Triassic rock units of northern Chile (28-29° S) record the transition, both in time and space, between two major orogenies that affected the southwestern margin of South America, the Gondwanian and Andean orogenies. The geodynamic configuration of the margin during this transition is still a matter of debate, particularly whether subduction was interrupted or continued under different parameters in between the orogenies. In order to evaluate these hypotheses by understanding the paleogeographic evolution of the margin, this work synthesizes recent stratigraphical, structural and geochronological data from northern Chile (28-29° S), along with detrital zircon analysis and detritus characterization of the two main siliciclastic Triassic basins present in the area. A detailed study of the evolution of the San Félix and the Canto del Agua basins, their source areas, and exhumation processes of the margin recognizes two stages of intra-arc/forearc basins system development separated by a Carnian unconformity. The first stage (Lopingian-uppermost Middle Triassic) develops an eastern intra-arc basin, which is represented by the volcaniclastic rocks included in the Guanaco Sonso Formation and the roots of the volcanic arc represented by Chollay Plutonic Complex, bounded to the east by a Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian basement block. The forearc basin for this stage is constituted by two graben depocenter, separated by a topographic high, of marine to transitional depositional environment and proximal sediment sources. The eastern graben is filled by conglomerates and turbiditic rocks grouped in Members M1 to M4 of the San Félix Formation, and the western graben, by sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the lower section of the Canto del Agua Formation. The second stage (Norian-Rhaetian) involves an eastern intra-arc basin, represented by the volcanic rocks of the La Totora Formation that seals the exhumed roots of the magmatic arc developed in the previous stage, and a marine to transitional forearc basin to the west, represented by the sedimentary rocks of M5 member of the San Félix Formation and the upper section of the Canto del Agua Formation. These two successions show basal fluvial conglomerates unconformably overlying Anisian prodelta deposits of the first stage, recording a major base level drop of the forearc basin.


It is virtually impossible to discuss the Supreme Court's decision in Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. without hearing some variant of the following response: "I can't believe it was as close as it was." And it does not matter whether you are chatting with your next-door neighbor who had never thought about judicial ethics in his life or discussing the case with a judicial-recusal expert. Nearly everyone seems to agree: Caperton was an "easy" case and that four justices dissented is an indication that there is something terribly wrong. Not only has Caperton elevated the issue of judicial impartiality to the national spotlight, but it has triggered a firestorm: Congress has held hearings examining judicial recusals in light of Caperton; states have grappled with new recusal rules and procedures, as well as changes to state judicial elections; and law schools around the country have held conferences and symposia dedicated to Caperton and judicial ethics. Together with the Court's earlier ruling in Republican Party of Minnesota v. White, and this year's decision in Citizens United v. FEC, Caperton is part of a trilogy that will shape our views of judicial independence and accountability for years to come.This essay argues that Caperton is often misunderstood and concludes that Caperton was not an easy case in large part because the Court rejected the well-established appearances-based recusal standard in favor of a probability-based one that looks at the likelihood of actual bias. And this seemingly minor shift changes the recusal landscape to a greater degree than is or has been appreciated. Furthermore, I argue, Caperton's probability-based standard may contain a blueprint for an improved recusal framework across state and federal judiciaries.This essay proceeds in three parts. Part I explains the role that appearances have historically played, and currently play, in recusal decisions in the United States. Today, appearance of partiality, rather than actual fairness, is the key factor in judicial recusal under the federal recusal statutes and state judicial codes. This was not always so.Part II argues that Justice Kennedy's majority opinion in Caperton properly limited, if not excluded, the role of appearances from its due process analysis. Some scholars, judges, and commentators, however, have wrongly interpreted Caperton's "probability of bias" standard to be coterminous with the "appearance of bias" standard that currently controls recusal under federal statutes and state judicial codes. In this part, I will explain why I believe this interpretation is incorrect and why the Court's opinion should be read to reject an appearance-based disqualification standard under the Constitution's Due Process Clause.The final part of this essay discusses the implications of adopting a probability-based — rather than an appearance-based — recusal standard, and how states can use Caperton, and recusal generally, to address the public's growing concern about the impartiality of an elected judiciary. I argue that in response to Caperton, states should change their recusal procedures — procedural like who reviews motions for recusal, appellate review of recusal decisions, the standard of appellate review, whether a written opinion explaining the recusal decision should be required — tailoring those procedures to the newly-announced probability-based substantive standard for judicial disqualification. In adopting these new recusal procedures, states should pay special focus to appearances, ensuring that the newly-adopted procedure creates an appearance of impartiality and fairness. As a result of greater emphasis on the appearance of procedural fairness, public's confidence in the judiciary will increase.


Recent observation of the tidally excited stellar oscillations in the main-sequence binary KOI-54 by the Kepler satellite provides a unique opportunity for studying dynamical tides in eccentric binary systems. We develop a general theory of tidal excitation of oscillation modes of rotating binary stars and apply our theory to tidally excited gravity modes (g-modes) in KOI-54. The strongest observed oscillations, which occur at 90 and 91 times the orbital frequency, are likely due to prograde m= 2 modes (relative to the stellar spin axis) locked in resonance with the orbit. The remaining flux oscillations with frequencies that are integer multiples of the orbital frequency are likely due to nearly resonant m= 0 g-modes; such axisymmetric modes generate larger flux variations compared to the m= 2 modes, assuming that the spin inclination angle of the star is comparable to the orbital inclination angle. We examine the process of resonance mode locking under the combined effects of dynamical tides on the stellar spin and orbit and the intrinsic stellar spindown. We show that KOI-54 can naturally evolve into a state in which at least one m= 2 mode is locked in resonance with the orbital frequency. Our analysis provides an explanation for the fact that only oscillations with frequencies less than 90–100 times the orbital frequency are observed. We have also found evidence from the published Kepler result that three-mode non-linear coupling occurs in the KOI-54 system. We suggest that such non-linear mode coupling may explain the observed oscillations that are not harmonics of the orbital frequency.


ABSTRACT I ntroduction : Adolescents at risk is a high-risk group involved in the problems associated with behavioral health problems such as smoking, drug abuse, drinking, bullying and sexual behavior. Cognitive behavioral therapy as an active therapy is one of the alternative ways to improve resilience in adolescents at risk. M ethod : This study aims to find a deskriptions of risk behavior in adolescents and to determine the difference resiliency capabilities at risk pre and post the cognitive behavioral therapy. Collecting data is using risk behavior questionaire and resilience scale. Population  with characteristic 13 – 19 years old adolescents at risk.. Samples were taken by using purposive random sampling technique. Experimental design of this study is true experimental pretest-postest control group design. Paired sample T test is used to analize the data. R esult : This study shows that adolescents at risk have been doing bullying, smoking, drug abuse, and active sexual behavior. This study also shows that there is a significant difference of resilience ability pre and post the cognitive behavioral therapy for the experimental group, with p=0,009. While the control group showed no differences in adolescent resilience ability pre or post cognitive behavioral therapy with p=0,976 C onclusions And Recommendations : Adolescents who have risky behaviors can improve their resiliensy by using cognitive behavioral therapy. School is expected to be able to cooperate with stakeholders in preparing sustainable activities to reduce the risk behaviour in adolescents. Keywords: Adolescents at risk, resiliency, cognitive behavioral therapy.


Differential rotation of the Earth's inner core has been predicted in some geodynamo models, and seismic studies over the past 15 yr have resolved rotation rates up to 1° yr−1. Most previous seismic body-wave studies have focussed on South Sandwich Islands events recorded at station COL in Alaska. Here, we present a globally extended study into temporal variations in the inner core over some 25 yr, using PKPbc-PKPdf traveltime residuals. To test for differential rotation of the inner core, displacement of inner-core heterogeneities over time is sought. We introduce a new method of space-flattening to remove the effect of spatial variations on the time variations; this allows for the use of both polar, semi-equatorial and equatorial geometries. First, we reanalyse polar paths from South Sandwich Islands events to stations COL and INK in North America. These stations yield a differential rotation of the inner core at a rate of 0.12–0.38° yr−1 in an eastward direction, in agreement with previous studies. However, station DAWY, which has a very similar path through the inner core as COL, yields at best a westward differential rotation of the inner core. Thus DAWY results are incompatible with the COL/INK inferred rotation. Secondly, earthquakes in the Aleutian Islands region, observed at BOSA and LBTB in southern Africa, exhibit temporal variations that are incompatible with the South Sandwich Islands-COL/INK inferred rotation rate. Thirdly, Kuril Islands events, recorded in South America at station BDF, yield inconclusive results. Finally, our final piece of evidence for the irreconcilability of differential inner-core rotation with global data comes from using earthquakes in the Vanuatu region, recorded at BCAO/BGCA in Central Africa, an equatorial geometry. These residuals resolve a westward inner-core rotation at a rate of 0.14° yr−1, over the same time period that South Sandwich Islands events indicate an eastward rotation. As any rigid-body rotation should yield the same direction and rate independent of where the inner core is sampled, our results allow us to reject previously reported inner-core differential rotation rates of up to 0.1–0.5° yr−1. Instead, our results suggest that structure in either the inner or the outer core is varying with time, over relatively short timescales and in ways that cannot be explained by, and do not support, a differentially rotating inner core.


