This paper examines the relationship between child mortality and fertility in two neighboring West African countries: Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana. The authors first explore separately the reduced form determinants of fertility and child mortality, as explained by individual, household and community characteristics. Fertility is somewhat higher in Cote d'Ivoire than in Ghana and appears not to have changed recently in either country. Child mortality is high, with about 16 percent of children dying before their fifth birthday. Women's education beyond the primary level is associated with substantially lower fertility in both countries. However, in Cote d'Ivoire, income, assets and mother's height are positively related to fertility, while in Ghana they are associated with lower fertility. These results suggest that Ghana is farther along in its fertility transition than is Cote d'Ivoire. Female education has a smaller effect on child mortality in Cote d'Ivoire, where relatively fewer women are educated, than in Ghana. Community characteristics explained only a small fraction of child mortality. However, the community's average experience of child mortality is still an important predictor of the household's child mortality, suggesting that there remain unobserved community factors that lower child mortality in the two countries. Future research may uncover some of these factors and demonstrate how public policy interventions can moderate them. There was only weak statistical support for treating child mortality at the household level as endogenous to the process determining fertility. When child mortality is treated as an exogenous variable, these estimates indicate that a reduction of five child deaths would lead to a decrease in fertility of one birth. Further development of women's education in both countries is likely to play a significant role in bringing child mortality under control and slowing population growth.


We study contests in which players compete by expending irreversible effort to win a prize, the prize is awarded to one of the players, the winner shares the prize with other players in his group, if any, and each group's sharing rule is unobservable to the other groups and the singletons, if any, when the players expend their effort. The number of groups, their sizes, and the number of singletons are exogenous in the first model, whereas they are endogenous in the second model. We show that group formation occurs if the number of players is four or smaller, but does not occur otherwise. We examine the effect of endogenous group formation on total effort level and the profitability of endogenous group formation. In each of the two models, comparing the outcomes of the case of unobservable sharing rules with those of the case of observable sharing rules, we show that the two cases yield quite different outcomes.


Any model of corporate governance must answer two basic sets of questions: (1) Who decides? In other words, when push comes to shove, who has ultimate control? (2) Whose interests prevail? When the ultimate decision maker is presented with a zero sum game, in which it must prefer the interests of one constituency class over those of all others, whose interests prevail? On the means question, prior scholarship has almost uniformly favored either shareholder primacy or managerialism. On the ends question, prior scholarship has tended to favor either shareholder primacy or various stakeholder theories. In contrast, this author has proposed a "director primacy" model in which the board of directors is the ultimate decision maker but is required to evaluate decisions using shareholder wealth maximization as the governing normative rule. Shareholder primacy is widely assumed to be a defining characteristic of New Zealand company law. In assessing that assumption, it is essential to distinguish between the means and ends of corporate governance. As to the latter, New Zealand law does establish shareholder wealth maximization as the corporate objective. As to the former, despite assigning managerial authority to the board of directors, New Zealand company law gives shareholders significant control rights. Comparing New Zealand company law to the considerably more board-centric regime of U.S. corporate law raises a critical policy issue. If the separation of ownership and control mandated by the latter has significant efficiency advantages, as this article has argued, why has New Zealand opted for a more shareholder-centric model? The most plausible explanation focuses on domain issues, which suggest that there are a small number of New Zealand firms for which director primacy would be optimal. The unitary nature of the New Zealand government may also be a factor, because the competitive federalism inherent in the U.S. system of government promotes a race to the top in which efficient corporate law rules are favored.


Speeches and presentations offer an interesting catch-22: executives don't want to spend long hours creating them, and people don't want to sit for long hours listening to them. Ultimately, though, executives can't live without them. That's because a good speech or presentation has the power to inspire people to act on the speaker's behalf and create change. Author Nick Morgan, a longtime speech-writer and speaking coach, says what's most often lacking in today's speeches and presentations is what he calls the "kinesthetic connection." Many good speakers connect aurally with their audiences, telling dramatic stories and effectively pacing their speeches to hold people's attention. Others connect visually, with a vivid film clip or a killer slide. Some people do both, but not many also connect kinesthetically. Morgan says the kinesthetic speaker feeds an audience's primal hunger to experience a presentation on a physical, as well as an intellectual, level. Through awareness of their own physical presence--gestures, posture, movements--and through the effective use of the space in which they present, kinesthetic speakers can create potent nonverbal messages that reinforce their verbal ones. In this article, Morgan describes techniques for harnessing kinesthetic power and creating a sense of intimacy with an audience--a closeness that is more widely expected from speakers since the advent of television. For instance, kinesthetic speakers should make use of audience proxies--individuals in the crowd who serve as representatives for the others. Ultimately, the author says, a speech or presentation offers something of great value to business executives: it's the best vehicle for winning trust from large groups of people--be they employees, colleagues, or share-holders.


What are the assumptions and tasks hidden in contemporary calls to "overcome" the metaphysical tradition? Reflecting upon the internal contradictions of the notions of "tradition" and "finiteness," Dennis J. Schmidt offers novel insights into how philosophy must relate to its traditions if it is to retain a vital sense of the plurality of "edges" that constitute its finiteness. He does this through a close examination of issues found in the work of Hegel and Heidegger, two philosophers who made the ideas of both tradition and finiteness the center of their concern.Schmidt begins by asking how Heidegger can claim to have destroyed metaphysics despite Hegel's claim to have perfected its possibilities. Systematically following the development of Heidegger's critique of Hegel, Schmidt generates a dialogue between them. The topic of that dialogue is the nature of finiteness as it is articulated in time, nothing, the dialectical and hermeneutical circles, and in the notions of experience, work, technology, history, and preSocratic thought.Beginning with Heidegger's critique of Hegel in "Being and Time," Schmidt's strategy is to disclose the complexities of philosophical discourse about the finite by drawing out the proximities between Hegel and Heidegger. The dialogue that results presents novel portraits of both philosophers. It also reveals that Heidegger's early, unacknowledged failure to separate himself from the Hegelian dialectic is the motive behind many of the turns and decisions of his later career.In concluding, Schmidt offers an interpretation of the wider significance of the results of that dialogue, and connects his study to other contemporary discussions of postmodernism. He expands upon the idea of the plurality of edges opened by finiteness, arguing that philosophy only understands its own past and future once it recognizes the meaning of its own finiteness.Dennis J. Schmidt is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Binghamton. "The Ubiquity of the Finite" is included in the series Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought, edited by Thomas McCarthy.


Pulmonary hypertension can be diagnosed at all ages and characterized by increased vascular resistance in the lungs. Pulmonary hypertension in the pediatric population is less studied than in adults with much of the therapy extrapolated from adult data. Suboptimal survival rate of patients with pulmonary hypertension and the economic impact this disease has on the healthcare system warrant the need for new therapeutic options, such as citrulline. Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid involved in the urea cycle, which ultimately converts to nitric oxide to help dilate the pulmonary vasculature. Based on the available animal and few human studies, citrulline can potentially be a preventive remedy for pediatric patients at high risk of developing pulmonary hypertension after undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. However, new clinical trials are needed before using citrulline as a standard treatment option and incorporating it into practice guidelines.


Several studies show that loss-of-function mutations in the insulin-like signaling cascade extend the life span of worms and flies; however, equivalent mutations are associated with metabolic disease and fatal diabetes in mice. In contrast, calorie restriction or genetic strategies in mice that enhance insulin sensitivity lower the risk of age-related disease and extend life span. Taguchi et al. resolve these conflicting results by pointing to the brain as the site where reduced insulin-like signaling can extend mouse life span. A. Taguchi, L. M. Wartschow, M. F. White, Brain IRS2 signaling coordinates life span and nutrient homeostasis. Science 317, 369-372 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Routing in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has been a subject of extensive research over the past several years. Quadrant-based directional routing protocol (Q-DIR) is a routing protocol where only nodes in the same quadrant as the destination will participate in the route discovery process. Q-DIR uses exact location of nodes based on Cartesian-coordinate system to determine the quadrant nodes are located with reference to the source and destination. Unlike other position-based routing protocols, Q-DIR only transmits route request to all nodes that are in the same quadrant as the source and destination instead of broadcasting in all direction and hence, reduces not only routing overhead in route discovery phase, but also wireless bandwidth used and flooding of packets in the network. This paper outlines the performance of a multi-hop Q-DIR in a real MANET test bed that integrate GPS-free self-positioning system with Q-AODVbis which have been developed recently as a loadable kernel module in Linux environment.


Extracted from text ... Transforming the media : a cultural approach : conference / seminar paper
Lynette Steenveld
INTRODUCTION
As this talk comes at the end of the first day of the
Seminar on the Political Economy of the Southern
African Media, the title of this article needs some
explaining. At the heart of questions concerning the
transformation of the media in South Africa, is a
concern about the relationship of the media to the
broader social context in which they operate. In short,
the question is asked, `what function does the media
serve in society?'. This question has been answered in
basically ..


We describe a device compatible with CMOS technology, which permits to detect a single charge by multiplying it to an easily measurable level. The device is a bipolar transistor optimized for the operation in the Geiger avalanche mode. A single electron, injected through the base- emitter junction, triggers avalanche breakdown in the collector- base junction. The breakdown is then rapidly stopped by a quenching circuit. This cycle produces a voltage pulse at the collector, which corresponds to the injection of a single electron. By counting the pulses, currents down to the atto-Ampere range are measured. The device can be used as a bitstream-generator in a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter.


