This special issue of Town Planning Review focuses on the planning of the Chinese city, exploring the central issue of changing governance and development. The papers have been presented to a conference on China's Urban Transition and City Planning, held in Cardiff in June 2007, and have been reviewed and revised for publication. The authors examine some of the new practices and trends in city planning in China, in particular covering themes of pro-growth and entrepreneurial governance, cultureled urban redevelopment and the complex and contradictory roles of city plans. The guest editors are grateful to Klaus Kunzmann for allowing us to include an Englishlanguage version of the paper he presented at the Fourth Rencontres Internationales de Recherche en Urbanisme, held in Grenoble in February 2008. This explores some of the implications of China's urban development for European metropolitan cities, although many other cities elsewhere could also take note of his thoughts. We also welcome the opportunity to include a photographic essay by Wang Fang on the MinGong in Beijing. The MinGong are migrant farm-workers who leave their homes to seek work in cities, and they are a widespread phenomenon in urban China today. These 'new' trends are not isolated from mainstream planning issues nowadays. In fact, because they are so closely related to the current debates in city planning in mature Western economies, this special issue hopes to broaden the discussion to include the wider context of greater market orientation, controversially encapsulated by so-called 'neo-liberalisation' (Harvey, 2005). What can be seen in the Chinese context is the transition towards a more marketoriented development mechanism under economic reform. This has led to entrepreneurial urban governance, fierce inter-city competition and a greater need for regional coordination. The function of city planning is changing from resource allocation to place promotion (Wu, 2007a). At the same time, the Chinese economy is experiencing the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and the development of export-oriented industries. China is known as the 'factory of the world'. Rapid economic growth has generated wealth and a steady increase in income. As a result of the increase in the cost of production and rising local consumerism, consumption-led growth is becoming a new economic driver. As such, Chinese planning resembles some features of governance in the post-industrial West. Entrepreneurial governance: planning as re-articulating governance That the Chinese city has seen prevailing urban entrepreneurialism is now well documented (e.g. Wu et al., 2007). There is a wide spread of localism. To capture mobile resources, localities have deployed various competitive strategies. In densely populated regions, such as the Pearl River delta, where globalisation integrated the peripheral towns and rural areas into the city region, this has led to a fragmented spatial structure and uncoordinated governance. To counter governance fragmentation and the absence of coordination, regional strategic plans are being developed by the central government to facilitate the governing of city regions. The article by Xu documents a nascent trend in city-region governance that has not yet been fully researched. The issue of regional governance has largely fallen into the gap between regional studies and urban studies. The former is largely concerned with regional inequalities at national, inter- and intra-provincial levels, while the latter is concerned with different levels of government within the municipality and the emergence of neighbourhood governance. Only recently has regional governance began to catch the attention of researchers, in particular in terms of the adjustment of administrative boundaries and hierarchies (Ma, 2005). To some extent, we have seen the re-emergence of regional policy at the cityregion scale. Regional policy under state socialism very much resembled those of Fordist-Keynesian regimes; it focused on achieving regional resource allocation and the reduction of regional imbalance. …


A question regarding the 1900–1600 Ma assembly of Laurentia is whether the Wyoming province (west-central United States) was part of the Hearne province (west-central Canada) prior to the Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson orogeny, or a separate entity welded later to a Hearne-Superior continent (central Canada). New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar mica dates help to address this question by extending a Middle Proterozoic geochronologic front, long established along the southern Wyoming province, into the Black Hills of South Dakota. This suggests that previously unexplained, north-directed fold nappes (F 1 ) in the Black Hills resulted from island-arc accretion to the south ca. 1780 Ma. North-northwest–trending upright F 2 folds, which formed during east-west collision of the Wyoming and Superior provinces, must therefore be younger. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar hornblende dates, recently published age data, and crustal heat-flow considerations further suggest that this collision began at or before ca. 1770 Ma and culminated with posttectonic magmatism beginning ca. 1715 Ma (the Harney Peak granite). This tectonic-magmatic interval is ∼50–60 m.y. younger than that reported for the Hearne-Superior collision (Trans-Hudson orogeny in Canada). Comparably young metamorphic dates (1810–1710 Ma) also typify the eastern and northern Wyoming province periphery (western Dakotas and southwestern Montana). Collectively, these data suggest that the Hearne and Wyoming provinces were once separate continents that were ultimately welded to the Superior province (and to each other) during distinct Early Proterozoic orogenies. Regional relationships further suggest that final docking of the eastern Wyoming province with Laurentia began during the ca. 1780–1740 Ma interval of island-arc accretion along the southern margin of the growing craton.


Abstract Objectives: To examine the validity and reproducibility of a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used for two cohort studies in Japan. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Two rural towns in the Miyagi Prefecture, in north-eastern Japan. Subjects: Fifty-five men and 58 women. Results: A 40-item FFQ was administered twice, 1 year apart. In the mean time, four 3-day diet records (DRs) were collected in four seasons within the year. We calculated daily consumption of total energy and 15 nutrients, 40 food items and nine food groups from the FFQs and the DRs. We computed Spearman correlation coefficients between the FFQs and the DRs. With adjustment for age, total energy and deattenuation for measurement error with the DRs, the correlation coefficients for nutrient intakes ranged from 0.25 to 0.58 in men and from 0.30 to 0.69 in women, with median of 0.43 and 0.43, respectively. Median (range) of the correlation coefficients was 0.35 (−0.30 to 0.72) in men and 0.34 (−0.06 to 0.75) in women for food items and 0.60 (−0.10 to 0.76) and 0.51 (0.28–0.70) for food groups, respectively. Median (range) of the correlation coefficients for the two FFQs administered 1 year apart was 0.49 (0.31–0.71) in men and 0.50 (0.40–0.64) in women for nutrients, 0.43 (0.14–0.76) and 0.45 (0.06–0.74) respectively for food items, and 0.50 (0.30–0.70) and 0.57 (0.39–0.66) respectively for food groups. Relatively higher agreement percentages for intakes of nutrients and food groups with high validity were obtained together with lower complete disagreement percentages. Conclusions: The FFQ has a high reproducibility and a reasonably good validity, and is useful in assessing the usual intakes of nutrients, foods and food groups among a rural Japanese population.


For the calculation of bottom protection in harbours near quay-walls, analytical formulas are used. The current experiences suggest an overestimation of load on the harbour bottom. Extensive measurements in prototype situations are very expensive. For this reason, the use of a computer model will be far more economical. However, at this moment there is no expertise in the use of numerical models for this type of situation. For this reason, a physical model was made to validate the use of the numerical model. The results of the measurements of Nielsen were not conclusive, because the two models did not match. A sensitivity analysis of the numerical model showed that the model is sensitive to changes in the geometry. Especially the changes to the geometry of the bowthruster caused large differences in the calculation results of the model. For the thruster outflow to be modelled accurately, measurements needed to be done in the physical model. The measurements revealed an unexpected aspect of the flow situation. The low velocity core behind the screw axis was expected to collapse within a certain distance. The measurement results show the core to exist beyond this distance and its contribution to the distribution of the velocities from the bowthruster. Even though this raises new questions, the adaptations to the bowthruster in the numerical model, reproduced the outflow of the physical model. The calculation results of this model were very comparable to the flow situation measured in the physical model. This gives some confidence for the use of the ke-model for modelling bowthruster-induced flows. It also shows the importance of modelling the bowthruster. When the outflow of the bowthruster does not match reality, large deviations are expected.


Research on international migration has brought about remarkable awareness within the global research community, stimulating some theorists and policy-makers to talk about 'international migration' as a field for research. A number of research organizations have also adopted various methods of inquiry to examine and change their research agendas and practices. Although much is known about international migration, there are still many unanswered questions. Formulating a comprehensive agenda that is well informed by research can have a real influence on the lives of migrants throughout the world. It is also believed that the outcome of this research will help the ways in which concerned organizations think and act while dealing with the situation of international migrants. This research is aimed at drawing an inclusive research agenda that is better informed by distinguishable human rights requirements. The research agenda presented here is the result of the contribution of nearly 35 purposely selected researchers from various organizations working in the area of international migration in sub-Saharan Africa. The knowledge base that is produced from this study can yield data and information to governmental and nongovernmental organizations that are dealing with international migration in sub-Saharan Africa.


We investigated the effects of two functionally different deposit feeders, the amphipod Monoporeia affinis and the bivalve Macoma balthica, on the benthic emergence of copepods (Acartia spp., Eurytemora affinis, Temora longicornis), cladocerans (Bosmina longispina maritima, Daphnia spp.), and rotifers (Synchaeta spp., Keratella spp., Notholca spp.) in the northern Baltic Sea. We performed 3.5‐week laboratory experiments in June‐July and in September‐October using surface sediment containing zooplankton eggs and various combinations of amphipod and bivalve densities. Both zoobenthic species increased egg mortality rates in Synchaeta spp. and in calanoids. Each amphipod consumed a maximum of one Synchaeta spp. egg and 31 calanoid eggs per day, while the bivalves consumed six Synchaeta and 143 calanoid eggs per day. Monthly consumption throughout the community matches or even exceeds the field densities of eggs. In summer, M. affinis decreased the daily emergence rate of Synchaeta spp. by 31‐53% and of M. balthica by 57%. The effect on calanoids was less severe: the emergence rate of Acartia spp. and E. affinis was significantly suppressed only by M. balthica (the reduction was 48% and 28% in Acartia spp. and in E. affinis, respectively). T. longicornis was the only species that benefited from macrofauna: together the two zoobenthic species resulted in a 2.7‐fold increase in the emergence of this calanoid. Bioturbation significantly influences the benthic emergence of zooplankton, with effects varying among species, and may thus affect the dynamics of pelagic populations.