In industries in which high-tech and complex products are developed, firms maintain their competitive advantage and superior performance through collaborating with other organizations in order to access additional capabilities and combine separate knowledge. Several problems and challenges related to the integration of knowledge between the organizations have to be dealt with and overcome in order to fully benefit from these kinds of inter-organizational collaborations. Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to explain how knowledge integration can be managed between a high-technology company and its partner. On the basis of two factors, that is, common knowledge and social capital, we have investigated how different knowledge integration mechanisms are used in inter-organizational collaborations between a high-technology company in Sweden and its suppliers. The investigation was done through analyzing and comparing empirical findings from two different cases with the help of literature findings from several different sources. In order to collect the empirical data, different company-specific processes were studied and several interviews were conducted face-to-face. The study showed that common knowledge is a broad concept, and it turned out that having a common group culture in the project team, consisting of employees from both the high-tech company and its partner, is fundamental for the success of integrating knowledge. Through the establishment of a group culture in which honesty, openness and trust is encouraged, communication is facilitated in many ways and, by extension, so is also the knowledge integration. Having trust, which is an essential part of social capital, was also found to form the basis for a well-functioning collaboration. Since personal meetings enable the development and maintenance of social relations and trust, as well as the establishment of a common group culture, meeting face-to-face were highlighted as very important knowledge integration mechanisms. Due to the context in which the study was performed, i.e. inter-organizational collaborations amongst companies in different countries, personal meetings could however be difficult to arrange because of the physical distance. Nevertheless, a vital conclusion of this thesis was that personal meetings should be prioritized and arranged as early as possible in a project. If the social relations are good within the group, the employees are more likely to contact and help each other and actively communicate in order to integrate their knowledge. However, the social relations that are developed between the employees at the collaborating companies are highly dependent on the people involved, which means that the employees' personalities and interests need to correspond and must be considered when recruiting personnel, in particular if the recruit concerns a key role. An interesting finding was also that by using body language or a figurative language, such as metaphors, language difficulties could be overcome and a better communication between the partners could be achieved, and the common knowledge could thereby be increased. Furthermore, the study has indicated the importance of creating forums in which employees from different organizational levels can meet and combine their knowledge and thereby create synergies for the entire collaboration.


Epistemic modality markers are linguistic expressions that explicitly qualify the truth value of a proposition, by marking the informational content as either certain or uncertain. The present thesis focuses on epistemic modality markers indicating uncertainty, and explores the use of such markers in academic discourse. The material used is compiled within the larger KIAPcorpus and is a selection of research articles written in three different languages (French, Norwegian and English) and belonging to two different disciplines (linguistics and medicine). Carried out within the framework of the Norwegian KIAP project (Kulturell Identitet i Akademisk Prosa (Cultural Identity in Academic Prose), the study adopts a doubly contrastive approach, focusing on variation across languages as well as across disciplines. Gender differences are also examined. The first part of the thesis forms the theoretical basis for the analyses and is to a large extent devoted to a discussion of the concept of modality and to relevant previous research. It is argued that the linguistic category of modality is traditionally quite poorly defined in the literature. Consequently, there is not always coherence between its definition and the linguistic items actually included in it. Considerable emphasis is put on the delimitation of the category of epistemic modality and the ways in which it differs from and overlaps with related categories such as alethic modality, sporadicity and hedging. The second part of the thesis explores the frequency (ch.6) and pragmatic functions (ch.7) of a selection of epistemic modality markers in the corpus. The study shows that French-speaking authors use significantly fewer such markers than do English-speaking and Norwegian authors, suggesting that language background has a large influence on the authors' use of hedges. As far as frequency is concerned, no major differences were observed between the disciplines, nor between male and female authors. However, the factors of discipline and language seem to be interrelated, in the sense that differences between languages are larger within linguistics than within medicine, thus illustrating the fact that medicine is a more internationalised discipline than linguistics. Moreover, the two disciplines seem to prefer different types of markers, and there are notable differences when it comes to the pragmatic functions the markers tend to have. In the medical texts, the occurrences most often have a content-oriented function, i.e. they are used to indicate hypotheses, to hedge conclusions or to signal methodological limitations. These usages, except for the latter (which seems to be typical of experimental articles), are also frequent in the linguistic texts, but in addition the linguists make use of more interpersonal functions. For example, they use epistemic modality to mitigate criticism put forward against the work of others and to signal precaution while interpreting other researchers' texts or findings. These observations reflect the fact that the norms for argumentation differ between disciplines. Overt and direct argumentation is more recurrent in linguistics than in medicine, and thus the use of epistemic modality or hedging as a politeness strategy is more frequent in linguistic articles than in medical ones. The findings are relevant for teachers and students of academic writing as well as for anyone involved in cross-cultural communication between researchers.


Background. Major inequalities in staffing levels at rural and urban hospitals contribute to poorer health outcomes in rural areas. Local and international studies have shown that healthcare professionals (HCPs) of rural origin are more likely than those of urban origin to work in and contribute to improved health outcomes in rural areas. However, absent role models, dysfunctional families, schools that perform poorly and inadequate funding make it almost impossible for rural-origin students to gain access to institutions of higher learning (IHLs) to train as HCPs.  Objective. To present the experiences of graduates from the Umthombo Youth Development Foundation Scholarship Scheme, build on Tinto's model of persistence and engagement, and contribute towards the success rates of rural-origin HCPs.  Methods. This qualitative study used a life-history methodology. Unstructured interviews, photomemory, artefacts and collage development were used to explore the educational experiences of six rural-origin HCPs. Data were coded and categorised and themes identified.  Results. Compulsory academic and peer mentoring promoted academic and social engagement, helped students to recognise their pre-university experiences as generative, and contributed to their success. The generative potential of pre-university experiences and compulsory work-based experiential learning were identified as initiatives that could strengthen Tinto's model of persistence and engagement.  Conclusion. A number of targeted interventions, if introduced at South African IHLs, could contribute to improved success rates of rural-origin health science students.


Wetland mitigation banking, although practiced for more than fifteen years, is a concept just beginning to be widely embraced and implemented as an important wetlands regulatory and management tool. The finalization of Federal guidance on mitigation banking should further boost its use. Mitigation banking represents another way to provide for compensatory mitigation for permitted wetland losses, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. To date, compensatory mitigation has been mostly on an individual project basis usually at the site of the wetland loss. Mitigation banks, on the other hand, are typically relatively large blocks of wetlands that compensate for multiple projects away from the site of individual wetland losses. Mitigation banking for wetlands should be viewed as an opportunity to produce better wetland projects as part of the wetland regulatory process and as a mechanism to contribute towards watershed-based wetlands management. Until very recently, banking practice has been characterized mostly by relatively simplistic arrangements where an entity both provides and uses the mitigation supplied by the wetland bank. However, today there are many types of compensatory mitigation supply arrangements being implemented that can meet the varying needs of planning and resource agencies as well as the mitigation needs of those developers required to provide compensatory wetlands.


The usual approach to dealing with Mixed Logical Semidefinite Programs (MLSDPs) is through the "Big-M" or the convex hull reformulation. The Big-M approach is appealing for its ease of modeling, but it leads to weak convex relaxations when used in a Branch & Bound framework. The convex hull reformulation, on the other hand, introduces a significant number of auxiliary variables and constraints and is only applicable if the feasible region consists of several disjunctive bounded polyhedra. This paper aims to circumvent these shortcomings by leveraging on Combinatorial Benders Cuts due to Codato & Fischetti and by constructing linear cuts based on a Farkas Lemma for Semidefinite Programming (SDP) within a Cutting-Plane framework. We employ the resulting Cutting-Plane algorithm in a Robust Model Predictive Control (RMPC) test application for multi-vehicle robust path planning with obstacle and inter-vehicle collision avoidance, taking into consideration exogenous (eg external wind gusts) and endogenous (eg internal noise in the system gain) uncertainty. We formulate this problem as an MLSDP model using minimax approaches by Löfberg and by El Ghaoui et al. and Big-M formulations due to Richards & How.


The last ten years have seen major advances in design technologies, with Computer Aided Design (CAD), rapid prototyping and haptic feedback modelling evolving to perform operations that were unthinkable before the advent of affordable high speed computing. These technologies have now moved from commercial applications to higher education, and with the widespread use of three dimensional (3D) CAD in the secondary curriculum, it is not unreasonable to predict that the uptake of such technologies will follow suit. As the potential for a virtual workshop draws ever closer, this paper provides an overview of rapid prototyping and haptic feedback modelling through product design cases studies for a garden trimmer and toaster. The limitations and merits of these technologies are identified and the paper serves as a discussion document for those involved in the development of the secondary design and technology curriculum.