Tomonori Maekura 1,2 Keisuke Miki Mari Miki Seigo Kitada 1 Ryoji Maekura 1,2 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Japan; 2Course of Safety Management in Health Care Sciences, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Jikei Institute, Osaka, Japan Purpose: Pharmacological therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation are useful for exertional dyspnoea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, several patients have no meaningful improvements. Although acupuncture significantly improves exercise intolerance and dyspnoea, the pathophysiological mechanism of these effects is unknown; therefore, we evaluated this mechanism using cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a single-arm, open experimental study. Patients and methods: Sixteen patients with COPD underwent acupuncture once a week for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were exercise performance parameters, including peak oxygen uptake in the incremental exercise tests (IETs) and the time to the limit of tolerance measured in constant work rate exercise tests (CWRETs) at 70% peak work-rate of the IET. IETs and CWRETs were performed at baseline and at weeks 12, 16, and 24. Results: During the time course, there were significant increases in peak oxygen uptake (p = 0.018) and minute ventilation (V̇E, p = 0.04) in the IETs. At 12 weeks, the endurance time significantly increased (810 ± 470 vs 1125 ± 657 s, p < 0.001) and oxygen uptakes at terminated exercise were significantly lower (771 ± 149 mL/min, p < 0.05) than those at baseline (822 ± 176 mL/min) in CWRETs. The significant decreases in oxygen uptake and minute ventilation and improvements in Borg scale scores were also observed during CWRETs after acupuncture. The decreases at isotime in the Borg scale (r = −0.789, p = 0.0007) and V̇E (r =−0.6736, p = 0.0042) were significantly correlated with the improvement of endurance time. Conclusion: The positive effects of acupuncture on exertional dyspnoea were associated with increased endurance time influenced by improved oxygen utilisation and reduced ventilation during exercise. Acupuncture may be a new intervention for COPD in addition to conventional maintenance therapies.


The use of interactive systems has been found to be a promising approach for content-based image retrieval, the task of retrieving a specific image from a database based on its content. These systems allow the user to refine the set of results iteratively until the target is reached. In order to proceed with the search efficiently, conventional methods rely on some shared knowledge between the user and the system, such as semantic visual attributes of the images. Those approaches demand the images to be semantically labeled and introduce a semantic gap between the two parties' understanding. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach to interactive image search where feedback is elicited exclusively in visual forms, therefore eliminating the semantic gap and allowing for a generalized version of the method to operate on unlabeled databases. We present Syntharch, a novel interactive image search approach which uses synthesized images as options for feedback, instead of asking textual questions to gain information on the relative attribute values of the target image. We further demonstrate that by using synthesized images rather than real images retrieved from the database as feedback options, Syntharch causes less confusion to the user. Finally, we establish that our proposed search method performs similarly or better in comparison to the conventional approach.


How can property rights be protected and contracts be enforced in countries where the rule of law is ineffective or absent? How can firms from advanced market economies do business in such circumstances? In Lawlessness and Economics , Avinash Dixit examines the theory of private institutions that transcend or supplement weak economic governance from the state. In much of the world and through much of history, private mechanisms--such as long-term relationships, arbitration, social networks to disseminate information and norms to impose sanctions, and for-profit enforcement services--have grown up in place of formal, state-governed institutions. Even in countries with strong legal systems, many of these mechanisms continue under the shadow of the law. Numerous case studies and empirical investigations have demonstrated the variety, importance, and merits, and drawbacks of such institutions. This book builds on these studies and constructs a toolkit of theoretical models to analyze them. The models shed new conceptual light on the different modes of governance, and deepen our understanding of the interaction of the alternative institutions with each other and with the government's law. For example, one model explains the limit on the size of social networks and illuminates problems in the transition to more formal legal systems as economies grow beyond this limit. Other models explain why for-profit enforcement is inefficient. The models also help us understand why state law dovetails with some non-state institutions and collides with others. This can help less-developed countries and transition economies devise better processes for the introduction or reform of their formal legal systems.


A survey was carried out 10 investigate two areas of health education amongst students in an urban area of Botswana. The levels of health related knowledge in specific areas were examined and also the sources that students use for information on health. Students were found 10 use a wide variety of sources outside the school but that Teachers and Nurses, followed by Parents were the most important. Information on sources and health related knowledge is of value in the development of altitudes to health.


System identification methods are presented for the estimation of the characteristic frequency of an optically trapped particle. These methods are more amenable to automated on-line measurements and are believed to be less prone to erroneous results compared to techniques based on thermal noise analysis. Optical tweezers have been shown to be an effective tool in measuring the complex interactions of micro-scale particles with piconewton resolution. However, the accuracy of the measurements depends heavily on knowledge of the trap stiffness and the viscous drag coefficient for the trapped particle. The most commonly referenced approach to measuring the trap stiffness is the power spectrum method, which provides the characteristic frequency for the trap based on the roll-off of the frequency response of a trapped particle excited by thermal fluctuations. However, the reliance on thermal fluctuations to excite the trapping dynamics results in a large degree of uncertainty in the estimated characteristic frequency. These issues are addressed by two parameter estimation methods which can be implemented on-line for fast trap characterization. The first is a frequency domain system identification approach which combines swept-sine frequency testing with a least-squares transfer function fitting algorithm. The second is a recursive least-squares parameter estimation scheme. The algorithms and results from simulation studies are discussed in detail.


Legal and financial analyses abound about various means of saving for retirement and the tax advantages that they present, but very little attention has been paid to how retirement income is generated and the tax consequences that pertain to its generation. This article fills that void by examining the three major sources of retirement income: Social Security, employment-based retirement plans, and personal savings. For each of these sources, this article considers how retirement income is generated, sets forth the applicable federal income tax treatment, and proposes reforms to make the pertinent tax rules more sensible. Among its recommendations are simplifying how Social Security retirement benefits are taxed, bifurcating defined contribution plan withdrawals into capital gains and ordinary income components, repealing certain exceptions to the early distribution penalty, reducing the delayed distribution penalty and adjusting the age at which it is triggered, and changing the residential gain exclusion to avoid unanticipated problems with reverse mortgages.


Designing industrial robot systems for welding, painting, and assembly, is challenging because they must perform with high precision, speed, and endurance. ABB Robotics has specialized in building highly reliable and safe robotized paint systems using an integrated process control system. However, current validation practices are mainly limited to manual test scenarios, which makes it difficult to exercise important aspects of a paint robot system, such as the need to coordinate the timing of paint activation with the robot motion control.

To address these challenges, we have developed and deployed a cost-effective, automated test generation technique aimed at validating the timing behavior of the process control system. The approach is based on a constraint optimization model written in Prolog. This model has been integrated into an automated continuous integration environment, allowing the model to be solved on demand prior to test execution, which allows us to obtain the most optimal and diverse set of test scenarios for the current system configuration.


Most generative models of audio directly generate samples in one of two domains: time or frequency. While sufficient to express any signal, these representations are inefficient, as they do not utilize existing knowledge of how sound is generated and perceived. A third approach (vocoders/synthesizers) successfully incorporates strong domain knowledge of signal processing and perception, but has been less actively researched due to limited expressivity and difficulty integrating with modern auto-differentiation-based machine learning methods. In this paper, we introduce the Differentiable Digital Signal Processing (DDSP) library, which enables direct integration of classic signal processing elements with deep learning methods. Focusing on audio synthesis, we achieve high-fidelity generation without the need for large autoregressive models or adversarial losses, demonstrating that DDSP enables utilizing strong inductive biases without losing the expressive power of neural networks. Further, we show that combining interpretable modules permits manipulation of each separate model component, with applications such as independent control of pitch and loudness, realistic extrapolation to pitches not seen during training, blind dereverberation of room acoustics, transfer of extracted room acoustics to new environments, and transformation of timbre between disparate sources. In short, DDSP enables an interpretable and modular approach to generative modeling, without sacrificing the benefits of deep learning. The library will be made available upon paper acceptance and we encourage further contributions from the community and domain experts.


The objective of this paper is to study the use of a decision tree classifier and multiscale texture measures to extract thematic information on the tropical vegetation cover from the Global Rain Forest Mapping (GRFM) JERS-1 SAR mosaics. We focus our study on a coastal region of Gabon, which has a variety of land cover types common to most tropical regions. A decision tree classifier does not assume a particular probability density distribution of the input data, and is thus well adapted for SAR image classification. A total of seven features, including wavelet-based multiscale texture measures (at scales of 200, 400, and 800 m) and multiscale multitemporal amplitude data (two dates at scales 100 and 400 m), are used to discriminate the land cover classes of interest. Among these layers, the best features for separating classes are found by constructing exploratory decision trees from various feature combinations. The decision tree structure stability is then investigated by interchanging the role of the training samples for decision tree growth and testing. We show that the construction of exploratory decision trees can improve the classification results. The analysis also proves that the radar backscatter amplitude is important for separating basic land cover categories such as savannas, forests, and flooded vegetation. Texture is found to be useful for refining flooded vegetation classes. Temporal information from SAR images of two different dates is explicitly used in the decision tree structure to identify swamps and temporarily flooded vegetation.


Springer et al. (2003; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:12223-12228) hypothesized that pop- ulations of seals, sea lions and sea otters in the northern North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea declined because of increased predation by killer whales, in what they termed a 'sequential megafaunal col- lapse'. They hypothesized that the killer whales had been dependent on large whales for food, and that their increased predation on the smaller marine mammals was directly due to the depletion of great whale populations as a result of post-World War II industrial whaling. The maps presented by Springer et al. (2003) masked the development and precipitous decline of post-World War II indus- trial whaling. Our analysis shows that north of 50° N, whaling developed slowly from 1948 to 1951, expanded steadily from 1952 to 1962, and increased very sharply from 1963 to 1967. By 1968, there was near total drop-off in catches north of 50° N as the whaling fleets moved south. Because of the extraordinary whale biomass removals in the mid-1960s, any whaling-related prey shifting should have started by 1968, not the mid-1970s as they suggested. We also present data that refute their assumption that North Pacific killer whales depended on large whales as prey either prior to or con- current with the whaling era. During the years of the development and pulse of whaling (i.e. prior to 1968), less than 3% of the mammal-eating killer whales were observed to have large whale remains in their stomachs. Killer whales attack healthy, adult large whales only rarely, and such attacks are usually unsuccessful. Neither minke nor gray whales were depleted by post-World War II industrial whaling, and they have always been available as prey for North Pacific killer whales.


