Cyberspace creates new ecologies for scholarship: information displaces interpretation, argument cedes to association, and possibility disturbs certainty. What happens, then, when Romanticism goes digital? Rather than answer that question the piece that follows performs it. A hundred little paragraphs, interlinked and unfettered, open a field of digital inquiry where one possibility gives rise to another, and another, and another, and . . . . Skimming/scanning replaces reading as a means of communication. Hacking becomes another word for criticism, and you become a player in the game of digital scholarship. As you confront the possibilities Romanticism raises, your responses conjure various futures. In this particular version of the game such possibilities include virtual subjects, digital territories, raced relations, hacked classics, and mixed messages. The futures they provoke are yours to imagine. Point, click, and perform "Techno-Prosthetic Romantic Futurism."


Alma 13:3–4 is often interpreted as Book of Mormon confirmation of the doctrine that all those who are ordained to the Priesthood on the earth were foreordained to receive that Priesthood in the pre-existence as a result of their exceeding faith and good works. That interpretation is inconsistent with the 1978 revelation on Priesthood. A contextual reading of the account of Alma2's ministry to the people of Ammonihah also suggests that Alma2 was not telling the men of Ammonihah that they (or anyone else) had been foreordained to receive the Priesthood. Rather, Alma2 was teaching that what we now call worthiness was ordained as the standard for ordination to the Priesthood before the foundations of this earth were laid. If the people of Ammonihah demonstrated their worthiness by repenting of their sins, they could qualify to receive the ordinances of the Melchizedek Priesthood and enter into the rest of the Lord as many of the ancients had done. The manner in which men were ordained to the Priesthood and in which its ordinances were administered was intended to show the people how they should look to Christ for redemption. I the second edition of Mormon Doctrine, under his heading "Foreordination," Bruce R. McConkie wrote: To carry forward his own purposes among men and nations, the Lord foreordained chosen spirit children in pre-existence and assigned them to come to earth at particular times and places so that they might aid in furthering the divine will. These pre-existence appointments, made "according to Were We Foreordained to the Priesthood, or Was the Standard of Worthiness Foreordained? Alma 13 Reconsidered


Book Reviews Logistics, Death, and Virtual Media Gameplay Mode: War, Simulation, and Technoculture by Patrick Crogan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011. 222 pages. $75.00 hardcover, $25.00 paperback, $14.75 Kindle edition.Similar to animation and online networking media scholarship, critical analyses of video games and other interactive, real-time simulation-based media is relatively new. As such, new media scholars are still engaged in the process of legitimizing their objects, even as those objects become more diffuse and less observably material. In his recent publication Gameplay Mode: War, Simulation, and Technoculture, Patrick Crogan seeks to define and explain the tremendous presence that interactive media, best represented by video games, occupies in contemporary life and the ways in which video games have contributed greatly to shifts in the experience of space and time. While his approach is largely ontological and media specific, based not only in the idiosyncrasies of gaming media but also in the "military technoscientific legacy" from which they emerge, he effectively connects with a larger context of multimedia production and consumption, demonstrating that the reach of interactive new media extends beyond the limited realm of military training and online gaming (xiii). The greatest strength of this work is ultimately its scope, breadth of research, and knowledge that support the argument that the "gameplay mode" is one that is inherent to the postmodern condition.One of the most significant points that Crogan makes is that the experience of time has become increasingly future-oriented, which privileges contingencies and preemption over direct observation of the present itself. In particular, he connects gaming media's military logistics to the increased speed (dromoscopy) and futureoriented time endemic to contemporary modern life. According to Crogan, the contexts of war and defense are unavoidable. Relying heavily on Paul Virilio's work regarding war and culture in which war and peace cannot be easily separated by time or space, Gameplay Mode identifies logistics, or a nation's readiness for war and its ability to access and move resources, as the current dominant cultural paradigm. In a logistical model, all activity is geared toward anticipating rather than reacting to events, as preemption is the best and surest means to victory. Simulation, an integral element of gaming, lends itself to this forward-thinking preemptive model because it allows for the calculation of multiple contingencies, thereby enhancing the ability to predict what will happen next.Given the reliance of interactive media on technologies developed in a military context, war is an unavoidable context for video games, it is therefore not surprising that death is a recurring theme in much of Crogan's argument, both literally and conceptually. Much of the purpose of this book is to demonstrate the seriousness rather than the playfulness of gameplay, and Crogan labors to establish these vital stakes through each of his diverse examples. Many of the chapters begin with anecdotes that demonstrate instances where war and virtual reality meet, such as the role that flight simulation played in preparing the 9/11 terrorists and the abstract animation used to track the real-time in-the-air progress of Patriot smart bombs during the Persian Gulf War. To some extent, describing these real-life scenarios may simply be a legitimization tactic in response to those who continue to see video games as mindless fun, but it also becomes an interesting point of departure for some of Crogan's more compelling multimedia arguments.In chapter 3, Gameplay Mode briefly addresses the nature of animation in video games, a ubiquitous feature that has received little scholarly attention to date but is conventionally understood to be different from filmic animation. Citing Alan Cholodenko's introduction to The Illusion of Life, Crogan notes that as much as animation works to endow objects and media with the semblance of life, it simultaneously obscures death. …