In 1976, a team of physicians and researchers at Harvard Medical School heard from more than 120,000 women in response to a two-page questionnaire. Twenty-five years later, the Nurses' Health Study is still going strong. One of the largest, longest running, and most comprehensive health studies ever conducted, it has helped answer many key questions about the long-term health of American women. It is a remarkable story of dedicated researchers and study participants -- nurses who meticulously documented their everyday activities; filled out long, detailed forms; and even provided blood and tissue samples when asked...solely for the sake of advancing the health of women. Individual results of this study are familiar to everyone. The Nurses' Health Study was among the first to show that using postmenopausal hormones increases the risk of breast cancer but that eating a high fat diet does not; that gaining weight in adulthood raises the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers but that doing simple exercises like walking can lower those risks. There's more. The Nurses' Health Study has also helped answer these important questions: Which vitamins really protect against cancer? How does the type of fat in food contribute to heart disease and cancer? What are the risks and benefits of postmenopausal hormones and birth control pills? And how big are the benefits of quitting smoking? For twenty-five years, the Nurses' Health Study has followed more than 120,000 real women, leading real lives, to find what works -- and what doesn't -- to improve the health of women. Its findings over the years have resulted in hundreds of professional papers and newspaper headlines. Now, forthe first time, the most important findings from this study have been gathered together, summarized along with the results of other major research studies, and made accessible to the general public in book form. But "Healthy Women, Healthy Lives" goes beyond simply labeling preventive factors and risky behavior -- it provides practical tips and strategies for making healthy lifestyle changes from clinical experts at Harvard Medical School. Here are the best ways to lower your risk of chronic disease as well as tips for losing weight, stopping smoking, eating healthily, and exercising regularly. No matter how many other health books you own, "Healthy Women, Healthy Lives" is a unique addition. With easy-to-read graphics that clarify complex information at a glance, easy-to-follow strategies and personal tips from Harvard physicians, and personal stories from nurses who have contributed to the study, it is a valuable book created for all women.


Measurements have been made of the electrolytic growth on silver spheres of dendrites from the silver + silver nitrate system in liquid sodium nitrate + potassium nitrate. The potential and current density for initiation have been determined as a function of concentration and purity of the solution. Rates of growth have been measured as a function of potential at constant overpotential. The radius of the tips has been determined by electron microscopy. At constant current, the current density on to the base electrode during dendritic growth is proportional to the overpotential and the slope of the current density-overpotential relation is proportional to the concentration of silver ions. A critical current density (icrit) exists for initiation of dendritic growth. It is proportional to the silver ion concentration and increases as the radius of the substrate electrode decreases. icrit corresponds to an overpotential of 3 mV and increases with increasing purity of the solution. Dendrites are initiated up to 1 h after a constant current is switched on. At a given overpotential, a number of dendrites grow at a characteristic rate (v). Dendrites initiated at higher potential grow faster than those initiated at lower potential. The growing tip is parabolic and rtip ≏ 10-5 cm. Twins are in some dendrites. The current density to the substrate is controlled by diffusion at all conditions and obeys laws characteristic of spherical diffusion for small radii of the substrate. The rate of growth of the dendrites is controlled by the kinetics of the Ag+ ion deposition on the dendrite tip (activation and (spherical) diffusion control) and the effect on the Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag reaction of the tip radius. For low exchange currents (i0) v ∝ η: for high i0, v α η2. The calculated rate of growth agrees with experimental data on maximum growth rate to some 50 %. The calculated rtip for maximum growth is essentially in agreement with that observed. At IηI < 3mV, the theoretical rtip for maximum growth rate increases rapidly, and an alternative electrode process succeeds that of dendritic growth. The theory shows that the optimum radius for growth undergoes a rapid increase in the neighbourhood of the critical overpotential for cessation of growth. Dendrites are initiated only after a preliminary prismatic growth passes through the diffusion layer characteristic of the substrate electrode. Not all prismatic protrusions from the substrate are growth sites. Conditions for the stability of the tip shape during growth are deduced. Dendrites which grow with v less than vmax are those with a stable r less than ropt. It is a good approximation to apply equations for diffusion to a stationary surface for the moving dendrite tip. The model is consistent with an observed increase in the number of dendrites with potential and with aspects of side-arm growth.


This paper proposes a single-phase high-power-factor ac/dc converter with soft-switching characteristic. The circuit topology is derived by integrating a boost converter and a buck converter. The boost converter performs the function of power-factor correction to obtain high power factor and low current harmonics at the input line. The buck converter further regulates the dc-link voltage to provide a stable dc output voltage. Without using any active-clamp circuit or snubber circuit, the active switches of the proposed converter can achieve zero-voltage switching-on transition together with high power factor that satisfies the IEC 61000-3-2 standards over a wide load range from 30% to 100% rated power. The steady-state analysis is developed and a design example is provided. A prototype circuit of 60 W was built and tested. Experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed circuit with satisfactory performance.


S Greenfield

Dr S Greenfield, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; email@example.com

Why do post-myocardial infarction (MI) or revascularisation patients not adhere to home-based or hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes (CRPs)?

Semi-structured interviews.

4 hospitals and participant's homes in the UK.

Purposive sample of 49 patients (age range 34–87 y, 67% men) who had MI or revascularisation and did not adhere to home-based (n = 21) or hospital-based (n = 28) CRPs were identified from a randomised controlled trial. The home-based CRP included a copy of the Heart Manual (6-wk exercise and walking programme), information tapes, home visits, and telephone calls from nurses. The hospital-based CRP included group or individual exercise based on circuit training, and combined or separate sessions of education and relaxation.

At 3–20 months after randomisation, participants were individually interviewed for 40–45 minutes about their cardiac event, expectations and experience in CRPs, and lifestyle changes. Interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and analysed for themes and subthemes.

In general, reasons for non-adherence to CRPs were multifactorial …


Let $M$ be a $d\times d$ contracting matrix. In this paper we consider the self-affine iterated function system $\{Mv-u, Mv+u\}$, where $u$ is a cyclic vector. Our main result is as follows: if $|\det M|\ge 2^{-1/d}$, then the attractor $A_M$ has non-empty interior.
We also consider the set $\mathcal U_M$ of points in $A_M$ which have a unique address. We show that unless $M$ belongs to a very special (non-generic) class, the Hausdorff dimension of $\mathcal U_M$ is positive. For this special class the full description of $\mathcal U_M$ is given as well.
This paper continues our work begun in two previous papers.


Three main devices construct the content-word lexicon of Hebrew: (1) nonlinear affixation of root and pattern (e.g., adjective matok 'sweet' from the root m-t-q and pattern CaCoC );† (2) linear concatenation of stem plus suffix (the abstract noun metik-ut 'sweet-ness'); and (3) reduplication (the adjective metaktak 'sweetish' with the reduplicative template C1eC2aC3C2aC3 ). The chapter delineates the emergence and consolidation of Hebrew derivational morphology from early childhood to adolescence, based on experimental and corpus-anchored studies targeting prototypical exemplars of these three devices. Findings reveal nonlinear formation as the basic, earliest-acquired structure of Hebrew content words. Linear concatenation emerges as a later device, adding more specific and semantically fine-grained lexical items. Reduplication, as a relatively marginal and less obligatory device, is mastered last. The picture that emerges situates morphology as a major typological factor organizing the lexicon and underlying word learning in Hebrew.


By the principle of conservation of mass and conservation of momentum on the breakdown section in the system of coal-rock, not only the cusp mutation models on coal and gas outburst are constructed, but also the expressions necessary of occurring coal and gas outburst and sufficient conditions are derived, for the sake of revealing the mechanism of coal and gas outburst. So, the mechanism of coal and gas outburst is analyzed. The gas pressure in front of the driving face the stress concentration belt is greater than or equal to 0.1897MPa, it satisfies the necessary conditions to the tunneling working surface mutations to occurring coal and gas outburst. This study results avail for analyzing and predicting coal and gas outburst at scene.


China is rapidly becoming the world's largest consumer market. As the number of middle-class Chinese consumers has grown, so too has the size of China's consumer finance system. To date, there has been little scholarship on consumer finance in China. This article takes a first step at filling this gap in the literature. It argues that China's consumer finance system is fundamentally a tool of the state, which uses "financial repression" of Chinese consumers to acquire capital through shadow taxation. This political-legal system allows reallocation of consumers' capital for political purposes and underwrites China's rapid growth. But cheap consumer capital has primed the Chinese economy for an economic collapse by encouraging unsustainable asset bubbles. Ironically, this very problem makes it impossible for China to liberalize its consumer finance system, lest a shortage of easy capital precipitate a collapse. China's elite are also against financial liberalization because it is not in their personal interest. Ultimately, meaningful liberalization of China's consumer finance system is unlikely


Purpose To evaluate the practical applications of the diagnosis algorithms recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics urinary tract infection (UTI) guideline. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of febrile UTI patients aged between 2 and 24 months. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group I (patients with positive urine culture and urinalysis findings), group II (those with positive urine culture but negative urinalysis findings), and group III (those with negative urine culture but positive urinalysis findings). Clinical, laboratory, and imaging results were analyzed and compared between the groups. Results A total of 300 children were enrolled. The serum C-reactive protein level was lower in children in group II than in those in groups I and III (P<0.05). Children in group I showed a higher frequency of hydronephrosis than those in groups II and III (P<0.05). However, the frequencies of acute pyelonephritis (APN), vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), renal scar, and UTI recurrence were not different between the groups. In group I, recurrence of UTI and presence of APN were associated with the incidence of VUR (recurrence vs. no recurrence: 40% vs.11.4%; APN vs. no APN: 23.3% vs. 9.2%; P<0.05). The incidence of VUR and APN was not related to the presence of hydronephrosis. Conclusion UTI in febrile children cannot be ruled out solely on the basis of positive urinalysis or urine culture findings. Recurrence of UTI and presence of APN may be reasonable indicators of the presence of VUR.