A fundamental challenge in solar-thermal-electrical energy conversion is the thermal stability of nanoengineered materials and devices at high operational temperatures. Selective tungsten emitters based on 2-D photonic crystals have been found effective in controlling the motion of photons at certain wavelengths for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems. The nano-structured patterns, however, easily lose their structural integrity at high temperatures, which would disrupt the tight tolerances required for spectral control of the selective emitters. A novel idea of flat surface photonic crystal (FSPC) is developed to circumvent the surface diffusion at high temperatures. The key idea of FSPC is to make optically micro/nano structured but geometrically flat surface, which is fabricated by plugging the nanostructure with the IRtransparent ceramic. A silicon FSPC is tested at an equivalent homologous temperature to tungsten at 1200°C for 100 hours and is observed to exhibit minimal physical and spectral degradation in contrast to the severe performance deterioration observed with a conventionally prepared 2D PhC. Combining this result with an Arrhenius accelerated lifetime model, an equivalent tungsten device is anticipated to survive over 40 years at 800°C, demonstrating a significant step toward feasible FSPC selective emitter design for commercial implementation of solar TPV.


In order to analyse product–service performance (PSP) during product–service systems' (PSSs) running time, a PSP evaluation method is proposed. Interrelationship between a PSS's provider and accepter is defined as product–service relationship (PSR). Concepts of product–service network and product–service chain are put forward to describe interrelationship among PSRs from different perspectives. The concept of PSP is proposed to evaluate interrelationship among PSR. Detailed evaluation indexes are designed to measure the five factors of PSP, including time, quality, cost, stability and reliability. A case study is provided to test the validity and efficiency of the evaluation model of PSP. The analysis results show that the evaluation model can make good efforts in benefiting product–service platform's running, monitoring and optimising.


Incentive-based policies have been shown to be powerful in many areas of behavior, but have rarely been tested in the sexual domain. The Rewarding Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention and Control in Tanzania (RESPECT) study is a randomized controlled trial testing the hypothesis that a system of rapid feedback and positive reinforcement that uses cash as the primary incentive can be used to reduce risky sexual activity among young people, male and female, who are at high risk of HIV infection. The study enrolled 2,399 participants in 10 villages in rural southwest Tanzania. The intervention arm received conditional cash transfers that depended on negative results of periodic screenings for sexually transmitted infections, an objectively measured marker for risky sexual behavior. The intervention arm was further divided into two subgroups, one receiving a high value payment of up to $60 over the course of the study ($20 payments every four months) and the other receiving a lower value payment of up to $30 ($10 payments every four months). At the end of the one year of intervention, the results showed a significant reduction in sexually transmitted infections in the group that was eligible for the $20 payments every four months, but no such reduction was found for the group receiving the $10 payments. The effects were stronger among the lower socioeconomic and higher risks groups. The results of a post-intervention follow-up survey conducted one year after discontinuing the intervention indicate a sustained effect among males, but not among females.


Regional variations in the crustal structure of southern California are defined by travel-time data from natural and artificial events. We show that the crust of the Mojave, northeastern Peninsular Ranges, eastern Transverse Ranges and Colorado Desert is dominated by a velocity of 6.2±0.1 km/sec. The western Transverse Ranges and the western portion of the Peninsular Ranges are typified by a crustal
velocity of 6.7 km/sec. The data indicate that the Transverse Ranges do not have a distinct crustal root. As the topography is not supported isostatically, the Range must be sustained by major north-south compression. A composite profile extending north from the southern end of the Salton Sea defines a crustal thickness for the
Coachella Valley of less than 20 km. Through the inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion data obtained from the analysis of teleseismic surface waves recorded across southern California, we have obtained average S-wave models for the southern Mojave-central Transverse Ranges and the Peninsular Ranges. The observed P-wave velocities and the calculated Poisson's ratio from both P- and S-wave data require a quartz rich crust for the Mojave and a more mafic crust for the Peninsular Ranges. All S-wave models suggest a slight mid- crustal velocity reversal that is approximately coincident with the bottom of the seismic
zone. Regional variations in P_n velocities are obtained from several reversed refraction profiles . These data show that P_n varies from 7.7 to 8.2 km/sec. The high P_n values, 8.2 km/sec, are observed in the eastern Mojave, the western Transverse Ranges and the Coast Ranges.
The 7.8 km/sec P_n velocity extends from the Imperial Valley, through the central Transverse Ranges, and across the western Mojave. P_n profiles indicate that the Moho beneath the eastern Transverse Ranges and the southeastern Mojave dips 2-3° west. P-delay studies of a vertically incident PKP phase indicate that a high velocity, 8.3 km/sec structure exists within the shallow upper mantle beneath much of the geomorphic Transverse Ranges. This feature is not offset by the San Andreas fault. We suggest that the continuity of this anomaly across the plate boundary indicates that if the upper mantle participates in plate motion, the mantle plate boundary must be laterally displaced from the crustal boundary. We suggest that the mantle boundary may extend northwest from the Salton Trough and across the eastern end of the velocity anomaly, in the vicinity of the active Helendale-Lenwood-Camprock faults. We propose that the
horizontal decoupling between the crust and mantle, required by the lateral displacement at depth of the plate boundary, is accommodated, in part, within the 7.8 km/sec layer.


A new diagnostic test for regression and generalized linear models is discussed. The test is based on testing if the residuals are close together in the linear space of one of the covariates are correlated. This is a generalization of the famous problem of spurious correlation in time series regression. A full model building approach for the case of regression was developed in Mahdi (2011, Ph.D. Thesis, Western University, "Diagnostic Checking, Time Series and Regression") using an iterative generalized least squares algorithm. Simulation experiments were reported that demonstrate the validity and utility of this approach but no actual applications were developed. In this thesis, the application of this hidden correlation paradigm is further developed as a diagnostic check for both regression and more generally for generalized linear models. The utility of the new diagnostic check is demonstrated in actual applications. Some simulation experiments illustrating the performance of the diagnostic check are also presented. It is shown that in some cases, existing well-known diagnostic checks can not easily reveal serious model inadequacy that is detected using the new approach.


The paper discusses how revolutionaries must comprehend how the sudden shift in the political situation at the aftermath of the February revolution to prepare refinements in revolutionary strategy and utilize new forms of struggle. The fascist rule was replaced by a bourgeois democratic regime overnight, which made such promises: the new democratic republic will represent the interests of all classes equally; free competition of ideologies and political programs; naked force will not be the main instrument of political rule, and so on. The Communist Party has yet to qualitatively rebound from the loss of political momentum it suffered as a result of the boycott blunder. To regain initiative, the Party must enrich its understanding of the specific characteristics of the Philippine revolutionary process, wherein the framework of national struggle is against imperialism. History necessitated that the struggle against fascism and for a democratic government be pursued as a substage in the national democratic struggle – a transition form for eventual political dominance which in turn is the basis to proceed step-by-step to socialist transformation. The Party must determine the form of struggle most appropriate to the prevailing conditions. In this case, from armed struggle there is a need to shift to the unarmed form as a means to educate the masses, through their own political experience, ultimately seize revolutionary power by force. The paper proposes strategy and tactics to approach political negotiations with the current conditions and as well as an alternative to the peace negotiations.


The regulatory role of UDP-glucose in glycogen biogenesis was investigated in fibroblasts containing a point mutation in the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene and, consequently, chronically low UDP-glucose levels (Qc). Comparisons were made with cells having the intact gene and restored UDP-glucose levels (G3). Glycogen was always very low in Qc cells. [(14)C]Glucose incorporation into glycogen was decreased and unaffected by insulin in Qc cells, whereas insulin stimulated glucose incorporation by approximately 50% in G3 cells. Glycogen synthase (GS) activity measured in vitro was virtually absent and the amount of enzyme in Qc cells was decreased by about 50%. The difference in GS activity between cells persisted even when G3 cells were devoid of glycogen. Incubation of G3 cell extracts with either exogenous UDP-glucose or glycogen resulted in increases in GS activity. Incubation of Qc cell extracts with exogenous UDP-glucose had no effect on GS activity; however, incubation with glycogen fully restored enzyme activity. Incubation of G3 cell extracts with radioactive UDP-glucose resulted in substantial binding of ligand to immunoprecipitated GS, whereas no binding was detected in Qc immunoprecipitates. Incubation of Qc cell extracts with exogenous glycogen fully restored UDP-glucose binding in the immunoprecipitate. These data suggest that chronically low UDP-glucose levels in cells result in inactivation of GS, owing to loss of the ability of GS to bind UDP-glucose.


A hypothesis by Akishev et al (1999 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 2399-409), that the photoionizing radiation emitted by the positive corona discharge in air is soft x-rays generated by electron bombardment of the anode surface, is discussed. Absorption curves of the photoionizing radiation generated by positive and negative coronae in atmospheric air are compared. The coincidence of the shapes of these curves confirms the earlier, widely accepted opinion that the photoionizing radiation is emitted by gas molecules and atoms, which are excited via electron collision. Photographic detection of this photoionizing radiation performed by the method proposed by Akishev et al is found to be improbable, because of the very high attenuation of radiation by the light protecting envelope around the photographic film.