Background: Understanding the diversity of learning style preferences of first year medical students will help teachers of Physiology design teaching-learning activities that while catering to their preferences also challenge them to grow in categories that are against their preferences. Most research using the VARK (Visual, Aural, Read-write, Kinesthetic) questionnaire that assesses sensory modality preference alone showed that medical students studying Physiology were multimodal. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the learning styles of first year medical students studying Physiology in India using the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) and to compare the learning styles of males and females. Methods and Material: The Index of Learning Styles (ILS) questionnaire was administered to 150 first year medical students studying Physiology in a private medical college in India as it assesses learning style preferences on four dimensions - active/reflective, sensing/intuitive, visual/verbal and sequential/global. Results: The majority of first year medical students were fairly well balanced in the sequential/global dimension (80.66%), active/reflective dimension (68%) and sensory/intuitive dimension (62%) of the ILS. However, in the visual/verbal dimension, the majority of students were visual learners (72.66%). There were no significant differences in the learning style preferences of males and females. Conclusion: The majority of our students were visual learners and were well balanced in the other dimensions, with there being no significant gender wise difference in learning styles. With this knowledge and findings about different dimensions of learning styles, other than sensory modality preference alone, effective teaching-learning activities can be developed.


ABSTRACT The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD6 protein is required for a surprising diversity of cellular processes, including sporulation and replicational damage bypass of DNA lesions. In mammals, two RAD6-related genes, HR6A and HR6B, encode highly homologous proteins. Here, we describe the phenotype of cells and mice deficient for the mHR6A gene. Just like mHR6B knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, mHR6A-deficient cells appear to have normal DNA damage resistance properties, but mHR6A knockout male and female mice display a small decrease in body weight. The necessity for at least one functional mHR6A (X-chromosomal) or mHR6B (autosomal) allele in all somatic cell types is supported by the fact that neither animals lacking both proteins nor females with only one intact mHR6A allele are viable. In striking contrast to mHR6B knockout males, which show a severe spermatogenic defect, mHR6A knockout males are normally fertile. However, mHR6A knockout females fail to produce offspring despite a normal ovarian histology and ovulation. The absence of mHR6A in oocytes prevents development beyond the embryonic two-cell stage but does not result in an aberrant methylation pattern of histone H3 at this early stage of mouse embryonic development. These observations support redundant but dose-dependent roles for HR6A and HR6B in somatic cell types and germ line cells in mammals.


We study whether language models can evaluate the validity of their own claims and predict which questions they will be able to answer correctly. We first show that larger models are well-calibrated on diverse multiple choice and true/false questions when they are provided in the right format. Thus we can approach self-evaluation on open-ended sampling tasks by asking models to first propose answers, and then to evaluate the probability"P(True)"that their answers are correct. We find encouraging performance, calibration, and scaling for P(True) on a diverse array of tasks. Performance at self-evaluation further improves when we allow models to consider many of their own samples before predicting the validity of one specific possibility. Next, we investigate whether models can be trained to predict"P(IK)", the probability that"I know"the answer to a question, without reference to any particular proposed answer. Models perform well at predicting P(IK) and partially generalize across tasks, though they struggle with calibration of P(IK) on new tasks. The predicted P(IK) probabilities also increase appropriately in the presence of relevant source materials in the context, and in the presence of hints towards the solution of mathematical word problems. We hope these observations lay the groundwork for training more honest models, and for investigating how honesty generalizes to cases where models are trained on objectives other than the imitation of human writing.


Health systems everywhere are expected to meet increasing public and political demands for accessible, high-quality care. Policy-makers, managers, and clinicians use their best efforts to improve efficiency, safety, quality, and economic viability. One solution has been to mimic approaches that have been shown to work in other domains, such as quality management, lean production, and high reliability. In the enthusiasm for such solutions, scant attention has been paid to the fact that health care as a multifaceted system differs significantly from most traditional industries. Solutions based on linear thinking in engineered systems do not work well in complicated, multi-stakeholder non-engineered systems, of which health care is a leading example.

A prerequisite for improving health care and making it more resilient is that the nature of everyday clinical work be well understood. Yet the focus of the majority of policy or management solutions, as well as that of accreditation and regulation, is work as it ought to be (also known as 'work-as-imagined'). The aim of policy-makers and managers, whether the priority is safety, quality, or efficiency, is therefore to make everyday clinical work - or work-as-done - comply with work-as-imagined. This fails to recognise that this normative conception of work is often oversimplified, incomplete, and outdated. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand everyday clinical work as it is done. Despite the common focus on deviations and failures, it is undeniable that clinical work goes right far more often than it goes wrong, and that we only can make it better if we understand how this happens.

This second volume of Resilient Health Care continues the line of thinking of the first book, but takes it further through a range of chapters from leading international thinkers on resilience and health care. Where the first book provided the rationale and basic concepts of RHC, the Resilience of Everyday Clinical Work breaks new ground by analysing everyday work situations in primary, secondary, and tertiary care to identify and describe the fundamental strategies that clinicians everywhere have developed and use with a fluency that belies the demands to be resolved and the dilemmas to be balanced. Because everyday clinical work is at the heart of resilience, it is essential to appreciate how it functions, and to understand its characteristics.


We present SPARSAR, a system for the automatic analysis of poetry(and text) style which makes use of NLP tools like tokenizers, sentence splitters, NER (Name Entity Recognition) tools, and taggers. In addition the system adds syntactic and semantic structural analysis and prosodic modeling. We do a dependency mapping to analyse the verbal complex and determine Discourse Structure. Another important component of the system is a phonological parser to account for OOVWs, in the process of grapheme to phoneme conversion of the poem. We also measure the prosody of the poem by associating mean durational values in msecs to each syllable from a database of syllable durations; to account for missing syllables we built a syllable parser with the aim to evaluate durational values for any possible syllable structure. A fundamental component for the production of emotions is the one that performs affective and sentiment analysis. This is done on a line by line basis. Lines associated to specific emotions are then marked to be pronounced with special care for the final module of the system, which is reponsible for the production of expressive reading by a TTS module, in our case the one made available by Apple on their computers. Expressive reading is allowed by the possibility to interact with the TTS.


The analytical expressions for the cross-spectral density and average intensity of Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) vortex beams propagating through oceanic turbulence are obtained by using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the spatial power spectrum of the refractive index of ocean water. The evolution behavior of GSM vortex beams through oceanic turbulence is studied in detail by numerical simulation. It is shown that the evolution behavior of coherent vortices and average intensity depends on the oceanic turbulence including the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, rate of dissipation of mean-square temperature, relative strength of temperature salinity fluctuations, and beam parameters including the spatial correlation length and topological charge of the beams, as well as the propagation distance.


There are few multicity studies to address the effect of short-term effect of particulate matter air pollution on daily Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) mortality in developing countries, much fewer to further discuss its threshold and seasonal effect. This study investigates the season-varying association between particulate matter less than or equal to 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and daily CHD mortality in seven cities of China. Time series threshold Poisson regression model is specified to estimate the health effect for four cities with the threshold effect, and conventional linear Poisson model is used to analyze the effect for three cities without threshold. We apply the Bayesian hierarchical model to pool the city-specific estimates into overall level. On average, a 10μg/m3 increase of the moving average concentrations of current-day and previous-day PM10 is associated with an increase of 0.81% (95% Posterior Interval, PI: -0.04%, 1.67%) in daily CHD mortality for all the cities as a whole. The associations are smaller than reported in developed countries or regions with lower polluted level, which is consistent to the findings in the literature. The hazardous effect are higher in hot summer and cold winter (1.15% and 0.89%) but lower in relative warm spring and fall (0.85% and 0.69%). In summary, we found significant associations between short-term exposure to PM10 and CHD mortality in China. The sensitivity analyses in the study support the robustness of our results.


The Body Shop is a body of work made up of reinterpreted machines and products used to pursue our ideal self. My sculptures, including Moist-Erratic, All-in-Wall, The Body Bits Variety Pack, Snares Hair-Care, and others are all available for an individual's usage at The Body Shop. For a maker to create a handmade object in a time where so many things are mass-produced motivates me to think of something new and novel. Upon this foundation, the danger lies in narcissism: 'I am a want to be inventor that creates new and exciting products; and also an artist by virtue of my creations.' I absorb contemporary cultural products through the lens of a maker; it is how I ration what is important and what is fluff. In the act of making, I experience similar satisfaction to that of owning and using a new product.