Abstract. We present in situ measurements of the trace gas composition of the upper tropospheric (UT) Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) performed with the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) in the frame of the Earth System Model Validation (ESMVal) campaign. Air masses with enhanced O3 mixing ratios were encountered after entering the ASMA at its southern edge at about 150 hPa on 18 September 2012. This is in contrast to the presumption that the anticyclone's interior is dominated by recently uplifted air with low O3 in the monsoon season. We also observed enhanced CO and HCl in the ASMA, which are tracers for boundary layer pollution and tropopause layer (TL) air or stratospheric in-mixing respectively. In addition, reactive nitrogen was enhanced in the ASMA. Along the HALO flight track across the ASMA boundary, strong gradients of these tracers separate anticyclonic from outside air. Lagrangian trajectory calculations using HYSPLIT show that HALO sampled a filament of UT air three times, which included air masses uplifted from the lower or mid-troposphere north of the Bay of Bengal. The trace gas gradients between UT and uplifted air masses were preserved during transport within a belt of streamlines fringing the central part of the anticyclone (fringe), but are smaller than the gradients across the ASMA boundary. Our data represent the first in situ observations across the southern part and downstream of the eastern ASMA flank. Back-trajectories starting at the flight track furthermore indicate that HALO transected the ASMA where it was just splitting into a Tibetan and an Iranian part. The O3-rich filament is diverted from the fringe towards the interior of the original anticyclone, and is at least partially bound to become part of the new Iranian eddy. A simulation with the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model is found to reproduce the observations reasonably well. It shows that O3-rich air is entrained by the outer streamlines of the anticyclone at its eastern flank. Back-trajectories and increased HCl mixing ratios indicate that the entrained air originates in the stratospherically influenced TL. Photochemical ageing of air masses in the ASMA additionally increases O3 in originally O3-poor, but CO-rich air. Simulated monthly mean trace gas distributions show decreased O3 in the ASMA centre only at the 100 hPa level in July and August, but at lower altitudes and in September the ASMA is dominated by increased O3. The combination of entrainment from the tropopause region, photochemistry and dynamical instabilities can explain the in situ observations, and might have a larger impact on the highly variable trace gas composition of the anticyclone than previously thought.


A total of five experiments were conducted with naked neck and normally feathered chickens. The experiments were conducted for the estimation of nitrogen deposition potential, modeling of methionine (Met) requirement in naked neck chicken. On the other hands, the normally feathered chickens were evaluated for the ideal dietary Met to Lys ratio, ileal amino acid digestibility and whole body and feather AA composition.
 Estimation of nitrogen deposition potential (Experiment I)
Introduction of naked neck gene (Na) in modern meat type chicken was observed helpful in tolerating the high ambient temperature (AT). The daily N maintenance requirement (NMR) and the threshold value of daily N retention (NRmaxT) were determined using graded dietary protein supplies and exponential regressions between N intake (NI) and N excretion (NEX) or N deposition (ND), respectively.
The study utilized 144 average weighed homozygous (Na/Na) and heterozygous (Na/na) naked neck chickens (50% each genotype and gender) in N balance experiments involving both starter (d10-20) and grower period (d25-35). Birds were randomly allotted to 5 diets with graded dietary protein supply and Met as identified first limiting amino acid in each diet. The observed estimates depending on genotype, sex and age varied for NMR and NRmaxT from 224 to 395 and 2881 to 4049 mg N/BWkg0.67/day, respectively.