Phenological onset dates are closely linked to temperature. In this study, we analysed a phenological dataset collected during the COST 725 Action 'Establishing a European phenological data platform for climatological applications', which contained more than 36000 phenological time series for Europe covering 1971–2000. We analysed the temperature response of the phenological phases, their regional differences, and the relationship between the sizes of the local temperature and phenology trends in connection with a high-resolution climate grid of Europe. As an external factor, we examined the influence of human population density on phenology. Our analyses confirm differences in behaviour between annual and perennial plants in Europe. The average temperature response of perennial plants was significantly greater (–4.2 d °C–1) than that of annual agricultural crops (–3.0 d °C–1). The correlation between temperature and phenology trends was greatest for leaf unfolding of fruit trees and deciduous trees (r = –0.63 and –0.46, respectively). The geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) had only a modest influence on the mean onset of the groups of phases; however, inclusion of altitude improved the models for some groups.


In May 1997, a young Rwandan girl came to a clinic in Kigali reporting nausea and the feeling of insects crawling on her face. She complained of the strong smell of feces and grew increasingly agitated and fearful, describing vivid images of people trying to kill her at that moment. For months she had vomited at the sight of avocados, and for three years she had been unable to tolerate the sight of rice.


Today, many working parents are caught in a "childcare squeeze": while they require two incomes just to make ends meet, they end up spending a strikingly large percentage of their income on childcare so that they can work outside the home. Worse still, some parents find themselves "squeezed out" of the market entirely, unable to earn the additional income their families require because they cannot find jobs that pay enough to offset soaring childcare expenses. This Article argues that the tax laws have played an important role in aggravating these hardships. Currently, the Internal Revenue Code treats the childcare costs incurred by working parents as personal expenses, subject to various dollar limitations, percentage limits, and phaseouts. Once these limitations are applied, working parents will receive tax relief for only a small fraction of the childcare costs they actually incur. This Article shows that this is inappropriate as a matter of fundamental tax policy and results in the overtaxation of the working family. It then provides a blueprint for meaningful reform that would properly treat working childcare costs like other costs of earning income and keep the tax laws from worsening the working family's economic plight.


Simulation of the direct reduction conditions was performed in a laboratory furnace. Lump samples from natural hematite iron ore were reduced by a gas mixture of H2 and CO (H2/CO =1.5) at temperatures of 700°C, 800°C and 900°C. The effect of reduction temperature on the reduction degree, reduction rate of samples and carbon deposition were investigated and discussed in this study. The thermo-gravimetric data obtained from the reduction experiments was run in a programme that calculates the solid conversion rate. Also, three models: 1) Grain Model (GM), 2) Volumetric Model (VM), and 3) the Random Pore Model (RPM), were used to estimate the reduction kinetics of natural iron ores. It was found that the RPM model result agreed best with the obtained experimental results. Furthermore, it gave better predictions of the natural iron oxide conversion and thereby the reduction kinetics.


Structural analysis shows how fungus-derived chitin dimerizes its receptor on target plants and triggers defense responses. The chitin in fungal cell walls serves as a trigger to initiate plant defenses against pathogenic fungi. Arabidopsis detects these signals through a cell surface chitin receptor whose intracellular kinase domain initiates a signaling cascade in response to chitin that activates the plant's response to infection. Liu et al. have now solved the crystal structure of the Arabidopsis chitin receptor AtCERK1. The results show how chitin binds to the receptor and suggest that the biological response requires dimerization of the receptor when it binds a chitin oligomer at least seven or eight subunits long. T. Liu, Z. Liu, C. Song, Y. Hu, Z. Han, J. She, F. Fan, J. Wang, C. Jin, J. Chang, J.-M. Zhou, J. Chai, Chitin-induced dimerization activates a plant immune receptor. Science 336, 1160–1164 (2012). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Increased investments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by schools and educational agencies have driven a similar increase in the allocation of funds for professional development. It was envisaged this focus on professional development would raise the knowledge, competence and confidence of teachers in the use of ICTs and enable schools to build their capacity and capability to more fully engage their students in ICT-rich learning environments.

Influenced by the school reforms of the early 1980s the New Zealand Ministry of Education has supported a school-focused and administered model of professional development since 1999. This development was influenced by the school reforms of the early 1980s and the devolvement of some operational responsibilities from central agencies to self-governing Boards of Trustees. This model actively encouraged groups of schools (clusters) to collaborate with each other in the design and delivery of professional development to cluster teachers. The model is referred to as the ICT PD model.

The introduction and continuation of the ICT PD initiative is indicative of the preference of the government to empower schools to take ownership of the professional development process. Thus becoming the analysers, producers, deliverers and consumers of relevant and authentic professional development and, through this process, to develop sustainable communities of practice.
The focus of this phase of the research project is to identify those key features of the current model of ICT PD provision (as demonstrated through research reports to the Ministry of Education), that could be considered 'best practice' and whether these should be retained as recommendations for any future model of ICTPD provision.


This volume further complicates and advances the contemporary perspective on language endangerment by examining the outcomes of the most commonly cited responses to language endangerment, i.e. language documentation, language revitalization, and training. The present collection takes stock of many complex and pressing issues, such as the assessment of the degree of language endangerment, the contribution of linguistic scholarship to language revitalization programs, the creation of successful language reclamation programs, the emergence of languages that arise as a result of revitalization efforts after interrupted transmission, the ethics of fieldwork, and the training of field linguists and language educators. The volume's case studies provide detailed personal accounts of fieldworkers and language activists who are grappling with issues of language documentation and revitalization in the concrete physical and socio-cultural settings of native speaker communities in different regions of the world.


Purpose: Persons with disabilities affecting lower-limb function use ankle-foot-orthoses (AFO) and knee-ankle-foot-orthoses (KAFO) on a regular basis. However, the effectiveness of these devices in daily use is seldom evaluated, especially in the developing world. This study aimed to evaluate user satisfaction with lower-limb orthotic devices while performing a broad spectrum of daily life activities in Pakistan, and to document the desired outcomes. Method: A survey was conducted among orthotic device users in the out-patient departments of three hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. The survey questionnaire was devised by adapting the Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaire to suit orthotics evaluation. Fifty-four AFO and KAFO users participated in the study. Results: Most users felt comfortable while walking on even surfaces with their orthoses. However, donning/doffing these, climbing stairs and performing certain routine activities were considered problematic for most people. Energy conservation was the most desired AFO feature, while the KAFO users wanted automatic knee-joint function. Conclusion and Implications: Overall satisfaction with the existing lower-limb orthoses is adequate. Yet, significant improvements are needed in terms of energy efficiency and comfort while walking on different terrains. Further research is required in order to improve the functioning of the existing orthotic devices.


The objective of this study was to identify goal orientation and preferred coaching styles of the young athletes from Malaysian Sports Schools, based on gender differences, age, and type of sport participated. Instruments used in this study were Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the athlete's preferred version of the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS). Subject were young athletes from Malaysian Sport School age 13 to 18 years old (N = 854). Descriptive analysis indicated that athletes were more inclined toward Task orientation rather than Ego. Result of t-test revealed significant differences for goal orientation based on gender and age. ANOVA analysis also showed that there are significant differences of goal orientation based on types of sports. Boys were found to be high in both Task and Ego orientation than girls. Younger athletes are more task-oriented as compared to senior athletes. Individual sport athletes were found to be more Ego oriented than team sport athletes. The most preferred coaching styles were Training and Instruction, followed by Democratic, Social Support, and Positive Feedback. Autocratic behaviour was the least preferred coaching style. The results also indicated that there was a significant different in coaching style based on gender and age group. Male athletes preferred more Autocratic and Positive Feedback as compared to female athletes. Senior athletes preferred Training and Instruction and Social Support, while the younger athletes preferred Autocratic coaching style. In conclusion, the results indicates that the authorities involved in the development and planning of the sport programme should know and understand the athletes' goal orientation and their preferred coaching styles to achieve success.


Teachers' Training, Class Size and Students' Outcomes: Learning from Administrative Forecasting Mistakes This paper studies the impact of different teacher and class characteristics on third graders' outcomes. It uses a feature of the French system in which some novice teachers start their jobs before receiving any training. Three categories of teachers are included in the sample: experienced teachers, trained novice teachers and untrained novice teachers. To identify the effects, we use administrative mistakes in forecasting the number of teachers. We find that trained and untrained novice teachers are assigned to similar classes, whereas experienced teachers have better students located in better environments. Hence, in order to match similar students and classes, we focus on pupils with novice teachers and discard those with experienced teachers. In addition, we show that the same sample can be used to estimate the causal effect of class size on students' outcomes. Our findings are: (1) teachers' training substantially improves students' test scores in mathematics; (2) this training effect does not rely on different teaching practices, but mainly on subject matter competence; untrained teachers who majored in sciences at university improve their students' achievement as much as trained teachers do; (3) the class size effect is substantial and significant; class size does not seem to be correlated with instructional practices; (4) teachers' training does not improve the scores of initially low-achieving students and classes; on the contrary, a smaller class is more beneficial to low-achieving students within classes and to all students in low-achieving classes. JEL Classification: I21


A generalized full-wave Green's function completely defining the field inside a multilayer dielectric structure due to a current element arbitrarily placed between any two layers is derived in two-dimensional spectral-domain form. It is derived by solving a "standard" form containing the current element with two substrates on either side of it, and using an iterative algorithm to take care of additional layers. Another iterative algorithm is then used to find the field in any layer in terms of the field expressions in the two layers of the "standard" form. The locations of the poles of the Green's function are predicted, and an asymptotic form is derived along with the asymptotic limit, by use of which the multilayer Green's function can be used in numerical methods as efficiently as the single-layer grounded-dielectric-substrate Green's function. This Green's function is then applied to a few multilayer transmission lines for which data are not found in the literature to date.