Abstract Privacy strategies and privacy patterns are fundamental concepts of the privacy-by-design engineering approach. While they support a privacy-aware development process for IT systems, the concepts used by malicious, privacy-threatening parties are generally less understood and known. We argue that understanding the "dark side", namely how personal data is abused, is of equal importance. In this paper, we introduce the concept of privacy dark strategies and privacy dark patterns and present a framework that collects, documents, and analyzes such malicious concepts. In addition, we investigate from a psychological perspective why privacy dark strategies are effective. The resulting framework allows for a better understanding of these dark concepts, fosters awareness, and supports the development of countermeasures. We aim to contribute to an easier detection and successive removal of such approaches from the Internet to the benefit of its users.


Build upon the OFDM/OQAM scheme this paper addresses the design of linear transmit and receive filters. Aiming at enhancing the robustness against multipath fading, two novel techniques are proposed. The first one jointly designs transmit and receive filters under the MMSE criterion. The second scheme follows a ZF approach. In this case transmit and receive filters are independently devised. Pre-equalizers obtained by both strategies are subjected to power constraints. Simulation-based results show that the two proposed techniques benefit from having perfect channel knowledge at both ends of the link to outperform the Alamouti scheme. The best performance in terms of BER is given when transmit and receive filters are jointly designed.


Abstract Health is not only an individual or personal issue but a social related outcome co-created by a wide range of stakeholders. As public health challenge is proved to be a social issue, design service to promote social innovation could be an effective approach for health-empowered society. In China, designers co-created innovative service with stakeholders to promote social innovation approaching public health. Through some cases, how the service design tools and methods are applied to co-design healthcare service to meet the local need and how social innovation are co-created under the local social context are introduced. In the end, the effect of design strategies for health-empowered society through co-created social innovation are analysed.


Dielectric functions of Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 thin film absorbers with varied x were determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry and ab initio calculations. From the combination of experimental and theoretical studies, the fundamental interband transition energy E0 (∼1–1.5 eV) and the next following transition energy E1 (∼2–3 eV) were identified and found to blue-shift with increasing sulfur anion content, while keeping the energy separation E1−E0 almost constant, ∼1.4 eV from experiments, and 1 eV from theory. In addition, the average dielectric responses were found to decrease with sulfur anion content from both theoretical and experimental results. The Tauc optical bandgap value Eg determined on samples prepared on Mo and soda lime glass substrate showed a positive linear relationship between x and bandgap Eg. The bandgap bowing factor determined from the theoretical data is 0.09 eV.


This paper emphasizes the linguistic definition problem of interlanguage translation. It examines some definitions of translation, uses them as a theoretic root to distinguish traits of translation activity and investigates the interrelation between cohesion and coherence across the framework of an equivalence-relevant analysis based on a theoretically logical translation of a highly refined translation corpus. The current paper also represents cohesive devices as means of representing coherence, and specifies tendencies in translation processes. Coherence is not only examined here at the textual level but also with a due account of the underlying level. The results of this analysis illustrate that coherence in TT is supported by cohesive means which, though occasionally quite different from their ST equivalents, contribute toward achieving coherence at the overall text-in-context level.


For more than two decades, teacher efficacy has been identified as being crucial for improving educational reform, teacher education, teachers' teaching behaviors, and teachers' attitudes toward inclusive schooling. This study utilized the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001), the Scale of Teachers' Attitudes Toward Inclusive Classrooms (STATIC) (Cochran, 1998) and demographic information to investigate the levels of teacher efficacy beliefs and attitudes toward inclusion of 123 special education teachers involved in co-taught education classrooms in 10 school districts across North Carolina. School levels and several predictor variables were examined to determine the influence they had on teacher efficacy beliefs and teachers' attitudes toward inclusion. Results revealed that (a) there was no significant difference between school levels and TSES and STATIC overall scores; (b) the number of hours of professional development in inclusive practices was a significant predictor for TSES and STATIC overall scores and four subscale scores (instructional strategies, classroom management, professional issues and logistical concerns); and (c) years experience teaching in co-taught classes was a significant predictor of classroom management. Additional analyses revealed the strength of relationship between the TSES and STATIC overall scores were stronger for special education teachers who had 0-3 years and more than 10 years of experience co-teaching. The relationship between the TSES and STATIC overall scores were weaker for special education teachers who had 4-10 years of teaching experience in co-taught classrooms. Overall results indicate a strong sense of efficacy and attitudes toward inclusive classes among North Carolina special education teachers involved in co-teaching.


Urban settlements in the Western Cape sustain regional development and are vital to the national spatial economy, but because not all contribute or participate equally they do not grow at the same rate – some flourish while others decline. The Provincial Administration of the Western Cape therefore commissioned a study to evaluate and monitor their functions and performance. This paper assesses the study's methodology and procedures. It describes the variables used and explains how the raw data were transformed into comparative indices and combined into a single composite development potential index. It evaluates the sub-indices and the composite index by mapping the results and uses multivariate statistical techniques to explore the logic and validity of the results. It confirms that the indices created for measuring urban growth potential were well chosen and constructed, laying a sound theoretical and methodological base for future decisions about public investment in rural towns. 1Respectively, Professor (retired); Senior Lecturer; and Research Fellow and Professor (retired), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.


Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a spectroscopic technique that can be used to detect many high explosives and narcotics. Unfortunately, the measured signals are weak, thereby inhibiting the widespread use of the technique. Current state-of-the-art detectors, which exploit realistic NQR data models, assume that the complex amplitudes of the NQR signal components are known, to within a multiplicative constant. However, these amplitudes are typically prone to some level of uncertainty, thus leading to performance loss in these algorithms. Herein, we develop a frequency selective algorithm, robust to uncertainties in the assumed amplitudes, that offers a significant performance gain over current state-of-the art techniques.


Two-part compositions were one of the main means through which music was taught during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, and they therefore played an important role in preparing both professional and amateur musicians. The main focus of my work is formed by the published volumes of duos ranging in date from 1521, the year when the first collection was issued, to 1744, the date of publication of Angelo Bertalotti's Solfeggi, though I also take into account duos published in musical treatises. The importance of duos during this period is evidenced by the number of extant collections - more than sixty in Italy alone - and these publications reveal an essential continuity in the teaching of music theory and practice over a period of 250 years. So far, only a fraction of the music used for this purpose has been studied by other scholars.

During this period all two-part didactic music served consistent and well-defined functions: the teaching of note-values and solmization; the teaching of modality and composition; as the basis for practising both vocal and instrumental music. My thesis traces the history of the genre, analyses aspects of the compositional structure of duos and examines the detail the various functions of duos. It also considers the intended readership of volumes of duos, through study of the publishers, composers and dedicates involved.


Promoted by the realisation of dwindling fossil fuel supplies and their adverse environmental impacts, there more and more types of alternative fuels to fossil diesel have been used and investigated in compression ignition engines. However, the majority of researches on alternative fuels mainly focus on their power performance, efficiency and emission performance, without fully investigating the potential effects on the vibro-acoustic emissions and tribological characteristics of engines caused by their significant differences in physical and chemical properties. Consequently, the impacts of long-term use of alternative fuels on structural failure, lubrication degradation, friction aggravation, overall service life spans and associated maintenance activities of internal combustion (IC) engines have not yet been fully understood.
To reduce this gap this thesis focuses on the investigation into the vibration responses of cylinder liners in a diesel engine to accurately characterises the tribological behaviour between the piston rings and cylinders which is one of the most decisive sub-processes that determine engine performance and yet is correlated with the combustion of different fuels. In particular, the investigation was carried out by coupling the hydrodynamic lubrication model with structural vibration effects through a series of extensive numerical simulations and systematic experimental evaluations in order to establish a vibration based technique to monitoring tribological behaviour and thereby accurately assess the influence.
Based on the dynamic coupling mechanisms between the combustion characteristics of alternative fuels and the tribological behaviours of cylinder liners, the most significant influences from the fuel burning on tribological behaviour of cylinder liners concerned in this study is a direct and physical approach such as the effect of liner vibrations on cylinder friction process, even though an indirect and chemical but very slow approach such as the deterioration of oil properties by combustion products can happen.
To characterise the direct influence a finite element dynamic model was developed and validated for predicting the dynamic responses of cylinder liners to respective excitation sources including the highly nonlinear combustion pressure shocks and subsequent piston slap impacts. The realistic consideration of both the characteristics of structural modes up to 15kHz and nonlinearities of elastic assembly constraints allows obtaining accurate prediction that the combustion shocks cause vibrations in a frequency range around 10kHz with an amplitude order of 0.01μm, whereas the piston slaps in frequency range from 1k to 5kHz with an amplitude order 0.2μm, which gives a clear and quantitative indication of the nonlinear phenomena of liner vibration due to combusting alternative fuels and varying lubrication conditions. In addition, a decomposition analysis of piston side-thrust forces provides more insight of the localized response characteristics corresponding to coupling interactions of combustion force with inertia force of piston assembly.
To further investigate the potential influences of structural deformations to tribological behaviours of cylinder assemblies, a new dynamic deformation based lubrication model was developed based on an employment of improved shearing factors in which the effect of inevitable liner vibrations is included to obtain a more realistic lubricating film formation, distribution and tribological behaviours. The simulation studies show that this advancement in modelling oil films predicts that the biodiesel with more intense vibration emissions is able to reduce the friction loss between pistons and liners, whereas the methanol-diesel blend with weakened liner dynamic response may exacerbate the friction loss of IC engines. This finding confirms further that the vibration responses allow a straightforward and in-depth indication of the effect generated by using different fuels.
In addition, a further experimental investigation was carried out based on a motoring engine test, in which high frequency sinusoidal vibrations at 25 kHz, 30 kHz and 40 kHz are added to the external surface of the linear. The observable changes in motoring torque verify that proper external vibrations can affect the tribological behaviours between the pistons and liners, including both asperity friction and viscous friction, and resulting in the friction reduction of IC engines. Particularly the 40 kHz vibration at the maximal driving power of the test device can achieve a reduction of 1.79% in the motoring torque. This has demonstrated more on the effectiveness of this vibration based diagnostic method in assessing the influences of alternative fuels upon tribological behaviours of piston ring and cylinder liners.
Finally, further researches on the subjects is also proposed in order to complete the vibration based diagnostics in achieving more accurate assessment of engine lubrication conditions and effective friction reduction.