Corvisart introduced the term 'myocarditis' in 1812,1 but it would take up to 1987 before the Dallas classification was accepted for standardising the diagnostic criteria.2 The gold standard for diagnosis now is endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), combining the Dallas criteria with immunohistochemistry for inflammation and PCR for the detection of viruses (reviewed in Dennert et al ),3 according to the 1995 WHO classification of cardiomyopathies.4 Of all patients with myocarditis 20% or more will develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM),5 which is induced by chronic inflammation or viral persistence after initial acute myocarditis (AMC).6 A high prevalence of parvovirus B19 (PVB19), human herpes virus 6 or the combination of the two viruses exists in patients with 'idiopathic' DCM, suggesting that the persistence of these viruses may relate to a worse prognosis.3 5 6 The type of clinical presentation plays an important role in the prognosis; heart failure-like symptoms would have a higher mortality than infarct-like symptoms.5 Patients with recovered left ventricular ejection fraction are always thought to maintain their normalised cardiac function. They are discharged from follow-up or medical treatment, and data on the progression of cardiac function and long-term prognosis of these patients are lacking. The present study challenges this approach.

The study by Escher et al ,7 published in this issue of Heart ( see page 709 ), prospectively studied 50 patients with AMC, which all underwent EMB irrespective of their cardiac function. They examined their …


The study examines the details of the initial preservation, crisis and demise of the Ligurian variety introduced onto Illa Plana off the coast of Alicante, as a consequence of the release of a group of slaves of Tabarca by the Spanish government. The last testimonies to the use of the Tabarca dialect appear to date back to the end of the nineteenth century, while the likewise rare vestiges of lexis confirm the prolonged use of a speech form that, according to some, is supposed to have been extinct on the transfer of tenant farmers from Africa. Today, a sense of identity with respect to Tabarca lives on essentially as a kind of sentimentality and a way to promote solidarity among the descendents of the early population of Illa Plana, often resident on the mainland, which proves that language is only one of the factors that contribute to a collective sense of belonging.


Objective: This study measured the prevalence and related correlates of food insecurity among students attending Appalachian State University. Methods: An online questionnaire administered to 6,000 randomized students measured food security, coping strategies, money expenditure, academic progress scales, use of social support, and sociodemographic. Results: 1,093 questionnaires were used for analysis. Analysis revealed that 46.2% (n = 505) experienced some degree of food insecurity, with 21.9% (n = 239) experiencing low food security and 24.3% (n = 266) experiencing very low food security. Regression analysis showed the following variables to be predictive of food insecurity: female gender, higher money expenditure and coping strategy scores, lower grade point average, students receiving financial aid, students who did not own a car, perceived fair/poor health status, and lower frequency of cooking for self or others. Most frequently reported coping strategies by food insecure students were purchasing cheap, processed foods (n = 282, 57.4%), stretching food (n = 100, 40.5%), and eating less healthy foods to eat more (n = 174, 35.4%). Regarding social support, 64% of food insecure students reported needing more assistance with food. Conclusions: The present sample showed an immediate need for food resource assistance.


Many hematopoietic cells undergo apoptosis when deprived of specific cytokines, and this process requires de novo RNA/protein synthesis. Using DNA microarrays to analyze interleukin-3 (IL-3)–dependent murine FL5.12 pro–B cells, we found that the gene undergoing maximal transcriptional induction after cytokine withdrawal is 24p3, which encodes a secreted lipocalin. Conditioned medium from IL-3–deprived FL5.12 cells contained 24p3 and induced apoptosis in naı̈ve FL5.12 cells even when IL-3 was present. 24p3 also induced apoptosis in a wide variety of leukocytes but not other cell types. Apoptotic sensitivity correlated with the presence of a putative 24p3 cell surface receptor. We conclude that IL-3 deprivation activates 24p3transcription, leading to synthesis and secretion of 24p3, which induces apoptosis through an autocrine pathway.


Cardiovascular diseases have registered a high rate of morbidity and mortality in the world, therefore the assessment of cardiovascular risk in human beings is of prime importance. In this paper Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals recorded from 60 subjects have been classified as "normal" or "at risk". In this process, we have used an Auto-Regressive eXogenous input (ARX) linear parametric model for extracting features that represent the circulatory system and a support vector machine (SVM) for classifying the signals based on the four data segment selection policies; best fit, three best fit, ten best fit and average best fit. The classification method employed in this work appears to be novel. According to the sensitivity and the specificity obtained (84.615% and 92.31%, respectively), the average best fit policy was chosen as the best policy for the classification of PPG signals.


List of Boxes. Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 What This Book Provides. 1.2 Looking around Corners. 1.3 Ideological Stance. 1.4 Economics Embedded in Philosophy and Sociology. 1.5 My Own Biases. 1.6 What Is to Come?. Part I: The Subject of Economics:. 2. What Economists Do. 2.1 What Economics Encompasses. 2.2 How Economists Work. 2.3 Some Characteristics of Economics. Appendix 2.1: Unrealistic Assumptions Can a Good Theory Make. Appendix 2.2: Is the Stock Market Efficient?. 3. How Well Do They Do It?. 3.1 Forecasting. 3.2 Choosing the Right Policies: The Problem of Value Judgments. 3.3 Implementing Economic Policies. 3.4 Biases. 3.5 Disagreement among Economists. Appendix 3.1: A Survey of American Academic Economists' Opinions. Part II: Some Infrastructure:. 4. Beguiling Words. 4.1 Some Widely Used Terms and Phrases. 4.2 Some Terms and Phrases Relating to Economics and Politics. 5. Important Economic Ideas: Often Misunderstood. 5.1 Levels versus Rates of Change. 5.2 Stocks versus Flows. 5.3 Real versus Nominal. 5.4 Future versus Current Dollars. 5.5 The Price Level versus Relative Prices. 5.6 Stable Prices versus Low Prices. 5.7 Gross versus Net and Single versus Double Counting. 5.8 Opportunity Costs versus Monetary Costs. 5.9 Cost--Benefit Analysis. 5.10 Wage Rates versus Labor Costs. 5.11 Capital Goods versus Human Capital. 5.12 Marginal versus Average Utility. 5.13 Marginal versus Average Costs. 5.14 Big Business versus Market Power. 5.15 Pro-market versus Pro-business. 6.16 "Should" and "Can" versus "Will". 5.17 Comparative versus Absolute Advantage. Part III: Economic Theory and Policy:. 6. The Crown Jewel of Economics: The Price Mechanism. 6.1 An Overview of the Price Mechanism. 6.2 Equilibrium. 6.3 Shortages. 6.4 A Digression: The Equilibrium of the Firm. 6.5 What Happens in the Absence of a Price Mechanism?. 6.6 The Dark Side of the Price Mechanism. 6.7 The Upshot. Appendix 6.1: More on Supply and Demand. 7. Risk Taking and Incentives. 7.1 Risk Bearing and Entrepreneurship. 7.2 Incentives. 8. Looking around Corners. 8.1 Do Easier Bankruptcy Laws Help the Poor?. 8.2 Should Artists Receive a Share of the Capital Gain When Their Work Is Resold?. 8.3 Do We Want Fewer People Exploiting the Poor?. 8.4 Cut the Gas Tax to Slow the Rise of Soaring Gas Prices?. 8.5 A Costless Way to Alleviate Destitution in Third World Countries?. 8.6 Ban or Fine All Speculators?. 8.7 Is Limiting Tobacco Advertising an Effective Policy?. 8.8 Would Importing Pharmaceuticals from Canada Substantially Lower Drug Prices?. 8.9 An Efficient and Humane Way to Reduce Cocaine Production?. 8.10 Protecting Lives by Requiring Use of Seatbelts?. 8.11 Do You Really Want Your Bid to Win?. 8.12 Is Fast Chinese Growth Bad for the United States?. 8.13 In Emergencies Should Prices Ration Supply, Thus Letting the Rich Outbid the Poor?. 8.14 Is Gaining from Someone's Misfortune a Moral Wrong?. 8.15 Should Those Close at Hand Have a Special Responsibility to Alleviate Misery?. 8.16 Seven Short Ones. 8.17 On the Other Hand. 9. Natural Resources and Environmental Economics. 9.1 Running Out of Privately Owned Natural Resources. 9.2 The Tragedy of the Commons. 9.3 Pollution Permits and Taxes on Pollutants. 9.4 Tail-pipe Pollution. 9.5 Protecting Endangered Species. Part IV: Looking at Data:. 10. Empirical Economics. 10.1 Role of Empirical Work in Economics. 10.2 Types of Empirical Evidence. 10.3 What to Watch Out for in Statistics: Some General Problems. Appendix 10.1: Survey Data. Appendix 10.2: Measuring GDP, Savings Rates, Price Indexes, Employment, and Poverty. 11. Some Simple (?) Ways of Presenting Data: Percentages, Figures, and Graphs. 11.1 Percentages. 11.2 Figures and graphs. 12. Samples and Their Problems. 12.1 Selecting a Representative Sample. 12.2 Watching for Inappropriate Samples. 12.3 The Regression Fallacy: Building a Bias into the Sample. 12.4 Sample Size and Coincidence. 12.5 Sampling Error, Confidence Intervals, and Significance. 12.6 Some Warnings about Significance Tests. Appendix 12.1: The Normal Distribution. 13. Regressions: The Workhorse of Empirical Economics. 13.1 The Regression Coefficient. 13.2 How Well Does the Regression Fit the Data?. 13.3 What Should You Look at in a Regression?. 13.4 A Summing Up. 13.5 Looking the Workhorse in the Mouth. 13.6 In Conclusion. 14. The Workhorse in Action: Some Examples of Empirical Economics. 14.1 Consumption and Saving. 14.2 Should You Choose a Large Mutual Fund?. 14.3 The Slave Trade and African Economic Development. 14.4 The Effect of Tax Changes on Real GDP. Epilogue. Index