On February 1, 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held in In re American Express Merchants' Litigation that a class action waiver was unenforceable because class litigation was the only economically feasible way for the plaintiffs to vindicate their statutory rights under the Sherman Act. In doing so, the Second Circuit properly balanced the policy underlying the Federal Arbitration Act and the policy favoring the vindication of rights provided by federal statute. This Comment argues that the Second Circuit properly interpreted the vindication of statutory rights analysis in light of U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence.


In this paper, we, a university special education professor and an executive director of a parent-to-parent non-profit organization, describe our collaborative partnership built on a common understanding that parents of children with disabilities are educational leaders. We address how we work collaboratively to locate and establish families as co-educators in an undergraduate special education course on families for pre-service special education teachers. In line with the Individuals with Disabilities Education and Improvement Act (IDEIA), we understand that parents have the right to make educational decisions regarding their child with a disability [Section 300.300(a)(2)(iii)]. Through a "Family as Faculty" (FAF) approach, families' voices and expertise are positioned centrally in special education teacher preparation university courses. In this paper, we detail the ways in which we have worked together to construct a solid foundation for the first and subsequent FAF projects. We highlight the ways in which our partnership began through establishing trust, respect, and clear, common goals. These mutually created goals, built on the premise that we were committed to sustainable efforts to support the parents and families involved in FAF projects, are fundamental in ensuring that all stakeholders involved receive long-term support.


The broad goal of the Tuskegee Legacy Project (TLP) study was to address, and understand, a range of issues related to the recruitment and retention of Blacks and other minorities in biomedical research studies. The specific aim of this analysis was to compare the self-reported willingness of Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites to participate as research subjects in biomedical studies, as measured by the Likelihood of Participation (LOP) Scale and the Guinea Pig Fear Factor (GPFF) Scale. The Tuskegee Legacy Project Questionnaire, a 60 item instrument, was administered to 1,133 adult Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites in 4 U.S. cities. The findings revealed no difference in self-reported willingness to participate in biomedical research, as measured by the LOP Scale, between Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites, despite Blacks being 1.8 times as likely as Whites to have a higher fear of participation in biomedical research on the GPFF Scale.


As the global climate changes, understanding short‐term variations in water storage is increasingly important. Continuously operating Global Positioning System (cGPS) stations in Iceland record annual periodic motion—the elastic response to winter accumulation and spring melt seasons—with peak‐to‐peak vertical amplitudes over 20 mm for those sites in the Central Highlands. Here for the first time for Iceland, we demonstrate the utility of these cGPS‐measured displacements for estimating seasonal and shorter‐term ice cap mass changes. We calculate unit responses to each of the five largest ice caps in central Iceland at each of the 62 cGPS locations using an elastic half‐space model and estimate ice mass variations from the cGPS time series using a simple least squares inversion scheme. We utilize all three components of motion, taking advantage of the seasonal motion recorded in the horizontal. We remove secular velocities and accelerations and explore the impact that seasonal motions due to atmospheric, hydrologic, and nontidal ocean loading have on our inversion results. Our results match available summer and winter mass balance measurements well, and we reproduce the seasonal stake‐based observations of loading and melting within the 1 σ confidence bounds of the inversion. We identify nonperiodic ice mass changes associated with interannual variability in precipitation and other processes such as increased melting due to reduced ice surface albedo or decreased melting due to ice cap insulation in response to tephra deposition following volcanic eruptions, processes that are not resolved with once or twice‐yearly stake measurements.


Basic concepts of building deck waterproofing stem from the need for economic use of limited land resources, from the advantage of thermal efficiency inherent with underground structures, and from esthetic considerations in architectural design. Plaza or terrace construction is simply a roof uniquely designed to accommodate other uses-pedestrian promenades, recreational and entertainment functions, and exhibition or parking areas-over occupied space. The most frequent problem in these types of construction is the failure to meet the fundamental need to keep water from leaking into the space below. This paper addresses only the specification of quality and technical aspects of the design for the installation of waterproofing systems for horizontal applications. The specifier's selection of the waterproofing membrane depends on the type of substrate and on the nature of anticipated overlying components including membrane protection, insulation, drainage provisions, and wear surface, and on ambient climatic conditions and geographic location. The wear surface can be monolithic or unitized. The specifier should include requirements to protect components prior to installation and to prevent damage to the completed waterproofing membrane and overlying components. Preconstruction quality assurance should include materials manufacturers and their applicators coordinating the surface treatment of substrate construction in order to assure compatibility of the substrate with the waterproofing membrane, and certifying the components and materials to be used. Contractor quality control should be specified to include continuous inspection of the application procedures and documentation of the installation. The specifications must be coordinated and complementary with the drawings and details to avoid ambiguity, vagueness, and contradiction. The selected system of waterproofing membrane and related components should dictate the appropriate type of specification. The histories of several projects will illustrate aspects of specifying building deck waterproofing. Sources of nonproprietary information for the design and installation of waterproofing systems include ASTM standards and the publications of trade organizations for architects, engineers, specifiers, applicators, and manufacturers. Components for the waterproofing system can be specified by use of generic standards or proprietary identifications.


OBJECTIVE
To report the prevalence of lipid and nonlipid coronary artery disease risk factors in women classified by use of oral contraceptives or sex hormone replacement therapy.

DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
A population-based cross-sectional survey in nine Canadian provinces (not including Nova Scotia) between 1988 and 1992 invited 13,506 women aged 18 to 74 years to participate. During a clinic visit after a home interview, a blood sample was obtained following a fast of 8 h or more from 8637 women.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking status, self-reported diabetes, and self-reported use of oral contraceptive or sex hormone replacement therapy pills.

MAIN RESULTS
The prevalence of oral contraceptive use was 41% for women 18 to 24 years old and 20% for women 25 to 34 years old. The prevalence of sex hormone replacement therapy was 4% for women 35 to 44 years old, 20% for women 45 to 64 years old and 11% for women 65 to 74 years old. Users of sex hormone replacement therapy aged 35 to 44 years had slightly higher mean LDL cholesterol than nonusers (3.04 versus 2.89 mmol/L). Users and nonusers aged 45 to 54 years had similar LDL cholesterol levels, and users aged 55 to 64 and 65 to 74 years had lower LDL cholesterol and higher HDL cholesterol levels, respectively, than nonusers. Triglyceride levels were higher in oral contraceptive users and in younger women on sex hormone replacement therapy than in nonusers. In the general population of Canada the use of oral contraceptives in women less than age 35 years had only a marginal effect on the prevalence of lipid and nonlipid risk factors. Women aged 18 to 24 years using oral contraceptives had a higher mean LDL cholesterol level of 2.73 versus 2.35 mmol/L for nonusers. The prevalence of lipid and nonlipid risk factors in women using sex hormone replacement therapy increased slightly for those aged 35 to 54 years and decreased in women aged 55 to 74 years. A lower percentage of women using sex hormone replacement therapy, aged 55 to 74 years, had high risk LDL cholesterol levels (21% versus 36% for nonusers). A larger percentage of women using sex hormone replacement therapy had low risk HDL cholesterol levels (54% versus 29% for nonusers). The nonlipid risk factor profile for women aged 35 to 54 years on sex hormone replacement therapy was less favourable than for nonusers: obesity was more common (36% versus 28%, respectively), hypertension was higher (22% versus 12%, respectively), and the proportion of women with one or more nonlipid risk factors was higher. The nonlipid risk factor profile for women 55 to 74 years of age who were using sex hormone replacement therapy was more favourable than for nonusers: obesity was lower (31% versus 47%, respectively), smoking was lower (7% versus 16%, respectively), sedentary behaviour was lower (28% versus 37%, respectively), and fewer women had two or more of these risk factors (31% versus 52%, respectively).

CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that women at higher risk for coronary artery disease tend to have a lower prevalence of use of sex hormone replacement therapy.


Cooperative transmission is an emerging communication technology that takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless channels. In cooperative transmission, the use of relays can create a virtual antenna array so that multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) techniques can be employed. Most existing work in this area has focused on the situation in which there are a small number of sources and relays and a destination. In this paper, cooperative relay networks with large numbers of nodes are analyzed, and in particular the asymptotic performance improvement of cooperative transmission over direction transmission and relay transmission is analyzed using random matrix theory. The key idea is to investigate the eigenvalue distributions related to channel capacity and to analyze the moments of this distribution in large wireless networks. A performance upper bound is derived, the performance in the low signal-to-noise-ratio regime is analyzed, and two approximations are obtained for high and low relay-to-destination link qualities, respectively. Finally, simulations are provided to validate the accuracy of the analytical results. The analysis in this paper provides important tools for the understanding and the design of large cooperative wireless networks.


Background:
The experiences of transition of graduated nurses entering the world of work are of fundamental concern to those seeking to prepare, recruit and retain such nurses (Darvill, Fallon & Livesley 2014). Graduate nurse transition continues to remain a difficult time for many new graduate nurses internationally, with significant numbers of graduates being dissatisfied, ultimately considering leaving or exiting the profession (Philips, Estermann & Kenny 2015). New graduates engaging in a professional practice role are confronted with a broad range of emotional, physical, intellectual, developmental and socio-cultural changes that are experienced as reality or transition shock (Kramer 1974, Boychuk Duchscher 2007).
The context for this study is a final year semester one module "Preparation for role transition" which aims to prepare undergraduate nursing students for transition and to ameliorate some of the effects of the findings in the literature as suggested by Darvill (2013). This study explores how students prepare for transition through self assessment and personal development planning of their knowledge, skills and values necessary for a smooth transition. Students will also be utilising an evidence based 3rd year checklist (Leigh et al. 2014a, Leigh et al. 2014b) in support allocating the student to their final practice placement.
This is a longitudinal study progressing through the final two semesters of the undergraduate nursing programme; and working in their first staff nurse role. This paper will present the findings of the initial stages of the study.

