Astronaissance neatly conceptualizes the crossover between the African Renaissance, the re-emergence of Astronomy in Africa, and the rise of cognate space sciences and astronautics. Story-telling, painting, engraving, writing, and above all, viewing the heavens above, have always been amongst the strategies for communicating this excitement and wonder. Today, astronomy societies, the internet, media and mobile phone apps, and other public outreach projects are crucial when, for the first time ever, a majority of Africa's people now live under the light-polluted skies of our continent's towns and cities. Space-related products and services are woven into the fabric of our daily life as never before. Policy-makers, budget-allocators, and managers need to see as essential to their strategy communicating to Africa's citizens, voters, and taxpayers, the necessity of Astronomy, the other space sciences, and Astronautics.


Resource commissioned the Wider Information and Library Issues Project (WILIP) to discover what challenges are facing the library and information domain, what needs to be done to tackle them, and what role Resource should take in helping to develop and promote strategies for action. In the initial consultation phase of WILIP practitioners identified a number of generic themes. Improved access for users was the primary goal with better advocacy, more effective funding - especially to sustain initiatives - workforce development and building a strategic framework as the key means of achieving it. Many respondents believe better focused, very practical research is essential to provide a coherent body of evidence to support the case for developing libraries and information services as a major component of the Knowledge Society.


The primary aim of the present paper is to introduce a model which permits relevant, actual and continuous monitoring of the multifunctionality of agriculture in Slovenia and, using the model, to evaluate to what extent key elements of multifunctional agriculture were in fact infl uenced by recent agricultural policy goals and measures. Said evaluation was performed on various "multifunctionality elements" using available statistical data for the period examined. Based on selected socio-economic and spatial indicators, together with indicators of biological diversity, the model provides an effi cient tool for assessing the effectiveness of agricultural policy and its impact on the different functions of agriculture. To evaluate the various multifunctionality elements of agriculture and to assess the effect of agricultural policy measures, the model comprises a qualitative assessment, quantitative assessment and the application of indicators of multifunctionality. Based on the collected set of production, environmental and social indicators used, the study points to an increased multifunctional role of agriculture and agricultural policy in Slovenia. The results furthermore show that the goals of agricultural policy in the period 1994-2004 were achieved to a great extent and that the multifunctional attitude of agriculture in Slovenia is increasing.


The Empress of Crime's life was the ultimate detective story - revealed for the first time in this forthright and perceptive biography. While Ngaio Marsh had a flamboyant public persona, she was fiercely protective of her private life. And no one knows better how to cover tracks with red herrings and remove incriminating evidence than a crime fiction writer...This fascinating biography of Ngaio Marsh pieces together both the public and private Marsh in a way that is as riveting as a crime novel. Through her writing and her theatre work, Joanne Drayton assembles the pieces to the puzzle that is Marsh, proving that life can be as thrilling as fiction. Marsh wrote her first detective novel in a London flat in the depths of the 1930s Depression, bringing life to Detective Inspector Roderick Alleyn in her first book, A Man Lay Dead. Through 32 novels he would establish himself as one of the great super-sleuths, and Marsh as one of the four Queens of Golden Age detective fiction, alongside Agatha Christie, Dorothy Sayers and Margery Allingham. In 1932, a family tragedy brought Marsh home to New Zealand, to a life divided - between hemispheres, between passionate relationships at home and abroad, and between the world of publishing and her life as a stage director. In 1949 her writing would earn her the ultimate distinction when Penguin and Collins released the 'Marsh Million': 100,000 copies each of ten of her titles on to the world market. The popular appetite for classic whodunits was insatiable and Ngaio Marsh was one of the best. But her greatest love was the stage - or was it?


Agro-industrial wastes rich in dietary fiber, starch or fermentable carbohydrates, such as bran, citrus pulps, potato peel and molasses can be treated by bacteria and fungi to obtain protein enriched animal feeds, leading at the same time to creation of added value and reduction of the pollution caused by their disposal. Brewer's spent grain (BSG) slurries, containing 2% starch, were treated with strains of Aspergillus oryzae and A. awamori, at various conditions (pH 4, 6 and 8; initial spore concentrations 9(.)10(5), 10(6) and 2(.)10(6) spores/ml). In the first case, simultaneous biomass production was carried out at 30 degrees C in order to evaluate the possibility of producing a substrate that could be used as protein enriched animal feed. In the second case, various by-products (wastes) of the food industry, such as molasses, orange pulp, blended potato peel and their mixtures, after dilution at suitable densities, were used for fungi growth and enzyme secretion. BSG starch hydrolysis was carried out at 45 degrees C using the produced crude enzyme solutions. This way, transformation of the produced fermentable sugars to fungal biomass was avoided and therefore, the hydrolyzates could be utilized as e.g. raw materials for yeast biomass production within the brewery plant. The hydrolyzed slurries were assayed for residual fermentable sugar (glucose and maltose) and crude protein in order to evaluate the possibility of use as protein enriched animal feed, or as carbon sources for yeast production. Both fungi performed well, although A. oryzae proved more efficient in terms of process times and enzyme stability. In both cases, fermentable sugar production was not efficient (0.24-0.95 g/l and 0.96-1.83 g/l respectively) to support use of the BSG hydrolyzates as substrates e.g. for yeast propagation within the brewery. Alternatively, BSG treated directly with the fungi spores are proposed as protein enriched animal feeds. BSG hydrolyzates were also evaluated as nutritious supplements (e.g. sources of minerals and nitrogen compounds such as peptides and amino acids), which when incorporated into yeast growth media containing mixtures of molasses and orange pulp (as carbon sources), resulted in significantly improved biomass yields.


This research provides a confirmatory based analysis which begins with the planning concept of land use mix and explores its explanatory affect upon resident perceptions of their built environment in terms of proximity of recreation and retail destinations within their neighborhood public realm. This research further explores the resident's potential inclination to access these destinations by non motorized active travel modes of walking or bicycling. This research examines the relationship between the propensity for active travel within the neighborhood public realm and levels of resident active engagement (walking and bicycling) and passive engagement (sitting on the front porch) in the neighborhood public realm. This research then examines the relationship between public realm engagement and levels of neighborhood social capital. There are two overarching types of community design patterns, the traditional design pattern, which generally provides higher levels of land use mix and the conventional suburban design pattern, which generally provides lower levels of land use mix (primarily single use). Since the end of World War II, virtually all of the Florida landscape has been developed with the conventional suburban design pattern. In the past ten years, several planning based initiatives have been undertaken by regional planning advocacy and academic organizations which examine differing outcomes associated with the implementation of traditional versus suburban design patterns. Specifically, these studies sought to understand how these different design patterns would translate into the development of existing undisturbed uplands and wetlands. Two major studies, the Penn Design Study (2004) sponsored by the University of Central Florida Metropolitan Center for Regional Studies and the "How Shall We Grow" (2006) study sponsored by MyRegion.org in association with the Orlando Chamber of Commerce, provided scenarios associated with future growth outcomes over the next fifty years within the iii seven county Central Florida region. These study initiatives concluded that the conventional suburban pattern should no longer be implemented in order to reduce future adverse impacts to Florida's environment. These studies supported the implementation of a more traditional pattern of growth, with its higher levels of compactness, mixed land uses and connectivity, as the preferred form of future land development. They demonstrated that traditional design forms would reduce the amount of impacted undeveloped land and also reduce the amount of public service costs associated with lower levels of compactness and land use mix. Although the aforementioned studies provide a very informative evaluation from an environmental perspective, they do not extend their differing potential growth scenarios to a "healthy communities" perspective. This research endeavors to begin to fill that gap through evidence based research using a confirmatory model approach that addresses relationships between phenomena that may be indicative of healthy communities. This study identifies the phenomena of outdoor neighborhood public realm engagement, primarily in the form of physical activity (walking and bicycling) and socializing in the public realm, and neighborhood level social capital, and their potential relationship with higher and lower levels of land use mix. This research posits a pathway mechanism, using structural equation modeling, to better grasp their possible relationships. This research seeks to add evidence based research to the public policy discussion pertaining to the type of future land development patterns that will be advocated by citizens and public policy makers by providing a fuller evaluative resource that includes a discussion of "healthy communities" in terms of outdoor physical activity and social interaction.


We report on a newly detected point-like source, HESS J1943+213 located in the Galactic plane. This source coincides with an unidentified hard X-ray source IGR J19443+2117, which was proposed to have radio and infrared counterparts. HESS J1943+213 is detected at the significance level of 7.9 \sigma (post-trials) at RA(J2000)=19h 43m 55s +- 1s (stat) +- 1s (sys), DEC(J2000) = +21deg 18' 8" +- 17" (stat) +- 20" (sys). The source has a soft spectrum with photon index Gamma = 3.1 +- 0.3 (stat) +- 0.2 (sys) and a flux above 470 GeV of 1.3 +- 0.2 (stat) +- 0.3 (sys) x 10^{-12} cm^{-2} s^{-1}. There is no Fermi/LAT counterpart down to a flux limit of 6 x 10^{-9} cm^{-2} s^{-1} in the 0.1-100 GeV energy range (95% confidence upper limit calculated for an assumed power-law model with a photon index Gamma=2.0). The data from radio to VHE gamma-rays do not show any significant variability. We combine new H.E.S.S., Fermi/LAT and Nancay Radio Telescope observations with pre-existing non-simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of IGR J19443+2117 and discuss the likely source associations as well as the interpretation as an active galactic nucleus, a gamma-ray binary or a pulsar wind nebula. The lack of a massive stellar counterpart disfavors the binary hypothesis, while the soft VHE spectrum would be very unusual in case of a pulsar wind nebula. In addition, the distance estimates for Galactic counterparts places them outside of the Milky Way. All available observations favor an interpretation as an extreme, high-frequency peaked BL Lac object with a redshift z>0.14. This would be the first time a blazar is detected serendipitously from ground-based VHE observations, and the first VHE AGN detected in the Galactic Plane.


