The modern gravimetric equipment allows to register very small effects of gravity field changes and can be applied solving different geological, geophysical and environmental problems. However, sometimes insufficient calculation of various kinds of geological noise complicates effective application of detailed gravity field analysis. One of such factors is the temperature regime over and outside different buried objects of investigation. In this paper temperature changes in a subvertical zone over a hydrocarbon deposit and outside its contour are analyzed. The integrated density change and corresponding gravity effects are calculated for the Muradkhanly oil deposit situated within the south-east part of the Middle Kura Depression (central Azerbaijan). Calculation of these effects on the basis of density- temperature data correlation analysis could significantly improve the microgravity field examination over the hydrocarbon deposits. The similar correction procedure may be applied also over underground water horizons and some environmental targets.


A brain-dead patient is unconscious, has lost the capacity to breathe (apnoea) and requires mechanical respiration; even with full supportive treatment his heart will soon stop, usually only after a few days. The widely accepted definition of brain death (BD) equates it with death of a person and renders legally the removal of organs for transplantation. Evidence-based criteria for the clinical diagnosis of BD and the use of confirmatory tests are available. A patient in the vegetative state is unconscious but has his eyes open and can breath on his or her own, but requires artificial feeding, automatic-vegetative functions and some active functions of the severely damaged brain being preserved. Its diagnosis is based on repeated clinical observations and modern neuroimaging tests. Given adequate treatment persons in a vegetative state can survive for years and may recover towards the minimally conscious state or even can regain (in)complete recovery.

Key Concepts:

Brain death is the expression of irreversible loss of brain function.

Brain death is a precisely defined clinical diagnosis based on generally accepted criteria.

When the clinical diagnosis is unequivocal, no additional confirmatory tests (angiography, electroencephalography, transcranial Doppler sonography or magnetic resonance angiography) are necessary.

Causes of brain death are traumatic brain injury, cerebral haemorrhage and systemic hypoxia, and frequently associated with brain oedema and raised intracranial pressure damaging the brainstem.

The widely accepted legal definition of brain death equates it with death of a person.

Brain death diagnosis depends on adequate observation times (6–24 h or more), and its declaration has to be made by two adequately experienced physicians.

Unequivocal diagnosis of brain death generally renders legally the removal of organs for transplantation.

The vegetative state consists of continuing unconsciousness with no evidence of awareness and no possibility for communication, with the eyes open, spontaneous breathing and preserved brainstem autonomic functions.

Causes of the vegetative state are various types of severe acute brain damage (head injury, systemic hypoxia or encephalitis) or progressive brain damage (terminal states of Alzheimer or Huntington disease, demyelinating, metabolic, inflammatory diseases or severe malformations).

The diagnosis of the vegetative state depends on repeated clinical examinations and demands considerable skills; it can be supported by electroencephalography and modern neuroimaging methods showing severe drop of cerebral metabolism.

Given adequate treatment, persons in a vegetative state can survive for years and some may recover towards the minimal conscious state or may even show (in)complete recovery with various degrees of incapacity.

Keywords:

coma;
brain death;
apnoea;
vegetative state;
acute brain damage;
minimally conscious state


We present the results of a numerical model that was used to investigate aspects of the landscape evolution of the Eastern European Alps in the Miocene. The model allows the consideration of strike-slip faulting, an inherent feature of the Miocene tectonics in the Eastern Alps, within a viscous medium. Mechanical deformation of this medium is coupled with a landscape evolution model to describe surface processes. For the input variables, the activity history of strike-slip faulting in the Eastern Alps was compiled from literature sources. The results present a major improvement in the predicted topographic development over earlier models in terms of the location and build-up of valleys and mountain ranges that form in response to the strike-slip faulting activity. Intramontane basin formation is predicted and the metamorphic dome of the Tauern Window evolves dynamically in the simulations, related to well-known east-west–striking strike-slip faults in the region. It is interesting that the metamorphic dome formation is predicted by the model without explicit consideration of the low-angle detachments bounding the dome in the west and east, suggesting that metamorphic domes can form in transpressional or strike-slip environments. The model underpredicts the mean elevation of the Eastern Alps by several hundreds of meters, which is interpreted in terms of an independent non-convergence-related event of the past 5 m.y. that has been inferred previously from other field data. Time-series analysis of elevations reveals a clear correlation between maximum height and the amount of strike-slip activity and a nonequilibrium state between uplift and erosion. We interpret this in terms of future topographical growth of the Eastern Alps.


Despite being one of the most fundamental issues in political economy, the question of the appropriate boundary between public and private enterprise received relatively little attention in mainstream economic analysis until quite recently. In the 1980s, however, programs of ownership reform were started in many developed and developing countries. Dramatic though some of these policies have been, they are likely to be overshadowed in the 1990s by even greater privatization in the reforming socialist economies. The opening sections of this paper are organized around three broad and interrelated questions. How does ownership matter for the efficiency of enterprise performance? What is the role for privatization in financing public debts and deficits? What are the distributional and political implications of privatization? Finally we examine privatization in practice in three countries: Britain, Chile, and Poland.


In a context of spiralling costs, private liberal arts colleges are facing unprecedented levels of public scepticism in response to claims of educational distinctiveness and value. While from one vantagepoint, this signifies a marketing crisis for liberal arts institutions; it can also be viewed as an assessment problem. To the extent that high-cost liberal arts colleges anchor claims of educational value on their ability to foster as learning outcomes a host of inherently subjective "qualities of the mind" in their graduates, a daunting burden of proof is assumed by those seeking to measure and document such effects. This research employs Q methodology in a preliminary effort to demonstrate how such subtle, subjective effects might be approached and eventually assessed. Results reveal four relatively distinct viewpoints toward educational experience and value at one liberal arts college. Reflecting different understandings of education's most important ends and means, these "learning discourses" deserve consideration as crucial educational outcomes in their own right. At the same time, these understandings may serve to influence student achievement across a range of additional outcomes at well. At the very least, subjectivity along these lines warrants closer attention than it had heretofore received in the assessment literature.


Paper present work with e-ink reader devices with wireless internet 3G/ wifi used for field documentation on town excavations in Gdansk – Poland. Software is based upon publicly available web-based FreeApps named Creator distributed by Zoho –  Easy Recordings System. Mobile recording system allowed group work on descriptive data stratigraphic units become the standard for field archaeology. Creator web application was described on CAA 2011 in Beijing. In this article we present field experience in the recording of data with innovative devices. This web-based system supports multiple hardware platforms, including the iPads and any tablets or even e-ink readers with web browser option. In the rainy and snowy weather e-ink readers were the best hardware choice in our tests. We propose to integrate all data sources, such as text, images, maps, plans, and even movie records into one interactive online information solution for a better control and group working on archaeological projects. For field work on rescue excavations always important is time and fast data capture for the best results of creating complex reports. Management for field archeological projects requires proper data capture coordination. Even very good application for collecting data used in the office (post-ex) is not a good solution. We postulate the exclusive use of mobile applications used directly in the field and not in the barracks. Screens of mobile devices including popular iPad's are not readable on direct sunlight. Few years ago Amazon released the Kindle, a revolutionary device with a sharp display readable in direct sun light. Device has a longer battery live, but the two most prominent and useful feature is the 3G or wifi connection. We use these popular e-ink readers with experimental web browsers for mobile connection with our web-based application for collecting data from field. The greatest innovation of these devices (which officially used for reading e-books) is a perfect adaptation for field recording with long weekly job without charging the battery.


This paper makes the case for adult literacy (including numeracy) practitioners to play a greater role in health literacy initiatives in Australia. The paper draws on data from a national research project that investigated adult literacy partnerships and pedagogy viewed from a social capital perspective. The primary purpose of the project was to produce guidelines on how to deliver integrated adult literacy and numeracy programmes using a social capital approach. Prior experience of partnerships was explored through a review of the literature and an environmental scan of adult literacy providers using an email survey and follow-up interviews. An in-depth case study of a health literacy partnership was trialled using action research. Partnerships between adult literacy and health organisations in Australia were found to be largely ad hoc and rarely documented. To enable sustainable health literacy programmes, partnerships are needed across the three interlinked organisational levels – micro, meso and macro, and in particular the latter, which is currently almost completely absent. The conceptual frameworks outlined for health literacy partnerships and social capital pedagogy in this paper are new and potentially of value to policy makers, researchers and practitioners in the fields of health and literacy.


Background The Internet is an increasingly popular platform for public health interventions due to its distinct ability to communicate with, engage, and educate communities. Given the widespread use of the Internet, these interventions could be a means of equalizing access to information to address health disparities in minority populations, such as Hispanics. Hispanics are disproportionately affected by poor health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Although underserved and underrepresented, Hispanics are among the leading users of social media in the United States. Previous reviews have examined the use of social media in public health efforts, but, to our knowledge, none have focused on the Hispanic population. Objective To conduct a scoping systematic review of the published literature to capture the ways social media has been used in health interventions aimed at Hispanic populations and identify gaps in existing knowledge to provide recommendations for future research. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature related to social media, public health, and Hispanics using the PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases to locate peer-reviewed studies published between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. Each article was reviewed for the following inclusion criteria: social media as a main component of study methodology or content; public health topic; majority Hispanic/Latino study population; English or Spanish language; and original research study. Relevant data were extracted from articles meeting inclusion criteria including publication year, location, study design, social media platform, use of social media, target population, and public health topic. Results Of the 267 articles retrieved, a total of 27 unique articles met inclusion criteria. All were published in 2012 or later. The most common study design was a cross-sectional survey, which was featured in 10 of the 27 (37%) articles. All articles used social media for at least one of the following three purposes: recruiting study participants (14 of 27, 52%), promoting health education (12 of 27, 44%), and/or describing social media users (12 of 27, 44%). All but one article used multiple social media platforms, though Facebook was by far the most popular appearing in 24 of the 27 (89%). A diverse array of Hispanic populations was targeted, and health topics featured. Of these, the most highly represented were articles on sexual health directed toward Latino men who have sex with men (12 of 27, 44%). Healthy eating and active living received the second greatest focus (4 of 27, 15%). Conclusions Social media offers a potential accessible venue for health interventions aimed at Hispanics, a group at disproportionate risk for poor health outcomes. To date, most publications are descriptive in nature, with few indicating specific interventions and associated outcomes to improve health.