Aim(s):
1. To critically evaluate preparation for transition from the perspectives of key stakeholders
2. To identify the structures, processes and outcomes that impact on the student's readiness for transition

Research methodology:
The theoretical framework for this study is Kirkpatrick's levels of evaluation model (Kirkpatrick 1983, Winfrey 1999). The study design to realise the levels of Kirkpatrick's Model will capture the intended and unintended effects (impacts) of the participants.
Sample
Purposive sample of
• Students attending the Preparation for Role Transition Module with mark of 85 and above (n=15)
• Student's mentor on the final placement (n=15),
Data Collection:
Documents and the semi structured interview will be utilized to critically explore transition.

Data Analysis:
Thematic content analysis will be applied to the interviews conducted and documents retrieved, and this will ensure that the analysis is rigorous and that links are being made between the empirical data and the claims made by the researcher (Green and Thorogood 2004).

Ethical approval gained from the University of Salford.

Key findings and recommendations:

The initial findings clearly demonstrate the positive impact that preparation for transition has had on student's learning and development. The process of self-assessment and personal development planning (PDP) has increased their self awareness and confidence levels. They have been able to highlight areas for development during and their final year and these areas will be discussed. Support has been a theme identified by the students and the perspectives of their final placement mentors will also be explored. The findings clearly demonstrate synergy between transition, leadership, personal resilience, student self- motivation, assertiveness and role modelling. These are the personal qualities required for effective transition.

Recommendations so far include:

• Self assessment and personal planning should be embedded at the start of the final year of nursing programmes.
• Create the right conditions for students to demonstrate personal qualities of effective transition
• The support of the mentor is crucial to the development of transition focused PDP's
• Education of mentors regarding transition focused PDP's

References:

Boychuk Duchscher, J. (2007). Professional role transition into acute-care by newly qualified graduated baccalaureate female registered nurses. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Alberta, Canada.
Darvill, A. (2013). A qualitative study into the experiences of newly qualified children's nurses during their transition into children's community nursing teams. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Salford, UK.
Darvill, A., Fallon, D., & Livesley, J. (2014). A different world? The transition experiences of newly qualified children's nurses taking up first destination posts within children's community nursing teams. Issues in Comprehensive Paediatric Nursing. 37, (1). 6-24.
Kramer, M. (1974). Reality shock: why nurses leave nursing, St Louis, Mosby.
Leigh J A., Bell A., Bulpitt S., Dean S., Drury S., Finnigan N., Fishburn N., Hill P., O'Flanagan S., Savin C., Winder H., Withnell N., (2014a)Innovative Placement Allocation Model for Pre-Registration Student Nurses, Nursing Times, 17.09.14 / Vol 110 No 38
Leigh J A., Bell A., Bulpitt S., Dean S., Drury S., Finnigan N., Fishburn N., Hill P., O'Flanagan S., Savin C., Winder H., Withnell N., (2014b)Innovative Placement Allocation Model for Pre-Registration Student Nurses, eWIN Workforce Information Network Portal https://www.ewin.nhs.uk/resources/item/3726/innovative-placement-allocation-model-for-pre-registration-student-nurses (Accessed January 2016)
Phillips, C. , Esterman, A. & Kenny, A. (2015) Nurse The theory of organisational socialisation and its potential for improving transition experiences for new graduate nurses. Nurse Education Today 35 , (3). 118–124

Keywords:

1. Best practice principles for transition
2. Model for role transition
3. Pedagogical approaches

3 key points to indicate how your work contributes to knowledge development within the selected theme
1. Embedding the best practice principles for role transition within a role transition model
2. Recommendations for undergraduate curriculum development planners in terms of role transition
3. The best platform for transition is to create a dynamic and flexible curriculum that takes place in both the empowered healthcare and academic setting


Especially now, in an age of instant global access through digital media, it is vitally important that journalists, authors and publishers, as well as the lawyers who serve them, be fully up on the laws governing media, worldwide. The ultimate resource for all the media content providers and purveyors, this fully updated and expanded Third Edition of the critically-acclaimed handbook offers you instant access to relevant libel and privacy laws and important legal rulings in the Europe, Asia, the Middle East and the Americas. It clearly and concisely explains risks publishers should know about prior to publication, steps they can take in order to avoid legal conflicts, and legal defences available to them in the event of a claim. Offers nation-by-nation summaries of libel and privacy law written by local practitioners in an easy-to-use reference format Expanded to include coverage of important emerging territories—Mexico, Israel, and Argentina, et al—as well as the latest libel and privacy rulings Features new chapters on emerging media markets—including Israel, Mexico, Argentina, Jordan, and others—as well as valuable updates to the Middle East section Provides updates on all major media markets and nations, along with coverage of changes in libel laws in key jurisdictions, including Australia, the UK, Hungary and Germany


The proposed article provides an overview of European and North American states' legislation, which regulates the procedure for pre-clinical research, clinical trials and state registration of medicinal products, as well as responsibility for its violation, analysis of the problems and prospects of adaptation of the national legislation to European legal space, particularly in the field of criminal and legal regulation of relations in the sphere of pre-clinical trials, clinical trials and state registration of medicine. The emphasis is put on the matter that inclusion of Article 321-2 into the Criminal Code of Ukraine leads to a false concurrence with other provisions of the Code. The author proposes to introduce recent EU legislation (Acquis Communautaire) on legal regulation of clinical trials and circulation of medicine into the law of Ukraine, clarify terminology related to Fundamentals of Ukrainian Legislation on Health Protection and the Special Part of criminal law, introduce criminal liability for legal entities that will provide effective control over negative effects of research centers' activity. It is suggested to develop legislative proposals to improve the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provide legal protection of relations arising in connection with pre-clinical research, clinical trials and state registration of medicinal products.


While emphasizing the way in which the band Nirvana managed to crystallize the malaise and latent fury of a generation of adolescents, the author focuses on the special influence exercised by the melancholy tones of Kurt Cobain's voice. Though this white voice greatly contributed to the auto-affective and captivating power of the band's melodies, it was not without the help of an imaginary companion, Boddah, who is supposed to have played a role in the artist's tragic destiny.


In March 1989, the 'Exxon Valdez' spilled over 10 million gallons (ca 38 million 1) of crude oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. The spill was followed by massive clean-up using hot seawater at high pressure as well as other mechanical and chemical techniques. We studied initial damage and subsequent recovery in the upper margin of the Fucus gardneri assemblage on protected shores by comparing sites that were unoiled, oiled and cleaned with hot water at high pressure, and oiled but less intensely cleaned. F: gardneri cover averaged 80 % on unoiled sites but < 1 % on all oiled and cleaned sites 18 mo after the spill. The abundances of barnacles, littorine snails and limpets varied among sites and species, and this variation was associated in part with differences in their life histories. E gardneli cover was still extremely low on oiled and cleaned sites 2 5 yr after the spill. Holdfasts that persisted after cleaning did not resprout. E gardneri recruitment was lowest at intensely cleaned sites, and most recruits occurred in cracks near adults. Recruits were less abundant under adult canopies but placing canopies over recruits did not decrease their survivorship over 5 mo. Natural weathering of tar was rapid, with most marked patches gone in less than 1 yr. We conclude that intense mechanical cleaning following this oil spill increased damage and slowed recovery. Such methods should be avoided if reduction of environmental damage is the primary objective of post-spill management decisions. The recovery of E gardneri at its upper margin might be enhanced by devices that retain moisture and increase substratum rugosity.


In this paper, we develop a normative theory of unsecured consumer credit and personal bankruptcy based on the optimal trade-off between incentives and insurance. First, in order to characterize this trade-off, we solve a dynamic moral hazard problem in which agents' private effort decisions influence the life-cycle profiles of their earnings. We then show how the optimal allocation of individual effort and consumption can be implemented in a market equilibrium in which (i) agents and intermediaries repeatedly trade in secured and unsecured debt instruments, and (ii) agents obtain (restricted) discharge of their unsecured debts in bankruptcy. The structure of this equilibrium and the associated restrictions on debt discharge closely match the main qualitative features of personal credit markets and bankruptcy law that actually exist in the United States.


Vertical distraction of the articular processes is an important sign of ligamentous disruption due to flexion injuries of the thoracolumbar spine. In addition to illustrating this finding in cross section (the "naked" facet), computed tomography in the transaxial plane allows assessment of the presence and position of fracture fragments that may encroach on the spinal canal. Image reconstruction in sagittal and coronal planes provides a clear demonstration of the degree of bony compression, facet distraction, and kyphosis associated with flexion injuries without additional patient manipulation or radiation exposure.


