptable to different projects since each project will have different specific information to impart to participants during informed consent. We describe a brief test of the application and plans for further evaluation.


This thesis is an ethnography of four rural Anglican communities of faith in
Tasmania. Drawing on theorists and concepts from both sociology and theology I
examine how a new model of ministry (Enabler Supported Ministry) has facilitated
re-invigoration, growth, and an outward focus in these rural parishes, which were
formerly characterized by decline and impending closure. My study explores how
these four parishes, rather than adhering to traditional forms of ministry and
resisting change, have embraced change in both ministry and outlook.
My research sits at the boundary between sociology and theology. I draw on
theorists such as Weber, Berger, Drane, Lyon, Bouma, Ammerman, and Finke and
Stark who, likewise, explore this fruitful and rewarding intersection of the two
disciplines. This thesis is primarily sociological but, given the subject matter of the
thesis, it is impossible to separate out the theological and by working at the
intersection of these two disciplines I hope to produce a rich analysis.
This research is unique and important because it addresses a much-needed area of
study in its sociological analysis of rural Anglican parishes in Australia. It is also
methodologically innovative because of my 'insider/outsider status' and my explicit
use of participatory action research. There are surprisingly few ethnographic studies
of contemporary Christianity, and very few of contemporary Christianity in rural
locations, particularly from an Australian perspective or context. Much of the
contemporary sociology of religion literature is either large scale analyses of
secondary data charting changes in church attendance based on census figures of
religious identification, or studies of new religious movements or minority religious
groups of various types.
In this thesis I argue that, despite the complex and interconnected processes
characterizing modern society (such as secularization, pluralism, post-modernism,
detraditionalization, deinstitutionalization of religious belief, consumer oriented
religious preference and fundamentalism), the reason these four rural parishes have undergone a process of re-invigoration and, each in their own context, have a
sustainable future is a combination of both theological and social factors. I describe
how, in contrast to their neighbouring parishes which share similar demographic
and socio-economic contexts, these four parishes have experienced the longest
period of sustained health and stability in their recent history. I would suggest that
this is because, in each instance, becoming an Enabler Supported Ministry parish is
a homologous response of these parishes to their context. That is, they are
sociologically apt; and they are theologically apt, too.


The design of nonprecious, bifunctional, and highly competent electrocatalysts for both H2 and O2 evolution reactions (HER and OER) has attracted increasing interest recently. Herein, we report a cobalt-based electrocatalyst derived from ZIF-67 grown on carbon cloth (Co–P/NC/CC) for overall water splitting electrocatalysis. The as-prepared Co–P/NC/CC catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic performance in 1 M KOH with Tafel slopes of 52 and 61 mV dec−1 for HER and OER, respectively. When serving as catalysts for both the cathode and anode, our Co–P/NC/CC demonstrated high efficiency and strong robustness. A thorough comparison with other control samples and detailed characterization results revealed that the superior activity and excellent stability of Co–N–C likely originated from the highly porous, self-supported, and binder-free nature of the electrocatalyst, as well as the high conductivity of carbon cloth. Hence, direct decoration of metal organic frameworks on conductive substrates represents an effective approach for the development of electrocatalysts not only promising for water splitting but also for many other applications.


A reduction in input tariffs can provide firms with access to cheaper, better quality and a wider variety of intermediate inputs, improving firm performance. This paper investigates the role of road infrastructure in shaping the effects of a reduction in input tariffs on firm productivity. We conceive of a framework where intermediaries transport goods to local markets. Better infrastructure decreases intra-national transport costs, improves competition among intermediaries and increases demand in local markets. Depending on the relative strengths of these channels, improving infrastructure can either amplify or attenuate the positive effects of a reduction in input tariffs on firm productivity. We aim to resolve this ambiguity empirically by exploiting census data on Ethiopian manufacturing firms combined with information on tariff reform and improvements in road infrastructure at the town level. We show that a reduction in input tariffs has a strong positive effect on productivity for firms located in towns with better road infrastructure. Our study underlines the importance of domestic transport infrastructure in ensuring that gains from input tariff liberalization are spread uniformly within developing countries.


SCIENCE OLYMPIAD STUDENTS' NATURE OF SCIENCE UNDERSTANDINGS by Cindy J. Philpot Recent reform efforts in science education focus on scientific literacy for all citizens. In order to be scientifically literate, an individual must have informed understandings of nature of science (NOS), scientific inquiry, and science content matter. This study specifically focused on Science Olympiad students' understanding of NOS as one piece of scientific literacy. Research consistently shows that science students do not have informed understandings of NOS (Abd-El-Khalick, 2002; Bell, Blair, Crawford, and Lederman, 2002; Kilcrease and Lucy, 2002; Schwartz, Lederman, and Thompson, 2001). However, McGhee-Brown, Martin, Monsaas and Stombler (2003) found that Science Olympiad students had in-depth understandings of science concepts, principles, processes, and techniques. Science Olympiad teams compete nationally and are found in rural, urban, and suburban schools. In an effort to learn from students who are generally considered high achieving students and who enjoy science, as opposed to the typical science student, the purpose of this study was to investigate Science Olympiad students' understandings of NOS and the experiences that formed their understandings. An interpretive, qualitative, case study method was used to address the research questions. The participants were purposefully and conveniently selected from the Science Olympiad team at a suburban high school. Data collection consisted of the Views of Nature of Science – High School Questionnaire (VNOS-HS) (Schwartz, Lederman, & Thompson, 2001), semi-structured individual interviews, and a focus group. The main findings of this study were similar to much of the previous research in that the participants had informed understandings of the tentative nature of science and the role of inferences in science, but they did not have informed understandings of the role of human imagination and creativity, the empirical nature of science, or theories and laws. High level science classes and participation in Science Olympiad did not translate into informed understandings of NOS. There were implications that labs with a set procedure and given data tables did not contribute to informed NOS understandings, while explicit instruction may have contributed to more informed understandings. Exploring these high achieving, Science Olympiad students' understandings of NOS was a crucial step to understanding what experiences formed these students' understandings so that teachers may better their practices and help more students succeed in becoming scientifically literate citizens. SCIENCE OLYMPIAD STUDENTS' NATURE OF SCIENCE UNDERSTANDINGS by Cindy J. Philpot


This webinar is the fifth in a series focusing on the cancer pathways that support tumor development, the emerging research in identifying and targeting these pathways, and innovations in the development of increasingly effective cancer therapy options. Recent advances in our understanding of cancer have revealed that the disease cannot be understood through simple analysis of genetic mutations within cancerous cells. Instead, tumors should be considered as complex tissues in which the cancer cells communicate directly and indirectly with the surrounding cellular microenvironment and evolve traits that promote their own survival. In this webinar, we will explore how tumors exploit immune modulatory mechanisms to generate and thrive in their own immunosuppressive microenvironment. Further, we will examine how these mechanisms can be targeted to develop better therapeutic options.


Using the reciprocal equation derived by Yang and Gordon [Appl. Opt. 36, 7887-7897 (1997)] for atmospheric diffuse transmittance of the ocean-atmosphere system, I examined the accuracy of an analytical equation proposed by Gordon et al. [Appl. Opt. 22, 20-36 (1983)] in computing the atmospheric diffuse transmittance for wavelengths from 412 to 865 nm for both a pure Rayleigh and a two-layer Rayleigh-aerosol atmosphere overlying a flat Fresnel-reflecting ocean surface. It was found that for viewing angles up to approximately 40 degrees , the analytical formula produces errors usually between 2% and 3% for nonabsorbing and weakly absorbing aerosols and for aerosol optical thicknesses tau(a) <or= 0.4. The error increases with an increase in aerosol absorption, aerosol optical thickness, and viewing angle, and with the decrease of wavelength. By a simple numerical fit to modify the analytical formula, the atmospheric diffuse transmittance can be accurately computed usually to within approximately 1% (approximately 0.5% in most cases) for a variety of aerosol models, aerosol optical thicknesses tau(a) <or= 0.6, viewing angles theta <or= 60 degrees , different aerosol vertical structure distribution, and for wavelengths from 412 to 865 nm.