The seasonal cycle of reproduction in Temora longicornis was investigated in the Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea, from March 2002 to May 2003. Variations in egg production of the population (EPR) and spawning females (sfEPR, ~ clutch size), proportion of spawning females (%FS), egg hatching success (HS), female prosome length (PL) and weight-specific egg production (spEPR) were compared with the seasonal variations in temperature, salinity, and food concentration and composition. Females reproduced year round with maxima of 9.8 to 12.3 eggs female−1 d−1 in spring and low to moderate egg production during the remaining seasons. PL was maximal during spring, and %FS, sfEPR and spEPR paralleled egg production. HS was low during winter and increased in spring. The statistical analyses showed that mean egg production correlated with both sfEPR and %FS. While %FS was significantly related to food concentration, sfEPR was dependent on both food availability and PL, which in turn was inversely related to temperature. Salinity had no effect on the seasonal variation in egg production because females maintained their vertical position in water with low seasonal amplitudes in salinity and temperature, presumably to avoid high energetic costs due to osmoregulation under fluctuating salinity. Nevertheless, the costs due to osmoregulation during development likely resulted in small female PL, and thus indirectly affected reproduction. Using empirical non-linear regression, 80% of the seasonal variation in egg production of T. longicornis was explained by female length and food concen tration. However, despite the pronounced seasonal variation in egg production, the recruitment of nauplii was continuously high except throughout the productive season, indicating that a low reproductive success was offset by female abundance.


Unresolved inflammation is a significant predictor for developing chronic pain, and targeting the mechanisms underlying inflammation offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. During inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity contributes to tissue remodeling and inflammatory signaling through proteolytic maturation of cytokines. MMP activity is regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) 1-4. TIMP-1 and −2 have known roles in pain, but only in the context of MMP inhibition. However, TIMP-1 also has receptor-mediated cell signaling functions that are not well understood. Here, we examined how TIMP-1-dependent cell signaling impacted inflammatory hypersensitivity and ongoing pain. We found that hindpaw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) increased keratinocyte-derived TIMP-1 that peaked 3 days following inflammation, when mechanical hypersensitivity began to emerge in WT mice. These data suggest that TIMP-1 expression inhibits the development of inflammatory hypersensitivity. To examine this possibility, we injected TIMP-1 knockout (T1KO) mice with a diluted CFA mixture to examine how subtle cutaneous inflammation affected behavioral hypersensitivity. T1KO mice exhibited rapid onset thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity at the site of inflammation that was absent or attenuated in WT controls. We also found that T1KO mice exhibited hypersensitivity in adjacent tissues innervated by different sets of afferents, and skin contralateral to the site of inflammation. Replacement of recombinant murine (rm)TIMP-1 alleviated hypersensitivity when administered at the site and time of inflammation. To examine the MMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms of rmTIMP-1, T1KO mice were administered full-length rmTIMP-1, the N-terminal region (TIMP-1(N)) with MMP-inhibitory properties, or the C-terminal region (TIMP-1(C)) that retains receptor signaling function. Each of the peptides prevented inflammatory hypersensitivity, suggesting that rmTIMP-1 acts through mechanisms that also include receptor-mediated cell signaling. We also found that hypersensitivity was neither due to genotype-specific differences in MMP-9 activity or expression, nor to differences in cytokine expression. Finally, to evaluate the potential clinical utility of TIMP-1, we administered rmTIMP-1 to WT mice and found that rmTIMP-1 prevented clonidine-induced conditioned place preference (e.g., ongoing pain) and inflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity. Collectively, our data suggest a novel role for TIMP-1 in the attenuation of inflammatory pain that occurs through previously uncharacterized cell signaling mechanisms.


A collaborator with Warner Brothers and Paramount in the early days of sound film, the German film director Ernst Lubitsch (1892-1947) is famous for his sense of ironic detachment and for the eroticism he infused into such comedies as So This Is Paris and Trouble in Paradise. In a general introduction to his silent and early sound films (1914-1932) and in close readings of his comedies, Sabine Hake focuses on the visual strategies Lubitsch used to convey irony and analyzes his contribution to the rise of classical narrative cinema. Exploring Lubitsch's depiction of femininity and the influence of his early German films on his entire career, she argues that his comedies represent an important outlet for dealing with sexual and cultural differences. The readings cover The Oyster Princess, The Doll, The Mountain Cat, Passion, Deception, So This Is Paris, Monte Carlo, and Trouble in Paradise, which are interpreted as part of an underlying process of negotiation between different modes of representation, narration, and spectatorship--a process that comprises the conditions of production in two different national cinemas and the ongoing changes in film technology. Drawing attention to Lubitsch's previously neglected German films, this book presents the years until 1922 as the formative period in his career.


Summary An integrated approach to the environmental and social externalities associated with the transport sector was explored within an omnibus biennial survey of peoples' perceptions of the New Zealand environment carried out in 2006. Survey respondents were provided with information about greenhouse gas emissions, road and pollutionrelated deaths, and about direct consumer costs attributable to transport. They were then asked to evaluate four options considered most likely to result in reductions to one or more of these impacts. These options involved introducing or increasing road user charges, reducing the open road speed limit, fuel use efficiency standards, and mandatory exhaust gas quality standards for all cars. Results indicate an overall unwillingness to adopt these measures. Policy makers are nevertheless faced with the challenge of improving land transport sustainability and are therefore in the unenviable position of recommending best performing but least politically damaging policy options. To this end it appears that policies that target particular combinations of impacts are more likely to be supported than those that are more open-ended and generally aim at internalising the overall impacts of road use. However, it is also clear that vehicle users are more likely to support targeted policies that are unlikely to be the most effective in reducing these particular impacts or combinations thereof. This is because the most effective policies would involve all drivers, and have immediate impacts. Notably, however, female respondents and those using public transport were more likely to be supportive of options that would likely have the greatest overall benefits. Lessons for policy makers can be drawn from this study, including how to improve the targeting of policy options to particularly difficult but potentially influential groupings.


The federal government should focus its policies towards economic development on areas in which the federal government has some unique advantages. Federal policy should: (1) discourage financial subsidies to specific large firms by state and local governments; (2) expand the federal role in economic development services in which national action has some special advantages, such as developing information on foreign markets, encouraging large national banks to be more involved in economic development, supporting the development of the "Information Superhighway", and encouraging new technology development; (3) provide modest support for state and local efforts to increase business productivity through technology extension efforts and customized job training programs; (4) encourage more and higher quality evaluation of state and local economic development programs; (5) support experiments that link economic development efforts with hiring the disadvantaged; (6) relax federal regulations, such as regulations on the cleanup of older industrial sites, that impede local economic development.


The aim of this paper is using cluster analysis to show changes in the clusters composition of 27 EU countries during the current economic crisis. The authors use the characteristics of labor market as an input into cluster analysis. The situation on the labor market is one of the most discussed sections of countries' economies. The authors discuss the impact of the current economic crisis on the structure of labor market and the composition of the group of countries before (2008) and during (2012) the crisis. The authors use the method of cluster analysis to generate the group of countries. They have chosen the following indicators of labor market: unemployment of different year old groups, unemployment of gender groups and the rate of participation of these groups.


Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection is prevalent across tropical regions and may cause severe disease. Early diagnosis may improve supportive care. We prospectively assessed the Standard Diagnostics (Korea) BIOLINE Dengue Duo DENV rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to NS1 antigen and anti-DENV IgM (NS1 and IgM) in children in Cambodia, with the aim of improving the diagnosis of DENV infection. Methodology and principal findings We enrolled children admitted to hospital with non-localised febrile illnesses during the 5-month DENV transmission season. Clinical and laboratory variables, and DENV RDT results were recorded at admission. Children had blood culture and serological and molecular tests for common local pathogens, including reference laboratory DENV NS1 antigen and IgM assays. 337 children were admitted with non-localised febrile illness over 5 months. 71 (21%) had DENV infection (reference assay positive). Sensitivity was 58%, and specificity 85% for RDT NS1 and IgM combined. Conditional inference framework analysis showed the additional value of platelet and white cell counts for diagnosis of DENV infection. Variables associated with diagnosis of DENV infection were not associated with critical care admission (70 children, 21%) or mortality (19 children, 6%). Known causes of mortality were melioidosis (4), other sepsis (5), and malignancy (1). 22 (27%) children with a positive DENV RDT had a treatable other infection. Conclusions The DENV RDT had low sensitivity for the diagnosis of DENV infection. The high co-prevalence of infections in our cohort indicates the need for a broad microbiological assessment of non-localised febrile illness in these children.


Although modern medicine is well developed in most of the world, large sections of the population in developing countries still rely on the traditional practitioners, medicinal plants and herbal medicines for their primary care. Moreover during the past decades, public interest in natural therapies has increased greatly in industrialized countries, with expanding use of medicinal plants and herbal medicines. The many and various forms of traditional medicinal products have evolved against widely different ethnological, cultural, cl imatic, geographical, and even philosophical backgrounds. The evaluation of these products and ensuring their safety and efficacy through registration and regulation present important challenges. The purpose of this document is to share national experience s in formulating policies on traditional medicinal products and in introducing measures for their registration and regulation, and to facilitate information exchange on these subjects among Member States.