Satellite imagery is considered as a powerful tool to map and monitor natural and man-made resources changes globally. Moreover, it greatly contributes to boost scientific researches, supports decision making process regarding important issues and has a tremendous potential to improve economic outcomes. However, the dramatic growth in the field of communication and the internet allows satellite imagery to be easily distributed, tampered and duplicated by unauthorized users. As a result, the protection of its intellectual property has become of a great demand. To overcome this issue, the concept of "watermarking" has been introduced as a potential solution for copyright protection and ownership authentication of satellite images. The principle of watermarking here is based on embedding a pattern of invisible identification information (for instance logo) into a satellite image so that it can be detected or extracted later to identify the copyright owner. Unlike other sorts of data, satellite images are complex in nature and contain very sensitive information which can be easily degraded by inserting additional information. This means that applying watermarking technique to satellite images would affect negatively on its quality, which totally interferes with the main purpose of building high resolution satellites. Thus, a proper technique should be developed to overcome this problem. Recently, digital watermarking has been a hot research topic in academia and industry, where a wide number of schemes have been proposed and evaluated. This paper deals with the design, implementation and evaluation of a novel watermarking model for preserving the copyright and authentication of DubaiSat-2 images. The proposed algorithm must be robust against intentional and non-intentional attacks such as compression, scaling, rotation, filtering, cropping, contrast enhancement etc. In addition, the algorithm should be fragile in such a way that it should be very sensitive to any minor tampering/modification and it should precisely detect tampered area on the satellite image. Moreover, the watermark should be imperceptible to the human eye. Five quality indices are used to assess the performance of the proposed prototype, which consist of the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), wavelet domain signal to noise ratio (WSNR), structure similarity index measurement (SSIM), normalized correlation (NC) and mean square error (MSE).


Discussions regarding diminishing access to justice have centered on the high disputing costs, gradual contraction of substantive rights, and increasingly defendant-friendly procedure. The importance of the ideological, experiential, and jurisprudential orientation of the judges presiding over litigation at the trial level has received much less—and insufficient—attention. Because so much focus has been on federal appellate courts, commentators have largely overlooked a potentially powerful tool for improving access and promoting a fair airing of claims at the trial level: a litigant's automatic ability to transfer a case to a different judge as a matter of right to avoid judges who are unduly hostile to claims for relief, recompense, or change. This procedure of automatic judicial reassignment exists in various forms in roughly one-third of the states and appears to work well. But federal courts—the courts perhaps most in need of such a tool— remain resistant. This Article sets forth a rationale for giving all parties a right to an automatic judicial reassignment (judicial "peremptory challenges," for lack of a better term) and addresses the concerns of opponents, who wrongly argue that giving litigants this option runs counter to the norm of judicial neutrality. On the contrary, such challenges enhance judicial neutrality and competence and reduce the risk that claims will be "smothered in the crib" by hostile trial judges. In a world with judges whose experience, orientation, competence, and productivity vary widely, the automatic right of reassignment can be a useful tool for increasing access. It should be expanded to all states and especially to federal courts.


In plantation grown Sitka spruce, timber density is an important quality concern. Currently Sitka spruce timber meets the requirements for C16 strength grading which is the minimum requirement for construction uses. However, the margin is not exceeded by much and a small reduction in density could lower the log grading. Therefore it is essential to understand how timber density is impacted by site factors and climate in order to predict the potential effects of climate change on timber quality in Sitka spruce in the future. This has important economic implications for UK forestry.

To assess the influence of site factors and climate on growth and resulting timber properties in Sitka spruce, three experiments were established; a large scale wood quality survey ("The Benchmarking experiment"), a detailed inter-site density study ("The Level II experiment") and a continuous growth monitoring experiment (Dendrometer experiment).

In the 'Benchmarking' experiment, increment cores were collected from 68 sites over a geographically wide area in Scotland and Northern England in order to quantify the effect of selected site factors on density. These samples were not suited for climate analysis at annual ring level and therefore disks that allowed reliable dating of the tree rings were collected from three Level II sites. The Level II samples were also used in an acoustic velocity study and an assessment of the within-tree patterns in density. Material from both Benchmarking and Level II sites was used for modelling radial density. In addition to this the Level II data functioned as a test dataset for the different density models that were developed on the Benchmarking data.

Density and other tree ring variables were measured with an ITRAX X-ray densitometer and WinDENDRO software. Some acoustic measurements were also carried out with a purpose built ultrasonic scanner to allow calculation of radial variation in stiffness. A dendrometer experiment was established to monitor short term growth variation in Sitka spruce in real time. The aim was also to use the growth data to date density profiles and hence identify causes for the density differences. Data analysis was carried out in R mainly using linear and non-linear mixed effects models, the dendrochronology software package dplR and methods of time series analysis.

It was found that the largest part of the variation in density was between trees within each site. Both density and stiffness were mostly influenced by the growth rate or by another variable describing the tree vigour. Fast growth decreased density both by increasing earlywood proportion as well as decreasing the density of both earlywood and latewood. Models for the radial behaviour of density and stiffness could be fitted to the data, but random tree effects remained large. This limits the applicability of these models to new sites as reparameterisation would be required, which requires data from time consuming density and acoustic velocity measurements. The possibility of modelling the model coefficients from easily measurable stand and tree variables was investigated but the results were not promising.

The Dendrometer experiment indicated that annual growth in Sitka spruce was initiated in late May and terminated by mid September. Ring widths detected by the dendrometers, micro core measurements and X-ray density based tree ring analysis differed, which caused difficulties in dating the density profile. To decrease these problems in the future the microcore sample storage protocol was revised. The dendrometer data indicated that the growing season was divided into several sections between which the growth rate differed.

Latewood density and maximum density had the strongest correlations with the climatic variables. At one site the correlations included temperature and rainfall in April whereas at the other precipitation throughout the growing season or during the May-August period were important. Temperature was correlated positively with density variables and rainfall negatively.


Background/Context The Research Training Grant (RTG) program at the University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Education aimed to create strong research training experiences for predissertation fellows through generous financial aid, mentored research apprenticeships, and cocurricular experiences. Collectively these offerings sought to broaden knowledge of urban education and exposure to diverse research methods. Initiated in a context of significant institutional growth and change, the RTG also sought to improve the research training experiences of PhD students outside the RTG program, making broader discussions of urban education, educational research, and social research more integral to the general PhD student experience and to the life of the school. This was attempted with the launch of a schoolwide seminar series on educational research, the introduction of an annual student research symposium administered by the RTG fellows, and continuing faculty attention to policies affecting doctoral student mentoring and research training. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The article describes the aims and organization of the program and discusses strengths and challenges identified by students and faculty. Research Design This is a qualitative case study. Conclusions/Recommendations The operation of the RTG program at Penn offers several insights into how education schools might get the most out of their investments in doctoral students and doctoral education: (1) Its support of rigorous, discipline-based research training complemented by opportunities for interdisciplinary exposure seems to be important. Further, such initiatives are systematically supported with investments by the faculty and the administration. (2) The opportunity for students to approach research and problems of practice from multiple disciplinary perspectives was a significant perceived benefit of the RTG program's operation at Penn. (3) A flexible model of research apprenticeship, creative seminars, and symposia all helped to illuminate the strengths and limitations of discipline-based research. (4) Penn GSE PhD students who engaged in discussions that promoted epistemological diversity were better off for it. This sort of work is unlikely to occur at the level of the individual degree program, so engagement and support from the whole faculty are implied. (5) "Institutionalizing" these sorts of experiences and opportunities for students may mean consideration of structures and supports for doctoral student training that are unconventional, multidisciplinary, and collaborative.


Boolean Networks (BNs) as simplified gene regulatory network models enable us to study their dynamics, which is critical for developing future genetic therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we alter the long term behavior of BNs by modifying the underlying regulatory rules, which we term as function perturbations. As the long-run behavior of BNs reflects the phenotype of the cell, we search for the optimal way to perturb BNs to avoid undesirable aberrant cellular states, such as cancer. For a network constructed from melanoma gene expression data, the optimal function perturbation has been found based on the derived results to achieve a more favorable steady-state distribution and reduce the risk of metastasis in melanoma.


Cloud computing is gaining significant attention, however, security is the biggest hurdle in its wide acceptance. Users of cloud services are under constant fear of data loss, security threats and availability issues. Recently, learning-based methods for security applications are gaining popularity in the literature with the advents in machine learning techniques. However, the major challenge in these methods is obtaining real-time and unbiased datasets. Many datasets are internal and cannot be shared due to privacy issues or may lack certain statistical characteristics. As a result of this, researchers prefer to generate datasets for training and testing purpose in the simulated or closed experimental environments which may lack comprehensiveness. Machine learning models trained with such a single dataset generally result in a semantic gap between results and their application. There is a dearth of research work which demonstrates the effectiveness of these models across multiple datasets obtained in different environments. We argue that it is necessary to test the robustness of the machine learning models, especially in diversified operating conditions, which are prevalent in cloud scenarios. In this work, we use the UNSW dataset to train the supervised machine learning models. We then test these models with ISOT dataset. We present our results and argue that more research in the field of machine learning is still required for its applicability to the cloud security.