Modeling of Methionine requirement (Experiment II)
In the second experiment the Met requirement for the naked neck chickens were estimated based on model parameters and N balance data derived from 1st experiment. On average, 0.47% (Na/Na) and 0.45% (Na/na) dietary Met was derived as adequate in the starter diet, whereas, 0.37% (Na/Na) and 0.36% (Na/na) in grower diet for both of the sexes. In conclusion, Met requirement for the naked neck chicken are not quite different from normally feathered counterparts.
Ideal Met to Lys ratio in growing chicken (Experiment III)
The optimal dietary Met to Lys ratio in the presence of adequate dietary Cys level was estimated in meat type growing chicken through the N balance experiments. Twelve averaged weighed birds (each male and female) were utilized in N balance trials at starter (d10-20) and grower period (d25-35). Total of five and six dietary treatments were used in starter and grower periods respectively. First three diets were having graded dietary Cys to Met ratio at 85:100, 95:100,105:100. Fourth diet with added betaine (Bet), fifth was a Lys limiting diet, whereas, the sixth diet was balanced for ideal AA ratio. All the dietary treatments were Met limited. Individual N-balance data per treatment group was utilized for assessing the dietary CP efficiency by use of an approved N utilization model. Elevated dietary Cys levels including Bet supplemented diet did not improve the CP quality and ultimately efficiency. The established optimal Met to Lys ratios were 33:100 for males and 35:100 for females for both the age periods.
Ileal digestibility in growing chicken (Experiment IV)
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mono-component protease (Ronozyme®) in a finisher chicken diet on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP, AAs and total protein utilization. Male broiler chickens (ROSS 308) were raised under standard feeding and management conditions for 30 days. On d31 a total of 36 average weighed birds (12 per treatment) were transferred into metabolic cages for N balance studies. An AA balanced control diet (CD) with a marginal undersupply of Met was fed. Graded enzyme level (CD = no protease added; EL-I = +15,000 PROT/kg; EL-II = 30,000 PROT/kg) were applied as treatment factor. At the end of the balance trial the birds were euthanized and ileal contents were collected by direct sampling method withTiO2 as indigestible marker.
The AID of CP was significantly improved in diets EL-I and EL-II (82.08 and 83.37%) compared to CD (78.64%). The AID of individual AA gradually increased from diet CD to EL-II, but this effect was statistically insignificant. Likewise, the model parameter (b) indicating the final dietary protein quality was not improved by protease supplementation (p>0.05).
Whole body and feather amino acid composition (Experiment V)
Growth experiments were performed for the evaluation of whole body and feather composition of the naked neck and normally feathered chickens at specified age. The birds (males and females separately) were raised in 24 floor pens (L: 70 × 150 cm W: 108 × 120 cm). Each pen has capacity of sustaining five birds and is supplied with feeder and nipple drinkers. Whole body was collected for analysis after 24h fasting and hand plucking the feathers. Body CP and AAs contents at d-0 were found higher than in starter and grower periods. Statistically non-significant (p>0.05) difference was found in feather AAs at every age and sex.


We study super-Eddington accretion flows onto black holes using a global three-dimensional radiation magneto-hydrodynamical simulation. We solve the time-dependent radiative transfer equation for the specific intensities to accurately calculate the angular distribution of the emitted radiation. Turbulence generated by the magneto-rotational instability provides self-consistent angular momentum transfer. The simulation reaches inflow equilibrium with an accretion rate ∼220 LEdd/c2 and forms a radiation-driven outflow along the rotation axis. The mechanical energy flux carried by the outflow is ∼20% of the radiative energy flux. The total mass flux lost in the outflow is about 29% of the net accretion rate. The radiative luminosity of this flow is ∼10 LEdd. This yields a radiative efficiency ∼4.5%, which is comparable to the value in a standard thin disk model. In our simulation, vertical advection of radiation caused by magnetic buoyancy transports energy faster than photon diffusion, allowing a significant fraction of the photons to escape from the surface of the disk before being advected into the black hole. We contrast our results with the lower radiative efficiencies inferred in most models, such as the slim disk model, which neglect vertical advection. Our inferred radiative efficiencies also exceed published results from previous global numerical simulations, which did not attribute a significant role to vertical advection. We briefly discuss the implications for the growth of supermassive black holes in the early universe and describe how these results provided a basis for explaining the spectrum and population statistics of ultraluminous X-ray sources.


In this University of Hong Kong ESP assignment, an approach to the teaching of English for Special Purposes (ESP) that addresses: (1) the role of language in the target discipline; (2) the socialization of the learner into the disciplinary culture; and (3) the role of the discipline in ESP instruction is presented, and illustrated. In the project described, small groups of first-year computer engineering and computer science students design and construct a crane out of paper and cellophane tape only, with limited but specific guidelines. The cranes are then tested for strength in a laboratory, and the students write reports. The crane project is viewed not as an instructional activity but as a "task," defined as a unit of social action in the process of constructing knowledge as an individual becomes a member of a culture; it is socially determined but individually interpreted. "Task" differs from "activity" by its long-term aims, social (vs. individual) construction, role in the development of cognitive cultural skills, and purpose in producing competent members of society. It is concluded that such a task encourages construction of knowledge through socialization among students, the discipline's teachers, and the ESP teacher, and is therefore a more effective model for ESP instruction. (MSE) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Steppe by step: A cultural approach to language tasks Colin Barron English Centre University of Hong Kong


No global professional codes for the natural science and technology professions exist. In light of how the application of new technology can affect individuals and communities, this discrepancy warrants greater scrutiny. This article analyzes the most relevant processes and seeks to explain why these processes have not resulted in global codes. Moreover, based on a human rights approach, the article gives recommendations on the future process and content of codes for science and technology professions. The relevance of human rights in the realm of individual conduct is based on the fact that while human rights treaties primarily outline State obligations, individuals have responsibility for human rights promotion. Human rights principles have only recently been subject to interests from policy makers and academics, and must be better clarified. Human rights principles are found to be relevant, but are effective only if they are applied in conjunction with substantive human rights.