"CHARLES DICKENS wrote this delightful little book in 1849 for his most private and personal readership his own children. With no eye on publicity or pandering to any faction of his vast following, we can see here his own thoughts on the Christian Religion distilled, not only for the benefit of young readers but almost, one feels, to repeat to himself his belief in the Good News of God, and tell again the Gospel story in a pleasantly simple yet direct and accurate way. This brings a message of its own which should be important to all families of the world. Today I want to add to it a deeper understanding of who Jesus Christ was and still remains. He is, for most of us, God-made-man for our salvation, born of the Virgin Mary, and with Joseph as his chosen earthly foster father. We should strive to understand even more fully the Salvation Jesus achieved for us and how it happened and continues to happen in the Holy Eucharist, and in the life of Christ's Church throughout the world. Though Charles Dickens had refused publication of this book during his own lifetime or that of his children, one of his sons, my great-grandfather Sir Henry Fielding Dickens set down in his Will that at his death the book might be released with the full consent of the family. This was granted and the work was published in 1934. The text of the present edition is exactly that of the original, though the illustrations selected will have a wider appeal than those chosen in 1934. I, my wife Jeanne-Marie and daughters Catherine and Lucy hope that reading this book will be a very special little spiritual exercise, and that the sincerity of the message may lead us all towards a better understanding of God."


Cruciferous vegetables contain compounds with antioxidant properties (e.g. carotenoids, vitamin C and folates) and can alter the activity of xenobiotic metabolism (i.e. isothiocyanates). These constituents may be particularly important for subjects who are exposed to free radicals and genotoxic compounds, including smokers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of broccoli intake on biomarkers of DNA damage and repair. Twenty-seven young healthy smokers consumed a portion of steamed broccoli (250 g/day) or a control diet for 10 days each within a crossover design with a washout period. Blood was collected before and after each period. The level of oxidatively damaged DNA lesions (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase-sensitive sites), resistance to ex vivo H(2)O(2) treatment and repair of oxidised DNA lesions were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also measured mRNA expression levels of repair and defence enzymes: 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X-type motif 1 (NUDT1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). After broccoli consumption, the level of oxidised DNA lesions decreased by 41% (95% confidence interval: 10%, 72%) and the resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced DNA strand breaks increased by 23% (95% CI: 13%, 34%). Following broccoli intake, a higher protection was observed in subjects with glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1-null genotype. The expression level and activity of repair enzymes was unaltered. In conclusion, broccoli intake was associated with increased protection against H(2)O(2)-induced DNA strand breaks and lower levels of oxidised DNA bases in PBMCs from smokers. This protective effect could be related to an overall improved antioxidant status.


In this paper, we present a holistic, integrated social science analysis of the leading indicators of WMD terrorism that advances what is known about the social conditions that foster WMD terrorism. This exercise illustrates how a multidisciplinary team of researchers, including political scientists, anthropologists and computer engineers combined state-of-the-art methodologies to fuse disparate data sources to produce research findings not traditionally possible. This report describes the basic theories of WMD terrorism tested by researchers, the sources of their data and special challenges they met, the varied analytical methodologies used, and a brief overview of key findings.


As the global community confronts increasing economic, social, and environmental challenges, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) movement has demonstrated a powerful capacity to offer itself up as a solution, circulating new ethical regimes of accountability and sustainability in business. This article introduces five contributions that explore ethnographically the meanings, practices, and impact of corporate social and environmental responsibility across a range of transnational corporations and geographical locations (India, South Africa, the UK, Chile, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In each of these contexts corporations are performing ethics in different ways and to different ends, from the mundane to the ritualistic and from the discursive to the material, drawing a range of actors, interests, and agendas into the moral fold of CSR. Yet across these diverse sites a set of common tensions in the practice and discourse of CSR emerge, as the supposedly "win-win" marriage between the social and the technical, the market and morality, and the natural and the cultural becomes routinized in global management practice. By tracing the connections and conflicts between the local micropolitics of corporate engagement and the global movements of CSR, the collection reveals the ambiguous and shifting nature of CSR and the ways in which social and environmental relations are transformed through the regime of ethical capitalism.


Background. Increasing rates of both primary and repeated caesarean birth (CS) are an issue of international concern as theycan impact negatively on maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Increasing rates of both primary and repeated CS birthare an issue of international concern as they can impact negatively on maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.Aim. The aim was to explore morbidity and mortality relating to repeat CS in JordanMethod. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in two large public hospitals, with data collected on repeat caesareanbirth outcomes for mothers who gave birth in the North of Jordan from June 2005 to June 2010. A specifically designedabstraction form was used to collect demographics social data and maternal and infant intranatal and postnatal outcomes.The instrument was subjected to several reviews carried out by the investigators and a pilot study was conducted to ensurespecificity and clarity. All women who had multiple repeated CS were divided into two groups, women who had three CS andwomen who had four CS and more, in order to compare the incidence of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates.Ethical approval was granted from the Human Subject Committee at Jordan University of Science and Technology. This studywas funded by Jordan University of Science and Technology.Results. The total sample consisted of 265 women; the majority had three previous CS (n=175, 66%), while 66 (25%) hadfour CS, 22 (8.3%) had five CS, one (0.4%) had six CS, and one (0.4%) had seven CS. A total of 42 women (15.8%) hadadhesions, 28 (10.6%) had placenta praevia, 23 (8.7%) needed blood transfusion, 18 women (6.8%) had a hysterectomy, 10women (3.8%) suffered uterine rupture, two women (0.8%) had placental abruption, two women (0.8%) had bladder injury,and two women (0.8%) developed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC). Compared with group of women withthree previous CS, the group of women with four CS and more had a significantly higher mean age, lower mean for gestational age, increased need for blood transfusion and were more likely to experience placenta praevia.Conclusion and implications. Multiple repeated CS pose potentially serious risks for maternal and neonatal health, whichincrease with the rising number of repeated CS. Therefore, women should be fully informed about the serious risks of multiple repeated CS and should be offered proper counselling by senior obstetrician and midwives for vaginal birth after CS,.


The heart of a domestic swine is similar to that of a human regarding anatomy, blood perfusion, and distribution of nurturing arteries. In addition to the similarities, its low cost compared with other species is also one of the reasons these animals have been increasingly used in medical schools and in clinical, surgical, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, we aimed to identify the origin and distribution of the right and left coronary arteries of boars, emphasizing the configuration and macroscopic representativity of their branches while characterizing a possible dominance concerning the type of circulation and the potential use of this animal as an experimental model, hence boars are the ancestors of the domestic pigs. The left coronary artery has bifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch; or it has trifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch, the oblique branch, and into the left circumflex branch. The right coronary artery has originated the marginal branches to the right ventricle and the right circumflex branch, which has branched out in the subsinuous interventricular branch. Anastomoses have stood out among the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branches – where a right dominant coronary artery occurred – and between the right and left circumflex branches. We concluded that the morphology and the distribution of the coronary arteries of boars resemble those of a human and, thus, our results are useful for the conception of experimental hemodynamics and possible use as process models.


Objectives: Obesity
rates in US are substantially higher among African-Americans than Whites.
Racial disparities in obesity are sometimes ascribed to racial differences in
socio-economic-status (SES). We used data from three states in the southern
region of the US with high rates of obesity, to examine the extent of racial disparities within SES categories,
particularly examining whether disparities grow smaller at higher levels of
income and education. Methods: We used data (2001-2009) from the Behavioral
Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for 79,676 respondents, African-American
and white, from Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. Multivariate logistic
regressions were estimated. Analyses were conducted separately for males and
females, for the full sample and by levels of education, income and aggregate
SES. Risk-differences (RD), and Relative-Risk-Ratios (RR) were reported to
enable inspection of magnitudes of racial
gaps, which more conventional odds-ratios does not allow researchers to
do. Results: The obesity-gap between African-Americans
and Whites is larger for females than males. For males the gap becomes
smaller and insignificant in higher education and income categories. For
females, the gap remains statistically significant and is of comparable
magnitude across all education and income categories. Conclusions: Racial disparities in obesity among males can be
largely attributed to SES differences. However, racial disparities among
females cannot simply be attributed to racial disparities in SES. Thus,
reducing racial differences in income and education may not help reduce
disparities in obesity risk among White and African-American females. Further
research is required to understand why racial disparities in obesity exist
within specific SES categories for females.