Educational systems have to adapt to latest IT development and student's behavior regarding internet usage, as beyond traditional education the "virtual environment" provides excellent opportunities for both teaching and learning. Such opportunities cannot be ignored by universities as learning also enters the globalized market. Therefore, an ever-increasing number of students are ready to acquire competences and abilities for a globalized work market. The aim of this exploratory research is to investigate students' perceptions towards their readiness to access and use e-learning technologies in order to become experts in their profession. Empirical research consists of in depth interviews with students from a Technical University in Romania that engaged in an improvement of the learning process through the use of e-learning platform (such as Moodle). Based on e-learning operational definition an interview guide was developed. Formal in-depth interviews were performed by students that received special training to reduce bias and enable more sincere opinions from respondents as compared with an academic-lead interview. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed in order to identify the key factors that influence student's perception regarding the use of e-learning as well as the main advantages and disadvantages as perceived by the students. Data collections based on a convenient sample. In order to ensure sample representativeness students were recruited to belong to five distinct groups: Those that have high grades and receive bursary (merit), those with good grades but just below the bursary threshold (up to one point below), students with poor academic performance and no bursary, those that work (part-time or full time) and those that never worked. Analysis of interviews transcript revealed the key factors that influence student perceptions regarding the use of e-learning as well as the main advantages and disadvantages as perceived by the students. Such results are valuable and may be used by the University and Faculty management as a real support to design an adequate strategy to enhance the benefits of using virtual learning environments and represents the bases for a new quantitative study regarding students' perceptions of e-learning.


BACKGROUND. No study has investigated the association between enterovirus 71 central nervous system infection and symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In this study we evaluated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–related symptoms and internalizing problems as long-term sequelae resulting from enterovirus 71 central nervous system infection in children. METHODS. We enrolled 86 children 4 to 16 years old with virus-culture–confirmed enterovirus 71 infection and central nervous system involvement diagnosed 3 to 7 years before the study and 172 control subjects, matched for age, gender, and parents' education levels. Their mothers and teachers were asked to report on possible attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–related symptoms, and their mothers were asked to report on possible internalizing problems. All of the children previously infected with enterovirus 71 received intelligence tests. RESULTS. Forty-two (49%) of the children previously infected with enterovirus 71 had had viral meningitis; 35 (41%) had severe central nervous system involvement, such as encephalitis, poliomyelitis-like syndrome, or encephalomyelitis; and 9 (10%) had cardiopulmonary failure and central nervous system involvement. The children previously infected with enterovirus 71 had higher scores than matched control subjects on teacher- and mother-rated scales of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, oppositional symptoms, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder index. The rate of elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–related symptoms among children with enterovirus 71 central nervous system infection was 20%, whereas that rate among matched control subjects was only 3%. They also had more internalizing problems. Their verbal and performance IQs, as well as verbal comprehension indices, were significantly inversely correlated with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder index scores. CONCLUSIONS. Enterovirus 71 central nervous system infection may affect long-term regulation of attention and emotion and cause hyperactivity-impulsivity in children.


In this thoughtful and moving novel, four men find themselves inextricably bound together by their past histories. The aged Judge Clane dreams of resurrecting the confederacy, while his grandson, Jester, is involuntarily drawn to Sherman, a volatile black orphan who feels the sharp sting of racial injustice, especially when he finds out the truth about his parentage. Through the eyes of these individuals Carson McCullers explores the roots of racial prejudice and the dual moralities of the town's leading whites.


This brief self-narrative juxtaposes philosophical and psychoanalytic theories of language and trauma with descriptions of the author's experiences as: a child and adolescent migrant, a fragmentary language learner, and a postsecondary language educator. It studies the short and long-term effects of having one's language of identification undervalued by political tensions, and examines what it means for the ego to (re)construct its identity following a language-related emotional crisis. The author defines her libidinal attachments to her introjected tongues and discusses how her present state of being within uneven languages were carved by the memory of her experiences as a child and an adolescent migrant. Similar to Jacques Derrida's (1996) description of "disorders of identity", Carra-Salsberg blends theory with her recollections of lived occurrences to conceptualize the way in which the inscription of early traumatic occurrences within languages ground subjects' life-long responses and attitude towards their acquired tongues.


Due to the limited capacity of GPU memory, the majority of prior work on graph applications on GPUs has been restricted to graphs of modest sizes that fit in memory. Recent hardware and software advances make it possible to address much larger host memory transparently as a part of a feature known as unified virtual memory. While accessing host memory over an interconnect is understandably slower, the problem space has not been sufficiently explored in the context of a challenging workload with low computational intensity and an irregular data access pattern such as graph traversal. We analyse the performance of breadth first search (BFS) for several large graphs in the context of unified memory and identify the key factors that contribute to slowdowns. Next, we propose a lightweight offline graph reordering algorithm, HALO (Harmonic Locality Ordering), that can be used as a pre-processing step for static graphs. HALO yields speedups of 1.5x-1.9x over baseline in subsequent traversals. Our method specifically aims to cover large directed real world graphs in addition to undirected graphs whereas prior methods only account for the latter. Additionally, we demonstrate ties between the locality ordering problem and graph compression and show that prior methods from graph compression such as recursive graph bisection can be suitably adapted to this problem.


The focal point of this research is to continue the development of a time-resolved lanthanide (III) luminescent probe that may aid in early detection of melanoma skin cancer. If melanoma cancer is found at an early stage, it can successfully be taken out by invasive surgery before spreading to other tissues and organs throughout the body. This timely detection could help decrease the mortality rate of melanoma victims. By attaching a lanthanide (III) luminescent tag to a MSH-4 peptide substrate, the detection of melanoma skin cancer could potentially be measured. The design of our target molecule consists of three components. They include: a Eu3+ luminescent complex, a melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH-4) peptide and a polyethylene glycol spacer molecule. Each component will be independently synthesized and then coupled onto an insoluble support resin via solid phase peptide synthesis. The sequential coupling will allow the indirect attachment of the MSH-4 substrate to the luminescent probe by utilizing a PEGO linker. This separation will ensure that the Eu3+ luminescent tag will not hinder the binding interactions between the MSH-4 substrate and its respective G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). All components of the probe were characterized by using a combination of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT/IR, GC-MS, and HPLC-MS.


We report an experimental investigation of pressure-driven flow of a viscous liquid across thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. Our experiments revealed a nonlinear relation between the flow rate $Q$ and the applied pressure drop $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}p$ , in apparent disagreement with Darcy's law, which dictates a linear relationship between flow rate, or average velocity, and pressure drop. These observations suggest that the effective permeability of the membrane decreases with pressure due to deformation of the nanochannels in the PDMS polymeric network. We propose a model that incorporates the effects of pressure-induced deformation of the hyperelastic porous membrane at three distinct scales: the membrane surface area, which increases with pressure, the membrane thickness, which decreases with pressure, and the structure of the porous material, which is deformed at the nanoscale. With this model, we are able to rationalize the deviation between Darcy's law and the data. Our result represents a novel case in which macroscopic deformations can impact the microstructure and transport properties of soft materials.


In the conventional design of disturbance observer (DOB), a first order low pass filter (LPF) is used to prevent algebraic loop and satisfy causality in the inner-loop. Although a conventional DOB has a good robustness, its performance is limited by the dynamic characteristics of a first order LPF. A DOB that uses a higher order LPF is called as a higher order disturbance observer (HODOB) and can be used to improve performance of a system. However, improving performance may cause robustness problems. Therefore, there is a trade-off between robustness and performance of a DOB based robust control system, and it is directly related to order of the LPF of DOB. This paper analyzes robustness and performance of robust control systems based on DOB. The relation between performance and robustness is derived analytically, and a new design tool, which improves robustness and performance, is proposed for HODOB. A general second order plant model is analyzed, and simulation results are given to show the validity of the proposed method.