The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of humic acid and enzymes on bone development, histomorphology of internal organs and the incidence of rickets in broiler chickens fed canola-based diets. In the study, Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used and the following five dietary treatments were administered: control (commercial diet); CM (17.5% canola meal inclusion); CMEnz (17.5% CM inclusion + 0.3g/kg Axtra XAP); CMPh (17.5% CM inclusion + 1.5% potassium humate (PH)); and CMEnzPh (17.5% CM inclusion + 1.5% PH + 0.3g/kg Axtra XAP). These diets were formulated and randomly allocated to 20 pens (experimental units), each housing 11 birds. The birds were phase fed, with the starter diet being given to all birds from day 1 to day 14. During the grower (days 15–28) and finisher phases (days 29–42) birds were fed the experimental diets. Diet differed significantly across all treatments on latency-to-lie (LTL) test. Broilers fed CMEnz had the lowest standing persistence (2.88 ± 2.69 min) and those on CMEnzPh had the highest (11.19 ± 2.69 min), followed by those offered the control diet (9.05 ± 2.69 min). Gross lesion analysis displayed high prevalence of rickets in boilers fed CMEnz diet compared with all other dietary treatments. Intestinal morphometric parameters demonstrated some dietary differences in the height and width of the intestinal villi and intestinal crypts. In conclusion, inclusion of humic acid in canola-based diets appeared to positively influence digestion and assimilation dynamics that were consequential to the improvement in bone and immune development in broilers. Keywords : Bursae of Fabricius, latency-to-lie, poultry, thymus, tibia biomechanics, tibia gross lesions


BACKGROUND
Clinical trials have shown that calcium supplementation in children can increase bone mineral density (BMD) although this effect may not be maintained. There has been no quantitative systematic review of this intervention.

OBJECTIVES
. To determine the effectiveness of calcium supplementation for improving BMD in children. . To determine if any effect varies by sex, pubertal stage, ethnicity or level of physical activity, and if any effect persists after supplementation is ceased.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched CENTRAL, (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) (Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to 1 April 2005), EMBASE (1980 to 1 April 2005), CINAHL (1982 to 1 April 2005), AMED (1985 to 1 April 2005), MANTIS (1880 to 1 April 2005) ISI Web of Science (1945 to 1 April 2005), Food Science and Technology Abstracts (1969 to 1 April 2005) and Human Nutrition (1982 to 1 April 2005). Conference abstract books (Osteoporosis International, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research) were hand-searched.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials of calcium supplementation (including by food sources) compared with placebo, with a treatment period of at least 3 months in children without co-existent medical conditions affecting bone metabolism. Outcomes had to include areal or volumetric BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), or in the case of studies using quantitative ultrasound, broadband ultrasound attenuation and ultrasonic speed of sound, measured after at least 6 months of follow-up.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data including adverse events. We contacted study authors for additional information.

MAIN RESULTS
The 19 trials included 2859 participants, of which 1367 were randomised to supplementation and 1426 to placebo. There was no heterogeneity in the results of the main effects analyses to suggest that the studies were not comparable. There was no effect of calcium supplementation on femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD. There was a small effect on total body BMC (standardised mean difference (SMD) +0.14, 95% CI+0.01, +0.27) and upper limb BMD (SMD +0.14, 95%CI +0.04, +0.24). Only the effect in the upper limb persisted after supplementation ceased (SMD+0.14, 95%CI+0.01, +0.28). This effect is approximately equivalent to a 1.7% greater increase in supplemented groups, which at best would reduce absolute fracture risk in children by 0.1-0.2%per annum. There was no evidence of effect modification by baseline calcium intake, sex, ethnicity, physical activity or pubertal stage. Adverse events were reported infrequently and were minor.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
While there is a small effect of calcium supplementation in the upper limb, the increase in BMD which results is unlikely to result in a clinically significant decrease in fracture risk. The results do not support the use of calcium supplementation in healthy children as a public health intervention. These results cannot be extrapolated to children with medical conditions affecting bone metabolism.


The ever-increasing use of mathematical models in groundwater management has raised concerns as to uncertainties associated with their abilities to simulate real-world pollution problems. Two types of uncertainties may impact the simulation process: those associated with model selection and those related to parameter identification. Model uncertainty results from improper description of the transport mechanisms, or by applying the model to situations unwarranted by its formulation. Parameter uncertainty occurs when inaccurate or improper input values are used. Uncertainty analysis has become a major research topic in recent years and a considerable amount of work has been published. While most research work has focused on parameter uncertainty, model uncertainty has attracted less attention. This paper attempts to make a preliminary assessment in this area in relation to parameter uncertainty. The focus of this uncertainty study was related to the adsorption process where equilibrium and nonequilibrium models were selected for evaluation. For parameter uncertainty, the effect of the retardation factor R and the overall mass transfer coefficient were investigated. The importance of these parameters on transport has been discussed in detail by Chen and McTernan (1991).


Plants have been used since ancient times as an important source of biologically active substances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents (flavonoids and phenolics), antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity against HepG2 (human hepato carcinoma) cancer cell lines, and the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of selected traditional medicinal plants collected from Mizoram, India. A number of phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS, mainly Luteolin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Gallic Acid, Quercetin and Rutin, some of which have been described for the first time in the selected plants. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed high variation ranging from 4.44 to 181.91 μg of Gallic Acid equivalent per milligram DW (GAE/mg DW) and 3.17 to 102.2 μg of Quercetin/mg, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH (IC50 values ranges from 34.22 to 131.4 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50 values ranges from 24.08 to 513.4 μg/mL), and reducing power assays. Antimicrobial activity was assayed against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and yeast (Candida albicans) demonstrating that the methanol extracts of some plants were efficacious antimicrobial agents. Additionally, cytotoxicity was assessed on human hepato carcinoma (HepG2) cancer cell lines and found that the extracts of Albizia lebbeck, Dillenia indica, and Bombax ceiba significantly decreased the cell viability at low concentrations with IC50 values of 24.03, 25.09, and 29.66 μg/mL, respectively. This is the first report of detection of phenolic compounds along with antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of selected medicinal plants from India, which indicates that these plants might be valuable source for human and animal health.


© 2018 Old City Publishing, Inc. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are rising as the key building blocks of next generation networks in modern health care systems. Research in recent years has focused on channel modelling, energy conservation and design of efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) schemes for WBANs. However, less attention has been paid to the on-body channel propagation analysis. This paper presents the propagation effects of wet clothing on the on-body channel at 0.9GHz, 1.8GHz and 2.5GHz and is germane to signal budgets in body-centric and mobile communication systems. A number of transmission measurements between simple monopoles above a square ground plane, placed on the opposing shoulder and hip, wearing single and multi-layered "rainwater wet" and dry cotton T-Shirts for standing, bending, torso left and right are used to gain insight into general levels of the effect of rainwater on propagation. Measured results are statistically processed to extract the level of transmission enhancement due to a wet on-body channel. Results show that wet clothing is generally beneficial to the channel at popular mobile communications frequencies.


