While numerous anthropometric surveys have been conducted to capture anthropometric 3D data of lightly clad individuals (semi-nude) with whole-body scanners, there is a lack of data to characterise individuals encumbered by protective clothing and equipment. The collection of clothed anthropometric data in addition to the semi-nude data allows the relationship between the two to be determined. Adding the offset to the semi-nude database permits estimates of passenger space to be established and statistically valid digital human models of clothed user populations to be developed. The precise replication of postures during the scanning process is a prerequisite for determining the offset between semi-nude and clothed data. To this end, four generations of mechanical positioning aids for the standing and a positioning aid for the seated posture were developed. The overarching objective of the iterative design process was to restrain the individual without compromising data integrity. In two studies utilising a structured light scanner and two different laser scanners it was shown that in the standing posture head, shoulder, arms, hips and feet and in the seated posture head, elbows, arms, hips, knees and feet must be effectively restrained to reduce the mean absolute variability in longitudinal and lateral directions to ≤ 10 mm. Plexiglas tubes and wires below the resolution of the scanners were used as predominant design elements to ensure that they remain invisible on scans. This way, the prerequisite was created to evaluate space claim differences between semi-nude and clothed anthropometric data collected in a study from military personnel. Methodologies for the preparation of the clothed 3D data for analysis were presented, which included the precise alignment of scans as well as the reduction of the data to be analysed without compromising the validity of the results. Furthermore, 1D, 2D and 3D techniques were described for the space claim analysis. Finally, a case study showed, how the data collected in the PhD research and the methods developed for their analysis were applied for the validation of a clothed digital human model. Ultimately, the tools and methods presented in this thesis allow the provision of easy-to-use, clothed data for better workplace design.


In this paper, we describe the enactment of autonomous agents and avatars in the web-based social collaborative virtual environment of REVERIE that supports natural, human-like behavior, physical interaction and engagement. Represented by avatars, users feel immersed in this virtual world in which they can meet and share experiences as in real life. Like the avatars, autonomous agents that may act in this world are capable of demonstrating human-like non-verbal behavior and facilitate social interaction. We describe how reasoning components of the REVERIE system connect and cooperatively control autonomous agents and avatars representing a user.


We present a tree-structured architecture for supervised learning. The statistical model underlying the architecture is a hierarchical mixture model in which both the mixture coeecients and the mixture components are generalized linear models (GLIM's). Learning is treated as a maximum likelihood problemm in particular, we present an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for adjusting the parameters of the architecture. We also develop an on-line learning algorithm in which the parameters are updated incrementally. Comparative simulation results are presented in the robot dynamics domain.


This paper considers the relationship between farm size and productivity patterns across countries and within countries. Across countries, there is a weak but positive relationship between farm size and yield. A much stronger positive relationship holds for agricultural output per unit of labour, which is closely correlated with farm size across countries. The inverse farm size-productivity relationship holds true within countries. However, even within countries, there is typically a strong positive relationship between farm size and labour productivity. Considering that hundreds of millions of poor people will remain in smallholder agriculture for decades to come, policy-makers need to consider whether current strategies offer a particularly valuable way to generate agricultural development.


In 1998, the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs adopted the slogan "A drug-free world, we can do it!" for its ten-year drug strategy. By 2008, the strategy had ended, along with any possibility that the world could be deemed drug-free. The best claim that can be made for the achievements of the past decade was that for certain types of drugs, and in some areas of the world, the market had stabilised or been 'contained'.This belief that eradication or significant reduction of drug markets was possible, has justified severely punitive policies and law enforcement measures against people who use drugs – leading to many negative consequences for public health and communities, including escalated HIV transmission risks and criminalisation of a large number of already vulnerable individuals.As the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) undertakes a mid-term review of its current drug strategy, regional leaders need to acknowledge these realities. In envisaging the successful implementation of the existing drug strategy, ASEAN leaders need to refocus their efforts away from eradicating drug markets, and towards tackling the health and social problems associated with drug markets and drug use.This note makes recommendations for ASEAN to shift towards drug policies that can more effectively tackle drug-related crime, while ensuring the health and social integration of people who use drugs.


The reproduction of audio in small rooms is significantly affected by room modes – resonant frequencies set up as a result of the geometry of the room. These frequency specific modes combine to form a unique frequency response for that room. This frequency response becomes part of the overall reproduction system, and as such, a poor response can have a detrimental effect on the listener's enjoyment of the audio. Researchers have, therefore, consistently looked at how these modes affect our perception, and in particular, attempted to optimize the distribution of the modal frequencies so as to reduce the negative effects. A study is presented which determines an optimal frequency spacing between two adjacent modes which relates to the optimal listening scenario. This result is then discussed in the context of an objective measure which predicts a similar spacing and some remarks on how these results can be incorporated into optimization techniques.


European financial markets are still fragmented. A lack of cross-border lending and cross-border asset holdings hinders the financing of the economy, the conduct of monetary policy as well as cross-border risk-sharing against asymmetric shocks. Reviving the market for securitizations is vital for achieving these goals. A true European Capital Markets Union is needed, but there are still a lot of obstacles to overcome.


Identifying cell trajectories is an important step in analyzing physiological events in computerized video time-lapse microcopy. The large variety and transformation of cell shapes and cells' Brownian motion make cell tracking a challenge problem. In this paper we present a cell tracking system, implemented as a particle filter within texture-adaptive active contour formulations. The texture-adaptive weights on the external energy of the active contour model enables snakes to bypass internal pseudo-edges and stop on low-contrast cell boundaries. Using the texture of cells as observation model, we can track cells whose locations follow a multimodal distribution with a particle filter. This system is a novel combination of tracking algorithms and deformable models, and allows for the first time to automatically track non-fluorescence cellular microscopy images. The implemented tracker is tested on both normal and autophagy cell image sequences, to demonstrate the properties of cells in autophagy


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Self-observation, an umbrella term for a number of methods associated with first-order accounts of mental activity (e.g. introspection) and first-person reporting, has been a part of psychology's investigative procedures since the inception of the discipline. It remains an integral, albeit contested, tool for psychologists to use across essentially every sub-field. In areas such as phenomenology, memory research, psychological assessment, and ethnography, among others, self-observation has been deployed to access information not readily acquired through alternative methods. Other names for introspective methods include self-report, retrospection, inner perception, and self-reflection.


This paper describes algorithms for inserting monitoring code to profile and trace programs. These algorithms greatly reduce the cost of measuring programs with respect to the commonly used technique of placing code in each basic block. Program profiling counts the number of times each basic block in a program executes. Instruction tracing records the sequence of basic blocks traversed in a program execution. The algorithms optimize the placement of counting/tracing code with respect to the expected or measured frequency of each block or edge in a program's control-flow graph. We have implemented the algorithms in a profiling/tracing tool, and they substantially reduce the overhead of profiling and tracing. We also define and study the hierarchy of profiling problems. These problems have two dimensions: what is profiled (i.e., vertices (basic blocks) or edges in a control-flow graph) and where the instrumentation code is placed (in blocks or along edges). We compare the optimal solutions to the profiling problems and describe a new profiling problem: basic-block profiling with edge counters. This problem is important because an optimal solution to any other profiling problem (for a given control-flow graph) is never better than an optimal solution to this problem. Unfortunately, finding an optimal placement of edge counters for vertex profiling appears to be a hard problem in general. However, our work shows that edge profiling with edge counters works well in practice because it is simple and efficient and finds optimal counter placements in most cases. Furthermore, it yields more information than a vertex profile. Tracing also benefits from placing instrumentation code along edges rather than on vertices.


SEView is a Java applet that represents known or predicted elements of a protein or nucleotide sequence. It replaces or supplements the textual format of databases or program output with an interactive, graphical representation that is easily available through a WWW browser. Independence from the source data's format is achieved through a description language and ad hoc translators, which make the system versatile and flexible.


This state-of-the-art paper on the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated soils focuses on the interpretation of the compression curves of unsaturated soils in terms of effective stress, with the goal of understanding the relative impacts of suction on the effective stress, net yield stress, effective yield stress and slope of the virgin compression line (VCL) during a monotonic increase in net stress. A database of compression curves was compiled for both high and low plasticity fine-grained soils under a wide range of suctions, isotropic or oedometric stress states, drainage conditions (constant suction or constant water content) and preparation techniques (impact compaction, static compaction, consolidation from slurry). Most of the compression curves plotted in terms of effective stress revealed a consistent hardening response with increasing suction and a slight suction dependency on the slope VCL. Interpretation of the compression curves in terms of effective stress led to load-collapse curves with a similar shape for a wide range of soils. Most soils evaluated had a greater rate of increase in effective yield stress with suction than the rate of increase in suction stress with suction, implying that these compacted soils may be susceptible to collapse upon wetting. Inconsistent trends were observed in some studies, which were attributed partially to natural variability but also experimental issues and limitations on the range of conditions investigated. Accordingly, recommendations are provided for future studies on the compression curves of unsaturated soils to ensure that results can be clearly interpreted in terms of effective stress.