This paper investigates the effects of nonlinearities on the dynamics of flat panels in supersonic flow and presents new bifurcation results for a fairly general nonlinear aeroelastic system. In order to obtain these results we use the method of normal forms, global bifurcation techniques, and various other dynamical systems tools. The first part of this paper deals with modeling unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments acting on flat panels undergoing arbitrary motion in supersonic flow. This modeling also considers the structural nonlinearities inherent in panels. While deriving the equations of motion, many in the past have neglected some nonlinear aerodynamic terms as insignificant from the modeling point of view. However, inclusion of these terms in the analysis may completely change the bifurcation behavior. In aeroelastic systems it is the nonlinear dissipative terms that can change the behavior, and it is essential to carefully model these terms in the physical problems. In the absence of dissipative terms the nonlinear system is reversible, which provides the governing equations with near integrable structure. Thus certain analytical methods are used to study the bifurcation behavior of the system near critical points. For general nonlinear fiat panels in supersonic flow, we present these effects as various bifurcation results due to symmetry-breaking imperfections. For aeroelastic systems, the reversible symmetry is broken by the addition of unsteady aerodynamic terms.


In the December 20, 2001 issue of The Economist, the magazine carried an article, "Home Thoughts From Abroad: Governments in Exile," an examination of the two dozen or so governments-in-exile that operate around the world. The article says that the governments-in-exile around the world are "as varied as the countries they purport to rule. By tar the most serious is the India-based Tibetan government in exile, headed by the Dalai Lama. The best proof that it matters is that China, the occupying power in Tibet since 1949, detests it." [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] This misses an important point. Beijing indeed detests the setup in Dharamsala, the seat of the Dalai Lama in north India, even referring to the Dalai Lama as "a wolf in monk's clothes." But the point missed is that, besides stoking the ire of the Chinese government, the Tibetan government-in-exile has more importantly accomplished nothing less than the rejuvenation of Tibetan culture and has created and administered a cohesive and productive community underpinned by a strong and growing civil society. When future generations of Tibetans examine the Tibetan exile experience, they will point to the institutions developed in exile as the single most important element that ensured the survival of Tibet outside the plateau. Indeed, one silver lining in the ongoing Tibetan tragedy is the resurgence of Tibetan culture outside of Tibet and the creation of a productive community in exile supervised and serviced by a small but effective bureaucracy. In the introduction to the book Exile As Challenge: The Tibetan Diaspora, its editors, New Delhi-based writer Dagmar Bernstorff and Friedrich-Naumann Foundation director Hubertus von Welck, identify three major reasons why "the Tibetan community in exile is one of the most resilient and successful refugee groups in the world." First, they point to the ability of individual Tibetans to survive and sustain themselves economically. Second, the educational system created in exile has succeeded in educating sectors of the population who would have been illiterate in traditional Tibetan society. Finally, the Dalai Lama has introduced democracy to his people and is turning over political power to a directly democratically elected leader, the kalon tripa. Sociologists attribute the success of the rehabilitation of the Tibetan refugees and their tight community to the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA). In the book The Tibetan Government-in-Exile: Polities at Large, the author Stephanie Roemer attributes to the CTA a central role in the successful "resettlement and rehabilitation" of Tibetan exiles. In this sense, the government has done a great deal for its people despite possessing very few resources. The Tibetan community taking root in exile is all the more remarkable given Tibet's earlier remoteness and isolation, which stemmed mainly from geography but could partially be attributed to choice. For this reason, in the early days of exile, the Tibetan refugees often experienced a sense of wonderment laced with deep anguish; except the selfsame earth and the sky, everything was strange and unfamiliar. When the first Tibetan exiles left their home country for India, they not only trekked from one country to another, but also walked away from the medieval world and entered the 20th century. The challenges of those days were as much adaption to their new surroundings as much as to catch up with the rest of the world in terms of acquisition of knowledge in all fields. That the refugees are comfortably settled in the modern world these days reflects the quality of leadership provided by the Dalai Lama and the Tibetans' devotion to him, and the tolerance and generosity of the exiles' host countries, especially India. Indeed, the Tibetan exile community has itself made huge efforts to improve its situation, enabling the Dalai Lama and the Indian government's contributions to amount to something. In particular, other exile communities can look to the Tibetans as they struggle to remain vital, by examining their efforts in community-building, cultural preservation and resurgence and education. …


(Re)Imagining the world: Children's Literature's Response to Changing Times considers how writers of fiction for children imagine 'the world', not one universal world, but different worlds: imaginary, strange, familiar, even monstrous worlds. The chapters in this collection discuss how fiction for children engages with some of the changes brought about by new technologies, information literacy, consumerism, migration, politics, different family structures, cosmopolitanism, and new and old monsters. They also invite us to think about how memory shapes our understanding of the past, and how fiction engages our emotions, our capacity to empathize, our desire to discover, and what the future may hold. The contributors bring different perspectives from education, postcolonial studies, literary criticism, cultural studies, childhood studies, postmodernism, and the social sciences. With a wide coverage of texts from different countries, and scholarly and lively discussions, this collection is itself a testament to the power of the human imagination and the significance of children's literature in the education of young people.


Lippia alba (LA) is a flowering shrub native to Central and South America. Its essential oil has been used in herbal medicine as an anti-anxiety drug and in aquaculture; it is used to sedate fish during transport (Daniel 2014. Essential oils are derived from plants usually through steam distillation. They are labeled as "essential" because it contains the odor of the plant. Its physiological action is unknown. We use the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster to further define its behavioral actions and determine its underlying physiological effects. We first tested whether Lippia alba produced had an anesthetic effect on the fruitfly. We then attempted to determine which components were responsible for the anesthesia. Based upon mass spectroscopy, the major components of LA are Citral (58.54%), Carvone (7.41%), and Limonene (7.32%) (Lopez et al. 2011). In the experiments, a 50ml centrifuge tube was used and each tube contained 10 flies. The cap of each tube contained a piece of paper with 10μL of essential oil. After 30 minutes the tube would be tapped and the flies that failed to crawl upwards were recorded. This was done for 150 minutes. After this test was conducted we would conduct a recovery test. In the recovery tests, a small thin piece of filter paper would be soaked in a 1% Sucrose solution. The purpose of this experiment was to examine how many flies would be able to move upwards and it would show that the oil had a sedative effect on the flies. The recovery test results would be recorded after 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours. Lippia alba, Citral, and Carvone are shown to have an anesthetic effect. Limonene is shown to have an irreversible effect and Beta-caryophyllene is shown to have no effect. Propylene Glycol was mixed with the components to equalize the vapor pressure. We then tested the physiological effects of LA essential oil and its components. Since many drugs affect the nervous system by targeting synapses, we examine their effect on the neuromuscular junction. The nerve was stimulated and EPSPs were record from the muscle before, during and after applying the essential oil and its components. We found that LA produced a large reduction in transmitter release. This effect of Citral on synapses was very similar to that seen with LA. It is likely that LA produces its anesthetic effect by blocking synapses and Citral is largely responsible for its action.


Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) conservation is interconnected to social, economic, and environmental factors. Since the 2003 World Parks Congress, cheetah conservation practitioners have been applying human -wildlife conflict resolution strategies throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Future Farmers of Africa training has taught farm management skills to over 3,000 rural Namibian farmers and is being used in other range countries. Capacity building for conservation scientists and extension officers has been conducted using a "train the trainer" approach. The use of livestock-guarding dogs has expanded and eco-labels have been established to assist communities to coexist with cheetahs. Awareness building and government "buy-in" has occurred in many of the cheetah range countries. The conservancy program of Namibia is spreading into other areas of Africa, providing a basis for developing large-scale, transboundary land management plans. However, the continuation and development of such programs is ongoing, and no single program is likely to reduce human -cheetah conflict alone.


Human motion recognition is one of research hotspot in recent years computer vision field, the technique promotes sports techniques development to considerable big extent. Sports researchers tend to regards video sequence images as important reference information, but sequence image is two-dimensional image after being reduced dimensions by video camera, two-dimensional image restricts necessary movement analysis to great extent, so people have urgent expectation in accurate two-dimension images three-dimensional reconstitution. The paper proposes a human model-based multiple views hierarchical image block texture expressed algorithm, in the hope of exploring the algorithm application in human movement three-dimensional reconstitution. The paper focuses on analyzing discriminant model method and generative model method. It provides human body tree structure model and image background elimination process particle filter principle that is required to use. For MH-L1 trackers principle and multi views hierarchical image block texture sparse expressed principles, it makes analysis, explores multiple views hierarchical image block texture sparse expression's algorithm steps in three-dimensional reconstitution process. On the basis of designing self-sheltering and human model inaccurate calculation caused wrong texture handling algorithm, it applies Matlab software to make three-dimensional reconstitution on four camera images, and displays reconstitution effects.


To investigate the grafting of polymer chains onto nanoparticles (metal, semi-conductor, inorganic, etc) and nanostructured (patterned) surfaces, we have investigated anionic surface initiated polymerization (SIP) on a variety of surfaces. Understanding the surface chemistry issues involved is critical for future applications and protocols. SIP of polystyrene from Silicate and clay nanoparticles surfaces have been made by the living anionic polymerization method with 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) initiation sites attached to nanoparticle surfaces using chlorosilane and amino functional groups. Model studies were initially done on flat Si-wafer surface and recently with Au surfaces. For the nanoparticles, the grafted polymers were cleaved and characterized by FTIR, NMR, AFM, TGA and SEC. Polymers grafted from nanoparticle surfaces show higher polydispersity and lower molecular weight than those formed in solution. We observed that diffusion of the monomer, stability of the initiator attachment to the surface, and aggregation of the particles controls the properties of the grafted polymers on particle surfaces. On the other hand, the use of the anionic polymerization method on surfaces allows the possibility of combining a variety of polymers (organic) with various nanoparticle and surfaces (inorganic) for the preparation of hybrid nanocomposite materials.