The hypercube $Q_n$ is the graph whose vertex set is $\{0,1\}^n$ and where two vertices are adjacent if they differ in exactly one coordinate. For any subgraph $H$ of the cube, let $\textrm{ex}(Q_n, H)$ be the maximum number of edges in a subgraph of $Q_n$ which does not contain a copy of $H$. We find a wide class of subgraphs $H$, including all previously known examples, for which $\textrm{ex}(Q_n, H) = o(e(Q_n))$. In particular, our method gives a unified approach to proving that $\textrm{ex}(Q_n, C_{2t}) = o(e(Q_n))$ for all $t \geq 4$ other than $5$.


The concerns that the identity of the IS discipline is unstable and there is a crisis in the discipline are viewed by some scholars to be a consequence of IS researchers' tendency to under-investigate the subject matter that is at the core of the IS discipline and over-investigate phenomena that are argued not to be the central concern of the IS discipline. In this paper we engage with different perspectives that not only question the notion of a disciplinary crisis but suggest that the IS discipline, by considering a diversity of ideas and viewpoints regarding the subject areas being studied, is appropriately settled in a polycentric state. We take further these perspectives in proposing that IS research focus, rather than being 'disciplined' by self-imposed boundaries, should be determined by the significant problems of IS practitioners. Such organisational problems cut across disciplinary boundaries and we, therefore, suggest that interdisciplinarity in IS research is much needed to improve the vision and perceptiveness needed to identify and uncover interesting and useful research opportunities. We attempt to do so by first, adopting an inter-disciplinary perspective for developing a research agenda for understanding the work of IS practitioners in boundary roles and next, by outlining how the proposed research agenda may be operationalised into specific research questions for understanding the boundary spanning practices of business analysts. We conclude with discussing some implications of the proposed agenda for inter-disciplinary research and practice.


This study examines the relation between the scale and scope of an individual auditor's client portfolio and audit pricing to better understand how auditors of heterogeneous characteristics are differentiated in the audit market. Using a sample from the Chinese market for the period 2001-2010, where the personal identities of signing auditors are publicly disclosed, we find that audit price charged by an individual auditor is positively related to the scale of his/her client portfolio, measured in terms of either total audit fees or the number of clients. However, the industry scope (diversity) of the client portfolio attenuates this positive relation between portfolio scale and pricing. Further analyses indicate that auditors of higher ability and reputation tend to have larger client scales and wider client scopes, and that scale is not related to audit delays whereas industry scope is positively related to delays. Taken together, our results suggest that at the individual auditor level, the scale of the client portfolio conveys the auditor's ability (type), and given the scale, the industry scope of clients signals the auditor's workload. Finally, our findings are mostly confined to auditors from non-Big N audit firms.


Fifty eight patients between the ages of six months and five years were studied in a randomized double-blind trial to determine whether dexamethasone has a role in the outpatient management of patients with acute viral croup of moderate severity. For various reasons, twelve were excluded from the final results. In the 46 patients who completed the study (32 males, 14 females) the only significant differences detected between the treatment groups were that the duration ofrhinorrhea was longer in the dexamethasone group compared with placebo (median 2,5 days vs 1,5 day) and the pre-discharge croup score was higher in the dexamethasone group compared with placebo (2 vs 0). Conclusion: The use of dexamethasone in the outpatient management of viral croup is associated with a reduction in the severity of illness within 24 hours of treatment. Patients with viral croup of moderate severity should be considered candidates for the use of dexamethasone before discharge from the paediatric emergency clinic.


— The increasingly ubiquitous deployment of wireless networks together with efforts to complete the standardization of Media Independent Handover (MIH) will support the 4G (Fourth Generation) vision in offering seamless access and an integrated network-of-networks (i.e. all IP network). In the same time, the handover process complexity will increase in next generations of wireless networks, creating the need for augmented knowledge about context, as well as more flexibility in managing the resources. The last two objectives cannot be addressed using the current static (hardcoded) mechanisms for handover initialization, decision and execution; therefore, a new policy-based architecture is proposed to assure the required level of adaptability and flexibility and to respond to user and network dynamics.


Timed session types formalise timed communication protocols between two
participants at the endpoints of a session. They feature a decidable compliance
relation, which generalises to the timed setting the progress-based compliance
between untimed session types. We show a sound and complete technique to decide
when a timed session type admits a compliant one. Then, we show how to
construct the most precise session type compliant with a given one, according
to the subtyping preorder induced by compliance. Decidability of subtyping
follows from these results.