When investing in cyber security resources, information security managers have to follow effective decision-making strategies. We refer to this as the cyber security investment challenge. In this paper, we consider three possible decision-support methodologies for security managers to tackle this challenge. We consider methods based on game theory, combinatorial optimisation and a hybrid of the two. Our modelling starts by building a framework where we can investigate the effectiveness of a cyber security control regarding the protection of different assets seen as targets in presence of commodity threats. In terms of game theory we consider a 2-person control game between the security manager who has to choose among different implementation levels of a cyber security control, and a commodity attacker who chooses among different targets to attack. The pure game theoretical methodology consists of a large game including all controls and all threats. In the hybrid methodology the game solutions of individual control-games along with their direct costs (e.g. financial) are combined with a knapsack algorithm to derive an optimal investment strategy. The combinatorial optimisation technique consists of a multi-objective multiple choice knapsack based strategy. We compare these approaches on a case study that was built on SANS top critical controls. The main achievements of this work is to highlight the weaknesses and strengths of different investment methodologies for cyber security, the benefit of their interaction, and the impact that indirect costs have on cyber security investment.


Producing a book on fashion in the 1980s is not merely a question of immortalizing one of the most feverish periods of invention, creativity and variety in our recent history. It also means providing a window on the increasingly pervasive advance of show-business society, and on the origins of the designer "total living" environment in which we are now permanently submerged. Ralph Lauren pillowcases, anyone? How about a sip of Absolut from my Calvin Klein Home champagne glasses? "Excess: Fashion and the Underground in the 80s" chronicles the achievements of the fashion establishment in Italy and the rest of the world via its protagonists and trends. It considers the who, what, where, when and why of an industry that has become an economic phenomenon, with enormous influence on global culture and communication. It catalogues a world in which fashions by Armani, Versace, Valentino, Gianfranco Ferre, Fendi, Missoni, Moschino, Dolce & Gabbana, Fiorucci, Thierry Mugler, Jean Paul Gaultier, Vivienne Westwood, Katherine Hamnett, Azzedine Alaea, Calvin Klein, and John Galliano appear in magazines like "Vogue, Elle, Donna, Mondo Uomo, Harper's Bazaar, The Face, i-D, Interview, Vanity Fair, GQ" and "Visionaire." It features work by 80s hotshot artists like Helmut Newton, Bruce Weber, Cindy Sherman, Nan Goldin, Andy Warhol, Jenny Holzer, Robert Mapplethorpe, Barbara Kruger, Gilbert & George, Pierre et Gilles and Leigh Bowery. Empirically organized as an index, "Excess" offers an indispensable point of reference for fashionistas, critics and students. Rather than operating chronologically, it functions thematically, under such categories as Career Women, Sexy Women, American Gigolo, Night Clubbing, Wild Boys, Yuppies, and Graffiti. A special section curated by Peter de Potter is dedicated to the Neo Œ80s, featuring fashions by Jeremy Scott, Louis Vuitton, Berhard Willhelm, Balenciaga, Veronique Branquinho and Bottega Veneta, as seen in the pages of "Butt, Dazed & Confused, SleazeNation, Spin, Self Service" and "Another Magazine." Additionally included are a series of appendices--equally balanced between mainstream and underground--which catalogue the new professions, new words and new fashions.


The effects of globalization on poverty and inequality are a key issue in contemporary international politics, yet they have been neglected in international relations and comparative politics literatures. Arie M. Kacowicz explores the complex relationships between globalization and the distribution of wealth as a political problem in international relations, analyzing them through the prism of poverty and inequality. He develops a political framework (an 'intermestic model') which captures the interaction between the international and the domestic domains and explains those effects with a particular emphasis upon the state and its relations with society. He also specifies the different hypotheses about the possible links between globalization and the distribution of wealth and tests them in the context of Latin America during the years 1982–2008, with a particular focus on Argentina and the deep crisis it experienced in 2001–2.


Abstract : This thesis describes the concept, design and testing of a micro air vehicle rotor testbed capable of independently controlled blade rotation and powered blade flapping. The design, dubbed the Flotor, combined the benefits of a conventional MAV helicopter rotor with avian based flapping motion. The Flotor was tested as a conventional rotor, a conventional rotor with powered blade flapping, and a torqueless, freely rotating rotor with powered blade flapping. As a conventional rotor with a maximum figure of merit of 0.5, the results from the Flotor were similar to previously published experiments. With conventional rotation plus powered blade flapping at up to 8 per rotor revolution at a reduced frequency of 0.6, the maximum thrust increased by up to 15 due to delayed stall. The torque required at moderate thrust levels was reduced by up to 30 . The results from a 2-D quasi-steady blade element momentum analysis predicted average rotor loads accurately below 20 deg collective. As the first attempt at a torqueless flapping MAV rotor, the Flotor was capable of producing thrust and blade loadings comparable to flying animals, but less than current MAVs.


In early 2016 the ReCoVR team evaluated a novel system for remote acquisition of a meditation based stress and anxiety reduction therapy, mindfulness. The system is based on a cloud server web-interface and remote clients, using Samsung smartphones, with GearVR virtual reality (VR) glasses. The application enables group sessions in the virtual world, 3D videos and real-time interactions, as well as standalone meditation. An 8-week mindfulness based stress reduction course has been designed for this VR application. The course was preliminary tested with 8 participants; 4 employees and 4 patients with traumatic brain injuries. Their outcomes were evaluated using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The results are encouraging and may accelerate the development of innovative uses of tele-psychology technologies.


Applied Human Relations emphasizes the person in the organization and the interactions between managers and other employees. Each chapter includes a Profile of Human Behavior to allow readers to identify with successful job holders at all levels, from entry level to top executives. The sixth edition of Applied Human Relations: An Organizational Approach has been reorganized and rewritten to be more direct than previous editions. The book now includes new sections on conflict management and communications and management in virtual organizations. The sections on selective teamwork, service orientation, catalytic leadership, personal and organizational values, quality management, and cross-cultural relations have been expanded from the previous edition.


This Article goes back to first principles to look at the basic policy concerns that are implicated by the extra territorial reach of fraud-on-the-market class actions. The resulting analysis suggests a simple, clear rule that can be shown likely to both maximize U.S. economic welfare and, by also promoting global economic welfare, foster good U.S. foreign relations as well. The U.S. law based class action fraud-on-the-market liability regime, I conclude, should not as a general matter be imposed upon any genuinely foreign issuer, even where the purchaser making the claim is a U.S. investor purchasing the share in a U.S. market or where significant conduct contributing to the misstatement occurs in the United States. An issuer is genuinely foreign if it has its economic center of gravity as an operating firm outside the United States. The only exception would be a foreign issuer that has agreed, as a form of bonding, to be subject to the U.S. liability regime, in which case all such claims against the issuer should be allowed, regardless of the nationality and residence of the purchasing plaintiff, the place where she executes the transaction, and the place or places where conduct contributing to the misstatement occurs.


The availability of P that can be absorbed by plants in the soil is generally very low, because P in the soil are manily in adsorbed form. Addition of organic matter can improve the availability of P in the soil, because organic acids that are resulted by decomposition of organic matter have an ability to make chelation of Al and Fe so P may become available. The aim of this research was to study effect of organic matter in releasing and preventing adsorption of P and to study wether the effect of organic matter is better if it is applied before or after P fertilization. This research consisted of five treatments: (1) Soil + straw compost + P fertilizer 2 weeks later, (2) Soil + P fertilizer + straw compost after 2 weeks, (3) Soil + cow manure compost + P fertilizer after 2 weeks, (4) Soil + P fertilizer + cow manure compost after 2 weeks, and (5 ) Soil + P fertilizer. The kind of soil were used in this research Andosol, Latosol, Podsolic. Each treatment on the three soils was incubated for 1 and 2 months. The results showed that treatment of organic matter and P fertilizer addition is increasing pH and P-availability, as well as lowering the Al-dd and Fe-availability on the three soils. Cow manure compost gives a higher effect than straw compost. The addition of organic matter after P fertilization to improve releasing adsorbtion of P and preventing adsorption of P on Latosol and Podsolic. The addition of cow manure compost on Andosol increasing P-availability is better if it is done before P fertilization, meanwhile organic matter addition after P fertilization. Keywords: Availability of P, compost, organic matter, P Sorption


ABSTRACT A new sphenodontian lepidosaur referable to Clevosaurus Swinton, 1939, C. bairdi, is described from the McCoy Brook Formation (Lower Jurassic: Hettangian) of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is most closely related to C. mcgilli Wu, 1994 from the Dark Red Beds of the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan, China, and differs from the latter mainly in the absence of the hourglass-shaped constriction of the parietals, the shape of the suborbital fenestra, and in features of the marginal dentition. The new taxon is of considerable interest because it represents the first record of Clevosaurus from North America. Like many other early Mesozoic continental tetrapods, Clevosaurus had an apparently Pangaean geographic distribution.