Inversions are a type of naturally occurring DNA mutation in which the sequence of the DNA is reversed, resulting in it being read in the opposite direction to the wild type. Most of these inversion mutations are thought to have no direct phenotypic effect, although those that do are often lethal. Although inversions are mostly phenotypically functionless, inversions cause recombination suppression both within and extending slightly outwards from the inverted region. Recombination suppression between heterozygotic inversions can lead to linkage disequilibrium and cause the independent evolution of chromosomes, eventually leading to speciation. Comparative genomics of humans and primates has identified many inversions which may have contributed to the evolution of the human genome. Population genomics has also identified many inversions which are polymorphic in humans, some of these are under selection and may be contributing to the continued evolution of the human genome.

Key Concepts

Inversions are naturally occurring mutations within a genome where the DNA has been excised and reinserted in the opposite orientation.
Inversions have a range of phenotypic effects including lethality, amino acids changes, regulatory changes or no discernible effect.
Alu and L1 elements may have directly caused many inversions in primates through recombination between very similar elements.
Inversions suppress recombination within the inverted region and may be involved in evolution and speciation through the recombination-suppression mechanism.
Nine large inversions can be detected cytogenetically when comparing human and chimpanzee genomes, approximately 1500 further microinversions have been identified through sequencing.
Polymorphic inversions exist in the human population, some of which have been found to be under positive selection.

Keywords:

inversions;
human;
chimpanzee;
mutations;
recombination;
speciation;
Alu;
LINE


Project management (PM) is one of the prominent fields in business and industry. Every task of an organization can be imagined as a project, being a coordinated set of activities toward a common goal. One important aspect of PM is analysing the information related to the optimum balance among the project's objectives. Each project is a combination of different activities, being connected to each other and having several success criteria, among which the time, cost and quality of the project completion are more significant, due to their significant effect on obtained results. Accordingly, the time might lead to delay and penalty which means more cost; and cost may be underestimated than real required funds. They both will lead to failure in project management. On the other hand, quality is the final key which confirms the success. The aim of a time-cost-quality trade-off problem (TCQTP) is to select a set of activities and an appropriate execution mode for each activity; the cost and time of the project is minimized while the project quality is maximized. The purpose of this paper is to present a model for TCQTP in which these parameters are approximated by grey numbers. Since there are various modes to accomplish each activity, the trade-off problem is formulated based upon a multi-objective integer grey programming model. Afterwards, a goal programming- based approach is designed to solve this model. The model's results provide a framework for the project manager to manage his/ her project successfully, in acceptable time, with the lowest cost and the highest quality. The main originality of the proposed model is the approximation of time, cost and quality parameters of activities mode with grey numbers and the development of a two phase goal programming- based approach to solve this problem. Ultimately, the proposed model is applied in two different cases and results are illustrated to clarify the outstanding capabilities of the model. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.26.1.9930


In the recent years the application of nanotechnology in human and veterinary medicine has shown a great progress. Scientists foresee that this progress in the field of nanotechnology could represent a major breakthrough in addressing some of the technical challenges faced by human and veterinary profession. While the great hopes of nanomedicine are disease detection and new pharmaceuticals for humans, veterinary applications of nanotechnology may become the proving ground for untried and more controversial techniques from nanocapsule vaccines to sex selection in breeding. Nanotechnology has the potential to impact not only the way we live, but also the way we practice veterinary medicine. Examples of potential applications in animal agriculture and veterinary medicine include disease diagnosis and treatment delivery systems, new tools for molecular and cellular breeding, the security of animal food products, modification of animal waste, pathogen detection, and many more. Existing research has demonstrated the feasibility of introducing nanoshells and nanotubes into animals to seek and destroy targeted cells. These building blocks of nanotechnology are expected to be integrated into systems over the next couple of decades on a commercial basis. This article describes some of the principal areas of nanotechnology currently being undertaken in the world of medicine.The main purposes of this article are to trigger the interest of discoveries of veterinary profession in the field of nanotechnology and to provide a glimpse at potential important targets for nanotechnology in the field of veterinary medicine. Also it is important to mention that because nanotechnology is at a very early stage of development, it may take several years to perform the necessary research and conduct clinical trials for obtaining meaningful results. This tool as it develops over the next several decades will have major implications in veterinary and animal science.


Natural selection and the struggle for ecological niches were the driving force for the origin of a tremendous number of animal groups with different body shapes. The segmental organization of insects enhanced their evolutionary specialization. Adaptations led to different morphologies, for instance with respect to the head. The head, which carries the feeding apparatus and the main sensory centers enabling interaction with the environment, is one prerequisite for evolutionary success. The segmental structure of the insect head facilitated evolution of adaptations with respect to morphology. However, although the head is of great importance for the evolutionary success, there is no comprehensive understanding of the gene network regulating anterior head development until now. Furthermore, the genetic basis for the different insect head morphologies is unknown. Moreover, there are open questions concerning the segmental structure of the head and how morphogenetic movements lead to the adult head.
During the last years the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum was developed as a major model organism for studying insect head development. Recent studies were able to successively uncover the genetic interactions of anterior head development. However, so far the gene set and its interaction are not comprehensively unraveled. Tc-foxq2 is a novel regulator of head development identified with a highly specific head phenotype in the iBeetle screen. Hence, I studied its potential function in the anterior head gene regulatory network. Another open question is the contribution of the different embryonic head regions to the adult head. To provide new insights regarding this question I wanted to provide new features for the Tribolium toolbox.
In this study I was able to show that Tc-foxq2 is specifically expressed in the anterior pre-segmental head region, similar to the conserved expression pattern, which is located at the anterior pole in metazoan species. Further, I was able to show that Tc-foxq2 is an upstream player within the anterior head gene regulatory network, forming a conserved patterning unit together with Tc-six3. Tc-foxq2 knock-down results in an increased cell death rate within the clypeo-labral region, which consequently leads to reduced labral buds at embryonic stages. This defect is also reflected in L1 larval cuticles showing a labrum that is strongly reduced or completely absent. Further, using neurogenic in vivo imaging reporter lines I was able to show that embryonic knock-down of Tc-foxq2 function leads to central body and mushroom body defects. Moreover, I was able to generate new reporter lines that drive expression of the chimeric H2Av::EGFP nuclear marker protein under control of the Tc-αTubulin1 promoter or the Tc-ribosomal protein subunit3 promoter. I analyzed the lines with respect to localization of the marker protein, signal distribution within the embryo, signal intensity in different developmental stages and tissues, and viability of the different transgenic lines. I could show that the lines are functional and that the Tc-αTubulin1 promoter line is best suited for being analyzed with light-sheet imaging. Finally, I was able to generate and to show functionality of new in vivo imaging lines for laser-induced cell marking and genetic cell marking.


This PhD contributes to the discipline of food policy by introducing Technology Assessment (TA) as a potential tool for the food and biotechnology industries and food policy decision-makers. TA is an analysis tool used to consider the consequences of new technologies. This social research project investigated how TA can be used in the food industry and specifically how it can be used to assess the impacts of a new crop biotechnology on society.
The potential use of TA was evaluated using an emerging food biotechnology, longchain omega-3 production in canola, which is being developed by the CSIRO Food Futures Flagship. This emerging biotechnology involves the production of genetically modified oil seed plants, designed to synthesise essential omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA). For the purpose of the thesis, these will be referred to as long-chain omega-3 oils. These oils are normally absorbed by humans by eating seafood, and are deficient in most people's diets. With declining global fish stocks, this dietary deficiency is likely to be exacerbated in the future. By making these nutrients available in commercial crops such as canola, it is anticipated that there will be improved health and environmental outcomes.
The qualitative social research methods used in this study included key informant interviews together with focus groups with a range of social groups who may be affected directly or indirectly by the omega-3 technology. The broader aim of the project is to increase awareness of the social issues present in the food industry and create information that can inform decision-makers at all levels of food industry.
The results identified several groups that would benefit directly from the technology, for example, the aquaculture and livestock industries, farmers that used conventional broadacre farming methods and the broader community in general as a result of improved health outcomes. Other groups that may be opposed or adversely affected include the fishing industry, organic farmers and environmental groups. There are some issues that warrant further attention if this technology is to be accepted into society. These revolve around the GM process used to produce long-chain omega-3 oils and the desire for labelling that would enable the Australian publics to make an informed choice about whether to purchase a particular product that contained the oil. The type of TA that could be used in the future and some of the potential problems that may be encountered if it was to be implemented into the food industry are discussed. The initiation and implementation of biotechnology policy is reviewed. There are some areas of concern regarding Australia's current GM regulatory framework, for example, compensation in the advent of inadvertent co-mixing. It is proposed that a TA vision assessment framework could create a shared vision for the future of food, which would inform policy-makers at all levels. TA has the potential to increase democratic principles by allowing a broader range of social groups to influence policy.
The thesis in that it is likely to be the first Australian application of technology assessment in the food industry.