A method is described for measuring the dynamic stability derivatives of a model airplane in a wind tunnel. The characteristic features of this system are that single-degree-of-freedom oscillations were used to obtain combinations of rolling, yawing and pitching motions; that the oscillations were excited and controlled by velocity feedback which permitted operation under conditions unfavorable for more conventional types of oscillatory testing; and that data processing was greatly simplified by using analog computer elements in the strain-gage circuitry. A small number of experimental data are included to illustrate the general scope of results obtainable with this system.


May is here. Biology courses are ending for this academic year all over the nation, at the university level and in secondary schools. Lectures, labs, investigations, inquiries, and simulations captured our students' attention. Biology concepts from homeostasis to Hardy-Weinberg, from natural selection to cellular respiration filled our classrooms with the stuff of biology. Our students listened, participated, and questioned. What was accomplished in terms of moving our students forward in their understanding of the nature of science, developing a healthy skepticism of biological issues presented in the media, and enhancing their scientific literacy? The National Science Education Standards (1996) separate science curriculum into various areas of emphasis. Our students are to be actively involved in the following content areas: * Science as Inquiry * Content of Life Science * Science and Technology * Science in Personal and Social Perspectives * History and Nature of Science Looking back over the academic year, did we, as biology educators, address each of the content areas of the National Standards regardless of what biology class we taught? Did genetics professors include instances of genetic engineering in the classroom? Did botany professors bring in historical information as to how botany has been studied over the years? Did biology teachers engage their students in inquiry in both open-ended and close-ended ways? Or, did most students experience biology in content only? In the 2002 report, The Status of High School Biology Teaching in the U.S. (Wood, 2002), we can examine what a high school biology classroom looks like according to a random sampling of 549 teachers from all over the country. I predict similar findings would occur at the collegiate level based on observations of university biology courses across the nation. Biology teachers reported that the majority of their emphasis was on learning basic biology concepts (81%). Only 46% of the teachers reported placing emphasis on increasing students' interest in biology. In terms of helping students to communicate ideas in biology effectively, only 39% of the biology teachers emphasized this objective. Twenty-seven percent of biology teachers encouraged students to experience the relationship between biology, technology and society while only 23% stressed evaluating arguments based on scientific evidence. A mere 12% emphasized the history and nature of science in their classes. When asked about their most recent biology class, 72% of the teachers reported lecturing, and 81% reported that discussion occurred. Just under 50% reported a laboratory experience as the activity of the most recent biology lesson. Across all biology lessons, 26% of instructional time is spent "working with hands-on, manipulative, or laboratory materials." Although labs, inquiries, and investigations are a part of high school biology classes, these activities seem to be short-term rather than long-term investigations. Only about 33% of biology classes work on extended projects more than a few times a year. The National Science Education Standards recommend moving from "cookbook" types of investigations to those of open inquiry. Students need experience with devising a problem, setting up the experimental design, and conducting the experiment. Students were provided this experience in less than half of the classrooms. Computer use is infrequent and was part of only one in ten of the most recent biology lessons taught. Only 36% of high school science classes ever use computers to collect data with sensors or probes, and only 50% ever use computer simulations to solve problems. This infrequent use of computers as a regular tool in biology classes is an indicator of the change that needs to occur. Our students today are computer savvy and find computer simulations, Internet research, and the use of probes in data collecting intellectually stimulating. …


Argentina and Brazil are world leaders in agriculture; they have expanded production massively recently and have pioneered the adoption of agricultural technology intensive inputs. An important development question is thus: are these countries taking advantage of their position as agricultural leaders, to develop linkages with knowledge intensive providers. This paper explores this question based on the case of seeds innovation in Argentina and Brazil. We focus mainly on the domestic firms that have been successful. We are interested in understanding the R&D strategy of these firms, how do they differ of those implemented by the large MNCs in the sector, the type of innovations they develop, with which kind of capabilities do they develop these innovations, and which are the main challenges they face. The research suggests that there are important opportunities for the development of local innovation and capabilities and the creation of different trajectories of innovation, but also suggests that as firms become more advanced, the policy and business challenges become more significant.


Permutation coding for multi-user communication schemes that originate from the Fast Frequency Hopping/Multiple Frequency Shift Keying modulation is investigated. Each sender is either passive or sends some signal formed as the concatenation of M elementary signals having M different specified frequencies. There is also a jammer, who can introduce disturbances. A single disturbance is either sending the signal that contains all M frequencies at a certain time instant or sending some elementary signal at all time instants. Each receiver receives a vector of M sets, where a set at each time instant contains a fixed frequency if and only if the corresponding elementary signal was sent by either some sender or the jammer. The task of the receiver is to uniquely decode the message of his sender. We present regular constructions of permutation codes for this scheme given the following parameters: the number of frequencies, number of pairs (sender, receiver), number of messages per sender, and maximum number of disturbances of the jammer.


Background: A newspaper article in August 2016 reported that about 40 medical facilities refused dialysis to a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient. Infection Survey Subcommittee in the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy investigated this situation. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire survey about the acceptance of HIV-positive patients was sent to 4039 dialysis institutions. The questionnaire included a number of HIV-positive patients on dialysis currently and in the last 5 years, details on whether the institution received requests to perform dialysis on HIV-positive patients, the responses to these requests, the preparation system for acceptance, the reasons for refusal of dialysis of HIV-positive patients, knowledge of HIV-related guidelines in use, and the considerations for the acceptance of dialysis for HIV-positive patients. We evaluated answers to these questions from the institutions. Results: Two thousand five hundred eighty-three facilities (64.0%) responded to the survey questions. In the past 5 years, 215 facilities (8.3%) were requested to accept HIV patients for dialysis and 40.1% of these refused acceptance. Although manuals, written policy and procedure, for a needle piercing accident existed in most of the facilities that accepted the patients, many facilities did neither prepare the stocks of anti-HIV drugs nor cooperate with HIV core hospitals. Principal reasons for the refusal were listed as the lack of medical experience with HIV patients, anxiety of healthcare providers with regard to HIV infection risk, lack of stocks of anti-HIV drugs for needle piercing accidents, and the lack of cooperation with HIV core hospitals. The proportion of facilities expected to accept HIV patients in the future was as low as 16.9% among all facilities that responded to the survey. Conclusions: The Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy will need to strengthen the cooperation with other academic societies and disseminate basic knowledge on HIV and infection control measures to develop and establish the acceptance system of maintenance dialysis for HIV patients.


Since the 1980s, the history of emotions has developed rapidly. Some even speak of a real emotional turn. However, military history and the history of emotions still intersect little in early modern history studies. Since Antiquity, the emotions of soldiers have certainly been regarded as an objective parameter of war, and the role of emotions in the war context seems obvious. However the military history of modern Europe is still not very open to the concepts and methods of the history of emotions which, quite often, does not study war. Yet the history of emotions suggests fruitful avenues for renewing military history, and the study of war, omnipresent between the 16th and 18th centuries, is crucial to understand early modern societies.


The main purpose of this research is to present a framework for performance assessment indexes in the supply chain of Iran's automotive industry. This practical research has been conducted in a survey-based manner in the two supply chains including Iran Khodro and Saipa corporations. Cronbach's alpha method has been used so as to estimate the reliability. Also, three methods including content analysis, structure analysis, and construct analysis have been utilised so as to examine the justifiability of the framework presented. Confirmatory factor analysis and correlation test have been used to respond the research questions. During the research conducted, it was found that the framework introduced is of a suitable justifiability in the supply chain of automotive industry. Based on the results obtained from the presented model, it can be deduced that in the present paper, the most emphasise has been placed on non-financial performance (NFP) (customer, growth and innovation, and internal processes) of supply chain. Also, it can be found that there is a hierarchy relationship between performance criteria so as to reach a desirable financial performance. In this way, it would be possible to reach a better financial performance by improving the components of growth and innovation as well as customers and internal processes.


The efficient management of conflicts among concurrent transactions constitutes a key aspect that hardware transactional memory (HTM) systems must achieve. Scalable HTM proposals so far inherit the cache-based style of conflict detection typically found in bus-based systems, largely unaware of the interactions between transactions and directory coherence. In this paper, we demonstrate that the traditional approach of detecting conflicts at the private cache levels is inefficient when used in the context of a directory protocol. We find that the use of the directory as a mere router of coherence requests restricts the throughput of conflict detection, and show how it becomes a bottleneck under high contention. This paper proposes a scheme for conflict detection that decouples conflict detection from cache coherence in order to overcome pathological situations that degrade the performance of an eager HTM system. Our scheme places bookkeeping metadata at the directory, introducing it as a separate hardware module that leaves the coherence protocol unmodified. In comparison to a state-of-the-art eager HTM system, our design handles contention more efficiently, minimizes the performance degradation of false positives for signatures of similar hardware cost, and reduces the network traffic generated.