Malaria is a global health problem that threatens 300-500 million people and kills more than one million people annually. Artemisinin is highly effective against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and it has been widely used as part of the artemisinin-based combination therapies against malaria. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin and to clone related genes in Artemisia annua, differentially expressed genes between blooming flowers and flower buds were isolated and characterized by a combined approach of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and metabolite analysis. A total of 350 cDNA clones from a subtractive cDNA library were randomly picked, sequenced and analyzed and 253 high-quality sequences were obtained. BLASTX comparisons indicated that about 9.9 % of the clones encoded enzymes involved in isoprenoid (including artemisinin) biosynthesis. The expression of 4 gene transcripts involved in artemisinin biosynthesis was examined by RT-PCR and the results confirmed the higher expression of these transcripts in blooming flowers than in flower buds. In addition, 2 putative transcript factors transparenta testa glabra 1 (TTG1) and ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (GL3), which promote trichome initiation, were presented in the library. Finally, this study demonstrated that the increase of expression level of the putative TTG1 gene correlated with the improvement of glandular trichome density and artemisinin production in A. annua leaves. The subtractive cDNA library described in the present study provides important candidate genes for future research in order to increase the artemisinin content in A. annua.


Adult learners come to our classes at all different levels, with misconceptions, gaps in some areas but strengths in others. There is no class that is truly homogeneous, especially if the class is based on a one-time multiple-choice test. This messiness is one reason many adult education math teachers feel like the best way to work with their students is to have them all in separate workbooks (including "tech-based workbooks") which typically focus on decontextualized procedural practice – a unit each on fractions, decimals, data, geometry, etc. And, because this is the model that most practitioners are used to seeing, they simply follow the workbook (or virtual lessons). They often have trouble figuring out how to differentiate instruction other than to have every student on a different page in the workbook. This means that there is little classroom discussion about topics of significance to students and students rarely see math as useful in their lives. Their main purpose for learning math in the adult education classroom is often just to pass the "test."


Prior research into metajournalism argues that this type of discourse holds significant influence on how the journalism industry is socially constructed. Studies of how journalism is depicted in popular culture make the same claim. This study, through a textual analysis of television dramas The Wire and House of Cards , bridges these two bodies of literature and argues that journalism studies scholars should not limit their definition of metajournalistic discourse to journalists commenting on or criticizing the industry and to audience members commenting on or criticizing actual journalism. The results of the study are then interpreted through the lens of the theory of metajournalistic discourse.


CrNx (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.91) films synthesized using high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering, also known as high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), have been compared with those made by conventional direct-current (dc) magnetron sputtering (DCMS) operated at the same average power. The HiPIMS deposition rate relative to the DCMS rate was found to decrease linearly with increasing emission strength from the Cr ions relative to Cr neutrals, in agreement with the predictions of the target-pathway model. The low deposition rate in HiPIMS is thus a direct consequence of the high ionization level (~56%) of the target material and effective capturing of Cr ions by the cathode potential. Although the HiPIMS deposition rate did not exceed 40% of the DCMS rate, the drop in the relative deposition rate upon increasing the N2-to-Ar flow ratio, fN2/Ar, was found to be similar for both sputtering techniques. Films prepared by HiPIMS contained similar amounts of atomic nitrogen as the dc-sputtered samples grown at the same fN2/Ar indicating that the nitride formation at the substrate takes place mostly during the time period of the high-power pulses, and the N2 uptake between the pulses is negligible. The microstructure evolution in the two types of CrNx films, however, differed clearly from each other. A combination of a high substrate bias and a high flux of doubly charged Cr ions present during the HiPIMS discharge led to a disruption of the grain growth and renucleation, which resulted in column-free films with nanosized grains not observed in the conventional DCMS-based process. The comparison of nanoindentation hardness as a function of fN2/Ar revealed superior properties of HiPIMS-sputtered films in the entire range of gas compositions.


In a stunning first novel, renowned hip-hop artist, writer and activist Sister Souljah brings the streets of New York to life with a powerful and utterly unforgettable tale. Ghetto-born, Winter is the young, wealthy daughter of a prominent Brooklyn drug-dealing family. Quick-witted, sexy, business minded and fashionable, Winter knows no restrictions. No one can control her. She's nobody's victim. Winter knows the Brooklyn streets like she knows the curves of her own body. She manoeuvres skilfully, applying all she has learned to come out on top, no matter how dramatically the scenes change. But a cold winter wind is about to blow her life in a direction she could never have expected. Unwilling to give up her ghetto celebrity status, her friends and her lovers, Winter sets off on a series of wild adventures to reclaim her role as princess of the alleyways. But when her schemes begin to unravel, Winter is on her own, figuring out a whole new way to survive. "The Coldest Winter Ever"marks the debut of a gifted storyteller. Sister Souljah explores a young urban woman's innermost state of mind in a voice as bold as it is bracingly honest. Provocative and thoroughly entertaining, this is a daring novel of passion, loss, courage - and of the sometimes terrible tolls exacted from us just to stay alive. You will never forget this Winter's tale.