This study deals with the health monitoring of fiber-reinforced composite panels using ultrasonic guided waves and a class of algorithms originally tested in the vibration (lower-acoustic) domain based on attractor based state space analysis involving auto- or cross-prediction methods. The examined components are representative of the wing skin-to-spar joints of unmanned aerial vehicles. The guided wave propagation problem is first studied analytically by a model that accounts for all relevant temperature-dependent parameters of a pitch/catch system on a carbon-reinforced epoxy composite plate. Elements included in the model are actuator/plate and plate/sensor interactions through shear lag behavior, piezoelectric and dielectric permittivity properties of the transducers and Lamb wave dispersion properties of the substrate plate. The model is used to predict the So response spectra in the composite plate for the temperature range of 233 to 313 K, which is typical of normal aircraft operational variability. Different types of bond discontinuities that include various disbond sizes and poorly cured adhesive are then examined experimentally over the range of temperatures using time series prediction algorithms combined with ultrasonic chaotic excitations. An active excitation signal is imparted to the structure through a macrofiber composite (MFC) patch on one side of the bonded joint and sensed using an equivalent MFC patch on the opposite side of the joint. There is an MFC actuator/sensor pair for each bond condition to be identified.


We experimentally and theoretically investigate the lowest-lying axial excitation of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in a cylindrical box trap. By tuning the atomic density, we observe how the nature of the mode changes from a single-particle excitation (in the low-density limit) to a sound wave (in the high-density limit). We elucidate the physics of the crossover between the two limiting regimes using Bogoliubov theory, and find excellent agreement with the measurements. Finally, for large excitation amplitudes we observe a non-exponential decay of the mode, suggesting a nonlinear many-body decay mechanism.


The purpose of this paper is to describe to psychologists and other clinicians a continuum of mental health care for persons of diverse religions. The continuum delineates boundaries between clinical care provided by mental health professionals and religious care provided by clergy, as well as describes pathways of collaboration across these boundaries. A prevention science based model of Clergy Outreach and Professional Engagement (COPE) is offered to guide this collaboration. The model describes a continuum that moves from the care already present in religious communities, through professional clinical care provided in response to dysfunction and returns persons to their own spiritual communities. One challenge for clinicians is that in addition to a wide diversity of beliefs and practices across religions, there is great ethnic diversity within religions. These diversities are reflected in varied correlations with mental health outcomes. Therefore, we recommend that clinicians assess religious beliefs and their cultural variations when designing religious inclusive psychotherapy specific to the client. There are ethical concerns as to the place of religion in clinical care. The "Resolution on Religious, Religion-Based and/or Religion-Derived Prejudice" adopted by the American Psychological Association has stated that it is not the role of professional psychologists to be spiritual guides. Through spiritual assessment of clients and strategic collaboration with religious leaders via COPE, mental health professionals can focus their efforts on clinical care that respects and incorporates the religious views of clients and does not attempt to recreate the lived religions of the clients' communities.


Experimental evidence (obtained by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is presented which shows that finely divided carbon (soot) particles may play a major role in the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in polluted atmospheres. The results obtained with sulfates produced in the laboratory by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide on graphite particles and combustion-produced soot particles are compared with the properties and behavior of ambient sulfates. The proposed sulfur dioxide oxidation mechanism is qualitatively consistent with field observations.


SOMMARIO: 1. Brevi considerazioni introduttive - 2. L'identità liquida del gender - 3. La famiglia nell'ottica del gender - 4. Gender inclusive language, genitorialità e modelli educativi - 5. La sfida antropologica del gender - 6. I riflessi sulla famiglia naturale - 7. In somma.
Beyond the male and female. The family among the colors of gender fluid
ABSTRACT: Gender ideology considers a person's sexual identity, as male or female, according to personal sense. Thus, sexual identity is not linked to anatomical genitality and can be changed several times during the lifetime according to one's own desires and choices. This ideology was considered as a cause of the weakening or breaking of the natural family. Notably, family is deprived of its anthropological, community, generative and pedagogical foundation. That is why gender ideology represents a challenge to the family. Nevertheless an appropriate solution must be fund to protect Lgbtq+ couples, regardless of sexual identity, individual tendencies and personal conditions and especially without ideological claims.


The marine filamentous nonheterocystous nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium Lyngbya aestuarii (F. K. Mert.) Liebman ex Gomont CCY 9616 was grown under diazotrophic and nondiazotrophic conditions and under an alternating 16:8 light:dark (L:D) regime. Nitrogenase activity appeared just before the onset of the dark period, reaching its maximum 1–2 h in the dark, subsequently decreasing to zero at the beginning of the following light period. Nitrogenase activity was only detected at low levels of O2 (5%) and when the culture was grown in the absence of combined nitrogen. Quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR (RT‐PCR) analysis of one of the structural genes encoding nitrogenase, nifK, showed that the highest levels of transcription preceded the maximum activity of nitrogenase by 2–4 h. nifK transcription was not completely abolished during the remaining time of the 24 h cycle. Even in the presence of nitrate, when nitrogenase activity was undetectable, nifK was still transcribed. The H2‐uptake activity seemed to follow the nitrogenase, but the transcription of hupL (gene encoding the large subunit of uptake hydrogenase) preceded the nifK transcription. However, H2‐uptake and hupL transcription occurred throughout the 24 h cycle as well as under nondiazotrophic conditions, albeit at much lower levels. The hoxH transcript levels (a structural gene coding for the bidirectional hydrogenase) were similar under diazotrophic or nondiazotrophic conditions but slightly higher during the dark period. All three enzymes investigated are involved in H2 metabolism. It is concluded that the uptake hydrogenase is mainly responsible for H2 uptake. Nevertheless, uptake hydrogenase and nitrogenase do not seem to be coregulated.


This thesis is devoted to the study of the effect of disorder on low-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gases. In particular, the disorder triggers a quantum phase transition in one dimension at zero temperature that is investigated here through the study of the long-range behaviour of the one-body density matrix. An algebraic spatial decay of the coherence marks the quasicondensate, whereas, in the case of strong disorder, an exponential decay is recovered and it characterizes the insulating Bose-glass phase. This analysis is performed using an extended Bogoliubov theory to treat low dimensional Bose gases within a density-phase approach. A systematic numerical study allowed to draw the phase diagram of 1D weakly interacting bosons. The phase boundary obeys two different power laws between interaction and disorder strength depending on the regime of the gas where the transition occurs. These relations can be explained by means of scaling arguments valid in the white noise limit and in the Thomas-Fermi regime of the Bose gas. The phase transition to a quasicondensed phase comes along with the onset of superfluidity: the inspection of the superfluid fraction of the gas is consistent with these predictions for the boundary. The finite temperature case and the scenario in two dimensions are briefly discussed. The quantum phase transition is caused by low-energy phase fluctuations that destroy the quasi-long-range order characterizing the uniform system. Within the approach presented here, the phase fluctuations are identified as the low-lying Bogoliubov modes. Their properties have been investigated in detail to understand which changes trigger the phase transition and we found that the transition to the insulating phase is accompanied by a diverging density of states and a localization length, measured through the inverse participation ratio, that diverges as a power-law with power – 1 for vanishing energy. The fragmentation of the gas is also studied: this notion is very often associated with the onset of the insulating phase. The characterization of the density fragmentation is performed by analyzing the probability distribution of the density. A density profile is defined as fragmented when the probability distribution at vanishing density is finite or divergent and this happens for a gas in the Bose-glass phase. On the contrary, the superfluid phase is characterized by a zero limiting probability of having vanishing densities. This definition is derived analytically, and confirmed by a numerical study. This fragmentation criterion is particularly suited for detecting the phase transition in experiments: when a harmonic trap is included, the transition to the insulating phase can be extracted from the statistics of the local density distribution.


The problem of exchanging knowledge bases from a source signature to a target signature connected through a mapping has recently attracted attention in knowledge representation. In this paper, we study this problem for knowledge bases and mappings expressed in OWL 2 QL, one of the profiles of the standard Web Ontology Language OWL 2. More specifically, we consider the membership and non-emptiness problems associated with computing universal solutions, which have been identified as one of the most desirable translations to be materialized. We study two settings: when ABoxes are in OWL 2 QL and when null values are allowed in the ABox language. For the former case, we provide a novel technique based on reachability games on graphs to show that the non-emptiness and membership problems are in PTime. For the latter case, we report a range of complexity results from NP to EXPTIME. We also consider the problem of computing universal UCQ-solutions, which provide an alternative notion of translation containing sufficient information to properly answer union of conjunctive queries, reporting a PSPACE lower bound for the membership problem.


Observations of the early rise and propagation phases of solar eruptive prominences can provide clues about the forces acting on them through the behavior of their acceleration with height. We have analyzed such an event, observed on 13 April 2010 by SWAP on PROBA2 and EUVI on STEREO. A feature at the top of the erupting prominence was identified and tracked in images from the three spacecraft. The triangulation technique was used to derive the true direction of propagation of this feature. The reconstructed points were fitted with two mathematical models: i) a power-law polynomial function and ii) a cubic smoothing spline, in order to derive the accelerations. The first model is characterized by five degrees of freedom while the second one is characterized by ten degrees of freedom. The results show that the acceleration increases smoothly and it is continuously increasing with height. We conclude that the prominence is not accelerated immediately by local reconnection but rather is swept away as part of a large-scale relaxation of the coronal magnetic field.