The plant–microbe–soil nexus is critical in maintaining biogeochemical balance of the biosphere. However, soil loss and land degradation are occurring at alarmingly high rates, with soil loss exceeding soil formation rates. This necessitates evaluating marginal soils for their capacity to support and sustain plant growth. In a greenhouse study, we evaluated the capacity of marginal incipient basaltic parent material to support native plant growth and the associated variation in soil microbial community dynamics. Three plant species, native to the Southwestern Arizona-Sonora region, were tested with three soil treatments, including basaltic parent material, parent material amended with 20% compost, and potting soil. The parent material with and without compost supported 15%, 40%, and 70% germination of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Tarahumara Norteño'), Mesquite (Prosopis pubescens Benth), and Panic Grass (Panicum Sonorum Beal), respectively, though germination was lower than in the potting soil. Plant growth was also sustained over the 30 day period, with plants in parent material (with and without amendment) reaching 50% height compared to those in the potting soil. A 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach showed Proteobacteria to be the most abundant phyla in both parent material and potting soil, followed by Actinobacteria. The potting soil showed Gammaproteobacteria (19.6%) to be the second most abundant class, but its abundance was reduced in the soil + plants treatment (5.6%–9.6%). Within the basalt soil type, Alphaproteobacteria (42.7%) and Actinobacteria (16.3%) had a higher abundance in the evaluated bean plant species. Microbial community composition had strong correlations with soil characteristics, but not plant attributes within a given soil material. Predictive functional potential capacity of the communities revealed chemoheterotrophy as the most abundant metabolism within the parent material, while photoheterotrophy and anoxygenic photoautotrophy were prevalent in the potting soil. These results show that marginal incipient basaltic soil, both with and without compost amendments, can support native plant species growth, and non-linear associations may exist between plant–marginal soil–microbial interactions.


The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the competitive experience of football players and coaches in the Champions League on the results achieved in that competition. The analysis included all the coaches who led their teams in the group stage of this competition (34) and all the players who had at least one appearance (578), in the 2019/2020 season. The experience was assessed on the basis of length of service in the club, the number of appearances in previous seasons in the Champions League competition, namely: in the current and the previous club, in the role of a player who starts the match, comes off the bench or sits on the bench. The experience of the coach was assessed on the basis of career duration, length of service in the club, the number of matches in the competition with the current and previous clubs. The results showed that the playing experience in the Champions League is important for achieving results in this competition. The previous appearances in the starting lineup (p < 0.001) especially with the current club (p < 0.001) are the most valuable. When it comes to coaches, there is no significant difference between the coaches whose teams managed to qualify in the TOP16 and those who did not, in terms of previous competitive experience. However, what is evident is a slightly higher total number of matches in this competition that the coaches of TOP16 teams had with the previous teams. It can be concluded that previous competitive experience is very important, especially for players, and that it correlates with the number of minutes spent in active play. The findings of this research could be applied in the process of selecting football players for the competition.


Downward pressure on the natural rate of interest (r*) is often attributed to an increase in saving. This study uses microeconomic data from the SCF+ to explore the relative importance of demographic shifts versus rising income inequality on the evolution of saving behavior in the United States from 1950 to 2019. The evidence suggests that rising income inequality is more important than the aging of the baby boom generation in explaining the decline in r*. Saving rates are significantly higher for high income households within a given birth cohort relative to other households in the same birth cohort, and there has been a large rise in income shares for high income households since the 1980s. The result has been a large rise in saving by high income earners since the 1980s, which is the exact same time period during which r* has fallen. Differences in saving rates across the working age distribution are smaller, and there has not been a consistent monotonic shift in income toward any given age group. Both findings challenge the view that demographic shifts due to the aging of the baby boom generation explain the decline in r*.


The therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of a new controlled-release 1000 mg tablet of naproxen (naproxen CR) were compared with 200 mg isoxicam in 100 out-patients with osteoarthritis. Medications were administered once daily for 4 weeks in a controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel trial. Patients were assessed for duration of stiffness, global pain, pain in the worst affected joint, night pain, pain on full passive movement, and pain on selected activity. No statistically significant differences were found between naproxen CR and isoxicam for any of the efficacy variables. Only 3 patients (2 with naproxen CR, 1 with isoxicam) reported adverse events, all mild to moderate; no patient withdrew from the study. At the conclusion of the study, patients and physician evaluated therapeutic response independently; both drugs provided steady improvement as judged by patients and physician. Both physician and patients evaluated naproxen CR as very good or good for 36 (72%) patients, and isoxicam as good or very good for 35 (73%) patients. Naproxen CR and isoxicam proved equally effective and well-tolerated for the treatment of osteoarthritis in this study.


Area and shape variations on the solar surface of the equine distal phalange were explored through the decomposition of coordinate data into elliptic Fourier coefficients. For this purpose, 10 equine distal phalanges belonging to the"Cavall Pirinenc Catala" breed were studied. This is a local equine breed raised for meat whose range is NE Spain. Elliptic Fourier descriptors of the first principal component successfully captured most of the distal phalange morphology, whereas a larger number of harmonics did not increase the information but did produce noise. As repeatability was an unimportant factor contributing to the variation, this method seems to be sufficiently sensitive to detect morphologic background (area and shape). It could be extended to other breeds as well as to horses affected by foot problems and could also be proposed for longitudinal evaluations if obtention of images in vivo (i.e. ecography) were standardized.


Whatever else The Passion of the Christ is about, it is about history. Thus, it is important to examine the film from the perspective of history, and see how, and if, the film incorporates what we have come to know about that era. A great deal of progress has been made into the recovery of the first century C.E. in the last several decades, and much of it has been done by archaeologists. In my few pages in this section, I propose to examine the films depiction of the last few hours of the life of Jesus in the larger context of the world in which his crucifixion took place. It must be admitted that our sources are not very good. What passes for most of our written sources were written well after the death of Jesus, many by followers who did not witness the crucifixion and who were anxious to demonstrate how the world had changed because of his life and death. The early 30s C.E. were relatively quiet ones in Roman history -- as far as hot wars were concerned. There were no major conflicts. Domestically, however, they were years full of turmoil. Tiberius, the princeps, now in his 70s, was living a comfortable semi-retirement on the island of Capri, but in Rome the furor over the removal from power and execution of Sejanus, his notorious Praetorian Prefect, raged on. One might have suspected that high treason and domestic politics might have overshadowed Roman foreign policy concerns, but such was not the case. There was a state that had been at the center of Roman planning since 64 B.C.E. -- Parthia. Located in what is now Iraq, parts of eastern Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan, Parthia was rich and powerful. It sat astride profitable trade routes connecting East and West, and had obliterated a Roman army in 53 B.C.E. at Carrhae in Syria, where over 30,000 men were lost. Ever since, various Roman leaders, including Julius Caesar, had considered plans for retaliation. Bruised egos, profits, and worries about Parthia's plans for its western neighbor kept Roman planners busy over the years, but other events got in the way of a Parthian campaign. While Augustus may have eased the tension with Parthia a bit, taking advantage of an "unstable political situation in Parthia and forcing [the Parthians] to withdraw from Armenia,"(9) the eastern frontier of the empire remained a concern. A result of all this was that there were four full Roman divisions based in the Syro-Palestinian Levant. Most of the troops were billeted in the north, a convenient placement because of the converging highways and trade routes leading east -- west, and a good spot for watching events in Anatolia and Armenia farther north and east. In the south, however, Judea was not so heavily guarded. The nearly impassable desert to its east made it unlikely that a Parthian attack would come from that direction, or that it would be a good jumping off point for a Roman invasion. At the time, Judea had a puppet king -- Herod Antipas (who has only a bit part in the film) -- but the real authority was the Roman procurator, Pontius Pilate, who governed from 26 to 36 C.E. By the way, we have his name on an inscription from Caesarea which reads [Pon]tius [P]ilatus -- one of the few direct contemporary witnesses to this story. Roman sources also confirm his presence. As procurator, Pilate was under the authority of the curator based in Damascus. Curator and procurator are the titles of those men who governed imperial provinces -- that is, provinces under the direct control of the princeps and not the Roman senate. They were provinces that were either rich -- Egypt, for example -- or where there were serious military concerns. For Pilate, however, the military concerns were not so important. He had more serious domestic problems. His world comprised the small entities of Judaea proper, Idumea (Biblical Edom) to the east, Samaria in the hilly country to the north, and Ituria (the Galilee region farther north and east). Relations between these small entities were often violent, and banditry was common. …


This book presents the third volume of a complete development of the new structural classification of minerals, which is based on the internal crystal structure, and is therefore its natural classification. Because of the large domain of the mineral kingdom, this work is divided in three volumes, in which the minerals are ordered from the structurally simple to the more complex. Audience: This work will be of particular interest to teachers and research workers of in mineralogy, and in inorganic crystal structures in academia.


We develop an agent based model of foraging behavior based on parameters of the environment and prey characteristics found in the Mbaracayu Reserve Paraguay. We then compare predicted human foraging behavior in our model to actual ethnographically observed behavior of Ache hunter-gatherers who inhabit the region. A useful and realistic model should produce outcomes that closely match those actually observed for Ache hunters. We show that our model meets such criteria and then use the model to explore the consequences of cooperative vs. solitary hunting, small vs. larger group sizes, and mobile vs. more sedentary hunting bands. These simulations allow us to draw conclusions about the benefits of social for hunter-gatherers living under Ache-like ecological conditions.