China's gradualistic approach allowed the government to learn how the economy reacts to small policy changes, and to adjust its reforms before implementing them in full. With fully developed financial markets, however, private actors' may front-run future policy changes making it impossible for the implement policies gradually. With financial markets the government faces a time-inconsistency problem. The government would like to commit to a gradualistic approach, but after it observes the economy's quick reaction, it has no incentive to implement its policies in small steps.


One River, Two Cultures is a well-researched history told in an accessible, conversational style from the point of view of a visitor utterly swept away by the natural beauty of the Bella Coola Valley and the friendliness of its full-time residents. Several years ago, Paula Wild spent a month in the Bella Coola Valley. Afterward, she couldn't get the place out of her mind, and it ended up hugely impacting her life. She spent the next few years travelling back and forth between the comparatively bustling metropolis of her hometown of Courtenay, British Columbia and the rugged wilds of Bella Coola, interviewing residents and unearthing the history of this unique and unforgettable place. One River, Two Cultures is the result: a remarkable story of human endurance and of a people's relationship with the raw, physical landscape around them. Starting with the prehistory of the Nuxalk First Nations, Wild documents the arrival and impact of fur traders, explorers, gold seekers, the Norwegians who settled the valley in 1894, and the rough and ready mix of 'outsiders' who embraced the challenges of living in a remote wilderness area. One River, Two Cultures is a well-researched history told in an accessible, conversational style from the point of view of a visitor utterly swept away by the natural beauty of the Bella Coola Valley and the friendliness of its full-time residents. Illustrated with black and white archival photographs, as well as contemporary images, this book will take you to a place that is both striking in beauty and rich in culture.


A new species of angel shark, Squatina caillieti sp. nov., is described from a single specimen collected in deepwater off Luzon in the Philippines. The new species is closest to S. formosa and S. nebulosa, but differs from its congeners based on the following characters: unfringed barbels with rod-like tips, upper lip arch semi-oval in shape, large papillae present on the inside posterior margin of the spiracles, a greater interspiracle space than interorbital space, pelvic fin-tips which reach the first dorsal origin, a short pelvic fin base, short pelvic inner margin very short, and a short pelvic posterior margin; pelvic girdle span more than 1.4 times greater than head length; dorsal fins angular, greater interdorsal space than dorsal caudal space; caudal fin lobed, very short upper postventral caudal margin. The new species is the only Squatina confirmed as occurring in the Philippines. We also comment on the biogeography of western North Pacific Squatina and provide a revised regional key to this group.


This new edition is the only work solely dedicated to the law of company meetings of solvent public and private companies that are registered and incorporated under the Companies Act 2006 and its predecessors. As before, the new edition is written by an author team of great authority who have specialized in company law throughout their careers. The third edition addresses the use of technology in company meetings, and in particular, considers whether it is lawful for a company registered under the Companies Act 2006 to hold a meeting of shareholders by electronic means only. The practical, as well as the legal issues are considered with regard to this issue. The changes brought in by the UK Corporate Governance Code 2018, with regard to the role of the Chair and the board at meetings of listed companies, is covered along with other developments relating to the duties and activities of the Chair such as in Re Dee Valley Group plc 2017. Other important new case law is also covered such as Sharp v Blank 2015 concerning the duty of directors to provide sufficient information to shareholders to enable them to make informed decisions. Amendments made by the Regulatory Reform Act 2013 to the Companies Act 2006 regarding approval by shareholders of director remuneration policy are duly considered. The Rt. Hon Lord Justice David Richards has written a foreword to the third edition, This book is the leading authority on the law of company meetings and resolutions and all practitioners advising on this subject will find this an invaluable tool for desk research as well as a handy companion at company meetings.


Mega construction projects create buildings and major
infrastructure to respond to work and life requirements while playing
a vital role in promoting any nation's economy. However, the
industry is often criticised for not balancing economic, environmental
and social dimensions of their projects, with emphasis typically on
one aspect to the detriment of the others. This has resulted in many
negative impacts including environmental pollution, waste
throughout the project lifecycle, low productivity, and avoidable
accidents. The identification of comprehensive Social Responsibility
(SR) indicators, which combine social, environmental and economic
aspects, is urgently needed. This is particularly the case in the context
of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), which often has mega public
construction projects. The aim of this paper is to develop a set of
wide-ranging SR indicators which encompass social, economic and
environmental aspects unique to the KSA. A qualitative approach
was applied to explore relevant indicators through a review of the
existing literature, international standards and reports. A list of
appropriate indicators was developed, and its comprehensiveness was
corroborated by interviews with experts on mega construction
projects working with SR concepts in the KSA. The findings present
39 indicators and their metrics, covering 10 economic, 12
environmental and 17 social aspects of SR mapped against their
references. These indicators are a valuable reference for decisionmakers and academics in the KSA to understand factors related to SR
in mega construction projects. The indicators are related to mega
construction projects within the KSA and require validation in a real
case scenario or within a different industry to demonstrate their
generalisability.


The main aim of this study was to gain a greater understanding of the peer coaching practices in Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) amongst Arabic language secondary school teachers in Malaysia. The Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) made a commendable commitment to transform teaching into the profession of choice as outlined in the Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025. A concomitant of this commitment is that it has become evident that the quality of teachers' Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programmes needs to be enhanced in order to enable teachers to achieve their full potential in their chosen profession. One method of improving such programmes is through the use of peer coaching but the implementation of such an approach has, however, been made problematic by the fact that there has been comparatively little research on peer coaching practice in PLCs in Malaysia. Indeed, prior to the research reported in this submission, it has been uncertain if peer coaching practice in Malaysia affects teachers' commitment and self-efficacy in a way that will improve student learning. Furthermore, the nature and level of support from the Principals and State Officers in encouraging teachers to practise peer coaching has also been unclear. This study sought to address the lack of empirical evidence in this important topic through a mixed method sequential explanatory study. In the first quantitative phase, the assessment measures were through the use of: i) a Peer Observation Scale (POS); ii) an Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ), and; iii) a Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (TSES). Data were collected from 179 Arabic language teachers in two types of secondary schools in Malaysia. All of the descriptive analysis was measured by frequencies and percentages of the responses; inferential analysis measured the comparison between demographic backgrounds using an independent t-test and analysis of Variance; and the correlation between the variables was conducted using Spearman's correlation coefficients. In the qualitative follow-up phase, semi-structured interviews exploring the implementation of peer coaching practice were conducted with 15 teachers, four Principals, and two State Officers in order to deepen understanding of the quantitative results and the data was analysed using the thematic analysis technique. The findings from the first phase of quantitative analysis revealed a high agreement on peer coaching practice and a significant difference in two types of demographic, which were school location and teachers' position in schools. Although the teachers' commitment to the school's organisation and their self-efficacy demonstrates a high level, the correlation only revealed a weak relationship coefficient between Peer Observation Scale, Organisational Commitment Questionnaire and Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale. Notably, evaluation, workload and time constraints appeared as negative factors in peer coaching practice. In the thematic analysis in the second phase, the nature of peer coaching practice was explored with the suggestions for improvement of the practice. Despite positive acceptance of peer coaching ideas, time constraints, workload, personal attitudes, and an unsupportive environment were highlighted as challenges to implementing peer coaching practice. The school's development strategies and instructional leadership support emerged as important factors in encouraging the practice of peer coaching amongst teachers. The current study contributes to knowledge by proposing: i) a research model of peer coaching in Malaysian secondary school teachers, and; ii) a Peer Observation Scale (POS) that consisted of two significant constructs, which are Benefit and Constraint.


Mating order can have important consequences for the fertilization success of males whose ejaculates compete to fertilize a clutch of eggs. Despite an excellent body of literature on mating–order effects in many animals, they have rarely been considered in marine free–spawning invertebrates, where both sexes release gametes into the water column. In this study, we show that in such organisms, mating order can have profound repercussions for male reproductive success. Using in vitro fertilization for two species of sea urchin, we found that the'fertilization histor' of a clutch of eggs strongly influenced the size distribution of unfertilized eggs, and consequently the likelihood that they will be fertilized. Males that had first access to a batch of eggs enjoyed elevated fertilization success because they had privileged access to the largest and therefore most readily fertilizable eggs within a clutch. By contrast, when a mal's sperm were exposed to a batch of unfertilized eggs left over from a previous mating event, fertilization rates were reduced, owing to smaller eggs remaining in egg clutches previously exposed to sperm. Because of this size–dependent fertilization, the fertilization history of eggs also strongly influenced the size distribution of offspring, with first–spawning males producing larger, and therefore fitter, offspring. These findings suggest that when there is variation in egg size, mating order will influence not only the quantity but also the quality of offspring sired by competing males.


Abstract Parts of NATO's contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations planning directive (COPD), and parts of the operation-level planning process should be revised since they suffer from methodological inconsistency. This claim is defended by discussing contradicting methodological properties and heuristics applied when framing and managing a military problem in accordance with the COPD. The methodological inconsistency within the COPD; in other words, simultaneously applying contradictory methodological properties, implies one theoretical and three practical implications. The theoretical implication is summarised in a meta-theoretical framework and explained by discussing five methodological properties: non-linearity, emergence, independently changeable generalisations, invariance and boundaries. The three practical implications of methodology imply that methodology is guiding: the problem-frame, conceptual development and action. To improve military planners' understanding and management of these four identified implications, NATO is recommended to develop a "handbook of methodology." The purpose of such a handbook should be to emphasise the utility of methodology when planning military operations.