Aim: The purpose of our research was to assess the vertical height changes after orthognathic surgery during anterio-posterior movement using cephalometric analysis. Methodology: Immediate Postsurgical and one-year postsurgical lateral cephalograms of 10 adult patients (age group - 17 to 40 years, with a mean age of 22.2 years) who had been treated successfully by maxillary Le-Fort I osteotomy were obtained. Comparisons were made between T1-T2 to assess the changes following surgery and to evaluate the stability, one year following the surgery using 5 horizontal, 5 vertical linear and 2 angular measurement. A paired t ‑ test was used to analyse the paired observations. Results: The incisors extrusion was limited to an average of 1.2 mm and the molars showed a 0.2 mm movement. The upper incisor showed a significant posterior movement. The upper molar also showed a posterior movement but to a lesser extent when compared to the incisors. Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in the facial height and significant anterior movement of maxilla after surgery. Even after one year of surgery, negligible amount of relapse was recorded except at the incisors.


Financing Agreement (Second Rural Sector Support Project) between the Republic of Rwanda and the International Development Association (with schedules, appendix and International Development Association General Conditions for Credits and Grants, dated 1 July 2005, as amended through 15 October 2006). Kigali, 24 July 2008


Portal vein anatomy and its branching pattern are of utmost importance for surgical planning of complex liver resections, living donor liver transplant and radiological procedures. The division of the vein at the porta hepatis, into the right and left branches is the most common branching pattern. Various branching variations have been described. We report a previously undescribed branching pattern of the right portal vein, where the segment VII vein arises directly from the left portal vein.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature about the use of agent-based simulation (ABS) in the study of organizational behavior, decision making, and problem-solving. It aims at contributing to the consolidation of ABS as a field of applied research in management and organizational studies.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors carried out a non-systematic search in literature published between 2000 and 2016, by using the keyword "agent-based" to search through Scopus' business, management and accounting database. Additional search criteria were devised using the papers' keywords and the categories defined by the divisions and interest groups of the Academy of Management. The authors found 181 articles for this survey.

Findings

The survey shows that ABS provides a robust and rigorous framework to elaborate descriptions, explanations, predictions and theories about organizations and their processes as well as develop tools that support strategic and operational decision making and problem-solving. The authors show that the areas that report the highest number of applications are operations and logistics (37 percent), marketing (17 percent) and organizational behavior (14 percent).

Originality/value

The paper illustrates the increasingly prominent role of ABS in fields such as organizational behavior, strategy, human resources, marketing and logistics. To-date, this is the most complete survey about ABS in all management areas.


We engineered a transdermal neuromodulation approach that targets peripheral (cranial and spinal) nerves and utilizes their afferent pathways as signaling conduits to influence brain function. We investigated the effects of this transdermal electrical neurosignaling (TEN) method on sympathetic physiology under different experimental conditions. The TEN method involved delivering high-frequency pulsed electrical currents to ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the right trigeminal nerve and cervical spinal nerve afferents. Under resting conditions, TEN significantly suppressed basal sympathetic tone compared to sham as indicated by functional infrared thermography of facial temperatures. In a different experiment, subjects treated with TEN reported significantly lower levels of tension and anxiety on the Profile of Mood States scale compared to sham. In a third experiment when subjects were experimentally stressed TEN produced a significant suppression of heart rate variability, galvanic skin conductance and salivary α-amylase levels compared to sham. Collectively these observations demonstrate TEN can dampen basal sympathetic tone and attenuate sympathetic activity in response to acute stress induction. Our physiological and biochemical observations are consistent with the hypothesis that TEN modulates noradrenergic signaling to suppress sympathetic activity. We conclude that dampening sympathetic activity in such a manner represents a promising approach to managing daily stress.


We explore the application of transformer-based language models to automated theorem proving. This work is motivated by the possibility that a major limitation of automated theorem provers compared to humans -- the generation of original mathematical terms -- might be addressable via generation from language models. We present an automated prover and proof assistant, GPT-f, for the Metamath formalization language, and analyze its performance. GPT-f found new short proofs that were accepted into the main Metamath library, which is to our knowledge, the first time a deep-learning based system has contributed proofs that were adopted by a formal mathematics community.


Spontaneous mammary tumours are most frequently seen (apart from rodents) in women, female dogs and cats. The mammary gland is the most commonly affected organ for tumours in women and in female dogs. The mammary gland has a similar histology in the different species whereas the number of glands differs as well as the number of interlobular ducts that reach the nipple/teat. The parenchymatous tissue is composed of alveoli that turn into interlobular ducts. The whole ductal tree is outlined by a two-layered epithelium with the luminal epithelial cells adjacent to the lumen and the more sparse myoepithelial cells peripherally located to these. Different proteins such as growth factors regulate the mammary gland, as they do for all tissues in the body. In addition, sex hormones regulate the biology of the mammary gland. Oestrogen has the most pronounced effect on duct growth whereas progesterone promotes growth of the alveoli.