Previous observational studies have reported associations between prostate cancer and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). However, few investigations have been able to study this relationship prospectively and in well-controlled settings. Moreover, no studies have determined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence ALA metabolism are associated with this common cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore associations between prostatic levels of ALA, SNPs and prostate cancer-specific biomarkers in samples collected from a previous randomized clinical trial conducted using a presurgical model and which tested the effects of flaxseed supplementation, a rich source of ALA, prior to prostatectomy (n = 134). Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was determined and immunohistochemistry was used to assess tumor proliferation rate (Ki67). Prostatic ALA was determined with gas chromatography. Seven previously identified SNPs associated with delta-6 desaturase activity (rs99780, rs174537, rs174545, rs174572, rs498793, rs3834458 and rs968567) were tested for associations with prostatic ALA, PSA and Ki67. Despite consuming seven times more ALA per day, men in the flaxseed arm had similar amounts of prostatic ALA relative to men not consuming flaxseed. In unadjusted analysis, there were significant positive associations between prostatic ALA and PSA (ρ = 0.191, p = 0.028) and Ki67 (ρ = 0.186, p = 0.037). After adjusting for covariates (flaxseed, age, race, BMI and statin-use) the association between ALA and PSA remained (p = 0.004) but was slightly attenuated for Ki67 (p = 0.051). We did not observe associations between any of the SNPs studied and prostatic ALA; however, in models for PSA there was a significant interaction between rs498793 and ALA and for Ki67 there were significant interactions with ALA and rs99780 and rs174545. Independent and inverse associations were observed between rs174572 and Ki67. This study provides evidence that prostatic ALA, independent of the amount of ALA consumed, is positively associated with biomarkers of aggressive prostate cancer and that genetic variation may modify this relationship.


In many network applications, Bloom filters are used to support exact-matching membership query for their randomized space-efficient data structure with a small probability of false answers. In this paper, we extend the standard Bloom filter to Locality-Sensitive Bloom Filter (LSBF) to provide Approximate Membership Query (AMQ) service. We achieve this by replacing uniform and independent hash functions with locality-sensitive hash functions. Such replacement makes the storage in LSBF to be locality sensitive. Meanwhile, LSBF is space efficient and query responsive by employing the Bloom filter design. In the design of the LSBF structure, we propose a bit vector to reduce False Positives (FP). The bit vector can verify multiple attributes belonging to one member. We also use an active overflowed scheme to significantly decrease False Negatives (FN). Rigorous theoretical analysis (e.g., on FP, FN, and space overhead) shows that the design of LSBF is space compact and can provide accurate response to approximate membership queries. We have implemented LSBF in a real distributed system to perform extensive experiments using real-world traces. Experimental results show that LSBF, compared with a baseline approach and other state-of-the-art work in the literature (SmartStore and LSB-tree), takes less time to respond AMQ and consumes much less storage space.


On-line partial evaluation algorithms include a generalisation step, which is needed to ensure termination. In partial evaluation of logic and functional programs, the usual generalisation operation applied to computation states is the most specific generalisation (msg) of expressions. This can cause loss of information, which is especially serious in programs whose computations first build some internal data structure, which is then used to control a subsequent phase of execution - a common pattern of computation. If the size of the intermediate data is unbounded at partial evaluation time then the msg will lose almost all information about its structure. Hence the second phase of computation cannot be effectively specialised.
In this paper a generalisation based on regular approximations is presented. Regular approximations are recursive descriptions of term structure closely related to tree automata. A regular approximation of computation states can be built during partial evaluation. The critical point is that when generalisation is performed, the upper bound on regular descriptions can be combined with the msg, thus preserving structural information including recursively defined structure. The domain of regular approximations is infinite and hence a widening is incorporated in the generalisation to ensure termination. An algorithm for partial evaluation of logic programs, enhanced with regular approximations, along with some examples of its use will be presented.


Bioavailability is the ability of the body to digest and absorb the mineral in the food consumed.
There are several factors that can influence the bioavailability of the food such as oxalate, phytate,
acidity of intestinal environment, fibre and also competition with other minerals. The objective of
this study is to estimate the inhibitory effect of phytate on the bioavailability of iron, zinc and
calcium by measuring their molar ratios. A total of 30 food samples consisting of 12 rice and rice
products, 5 wheat and wheat products, 5 grains and cereal based products and 7 different popular
varieties of cooked rice and rice products and 1 cooked wheat and wheat products were selected.
The samples were purchased from three different supermarkets and shops in Serdang, Selangor.
The phytate content in food was analysed using the anion-exchange chromatography followed by
spectrophotometry whereas iron, zinc and calcium contents were analysed using atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. One-way ANOVA test was used to statistically analyse the mean difference
between the phytate and mineral contents and their molar ratios between the food samples. The
lowest phytate content in food sample is chicken rice (0.210 ± 0.073 mg/100 g) whereas Quaker
Oats has the highest phytate content (19.746 ± 0.985 mg/100 g). The food sample that has the
highest content of iron is Quaker Oats (3.567 ± 0.120 mg/100 g) and the lowest is chicken rice (0.123
± 0.003 mg/100 g). For zinc content, the food sample that has the highest values is Quaker Oats
(2.940 ± 0.049 mg/100g) and the lowest is fried kueh-teow (0.126 ± 0.002 mg/100g). The food
sample that has the highest calcium content is Cookie Crisps (203.616 ± 16.680 mg/100g) whereas
the lowest is kueh-teow (0.262 ± 0.007 mg/100g). Generally results show that the cooked products
mostly have lower content of phytate and minerals as compared to the raw products. This could be
due to the cooking method that could have influenced the phytate and minerals content in the
food. Of the 30 food samples, 24 foods have a phytate/iron ratio > 1.00, 2 foods had phytate/zinc
ratio > 15 and 22 foods had phytate/calcium ratio > 0.24. This results show that although many
foods analysed have high mineral content, they also contain high phytate that may impair the
bioavailability of minerals in the body.


The Peterborough drumlin field (5000 km 2 ) is the largest in central Canada and was formed during readvance of the Laurentide ice sheet shortly after 13,000 B.P. Morphometric analysis of 998 drumlins, combined with study of 6921 borehole logs and downhole geophysical data, has established the distribution of drumlin types and their stratigraphy along a 70 km flow line through the drumlin field. In the north, drumlins are spindle-shaped, composed of till resting directly on bedrock, and were formed by deformation of till into low-pressure zones in the lee of bedrock scarps. Eskers record subglacial drainage by channeled meltwaters flowing on bedrock. To the south, drift thickness increases and eskers are absent; drumlins are larger and more ovoid and are composed of overridden proglacial and glaciolacustrine sediments overlain erosively by deformation till. Till is thin over drumlin crests and thick in interdrumlin swales and records subglacial cannibalization and mixing of overridden sediments; the drumlin form is the product of erosion by streams of deforming till flowing in swales separating cores composed of older sediments. Systematic down-field changes in drumlin shape and size can be related to decreased duration of subglacial deformation toward the limit of the readvance and increased thickness of preexisting sediments available for dissection by subglacial till streams. Absence of eskers in the central and southern parts of the drumlin field suggests that the ice base was drained by mass flow of the deforming substrate. The substantial subsurface data available from the Peterborough area indicate that drumlins are predominantly erosional in origin and are the geomorphological expression of a deforming subglacial bed below the margin of the Laurentide ice sheet.


FTTP is often considered to be a mature market development, and therefore thought to have little relevance for emerging markets. Things, however, are not as clear-cut and aggressive FTTP deployment in Emerging Asia (China, India, Malaysia...), Middle East and Africa (Saudia Arabia, Algeria...), Latin America (Brazil, Chile...) and Eastern Europe (Hungary, Roumania, Russia...) suggests that there are business models for FTTP in emerging economies, although the market rationale and deployment models might be significantly different from what we see in developed countries. Article not available.


Between 1999 and 2004, the European Union Invasive Bacterial Infections Surveillance Network (EU-IBIS) received c. 50,000 reports of meningococcal disease from 27 participating countries. Analysis has demonstrated a major decline in the incidence of invasive disease in those countries that have introduced routine vaccination against serogroup C infection. The establishment of rapid reporting of W135 and B2a/B2b strains has been able to provide early reassurance that these strains are not emerging as major public health problems in Europe. Between September 2001 and February 2005, the EU-MenNet project offered further opportunities for enhancing this data resource. Collaborative projects included: improving the EU-IBIS website; reviewing case ascertainment in Europe; reviewing cost-effectiveness studies for meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccination; international comparisons of MCC vaccine efficacy; and mathematical modelling studies. In addition, linking of data from the European Meningococcal Multi-locus Sequence Type Centre to epidemiological data was performed. Particular clonal complexes were found to be preferentially associated with certain serogroups. Case fatality was also found to vary with clonal complex, suggesting that genotype can be a marker for hypervirulence. The importance of close collaboration between networks of epidemiologists, microbiologists, and the wider scientific and public health community is demonstrated.


Starting from an analysis of the EU Reg. n. 2016/679 on General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Author deals with the opportunity to translate the current strategies on Artificial Intelligence into a possible general risk-based framework that combines hard and soft law instruments with the practical needs emerging in different sectors where AI technologies find application (i.e. healthcare, industrial innovation and robotics, workplace, etc.). This analysis allows the Author to provide a notion of "AI Controller", whose main roles, responsibilities, and obligations are listed in a "General AI Regulation" proposal, illustrated in the last paragraphs.