This article empirically studies consumer choice behavior with respect to store brands in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Store-brand market shares differ by country and are usually much higher in Europe than in the United States. The authors study the notion that the differential success of store brands in the United States and Europe is the higher brand equity that store brands command in Europe than in the United States. They use a framework based on consumer brand choice under uncertainty and brands as signals of product positions to conduct their analysis. More specifically, they examine whether uncertainty about quality (or the positioning of the brand in the product space); perceived quality of store brands versus national brands; consistency in store-brand offerings over time; and consumer attitudes toward risk, quality, and price underlie the differential success of store brands at least partially in the United States and Europe. The authors' model is estimated on scanner-panel data on laundry detergent in the U.S., U.K., and Spanish markets and on toilet paper and margarine data in the U.S. and Spanish markets. The authors find that consumer learning and perceived risk (and associated brand equity), as well as consumer attitude toward risk, quality, and price, play an important role in consumers' store-brand and national-brand choices and contribute to the differences in relative success of store brands across the countries studied.


This study deals with written feedback on pupils' written texts and teachers' assessment practices and cognition. Providing effective, written feedback is a complex process that requires knowledge of the competency goal and development of methods for reducing the gap between pupil's current status and pupil's preferred state. Effective feedback is feedback that enhances pupils' learning. In order to enhance learning feedback should contain information related to the following questions: "Where am I going?"; "How am I going?"; "Where to next?" The answers to these questions provide feed up, feed back and feed forward. The three questions must be connected in order to result in pupils' greater achievement.The data in this study consists of written feedback collected from teachers at an upper secondary school. The main objective of the study was to examine what kind of written feedback teachers provide to help their pupils further. The feedback texts were analyzed according to Kronholm-Cederberg's Response Triangle, divided into global and local text levels, and the terms defined above. Eight semi-standardized interviews were also conducted in order to examine teachers' assessment practices and cognition.It is my experience that teachers' responses contained elements at both the local and global text levels with the exception of context at the global level. In terms of the three questions mentioned above, most responses contained clear information about feed back and feed forward, however, there is a lack of feed up (goals) in most of the written feedback texts. This is unfortunate since feed up must be clear in order for pupils to develop further and increase their learning. This study also showed that teachers in general know much about assessment. However, there seems to be a tension between teachers' knowledge and their practices. Teachers do not always tend to do what they know and believe.


Abstract 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel has been widely used for many applications, e.g. rolling bearings which work in difficult operating conditions. Therefore, this steel has to be characterized by special properties such as high wear resistance and high hardness. In this study laser-boriding was applied to improve these properties. Laser alloying was conducted as the two step process with two different types of alloying material: amorphous boron only and amorphous boron with addition of calcium fluoride CaF2. At first, the surface was coated with paste including alloying material. Second step of the process consisted in laser re-melting. The surface of sample, coated with the paste, was irradiated by the laser beam. In this study, TRUMPF TLF 2600 Turbo CO2 laser was used. The microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of both laser-borided layer and laser-borided layer with the addition of calcium fluoride were investigated. The layer, alloyed with boron and CaF2, was characterized by higher wear resistance than the layer after laser boriding only.


One of the concerns expressed about the implementation of complementarity under the ICC statute is whether a state will have the prerogative of deciding which crimes to charge without running the risk that the ICC will minimize the State's choice by prosecuting the same acts under the ICC statute. The primary question is what happens if a State chooses to prosecute for an "ordinary" crime, such as murder or rape, rather than for an "international" crime, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes? Suppose, for example, that a State is prosecuting or has prosecuted an accused for multiple murders for a particular incident that also arguably was part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. Is the case inadmissible in the ICC or could there be a prosecution in the ICC for crimes against humanity of murder? Assuming that jurisdictional requirements are met, the issue becomes one of admissibility of the matter and, in the case of completed cases, also an issue of ne bis in idem, or double jeopardy. A case is not admissible in the ICC if a State with primary jurisdiction is willing and able to proceed with the investigation and prosecution or if the accused was already tried for the conduct and a further prosecution is now barred under the ne bis in idem provision. There are exceptions, however, to the willing and able provision and to the ne bis in idem bar if the State prosecution is a "sham" trial, shielding the accused from responsibility, or was an improper proceeding, lacking in independence or impartiality and inconsistent with bringing the accused to justice. While the issue of "ordinary" crimes occurs with both the "willing and able" standard and the ne bis in idem standard, the focus of this paper will be on the situation in which a State has already prosecuted an accused for a crime, resulting in a conviction, an acquittal, or another final determination of the case. The prior adjudication triggers the principle of ne bis in idem, or double jeopardy. I will develop the point that the design of the ne bis in idem principle in the ICC statute is highly protective of State prosecutions and is expressly different from the statutes for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) that permit greater control by the international tribunal than exists with the ICC. The definitions chosen for ne bis in idem in the ICC statute foster the priority of States in initially prosecuting crimes, give states great leeway to prosecute after an ICC prosecution, and greatly limit the ability of the ICC to prosecute after a state adjudication of the facts. Although the application of the ne bis in idem provision is not settled since the ICC has yet to interpret it, a broad interpretation of ne bis in idem that favors state prosecutions over ICC prosecutions would be more consistent with the language of the statute and the underlying principle of complementarity. This is not to say that the extensive deference to State prosecutions is necessarily the best balance between national and international prosecutions. The deferential approach will potentially preempt ICC jurisdiction in cases in which one might argue that an international prosecution based on more serious crimes would result in greater justice. Significantly for the accused, the State-protective approach of the ICC statute may result in multiple prosecutions for the same conduct. While these concerns are not inconsequential and deserve consideration from a policy and drafting perspective, this paper focuses on the interpretation that, from a legal analysis, follows from the ICC statute as it was in fact drafted. As presently constituted, the ICC ne bis in idem provisions are protective, rather than preemptive, of State prerogatives. The general principle of ne bis in idem and a detailed analysis of the ICC provisions are laid out in the following sections. Section II provides an overview of the basic terminology and concepts used with ne bis in idem, including the difference between a narrow definition that uses "crime" or "elements" and a broad definition that uses "conduct," "acts," or "facts." Section III describes the statutory provisions of the ICC statute and analyzes the meaning of the terms "crime" and "conduct" in the statute. The meaning is considered in light of the drafting history, the language differences in each paragraph of the ne bis in idem provision, the distinction between the provisions in the ICC statute and the statutes of the ICTY and the ICTR, and a comparision with the interpretation of ne bis in idem language with regard to the European arrest warrant. The conclusion is that the most accurate interpretation of the ICC statutory provisions would provide for a broad ne bis in idem prohibition when a national prosecution is followed by a potential ICC prosecution, blocking a subsequent ICC prosecution based on the same conduct. Section IV then explores whether the exceptions to ne bis in idem would have the effect of narrowing the ne bis in idem protection. Here, too, the conclusion is reached that, barring evasive, deceptive practices, it is unlikely that the exceptions would change the result that most national prosecutions would bar subsequent ICC prosecutions for the same conduct. As a conclusion, Section V is a summary of the major points why state prosecutions are given deference under the ICC ne bis in idem provisions and also a brief commentary on other unresolved issues related to ne bis in idem.


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Numerous small tributaries on the eastern flank of Spearfish Creek originate within a mineralized area with a long history of gold-mining activity. Some streams draining this area are known to have elevated concentrations of arsenic. One such tributary is Annie Creek, where arsenic concentrations regularly approach the Maximum Contaminant Level of 50 μg/L (micrograms per liter) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A site on Annie Creek was proposed for inclusion on the National Priorities List by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1991. This report presents information about arsenic loads and concentrations in Spearfish Creek and its tributaries, including Annie Creek. Stream types were classified according to geologic characteristics and in-stream arsenic concentrations. The first type includes streams that lack significant arsenic sources and have low in-stream arsenic concentrations. The second type has abundant arsenic sources and high in-stream concentrations. The third type has abundant arsenic sources but only moderate in-stream concentrations. The fourth type is a mixture of the first three types. Annual loads of dissolved arsenic were calculated for two reaches of Spearfish Creek to quantify arsenic loads at selected gaging stations during water years 1989-91. Mass-balance calculations also were performed to estimate arsenic concentrations for ungaged inflows to Spearfish Creek. The drainage area of the upstream reach includes significant mineralized areas, whereas the drainage area of the downstream reach generally is without known arsenic sources. The average load of dissolved arsenic transported from the upstream reach of Spearfish Creek, which is representative of a type 4 stream, was 158 kilograms per year, calculated for station 06430900, Spearfish Creek above Spearfish. Gaged headwater tributaries draining unmineralized areas (type 1) contributed only 16 percent of the arsenic load in 63 percent of the discharge. Annie Creek (type 2), which has the highest measured arsenic concentrations in the Spearfish Creek drainage, contributed about 15 percent of the arsenic load in about 2 percent of the discharge of the upstream reach. Squaw Creek, which drains another mineralized area, but has only moderate in-stream concentrations (type 3), contributed 4 percent of the arsenic load in 5 percent of the discharge. Ungaged inflows to the reach contributed the remaining 65 percent of the arsenic load in 30 percent of the discharge. The calculated loads from ungaged inflows include all arsenic contributed by surfaceand ground-water sources, as well as any additions of arsenic from dissolution of arsenicbearing solid phases, or from desorption of arsenic from solid surfaces, within the streambed of the upstream reach. Mass-balance calculations indicate that dissolved arsenic concentrations of the ungaged inflows in the upstream reach averaged about 9 μg/L. In-stream arsenic concentrations of ungaged inflows from the unmineralized western flank of Spearfish Creek probably are generally low (type 1). Thus, in-stream arsenic concentrations for ungaged inflows draining the mineralized eastern flank of Spearfish probably average almost twice that level, or about 18 μg/L. Some ungaged, eastern-flank inflows probably are derived from type 3 drainages, with only moderate arsenic concentrations. If so, other ungaged, eastern-