The effects of unsteady trailing-edge blowing on delta wing aerodynamics were investigated experimentally to understand the aerodynamics-propulsion interaction for dynamic thrust vectoring. Two models with sweep angles of A = 50 and 65 deg, representing nonslender and slender delta wings, respectively, were tested in a water tunnel. Flow visualization and velocity and force measurements were conducted at stall and poststall incidences. For the periodic blowing, it was found that the dynamic response of leading-edge vortex breakdown and wing normal force coefficient exhibit phase lags for both nonslender and slender delta wings. The estimated time constants are larger than those reported in the literature for unsteady wings undergoing pitching or plunging. In the case of transient blowing, the time delay for the decelerating jet is significantly larger than that for the accelerating jet. The variation of the circulation and the reattachment process near the wing surface were studied by means of velocity measurements. The range of the estimated time constants is similar at the stall and poststall incidences for both the slender and nonslender wings.


We explore the use of expert iteration in the context of language modeling applied to formal mathematics. We show that at same compute budget, expert iteration, by which we mean proof search interleaved with learning, dramatically outperforms proof search only. We also observe that when applied to a collection of formal statements of sufficiently varied difficulty, expert iteration is capable of finding and solving a curriculum of increasingly difficult problems, without the need for associated ground-truth proofs. Finally, by applying this expert iteration to a manually curated set of problem statements, we achieve state-of-the-art on the miniF2F benchmark, automatically solving multiple challenging problems drawn from high school olympiads.


Abstract Geotourism is a relatively new form of tourism with considerable growth potential. Initially researched and defined within the UK, it is a growing field of international academic study. The term passed into general usage in the early 1990s, although its antecedents date back to the seventeenth century. Its resource base includes geosites, museum, library and archive collections and artistic outputs. It has significant social history and industrial archaeology underpinnings. Relatively recently defined, and benefiting from a new appreciation of its historical roots and various outcomes, the concept is already undergoing redefinition and refinement. However, because of an inadequately developed historical perspective and theoretical framework, the rationale for its provision and the societal significance of its resource base is not always fully appreciated by existing and potential stakeholders. This account presents geotourism's historical and theoretical development, especially in Britain from which examples are drawn, and explores its likely future.


Mediator is an evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit complex, bridging transcriptional activators and repressors to the general RNA polymerase II (Pol II) initiation machinery. Though the Mediator complex is crucial for transcription of almost all Pol II promoters in eukaryote organisms, the phenotypes of individual Mediator subunit mutants are each distinct. Here we report for the first time, the essential role of subunit Med20 in early mammalian embryo development. Although Med20 mutant mouse embryos exhibit normal morphology at E3.5 blastocyst stage, they cannot be recovered at early post-gastrulation stages. Outgrowth assays show that mutant blastocysts cannot hatch from the zona pellucida, indicating impaired blastocyst function. Assessments of cell death and cell lineage specification reveal that apoptosis, inner cell mass, trophectoderm, and primitive endoderm markers are normal in mutant blastocysts. However, the epiblast marker Nanog is ectopically expressed in the trophectoderm of Med20 mutants, indicative of defects in trophoblast specification. These results suggest that Med20 specifically, and the Mediator complex in general, are essential for the earliest steps of mammalian development and cell lineage specification.


This paper provides an account of the strategies of extortion and co-optation used by drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) toward civil society in Mexico. Drawing on the civil war and mafia crime literatures, our theoretical approach focuses on levels of territorial contestation among armed actors, as well as state capture by DTOs, to explain variation in co-opting or coercing civil society. Through the use of list experiments in a nationally representative survey, the paper measures extortion and assistance by DTOs in Mexico. We find that the effect of territorial contestation among rival DTOs has two effects. The effect on extortion is non-linear: highly contested places and non-contested places, controlled by a single DTO, show significantly less extortion than moderately contested places. The effect on assistance is negative: DTOs provide assistance mostly in non-contested places. Additionally, using areas of governance by the former ruling party, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), as a proxy for state capture by DTOs, we find that both DTO and police extortion is higher in municipalities where the state has been captured. These results suggest that territorial contestation and state capture are important in determining the choice of tactics toward civil society during drug wars.


"Instructional Services" is one of those phrases in the library business that seems to throw quite a few people off. It may also be referred to as "bibliographic instruction," "library instruction," or even the current buzzwords of "information literacy instruction." No matter what it is called, the primary goal of Instructional Services is to help patrons develop the skills to find information quickly and efficiently. Not only do we try to give patrons, usually students, the technical skills and tools to access information, but we also try to instill in them the ability to analyze, evaluate, and interpret their results. Quite simply, it is our job to increase the level of "information literacy" or the ability to find all of the information they need.


Stress is unavoidable and encountered in many shapes and sizes. Being in a state of peaceful happiness may seem like an unachievable goal. Serving in the Armed Forces brings unique challenges during peacetime, in addition to the harmful mental and physical effects of service during war. The prolonged periods of separation from family, the very threat to life and limb, the imminence of physical danger, and the likelihood of the loss of a close colleague make the Armed Forces environment, especially in combat, inherently stressful. The lethality of the modern conflicts is potentially greater, and the way that conflicts are waged is more asymmetrical when compared with the wars of an earlier era. The Navy has its own unique set of stressors. Naval operations across the entire range of conflict expose naval personnel to a multitude of stressors. These stressors can lead to varied negative mental health consequences for the service personnel as well as their families. Increased deployments entail other stressful changes in the naval units as well, such as an increased number and intensity of training exercises, planning sessions, and equipment inspections, all of which increase the workload and pace of operations. Through this article, we briefly review the literature on this subject, emphasizing on stress and its types and stressors in Armed Forces, particularly the Navy. The article also dwells on early recognition of stress and timely intervention through the Stress Continuum Model.


Abstract. Commonly used bias correction methods such as quantile mapping (QM) assume the function of error correction values between modeled and observed distributions are stationary or time invariant. This article finds that this function of the error correction values cannot be assumed to be stationary. As a result, QM lacks justification to inflate/deflate various moments of the climate change signal. Previous adaptations of QM, most notably quantile delta mapping (QDM), have been developed that do not rely on this assumption of stationarity. Here, we outline a methodology called scaled distribution mapping (SDM), which is conceptually similar to QDM, but more explicitly accounts for the frequency of rain days and the likelihood of individual events. The SDM method is found to outperform QM, QDM, and detrended QM in its ability to better preserve raw climate model projected changes to meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation.


Summary
Experiments comparing conventional and organic systems often report similar yields despite substantially higher weed abundance in the organic systems. A potential explanation for this observation is that weed–crop competition relationships differ between the two types of systems. We analysed weed and crop yield data from the Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial (FST), which provides a unique 27-year dataset of a conventional (CNV) and two organic [manure (MNR) and legume (LEG)] soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems. Average soyabean yields were similar between the MNR and CNV systems and only slightly reduced in the LEG system, whereas average maize yields did not differ among systems despite the two organic systems having more than four and six times greater weed biomass in soyabean and maize respectively. Plot-level weed biomass–crop yield relationships indicated that weed–crop competition differed between the two organic and CNV systems in maize, and was strongest in the CNV system, intermediate in the LEG system and weakest in the MNR system. These results suggest that organic cropping systems may be able to tolerate a greater abundance of weeds compared to conventional systems and that fertility management within organic systems may influence weed–crop competition.


This study examines variation in Spanish future-in-the-past expression across six centuries in order to determine if this variation parallels canonical future variation diachronically. Futurein-the-past tokens in the conditional (e.g., iría "would go") and imperfect go-periphrasis (e.g., iba a ir "was going to go") were extracted from two corpora and coded according to factors known to condition the variation between synthetic future (e.g., irá "will go") and periphrastic future (e.g., va a ir "is going to go"). Results indicate a rise in the use of the periphrastic form, analogous to the rise in the use of the periphrastic future. Additionally, most factors previously reported to influence canonical future variation were found to play a comparable role in future-in-the-past variation over time.


Now, blessings light on him that first invented sleep! It covers a man all over, thoughts and all, like a cloak; it is meat for the hungry, drink for the thirsty, heat for the cold, and cold for the hot. It is the current coin that purchases all the pleasures of the world cheap, and the balance that sets the king and the shepherd, the fool and the wise man, even. ~Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1605.


The volatility of energy prices, desire to improve sustainability, recently proposed legislation, and energy-efficiency project funding have created big opportunities to improve energy and operation efficiency at most water and wastewater facilities. One mechanism of developing these opportunities is through energy management planning. Focusing on wastewater treatment, the majority of electrical energy demand is required for the delivery of air to provide oxygen for biological treatment of waste streams and mixing to suspend solids within process units. Aeration processes can account for 60 percent or more of the overall power consumption at a wastewater treatment plant. Consequently, the recent introduction of direct-drive, high-speed, turbo blowers to the wastewater market has been of great interest with respect to potential energy savings, as well as other ancillary benefits.

Given the significant power consumption required by aeration systems at wastewater treatment facilities, demonstration investigations have been conducted to identify the magnitude of energy savings that wastewater treatment facilities could expect. These studies have shown that energy savings in excess of 35 percent can easily be achieved by replacing existing conventional blower technology with direct-drive turbo blowers. Even greater energy savings are anticipated if other process upgrades, such as automatic dissolved oxygen control, is implemented. This paper provides background information on turbo-blower technology and specific findings from demonstration studies in the United States (U.S.).