Since antiretroviral treatment was first made available in the public health care sector in 2004, there has been an urgent need to train people working in the field and increase biomedical knowledge about HIV/AIDS within the South African population. This paper aims to assess the potential of further developing the technique of body mapping as an HIV/AIDS educational tool for adults in HIV-positive support groups. It will involve an evaluation of the Longlife Project, the body mapping workshop process and individual body maps. While the over-arching intention of the Longlife Project was advocacy in the face of government resistance to providing antiretroviral treatment at the time, its proposed advocacy could not take place without education. Building on this premise, together with an analysis of the body maps and interview transcripts found in the book Longlife: Positive HIV Stories it is suggested the creation of body maps increased biomedical understanding of HIV/AIDS and to some extent heath-enhancing behaviour. Apart from gaining factual knowledge about their health, the women involved in the project also engaged in conversation that provided a rich opportunity for discussing the personal, emotional, cultural and socio-economic challenges of being HIV-positive in South Africa. Both the body mapping and conversation processes will be situated within adult education theory and discussed in relation to 'transformational learning', 'critical consciousness', community art-based learning, peer education and Participatory Research practice. By assessing the strengths and failures of these concepts within an African context the potential for body mapping to be employed as an HIV/AIDS education tool will be further developed.


In this paper, we validate the hypothesis that in the context of Indian municipal governance, the trade-off between government efficiency and privacy is not a zero-sum game; rather one can improve these seemingly contrasting forces simultaneously. India is on dual trajectories. On one hand, there is a nationwide push to improve municipal governance through increased transparency and efficiency, especially in the functions that involve citizen interaction. On the other hand, as a country, India must embrace the Supreme Court Bench decision of August, 2017, that privacy is a constitutional right. There are two primary aspects to reaching our conclusion. The first is the addition of a new category of data of significant volume; we have been provided access to 383,959 real citizen transactions across all services for the 112 urban local bodies (ULBs) for one state for all of 2018. The logs include the details of each ULB functionary involved in each stage of responding to a citizen request. This has enabled us to consider our previously defined metrics, the Governance Efficiency Index and Information Privacy Index, at multiple levels of granularity. The second aspect is the government-defined service level agreements that define acceptable completion times. This allows us to evaluate completion times. The further analysis provided in this paper demonstrates that that ULBs from all three size tiers can and do reach our Model ULB designation of performance. We conclude from this analysis that ULBs of all sizes and across all services have the capacity to maximize both efficiency and privacy.


Observed by his science supervisor in a high school AP laboratory, a veteran chemistry teacher allowed students to use 12 M hydrochloric acid without any eye protection. With 34 years of experience and a sound track record, the teacher felt there was no need to require it. If a safety incident had occurred, this instructor would have broken the law: In most states, students and employees in science laboratories are required to use eye protection when working with hazardous chemicals. The teacher--and the supervisor who observed the unsafe behavior--would have had to deal with serious legal entanglements from lack of "duty of care" and liability issues, not to mention the possibility of blindness. In addition to the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) personal protective equipment (PPE) standard--OSHA Laboratory Standard 29CFR 1910.132 (see "On the web")--and other professional prudent practices, many states have protective eye device statutes. PPE is third in the hierarchy approach to dealing with safety. In this priority list, the employer must first evaluate the feasibility of engineering controls and administrative procedures (discussed in my last two columns) before considering the use of PPE. OSHA's PPE standard relates to respiratory devices; protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities; protective clothing; and protective shields and barriers. The standard requires employers to provide PPE wherever it is necessary due to hazardous processes or environment; chemical hazards; mechanical irritants; or radiological hazards encountered in a manner capable of effecting injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation, or physical contact. The employer is also mandated to have the employee use PPE as appropriate and maintain PPE in sanitary and reliable condition. To assess and determine the need for PPE, a survey must be conducted by the employer with help from science teachers. It should identify activities and equipment for which appropriate PPE can minimize hazards. Selection of PPE is based upon a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect the exposed science teachers from potential or observed hazards. Students are covered under separate, non-OSHA state and local regulations and professional laboratory safety standards (see "On the web"). Once the employer performs a hazard survey of the workplace to determine those that are present or likely to be present, he or she must: Select, provide, and require the use of appropriate PPE for each affected employee; communicate PPE selection decisions to each affected employee; select and provide PPE that properly fits each affected employee; and conduct and document employee training. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The following components reflect the body of the PPE assessment that should be addressed by teachers, students, and supervisors in science laboratories or field experiences: * Body: Aprons--of the appropriate length just below the knees to prevent trip-and-fall hazards--are needed to protect clothing and skin from such incidents as spills and splashes in the laboratory. …


The Kormend Growth Study, a series of cross-sectional anthropological surveys, repeated in every 10 years since 1958, was among the firsts to demonstrate the existence of secular trends in the growth and the maturation of children. In this paper the authors give an overview on the physique of the Kormend boys based on the Kormend Growth Study. Somatotype (physique; defined according to the Heath–Carter anthropometric method) of 6–18-year-old boys, measured in 1968 (K-68) and 2008 (K-008), was analyzed and compared. Significant age-dependent changes in somatotypes were found in both study periods. Secular changes in the somatotype of boys were also observed in this West-Hungarian town.


In this work we consider series estimators for the conditional mean in light of three new ingredients: (i) sharp LLNs for matrices derived from the non-commutative Khinchin inequalities, (ii) bounds on the Lebesgue factor that controls the ratio between the L∞ and L-norms, and (iii) maximal inequalities for processes whose entropy integrals diverge at some rate. These technical tools allow us to contribute to the series literature, specifically the seminal work of Newey (1997), as follows. First, we weaken considerably the condition on the number k of approximating functions used in series estimation from the typical k/n → 0 to k/n → 0, up to log factors, which was available only for spline and local polynomial partition series before. Second, under the same weak conditions we derive L rates and pointwise central limit theorems results when the approximation error vanishes. Under an incorrectly specified model, i.e. when the approximation error does not vanish, analogous results are also shown. Third, under stronger conditions we derive uniform rates and functional central limit theorems that hold if the approximation error vanishes or not. That is, we derive the strong approximation for the entire estimate of the nonparametric function. Finally, we derive uniform rates and inference results for linear functionals of interest of the conditional expectation function such as its partial derivative or conditional average partial derivative.


Stretching from the Ice Ages to the present day, this masterful account traces the political, social and cultural history of the land that has come to be called Wales. Spanning prehistoric hill forts and Roman ruins to the Reformation, the Industrial Revolution and the series of strikes by Welsh miners in the late twentieth century, this is the definitive history of an enduring people: a unique and compelling exploration of the origins of the Welsh nation, its development and its role in the modern world. This new edition brings this remarkable history into the new era of the Welsh Assembly.


Historically, protective labour law pushed back against capitalist labour markets by facilitating workers' collective action and setting minimum employment standards based on social norms. Although the possibilities, limits and desirability of such a project were viewed differently in classical, Marxist and pluralist political economy, each perspective understood that the pursuit of protective labour law would produce recurring regulatory dilemmas requiring trade-offs between efficiency, equity and voice and/or between workers' and employers' interests. Recently, some scholars have argued that labour law needs to be renormed in ways that are market constituting rather than market constraining, and that this change would avoid regulatory dilemmas. This article reviews the concept of regulatory dilemmas as formulated in the three major traditions of labour law scholarship, critically assesses recent work by Deakin and Wilkinson and by Hyde that proposes to renorm labour law and overcome regulatory dilemmas, and proposes an alternative approach to understanding regulatory dilemmas based on the work of Wright.


Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries pose serious short and long term consequences for athletes in team sports worldwide. Modifying technique is an important part of effective prevention programs, but the understanding of which technique that reduces potentially harmful joint loadings is limited. Prevention can likely be improved with better knowledge of technique effects. Objective Study the effect of sidestep cutting technique on knee valgus moments. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Three sidestep cutting manoeuvres to each side in a 240 Hz motion analysis lab. Participants 131 female elite handball back and wing players (22.4±4.0 years, 173±6 cm, 69±7 kg). Two excluded due to technical problems. Assessment of risk factor Initial contact (IC) knee flexion, knee valgus, hip abduction, ankle pronation, torso lateral flexion, torso rotation, speed of torso rotation, inward rotation of foot relative to direction of motion and lateral distance from centre of mass of the body to the centre of pressure of the foot, as well as length of contact phase, cutting angle and approach speed. Main outcome Maximum knee valgus moment during first 50 ms of contact phase. Results Average maximum valgus moment was 1.54 ± 0.64 Nm/kg. Six variables had a pronounced effect in the linear regression model. An increase of knee valgus angle at IC of one SD gave a 0.20 Nm/kg (13%) increase in maximum valgus moment. Corresponding effect sizes was 0.14 Nm/kg (9%) for hip abduction, 0.22 Nm/kg (14%) for ankle pronation, 0.12 Nm/kg (8%) for cut width, 0.16 Nm/kg (10%) for cutting angle and 0.21 Nm/kg (14%) for approach speed. Conclusion We have identified potentially harmful sidestep cutting technique components. ACL injury prevention programs should continue to focus on cutting techniques with small knee valgus angles, low ankle pronation and narrow stance, particularly for cuts that are performed with high approach speed and sharp direction changes.


Smart phones are seen to drive the development of mobile applications and a more or less intuitive belief is that once the users have a smart phone they will download applications and start using a wider variety of mobile services and/or more advanced mobile services. In this paper we describe Finnish smart phone users based on a survey study carried out with a random sample representative of Finnish consumers between the ages of 16 and 64. We divide smart phone users into three categories based on the range and frequency of using different mobile services and applications. We find, in addition to a small 'power user' group (15 %) and a substantial set of 'interested but inactive users' (47 %), that 38 % of smart phone users do not use their devices for any advanced services and have a low motivation to continue using smart phones in the future. The demand for and the sales of smart phones is growing rapidly; combined with this is the notion that users of smart phones will become users of more advanced applications and a wider variety of services, which will give a boost to the mobile service market. In light of our results we believe this development is slower to happen than expected. Also noteworthy is the sizeable minority of decidedly underwhelmed smart phone users, who are likely to jump ship to simpler devices.


ABSTRACTOver the past decade, the international criminal tribunals have encountered extensive problems with witness intimidation. This has led to the injury and death of individuals, and to the withdrawal of testimony and the dropping of charges. There are two main ways in which this problem can be concurrently approached: by detaining the accused in custody, and by protecting the identities and welfare of witnesses. Both of these, however, incur a degree of prejudice to the accused. This Essay explores the extent of the problem, and the degree to which each of these methods can be fairly employed to safeguard both the welfare of witnesses and victims and the interests of justice.I. INTRODUCTIONThe security of witnesses is of great importance to international tribunals. The intimidation of individuals who propose to testify for or against an accused is not only dangerous on a human level for witnesses and their families, it also undermines the integrity of the trial and the quality of justice delivered for the victims of the gravest crimes. The nature of the crimes prosecuted by the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR) is that they tend to expose witnesses to greater threats than might ordinarily be experienced in domestic jurisdictions. An important objective of these tribunals is to produce justice for large populations that have suffered extensively.1 The process requires that victims participate as witnesses, and it is counterproductive if prosecuting those perpetrators perpetuates risks of danger or creates new risks to them.Accordingly, the ad hoc tribunals, like other domestic and internationalized jurisdictions, go to great lengths to protect the interests of victims and witnesses.2 At the International Criminal Court (ICC), there is an independent duty on the Chamber to "take appropriate measures to protect the safety, physical and psychological well-being . . . of witnesses."3 Despite the best efforts of the tribunals, however, the incidence of witness intimidation has been unacceptably high.4 This Essay examines the extent of the problem and the merits of the available solutions. Part II gives an overview of prominent instances of witness intimidation at the ICTY, the ICTR, and the ICC. Part III considers the use of preventative detention of defendants and the extent to which it can and should be done without coming into conflict with the rights of the accused. Part IV examines the evolution of witness protection programs and the effectiveness and limits of different protective measures.II. THE PROBLEMWitness intimidation has been a grave problem at both the ICTY and the ICTR. At the ICTY, in Prosecutor v. Tadic, threats to the victim's family resulted in the victim's withdrawal as a witness and, in the absence of sufficient evidence, forced the charges to be dropped.5 Tadic was not only the first defendant to come before the ICTY,6 but the first defendant to ever face charges for rape as a crime against humanity.7 Rape trials are particularly susceptible to interference by witness intimidation because of the personal and traumatic nature of the crime,8 and their typically heavy reliance on the testimony of the victim.9This is by no means an isolated problem. The rape conviction recorded in Prosecutor v. Kunarac10 came with great difficulty, after several witnesses either refused to testify or unexpectedly withdrew on late notice.11 Female refugees testifying at the ICTY in 1998 feared reprisals if sent back to Bosnia, and high-level tribunal officials reportedly lamented that the level of intimidation "exposed our inability to protect people."12 In 2000, allegations leveled against the accused and his counsel in Prosecutor v. Avramovic and Simic of intimidating and bribing several witnesses to the case "raised grave suspicions."13 In the same year, a "potential witness" for the prosecution was killed under questionable circumstances. …


Genetic transformation is a widely employed tool in both basic research and commercial plant breeding programs. Its application requires that transgenes be stably integrated and expressed in the plant genome. When transgenic plants are developed, it is essential to determine which plants contain the transgene. Detection methods are usually based on amplification of the target transgene. This paper describes a development of detection method based on conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for simultaneous detection of barley HVA1 transgene and its transcript in transformed durum wheat. Since there exist a high homology between the barley HVA1 gene and the wheat gene, development of a specific sets of primers is needed for PCR-based characterizations, and the study of the transgene. Based on the alignment of the two genes sequences obtained from public databases, several primers were designed to detect and distinguish between the transformed and non-transformed plants. Real time PCR has been employed because of its inherent sensitivity and quantitative nature. It has been possible to design the following primers pairs F2/MMR, F2/R10 and F14/R10 as highly specific and suitable for the detection of HVA1 DNA by conventional and real-time PCR. Nonetheless, the primers used were allowed to reach high efficiencies and did not show any cross-reactivity with DNAs extracted from various plants. The sensitivity achieved was 6.4 pg. The primer pair F2/R10 was considered as highly specific for the detection of both DNA and mRNA of the HVA1 by real-time PCR. The assays proved to be accurate, specific, sensitive and sufficiently reproducible for further application in high-throughput molecular characterization of transgenic lines.

 Key words: HVA1, durum wheat, transgenic plant, real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), drought.


Development of adaptive tests used in K-12 settings requires the creation of stable measurement scales to measure the growth of individual students from one grade to the next, and to measure change in groups from one year to the next. Accountability systems like No Child Left Behind require stable measurement scales so that accountability has meaning across time. This study examined the stability of the measurement scales used with the Measures of Academic Progress. Difficulty estimates for test questions from the reading and mathematics scales were examined over a period ranging from 7 to 22 years. Results showed high correlations between item difficulty estimates from the time at which they where originally calibrated and the current calibration. The average drift in item difficulty estimates was less than .01 standard deviations. The average impact of change in item difficulty estimates was less than the smallest reported difference on the score scale for two actual tests. The findings of the study indicate that an IRT scale can be stable enough to allow consistent measurement of student achievement.