Increasing numbers of young children enter the juvenile justice system each year while the system has few supports to work effectively with children, families, and communities to turn children's lives toward healthy pathways. This article examines the complexity of this process in one community of 500 children under the age of 14. We assess many factors that influence the developmental trajectories of young children who are at risk for harm to themselves and others. Young offenders and their families receive myriad services, most of which are disjointed and focused on specific problems or issues, rather than family systems. Findings are discussed and we offer a set of preliminary recommendations. During the last decade of the 20th century, juvenile violence spread like an epidemic among America's young people. Juvenile arrests for violent crime offenses increased 67% between 1986 and 1995 (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1999). In 1997, 3,593 youth ages 15-19 died by gunshot. Among younger children, guns were involved in 439 deaths of 10-14 year olds, 107 deaths of 5-9 year olds, and 84 deaths of children under 5. This is a total of 4,223 children and youth under age 20 killed by a gun in 1997 (Child Trends, 2000). From 1991 to 1995, female juvenile arrests for violent crime offenses increased 34%, nearly four times the male juvenile increase of 9% (Snyder, 1997). Overall, youth violence increased among both males and females ("Youth Violence," 1991). Nearly everyday there are reports in the media highlighting the crimes committed by children 10 years old and younger. Recently, in March 2000, the nation's youngest school killer emerged before us. A six-year old boy shot and killed an age-mate girl after a fight they had on the playground the day before. Both children were put at risk by families who were in vulnerable situations. Although juvenile crime is not a new phenomenon (Krisberg & Austin, 1993), given this downward age trend, we need to examine the issue from a developmental perspective.1 Scholars in the social sciences, especially developmental psychology, need to provide data to those in fields such as juvenile justice, education, and social service to create a safety net for children vulnerable and at risk for harm to self and others. What follows is an accounting of a pilot research project that was conducted to assess factors contributing to criminal behavior among young offenders ages 10-13. The research was executed to provide the foundation for an intervention of very young juvenile offenders. The intervention is called Project Turnaround. In the specific community for this project, there was little question that the juvenile justice system was ill-equipped to address the needs of this young segment of its clientele. Equally apparent was that we had little information on who these children were or their families, and how they had engaged various parts of the justice and social service systems over time. Specifically, the aim of the project was to create alternative paths for the development of these children. METHOD We relied on several conceptualizations and perspectives including the ecology of child development (e. g. , Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1989; Erikson, 1963; Mclaughlin, Irby, & Langman, 1994), life course development (e. g. , Baltes & Brim, 1979; Elder, 1974; Elder& Caspi, 1988) resilience and risk (e. g. , Cicchetti & Garmezy, 1993; Luther, 1991; Radke-- Yarrow & Brown, 1993; Rutter, 1992; Spencer, Cole, Dupree, Glymph, & Pierre, 1993), and clinical research that provide underpinnings for understanding the etiology of delinquency and other antisocial behaviors (e. g. , Frick et al. , 1992; Kazdin, 1987; Kazdin, Siegel, & Bass, 1992; Loeber, 1982; Moffit, 1990; Stouthamer-Loeber et al. , 1993). Most of the extant literature focuses on adolescents and not middle and elementary school-aged children. …


Parmenides may be called the founding father of Western philosophy. His poem on the unshaken heart of well-rounded truth and the opinions of mortals contains such astonishing depth of thought that Plato, choosing Homeric epithets, called him reverend and awful (Theaetetus, 183e).

Hermann Diels (1848-1922) produced the first critical edition of the poem. His edition, though a landmark of scholarship, has long been out of print. Walter Burkert has written a new preface for this reprint, and Diels' bibliography has been modernized by Daniela de Cecco.


The article is concerned with the study of a number of illustrated books of World War I ("the Great War documents") which were edited by the right wing Weimar intellectual Ernst J?nger. It is his concept of the Total Mobilization which allows me to demonstrate a genetic connection between photography and cinema as "modern mass-media" and the phaenomenon of a technical war. For J?nger a technical war and technology in general are the art and way, in which the figure of The Worker is mobilizing the world and aims for a global dominance. Thus the illustrated books of the Great War appear as documents of a global transformation and indicate a new heroic experience of a modern technical reality comparable with films of Dziga Vertov, Leni Riefenstahl or Fritz Lang.


In this paper we make the following three claims. (1), in contradiction with the conventional view according to which the French depression was very different to that observed in the US, we argue that there are more similarities than differences between the French and U.S. experiences and therefore a common explanation should be sought. (2), poor growth in technological opportunities appear neither necessary nor sufficient to account for the French depression. (3), changes in institutional and market regulation appear necessary to account for the overall changes observed over the period. Moreover, we show that the size of these institutional changes may by themselves be enough to quantatively explain the French depression. However, at this time, we have no theory to explain the size or the timing of these changes.


Abstract. The Reissner-Mindlin plate theory models a thin plate with thickness t. The condition numbers of finite element approximations of this model deteriorate badly as the thickness t of the plate converges to 0. In this paper, we develop an overlapping domain decomposition method for the Reissner-Mindlin plate model discretized by the Falk-Tu elements with the convergence rate which does not deteriorate when t converges to 0. It is shown that the condition number of this overlapping method is bounded by C(1 + H δ )(1 + log H h ). Here H is the maximum diameter of the subdomains, δ the size of overlap between subdomains, and h the element size. Numerical examples are provided to confirm the theory.


Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 most frequently used drugs in the United States and represent the highest co-occurrence of polysubstance use. The objective of this study was to refine an intervention combining mobile contingency management with cognitive-behavioral telephone counseling for concurrent treatment of alcohol and tobacco use disorders. Two cohorts (n = 13 total, n = 5 women) of participants were enrolled, with 10/13 completing treatment and 7/13 completing the 6-month follow-up. At enrollment, participants were drinking a mean of 28.9 drinks per week (SD = 14.1), with a mean of 14.7 heavy drinking days in the past month (SD = 9.9), and a mean of 18.1 cigarettes per day (SD = 11.7). Treatment included a mobile application that participants used to record carbon monoxide and breath alcohol content readings to bioverify abstinence. Participants received up to 4 sessions of phone cognitive-behavioral therapy and monetary reinforcement contingent on abstinence. In cohort 1, 4/6 participants reported abstinent or low-risk drinking post-monitoring. Six weeks post quit-date, 2/6 participants were CO-bioverified abstinent from tobacco use, with 2/6 in dual remission. These results were maintained at 6-months. In cohort 2, 6/7 reported abstinent or low-risk drinking post-monitoring, 5 weeks post quit-date. At the post-monitoring visit, 5/7 were CO-bioverified abstinent from smoking, with 5/7 in dual remission. At 6-months, 3/7 reporting abstinent or low-risk drinking, 1/7 had bioverified abstinence from smoking, with 1/7 in dual remission. Observations suggest that it is possible to develop a concurrent mobile treatment for alcohol and tobacco use disorders.


The traditional evaluation of transport projects principally considers the benefits produced by the reduction in journey time of the travellers, but a specific reduction is not the same for a one-hour trip as for one of 20 minutes, or for a work-related journey as for a shopping-related journey. The purpose of this investigation is to construct a Pattern of Social Behaviour in the use of the city (in space and time), and specifically the travel time patterns, to use them to prioritise different transport corridors, in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, under a social equity approach, in journey time. The study applies a trip chain analysis (similar to activity-based models) over the travel survey of the metropolitan area of Barcelona (2001). The results are analysed in a probabilistic dimension of Hagerstrand's time-geography approach. The result is a new indicator of access, called functional probability, which derives from how people move in the city. This "willingness to spend time on travel" was used to identify outliers travel time, as a social equity factor, in the use of the city. The threshold of 10% of the greater travel time was used to identify inequitable travel (with different purposes and social class of travellers). Finally, the assignment of these inequity trips shows transport corridors with different spatial specialisation. The main conclusion of the research is that taking a social view of travellers, with regard to their different purposes and social class, in the form of how they use the city in terms of space and time, is a more realistic criterion to prioritise different transport corridors, by carrying out the analysis of who makes use of them, for what reason, and for how long.


This paper provides new evidence on how public policies affect individuals' disposition of pre-retirement lump-sum distributions (LSDs) from pensions. The policies, enacted in the 1980s and 1990s, include changes in tax rates, penalties, withholding rules, and default options. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we find that each set of policies influence LSD choices independently and through interactions with the other set. The impact of defaults and withholding rules implies that behavioral considerations influence household choices. This in turn creates the possibility that a wide range of policies could be used to change saving behavior.


Cinema and the Great War concentrates on one part of the art of the war: the cinema. Used as tool for propaganda during the war itself, by the mid 1920s cinema had begun to reflect the rejection of conflict prevalent in all the arts. Andrew Kelly explores the development of anti-war cinema in, Britain, America, Germany and France from the ground-breaking Lay Down your Arms, made by Bertha Von Suttner in 1914 and Lewis Milestone's bitter All Quiet on the Western Front through to Stanley Kubrick's magnificent Paths of Glory.