This thesis sets out to identify the books used by John Grandisson, by establishing the principal characteristics of his handwriting and the marks he used when annotating texts. Grandisson annotated not only his own books, but also the Cathedral's, and those he borrowed. He used books to educate himself and to prepare himself for his role as bishop (Chapter II). From his early books, two salient features of his personality appear: his penchant for turning to sources to find truth, which caused him to learn Hebrew; and his predilection to acquire originalia of the Church Fathers, out of which he developed an enduring admiration for Augustine. Chapter III describes Grandisson's activity in Exeter Cathedral books to make them easier to read. He added apparatus for quick-reference: indexes, tables of contents, running titles, chapter and subject headings. His paraph and paragraphus marks indicate beginnings, and his Nota signs, brackets, and excerpt marks identify sententiae . Chapter IV discusses briefly the content of Grandisson's glosses and other annotations, which reveals a wide range of interests, not only in theology and canon law, but also in history and natural science. He assembled the largest extant collection of Anselm's letters. Other interests include Virgil's poetry, Seneca's tragedies, romances of the Grail, and miracles of the Virgin. The Ordinal with Kalendar attributed to Grandisson survives only in s.xv copies which incorporate feasts introduced after Grandisson's time. Chapter V discusses the contemporary evidence (including books he used) for assessing Grandisson's activity in the production of the Ordinal for his Cathedral Church. Grandisson had a lifelong interest in the relative roles of Church and State; thus, he wrote a 'Life of Becket' (Chapter VI), drawing from many contemporary sources. No doubt his study enabled him to take a confident stand in maintaining the liberties of the Church from c. 1340 to the end of his life. Grandisson's ideal was to be a pastoral bishop. Books helped him in decision-making, in learning his vocation, in educating his clergy. They also sustained him, as man and bishop, through a fruitful career.


Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are a species of management and conservation concern. Prairie dogs have lost both habitat and occupied area due to plague, which is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, pest control, and habitat conversion to agricultural land. Our goals were to estimate survival rates and dispersal rates, and to compare methods for estimating abundance of black-tailed prairie dogs for both management and conservation. We trapped black-tailed prairie dogs at four small National Parks from April 2009 through August 2011. Prairie dogs were trapped and marked for two trapping sessions per year in order to estimate seasonal rates of apparent survival. Apparent survival rates were estimated using the package RMark in R to construct models for program MARK. We found estimates to vary according to field site, sex, year, and season (summer or winter). Possible reasons for the differences in survivorship among sites could be presence of disease, quality of forage, predation, or frequency of dispersal. Visual counts were also conducted each trapping session beginning in April of 2010 to estimate abundance. Mark-recapture, mark-resight, and visual counts were compared to determine which method would be the most effective for estimating abundance of prairie dogs. We found mark-resight to produce the most precise estimates of abundance. While it costs more money to conduct a mark-resight estimate than visual counts because of repeated sessions, they produced significantly different results from one another 75% of the time, which was especially apparent on sites that had some form of visual barriers such as tall vegetation and uneven ground. However, if further information is needed in terms of sex ratios, age ratios, or the exact number of prairie dogs, then mark-recapture is the only method that can be used. Land managers need to address the level of accuracy needed, topography, and vegetation height before choosing which sampling method is best for the prairie dog towns in question. Finally, we looked at rates of intercolony and intracolony dispersal by placing 149 VHF collars and 6 GPS collars on prairie dogs at three colonies. Intracolony dispersal was also monitored through visual observation and trapping records over the three years of the study. We found 23 intracolony and eight intercolony dispersal events. Combined, these three studies offer insight not only into monitoring of prairie dog populations but also potential influence by plague both within and among colonies of prairie


The place of institutional repositories in enhancing scholarly communication is becoming obvious as academic institutions are embracing this activity which among many other key roles, enables wider circulation of research outputs of institutions. This study is concentrated on establishing the strategies and models adopted by libraries in Nigeria in ensuring that their institutional repositories effectively enhance scholarly communication. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study while the purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting libraries that have institutional repositories. Questionnaire complemented with oral interview were the instruments used for data collection. Data collected was analysed using SPSS software. The outcome revealed that the two most prevailing activities carried out by the libraries in modelling their institutional repositories for enhanced scholarly communication are; digitization of scholarly contents in printed format and allowing self- archiving of research outputs of members of staff. Announcing and publicizing their contents through the library website is the main strategy adopted by the libraries in promoting their institutional repositories for enhanced scholarly communication revealed. Challenges encountered include; issues with legal framework/ intellectual property right, difficulty in content recruitment, etc. The study concluded by recommending among others that the library management should expose members of staff in-charge of content upload to trainings in the area of copyright law, put in place a submission policy that will compel members of staff to submit their research outputs to the repository and, establish a reward system to academic members of staff who submit their works to the institutional repository.


Summary
1.
A group of Americans recruited from localities in the United States where the average amebic infection rate is certainly not more than 10 per cent were transported to the island of Aruba where they lived for a number of years without prophylactic measures against the dissemination of amebic infection by carriers.
2.
This group lived under conditions which precluded the possibility of acquiring amebic infection from water, flies, sewage, or soil contamination of food.
3.
Stool examinations after several years of residence under such conditions showed an infection rate of 25.57 per cent and an amebic colitis rate of 36.84 per 1,000 per annum.
4.
A stool examination of food handlers in this camp showed that 33 per cent were ameba carriers.
5.
Active measures for the control of dissemination of infection by food handlers were put into effect, and as result—without any other measures or any changes in the habits or environment of the group—the infection rate was reduced 50 per cent after one year and 92 per cent after three years of such activities.
6.
It is realized that this is not a carefully controlled scientific experiment and that it cannot be presented as positive evidence of the transmission of amebiasis by carriers. However, this experience as well as that of practical workers throughout the tropical world does present strong presumptive evidence that such transmission occurs. Since in our opinion no conclusive proof to the contrary has been presented, we feel justified in continuing measures for the control of infection by carriers.


Recent advancements in open-source self-replicating rapid prototypers (RepRap) have radically reduced costs of 3-D printing. The cost of additive manufacturing enables distributed manufacturing of open source appropriate technologies (OSAT) to assist in sustainable development. In order to investigate the potential this study makes a careful investigation of the use of RepRap 3-D printers to fabricate widely used Black Mamba bicycle components in the developing world. Specifically, this study tests pedals. A CAD model of the pedal was created using parametric open source software (FreeCAD) to enable future customization. Then poly-lactic acid, a biodegradable and recyclable bioplastic was selected among the various commercial 3-D printable materials based on strength and cost. The pedal was 3-D printed on a commercial RepRap and tested following the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) standards for racing bicycles for 1) static strength, 2) impact, and 3) dynamic durability. The results show the pedals meet the CEN standards and can be used on bicycles. The 3-D printed pedals are significantly lighter than the stock pedals used on the Black Mamba, which provides a performance enhancement while reducing the cost if raw PLA or recycled materials are used, which assists in reducing bicycle costs even for those living in extreme poverty. Other bicycle parts could also be manufactured using 3-D printers for a return on investment on the 3-D printer indicating that this model of distributed manufacturing of OSAT may be technically and economically appropriate through much of the Global South.


This paper offers an account of the a priori/a posteriori distinction utilizing the insights of reliabilism, focusing on the inputs to reliable belief-forming processes. I propose that a belief possesses a priori justification if it is the result of a reliable beliefproducing process whose input is 'non-sensory' and the reliability of this process does not 'causally depend' on the reliability of a prior process taking in 'sensory' input. One of the interesting consequences of this account is in the treatment of introspective knowledge of one's belief-states; it was classically considered a posteriori, but comes out a priori on this model.


This tutorial is a thorough and deep introduction to the Digital Libraries (DL) field, providing a firm foundation: covering key concepts and terminology, as well as services, systems, technologies, methods, standards, projects, issues, and practices. It introduces and builds upon a firm theoretical foundation (starting with the '5S' set of intuitive aspects: Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies), giving careful definitions and explanations of all the key parts of a 'minimal digital library', and expanding from that basis to cover key DL issues. Illustrations come from a set of case studies, including from multiple current projects, including with webpages, tweets, and social networks. Attendees will be exposed to four Morgan and Claypool books that elaborate on 5S, published 2012-2014. Complementing the coverage of '5S' will be an overview of key aspects of the DELOS Reference Model and DL.org activities. Further, use of a Hadoop cluster supporting big data DLs will be described.