Analysis of WMAP and Planck spacecraft data has proved that we live in an invisible Multiverse, referred to as hidden, that has a quaternion structure. It explains the reason for the mutual invisibility of parallel universes contained in the hidden Multiverse. It is shown that the hidden Multiverse includes most likely twenty parallel universes from different dimensions, six of which are adjacent to our universe. Besides, edges of the hidden Multiverse are connected to other (from one to four) Multiverses, which are observable neither by electromagnetic nor by gravitational manifestations. The Multiverse described contains four matter-antimatter pairs, annihilation of which is prevented by relative spatial position of the universes. The experimental proof of existence of the hidden Multiverse is explained to be the phenomenon of dark matter and dark energy that correspond to other invisible parallel universes, except ours, included in the hidden Multiverse. General scientific principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers, refuting some of the statements of the existing version of the special theory of relativity, is a physical and mathematical foundation of the outlined conception of the hidden Multiverse. The article presents relativistic formulas of the theory of special relativity adjusted in accordance with the principle. It also offers appropriate interpretation of multidimensional space of the hidden Multiverse.


Presented for World Environmental Health Day, September 26, 2016 in Greenville, North Carolina.; Groundskeepers work most of the year outdoors, performing physically demanding duties. The amount of time spent working outdoors exposes groundskeepers to various hazards including physical hazards (hot temperatures, cold temperatures, ultraviolet radiation [UVR]), various arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks), and ergonomic hazards associated with bending, kneeling, and awkward posture for prolonged periods. This study assessed exposure to heat, cold, UVR, arthropods, and ergonomic hazards among East Carolina University groundskeepers (n=44). Groundskeepers completed pre-and post-surveys to determine any changes in hazard exposures and knowledge on personal protective equipment (PPE) use. Heat stress indices and UV indices were recorded three times a day (morning, noon, afternoon) in work areas. Heat stress, UVR monitoring and arthropod collection were conducted during three seasons: summer, fall, spring. Arthropod collections were conducted in selected work areas weekly. Differences in the mean and median heat stress and UV indices within the seasons (P[less than]0.01), months (P[less than]0.01), and time of day (P[less than]0.01) were significant. In addition, differences in the mean and median UV indices by weather were also significant (P[less than]0.01). Heat stress, UVR monitoring and arthropod collection were conducted during three seasons: summer, fall, spring. Arthropod collections were conducted in selected work areas weekly. The only diurnal arthropods collected were four Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes and 864 mosquitoes of five genera and 14 species were collected. Findings of this study will be beneficial in identifying recommended controls for heat stress (e.g., scheduling heavy work during colder months and times of the day, taking frequent breaks, sufficient fluid intake) and UVR (e.g. scheduling outdoor work in the morning, personal protective equipment use) exposure.


The effect of bilingual education (BE) on the attitude towards learning English of pupils in the first three years
 of pre-vocational secondary education in the Netherlands (n = 488) was investigated. Contrary to several other
 BE/CLIL studies, in the present study pupils choosing for a bilingual stream are not preselected based on their attitude or
 motivation. Attitude was measured using the Model of Planned Behavior (MPB). The best-fitting attitude model was one in which the
 perceived importance of learning English was a direct predictor of the Intention to make an effort, and not mediated by Affect. At
 the start of BE in year 1 (age 12), attitudinal differences between bilingual and mainstream pupils were non-significant, but
 after one or more years of a bilingual program, BE pupils scored significantly higher on four of the five MPB attitudinal
 constructs. BE appears to positively influence the attitude towards learning English of junior vocational students.


"Eye Contact - Women and Occupation" is a program supporting professional self-determination to improve the lives of women. The title "Eye Contact" refers to women having the ability to look themselves and others in the eyes with confidence. Together women can learn from and support each other through their professional endeavors. The program has been successfully carried out at the Karlsruhe Public Library in Germany for ten years, taking place on a monthly basis. The objective is to encourage and empower women to actively change their professional situation. This is especially important for women who have little education. Through this program they will learn that applying acquired information and skills are crucial factors for succeeding in the job market.

"Eye Contact - Women and Occupation" was inspired by daily consulting work in the library and is held in cooperation with another institution: a non-profit vocational counseling centre for women. It became evident that many female patrons were interested in acquiring information on the same topics. Therefore a monthly lecture was created that integrates all these topics and reaches a large female audience at once.

After the event, participants have time to get information about the Karlsruhe Public Library and the services we provide. In the library they find a safe place for start learning and keep on learning according to their own need and possibilities. They are free to learn for themselves during opening hours throughout the week.


Ultrashort-pulsed lasers with pulse durations on the order of sub-picoseconds to femtoseconds possess the capabilities in limiting the undesirable spread of the thermal process zone in a heated sample which have been attracting worldwide interest in science and engineering. Success of ultrashort-pulsed lasers in real application relies on: (1) well characterized pulse width, intensity and experimental techniques; (2) reliable microscale heat transfer models; and (3) prevention of thermal damage. Laser damage by ultrashort-pulsed lasers occurs after the heating pulse is over since the pulse duration time is extremely short and the heat flux is essentially limited to the region within the electron thermal diffusion length. In contrast with long-pulse laser, laser damage is caused by melting temperature resulting from continuous pulse of energy. This dissertation investigates the mathematical model of heat transport phenomenon in a 3D micro-sphere exposed to ultrashort-pulsed lasers and presents a numerical method for studying thermal deformations. The method is obtained based on the parabolic two-step model and implicit finite difference schemes on a staggered grid. It accounts for the coupling effect between lattice temperature and strain rate, as well as for the hot electron blast effect in momentum transfer. In particular, a fourth-order compact scheme is developed for evaluating those stress derivatives in the dynamic equations of motion. It should be pointed out that micro-spheres are considered because they are of interest related to micro resonators in optical applications, such as ultra-low-threshold lasing, sensing, optoelectronic microdevices, cavity quantum electrodynamics and their potential in quantum information processing.
The numerical method is tested for its applicability by investigating the temperature rise and deformation in five examples, which are (1) a portion of the upper hemisphere is irradiated by a single-pulse laser, (2) portions of both the upper hemisphere and the lower hemisphere are irradiated by a single-pulse laser, (3) the upper hemisphere is irradiated by a single-pulse laser, (4) a portion of the upper hemisphere is irradiated by a double-pulse laser, and (5) portions of both the upper hemisphere and the lower hemisphere are irradiated by a double-pulse laser. Results show that no non-physical oscillations appear in the solutions and the micro-sphere expands when it is irradiated by ultrashort-pulsed lasers.


Personal or vicarious experience of aggression or hostility in the workplace can lead to serious consequences for the nurse, the patient, patient
care and the health care organisation. Aggression (that may result in
physical or psychological harm) toward nurses can arise from many
sources: patient to nurse, relatives to nurse, nurse to nurse, and doctor/allied health to nurse. A systematic review was undertaken exploring
aggression toward nurses and its impact on nursing care. Findings will
be presented and include barriers and enablers for aggression in the
healthcare setting such as organizational structures, attitudes and subsequent care implications. Literature suggests that exposure to numerous traumatic experiences over a lifetime of nursing, and a lack of
control over these experiences, contributed to an increase in anxiety
levels for nursing staff in a variety of clinical practice settings. Health
care organizations need to provide information on the function of individual characteristics in the process of coping with aggression and subsequent anxiety in an effort to highlight individual coping styles for staff.
Teams, partnerships and collaboration are central in offering support
and resources and through this are vehicles for peer mediation and peer
debriefing.


This longitudinal study examines the effects of exposure to the terrorist attack of September 11th as well as exposure to other forms of community violence on change in the mental health and social attitudes of youths in New York City. Three quarters of the youths reported some form of direct exposure to the events of September 11th, and 80% reported a lot of exposure to at least 1 form of media coverage of September 11th; these rates were comparable with the citywide survey of public school students in New York City conducted by the New York City Department of Education. Results of a structural equation model that included controls for previous levels of mental health and social attitudes, as well as a range of demographic factors, indicated that direct exposure and family exposure to the event did not predict change in any mental health outcomes, but did predict change in levels of social mistrust; media exposure did predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. In contrast, victimization by other forms of violence was strongly associated with change in or current levels of all of the examined mental health symptoms, whereas witnessing other forms of violence was associated with change in or levels of 3 of 4 mental health symptoms and with increased hostile attribution bias and levels of social mistrust. Implications of the results for applied developmental and public mental health strategies in response to traumatic events are discussed.