Determining the complement of binding partners for a given protein is one of the most common questions in the field of biochemistry. Understanding complex protein interaction networks enables predictions about putative drug targets and the effects of mutations. Among the many techniques used to study protein-protein interactions, cDNA phage display stands out as a relatively unbiased method of finding protein interaction partners. By inserting cDNA fragments into the phage genome, we can cause the phage to express these cDNA fragments as peptides on its surface, thus physically linking a protein fragment with the DNA that encodes it. Limited work has previously been done with cDNA-encoding phage libraries, mainly focused on very strong interactions. Cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, derived from human breast tumors, model more and less aggressive cancers, respectively. An understanding of their surface interactions could provide insight into the biology of aggressive cancers, and identify new targets for therapy. Using phage cDNA libraries encoding millions of fragments from cDNA libraries, we have probed the surface of breast cancer cell lines. These cells were exposed to the phage cDNA libraries, followed by brief washing; this selects for the phage particles that bind selectively to the cells. Importantly, these gentle washes should permit the detection of low-energy interactions as well as higher affinity ones. The selected libraries can then be analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. NGS permits the recording of tens of millions of cDNA sequences from each library. As a result, we can quantify the differences in the phage binding to aggressive versus non-aggressive cell lines. This allows us to discover cell surface markers of aggressiveness in cancer, and informs us of native cell surface interactions. We have shown that phage display, paired with next generation sequencing, can provide quantitative information on the complement of proteins that bind to cancer cells. Two rounds of selection are sufficient to identify potential markers of cell phenotypes, or possible targets for future therapy. In our initial screening, we found hundreds of sequences that were specific to one cell line versus the other. Although these sequences are likely valid, we determined that the majority do not correspond to native protein sequences. This was due to the construction of the original (purchased) phage library. The insertion of the cDNA into the phage had been, of necessity, somewhat random, resulting in a large fraction of phages with cDNA sequences that were out of frame. Given that phages expressing truncated proteins have a growth advantage over phages expressing longer cDNAs, these truncated proteins rapidly overtook expanding libraries. We have expanded this work by the creation of our own phage cDNA libraries. cDNA from the MCF-7 cell line was created, sheared, and inserted into a phage we generated. This new phage DNA encodes a biotin signal after the cDNA sequence. By using streptavidin beads to select for biotinylated phages, we can greatly increase the fraction of in-frame cDNAs in the phage pool. We have shown this selection is effective, while still leaving a diverse library. Selection of these frame-correct libraries has now revealed much more informative selections against mammalian cell surfaces. As an unbiased approach, cDNA phage display on cancer cells promises to uncover substantial new biology.


This paper examines the notion of collegiate presence. Collegiate presence is defined as a mutual connection between two or more professional individuals or groups who share a common work focus and who are mindful of cultural differences. This concept emerged as a result of an ethnographic study of two groups of triage nurses; emergency department, and mental health nurses. Data analysis exposed a number of concepts and themes including collegiality and presence. These two concepts were seen to be so closely connected that the term collegiate presence was constructed. This paper explores the notion of collegiate presence and examines factors that affect this phenomenon between what are homogenous (nurses) but disparate cultural groups (emergency department nurses and mental health triage nurses) in a health-care organization. Findings indicate that culturally disparate groups are challenged to develop functional and collaborative working relationships without a deep understanding of, and appreciation for, each other's culture. Developing collegiate presence requires effective communication, social and professional conversations, and physical presence.


Product platform formation has long been considered as an effective method to meet challenges set forth by mass customization. To cater to the changes in customer need driven functional requirements and technological advancements, product platforms have to be robust for a given planning horizon from the manufacturer's point of view. To date, most of the product platform research is directed towards developing approaches that maximize the usage of common physical structures (such as sub-assemblies and components), amongst product variants. We argue that there is a need to start thinking about platforms at a higher level of abstraction than just at the physical structure level because after all, the physical structures are the end result of the mapping process that starts with the customer needs, cascades to the functional requirements and the behaviors (aka working principle/behavior) that will be used to realize the functions. The Function-Behavior-Structure approach discussed by Gero and Kannengiesser (2003) deals with such an approach. In this paper, we present a methodology called the Function-Behavior Ant Colony Optimization (FB-ACO), to determine a higher abstract level platform at the FB level. The proposed approach can be used to provide critical decisions related to the planning of the advent and egress of a product or the use of a behavior, configuration of the function-behavior platform and the number of such platforms to be considered at a particular time. The FB platform can then be used to develop the detailed design for the family of products under consideration. We demonstrate our proposed approach using the example of a computer mouse product family.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


Ruch and Proyer (2008) provided preliminary evidence for the validity of gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) by showing that a group of individuals diagnosed as gelotophobic could be discriminated from groups of shame-based neurotics, non shame-based neurotics, and normal controls by means of a self-report measure. The present study reanalyzes data aimed at identifying the set of items best suited for measuring gelotophobia and estimates the prevalence of gelotophobia in the four groups (N = 863). The application of several criteria led to a final list of 15 statements. Cut-off points for a slight, pronounced, and extreme expression of gelotophobia were defined. In the group of those clinically assessed as having gelotophobia, the cut-off points were exceeded by approximately 31%, 39%, and 22%, respectively. Only 7.1% did not exceed the cut-off point, suggesting that the self-report measure validly determines the presence of and measures the intensity of gelotophobia. Close to 12% of the normal controls exceeded the cut-off points, suggesting that gelotophobia can be studied as an individual differences variable among normal individuals.


Business dynamism plays an important role in job creation and productivity growth in the United States. Business start-ups are an important contributor to that dynamism. Start-ups contribute disproportionately to job creation but are very heterogeneous in terms of productivity. The subsequent "up-or-out" dynamic of young businesses is an important source of job and productivity growth: exiting young businesses are of very low productivity, and the surviving young businesses exhibit rapid growth with above average productivity. The United States shows signs of becoming less dynamic over time—exhibiting a slower pace of reallocation with an accompanying slower pace of job creation from business start-ups. The recent recession saw the lowest overall rate of gross job creation and job creation from start-ups since at least 1980. Job creation for small (young) businesses took an especially large hit in the recession and has been very slow to recover. An open question is whether the observed decline in dynamism exhibited by U.S. businesses will have adverse consequences for U.S. innovation, job, and productivity growth in the future. The fundamental impulse that keeps the capital engine in motion comes from the new consumers' goods, the new methods of production and transportation, the new markets…. [The process] incessantly revolutionizes from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact of capitalism.Joseph Schumpeter The fundamental impulse that keeps the capital engine in motion comes from the new consumers' goods, the new methods of production and transportation, the new markets…. [The process] incessantly revolutionizes from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact of capitalism.


There has been a rapid expansion of multi-modal imaging techniques in tomography. In biomedical imaging, patients are now regularly imaged using both single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and x-ray computed tomography (CT), or using both positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In non-destructive testing of materials both neutron CT (NCT) and x-ray CT are widely applied to investigate the inner structure of material or track the dynamics of physical processes. The potential benefits from combining modalities has led to increased interest in iterative reconstruction algorithms that can utilize the data from more than one imaging mode simultaneously. We present a new regularization term in iterative reconstruction that enables information from one imaging modality to be used as a structural prior to improve resolution of the second modality. The regularization term is based on a modified anisotropic tensor diffusion filter, that has shape-adapted smoothing properties. By considering the underlying orientations of normal and tangential vector fields for two co-registered images, the diffusion flux is rotated and scaled adaptively to image features. The images can have different greyscale values and different spatial resolutions. The proposed approach is particularly good at isolating oriented features in images which are important for medical and materials science applications. By enhancing the edges it enables both easy identification and volume fraction measurements aiding segmentation algorithms used for quantification. The approach is tested on a standard denoising and deblurring image recovery problem, and then applied to 2D and 3D reconstruction problems; thereby highlighting the capabilities of the algorithm. Using synthetic data from SPECT co-registered with MRI, and real NCT data co-registered with x-ray CT, we show how the method can be used across a range of imaging modalities.


Popular wisdom has it that the term "debug" dates back to 1947, when a team working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator removed a moth trapped between one of the relays. The team affixed the moth in their log book, and wrote next to it: "First actual case of bug being found." The hardware equivalent of software bugs are design errors. Next to those, microelectronics suffers from manufacturing defects. The hardware community uses the term "debug" for locating and resolving design errors, and uses the term "diagnosis" for pinpointing the cause and location of manufacturing defects. But is "debug" really the best term to use? A bug is small and perhaps hard to find, but once located it is easy for a human to defeat. However, some design errors have consequences of giant proportions. Perhaps a better term would be "dewhale."