Distributed Space Systems (DSS) promise advances in space science, earth and planetary science, as well as on-orbit servicing and space situational awareness. In order to mimic a large spacecraft with gigantic and reconfigurable aperture, DSS rely on precise knowledge of the relative position/velocity of the co-orbiting satellites. Especially in Earth's orbit, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can provide centimeter-level or better relative navigation solutions through differential carrier-phase processing techniques on cooperative satellites. The development of these GNSS functionalities and the verification of their capability to meet next-generation space mission requirements necessitate a high-fidelity testing environment. This research presents the design, development, and verification of the Stanford GNSS navigation testbed for spacecraft formation-flying and rendezvous. Key aspects of the system architecture are illustrated, including the orbital dynamics simulation, the GNSS signal and measurement generation, and the algorithms/software for advanced navigation applications. Each subsystem of the testbed is thoroughly verified through comparisons with flight data from space missions, live signals from static scenarios, and realistic hardware-in-the-loop simulations. Specifically, orbit propagation results are compared against precise flight dynamics products from the PRISMA formation-flying mission. A cross-verification method is introduced to validate the GNSS signal simulator and a software receiver emulator using a live signal source. In particular, an Extended Kalman Filter is used to quantify the distribution of pseudorange and carrier-phase measurement residuals from each signal source. The measurement residual statistics, along with satellite tracking performance, are then used as comparison metrics to verify that all stimulation methods are consistent with one another. After verification of the testbed, a commercial-off-the-shelf GNSS receiver is characterized using a zero-baseline test in order to quantify the measurement noise and assess its capability to support precision navigation on nanosatellites. Finally, the testbed is used to assess the performance of the Distributed multi-GNSS Timing and Localization system (DiGiTaL), a precision navigation payload for small satellite swarms under development at Stanford in collaboration with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.


Taking the Internet Economy Era as the research perspective, defining the concept of enterprise social captal and dynamic capabilities,delimitting enterprise intelligence growth,discusses the mechanism of enterprise social capital and its dimension affecting enterprise intelligence growth,investigates the mechanism of dynamic capabilities and its dimension influencing enterprise intelligence growth. Results show that enterprise social capital is the resource basis and resource protection of enterprise intelligence growth,the various dimensions of enterprise social capital play different role in safeguarding resources. Dynamie capabilities is the safeguarding ability and the key power of enterprise intelligence growth,the various dimensions of dynamic capabilities drive to achieve the targets of enterprise intelligence growth. Enterprise social capital is Adhesives between dynamic capabilities and enterprise intelligence growth, enterprise social capital is catalyst of dynamic capabilities converting to enterprise intelligence growth, dynamic capabilities is architects of converting to enterprise intelligence growth. Enterprise social capital and dynamic capabilities are the two wheel of driving enterprises intelligence growth,they are mutual synergy,they jointly drive and guarantee achieving the target of enterprise intelligence growth.


Politics in the Philippines has been a matter of patronage. The political elite solicits the support of the relatively powerful who draw strength from the individually powerless voters for assistance. In retum, the former will reward the latter with the fruits of influence and whatever else that was agreed upon. This relationship of patronage is renewed during elections and is understood as the way the political system worked until the late President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law and did away with patronage politics. In its place came a more unilateral relationship which voided contracts with traditional power brokers. The Aquino administration facilitated the retum of patronage politics but at the same time introduced a new breed of leaders. One such politician is Naga City Mayor Jesse Robredo. Robredo consolidated popular support without the aid of mutually rewarding ties, a strong political machine or a monopoly of power. The manner in which he secured the maximum term of office and improved the lives of his constituents sets a new standard in governance. The author calls it the Robredo Style.


Chlorinated hydrocarbons present a major ecological hazard since most of them are only poorly biodegradable. Incineration is an economical process for their destruction, however the usually recovered sodium or calcium chlorides do not present a value and their disposal may even be very costly. Recovery of hydrochloric acid may therefore present an economical solution, mainly where large quantities of highly chlorinated compounds can be processed.


Two coordination polymers of the type Co(BPDC)(N-ox), with BPDC being 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylate and N-ox being pyridine N-oxide (PNO) or isoquinoline N-oxide (IQNO), have been synthesized and characterized. The compounds feature 2D and 3D metal-organic networks that encapsulate Co(II)-based chains in a rigid superstructure. The dc and ac magnetic properties of these Co(BPDC)(N-ox) materials have been investigated alongside those of a related Co(BDC)(PNO) compound (where BDC is 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), which contains a smaller dicarboxylate linker. These Co(II)-containing coordination polymers exhibit slow magnetic relaxation, as observed by ac susceptibility measurements. The observed magnetic behavior of all compounds is consistent with an antiferromagnetic interaction between canted Co spins along the 1D skeleton, resulting in single-chain magnet behavior. In the case of Co(BPDC)(IQNO), weak interchain magnetic interactions yield 3D antiferromagnetic order while the inherent magnetic behavior stemming from the chain component is maintained. The combination of these effects in this material puts it at the frontier between single-chain magnets and classical bulk antiferromagnets. This work contributes to the limited group of materials featuring the organization of single-chain magnets within a coordination polymer superstructure.