This paper will explore how responsive fabrics and jewellery worn in a club and/or festival environment can harness the power of smell to expand the VJing/DJing dimension. This project is not about hygiene or cosmetics or the latest designer perfume. As one of the last sensory frontiers to be explored in wearable technology, the garments offer novel olfactory experiences as part of a new sensory appeal in fashion clothing that helps the user feel the sensory vibes of the music. Scentsory Design® is a multisensory project based at the Innovation Centre at Central Saint Martins that adds aroma to fashion design in a subtle way by creating radical, active, scentsory properties. Fashion, amongst other qualities, is about displaying personal identity information. Scentsory Design® is about creating an intimate scent bubble around the wearer, enhancing the visual message of fashion with sensory psychological and medical wellbeing. This paper will discuss the advantages of clothes as a communication tool, whereby messages are scent by a wireless web from the PJ(Perfume Jockey) to the user/dancer, who receives an atomised nano-mist of fragrances onto a localized area from an inbuilt scent palette, in club wear of a multi-sensory nature. The purpose is to complement current video graphics and multimedia entertainment solutions. The project Scentsory Wave chooses olfaction, vision and sound as the three sensory modalities to target in order to enhance the clubbing experience, by exploring clothing that goes beyond current microencapsulated (scratch and scent) techniques. The paper will also investigate the extent to which Scentsory Wave attempts to create Emotional Fashion garments integrated with wireless sensor networks that offer social and therapeutic value in a desirable fashion context, without annoying neighbouring users/dancers. The clothes are engineered for psychological end-benefits such as reducing fear and stress, whilst also accompanying other media to augment an experience i.e. trigger surprise, excitement, love (lust/sex), sadness, fear and other emotions. The garments function by incorporating body sensors and microfluidics (lab-on-a-chip) to initiate fragrance delivery. The sensors detect stress physiologically and sound environmentally and the microfluidics produce benefit chemicals in controlled ways responding to personal needs/desires. The fabrics imitate the human body as they have their own ''nervous system'', which allows the user to experience and control the different emotional states of a garment as an entertaining, holistic healing platform. Audio-visual sense technology has been widely available in clubs for a number of years. However, this project offers a new concept in perfumery by targeting nano-droplets of scent to the nose receptors in minute bursts, to give rapid cycling of odours. The scent is synchronised with sound and vision without causing odour fog and the necessity to install enormous air vents in the allocated space. The technology therefore allows new developments whereby not only can the scents to be released on demand, but also retrieved in seconds. The paper will describe recent research such as a collection of responsive jewellery called Scent Whisper that dispenses fragrances, triggered by sensors that react to an individual's body state (e.g. humidity, temperature, heart rate) and the environment (e.g. sound, high decibels via mircrophones). The next stage of the project creates an Emotional Fashion collection, and various examples are given that could be used in clubs or festival settings.


This is a letter from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is written by Charles B. Moore to his brother Henry S. Moore. In his letter, Charles updates his brother on the happenings of his trip, who he has visited, and how he enjoys seeing old friends again. He details news about a trip that Betty Thornhill is making to Dallas and he states that she may be visiting him soon, if she is not already there. He notes that the family listened to a sermon by Brother Haynes. All the family attended this sermon except Mr. Dodd. He mentioned that Henry should pass this information on to Mrs. Thornhill. Moore tells his brother about meeting new friends and old comrades as well as their siblings, but also details the business successes of family friends. He states that Sam Thornhill and Tom And Alice Wright have plans to visit Texas soon. He expresses his happiness for John Stewart who has been appointed revenue collector and will make good pay; a living which will prevent him from having to turn to hard labor for money. He details that Tim Thornhill was very badly injured from a buggy accident and mentions a robbery which occurred to a family friend as well as financial concerns surrounding this crime. He states that he has seen Alexander and Allen, but has not spoken to them about the estate of their uncle. Charles tells Henry that Jack Wood's daughter will be married and Tobe and Florence want him to accompany them to the wedding. He updates Henry on the weather and on the crops in the Gallatin area. He notes that Sally Thornhill is recovering from her illness and details additional news concerning family friends and the community. He mentions his past plans with friends and closes his letter to Henry from Gallatin. The envelope is included with the letter.


The image resolution of an aberration-corrected laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) system, like all other classical optical imaging modalities, is ultimately governed by diffraction limit and can be, in practice, influenced by the noise. However, consideration of only these two parameters is not adequate for LSFM with ultrafast laser-scanning, in which the dwell time of each resolvable image point becomes comparable with the fluorescence lifetime. In view of the continuing demand for faster LSFM, we here revisit the theoretical framework of LSFM and investigate the impact of the scanning speed on the resolution. In particular, we identify there are different speed regimes and excitation conditions in which the resolution is primarily limited by diffraction limit, fluorescence lifetime, or intrinsic noise. Our model also suggests that the speed of the current laser-scanning technologies is still at least an order of magnitude below the limit (∼sub-MHz to MHz), at which the diffraction-limited resolution can be preserved. We thus anticipate that the present study can provide new insight for practical designs and implementation of ultrafast LSFM, based on emerging laser-scanning techniques, e.g., ultrafast wavelength-swept sources, or optical time-stretch.


Private property plays two opposing roles in stories about the environment. In the story favored by most environmentalists, private property is the bad guy. (1) It balkanizes an interconnected ecosystem into artificial units of individual ownership. Owners of these finite parcels have little incentive to invest in ecosystem resources and every incentive to dump polluting wastes onto other parcels. Only by relocating control over natural resources in some central authority like the federal government, can we make integrated decisions designed to preserve the health of the entire ecosystem. For these traditional environmentalists, private property is the problem; public control is the solution. There is a counter story, told by the proponents of what is sometimes called free market environmentalism. (2) In this story, private property is the good guy. Environmental degradation is a problem because of incomplete property rights. If all resources were privately owned, then no one would be able to impose externalities on anyone else; potential polluters would have to purchase the right to pollute first. Similarly, if all resources--including habitats of endangered species and other ecologically sensitive resources--were privately owned, then owners would have incentives to invest in the preservation of these resources, and would use their ingenuity to get persons who care about environmental protection to pay for it. For free market environmentalists, public control of resources is the problem; private property is the solution. Both sides in this debate are only half right. The traditional environmentalists are closer to the mark in their diagnosis of the problem. Property rights are always and inevitably incomplete, as it is costly to set up and enforce any system of private property. Because property rights are incomplete, owners of resources that are subject to private ownership--such as parcels of land devoted to productive uses--will always have incentives to disregard the costs they impose on common resources that are not subject to private ownership. Sometimes creating new types of property rights can help the situation; more often, however, the only cost-effective solution to these sorts of spillovers is government regulation. On the other hand, the free market environmentalists are closer to the mark in devising a solution to the problem. Missing from the traditional account is any credible theory of how we can generate collective action to protect sensitive ecosystem resources. Bursts of collective altruism do happen, but they are difficult to sustain. Witness the history of socialism, or, more pertinently the history of environmentalism. (3) What is needed is an institutional arrangement that generates private incentives supporting collective action that will protect the environment. The best such arrangement is the widespread private ownership of land. In this sense, the free market environmentalists are closer to the mark in their prescription of a cure than are the traditional environmentalists, with their call for a bigger government. I. Casual empiricism strongly suggests that private property is good for the environment. Eastern Europe in the 1980s offered a kind of natural experiment about the effects of different property regimes. (4) An iron curtain ran through Eastern Europe from the Baltic to the Mediterranean. West of the line, real property was predominately subject to private ownership. East of the line, real property was owned by the state. The results were plain for all to see: while towns and villages on the west side were typically neat and clean, with well-scrubbed streets and colorful boxes of flowers in the windows, towns and villages on the east side were drab and dirty, with plaster falling off the walls and no flowers to be seen anywhere. These paired communities were generally composed of buildings of the same vintage and style of construction and were populated by families having the same ethnic background and cultural traditions. …


Aim/Purpose: This article uses the enrollment approach contained in the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to challenge the deterministic perspectives of doctoral socialization and offers a new perspective based on co-construction between social and technological entities mobilized during the doctoral education as a driver of success.

Background: Most studies have used deterministic approaches to show that the success of doctoral education is the outcome of socialization as shaped by the individual/personal, racial/ethnical, national/cultural, organizational/institutional and disciplinary contexts in which supervisors and supervisees cooperate. In doing so, they overlook the complexity of student-supervisor relationships and the gradual power-based processes of negotiation and persuasion that make the doctoral education successful. Analyzing the author's own doctoral journey, the article highlights that the doctoral success is rather the result of a socio-technological enrollment as reflected in power-based supervisory politics.

Methodology: The methodological approach consisted in an autoethnography that self-reflected on all stages of the doctoral processes and the author's collaboration with his thesis supervisor from March 2012 until October 2016.

Contribution: This paper reveals that the use of an approach of co-construction between technology and society also makes it possible to better understand the relationships between students and supervisors and the implications for socialization in a doctoral setting.

Findings: The success of doctoral socialization is not necessarily a matter of individuals, disciplines, or contexts, but rather it depends on the level of articulation and implementation of the supervisory politics inspired by the imbalanced power relations among those involved. The deconstruction of the doctoral supervisory politics reveals that enrollment is an important component that mobilizes human and non-human resources from various scales. Enrollment strategies play a key role in how doctoral students start, progress and complete their doctorate.

Recommendations for Practitioners: The results and analysis on socio-technological enrollment-based doctoral education can be useful in the context of support policies towards improving student supervision and facilitating doctoral studies in higher education.

Recommendation for Researchers: The paper invites researchers in sociology, anthropology, psychology, education sciences, and other scientific disciplines to a theoretical reconsideration of student-supervisor relationships in the context of research and support to higher education.

Impact on Society: The content of this article will help improve collaboration among supervisors and supervisees in higher education and could, thus, contribute to reducing attrition and doctoral dropout.