Environmental change can have a significant impact on biogeochemical cycles at high latitudes and be particularly important in ecologically valuable fjord ecosystems. Seasonality in biogeochemical cycling in a sub-Arctic fjord of northern Norway (Kaldfjorden) was investigated from October 2016 to September 2018. Monthly changes in total inorganic carbon (CT), alkalinity (AT), major nutrients and calcium carbonate saturation (Ω) were driven by freshwater discharge, biological production and mixing with subsurface carbon-rich coastal water. Stable oxygen isotope ratios indicated that meteoric water (snow melt, river runoff, precipitation) had stratified and freshened surface waters, contributing to 81% of the monthly CT deficit in the surface layer. The timing and magnitude of freshwater inputs played an important role in Ω variability, reducing AT and CT by dilution. This dilution effect was strongly counteracted by the opposing effect of primary production that dominated surface water Ω seasonality. The spring phytoplankton bloom rapidly depleted nitrate and CT to drive highest Ω (~2.3) in surface waters. Calcification reduced AT and CT, which accounted for 21% of the monthly decrease in Ω during a coccolithophore bloom. Freshwater runoff contributed CT, AT and silicates of terrestrial origin to the fjord. Lowest surface water Ω (~1.6) resulted from organic matter remineralisation and mixing into subsurface water during winter and spring. Surface waters were undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2, resulting in modest uptake of –0.32 ± 0.03 mol C m–2 yr–1. Net community production estimated from carbon drawdown was 14 ± 2 g C m–2 yr–1 during the productive season. Kaldfjorden currently functions as an atmospheric CO2 sink of 3.9 ± 0.3 g C m–2 yr–1. Time-series data are vital to better understand the processes and natural variability affecting biogeochemical cycling in dynamic coastal regions and thus better predict the impact of future changes on important fjord ecosystems.


As health information technology (HIT) and "converging technologies"—the interrelationship between medical devices and HIT— are increasingly adopted by health care organizations,1,2 users must be mindful of the safety risks and preventable adverse events that these implementations can create or perpetuate. Technology-related adverse events can be associated with all components of a comprehensive technology system and may involve errors of either commission or omission. These unintended adverse events typically stem from human-machine interfaces or organization/system design.3 The overall safety and effectiveness of technology in health care ultimately depend on its human users, ideally working in close concert with properly designed and installed electronic systems. Any form of technology may adversely affect the quality and safety of care if it is designed or implemented improperly or is misinterpreted. Not only must the technology or device be designed to be safe, it must also be operated safely within a safe workflow process.


Background. Registrars play a vital role in teaching undergraduate (UG) medical students. Previous studies indicate that registrars contribute as much as 30% of medical students' knowledge and that up to 20% of a registrar's time is spent on teaching UG medical students. The Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE) Guide No. 20 defines 12 roles of a teacher, including an on-the-job role-model. Objective. To evaluate the perception and attitudes of registrars with regard to their role as teachers of UG medical students. Methods. A questionnaire-based study with qualitative and quantitative aspects was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Results. Despite numerous attempts, the response rate to the study was very poor, with only 25 registrars participating. This pilot study indicated that registrars were mostly involved with on-the-job training, followed by ward rounds and practical sessions. The attitudes towards teaching included that registrars deemed teaching as beneficial, with only three indicating that it should not be done by registrars. Advantages of teaching included own learning opportunities and gaining confidence in teaching. Registrars' own workload and lack of time hampered teaching. The majority of registrars indicated that receiving training with regard to teaching would be useful. Conclusion. Our pilot study concurs with international studies, indicating that the benefits of teaching medical students include knowledge acquired by registrars. Studies showed that the knowledge obtained in this manner outweighed that obtained by self-study/attendance of lectures. The on-the-job role-model as part of teaching is applicable to registrars. The international literature indicates that until recently registrars were not offered a formal teaching programme. Our study echoed this, with only one student indicating that it is not necessary, as registrars should not be expected to teach.


A methodology for evolving the control systems of autonomous robots has not yet been well established. In this paper we will show different examples of applications of evolutionary robotics to real robots by describing three different approaches to develop neural controllers for mobile robots. In all the experiments described real robots are involved and are indeed the ultimate means of evaluating the success and the results of the procedures employed. Each approach will be compared with the others and the relative advantages and drawbacks will be discussed. Last, but not least, we will try to tackle a few important issues related to the design of the hardware and of the evolutionary conditions in which the control system of the autonomous agent should evolve.


This thesis demonstrates that advertising is an important and neglected site of
racialisation. It argues that advertising plays a crucial role in the cultural politics
of 'race' but that, in order to examine this role, we need a more subtle
understanding of the production and consumption of advertising meanings.
That the relationship between advertising and racialisation remains understudied
is arguably a result of traditional academic approaches to the media
which have tended to focus exclusively on textual interpretations of media
products by academics themselves. This project has attempted to move beyond
such approaches by investigating the social relations of production and
consumption of British television advertising in a number of sites, in addition to
analysing the content of such advertisements. The project focuses upon young
consumers; this is a group to which advertising most frequently targets
racialised imagery, a group whose 'cultures' have been actively influenced by
racialised minorities, and who are arguably the most 'media literate' of
consumers. It employs a variety of research techniques, including content
analysis, participant observation in an advertising agency, individual interviews
with industry personnel and group discussions with young people in two
contrasting London schools. It concludes that, in contrast to accounts of
advertising that emphasise 'rational' economics, all stages of the advertising
process are rife with racialised meanings.
The thesis shows how advertising is sometimes consumed in different ways
from those intended by its producers, and that there are significant differences
in consumption among different groups of consumers. Such differential patterns
of consumption are not adequately explained by reference to traditional social
categories such as 'race', gender and class; instead relational categories of
difference and distinction have greater explanatory value. The thesis
incorporates an attempt to provide a critical handle on the advertising industry,
and draws attention to the consistent presence of relations of power in the
cultural politics of advertising. It discusses the notion of 'resistance' to such
relations by the young people interviewed and concludes that previous research
has tended to over-simplify, and over-estimate the extent of, consumer
resistance to advertising's dominant meanings.


Objective: Many of the F-waves were not marked correctly by automatic computerized processes while doing nerve conduction study. This study was done to investigate if there is any importance to measure the F-wave persistence values manually while doing nerve conduction studies. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients (18 men) aged 19-65 (average 37±11.5) years were included and 78 nerve conduction studies were performed for analysis of ulnar nerve F-wave parameters; the subjects had normal results of the motor and sensory ulnar nerve conduction studies. F-wave persistence was recorded automatically by a computer (automated persistence). We observed that the software did not mark few F-waves correctly, therefore, we counted them manually (manual persistence). Results: Ulnar nerve F-wave persistence, measured manually and automatedly, showed significant difference when analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Z=3.24, p<0.005), indicating significantly increased persistence, when calculated manually, in comparison with the automated persistence. In 78 nerve conduction studies, the manual persistence was greater than the automated persistence in 25, less than the utomated one in 5 and equal to it in 48 measurements. Conclusion: Manual persistence is recommended for F-wave persistence measurements whenever needed. This study suggests also that there is a necessity for improvement in the software for the F-wave studies. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2010;56:186-9.


This compendium showcases the extraordinary cutting-edge work of 100 of the world's most progressive graphic designers, from the hard-hitting political messages of Jonathan Barnbrook to the lyrical digital compositions of Peter Saville to the iconoclastic imagery of Stefan Sagmeister. Alongside the array of visually stunning and thought-provoking advertisements, CD covers, posters, packaging, websites, and corporate identities are texts by each designer expressing his or her individual approach to graphic design practice as well as personal insights into the motivations that lie behind the work. An accompanying introductory essay highlights the current issues surrounding graphic design practice, from the ascendancy of digital tools to the amorality of consumerism. By presenting a provocative survey of the latest, most experimental and forward-looking graphic design from around the globe, this exciting book provides a unique and totally unforgettable snapshot of where the discipline stands today and hopefully offers directions for its future. "Contemporary Graphic Design" is absolutely essential to anyone interested in the power of images. The list of entries includes: Jonathan Barnbrook, The Designers Republic, FUEL, Fernando Gutierrez, Hideki Inaba, KesselsKramer, Scott King, Christian Kusters, Jurg Lehni, Karel Martens, ME Company, M/M (Paris), Martijn Oostra, Gabor Palotai, Stefan Sagmeister, Peter Saville, Studio Boot, Sweden Graphics, Omar Vulpinari, and Martin Woodtli.


Abstract. The onset of the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and associated carbon isotope excursion (CIE; approx. 56 Mya) was geologically abrupt, but it is debated whether it took thousands of years or was effectively instantaneous. Wright and Schaller (2013) published a significant new record of the onset of the CIE, and claimed that it could be resolved across 13 annual layers in a drill core through the Marlboro clay at Millville, New Jersey (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 174X). Supporting evidence for similar layering was reported from another New Jersey drill site, Wilson Lake B, and a photograph of the Marlboro clay in outcrop (Wright and Schaller, 2014). Such a short duration would imply an instantaneous perturbation of the atmosphere and surface ocean and the impact of a comet or asteroid as the likely cause. However, Pearson and Nicholas (2014) suggested, based on the published core photographs, that the layers in the Marlboro clay cores could be artifacts of drilling disturbance, so-called biscuiting, wherein the formation is fractured into layers or biscuits and drilling mud is injected in between the layers. (We now prefer the term core discing following Kidd, 1978.) Here we report new observations on the cores which support that interpretation, including concentric grooves on the surfaces of the core discs caused by spinning in the bit, micro-fracturing at their edges, and injected drilling mud. We re-interpret the limited outcrop evidence as showing joints rather than sedimentary layers. We argue that foraminifer concentrations in the sediments are far too high for the layers to have been annually deposited in turbid waters at depths of 40–70 m, indicating that the onset of the CIE in the Marlboro clay likely took on the order of millennia, not years (Zeebe et al., 2014). Re-coring of Millville aimed at minimizing drilling disturbance to allow a higher-resolution study of the carbon isotope excursion is highly desirable.