ABSTRACT Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a swine neurotropic alphaherpesvirus, is known to invade the central nervous system (CNS) of a variety of animal species through peripherally projecting axons, replicate in the parent neurons, and then pass transsynaptically to infect other neurons of a circuit. Studies of the human pathogen herpes simplex virus type 1 have reported differences in the direction of transport of two strains of this virus after direct injection into the primate motor cortex. In the present study we examined the direction of transport of virulent and attenuated strains of PRV, utilizing injections into the rat prefrontal cortex to evaluate specific movement of virus through CNS circuitry. The data demonstrate strain-dependent patterns of infection consistent with bidirectional (anterograde and retrograde) transport of virulent virus and unidirectional (retrograde) transport of attenuated PRV from the site of injection. The distribution of infected neurons and the extent of transsynaptic passage also suggest that a release defect in the attenuated strain reduces the apparent rate of viral transport through neuronal circuitry. Finally, injection of different concentrations of virus influenced the onset of replication within a neural circuit. Taken together, these data suggest that viral envelope glycoproteins and virus concentration at the site of injection are important determinants of the rate and direction of viral transport through a multisynaptic circuit in the CNS.


The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of GATA-3 markers in the detection of hematologic disorders in children. In total, 35 pediatric patients diagnosed with blood disease and treated in Henan Red Cross Blood Center from January 2014 to June 2015 were selected for the observation group. Another 32 healthy children were selected for the control group. The differences in the GATA-3 mRNA expression levels between the control and observation groups were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The differences in the GATA-3 protein expression levels were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot analysis. Compared with those in the healthy children, the mRNA expression levels of GATA-3 in patients with hematologic malignancies, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, myeloproliferative disorder, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia or thrombocytopenic purpura were significantly higher, and there were statistically significant differences between the groups (P<0.05). The results of ELISA showed that the GATA-3 protein expression levels in patients with hematologic malignancies (241.3±42.6 µg/l), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (196.3±21.6 µg/l), myeloproliferative disorder (284.2±45.1 µg/l), acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (269.3±31.4 µg/l) or thrombocytopenic purpura (272.1±39.1 µg/l) were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects (69.3±15.2 µg/l). The results of western blot analysis were consistent with those of ELISA. Based on our results, the expression levels of GATA-3 in healthy children and pediatric patients with blood diseases exhibit significant differences, and can be used as important markers for the clinical diagnosis of blood diseases in children.


Transformation of bacterial cells, specifically Escherichia coli, is a widespread and powerful laboratory technique. This unit describes two protocols to make competent E. coli, which can then be used in subsequent transformations. The first protocol describes the preparation of chemically competent E. coli. These cells can be transformed in almost any laboratory with simple equipment, such as a water bath. The second protocol is used to make electrocompetent cells. These cells will yield high numbers of transformants, but require an electroporator, which may not be available in all environments. Thus, these two protocols should be sufficient for almost any situation that requires the preparation of competent E. coli. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 22:A.3L.1‐A.3L.5. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Objective: to describe cultural beliefs and medication-taking-behavior about pregnancy in African-American and Latina women. Design: qualitative study using phenomenological methodology; face-to-face, semi structured interviews and focus group. Thematic analysis was done to obtain themes consistent with the research objective. Setting: Maricopa County, Arizona, Department of Public-health Programs, November 2008 through April 2009. Participants: women seeking public-health services in the greater Phoenix, Arizona. Results: fifteen adult women representing two ethnic groups (seven African-Americans and eight Latinas) participated. Themes derived from the interview data included: "The Dilemma: To Become or Not to Become Pregnant;" "The Ideal Stress-free World: Support System;" "Changing Worlds: Wanting Dependency;" and "The Health care System: Disconnection from Pregnancy to Postpartum." Conclusions: based on the cultural themes: 1. pregnancies were not planned; 2. healthy life-style changes were not likely to occur during pregnancy; 3. basic facts about the biology of sexual intercourse and pregnancy were not understood, and there was no usage of any preconceptional or prenatal medications; and 4. professional health care was not desired or considered necessary (except during delivery). These cultural beliefs can contribute to negative birth outcomes, and need to be considered by pharmacists and other health-care providers. The information gained from this study can guide the implementation of educational programs developed by pharmacists that are more sensitive to the cultural beliefs and points of view of these particular women. Such programs would thus be more likely to be favorably received and utilized.


The use of dynamic reconfiguration has been proposed to tolerate faults in large-scale partitionable parallel processing systems. If a processor develops a permanent fault during the execution of a task on a submachine A, three recovery options are migration of the task to another submachine, task migration to a subdivision of A, and redistribution of the task among the fault-free processors in A. Quantitative models of these reconfiguration schemes are developed to consider what information is needed to make a choice among these methods for a practical implementation. It is pointed out that in certain situations collecting precise values for all needed parameters is very difficult. Therefore, the model parameters are then analyzed, together with the cost of making the wrong reconfiguration choice, to determine a useful heuristic that is based on the information available. A multistage cube or hypercube inter-processor network is assumed. PASM, an experimental SIMD/MIMD mixed-mode machine with a partitionable multistage cube communication network, and nCUBE 2, a commercially available MIMD machine with a partitionable hypercube communication network, are used as vehicles for studying the model parameters.


Brief, carefully paced lessons on options and trading strategies using verbal definitions and many trading examples for clarification. Each lesson builds on the one preceding it and explains options in plain English, from start to finish. Step-by-step coverage of controlling risk, protecting your investments -- even advanced strategies other introductory books ignore! Authored by Dr. W. Edward Olmstead, contributing editor to The Spear Report and editor of The Options Professor newsletter.


The law of unincorporated associations is engaged in a misguided march in transforming the duty of loyalty into a contractarian construct. This Article argues that these developments reflect doctrinal confusion, outworn economics, and weak policy. The Article begins by tracing the evolution of the duty of loyalty in the law of unincorporated associations. It begins with a discussion of the struggle between contractarianism and fiduciary duty in the uniform laws promulgated by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL). It then shifts gears to the more squarely contractarian, and likely highly influential, Delaware statutes. The current state of the doctrine suggests that precious little is left of the duty of loyalty. The article then shifts to showing that the transformation is troublesome along three dimensions. First, the move conflates fiduciary with contractual duties, notably weak and nebulous notions of good faith. Second, it deploys outworn economic concepts reminiscent of the neoclassical Chicago School. The economic justifications for contractarianism are based on facile assumptions applied in a static manner; they do not represent real humans interacting in real institutions over time. Third, the move from loyalty to contract brings with it a host of public policy problems: it tries to toss out a well developed legal tradition, downplays the role of trust and morality, and ignores the role positive law can play in shaping norms. In the end, the rise of contractarianism reflects a step backward to nineteenth-century legal formalism and presents the risk that its faulty precepts may spread further into corporate law.