Regardless of the doubt caused by some rounds on the impossibility of earthquake forecast, more and more countries, even at the highest governmental levels, realize that doing nothing is the ostrich position of dread before the real difficulties associated with the creation of a real forecasting system. Nigeria in times past was believed to be aseismic. However, the seismic record of Nigeria from 1933-2021 have demonstrated in contrast to the idea, numerous quakes have been recorded in Nigeria throughout the years. With the development of observation techniques and theoretical knowledge of geochemistry, geochemical observation of faults gas has become a hotspot once more in recent years. Rn, Hg, H2, etc., are used for geochemical observations. 222Rn has a half-life of 3.825 days, a magnitude 5.0 earthquake will be detected through precursory phenomena at a distance not greater than 142 km. Mercury and other elements are used as important detectors for earthquake prediction and they play an important role in revealing the relationship between fluid in the fault zone and the occurrence of earthquakes, the range for a magnitude 5.0 earthquake is limited to 200 km. Hydrogen concentrations have been monitored for precursory variations in many fault systems, using either discrete sampling and laboratory analysis or continuous monitoring of ground gas, using hydrogen-sensitive fuel cells. Precursory changes in groundwater chemistry are often attributed to the mixing of fluids from two or more chemically distinct aquifers, the physical mechanism responsible for the mixing of fluids is, however, not well established.


Introduction . Tephritidae have a major economic importance in the tropical areas. In Benin, we had only very little information available on the mango fruit fly species, except the demonstration of their damage. We therefore carried out the first investigations in Northern Benin during the mango season in 2005. Our objectives were to study fluctuations of tephritid populations in orchards and to assess mango fruit fly infestations and mango losses due to tephritid species. Materials and methods . Experiments were carried out in the Parakou area (Borgou department, Northern Benin). Fruit fly males were captured on mango trees, in two different orchards, with parapheromone traps. To sample and characterize fruit fly species involved in mango infestations, fruits of 17 cultivars were collected in mango orchards from February to June 2005; then, they were brought to the laboratory for emerging species identification. To assess the loss of fruits, sampling of different mango cultivars was achieved in the same orchards. Infested fruits were counted and eliminated; potentially infested fruits were dissected. Results and discussion . Among eight mango fruit fly species found in Benin, four can be considered as species of economic significance: Ceratitis cosyra , C. quinaria, C. silvestrii and Bactrocera invadens. During the dry season, C. cosyra was the most abundant, whereas B. invadens was the most numerous during the rainy season (abiotic factor), in phenological accordance with the ripening of the different mango varieties (biotic factor). From and after mid-May, B. invadens was found more frequently than C. cosyra in the traps and from emergence of infested mangos. Loss averages varied globally from 12% at the beginning of April to 50% in June. Conclusions . Most of the tephritid species found on mangos during our experiments had already been observed previously in other West African countries except B. invadens , an invasive species lately described. Ecological and behavioral studies will be necessary in order to plan and to apply optimal methods for controlling this new pest of major economic importance in West Africa.


Reprints of the original articles abstracted in TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL are often available from the publishers. Otherwise, it may be possible to secure copies of the periodicals. Orders should be sent direct to the publishers. Photostat negatives of articles abstracted will be furnished to members of the Institute at a cost of 20 cents per page for pages not exceeding 7 inches in width and 30 cents per page for larger sizes up to 11 % x 14 inches. Photostats of patents are 30 cents a page. Postage will be added. Microfilm copies and paper enlargements of microfilm may be obtained from: Microfilms Inc., 313 N. First St., Ann Arbor, Mich.; New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.; Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn.; Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass.; and Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Translations may also be obtained fram the above sources. A list of periodicals, the abbreviations used in references to articles, and the addresses of publishers of English language publications is given on page 84 of the February, I946, issue.


The paper reviews our recent attempts at modelling bed load transport in mountain rivers. This is a longstanding issue that has attracted considerable attention over the last century. While a number of field and laboratory studies have been instrumental in getting the big picture, there is a clear lack of efficient methods for predicting bed evolution and particle flux. Most approaches to bed load transport have emphasized the existence of a oneto-one relationship between the particle flux and water discharge, but this result conflicts with the spread of data, which often spans over several orders of magnitude. A possible interpretation lies in the significance of the fluctuations of the particle flux together with the propagation of bed forms. We have therefore developed a theoretical model based on birth-death Markov processes to describe the random exchanges between the stream and bed, which then allows us to derive a governing equation for the particle flux fluctuations. We end up with the probability distribution function of the sediment transport rate. A striking feature is the existence of large fluctuations even under steady flow conditions. Numerical simulations have been carried out to compute the flow features, for the moment with no sediment transport. These simulations have shown that the kinematic wave approximation (which leads to a significant simplification of the Saint-Venant equation into a nonlinear advection equation) performs well for a wide range of water discharges. Remarkably, it has been found that under steady flow conditions, the local flow variables (wetted section and water discharge, or flow depth and mean velocity) exhibit a Froude similarity, i.e. regardless of the water discharge, the Froude number remains fairly constant at a given place of the river. Future work will consider the inclusion of a stochastic sediment transport equation in the Saint-Venant equations.


On May 2, 2008, an enormous tropical cyclone made landfall in Burma. The cyclone wreaked untold havoc, but the regime, in an unfathomable decision of near-genocidal proportions, blocked international aid from entering the country, and provided little relief themselves. Emma Larkin, who has been traveling to and secretly reporting on Burma for years, managed to arrange for a tourist visa in those frenzied days and arrived to chaos. Hundreds of thousands of Burmese citizens lacked food, drinking water, and basic shelter. In "Everything is Broken", Larkin not only exposes the extent of the damage, but provides a singular portrait of the generals responsible for compounding the tragedy, examining in revealing detail the historical, religious, and superstitious setting that created Burma's tenacious and brutal dictatorship.


The purpose of this article is to provide initial thoughts on potential conflicts between the mandates of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) and any mechanisms for establishing Marine Protected Areas in the high seas and how these conflicts might be avoided. The article addresses first, whether the fears that may exist concerning the conflicts are, as a matter of international law, real and to the extent that they are real, how an Implementing Agreement (IA) might be shaped to avoid them. As the article is intended to provide only initial thoughts, the range of RFMOs and possible conflicts are only illustrative and are not intended to be comprehensive. With the potential conflicts in mind, the article then provides, in the third section, possible approaches that the drafters of the IA could adopt to avoid and/or mitigate against them. Finally, the article offers some concluding remarks.


That tedious yet terrible phrase, "the war on drugs," perfectly captures at least one truth. U.S. public policy has characterized substances, rather than persons, as the problem. This essay, contributed to a symposium held at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, explains the implicit conflict between the premises of prohibition and the criminal law's presumption of responsibility. We then explore how indifference to responsibility has distorted the debate about prohibition. Leaving people out of the equation has led us to miscount both the costs and benefits of drug use, and the costs and benefits of prohibition. The focus on substances that are said to cause harm, we have managed to exclude consumer welfare from our calculations of costs and benefits. We have managed to count as harms breaches of duty and even failures of potential that by themselves would never be thought by anyone to justify criminal prosecution. The focus on drugs, finally, has misled us into measuring the success of our current policy by the size of marginal changes in consumption. Marginal users, however, inflict only a small fraction of the harms inflicted by users. My argument is methodological rather than programmatic. It works quite explicitly within the pragmatic tradition of American legislation. So, although indebted to those who have pointed out the tension between drug prohibition based on soft-paternalism and the denial of any drug-based criminal-law excuse, my argument goes very much further. My claim is not that certain defenses of prohibition cannot peacefully coexist with certain reasons for rejecting an addiction defense. Rather, I assert that in the cost-benefit calculations we have been making, we have been thinking like accountants rather than like economists, and thereby acting on distorted assessments of costs and benefits. My methodological claim does not necessarily point in one direction or another on the legalization issue, although it does cast grave doubt on the present policy of de jure prohibition selectively enforced. If dragooned into the programmatic debate, I would argue for experience with different approaches before we can discount the risk that modifying prohibition will result in a catastrophic epidemic. I find that risk unlikely but not preposterous. We should start with baby steps, like decriminalizing marijuana grown and consumed in the privacy of the home by consenting adults, in a couple of states with large urban populations. At the same time, we should experiment with some expansions of coercive social intervention, such as linking driver's licenses for teenagers to drug-testing, or a government undertaking to administer drug tests at no charge upon parental request. If experience shows that a discriminating focus on users can limit social harm at less cost than prohibition, we would have a warrant for undertaking similar experiments with heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Above all, my argument suggests very, very limited expectations for public policy. No policy can guarantee long and happy lives to citizens who make self-destructive choices. No policy can avoid some degree of coercive social control over choices about drug use. At present we are using an extreme measure of coercion to achieve distinctly little in the way of public health and safety. If we view our challenge as improving on that, we will have realistic grounds for optimism.