This paper examines the role of developmental leadership in two major reforms introduced in the Philippines in 2012: the passage into law in December of excise tax reform which significantly raised taxes on cigarettes and alcohol – generally referred to as the Sin Tax Reform – and, in July, the re-registration of voters in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). These reforms have a) strengthened government finances and healthcare; and b) improved the quality of elections and promoted good governance and conflict resolution in the southern Philippines. Key points: These reforms were not achieved exclusively through the executive leadership of Philippine President Benigno Aquino III, this paper argues. A broader form of developmental leadership was critical to their passage into legislation and their subsequent implementation, made up of reform coalitions that incorporated elements of government, the legislature, and civil society. While these coalitions were diverse and flexible in their form and composition, their core strength came from established advocacy groups and experienced activists. These groups and activists used highly labour-intensive, specialized and complex forms of mobilization. The success of these reform coalitions, it is argued, has implications for economic and governance reform in the developing world, particularly in systems characterised by oligarchical democracy, where competition for elected office is closely linked to the entrenched interests of business and industry.


This article examines whether autonomy as an educational aim should be defended at the global scale. It begins by identifying the normative issues at stake in global autonomy education by distinguishing them from the problems of autonomy education in multicultural nation-states. The article then explains why a planet-wide expansion of the ideal of autonomy is conceivable on the condition that the concept of autonomy is widened in a way that renders its precise meaning flexibly adjustable to a variety of distinct social and cultural contexts. A context-transcendent, core meaning of autonomy remains in place, however, according to which a person is only autonomous if she relates to the values and goals that direct her life in a way so that she sees them as her own and is able to identify and critically assess her principal reasons for action. Finally, the article addresses two challenges to the global expansion of autonomy education: the objection that autonomy is presently not the most important educational aim and the objection that global autonomy education is a form of cultural imperialism. It finds both objections wanting.


When does self-interest counsel cooperation? This question pertains both to the labile behaviors produced by rational deliberation and to the more instinctive and fixed behaviors produced by natural selection. In both cases, a standard starting point for the investigation is the one-shot prisoners' dilemma. In this game, each player has the option of producing one or the other of two behaviors (labeled "cooperate" and "defect"). The pay-offs to the row player are as follows:


The thesis which follows is an attempt to examine a complex organisational phenomenon corporate policy within a multinational resource based joint venture. It employs a multidisciplinary conceptual framework which draws on a range of disciplines including Business Policy/Strategy, Organisation Theory and Macroeconomics (see 1.1).

The central concern of the thesis is to "Explain how prevailing political and economic factors have influenced the policy decisions undertaken by the North West Shelf (NWS) joint venturers throughout critical periods or 'events' in the history of Australia's largest capital project." This objective is accommodated within the main body of the thesis along with two other interrelated goals "Production of an original and comprehensive commentary on the history of the North West Shelf project from 1973 to 1986 and the design of a broad conceptual schema to describe the decision making environment of the NWS joint venturers." (see Figure 3). This schema is ultimately developed into a model with general applications for the study of corporate policy and strategy within multinational resource based joint venture projects (see 8.3). Policy, Strategy and Environment are the three keynote terms employed in the theoretical base of the study which attempts to highlight the essential connection between them (see 1.1.3).

The topic of corporate policy and strategy relating to the North. West Shelf joint venture was chosen for a number of reasons, not least the sheer scale and significance of the project for the Australian and Western Australian economies. The NWS project has been given a high media profile since the Woodside joint venture participants (JVP) made their first commercial gas finds off North Western Australia in 1972 (see Introduction)

It has also been the subject of extensive parliamentary debate at Federal and State level, with continuing political controversies over government control and high levels of foreign interest in Australia's premium natural gas fields. Federal and West Australian legislative frameworks and policy instruments relating to large scale petroleum and mineral developments are examined in some detail in the thesis (see Chapter 4). The essential interaction between corporate and public policies (host governments and multinational joint venturers), is also an important focal point of the study.

To date no comprehensive historical commentary has been produced to describe the planning and development of Western Australia's largest resource project: in terms of capital invested ($A12 billion by 1995) (1987 dollars) and revenue from sales of hydrocarbons, piped natural gas and 1iquified natural gas (LNG) to domestic and export markets. The thesis accommodates this goal through the use of published sources and interview material (see 1.1 and 1.2) within a unique theoretical framework.

Interview respondents provided both general background on the NWS venture and a variety of perspectives on a series of 'critical events' in the history of the project. Analysis of these 'events', through comparison of interview responses and information from a range of published sources, provides an essential insight into the policy decisions taken by the NWS joint venturers during critical periods in planning and development of the project.

The central reference point in the thesis is the 'Conceptual Map' which is comprised of a series of schematic diagrams outlining various sectors of the North West Shelf project organisation's internal and external environment. The map and relevant concepts are used to demonstrate how policy outputs from the NWS joint venture influence and are influenced by other organisations or interest groups within the project organisation's internal and external environment.

The NWS project organisation is seen to be linked to a series of other influential organisations and government bodies through an interorganisational network. This follows Odell (1983) who developed the concept of an international petroleum network to highlight essential connections between corporate and governmental bodies operating at each level within the vertically integrated international petroleum industry (see 3.1).

The network concept is usefully employed in the thesis to illustrate the influence which World level (multinational), National and State level interests can hold in relation to corporate policy and strategy within a multinational joint venture project.

The thesis is structured in a form which allows Chapters 3 to 8 to pursue and develop a series of discrete themes relating to the NWS project. These are bound together by the theoretical framework and conceptual schema set out in Chapters 1 and 2. In broad terms the content of the study breaks down as follows: Introduction - (i) Historical background to the NWS project; (ii) the structure of the NWS joint venture, (iii) chronology and overview of key events influencing the planning of the project. Chapters 1 and 2 cover the theoretical structure and methodological basis of the study. The contribution of various writers to the multidisciplinary conceptual framework of the thesis is discussed in detail. Chapter 3 covers the worldwide petroleum network, the structure of the Australian oil and gas industry, the position of the NWS project as an exporter of liquified natural gas (LNG) and the growing international trade in this product. Chapter 4 is primarily concerned with the legislative and public policy framework, which has been developed at Federal and State level to govern the development of large scale petroleum and minerals projects in Australia. Provisions with particular relevance to the NWS project are considered at length. Chapter 5 is a simple but detailed description of the Conceptual Map, highlighting the influence of a series of key external bodies on the corporate policies of the NWS joint venturers over specified periods of time. Chapters 6 and 7 provide a detailed analysis of three 'critical events' identified by interview respondents as having an important impact on the future development of the NWS project.

Each event is set within a wider context of political and economic change within Western Australia and Australia. Major macroeconomic shifts in relevant international markets are also considered.

In the final chapter information presented in Chapters 3, 6 and 7 is updated bringing important themes pursued in these sections through to the end of 1988. A simple model of 'Policy Making Environment' for multinational resource based joint ventures is presented incorporating major features drawn from the conceptual map employed throughout the thesis. Final conclusions are presented in order to draw together both the theoretical and thematic content of the work and identify key areas for future research.


An Investigation into Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) Using a Single-Channel Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Joseph W. Winkler Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Master of Science Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was originally designed as an airborne ground-imaging radar technology. But it has long been desired to also be able to use SAR imaging systems to detect, locate, and track moving ground targets, a process called Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI). Unfortunately, due to the nature of how SAR works, it is inherently poorly suited to the task of GMTI. SAR only focuses targets and image features that remain stationary during the data collection. A moving ground target therefore does not focus in a conventional SAR image, which complicates the process of performing GMTI with SAR systems. This thesis investigates the feasibility of performing GMTI with single-channel, unsquinted, broadside stripmap SAR despite this inherent limitation. This study focuses solely on the idealized case of direct energy returns from point targets on flat ground, where they and the airborne radar platform all move rectilinearly with constant speed. First, the various aspects of how SAR works, the signal processing used to collect the SAR data, and the backprojection image formation algorithm are explained. The effects of target motion are described and illustrated in actual and simulated SAR images. It is shown how the backprojection (BPJ) algorithm, typically used to image a stationary landscape scene, can also focus on moving targets when the target motion is known a priori. A SAR BPJ ambiguity function is also derived and presented. Next, the time-changing geometry between the airborne radar and a ground target is mathematically analyzed, and it is shown that the slant range between the radar and any ground target, moving or stationary, is a hyperbolic function of time. It is then shown that this hyperbolic range history causes the single-channel SAR GMTI problem to be underdetermined. Finally, a method is then presented for resolving the underdetermined nature of the problem. This is done by constraining a target's GMTI solution using contextual information in the SAR image. Using constraining information, a theoretical way is presented to perform limited GMTI with a single-channel SAR system by using a modified form of the BPJ imaging algorithm, and practical considerations are addressed that complicate the process. Instead of focusing on stationary pixels, this GMTI method uses the BPJ ambiguity function to search for moving targets on a straight path, such as a road, by performing matched filtering on a collection of moving pixels in a position-velocity image space. Nevertheless, it is concluded that for moving point targets, general GMTI with no path constraints is infeasible in practice with a single-channel SAR.