Abstract An exceptionally preserved subadult specimen (JRF 115H) of a hadrosaurid, Brachylophosaurus canadensis, from the Judith River Formation near Malta, Montana, contains abundant plant fragments concentrated within the body cavity. We examined the taphonomy of the carcass and analyzed the gut-region material to test whether the organic remains represent fossilized gut contents. The dinosaur was buried in a fluvial channel setting, and the excellent articulation, integument impressions, and lack of scavenging indicate rapid burial. The organic material occupies a volume of at least 5750 cm3, and comparable material is not found outside the carcass. The carcass contents include ∼63% clay, ∼16% undetermined matrix, ∼12% organic matter, and ∼9% larger inorganic clasts—mostly 50–100 μm quartz grains. Most of the organics appear to be mm-scale leaf fragments. The most parsimonious explanation for the presence and composition of the gut-region material is that much of the plant fossils represent reworked brachylophosaur ingesta influenced by flowing water that entered through openings in the carcass and introduced clay. The evidence strongly suggests that the hadrosaurid ate significant quantities of leaves and processed them into small pieces. This study provides baseline information for analyzing other cases of putative gut contents in herbivorous dinosaurs.


A general challenge will be to reengineer porous materials where scale-up is prohibited by cost, retaining advanced functions but using cheaper and more sustainable building blocks. Every year the petro- and coal-chemical industry produces massive amounts of pitch, mainly composed of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds. We employed these previously ignored building blocks and prepared hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs) with a high surface area via a one-step Friedel–Crafts reaction. Depending on the place of origin, petroleum-pitch-based HCPs have a maximum BET surface area of 1337 m2 g−1 with good chemical stability. The inherent heteroatoms in the pitch (sulfur) and the introduced heteroatom (chlorine) endow the obtained HCPs with excellent gas adsorption capability. The uptake capacity for CO2 reaches up to 17.74 wt% (1.0 bar, 273 K) and the hydrogen storage is up to 1.83 wt% (1.13 bar, 77 K), which is much better than those of most reported microporous organic polymers. In addition, the pitch-based HCPs also show high organic vapor capture capacity at room temperature (cyclohexane: 1115 mg g−1; ethyl acetate: 685 mg g−1; methanol: 1198 mg g−1 and benzene: 890 mg g−1). The effective utilization of pitch for HCPs with high gas adsorption capability is essential for global sustainable development and environmental issues.


Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare lesions and may be misdiagnosed. Longstanding lymphangiomas may show secondary changes like inflammation, hemorrhage, fibrosis and rarely ossification. Treatment is complete surgical excision. We are reporting a rare case of ossifying retroperitoneal lymphangioma in a pregnant woman which was misdiagnosed clinically as ovarian tumor. Our diagnosis was confirmed by IHCCD- 31 and D2-40 positivity. Postoperative follow up for 3 years, patient is fine and she is full term pregnant now.


mTOR signaling is implicated in a switch that improves liver regeneration in aged mice. The capacity to heal and to regenerate tissues after damage decreases as animals age, and regeneration and healing in aged animals proceeds more slowly than in young ones. Because pregnancy affects many physiological processes, including some involved in healing, Gielchinsky et al. tested whether pregnancy also affected liver regeneration in aged (10- to 12-month-old) mice. Two days after partial hepatectomy, the total liver volume of aged pregnant mice had returned to about 96% of the preoperative volume, whereas aged nonpregnant mice had recovered only 46% of their original liver volume and young nonpregnant mice had recovered 82%. Pregnancy also improved survival after hepatectomy and increased the regenerating livers' synthetic capacity. BrdU (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) labeling experiments indicated that liver regeneration in nonpregnant mice proceeded through a hyperplastic mechanism in which the increase in liver volume depended mainly on cell proliferation. In contrast, regeneration in pregnant or pseudopregnant mice was associated with an increase in the size (hypertrophy) of hepatocytes. In pregnant mice subjected to partial hepatectomy before delivery, regeneration returned to the hyperplastic mode after delivery, indicating that the switch to the hypertrophic mode was reversible. Because the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a key regulator of cell growth, the authors investigated the role of mTOR signaling in this switch. The abundance of phosphorylated forms of the mTOR targets Akt, S6 kinase, and 4E-BP1 increased in pregnant but not in nonpregnant mice assayed 1 to 4 days after hepatectomy. Treatment with the mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) inhibitor rapamycin increased hepatocyte proliferation and prevented hepatocyte hypertrophy in pregnant mice after partial hepatectomy. Liver regeneration in young nonpregnant animals treated with bisperoxovanadium, an inhibitor of the mTOR signaling repressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), involved the hypertrophic mechanism, and this switch from hyperplastic to hypertrophic modes was also prevented by treating the animals with rapamycin. mTOR signaling therefore modulates a reversible switch between hyperplastic and hypertrophic modes of liver regeneration. Because hypertrophic regeneration is not compromised by age as severely as hyperplastic regeneration is, this suggests a possible mechanism for improving liver regeneration in aged humans suffering from liver disease. Y. Gielchinsky, N. Laufer, E. Weitman, R. Abramovitch, Z. Granot, Y. Bergman, E. Pikarsky, Pregnancy restores the regenerative capacity of the aged liver via activation of an mTORC1-controlled hyperplasia/hypertrophy switch. Genes Dev. 24, 543–548 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This paper is an attempt to underline the importance of patientia in the political life of ancient Rome, especially during the late Republic and the first century BC. Although the Christian notion of patientia has been well studied, the political quality it could represent is still a new field. The main problem is first to decide what kind of quality it was : in the late Republic, it was the physical endurance a general would need, which explains why Catilina based his propaganda on patientia, but it could also be a moral virtue. Patientia was a plebeian virtue against the pride and cruelty of the Patricians : this contrast was reaffirmed in the Civil War, when Caesar applied it against the Optimates who were acting arrogantly. Under the Julio-Claudians, patientia was a virtue with very much the same meaning as constantia, but it never attained the same importance because it was sometimes connected with servility. Patientia, which was a positive notion in the late Republic, whether physical or moral, came to be employed in a negative context by Tacitus. This study does not pretend to be exhaustive - it would be necessary, for instance, to consider the Stoic influence - but is merely a first step towards a better understanding of patientia before the Christian era.


Much older soils data and soils
information lies idle in libraries and archives and is largely unused,
especially in developing countries like Kenya. We demonstrated the usefulness
of a stepwise approach to bring legacy soils data 'back to life' using the 1980
Reconnaissance Soil Map of the Busia Area
(quarter degree sheet No. 101) in
western Kenya as an example. Three studies were conducted by using agronomic
information, field observations, and laboratory data available in the published
soil survey report as inputs to several digital soil mapping techniques. In the first study, the agronomic
information in the survey report was interpreted to generate 10 land quality
maps. The maps represented the ability of the land to perform specific
agronomic functions. Nineteen crop suitability maps that were not previously
available were also generated. In the second study, a dataset of
76 profile points mined from the survey report was used as input to three
spatial prediction models for soil organic carbon (SOC) and texture. The three
predictions models were (i) ordinary kriging, (ii) stepwise multiple linear
regression, and (iii) the Soil Land Inference Model (SoLIM). Statistically, ordinary
kriging performed better than SoLIM and stepwise multiple linear regression in
predicting SOC (RMSE = 0.02), clay (RMSE = 0.32), and silt (RMSE = 0.10),
whereas stepwise multiple linear regression performed better than SoLIM and
ordinary kriging for predicting sand content (RSME = 0.11). Ordinary kriging
had the narrowest 95% confidence interval while stepwise multiple linear
regression had, the widest. From a pedological standpoint, SoLIM conformed better to the soil
forming factors model than ordinary kriging and had a narrower
confidence interval compared to stepwise multiple linear regression. In the third study, rules generated
from the map legend and map unit descriptions were used to generate a soil
class map. Information about soil distribution and parent material from the map
unit polygon descriptions were combined with six terrain attributes, to
generate a disaggregated fuzzy soil class map. The terrain attributes were
multiresolution ridgetop flatness (MRRTF), multiresolution valley bottom
flatness (MRVBF), topographic wetness index (TWI), topographic position index
(TPI), planform curvature, and profile curvature. The final result was a soil
class map with a spatial resolution of 30 m, an overall accuracy of 58% and a
Kappa coefficient of 0.54. Motivated by the wealth of soil
agronomic information generated by this study, we successfully tested the
feasibility of delivering this information in rural western Kenya using the
cell phone-based Soil Explorer app (https://soilexplorer.net/). This study
demonstrates that legacy soil data can play a critical role in providing
sustainable solutions to some of the most pressing agronomic challenges
currently facing Kenya and most African countries.


We report a case of primary endodermal sinus tumor of the omentum which may be the fourth reported case in the English literature. A 19-year-old boy presented with ascites. Analysis of ascites revealed high levels of AFP and CA 125. Laparoscopic biopsy showed endodermal sinus tumour. He was treated with four courses of the BEP regimen (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin). The patient was died 2 months after the first appearance of the ascites. Endodermal sinus tumor (EST) is a rare neoplasm which usually arises in the testis or ovary. But extragonadal EST especially located in the abdomen is very rare condition. Clinicians should remain vigilant particularly, when there is a low gradient ascites and are high levels of tumor markers in ascites in young patients.