Social work's current concern with topics such as ethnic sensitive practice, immigration, diversity, and assimilation (de Silva, 2006; Marsh, 2004) marks a rebirth of interest in issues that once dominated the thinking of early social work pioneers (Addams, 1961). This article reconsiders the career of Frances Kellor, a social work leader who early in the early 20th century championed many progressive causes, particularly those involving the civil rights, protection, and education of immigrants (Higham, 1973). At the peak of her influence in the decade leading up to and including World War I, Kellor was as well known nationally as such social work luminaries as Jane Addams and Florence Kelly. Her public renown declined swiftly in the decade after the war, and although she continued to build a distinguished social work career in the field of conflict management and arbitration, her accomplishments are little recognized today. We explore some of the reasons for this dismissal by history at the conclusion of this article. A LEADER OF MEN The phrase "a leader of men" was applied to Kellor by one of her admirers at the height of her fame (Kellor, 1921) and aptly describes her hard-driving personality. Even during her early years she showed the ability to rise above great adversity. She was born in 1873 in Columbus, Ohio. Her father deserted the family during Kellor's childhood, and her mother was forced to move to a rural area in Michigan and take work as a laundress. Kellor could not afford to finish high school and had to go to work for a local newspaper as a typesetter, eventually advancing to the position of investigative reporter. She caught the attention of two wealthy sisters, Mary and Frances Eddy, who helped to finance her education at Cornell University Law School, from which she graduated with a law degree in 1897. On the basis of her achievements, Kellor was granted a scholarship to study sociology and social work at the University of Chicago, where she lived at Hull House and earned supplementary income employed as a gymnastic instructor. Here she wrote her first scholarly article calling for equality in physical education for men and women. While at Chicago she did field work in southern prisons and used this experience as a basis for her first book, Experimental Sociology (published in 1901). In 1903 Kellor moved to New York and took up residence at the Henry Street settlement, where she embarked on a study of joblessness among women. This work helped to focus her concerns on the difficulties of immigrants and other minorities in gaining equal treatment and opportunity in U.S. society. Her work on behalf of immigrants eventually caught the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt, who sought Kellor's assistance in developing immigration policy during his administration. Several years later when Roosevelt was out of office, he again sought Kellor's help on formulating immigration policy ideas when he ran for president on the Progressive party ticket in 1912. In the years prior to World War I, Kellor became an often published and nationally known authority on immigration issues. She was especially prominent in organizing national efforts to help immigrants gain increased access and opportunities in U.S. society through Americanization citizenship programs. After the war, when interest in Americanization collapsed, she began an intensive study of mediation and arbitration methods of resolving domestic and international conflict. She became a national authority on these subjects, also publishing extensively in this area (Koesterer, 2002). Kellor died in New York in 1952. THE AMERICANIZATION MOVEMENT Although her involvement in the Americanization movement was only one aspect of Kellor's long and productive career, it has become the contribution for which she is best remembered (Miller, 1997). "Americanization" was a term used to describe early efforts in this country to quickly assimilate the newly arriving waves of immigrants into the fabric of American life. …


Section 2 of the Sherman Act bans monopolization of any part of interstate commerce. This essay draws on macroeconomic theory and the New Deal experience with partial repeal of the antitrust laws and cartelization of labor to examine the relationship between macroeconomic stability and the standards courts employ when evaluating Section 2 claims. In particular, the essay evaluates the contention by President Obama's Antitrust Division that purportedly lax enforcement of Section 2 by the Bush Administration helped bring about the recent Great Recession. The essay also evaluates the related claim that more aggressive enforcement focused on maximizing the welfare of purchasers in the monopolist's market at the expense of society's overall economic welfare would help forestall and ameliorate economic downturns. Shortly after President Obama took office, the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice repudiated a 2008 report that had articulated the Bush Administration's Section 2 enforcement policy. In so doing, Christine Varney, Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division, claimed that President Bush's Section 2 policy was insufficiently interventionist and partly responsible for the Great Recession. In particular, Ms. Varney singled out the Bush Administration's conclusion that conduct by a monopolist only violates Section 2 if it results in harm to consumers in the relevant market that is "disproportionate" to the magnitude of productive or other efficiencies. According to Ms. Varney, the Bush Administration's "disproportionality" standard echoed the pro-cartel stance of early New Deal legislation, unfairly privileged producers over consumers and stultified economic recovery. A more interventionist and pro-consumer standard would, she said, combat the downturn and encourage recovery. Both macroeconomic theory and empirical evidence confirm the Obama Administration's claim that the New Deal's cartelization of wages and prices exacerbated the Great Depression and concomitantly slowed recovery. During the early 1930s, the Roosevelt Administration imposed so-called "codes of fair competition," which encouraged or mandated wage and price fixing, on over 500 American industries pursuant to the National Industrial Recovery Act ("NIRA"). After the Supreme Court unanimously voided the NIRA, Congress re-imposed the NIRA's wage cartel policy by passing the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA"). Both the NIRA codes and NLRA wage-fixing interfered with the normal process of macroeconomic adjustment, whereby a downward shift in the aggregate demand schedule results in lower prices, a larger real money supply, and thus a rebound in demand which, given a vertical supply curve, restores output to its pre-recession levels. Price floors, of course, prevented prices from falling and thus dampened the response of aggregate demand, while wage floors increased real wages and the cost of production, thereby altering the shape of the aggregate supply curve and reducing aggregate output. However, any analogy between New Deal wage and price cartels and the Bush Administration's "disproportionality" standard is strained at best. Under long-standing Section 2 case law, a monopolist's conduct that excludes rivals from the market is nonetheless lawful whenever such conduct constitutes "competition on the merits" or is otherwise necessary to effectuate such competition by producing significant efficiencies, regardless whether any resulting harm exceeds or greatly exceeds the conduct's benefits. Thus, the Bush Administration's "disproportionality" standard was in fact more interventionist than authorized by current law, in that it purported to condemn some conduct that is necessary to produce significant efficiencies and thus unobjectionable, simply because such conduct visits "disproportionate" harm on consumers in the relevant market. Of course, the standard suggested by the Obama Administration, focused on the welfare of consumers simpliciter, would be more interventionist still, banning, as it would, any conduct that raised consumer prices, regardless of the conduct's overall efficiency impact. Thus, conduct that survives scrutiny under the disproportionality test but fails a more intrusive consumer welfare test bears only passing resemblance to New Deal-style wage and price fixing. Unlike New Deal labor and producer cartels, which immunized conduct that unambiguously misallocated resources and destroyed wealth, the Bush Administration's disproportionality standard shielded conduct that likely produces more wealth than it destroys and thus enhances national output in the long run. To be sure, a novel and more intrusive standard focused solely on the welfare of consumers would ban additional price-increasing conduct. However, such conduct would survive scrutiny under the disproportionality test because it produces significant efficiencies. Because the "consumer harm" resulting from such conduct is almost entirely distributional in nature, these efficiencies will generally outweigh, sometimes by a wide margin, the negative consequences of the misallocation of resources caused by any monopolistic output reduction. Moreover, such efficiencies free up productive resources that flow to other industries, thus enhancing output and lowering prices outside the monopolized market and increasing the nation's potential output. Banning conduct that raises prices but would have survived the Bush Administration's disproportionality test will thus have an ambiguous effect on the overall price level and reduce the nation's GDP in the long run. Antitrust should leave macroeconomic stabilization to fiscal and monetary policy and focus on what it does best, namely, identifying and condemning conduct that on balance results in a misallocation of resources and thus reduction in total economic surplus. More intrusive regulation will likely mean less potential output and thus less GDP.


In this paper we analyze the factors that drive the adoption of innovative resource efficiency strategies to reduce energy and material use, under different market conditions. We uncover the "paradox" of lower adoption of resource efficiency strategies in an economic downturn and identify the characteristics of firms that adopt these strategies. Using data from a French survey with responses from 5,877 firms, we show that only 10% of the firms in our sample adopt resource efficiency strategies in perceived economic downturn as compared to 46% in perceived steady or growing market conditions. However, the probability of adopting such strategies in downturn conditions rises to 24% for firms that focus on cost leadership strategies, have adopted environmental standards, conduct their research internally and are vertically integrated. We provide recommendations to encourage more widespread adoption of resource efficiency strategies. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


A series of uranium benzyl compounds supported by two
hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl) borate (Tp*) ligands has been synthesized and
characterized. In addition to the
previously reported Tp*2U(CH2Ph) (2-Bn), examinations of both steric (tert-butyl, iso-propyl)
and electronic (methoxy, picolyl) changes on the aromatic ring led to the
formula Tp*2U(CH2Ar) (Ar = 4-tert-butylphenyl (2-tBu), 4-isopropyl (2-iPr), 2-picolyl (2-pyr), 3-methoxyphenyl (2-OMe). Treatment of the entire series
of benzyl compounds with azidotrimethylsilane results in the formation of a
neutral, monomeric U(III) compound, Tp*2U(N3) (3-N3), and substituted benzyltrimethylsilane.
While there was no observed change in reactivity among the benzyl compounds and
Me3SiN3, treatment of these compounds with
triphenylphosphine oxide saw unique carbon-carbon coupling occur for three of
the substituted benzyl compounds. With a single equivalent of OPPh3,
the following products were isolated: Tp*2U[OP(C6H5)(C6H5CH2C6H5)]
(4-Ph), Tp*2U[OP(C6H5)(C6H5-p-iPrC6H4)]
(4-iPr), Tp*2U[OP(C6H5)(C6H5-p-tBuC6H4)]
(4-tBu),
Tp*2U[OP(C6H5)(C6H5-m-OCH3C6H4)]
(4-OMe). A family of uranium(IV) imido
complexes of the form Tp*2U(NR) (R = benzyl (7-Bn), para-tolyl (7-Tol), para-methoxyphenyl (7-OMe),
2,6-diethylphenyl (7-detp),
2,6-diisopropylphenyl (7-dipp)) have
been generated by bibenzyl extrusion from 2-Bn.
When 7-Bn and 7-Tol, along with previously reported Tp*2U(N-Ph) (7-Ph) and Tp*2U(N-Ad) (7-Ad), are treated with isocyanates or
isothiocyanates, they readily undergo [2π+2π]-cycloaddition to generate
κ2-ureato and κ2-thioureato derivatives, respectively.
Use of phenylisoselenocyanate with 7-Tol
and 7-Ph generates a rare κ2-selenoureato
complex. Treating 7-Tol and 7-OMe with benzonitrile or
4-cyanopryidine results in unusual products of multiple bond metathesis, namely
κ1-amidinate U(IV) complexes.