It is not right for children to die before their parents. It is not right for peaceful, unarmed citizens to die at the hands of the police. In my civil rights practice, I have met many mothers, fathers, and family members who are struggling to recover after a law enforcement officer caused the death of their loved one. Sure, they want fair compensation. But money does little to reduce their loss or make the grief more bearable. They often want to do something that will ensure that their loved one did not die in vain. They want to prevent other families from suffering the same loss. This Article will show that even without standing to seek injunctive relief, these plaintiffs can indeed secure significant reform. This Article will also share suggestions for the practitioner on how to litigate these cases economically and efficiently. Part I explores avenues for relief other than compensatory and punitive damages. Part II shares language to include in retainer agreements to encourage clients to share any settlement they reach with the public to increase awareness of police misconduct. Part III explains that researching local police policies and practices helps to inform where meaningful opportunities for reform exist. Part IV then provides examples of resolutions that require the officers involved and their supervisors to personally engage with the victims' families or that commemorate victims in their respective communities. Finally, Part V reviews techniques for case selection, case theory, and working within a budget so the small office practitioner can make enough money to carry the work forward.


List of contributors Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Basic facts and figures ( Jorg Oehlenschlager and Hartmut Rehbein). 1.1 Introduction 1.2 World fishery production 1.3 Categories of fish species 1.4 Fish muscle 1.5 Nutritional composition 1.6 Vitamins 1.7 Minerals 1.8 Post mortem changes in fish muscle 1.9 References and further reading Chapter 2 Traditional methods ( Peter Howgate). 2.1 Introduction 2.2 TVB-N 2.3 Methylamines 2.4 Volatile acids 2.5 Volatile reducing substances 2.6 Indole 2.7 Proteolysis and amino acids 2.8 pH 2.9 Refractive index of eye fluids 2.10 Discussion and summary 2.11 References Chapter 3 Biogenic amines ( Rogerio Mendes). 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors affecting amine decarboxylase activity 3.3 Safety aspects 3.4 Quality assessment 3.5 Regulatory issues 3.6 Methods of biogenic amine determination 3.7 References Chapter 4 ATP-derived products and K-value determination ( Margarita Tejada). 4.1 In vivo role of nucleotides 4.2 Post mortem changes 4.3 Methodology for evaluating the K-value or related compounds 4.4 Conclusions 4.5 References Chapter 5 VIS/NIR spectroscopy ( Heidi Anita Nilsen and Karsten Heia). 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Analytical principles and measurements 5.3 Constituents: assessment of chemical composition 5.4 Freshness and storage time 5.5 Authentication 5.6 Safety 5.7 Other quality parameters 5.8 Summary and future perspectives 5.9 References Chapter 6 Electronic nose and electronic tongue ( Corrado Di Natale and Gudrun Olafsdottir). 6.1 Introduction to the electronic nose and olfaction 6.2 Application of the electronic nose and electronic tongue 6.3 Colorimetric techniques, optical equipment and consumer electronics 6.4 Classification of fish odours 6.5 Quality indicators in fish during chilled storage: gas chromatography analysis of volatile compounds 6.6 Application of the electronic nose for evaluation of fish freshness 6.7 Combined electronic noses for estimating fish freshness 6.8 Conclusions and future outlook 6.9 References Chapter 7 Colour measurement ( Reinhard Schubring). 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Instrumentation 7.3 Novel methods of colour evaluation 7.4 Colour measurement on fish and fishery products 7.5 Summary 7.6 References Chapter 8 Differential scanning calorimetry ( Reinhard Schubring). 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Principle of function of the instruments 8.3 First applications of DSC on fish muscle and other seafood 8.4 Recent applications of DSC for investigating quality and safety 8.5 Summary 8.6 References Chapter 9 Instrumental texture measurement ( Mercedes Careche and Marta Barroso). 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Instrumental texture 9.3 Texture measurement for quality classification or prediction 9.4 Conclusions 9.5 References Chapter 10 Image processing ( Michael Kroeger). 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Quality characteristics from images 10.3 Spectral signature of images 10.4 Elastic properties from images 10.5 Analysis of image data 10.6 Results and discussion 10.7 Freshness determination from images 10.8 Firmness information from images 10.9 Conclusions 10.10 References Chapter 11 Nuclear magnetic resonance ( Marit Aursand, Emil Veliyulin, Inger B. Standal, Eva Falch, Ida G. Aursand and Ulf Erikson). 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Magnetic resonance imaging 11.3 Low-field NMR 11.4 High-resolution NMR 11.5 The future of NMR in seafood 11.6 References Chapter 12 Time domain spectroscopy ( Michael Kent and Frank Daschner). 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Measurement system 12.3 Time domain reflectometry measurements 12.4 Conclusions 12.5 References Chapter 13 Measuring electrical properties ( Michael Kent and Jorg Oehlenschlager). 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Fischtester 13.3 Torrymeter 13.4 Use of the Fischtester 13.5 Summary 13.6 References Chapter 14 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis ( Flemming Jessen). 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) 14.3 2DE applications in seafood science 14.4 2DE-based seafood science in the future 14.5 References Chapter 15 Microbiological methods ( Ulrike Lyhs). 15.1 Microorganisms in fish and fish products 15.2 General aspects of microbiological methods 15.3 Most probable number method 15.4 Molecular methods 15.5 References Chapter 16 Protein-based methods ( Hartmut Rehbein). 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Fish muscle proteins 16.3 Electrophoretic methods for fish species identification 16.4 High-performance liquid chromatography 16.5 Immunological methods and detection of allergenic proteins 16.6 Determination of heating temperature 16.7 Differentiation of fresh and frozen/thawed fish fillets 16.8 References Chapter 17 DNA-based methods ( Hartmut Rehbein). 17.1 Introduction 17.2 DNA in fishery products 17.3 Genes used for species identification 17.4 Methods 17.5 Conclusions and outlook 17.6 References Chapter 18 Other principles: analysis of lipids, stable isotopes and trace elements ( Iciar Martinez). 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Species and breeding stock identification by lipid analysis 18.3 Verification of the production method 18.4 Identification of the geographic origin 18.5 Future prospects 18.6 References Chapter 19 Sensory evaluation of seafood: general principles and guidelines (Emilia Martinsdottir, Rian Schelvis, Grethe Hyldig and Kolbrun Sveinsdottir). 19.1 General principles for sensory analysis 19.2 Application of sensory evaluation to fish and other seafood 19.3 References Chapter 20 Sensory evaluation of seafood: methods ( Emilia Martinsdottir, Rian Schelvis, Grethe Hyldig and Kolbrun Sveinsdottir). 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Difference tests 20.3 Grading schemes 20.4 Quality index method 20.5 Descriptive sensory analysis 20.6 Consumer tests (hedonic) 20.7 References Chapter 21 Data handling by multivariate data analysis ( Bo M. Jorgensen). 21.1 Introduction 21.2 What is multivariate data analysis? 21.3 Arrangement of data for bi-linear modelling 21.4 The outcome of bi-linear modelling 21.5 Validation and prediction 21.6 Real examples and further reading 21.7 References Chapter 22 Traceability as a tool ( Erling P. Larsen and Begona Perez Villarreal). 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Traceability from older times to the present 22.3 Traceability research in the seafood sector and other EU-funded food traceability projects 22.4 Validation of traceability data 22.5 Traceability in a global perspective 22.6 References Index


This narrative examines the writer's participation in the Becas para Aztlan Scholarship Program, a Mexican government program that provided scholarships to Chicano students to study in Mexican universities. It discusses how a group of Chicano graduate university students, many who have ended up in leadership positions and careers as university professors, doctors of medicine, teachers, and several other professions, banded together to form a strong enduring union. It also recounts the author's experiences in this international pedagogical journey and how this cultural, sociolinguistic, political and academic binational experience influenced and strengthened his professional teaching career with his own students over the last 34 years. It also details the writer's participation and fortification of thirty years of Spanish language high school newspaper journalism in South San Diego. It explains how his students' and his contribution to the maintenance of a Spanish primary language news, culture and literary publication, La Voz Azteca newspaper has been a part of additive bilingualism and established a formidable front against subtractive schooling policies. The narrative suggests that this form of transformational resistance has perhaps found a meaningful way into a part of the history of the struggle for Chicano/Mexican/Latino expression.


English Language Learner (ELL) achievement on standardized testing in a second language (L2; English) has been shown to be compromised due to L2 literacy deficits demonstrated by many of these students (Cheng, Fox, & Zheng, 2007; Solorzano, 2008; Zheng, Cheng, & Klinger, 2007). ELL achievement results on the Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) literacy requirement, the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT), have remained consistently a minimum of 10% below that of students whose first language (L1) is English (Education Quality and Accountability Office, 2015a). The focus of this quasi-experimental study was to improve ELL L2 literacy, specifically achievement of reading skills, using a targeted intervention which consisted of a series of balanced strategy literacy sessions. This explicitly instructed balanced strategy literacy program was delivered in an after school format to secondary school ELL students who were randomly assigned to treatment (use of L1 and L2) and subtreatment groups (use of L2 only). Balanced strategy instruction utilized the constructionintegration model of reading comprehension (Kintsch, 1988) as a direct application of social-cognitive constructivist theory to engage students in the building of L2 literacy skills through choral reading, guided reading, independent reading, peer discussions and high interest vocabulary development. Research results indicated that the treatment method used did not have a significant effect on ELL achievement of reading skills in L2, as measured by the 2014 OSSLT in comparison to pre-intervention achievement on the 2010 OSSLT. Research results also indicated higher achievement levels on the 2014 OSSLT for ELL students who had greater exposure to L2 development (e.g., prior courses, daily practice). Following the study, the ELL students' development of L2 BALANCED STRATEGY INSTRUCTION AND ELL LITERACY iii literacy skills continued within the context of secondary school credit courses towards successful completion of the OSSD. These findings suggest that more research is needed to determine the effective implementation of balanced strategy literacy programming as a support to ELL demonstration of graduation diploma requirements.