The central objective of this inquiry is to outline an ecocentric Green
political theory in the course of a critical evaluation of the principal ideas that form
the current melting pot of Green political thought. In Part I, I set the stage for this
inquiry by providing a general overview of the emergence and development of
ecopolitical thought over the last three decades in order to locate and distinguish
Green political theory from other kinds of ecopolitical thought (i.e., Green political
theory is seen as a subset of ecopolitical thought in general). I identify three major
themes in the development of ecopolitical thought over the last three decades - a
participatory theme, a survivalist theme, and an emancipatory theme. I argue that
whereas other kinds of ecopolitical thought have tended to emphasize the themes of
democratic participation and/or human survival, Green political theory can be
characterized by its concern to reconcile these themes through the more
encompassing theme of emancipation. I then divide Green or emancipatory
ecopolitical theory into an anthropocentric and an ecocentric stream. The first stream
is principally concerned with developing an ecologically safe and sustainable society
that offers new opportunities for human emancipation and fulfilment. The second
stream pursues these same goals within the context of a broader concept of
emancipation that also respects the freedom of the nonhuman world to unfold in its
many diverse ways. I argue that it is this latter ecocentric stream that offers the most
comprehensive and promising framework for social and ecological emancipation.
In the remainder of Part I, I articulate and defend an ecocentric philosophical
perspective in the course of a discussion of some of the central debates and arguments
that have been advanced in the emerging domain of environmental philosophy. I also
show how the anthropocentric/ecocentric cleavage may be used to shed light on the
normative debates that are currently taking place within the international Green
movement.
In Part 11, I articulate, critically examine, and evaluate the principal
emancipatory (i.e., Green) currents of ecopolitical thought. These currents are
identified under the broad, generic names of Orthodox eco-Marxism, humanist
eco-Marxism (including Critical Theory), democratic ecosocialism, ecoanarchism,
and ecofeminism (liberal and conservative responses to the ecological crisis are dealt
with summarily in Chapter 1). My principal concern is to determine the extent to
which these new syntheses of ecological and political thought are anthropocentric or
ecocentric, and to defend an ecocentric orientation. I also assess the internal
theoretical coherence of each synthesis, critically examine theoretical claims
concerning the relationship between social domination and the domination of the
nonhuman world, and draw out the political priorities that flow from these theoretical
claims.
I conclude that, in terms of long term vision and general orientation,
ecofeminism and ecoanarchism (excepting, to some extent, social ecology) are the
most ecocentric of the Green theories examined whereas orthodox eco-Marxism,
humanist eco-Marxism (including Critical Theory), and democratic ecosocialism are
anthropocentric (albeit in decreasing degrees respectively). Notwithstanding this
finding, I argue that the anti-statist political framework defended by ecoanarchism
(and implicitly supported by ecofeminism) is neither the only nor the most
appropriate political framework for the realization of ecocentric goals in the
foreseeable future in view of the urgency of the ecological crisis and the need for
international eco-diplomacy. Instead I argue that the democratic ecosocialist case for
the retention of a democratic state as an "enabling institution" to promote social
justice and ecological integrity is more likely, in practice, to realize ecocentric goals
than the ecoanarchist case - notwithstanding the fact that democratic ecosocialism has
so far been defended only on anthropocentric grounds. I conclude that a much revised
version of democratic ecosocialism that rests on ecocentric foundations provides the
most comprehensive and defensible political frameworkfor emancipation writ large.
However, the success of this framework will depend on the cultivation of an appropriate ecocentric emancipatory cithan and in this respect ecoanarchism and
ecofeminism will have a vital and continuing role to play.


This article deals with some methods for linear programming which generate a monotonically improving sequence of feasible solutions. Examples of such methods are the simplex method and the reduced gradient method. A larger class of such methods as well as their convergence has been discussed in a recent article by Kallio and Porteus.

We have implemented a version of such methods in the SESAME system developed by Orchard-Hays. This version resembles the reduced gradient method except that only a subset of nonbasic variables to be changed is considered at each iteration. We shall try out several modifications of this basic version. These modifications are concerned with the choice of an initial basis and an initial solution, with strategies for finding a feasible solution, as well as with strategies for determining the direction of change for a feasible solution at each iteration.

We have experimented with moderate sized nonstructured as well as dynamic problems. Compared with the simplex method, the overall performance of such methods is about equal in the case of linear programs with no particular structure. For dynamic LP we have obtained some encouraging results. Although we have been able to experiment with only a few problems, so far it seems that using specially defined starting basis and initial nonbasic solution allow a reduction by a factor of eight in the computing time of the reduced gradient method. This starting basis is chosen so that its columns are likely to appear also in an optimal basis. For the initial solution, available information, such as current level of activities in real life, may be employed. Of course, our starting basis for dynamic LP may be used also in the simplex method, and, indeed this results in a considerable improvement of efficiency.


Purpose: Primary malignant musculosqueletal tumors in adult are rare affections group and its treatment is still a real challenge today. The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiologic and treatment aspects of these tumors in the national reference center of our country. Materiel and Methods: It was a retrospective review of primary malignant musculosqueletal tumors treated in orthopedics and trauma unit of Sylvanus Olympio teaching hospital of Lome, Togo from January 2000 to December 2014. Results: During the study period, 28 cases were selected and reviewed. There were 17 men (60.71%) and 11 women (39.29%). The average age was 32.7 years. There were 20 cases (71%) of primary malignant bone tumors (PMBT) and 8 cases (29%) of primary malignant soft tissues tumors (PMSTT). There were 6 (30%) of osteosarcoma. The tumor was located in the bones of the forearm and wrist/hand in 2 (10%) patients for each anatomical site; for the lower limb, around knee in 7 (35%) patients. Eight patients had PMSTT (28, 57%). There were three cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, 2 cases of fibrosarcoma. Tumors were located around knee in 4 cases and around ankle/foot in 3 cases. In the two groups of tumor, tumor resection was performed in 5 patients (17.86%) and limb amputation indicated in 23 patients (82.14%), was performed in 15 (53.57%) and 8 patients (37.78%), rejected it and left hospital against medical advice. Conclusion: Malignant musculoskeletal tumors are relatively rare in Togo. Their treatment is based on radical surgery which is often not supervised by adjuvant therapies. Ignorance, poverty of the population and embryonic state of diagnostic and treatment infrastructures are the obstacles to their care. Education and awareness must be integrated to care and fight against this group of diseases.


An important step towards the assessment and management of failure risk in large-diameter (transmission) water mains is to observe distress indicators through scheduled inspections (using non-destructive or visual techniques) and translate these into condition ratings. Condition rating reflects an aggregate state of the pipe9s health. Distress indicators are physical manifestations of the ageing process. The type (or form) and location of observed distress indicators in large-diameter mains are dependent on the pipe material and its surrounding environment. The physicochemical processes that promote ageing are often not understood well enough to merit an adequate physicochemical (based on mechanics or electrochemistry or microbiology) model. Further, the encoding of distress indicators into condition rating is inherently imprecise and involves subjective judgement. Fuzzy logic-based tools enable the use of engineering judgement, experience and scarce field data to translate the level of distress to condition ratings. This paper describes the translation of distress indicators detected by non-destructive or visual techniques into fuzzy condition ratings. Examples of distresses observed in prestressed cylinder concrete pipes (PCCP) and cast iron pipes are used to illustrate the proposed method.


This paper reviews the findings of more than 150 studies on the impacts of four types of labor market institutions: minimum wages, employment protection regulation, unions and collective bargaining, and mandated benefits. The review places particular emphasis on results from developing countries. Impacts studied are on living standards (employment and earnings effects), productivity, and social cohesion, to the extent that this has been analyzed. Strong and opposing views are held on the costs and benefits of labor market institutions. On balance, the results of this review suggest that, in most cases, the impacts of these institutions are smaller than the heat of the debates would suggest. Efficiency effects of labor market regulations and collective bargaining are sometimes found but not always, and the effects can be in either direction and are usually modest. Distributional impacts are clearer, with two effects predominating: an equalizing effect among covered workers but groups such as youth, women, and the less skilled disproportionately outside the coverage and its benefits. While the overall conclusion is one of modest effects in most cases, this does not mean that impacts cannot be more dramatic where regulations are set or institutions operate in ways that exacerbate the labor market imperfections that they were designed to address.


Transport assessment plays a vital role in urban planning and traffic control, which are influenced by multi-faceted traffic factors involving road infrastructure and traffic flow. Conventional solutions can hardly meet the requirements and expectations of domain experts. In this paper we present a data-driven solution by leveraging a visual analysis system to evaluate the real traffic situations based on taxi trajectory data. A sketch-based visual interface is designed to support dynamic query and visual reasoning of traffic situations within multiple coordinated views. In particular, we propose a novel road-based query model for analysts to interactively conduct evaluation tasks. This model is supported by a bi-directional hash structure, TripHash, which enables real-time responses to the data queries over a huge amount of trajectory data. Case studies with a real taxi GPS trajectory dataset (> 30GB) show that our system performs well for on-demand transport assessment and reasoning.


Abstract.
 Systematic revision of the Late Ordovician brachiopod genera Eochonetes Reed, 1917 and Thaerodonta Wang, 1949 was conducted utilizing specimen-based morphometric and species-level phylogenetic analyses. Previous studies had recognized Thaerodonta and Eochonetes as either distinct taxonomic entities or synonyms. New multivariate and phylogenetic analyses confirm the synonymy of Thaerodonta with Eochonetes and provide a framework to assess evolutionary and ecological patterns within the clade. Multivariate analyses were employed to delineate species in morphospace and provided information on potential species relationships. Phylogenetic analysis was used to produce an evolutionary framework for taxonomic revision and identify character evolution within the clade. Most species previously assigned to Thaerodonta are transferred to Eochonetes, and three others are excluded from Eochonetes and provisionally referred to other sowerbyellid genera. Three new species (Eochonetes maearum new species, E. voldemortus new species, E. minerva new species) are described, one species (Leptaena saxea Sardeson, 1892) is synonymized with E. recedens Sardeson, 1892, and one subspecies (Thaerodonta mucronata scabra Howe, 1965) is rejected. This study demonstrates that a combination of complementary approaches and data types has the potential to advance interpretations beyond analyses confined to single analytical tools. Specifically, multivariate analyses provide constraints on species boundaries, whereas species-level phylogenetic analyses provide frameworks to examine morphological, ecological, and biogeographic evolution within a clade.