A family of
dinuclear bis(Tp*) (Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) uranium
compounds with conjugated organic linkers was synthesized to explore possible
electronic communication between uranium ions. Trivalent diuranium phenyl alkynyl compounds, Tp*2UCC(1,3-C6H4)CCUTp*2
(14-meta)
or Tp*2UCC(1,4-C6H4)CCUTp*2 (14-para),
and tetravalent diuranium phenylimido compounds, Tp*2U(N-1,3-C6H4-N)UTp*2
(15-meta)
and Tp*2U(N-1,4-C6H4-N)UTp*2 (15-para),
were generated from trivalent Tp*2UCH2Ph. All compounds
were fully characterized both spectroscopically and structurally. The
electronic structures of all derivatives were interrogated using magnetic
measurements, electrochemistry, and were the subject of computational analyses.
All of this data combined established that little electronic communication
exists between the uranium centers in these trivalent and tetravalent diuranium
molecules.

Uranium mono(imido) species have been prepared via oxidation of Cp*U(MesPDIMe)(THF)
(16-Cp*) and [CpPU(MesPDIMe)]2
(16-CpP) (Cp* = η5-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienide;
CpP = 1-(7,7-dimethylbenzyl)cyclopentadienide;
MesPDIMe = 2,6-((Mes)N=CMe)2C5H3N,
Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) with organoazides.
Treating either with N3DIPP formed uranium(IV) mono(imido)
complexes, CpPU(NDIPP)(MesPDIMe) (17-CpP) and Cp*U(NDIPP)(MesPDIMe)
(17-Cp*), featuring reduced [MesPDIMe]1-.
Addition of electron-donating 1-azidoadamantane (N3Ad) to 16-Cp* generated a dimeric product, [Cp*U(NAd)(MesHPDIMe)]2
(18), from radical coupling at the para-pyridine position of the
pyridine(diimine) ligand and H-atom abstraction, formed through a monomeric
intermediate that was observed in solution but could not be isolated. To
support this, Cp*U(tBu-MesPDIMe)(THF)
(16-tBu),
which has a tert-butyl group
protecting the para-position, was
also treated with N3Ad,
and the monomeric product, Cp*U(NAd)(tBu-MesPDIMe)
(17-tBu),
was isolated. All isolated complexes were analyzed spectroscopically and
structurally, and dynamic solution behavior was examined using electronic
absorption spectroscopy.


Abstract : With the fast-paced nature of technology, rapidly fielding systems has never been more important. Success depends on well-defined requirements and the ability to rapidly respond to change during and after deployment. The inability to rapidly respond may cause the system to become obsolete before initial fielding. Creating a structure in which processes allow for changes during system development requires restructuring system development values and principles at all levels. This article addresses progress toward agility and defines agile values and principles being used by agile organizations in the Business, System, and Software Aspects. It also defines operationally effective agile practices being utilized to implement those values and principles that provide a starting point for inserting agility into the system development process.


In an attempt to address the detrimental effects of SALW proliferation, states in the Great Lakes Region and Horn of Africa adopted a regional initiative, the Nairobi Protocol, in 2004 aimed at curbing the supply and misuse of illicit SALW. The Protocol is one of the most comprehensive regional SALW-control agreements in Africa, and it has impelled significant levels of cooperation between signatory states in tackling arms control issues, despite difficulties in its implementation.
This paper examines the processes leading up to the adoption of the Nairobi Protocol and the establishment of a regional coordination body, the Regional Centre on Small Arms (RECSA), to oversee its implementation. It also attempts to assess regional and national progress made in implementing the protocol, as well as the factors that are hindering progress.


Various skills have been considered quintessential to the scientific method. The need for
these skills was highlighted by Armstrong at the beginning of the century and continues to be
re-iterated to the present day within the criteria of the National Curriculum. Pupils as
scientists are expected to make accurate and meaningful observations; record results from
experiments formulated to test hypotheses, controlling all the relevant variables except the
one under investigation; identify patterns within the results and recognise anomalies; draw
valid conclusions from the data collected and extrapolate from the data to predict further
results. These criteria were included in the list of thirty-two teacher assessed skills in
domains five and six of the Northern Examination Association, NEA, GCSE Biology
Syllabus.
This research project endeavoured to test the acquisition of these skills in a large sample of
students drawn from a variety of schools in an effort to establish the relative difficulty of the
individual skills. The corollation of performance of the skills with a range of factors,
including IQ, the influence of gender, school type, and associated subjects they studied was
explored. In particular the effect of an exposure to the Warwick Process Science Scheme
was investigated to establish whether a transferable long term enhancement resulted. The
main body of the research was undertaken on Year ten (4th Year) pupils, the sample being
drawn from ten schools of varying types. The work was extended to include both younger
and older age groups, to identify the progress made with age in skill acquisition and to
investigate whether success in the skills is of predictive value for the final GCSE grades of
future 'A'Level achievement.
The results indicated a wide variability in degrees of difficulty of the individual skills and a
wide range of performance by individual candidates. Success in the skills corollated very
closely with IQ, so to eliminate this effect samples cross-matched for IQ were investigated to
establish the effect of other variables. Only the study of the three separate sciences and
tuition within a selective school proved to have a significant effect on the outcome. Only
skill 30 devising three separate hypotheses to explain a complex set of results, had predictive
value for GCSE and none were of value for predicting capital 'A'Level success.


An 18-year-old student with a history of asthma accidentally inhaled organic solvent during a class, with immediate cough and dyspnea that worsened over several hours. He presented in severe respiratory distress, with hypoxemia and marked pulmonary hyperinflation. Administration of inhaled bronchodilator was ineffective because of agitation, and the patient could not be positioned for chest physiotherapy to treat presumed widespread mucus plugging. High-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) in the sitting position initially caused increased distress but was subsequently tolerated when noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) via nasal mask was initiated. Almost immediately, the patient began expectorating bronchial mucus casts, with concomitant clinical improvement. Endotracheal intubation was avoided, and with aggressive pharmacologic treatment for acute severe asthma and continuation of intermittent HFCWO-NPPV, the patient made a full recovery over the next several days. This case suggests that the combination of HFCWO and NPPV may be helpful in the presence of mucus plugging as a complication of acute inhalation injury or acute severe asthma.


With the dramatic increase in direct foreign investment (DFI) in China over the past two decades, understanding the role of DFI in her economic development has become essential. This thesis focuses on the impact of the clustering of DFI on urban economic development through a case study of the Economic and Technological Development Zone (ETDZ) and High-tech Industrial Park (HTIP) in Qingdao, Shandong Province. The concept of 'cluster' has become an object of desire for many cities and regions, resting on the widely accepted assumption that increased specialisation and external economies in clusters may contribute to urban and regional economic development Little research has been conducted, however, as to the underlying role of DFI in fostering industrial clusters. This thesis attempts to fill this gap by examining the supplier-buyer linkages between foreign invested firms and local firms within the electrical and electronic sectors in development zones built by the Chinese government, hence investigating the mechanisms of how such a linkage may increase productivity and promote local economic development. The present research utilises 21 detailed firm case studies and describes the process and mechanisms of urban economic development through the interaction between foreign invested firms and local firms in development zones. In addition, with the help of quantitative methods, including regression, shift-share and location quotient (LQ) analyses, the thesis quantifies the macroeconomic impact of the clustering of DFI on local economic development. This thesis concludes that large domestic firms have played a pivotal role in forming the local industrial cluster, whereas foreign invested firms have played a supporting role. However, the foreign invested firms act as a bridge between large Chinese firms and their local suppliers by being both a main supplier (first-tier supplier) for large Chinese firms and a main buyer of raw materials and components for local suppliers (second-tier and third-tier suppliers). Through such a relationship, foreign invested firms, as innovators, enhance quality control management in local industries and facilitate the technology transfer for local suppliers. Thus, local suppliers and foreign invested firms provide the stable quality parts and components for the main domestic firms who play the leading role in forming clusters.


The World mid-Ocean Ridge System is a volcanically active area of the sea floor some tens of thousands of km in length, at which new ocean crust is being created. Associated with crustal formation is the leaching of newly solidified lavas by circulating sea water, leading to the formation of metal-rich hydrothermal solutions (Corliss 1971). The composition of these solutions depends on a number of factors including the ratio of water, available for leaching to rock being leached (Seyfried & Bischoff 1977), the composition of the rocks, the temperature of leaching, and the nature of the leaching and other chemical reactions taking place below the sea floor. Nevertheless, in many instances it is evident that hydrothermal solutions rich in Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and S, and sometimes other elements, formed as a result of the sub sea-floor leaching, are circulating in the upper part of the oceanic crust under mid-ocean ridges, and periodically discharge onto the sea floor. The sequence of precipitates that occur when such hydrothermal solutions rise, cool, and mix with sea water is probably best exemplified in the Atlantis II Deep of the Red Sea, where sulphides, silicates and oxides, in that order, all form by fractional precipitation (Bischoff 1969). Nowhere else in the oceans has such a sequence of hydrothermal precipitates been found in one place, but parts of the sequence occur in a number of locations which, combined, allow us to view this mid-ocean ridge ore-forming process as a whole. Metal-rich hydrothermal deposits found to