Background The effectiveness of skills laboratory training is widely recognized. Yet, the transfer of procedural skills acquired in skills laboratories into clinical practice has rarely been investigated. We conducted a prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial to evaluate, if students having trained intravenous (IV) cannulation in a skills laboratory are rated as more professional regarding technical and communication skills compared to students who underwent bedside teaching when assessed objectively by independent video assessors and subjectively by patients. Methodology and Principal Findings 84 volunteer first-year medical students were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Three drop-outs occurred. The intervention group (IG; n = 41) trained IV cannulation in a skills laboratory receiving instruction after Peyton's 'Four-Step Approach'. The control group (CG; n = 40) received a bedside teaching session with volunteer students acting as patients. Afterwards, performance of IV cannulation of both groups in a clinical setting with students acting as patients was video-recorded. Two independent, blinded video assessors scored students' performance using binary checklists (BC) and the Integrated Procedural Protocol Instrument (IPPI). Patients assessed students' performance with the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT) and a modified IPPI. IG required significantly shorter time needed for the performance on a patient (IG: 595.4 SD(188.1)s; CG: 692.7 SD(247.8)s; 95%CI 23.5 s to 45.1 s; p = 0.049) and completed significantly more single steps of the procedure correctly (IG: 64% SD(14) for BC items; CG: 53% SD(18); 95%CI 10.25% to 11.75%; p = 0.004). IG also scored significantly better on IPPI ratings (median: IG: 3.1; CG: 3.6; p = 0.015;). Rated by patients, students' performance and patient-physician communication did not significantly differ between groups. Conclusions Transfer of IV cannulation-related skills acquired in a skills laboratory is superior to bedside teaching when rated by independent video raters by means of IPPI and BC. It enables students to perform IV cannulation more professionally on volunteer students acting as patients.


The objective of this study was to estimate a long and short run money demand function in the Rwandan economy. Using the Johansen approach, this paper established that there was a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between the demand for real money balances, real income, the rate of return on foreign financial assets (Libor-London interbank offered rate) and the expected depreciation of the Rwandan franc (RWF). The short-run dynamic model confirmed the stability of this relationship. These results suggest that the monetary aggregate used in this study, M2, is the appropriate monetary target in the Rwandan economy for monetary policy purposes and economic stabilization. The significance of the return on foreign financial assets and of the expected depreciation of the domestic currency demonstrated the importance of the external determinants of money demand in Rwanda and confirmed the hypothesis of currency substitution in the Rwandan economy. Attempts to include various interest rates in the money demand function revealed that these rates were not significant .This was not surprising because interest rates were controlled for most of the sample period. Moreover, the excess liquidity in the banking system in recent years made the interest rate ineffective as an instrument of monetary policy. Finally, another significant finding of this research is the speed of adjustment of the demand for money, following deviation from its long-run equilibrium. As the short-run dynamic model showed, this adjustment period amounts to about three years, which is an indication of the persistence of monetary disequilibrium in the Rwandan economy.


ABSTRACT Authenticity is considered a very important means to attract tourists. Different enterprises and destinations compete for visitors and authenticity is an important factor for visitors' travel decisions. Within the context of indigenous and cultural tourism, several studies have criticized the way in which indigenous and local populations are portrayed in order to attract tourists, since they often involve colonial images and descriptions that are no longer corresponding to the contemporary situation. This study presents an alternative perspective on the discussion on tourism marketing in relation to authenticity. Through critical discourse analysis and retroduction, this study has analysed the websites of Sámi tourism companies from Sweden. The discussion put forward in this study is not a generalizing picture of how the Sámi peoples choose to market themselves, but it problematizes how these particular enterprises relate to issues of authenticity in the representation of cultural heritage. This paper also presents a new approach to authenticity seen as a compromise. The results of this study present one side of a multifaceted discussion on the struggle between different discourses on representations and authenticity that are often the main channel to reach and attract potential visitors.


The field of global development epitomizes international law's recourse to expertise as a semantic of legitimacy. Indeed, the World Bank's functionalist claim to neutrality is predicated on a dichotomy between 'economic' technique and the 'politics' of international life, with the latter being out of its constitutional reach. This paper explores how the fall of the USSR resulted in a renegotiation of this economics/politics schism, thereby facilitating a remarkable operational expansion in the Bank, as expressed in the turn to 'governance' and 'rule of law' reform. Drawing on written and oral archives and an analysis of internal legal opinions, I map out the institutional frictions and legal rationalities underlying this reconfiguration of 'political interference' in the Bank. The paper formulates two innovative argumentative threads regarding this genealogy of State reform. First of all, I demonstrate how the recalibration of the borders between 'economics' and 'politics' was internally validated by a legal memorandum that reinterpreted the principle of neutrality in the Bank's founding charter. This inquiry conceptualizes the institutional traction and performative character of constitutionalism and the rule of law in contemporary sites of global governance, where legal discourse structurally oscillates between the promise of formalism and managerial exigency. Doing so, the paper provides an original – historically contextualized and socio-legal – account of how law substantively operates and gains institutional meaning in the Bank. Secondly, I explore how, externally, the Bank's technocratic gaze in the agenda of rule of law reform sparked a practice of measuring, ranking and diagnosing countries on the basis of an epistemically constructed ideal-type of the development State. I define this mode of normalizing a specific configuration of public authority, with Foucault, as the transnational discipline of diagnosis. The practice of rendering the public sphere increasingly visible within the Bank's modernist episteme, I conclude, results in a problematic aesthetic of statehood that normalizes contentious political choices and institutional configurations, while obscuring and delegitimizing the potential for diversity and counter-hegemonic politics.


The writer considers that there is need to pause and reflect where soil mechanics, an essentially civil engineering discipline, is heading in South Africa. Leaving out compacted soil problems, in the first instance, structural soil mechanics in South Africa may be divided into five main groups, namely: bearing capacity, slope stability, settlement-including collapse of structure, heave, and miscellaneous problems of earth pressures, permeability, etc. The common difficulty with all unsolved problems in these groupings is one of partial saturation. Two problems have been uniquely isolated, namely heave and collapse, and it was in these fields that world attention had been attracted.


The physical properties of DyNi2Mn doped with 57Fe have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, magnetisation (10–300 K) and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements (5–300 K). DyNi2Mn(Fe) crystallizes in the MgCu2-type cubic structure (Fd−3m space group). The ordering temperature is found to be TC = 99(2) K, much higher than those of DyNi2 (∼22 K) and DyMn2 (∼35 K). Analyses of isothermal M–H curves and the related Arrott plots confirm that the magnetic phase transition at TC is second order. The magnetic entropy change around TC is 4.0 J/kg K for a magnetic field change of 0 T to 5 T. The spectra above TC exhibit features consistent with quadrupolar effects while below TC the spectra exhibit magnetic hyperfine splitting. The Debye temperature for DyNi2Mn has been determined as θD = 200(20) K from a fit to the variable temperature isomer shift IS(T).


Although the surface tension of complex mixtures determines the fate of many important natural processes, the property is notoriously difficult to interpret. Here we announce a new method that successfully predicts the surface tension of two synthetic and one biological polyelectrolyte/surfactant mixtures in the phase-separation region after dynamic changes in the bulk phase behavior have reached completion. The approach is based on the nonequilibrium framework of a lack of colloidal stability of bulk complexes in compositions around the charge match point of the oppositely charged components and requires as input parameters only the surface tension isotherm of the pure surfactant and some bulk measurements of the mixtures; no surface measurements of the mixtures are required. The complexity of the problem is reduced to a single empirical equation. This simplification in our understanding of the surface properties of strongly interacting mixtures involving macromolecules can lead to the optimization of applications involving synthetic polymers and biomacromolecules such as DNA at surfaces.


Effects of early life psychosocial adversity have received a great deal of attention, such as maternal separation in experimental animal models and abuse/neglect in young humans. More recently, long-term effects of the physical stress of repetitive procedural pain have begun to be addressed in infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care. Preterm infants are more sensitive to pain and stress, which cannot be distinguished in neonates. The focus of this review is clinical studies of long-term effects of repeated procedural pain-related stress in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in relation to brain development, neurodevelopment, programming of stress systems, and later pain sensitivity in infants born very preterm (24–32 weeks' gestational age). Neonatal pain exposure has been quantified as the number of invasive and/or skin-breaking procedures during hospitalization in the NICU. Emerging studies provide convincing clinical evidence for an adverse impact of neonatal pain/stress in infants at a time of physiological immaturity, rapidly developing brain microstructure and networks, as well as programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Currently it appears that early pain/stress may influence the developing brain and thereby neurodevelopment and stress-sensitive behaviors, particularly in the most immature neonates. However, there is no evidence for greater prevalence of pain syndromes compared to children and adults born healthy at full term. In addressing associations between pain/stress and outcomes, careful consideration of confounding clinical factors related to prematurity is essential. The need for pain management for humanitarian care is widely advocated. Non-pharmacological interventions to help parents reduce their infant's stress may be brain-protective.


Scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy (s-SNOM) at terahertz (THz) frequencies could become a highly valuable tool for studying a variety of phenomena of both fundamental and applied interest, including mobile carrier excitations or phase transitions in 2D materials or exotic conductors. Applications, however, are strongly challenged by the limited signal to noise ratio. One major reason is that standard atomic force microscope (AFM) tips, which have made s-SNOM a highly practical and rapidly emerging tool, provide weak scattering efficiencies at THz frequencies. Here we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of commercial and custom-made AFM tips of different apex diameter and length, in order to understand signal formation in THz s-SNOM and to provide insights for tip optimization. Contrary to common beliefs, we find that AFM tips with large (micrometer-scale) apex diameter can enhance s-SNOM signals by more than one order of magnitude, while still offering a spatial resolution of about 100 nm at a wavelength of 119 micron. On the other hand, exploiting the increase of s-SNOM signals with tip length, we succeeded in sub-15 nm resolved THz imaging employing a tungsten tip with 6 nm apex radius. We explain our findings and provide novel insights into s-SNOM via rigorous numerical modeling of the near-field scattering process. Our findings will be of critical importance for pushing THz nanoscopy to its ultimate limits regarding sensitivity and spatial resolution.


As the amount of tangible matter in the world is fixed, the growth and deployment of intangible capital in the production process must be the sole source of productivity growth and thus our ability to enhance the (material) quality of life. This survey paper takes stock of our knowledge about enterprise investment in intangible capital, most particularly, with respect to the current debate over its measurement, the types of market failure associated with its production and use, the mechanisms used to appropriate the returns it generates and the ways in which it is diffused throughout the economy. We argue that the most fruitful policy is to eliminate 'known' deadweight losses that have only small side-effects on the incentive to create. Copyright 2006 The Economic Society Of Australia.


The chloroplast atpB and atpE genes encode subunits β and ε of the ATP synthase, respectively. They are co-transcribed as dicistronic mRNAs in flowering plants. An unusual feature is an overlap (AUGA) of the atpB stop codon (UGA) with the atpE start codon (AUG). Hence, atpE translation has been believed to depend on atpB translation (i.e. translational coupling). Using an in vitro translation system from tobacco chloroplasts, we showed that both atpB and atpE cistrons are translated from the tobacco dicistronic mRNA, and that the efficiency of atpB translation is higher than that of atpE translation. When the atpB 5′-UTR was replaced with lower efficiency 5′-UTRs, atpE translation was higher than atpB translation. Removal of the entire atpB 5′-UTR arrested atpB translation but atpE translation still proceeded. Introduction of a premature stop codon in the atpB cistron did not abolish atpE translation. These results indicate that atpE translation is independent of atpB translation. Mutation analysis showed that the atpE cistron possesses its own cis-element(s) for translation, located ~25 nt upstream from the start codon.


This study appears to be one of few intervention studies with focus on eyestrain and lighting on non-computer workplaces. Previous studies have shown strong connections between eyestrain and musculoskeletal strain. The eyes "lead the body" and if the picture on the retina is unfocused the body adjusts the posture, trying to improve the image through changing the viewing distance. This can lead to an unnatural body posture which can contribute in the development of musculoskeletal disorders. A good visual environment with proper illuminance, good luminance contrast relationship, good uniformity value of the illuminance and no glare are the best conditions in order to function well at a visually demanding work. Sorting mail is a task that needs good visual ergonomics and can therefore be improved by a change in the visual environment. The overall purpose of this thesis is to investigate if a good visual environment have an impact on eyestrain, musculoskeletal strain, productivity, wellbeing, and work induced stress. This thesis is based on a literature review and a lighting intervention, with one part before the intervention and two follow-up parts, summer and winter. The results are based on objectively measurements; lighting, time studies, and optometric eye examinations, and two questionnaires. The first questionnaire concerned visual ergonomics and the second had a focus on wellbeing and experience of work related tasks. The postmen experienced the new lighting and labeling as improvement. A small decrease in the amount of eyestrain was present, and the younger postmen had a decrease of the musculoskeletal strain. The postmen with eyestrain got a small improvement of the sorting time. When the lighting was improved another factor that could cause strain appeared, the need for good correction in their glasses was identified as the main remaining factor that could cause the observed strain.


Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS/JAXA) in collaboration with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has developed fuel and gas tanks for reaction control system and orbital control system of satellites; A tank is fabricated through welding of two thin, hemi-spherical or conical parts, which are fabricated by superplastic blow forming. Mass-productivity is not an important factor but the forming precision and flexibiliry in the process are important for this application. ISAS and MHI, therefore, developed a new blow-forming technique, which has high flexibility in terms of tank size because it requires a furnace but not a hot-press machine. Some typical propulsion tanks fabricated through this process are presented.


This paper situates the data privacy debate in the context of what I call the death of the data subject. My central claim is that concept of a rights-bearing data subject is being pulled in two contradictory directions at once, and that simultaneous attention to these is necessary to understand and resist the extractive practices of the data industry. Specifically, it is necessary to treat the problems facing the data subject structurally, rather than by narrowly attempting to vindicate its rights. On the one hand, the data industry argues that subjects of biometric identification lack legal standing to pursue claims in court, and Facebook recently denied that that its facial recognition software recognizes faces. On the other hand, industry takes consent to terms of service and arbitration clauses to create enforceable legal subject positions, while using promises of personalization to create a phenomenological subject that is unaware of the extent to which it is being manipulated. Data subjects thus have no legal existence when it is a matter of corporate liability, but legal accountability when it is a matter of their own liability. Successful reform should address the power asymmetries between individuals and data companies that enable this structural disempowerment.


Date of Award 5-2008 Document Type Thesis Degree Name Master of Arts (MA) Legacy Department History Advisor Grant, H. Roger Committee Member Grubb , Alan Committee Member Andrew Jr. , Rod Abstract This thesis is intended to demonstrate the tangible reforms initiated by Benjamin Ryan Tillman between 1885 and 1895 for farmers and other citizens of South Carolina. After exploring the most notable historiography surrounding the Tillman era in South Carolina, the thesis examines Tillman's appeals to the farmers' depressed condition, the establishment of Clemson Agricultural College, and state-level reforms of business and government institutions. Tillman's restructuring of the South Carolina Penitentiary, the Lunatic Asylum, and the creation of the state liquor dispensary are shown to be significant accomplishments in the reformer's political career. Tillman's assaults on what he perceived as monopolistic capital--in the form of the phosphate mining industry and the railroads--are also thoroughly discussed. The emphasis of this analysis is to show that Tillman's reform movement, and not the concerns over white solidarity that stigmatized any third-party movement, was the primary reason for the lack of a Populist party in South Carolina. The fact that Tillman and the majority of white Democrats in South Carolina did not support the socio-political equality of African Americans is not in question. However, the purpose of this thesis is to illustrate that without Tillmanism and the real reforms that came along with the movement, South Carolina would have experienced a significant third-party bolt similar to other Southern and Western states in the 1890's. Recommended Citation Krause, Kevin, "The One-Eyed King: The Reforms of Ben Tillman as the Reason for the Absence of Populism in South Carolina" (2008). All Theses. 314. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/314  Download