Interactive exploration of multidimensional data sets is challenging because: (1) it is difficult to comprehend patterns in more than three dimensions, and (2) current systems are often a patchwork of graphical and statistical methods leaving many researchers uncertain about how to explore their data in an orderly manner.
This dissertation offers a set of principles and a novel rank-by-feature framework that could enable users to better understand multidimensional and multivariate data by systematically studying distributions in one (1D) or two dimensions (2D), and then discovering relationships, clusters, gaps, outliers, and other features. Users of this rank-by-feature framework can view graphical presentations (histograms, boxplots, and scatterplots), and then choose a feature detection criterion to rank ID or 2D axis-parallel projections. By combining information visualization techniques (overview, coordination, and dynamic query) with summaries and statistical methods, users can systematically examine the most important 1D and 2D axis-parallel projections. This research provides a number of valuable contributions: (a) Graphics, Ranking, and Interaction for Discovery (GRID) principles—a set of principles for exploratory analysis of multidimensional data, which are summarized as: (1) study 1D, study 2D, then find features (2) ranking guides insight, statistics confirm. GRID principles help users organize their discovery process in an orderly manner so as to produce more thorough analyses and extract deeper insights in any multidimensional data application. (b) Rank-by-feature framework—a user interface framework based on the GRID principles. Interactive information visualization techniques are combined with statistical methods and data mining algorithms to enable users to orderly examine multidimensional data sets using ID and 2D projections. (c) The design and implementation of the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer (HCE), an information visualization tool available at www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hce. HCE implements the rank-by-feature framework and supports interactive exploration of hierarchical clustering results to reveal one of the important features—clusters. (d) Validation through case studies and user surveys: Case studies with motivated experts in three research fields and a user survey via emails to a wide range of HCE users demonstrated the efficacy of HCE and the rank-by-feature framework. These studies also revealed potential improvement opportunities in terms of design and implementation.


OBJECTIVES
We identified the most effective mix of school-based policies, programs, and regional environments associated with low school smoking rates in a cohort of Canadian high schools over time.

METHODS
We collected a comprehensive set of student, school, and community data from a national cohort of 51 high schools in 2004 and 2007. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to predict school and community characteristics associated with school smoking prevalence.

RESULTS
Between 2004 and 2007, smoking prevalence decreased from 13.3% to 10.7% in cohort schools. Predictors of lower school smoking prevalence included both school characteristics related to prevention programming and community characteristics, including higher cigarette prices, a greater proportion of immigrants, higher education levels, and lower median household income.

CONCLUSIONS
Effective approaches to reduce adolescent smoking will require interventions that focus on multiple factors. In particular, prevention programming and high pricing for cigarettes sold near schools may contribute to lower school smoking rates, and these factors are amenable to change. A sustained focus on smoking prevention is needed to maintain low levels of adolescent smoking.


The analysis of the population structure allows to define many of socio - economic consequences. Demographic change  (population ageing) in Europe is seen as a challenge for many policy areas: from family policy; through education, lifelong learning and labour market policy; to social protection systems, and pensions, health and long-term care in particular. Although the degree and speed of the population ageing in individual regions of Europe differ substantially, the consequences have an impact on the entire European Union. The article focuses on to the implications of the observed demographic trends for the labour market.  Hence, the aim of this publication is to indicate the impact of demographic changes on the size of labour force in the selected UE countries. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were used herein and conducted based on data from Eurostat and the OECD Statistics statistical databases, taking into account demographic projections. Absolute Increases dynamics and indicators were the methods used for time series changes. The temporal scope of the analyses was largely determined by data accessibility. Key words: labour force, labour market participation, demographic processes


The headline of the 21 July 2007 edition of the New Times (billed as ''Rwanda's First Daily'') reads, ''Genocidaires Munyeshyaka, Bucyibaruta Are Finally Arrested.'' In the article itself, journalist James Munyaneza reports the following: Munyeshyaka, who was until his arrest an active priest, was last November sentenced by Rwanda's Military Tribunal to life imprisonment in absentia for his role in the slaughter of over 200 people at St[e]. Famille Parish, St. Paul Pastoral Centre and CELA [Centre for the Teaching of African Languages] in Kigali during the 1994 Genocide. Rwanda has for the last decade been calling on France to apprehend Genocide suspects on her territory, so did the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) last month. . . . The two men [Munyeshyaka and Laurent Bucyibaruta] have been arrested a month after the ICTR prosecution transferred their cases to Paris, implying that they will most likely be prosecuted in France. However, what remains unclear is whether Paris will extradite Munyeshyaka to Rwanda to serve his life sentence since he is already a convict. According to an ICTR charge sheet, Munyeshyaka, 49, is charged with genocide and three crimes against humanity (rape, extermination and murder). (2) Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Tampa Library at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Recommended Citation Totten, Samuel (2007) "Book Review: African Rights, with photographs by Jenny Matthews. Father Wenceslas Munyeshyaka: In the Eyes of the Survivors of Sainte Famille," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 2: Iss. 3: Article 11. Available at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss3/11


The Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental change due to climate warming, resulting in snow condition changes. Passive microwave observation is a useful tool to monitor these changes. However, the ground conditions in boreal regions, comprised of forest, permafrost, and lakes, are complex. The rapid change of season from winter to spring is also important information obtained through snow observations when studying the Arctic climate. This study introduces previous attempts to retrieve Arctic microwave observations, examples of flight observations, and the use of the low-frequency 6 GHz band to improve the assessment of snow conditions. Flight observations carried out over a forest, wetland, and lake using an airborne microwave radiometer provides detailed brightness temperature variations of the Arctic and winter ‒ spring changes. Flight and satellite microwave observations were used to monitor warming in spring and indicated the early warming of lowlands and late warming of mountainous areas. The diurnal amplitude variation (DAV) is useful to monitor snowmelt in the Arctic. During the short winter‒spring transition in the Arctic, microwave emissions showed local and temporal variations with forest, permafrost, and lake. They are available for further discussion on microwave observation of snow in the Arctic and implementation of changing Arctic cryospheric environment.


During GPU-enabled applications optimization a lot of "magic" constants are introduced, such as block size, parallelism granularity, thread weight, and so on. Although these constants affect performance directly, it is impossible to determine their optimal values statistically for the general case because they depend on both the data specificity and the accelerator architecture. This paper describes an approach to these constants tailoring automation that allows to speedup considered benchmarks 20-60 percent at average.


Throughout his career, James Buchanan displayed a remarkable consistency regarding the didactic role of the properly trained economist. As he would say, it takes varied iterations to force alien concepts upon reluctant minds. What he regarded as the role of the properly trained economist is just a variation on his understanding of constitutional political economy. According to Buchanan, properly trained economists occupy dual, roles as economic scientists and political economists. As economic scientists they understand how spontaneous orders emerge as a result of self-interested behavior under alternative institutional arrangements. As political economists they may propose changes to existing institutions for the purpose of better facilitating the mutually shared goals among free and responsible individuals. Such proposals are not technical advice to a benevolent dictator, but conjectures about Pareto improvements to be tested through democratic deliberation. These related, but distinct, roles, have a non-normative and didactic basis, which is to teach citizens of a democratic society that there are opportunities for mutual gains from trade.


Four recent extreme weather events – the 2010 heat wave in Russia, the flooding in Pakistan in the same year, the 2010–2011 drought in East Africa and Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 – were notable for their intensity, duration, and impacts on livelihoods and food security. As part of its food and climate justice campaign, Oxfam commissioned researchers from the University of Oxford's Environmental Change Institute and The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security to examine the impact of these extreme weather events on vulnerable people, exploring when and why threats emerge. The report identifies cases where extreme weather events exacerbated existing unfavourable conditions, and considers the roles of governance in state and non-state responses to each emergency. The relevance of climate change is also discussed, through an examination of scientific evidence about the influence of human emissions on extreme weather events, and explorative scenario analysis to consider the potential impacts of increased extreme weather severity on food security.


Chocolate and Zucchini. 101 Cookbooks. The Julie/Julia Project. In the early days of food blogs, these were the pioneers whose warmth and recipes turned their creators' kitchens into beloved web destinations. Luisa Weiss was working in New York when she decided to cook her way through her massive recipe collection. The Wednesday Chef, the cooking blog she launched to document her adventures, charmed readers around the world. But Luisa never stopped longing to return to her childhood home in Berlin. A food memoir with recipes, My Berlin Kitchen deliciously chronicles how she finally took the plunge and went across the ocean in search of happiness - only to find love waiting where she least expected it.


Exhorting people to volunteer is part of the everyday vocabulary of American politics. Routinely, members of both major parties call for partnerships between government and nonprofit organizations. These entreaties increase dramatically during times of crisis, and the voluntary efforts of ordinary citizens are now seen as a necessary supplement to government intervention. But despite the ubiquity of the idea of volunteerism in public policy debates, analysis of its role in American governance has been fragmented. Bringing together a diverse set of disciplinary approaches, "Politics and Partnerships" is a thorough examination of the place of voluntary associations in political history and an astute investigation into contemporary experiments in reshaping that role. The essays here reveal the key role nonprofits have played in the evolution of both the workplace and welfare and illuminate the way the government's retreat from welfare has radically altered the relationship between nonprofits and corporations.