Slips and falls are a serious occupational and health problem. Insufficient friction between a shoe and flooring, quantified by the coefficient of friction (COF), increases the likelihood of slips and falls. Moreover, shoe's slip-resistant properties change over its lifetime due to wear. This dissertation applies physics-based computational finite element modeling techniques to predict shoe-floor-contaminant friction. Computational models that simulate COF due to hysteresis are developed using multiscale methods. These models are used to assess the effects of shoe design factors and biomechanical parameters of human gait on the predicted COF. To address a gap in the literature regarding models that simulate shoe wear progression, this dissertation develops and validates an innovative finite element modeling process utilizing Archard's law that predicts shoe wear. Models introduced in this dissertation not only increase the understanding of slips and falls but also offer a valuable tool that can be used in designing slip-resistant and durable shoes in order to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing slip and fall injuries.


In this talk, we tackle a fundamental problem that arises when using sensors to monitor the ecological condition of rivers and lakes, the network of pipes that bring water to our taps, or the activities of an elderly individual when sitting on a chair: Where should we place the sensors in order to make effective and robust predictions?
 Such sensing problems are typically NP-hard, and in the past, heuristics without theoretical guarantees about the solution quality have often been used. In this talk, we present algorithms which efficiently find provably near-optimal solutions to large, complex sensing problems. Our algorithms are based on the key insight that many important sensing problems exhibit submodularity, an intuitive diminishing returns property: Adding a sensor helps more the fewer sensors we have placed so far. In addition to identifying most informative locations for placing sensors, our algorithms can handle settings, where sensor nodes need to be able to reliably communicate over lossy links, where mobile robots are used for collecting data or where solutions need to be robust against adversaries and sensor failures.
 We present results applying our algorithms to several real-world sensing tasks, including environmental monitoring using robotic sensors, activity recognition using a built sensing chair, and a sensor placement competition. We conclude with drawing an interesting connection between sensor placement for water monitoring and addressing the challenges of information overload on the web. As examples of this connection, we address the problem of selecting blogs to read in order to learn about the biggest stories discussed on the web, and personalizing content to turn down the noise in the blogosphere.


Background: Oculodentodigital syndrome (ODD) is a pleiotropic congenital disorder characterised by abnormalities of the face, eyes, dentition, and limbs. ODD, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, results from missense mutations in the gap junction protein connexin 43. Objective: To analyse a family with a history of ODD which is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner Results: ODD in this family resulted from the homozygous mutation R33X in the first transmembrane domain of connexin 43. Conclusions: The findings provide clear genetic evidence that ODD can be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and that a dominant negative mechanism underlies autosomal dominant ODD.


An aeroponics root chamber has been designed for evaluating the influence of low oxygen on disease resistance in clonal Eucalyptus marginata infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Actively growing clones of E. marginata were transferred into the aeroponics chamber and liquid feed is delivered in a fine spray, providing optimal conditions for root growth. Prior to infection by zoospores of P. cinnamomi under normal oxygen, roots were exposed to 4 treatments; (i) normal oxygen, 8 mg 02 L -I, (ii) 6 days of hypoxia, 2 mg 02 L-1, (iii) 6 hrs of anoxia, >0.05 mg 02 L-1, and (iv) 6 days of hypoxia, followed by 6 hrs of anoxia. Root extension during hypoxia was greatly reduced. The anoxic treatments resulted in the death of the apical meristem. Infection development (lesion extension) was least for the hypoxic pre-treated roots and greatest for roots placed directly under anoxia. This is possibly related to an accumulation of soluble sugars in the roots during hypoxia.


Several authors in recent years have expressed doubts that the so-called Petites Heures d'Anne de Bretagne (BnF, n. a. lat. 3027) has any connection to this queen. Francois Avril summarised some of the discrepancies in 1994: the monogram does not easily fit the name 'Anne' and differs from the monogram used for Anne in other works, and a small animal featured throughout the manuscript, often identified as the Brittany ermine, is depicted more often with a brown pelt and thus appears closer to a civet. In this paper I argue that this manuscript was commissioned as a gift for Jeanne de France (1464–1505), Louis XII's first wife, rather than his second wife, Anne de Bretagne. I argue that the monogram is a cipher of the name 'Jeanne' and that the small animal and white flower, used throughout the manuscript in the border decoration, are the genet and the 'janette', each a play on the name Jeanne. The strong connection to Louis and to the House of Orleans, indicated throughout the work, suggests that it was produced before the annulment of his and Jeanne's marriage in 1498. Furthermore, the unusual choice of iconography in the illuminations may reflect Louis' involvement in the Italian campaigns at this time. BnF, n. a. lat. 3027 is one of the finest works attributed to the Master of the Petrarch Triumphs, an artist active in Rouen and Paris c.1500. A clarification of the origin, circumstances, and purpose of this manuscript is important not only for our understanding of the role of Jeanne as a collector, but also for our understanding of the career of this artist.


Rhetoric is the art of speech and persuasion, the study of argument and, in Classical times, an essential component in the education of the citizen. For rhetoricians, politics is a skill to be performed and not merely observed. Yet in modern democracies we often suspect political speech of malign intent and remain uncertain how properly to interpret and evaluate it. Public arguments are easily dismissed as 'mere rhetoric' rather than engaged critically, with citizens encouraged to be passive consumers of a media spectacle rather than active participants in a political dialogue.

This volume provides a clear and instructive introduction to the skills of the rhetorical arts. It surveys critically the place of rhetoric in contemporary public life and assesses its virtues as a tool of political theory. Questions about power and identity in the practices of political communication remain central to the rhetorical tradition: how do we know that we are not being manipulated by those who seek to persuade us? Only a grasp of the techniques of rhetoric and an understanding of how they manifest themselves in contemporary politics, argues the author, can guide us in answering these perennial questions.

Politics and Rhetoric draws together in a comprehensive and highly accessible way relevant ideas from discourse analysis, classical rhetoric updated to a modern setting, relevant issues in contemporary political theory, and numerous carefully chosen examples and issues from current politics. It will be essential reading for all students of politics and political communications.


Aim of this thesis is that to furnish some methodologies for the accurate evaluation of the electromagnetic characteristics of a microstrip. This results particularly useful for the extraction of equivalent circuital parameters, needed from circuit simulators to study more complex structures. From an analysis of the available models in literature, it is possible to find that some approximations are usually assumed to simplify the treatment. It can be observed that it is usual to neglect the conductive losses, that nevertheless result more and more remarkable with the increase of the density of the circuits. Besides, the existing models for the analysis of microstrips don't generally take into account the thickness of the structure, if not in a perturbative way. This thesis has the objective to propose some models that try to eliminate or however to reduce the approximation around the finite conductivity and the finite thickness of a microstrip.
In the first chapter, general aspects of the microstrips are introduced, shortly examining its uses and the constructive aspects.
In the second chapter a lossless microstrip of infinitesimal thickness is examined. Different kinds of sources are examined. The aim of the chapter is to introduce the method that will be used in future.
In the third chapter, a microstrip of infinitesimal thickness and finite conductibility is examined. Then the method is generalized to the case of an arbitrary number of coupled microstrips.
In the fourth chapter, it is shortly presented a variation of the method previously exposed, studying the problem of a thick strip in the free space. Then, a microstrip of finite thickness is examined.
In the thesis, also the computational aspects related to the convergence of the method and to the numerical treatment of the integrals.


An agency-communion model of narcissism distinguishes between agentic narcissists (individuals satisfying self-motives of grandiosity, esteem, entitlement, and power in agentic domains) and communal narcissists (individuals satisfying the same self-motives in communal domains). Five studies supported the model. In Study 1, participants listed their grandiose self-thoughts. Two distinct types emerged: agentic ("I am the most intelligent person") and communal ("I am the most helpful person"). In Study 2, we relied on the listed communal grandiose self-thoughts to construct the Communal Narcissism Inventory. It was psychometrically sound, stable over time, and largely independent of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-the standard measure of agentic narcissism. In Studies 3 and 4, agentic and communal narcissists shared the same self-motives, while crucially differing in their means for need satisfaction: Agentic narcissists capitalized on agentic means, communal narcissists on communal means. Study 5 revisited the puzzle of low self-other agreement regarding communal traits and behaviors. Attesting to the broader significance of our model, this low self-other agreement was partly due to communal narcissists: They saw themselves as high, but were seen by others as low, in communion.


We reported herein an iridium-photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative conjugated addition of glyoxylic acid acetals with various Michael acceptors, including unsaturated amide, ester, aldehyde, ketone, and nitrile under irradiation. Vinyl pyridine and α-aryl styrene are also suitable substrates. The reaction offers various types of acetal products, which are of synthetic significance as protected aldehydes.


The apologetic strategies women employ to manage the cultural tension between athleticism and hegemonic femininity are well documented. Existing research, however, tends to be small-scale. The cumulative symbolic implications of female athlete appearance on cultural ideals remain under-theorized as a result. Our quantitative content analysis of a stratified, random sample of 4,799 collegiate women athletes' roster photos examined whether sport, school type, and geographical location are related to gendered appearance. Despite important contextual variation, we found overwhelming homogeneity across settings. Our results suggest that the normalization of women's athleticism is limited and depends on subordinated femininities. Thus, despite some positive changes, team sport still helps stabilize and naturalize the gender order.