Drilling a borehole is a common method for extracting oil, gas, and natural resources from beneath the surface of the earth. The main topic of this Thesis is the design of control algorithms for virtual reality based telerobotic system with haptic feedback that allows for the remote control of the vertical drilling operation. The human operator controls the vertical penetration velocity using PHANTOM Omni haptic device while simultaneously receiving the haptic feedback from the locally implemented virtual environment. The virtual environment is rendered as a virtual spring with stiffness updated based on the estimate of the the stiffness of the rock currently being cut. Based on the existing mathematical models of drill-string/drive systems and rock cutting/penetration process, a robust servo controller is designed that guarantees tracking of the reference vertical penetration velocity of the drill bit. A scheme for online estimation of the rock stiffness is implemented. Simulations of the proposed control and parameter estimation algorithms have been conducted using MATLAB; consequently, the overall telerobotic drilling system with a human operator controlling the process using PHANTOM Omni haptic device is tested experimentally where the drilling process is simulated in real time using Open Haptics toolkit.


We discuss emerging proposals for border tax adjustments (BTAs) to accompany commitments to reduce carbon emissions in the EU, the US and other OECD economies. The rationale offered for such border adjustment is that various entities, such as the EU, if making commitments to reduce emissions which go beyond those undertaken in other regions of the world, impose added costs on domestic producers which create a competitive disadvantage for them. Some form of remedy is viewed as reasonable to maintain the competitiveness of domestic industries when responding to global environmental problems. In this paper, we argue that despite its current carbon manifestation, the issue of border tax adjustments and both their rationale and their effects on trade are not new and, despite the present debate (which seems to overlook older literature), have arisen before. Earlier debate on border tax adjustments occurred at the time of the adoption of the Value Added Tax (VAT) in the EU as a tax harmonization target in the early 1960's. But academic literature of the time showed that a change between origin and destination basis in the VAT would be neutral and hence the use of a destination based tax in the EU to accompany the VAT offered no trade advantage to Europe. Here we argue that essentially the same arguments also apply for carbon motivated BTAs, and in the current debate there seems to be a misconception between price level effects and relative price effects stemming from a BTA, which needs correcting. We also argue that the impact of border tax adjustments should be viewed as independent of the motivation of the adjustments.


Vehicular Controller Area Networks (CANs) are susceptible to cyber attacks of different levels of sophistication. Fabrication attacks are the easiest to administer -- an adversary simply sends (extra) frames on a CAN -- but also the easiest to detect because they disrupt frame frequency. To overcome time-based detection methods, adversaries must administer masquerade attacks by sending frames in lieu of (and therefore at the expected time of) benign frames but with malicious payloads. Research efforts have proven that CAN attacks, and masquerade attacks in particular, can affect vehicle functionality. Examples include causing unintended acceleration, deactivation of vehicle's brakes, as well as steering the vehicle. We hypothesize that masquerade attacks modify the nuanced correlations of CAN signal time series and how they cluster together. Therefore, changes in cluster assignments should indicate anomalous behavior. We confirm this hypothesis by leveraging our previously developed capability for reverse engineering CAN signals (i.e., CAN-D [Controller Area Network Decoder]) and focus on advancing the state of the art for detecting masquerade attacks by analyzing time series extracted from raw CAN frames. Specifically, we demonstrate that masquerade attacks can be detected by computing time series clustering similarity using hierarchical clustering on the vehicle's CAN signals (time series) and comparing the clustering similarity across CAN captures with and without attacks. We test our approach in a previously collected CAN dataset with masquerade attacks (i.e., the ROAD dataset) and develop a forensic tool as a proof of concept to demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach for detecting CAN masquerade attacks.


Published research has provided a robust set of documented tools and techniques for transforming individual engineering courses in ways that use evidence-based instructional practices. Many engineering faculty are already aware of these practices and would like to use them. However, they still face significant implementation barriers. The ER2P effort addresses the question: How can successes in engineering education research translate into widespread instructional practice? This poster session will describe hard-won lessons the ER2P team has learned as it begins its third year attempting such curricular change. Lesson 1: "Wonder workshops" and visible course redesigns don't produce curricular change. Lesson 2: Focus on the larger engineering education system, rather than its isolated parts. Lesson 3: Insurmountable time barriers prevent faculty from adopting RBIS. Lesson 4: Universities, industry, and other stakeholders working in isolation can't do much more to help engineering faculty address these problems. Lesson 5: Changing the curriculum requires a larger community of shared concern and practice. Lesson 6: Bring in partners and expertise in cross-boundary, multidisciplinary way. Lesson 7: Work together to address a shared concern: Decreasing ramp up time to competent workplace performance. Lesson 8: Make the effort to grow the contact network to address this opportunity. Lesson 9: Use a common engineering model to create a venue for collaborative problem identification and root cause analysis. Lesson 10: Talk about what fresh out engineers are doing on the job, along with its monetary and nonmonetary consequences. Lesson 11: Collaborate on interpreting the problem identification and root cause analysis data. Lesson 12: Work together to specify corrective actions that remove barriers to RBIS adoption.


Where sulphate removal is targeted in the biological treatment of acid mine drainage wastewaters, a step additional to sulphate reduction is required to prevent the complete oxidation of sulphide back to sulphate. This linearisation of the biological sulphur cycle has presented a technological bottleneck, particularly in passive treatment operations. We report an investigation of sulphur production in floating sulphur biofilms as a means for addressing this problem. These 50 μm to 500 μm structures may be seen to form on the surface of sulphidic, organic waters and in which sulphide is partly oxidised to So and polysulphide. A Linear Flow Channel Reactor was developed in which the formation of the floating sulphur biofilm could be optimised and studied under controlled conditions. In this study the sulphide feed was sourced from a lignocellulose packed bed reactor treating a synthetic acid mine water (2 000 mg∙l -1 Na 2 SO 4 solution) and the Liner Flow Channel Reactors (surface area 1.1 m 2 and 2.2 m 2 ) were operated in a controlled environment chamber. The floating sulphur biofilm was harvested by settling to the bottom of the reactor where it remained largely unreacted until removed. It was shown that up to 88% of sulphide in the feed stream may be removed in this way and that this was achieved mainly by oxidation of sulphide to sulphur (including a polysulphide fraction). A mass balance accounting for the process showed that up to 66% of total sulphur species entering the system were recovered as So. Oxidation of sulphide to thiosulphate and sulphate was not found to be significant. A fraction of fine particulate sulphur is released into the stream on harvesting of the biofilm which does not readily settle in the reactor and may thus be lost to the mass balance account. The effects of temperature, loading rate and reactor surface area were investigated in optimising the performance of the reactor. Scale-up application studies in the use of the Linear Flow Channel Reactor in an acid mine drainage passive treatment environment have been undertaken in field studies. Keywords: floating sulphur biofilms, acid mine drainage, AMD passive treatment, linear flow channel reactor, sulphur biotechnology


The aim of this investigation is to examine the relationship between springs and structural setting in the Mt. Cetona Ridge. This area represents an important regional morpho-tectonic feature oriented NNW-SSE, separated from the geothermal area of Monte Amiata to the West by the Radicofani Neogene Basin, and bounded to the East by the Valdichiana Neogene-Quaternary Basin. This Ridge is constituted by the Tuscan Nappe and the overthrusted S. Fiora Unit. New detailed field mapping and a structural study allowed recognition of a polyphase structural setting defined by four folding phases followed by three extensional and transtensional phases. Coupled to the structural investigation, 13 spring water samples were collected in the area in May and in August 2005. Groundwater ranges from cold, low mineralized calcium-bicarbonate to warm, highly mineralised, calcium sulphate. Results are in general agreement with previous studies indicating the recharge area in the Cetona upland and a circulation in a highly fractured, quasi-continuous reservoir constituted by the Mesozoic limestone and the underlying Burano anhydrite formation. Geochemical modelling indicates that the high variability in the hydrochemical and isotopic composition cannot be explained by a simple binary mixing between two ground-water types, but rather reveals a geochemical evolution involving anhydrite and dolomite dissolution, and calcite precipitation. Outflows are closely related to the structural setting of the area and hydrochemistry allows discrimination of different fluids associated with specific hydrogeological circuits. The interpretation of the structural setting for Mt. Cetona Ridge was obtained by fieldwork studies integrating geochemical data of both thermal and cold springs. Results of this investigation allow us to propose a new tectonic evolution and fluid circulation model for this area.


This fresh categorisation and examination grew from the author's innate curiosity about the shapes and forms of the ships and boats of the Ancient World and particularly of the Ancient Egyptians. Many years sailing and the book by Nancy Jenkins, "The Boat beneath the Pyramid" which considered the vessel buried alongside the Great Pyramid of Giza sparked this curiosity, and from this start point, the focus of the research moved to the catalogue of model vessels in the Cairo Museum collection, published by Reisner, and the surviving hulls from Dahshur. These sources were augmented and supported by the work by Boreux. Finds such as the timbers from Lisht added valuable information. An interest in the greater variety of vessels to be known from the Old and Middle Kingdoms concentrated the researcher's attention upon the craft of these periods. Three fragmentary examples of hull forms, supposedly not known until the Old Kingdom, have been included, as the categorization system proposed in this research attempts to push back the previously accepted dates of some Egyptian hull shapes.