The Internet Message Access Protocol, Version 4 [IMAP4] contains the
AUTHENTICATE command, for identifying and authenticating a user to an
IMAP4 server and for optionally negotiating a protection mechanism for
subsequent protocol interactions. This document describes several
authentication mechanisms for use by the IMAP4 AUTHENTICATE command.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]


Although there is no universal definition of "decriminalization," approaches to decriminalization largely focus on modifying how conduct is sanctioned or punished. This Article argues that there is a need to broaden approaches to decriminalization beyond sanctions and give more consideration to the other ways in which criminalization fosters state control over civilians — including police authority and discretion. Decriminalization should restrict opportunities and methods for the state to control civilians in ways that (1) facilitate their entry into, or continued contact with, the criminal justice system, and (2) leave them vulnerable to state-imposed privacy, liberty, dignitary, and physical harms that arise from contact with the criminal justice system and actors. These goals are undermined when decriminalization does not capture police authority and discretion.To illustrate these points, this Article focuses on the most common form of civilian interaction with the police — the routine traffic stop. Through original research, this Article shows that since 1970 twenty-two states have decriminalized minor traffic violations by removing criminal sanctions, reclassifying the violations as noncriminal offenses, and streamlining their adjudication to the administrative realm. These decriminalization reforms have centered on modifying sanctions and have rarely restricted police authority and discretion in routine traffic stop settings.This Article then exposes and examines an asymmetry in the criminal justice process that emerges from sanction-focused approaches to decriminalization, and appears in traffic decriminalization trends. Specifically, the focus on sanctions in traffic decriminalization reforms has enabled states to retain access to an expanding set of crime-fighting tools via the policing of decriminalized traffic violations to further their crime-control policies (such as drug law enforcement). This access, however, comes at the expense of funneling drivers and passengers into the criminal justice system, and making all drivers — whether innocent or guilty of nontraffic crime — more vulnerable to privacy, liberty, dignitary, and physical harms that stem from policing in traffic settings. These results, which advocates of decriminalization should seek to avoid, especially affect people of color and other minority communities that are more vulnerable to concentrated police surveillance and pretextual traffic stops.


Eastern Province is a major sorghum growing zone in Kenya. There exist different composites, landraces, open pollinated and wild relatives of sorghum that are not yet known. The landraces continue to be maintained by cultural preferences and traditional practices by the farmers. Germplasm collection of landraces was done in four regions; Mbeere, Makueni, Kitui and Mutomo in the eastern province of Kenya which are major sorghum growing zones. At time of collection information on traits preferred, seed source and variety type was recorded for each accession. The seed color and name of region collected were used to identify the different landraces. Forty four different landraces were collected from different farmers in the region. Mbeere region had the most landraces available with diverse colorations a clear indication of a possibility of sorghum complex in this particular region compared to Kitui, Mutomo and Makueni. The landraces are unique in their adaptation, food quality, grain yield, quality of harvested products, biotic stress resistance and post-harvest processing. These untapped resources could be useful in crop improvement programmes and in food security. The decline in use of the landraces may erode the genetic base and prevent use of distinctive traits in crop adaptation and improvement.


Small Wars is unique in its complexity and breadth. This book would be of great interest to both military and diplomatic historians, and those that teach Recent America. Nancy Gentile Ford, author of Issues of War and Peace Today, conventional fighting waged by massed, industrial armies is nearly extinct as a viable means of warfare, replaced by a broad and diverse array of conflicts that consume the modern American military. Fought in sprawling urban areas of the underdeveloped world or in desolate border regions where ethnicity and tradition reign, these small wars involve a vast and intricate network of operations dedicated to attacking the cultural, political, financial, and military layers that surround America s new enemies. In this intriguing study, Michael Gambone explores America s approach to small wars since Vietnam, providing a fascinating analysis of the basic goals, missions, conduct, and consequences of modern American conflict. Going beyond a simple comparison of Vietnam to the current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Gambone thoroughly tracks the continuous evolution of U.S. intervention between these events, revealing a dramatic shift in the role of the American military to covert operations that require fluidity, creativity, and ingenuity. He examines in detail the many different forms of military intervention that America has taken in the last forty years, including actions in Central America in the 1980s, the first Gulf War, airstrikes in Kosovo in the 1990s, and the war on terror, as well as the Iran-Contra affair, the drug war in Columbia, and the role of private military contractors such as Blackwater. After the Cold War, Gambone shows, American military missions served a wide variety of tasks peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, counterterrorism that significantly departed from conventional missions, a trend that continued and expanded after 9/11. By exploring the history and assessing the effectiveness of the small wars fought since Vietnam, Gambone reveals the importance of these smaller actions in modern military planning and operations and clearly traces the development of American warfare from the massive military machine of World War II into a complex hybrid of traditional and innovative techniques. MICHAEL GAMBONE, a professor of history at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania, is the author of The Greatest Generation Comes Home: The Veteran in American Society and editor of Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to the Present. "


Contact resistivity ρc is an important figure of merit in evaluating and improving the performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Due to the small size, unique morphology, and uncertain transport properties of semiconductor nanowires (NWs), measuring ρc of contacts to NWs can be particularly challenging. In this work, Si-doped n-GaN NWs were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Four-contact structures with 20 nm Ti/200 nm Al contacts were fabricated on individual NWs by photolithography, and the contacts were annealed to achieve ohmic behavior. Two-point resistances R23 and four-point collinear resistances R23collinear were measured between the middle two contacts on each NW. These resistances were then modeled by taking into account the non-uniform distribution of current flow along the length of each contact. Contrary to the assumption that the resistance difference R23−R23collinear is equal to the total contact resistance Rc, the distributed-current-flow contact model shows that R23−R23collinear ≪ Rc when ρc is sufficiently small. Indeed, the measured R23−R23collinear was so small in these devices that it was within the measurement uncertainty, meaning that it was not possible to directly calculate ρc from these data. However, it was possible to calculate an upper bound on ρc for each device based on the largest possible value of R23−R23collinear. In addition, we took into account the large uncertainties in the NW transport properties by numerically maximizing ρc with respect to the uncertainty range of each measured and assumed parameter in the contact model. The resulting upper limits on ρc ranged from 4.2 × 10−6 to 7.6 × 10−6 Ω cm2, indicating that 20 nm Ti/200 nm Al is a good choice of ohmic contact for moderately-doped n-GaN NWs. The measurement and numerical analysis demonstrated here offer a general approach to modeling ohmic contact resistivity via NW four-point measurements.


In striking contrast to most other refugee groups, Afghan refugees in Pakistan during the 1980s have primarily been understood as a successfully self-reliant population. However, little work has hitherto focused on the international assistance programmes that sought to support their everyday self-reliance. Drawing on extensive archival research, this article presents four phases of self-reliance assistance for Afghan refugees in Pakistan between 1979 and 1995, which correspond to shifts in broader economic trends from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism. At different times the practice of self-reliance assistance promoted large-scale collective employment, individual income-generation, protection for vulnerable populations unable to succeed in the market-based economy, and finally morphed into a form of self-governance through the 'Afghanization' of NGOs after the Cold War. These stages of self-reliance assistance encompass periods of humanitarian focus on so-called 'refugee dependency syndrome' and self-reliance as psycho-social support, holding parallels to the practice and discourse of contemporaneous Anglophone Western welfare systems. This article illuminates another chapter in the history of refugee self-reliance, and demonstrates the dynamism of self-reliance as both a concept and a practice.


Innovation and technology, in appropriate business environments, are considered improvement and survival tools directly related to the establishment of competitive advantages. However, this must be accompanied by a growing economy, and, in some cases, governmental policies that encourage the industry. This chapter inquires about several factors involved in the innovation and technological change of the pork industry in Antioquia, Colombia, based on original research results and other contributions of the authors. The managerial assumption is simple: free trade and strategic moves of the biggest competitors indicate that Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the pork industry must accelerate their technological change via innovation management by addressing different factors that are hindering the establishment of competitive advantages. The authors offer a possible path of action from a management perspective to support that the industry will form an oligopoly should innovation management not occur. © 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.


Aging has been linked to several degenerative processes that, through the accumulation of molecular and cellular damage, can progressively lead to cell dysfunction and organ failure. Human aging is linked with a higher risk for individuals to develop cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. The understanding of the molecular basis of aging and associated diseases has been one major challenge of scientific research over the last decades. Mitochondria, the center of oxidative metabolism and principal site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are crucial both in health and in pathogenesis of many diseases. Redox signaling is important for the modulation of cell functions and several studies indicate a dual role for ROS in cell physiology. In fact, high concentrations of ROS are pathogenic and can cause severe damage to cell and organelle membranes, DNA, and proteins. On the other hand, moderate amounts of ROS are essential for the maintenance of several biological processes, including gene expression. In this review, we provide an update regarding the key roles of ROS–mitochondria cross talk in different fundamental physiological or pathological situations accompanying aging and highlighting that mitochondrial ROS may be a decisive target in clinical practice.


This article proposes a legal right to free dress, encompassing clothing, hair, jewelry, makeup, tattoo, and piercing choices. Neither speech rights nor equal protection provide an accurate account of the importance of self-presentation; instead a new theory of freedom of dress is needed, drawing on its unique location at the blurry border of the personal (as an exercise of control over the physical self) and the political and cultural (as the performance of social identity). Four of the most important applications of this theory are found in public schools, private workplaces, prisons, and direct state regulation. These settings require different balances of individual appearance choices against other interests. In the workplace, employers should be required to reasonably accommodate employees' dress choices. Even in the absence of a distinct statutory right, conceiving of freedom of dress as a fundamental right would make viable disparate impact and "sex-plus" claims affecting dress under Title VII. On the street, the paucity of important countervailing state interests supports reviewing infringements on the freedom of dress with strict scrutiny and subjecting them to narrow tailoring requirements - rather than treating dress merely as an adjunct to speech. In schools, too, strict scrutiny is appropriate; carving out freedom of dress as a liberty for students may be easier even than carving out student liberties like speech. In prisons, a reasonable accommodation approach is appropriate, but with a much narrower construction of reasonable accommodation than in other settings.


The western Bohai Bay is tectonically part of the Bohai Bay Rift System, and includes the Qiku, Nanpu and Cangdong Depressions. Paleogene rift strata consist of three cycles. Usually, the sublacustrine fans or basalts formed at the initial stage of every cycle. The dark shales and turbidites developed at the high level oflacustrine transgression. However, the deltas or evaporates appeared at the regressive stage. The sublacustrine fans or deltas are generally distributed in the marginal part of a depression with humic type kerogen. The dark shales of deep lacustrine facies are located in the inner part containing sapropel type kerogen. The transitional zone consists of interbedded shales and sandstones, with mixed-type kerogen. The major oil and gas fields occur in the transitional zone, around the oil-generating "kitchen". The great oil and gas fields are formed in the areas where big drape anticlines are coincident with sublacustrine fan front or delta front sandstones and are sealed by shales or evaporites. Numbers of small overpressured oil reservoirs are subtley expressed in the mature source rocks in the depression center.


Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is driven by the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). An unmet need in the field is the translation of the genomic landscape into effective TSG-specific therapies. Methods: We correlated genomes against transcriptomes of patients' MPM tumors, by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The identified aberrant biochemical networks and potential drug targets induced by tumor suppressor loss were validated by integrative data analysis and functional interrogation. Results: CDKN2A/2B loss activates G2/M checkpoint and PI3K/AKT, prioritizing a co-targeting strategy for CDKN2A/2B-null MPM. CDKN2A deficiency significantly co-occurs with deletions of anti-viral type I interferon (IFN-I) genes and BAP1 mutations, that enriches the IFN-I signature, stratifying a unique subset, with deficient IFN-I, but proficient BAP1 for oncolytic viral immunotherapies. Aberrant p53 attenuates differentiation and SETD2 loss acquires the dependency on EGFRs, highlighting the potential of differentiation therapy and pan-EGFR inhibitors for these subpopulations, respectively. LATS2 deficiency is linked with dysregulated immunoregulation, suggesting a rationale for immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, multiple lines of evidence support Dasatinib as a promising therapeutic for LATS2-mutant MPM. Conclusions: Systematic identification of abnormal cellular processes and potential drug vulnerabilities specified by TSG alterations provide a framework for precision oncology in MPM.


The aim of this research is to examine whether the extent of tax compliance by oil producing companies in Nigeria is determined by the knowledge, remuneration and incentives of government tax officials. This study sets out to investigate the extent of compliance of oil and gas (exploration and production) companies with the Petroleum Profits Tax Act and to confirm whether lack of sufficient knowledge of the PPT law and poor remuneration and incentives of government tax officials affect tax administration in the upstream sector of the petroleum industry in Nigeria.
An extensive literature review was conducted on the historical and legislative background and the incentives available to petroleum companies in Nigeria. The review also covered theories of taxation, tax administration and compliance, tax reforms, tax avoidance and evasion. The literature review revealed gaps which this study attempts to fill. This research has concepts that require both qualitative and quantitative approaches in its design, data collection and data analyses. Consequently, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was adopted for this study. Face to face interviews were held with experienced regulatory, tax, petroleum companies' officials and tax and audit practitioners. The researcher uses literature to develop hypotheses which are tested using survey results and backed up by personal interviews. This helps
in obtaining results about the behaviour of taxpayers and tax officials in the upstream sector of the petroleum industry in Nigeria. By using a survey, the researcher is able to assess the perceptions of a cross-section of stakeholders in the Nigerian oil industry about the level of compliance with the PPT law. The personal interviews with oil experts provide the benefit of their in-depth knowledge of the oil industry in Nigeria and furnish an understanding of their social world.
This research seems to support the perception that the oil producing companies may not be complying fully with the provisions of the Petroleum Profits Tax Act and the Petroleum Act in relation to the payments of royalty and PPT. Interview results suggest that there is a lack of an adequate database of all company taxes paid in Nigeria, minimisation of monthly Royalties and PPT instalments, a dearth of experts on fiscal issues, overwhelming influence of the oil producing companies, poor attitude and inadequate knowledge of the operations of the petroleum industry amongst government tax officials.


Recurrent neural network grammars (RNNGs) are generative models of (tree , string ) pairs that rely on neural networks to evaluate derivational choices. Parsing with them using beam search yields a variety of incremental complexity metrics such as word surprisal and parser action count. When used as regressors against human electrophysiological responses to naturalistic text, they derive two amplitude effects: an early peak and a P600-like later peak. By contrast, a non-syntactic neural language model yields no reliable effects. Model comparisons attribute the early peak to syntactic composition within the RNNG. This pattern of results recommends the RNNG+beam search combination as a mechanistic model of the syntactic processing that occurs during normal human language comprehension.


1. A list is given of protozoa previously described from termites of different countries, and now recorded from Australian termites.

2. Observations on division stages of Janicki's 'stout form' of Devescovina striata do not support his contention that the 'stout form' is a pre-division stage of the 'slender form'.

3. A new species Spirotrichonympha grandis is described from Porotermes grandis Holmgr.

4. The protozoa of Stolotermes victoriensis Hill include a new genus, Spirotrichosoma, of which two species occur--Spirotrichosoma obtusa and Spirotrichosoma capitata.

5. A Trichomonad flagellate from Porotermes grandis, mentioned but not described by Kirby, has distinctive characters which mark it as a new species, Pseudotrypanosoma minimum.

6. A new genus Pseudodevescovina (Pseudodevescovina uniflagellata) is described from Calotermes insularis White.

7. Mastotermes darwiniensis Progg., the most primitive known termite, contains in addition to a ciliate, Nycto-therus termitis, large and unusual flagellates for which the genera Mixotricha (Mixotricha paradoxa) and Deltotrichonympha (Deltotrichonympha operculata) have been erected. The morphology and possible affinities of these forms are of great interest.

8. Observations made on the 'centroblepharoplast' of Spirotrichosoma obtusa tend to show that this organ is in this form primarily skeletal rather than neuromotor in function. Division stages show that in Spirotrichosoma obtusa the axial organ does not function as a centrosome, so that the term 'centroblepharoplast' is inexact for this form. An analogous skeletal or supporting structure is found in Deltotrichonympha.


In order to establish the model for tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) and analyze the effects of study region, vegetation types, and density on it, the Multi-level Bayesian Model was used in the study areas and analyzed the uncertainty of model parameters. Additionally, the effects of regions, vegetation types, and density on the model were quantified. The data that was used was collected from 30 sampling plots (standard 1 hectare units) in the Nature Reserves and State/National Forest in Beijing's mountainous area. The Multi-level Regression Model was used for developing these models. The Multilevel modelling technique is perfectly suited for this study because of the hierarchical structure in data and in the various indicators of the ecosystem structure and function. The results suggest that the Height-DBH Model is an excellent way in which to represent the relationship between tree height and DBH in the Beijing mountain area. Different areas, vegetation types, and density all have specific effects on the model.


OBJECTIVE
To test the shear bond strength of self-adhesive and conventional resin cements to zirconia after the application of different types of silanes with/without aging.

METHOD AND MATERIALS
Three hundred and sixty zirconia specimens were randomized into 10 groups (n = 36). Five groups were assigned to the self-adhesive resin cement RelyX-Unicem (RXU) and five groups to the conventional resin cement Panavia 21 (PAN). The groups were further assigned to the following pretreatments: Monobond-S (M), Alloy Primer (AP), Clearfil (C), Experimental Universal Primer (EUP), or without silane (control group). Twelve specimens of each of the cements were tested after water storage for 24 hours (initial shear bond strength). The remaining 24 samples were aged (1,500 cycles, n = 12; or 13,500 cycles, n = 12). The shear bond strength was measured (Universal Testing Machine; 1 mm/min, Zwick Roell Z010). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Scheffé tests. Student's t test was applied to test the differences between the two cements (P < .05).

RESULTS
The initial bond strength of RXU was increased by the application of the different silanes. The silanes had less influence on the initial bond strength of PAN. Aging reduced the bond strength of RXU significantly in combination with two of the silanes (AP, 0 ± 0 MPa; C, 4.1 ± 0.9 MPa; P < .05). Aging led to a significant reduction of the bond strength values of PAN with the primers AP (2.9 ± 0.4 MPa) and EUP (2.5 ± 0.5 MPa; P < .05).

CONCLUSION
The present study indicates that the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement was positively influenced by the pretreatment of the zirconia surface with different silanes. Aging led to a decrease of the bond strength of both types of cements, irrespective of most of the silanes used.


This thesis examines the juncture between the short story cycle form and gender politics. It explores how twentieth-century women from the United States have been using the form to represent and question gender identity. The introduction outlines commentaries on the story cycle and considers definitions of the form. It includes case studies of earlier twentieth-century cycles by American women: cycles such as Mary McCarthy's The Company She Keeps that have been passed over by critics of the form.
Chapter One presents Eudora Welty's The Golden Apples as a cycle paradigm, examining conventions such as the form's metafictional dimension and its preoccupation with communal identity. Chapter Two argues that Grace Paley's scattered Faith narratives set a standard for more dispersed versions of the form. Chapter Three considers how Joyce Carol Oates uses the sequential cycle to represent gender identity as a social construct. Chapters Four and Five examine the macrocosmic cycles of Gloria Naylor and Louise Erdrich and consider changes in their form and gender politics. The final 'composite' chapters explore postmodern versions of the form such as Susan Minot's Monkeys. The prose works of Sandra Cisneros stretch across the story cycle continuum, whilst Toni Morrison's Paradise is universally regarded as a novel. Readings of contemporary cycles by Melissa Bank, Elissa Schappell and Emily Carter demonstrate that American women are re-invigorating the form to facilitate the plural identity of the postmodern heroine.


This project involved investigating the effect, if any, of rumble strips on stopping behavior at simulated rural-controlled intersections. Researchers used the wrap-around driver simulator at the University of Minnesota's Human Factors Research Laboratory for the project. Researchers varied the rumble strip type and the number of rumble strips and tested them on two different types of controlled intersections, two-way or four-way, and in the presence and absence of traffic. Results indicate that none of these manipulations seem to affect the point at which drivers stop at the controlled intersections or the point at which drivers start to slow down at controlled intersections. The research did reveal drivers brake more, earlier, when rumble strips are installed than they do if there are no rumble strips. Although they started to slow down at the same time and finished braking at the same time, there was more use of the brake earlier in the slowing down maneuver in the presence of rumble strips. Results also reveal that drivers brake more and earlier with full coverage rumble strips than they do with wheel track rumble strips.


Hepatotoxicity (from hepatictoxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease.The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents. Certain medicinal agents, when taken in overdoses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges, may injure the organ. Other chemical agents, such as those used in laboratories and industries, natural chemicals (e.g., microcystins) and herbal remedies can also induce hepatotoxicity. Chemicals that cause liver injury are called hepatotoxins.


The UNCITRAL Practice Guide to the Model Law on Secured Transactions provides practical guidance to parties involved in secured transactions in States that enact the Model Law. The Practice Guide explains key features and benefits of the Model Law, illustrates the types of secured transactions that can be undertaken under the Model Law, and provides step-by-step explanations of how to engage in the most common and commercially important secured transactions. The Practice Guide is for readers who wish to understand transactions governed by, and in many cases made possible by, the Model Law. It provides guidance to creditors and debtors on how to engage in several common types of secured transactions, to others whose rights may be affected by a secured transaction, and to regulated financial institutions and prudential regulatory authorities.


The objective of this study was to examine women's perceptions after participation in a motivational and gender-sensitive program (VINN) and to explore what was experienced as helpful. The qualitative data consisted of reports and transcriptions from 13 group interviews with 65 participants on probation or imprisoned in Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Estonia and Norway. The data were analysed according to systematic text condensation. The participants' perceptions could be grouped into the following clusters: confidence and trust, deeper understanding, change and future hopes. The women appreciated the collaborative atmosphere focusing on quality of life, autonomy, strengths, coping and resources. The most beneficial experiences reported, regardless of country, were that their personal repertoires of actions were expanded during their participation, and their confidence in their ability to desist from crime and substance abuse in the future increased. The results support the program's salutogenic approach combined with motivational interviewing as a bridge to change. Future research should investigate whether the participants report sustainability of the changes.


This paper proposes a non-segmented document clustering method using self-organizing map (SOM) and frequent max substring technique to improve the efficiency of information retrieval. SOM has been widely used for document clustering and is successful in many applications. However, when applying to non-segmented document, the challenge is to identify any interesting pattern efficiently. There are two main phases in the propose method: preprocessing phase and clustering phase. In the preprocessing phase, the frequent max substring technique is first applied to discover the patterns of interest called Frequent Max substrings that are long and frequent substrings, rather than individual words from the non-segmented texts. These discovered patterns are then used as indexing terms. The indexing terms together with their number of occurrences form a document vector. In the clustering phase, SOM is used to generate the document cluster map by using the feature vector of Frequent Max substrings. To demonstrate the proposed technique, experimental studies and comparison results on clustering the Thai text documents, which consist of non-segmented texts, are presented in this paper. The results show that the proposed technique can be used for Thai texts. The document cluster map generated with the method can be used to find the relevant documents more efficiently.


e-Government mobile applications provide an extension for effective e-government services in today's omniconnected world. They constitute part of m-government platforms. This study explores the usefulness, availability, discoverability and maturity of such applications. While this study impacts theory by addressing a relatively lacking area, it impacts practice more. The outcomes of this study suggest valuable recommendations for practitioners-developers of e-government applications. The methodology followed is to examine a large number of e-government smartphone applications. The focus is on applications available at the Google Play Store. Moreover, the study investigates applications published on government portals of a number of countries. A sample of 15 countries is researched. The results show a diversity in the level of discoverability, development, maturity, and usage of smartphone apps dedicated for use of egovernment services. It was found that there are major issues in discovering e-government applications on both the Google Play Store and as-well-as on local government portals. The study found that only a fraction of mobile government applications was published on the Play Store. Only 19% of apps were multilingual, and 43% were developed by third parties including private individuals. Further analysis was made, and important recommendations are suggested in this paper for a better utilization of e-government smartphone applications. These recommendations will result in better discoverability, maturity, and usefulness of e-government applications. Keywords—Mobile applications, e-government, apps, app store.


of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Frank J. Millero. No. of pages in text. (200) The physical properties of minor/trace components of natural waters aren't well known. Although these components have received a great deal of study recently only a small focus has been on properties such as speciation and solubility, which influence the behavior and fate in the environment. The pH has a large influence on speciation. This is of increasing importance due to ocean acidification from the anthropogenic input of CO2 into the environment and the resultant uptake by the oceans. Metals that form strong complexes with hydroxide and carbonate will see large changes speciation over the next few centuries. Metals with biological importance, either as a nutrient or toxin, are of most interest. The bioavailable form of most metals will increase; this can be potentially helpful or harmful depending on the metal. Knowledge of speciation is often limited, when measurements are lacking, correlations have been used to make reasonable estimates. The hydrolysis of Al(III) in NaCl is well known over a wide range of conditions. A near linear correlation between the hydrolysis constants of Al(III) and a variety of +2, +3, and +4 metals has been found. This provides estimates of hydrolysis constants when measurements are not available. Lead is extremely difficult to measure due to low solubility, but is important because of its toxicity. The formation constant () of PbCO3 is not well known and most speciation calculations are done using correlations with Cd or Zn. The PbCO3 was measured in NaCl at 25°C from I= 0.05-3 m. This was then modeled using a Pitzer Model and combining the new measurements with all previously published data on PbCO3 and PbCln. The Pitzer model can then be used for lead speciation in most natural waters including seawater. Calcite and Aragonite have been well studied due to their use by shell forming organisms. However, several lines of evidence show that 51-71% of the CaCO3 produced in the surface oceans is dissolving unexpectedly above the aragonite saturation horizon. The most likely explanation is a more soluble form of CaCO3, but no possible source was known. Then recently, it was discovered that telost fish produce a high magnesium calcite as a byproduct of osmoregulation. The solubility of fish produced high magnesium calcite was measured in Gulf Stream seawater at 25°C. The stoichiometric solubility product constant (Ksp) was determined to be 5.89, in agreement with Bahamas Banks high magnesium calcite and approximately twice as soluble as aragonite. This more soluble CaCO3 likely explains at least a portion of the CaCO3 dissolution above the aragonite saturation horizon. Minor components of seawater can also influence density, a highly used property; however most equations were determined on surfaces waters which have negligible concentrations of minor components. Deep waters can have significant amounts of silicate, nitrate and normalized total alkalinity. Using measurements of density and nutrient concentrations, semi-empirical equations have been determined for nitrate, silicate and normalized total alkalinity, and can increase density by up to ~20ppm. All of these measurements help to improve our understanding of the physical properties of minor components of seawater, and how they might change under future