Research on neural networks has gained significant momen- tum over the past few years. A vast number of neural networks is current- ly being developed and trained on available data in research as well as in industry. As the number of neural network architectures increases, we want to support people in the field of machine learning by making existing architectures easier to find and reuse. In this Demo, we support the findability and reusability of Neural Net- works by using the FAIRnets Search. Attendees will learn how to use the FAIRnets Search web service to search the FAIRnets dataset. The FAIRnets dataset is an RDF dataset containing information about alrea- dy modeled neural networks. By applying RDF and OWL, our system can be queried using SPARQL queries indicating the desired character- istics of the neural network. As a result, all neural networks fulfilling the search query are returned to the user. The returned search results support users to gain insights into existing neural networks. Furthermore, we give the possibility to get more detailed information about the archi- tecture of the networks, as well as further links. The demo is available at http://km.aifb.kit.edu/services/fairnets/.


This document presents a road map for improving the energy efficiency of hospitals and other healthcare facilities. The report compiles input from a broad array of experts in healthcare facility design and operations. The initial section lists challenges and barriers to efficiency improvements in healthcare. Opportunities are organized around the following ten themes: understanding and benchmarking energy use; best practices and training; codes and standards; improved utilization of existing HVAC designs and technology; innovation in HVAC design and technology; electrical system design; lighting; medical equipment and process loads; economic and organizational issues; and the design of next generation sustainable hospitals. Achieving energy efficiency will require a broad set of activities including research, development, deployment, demonstration, training, etc., organized around 48 specific objectives. Specific activities are prioritized in consideration of potential impact, likelihood of near- or mid-term feasibility and anticipated cost-effectiveness. This document is intended to be broad in consideration though not exhaustive. Opportunities and needs are identified and described with the goal of focusing efforts and resources.


Gender is one of the strongest predictors of crime, particularly violent crime. Arrest, self report, and victimization data consistently show that men and boys commit significantly more crime, both serious and not, than women and girls. In addition evidence from the Biosocial Study - one of the country's largest longitudinal studies of biological, psychological, and sociological predictors of crime - shows that different factors are predictive of crime among females than males. With some exceptions, biological factors were found to be more predictive of crime among females, whereas environmental factors were found to be more predictive of crime among males. These differences between the sexes raise the question of whether the criminal justice system should recognize a gender-based standard for either punishments or defenses. After a detailed look at the results of the Biosocial Study and examination of current gender-based defenses, both biological and cultural, the author concludes that criminal defenses and sentencing should be gender neutral. A policy of specific deterrence based on generalizations about immutable individual characteristics, such as gender, offends society's notions of justice and promotes faulty stereotypes.


Over the past decade, changing consumer preferences for variety, convenience, safer, and healthier attributes have been shaping meat demand patterns in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), especially in Ghana. Some of these changes have led to the increasing consumption of poultry meat. This trend has further been spurred by the availability of cheap imports, mainly from the U.S., Europe, and Brazil. Consequently, poultry imports (mainly chicken) have been on the rise, while the supply and demand for domestic poultry meat have been low. Against the background of rising poultry meat imports into Ghana, there have been numerous concerns and criticisms of imports and a call for action to protect the domestic poultry industry and ensure its survival. One way of ensuring the survival of the domestic poultry industry is to address existing gaps in the demand profiles of consumers by identifying important product attributes and related factors that drive their choices and consumption behavior. Accordingly, the main objective of this thesis is to identify the relevant factors that contribute to the patterns of behavior change toward the consumption of poultry meat products. In doing so, the study accounts for the different origins of poultry meat supply (i.e., domestic and imported). Such analysis may allow supply chain actors and policymakers to anticipate trends and future changes in demand, develop effective marketing strategies, and provide products that meet consumers' needs and expectations.
The first article uses a qualitative approach (focus groups) to explore the drivers of demand for domestic and imported chicken meat, including motives, perceptions, and attitudes. Overall, seven focus group discussions involving 44 participants were conducted in Accra. The findings show that consumers hold positive perceptions of domestic chicken regarding freshness, taste, and healthiness compared to imported chicken. In contrast, most of the participants perceive domestic chicken meat as expensive and inconvenient. Interestingly, consumers generally believe that growth hormones are used in poultry production, although, in reality, they are not used. This suggests a general lack of knowledge about the actual use of growth hormones in production. In particular, concerns about growth hormones and the (over) use of antibiotics resulted in low-quality perceptions of imported chicken meat. Nevertheless, consumers positively value imported chicken in terms of price, availability, and convenience. In addition, the findings show differences in opinions about the use of protectionist measures in poultry trade. While some participants are in favor of banning or restricting imports to protect local poultry industries, others argue that such policies would be detrimental to consumers, especially when supply from domestic sources are inadequate to meet domestic demand.
Article (2) takes the results of the focus groups further by quantifying the effects of personal factors (i.e., psychological and socioeconomic variables) on the frequency of chicken meat consumption. Based on the results from the focus groups, a face-face interview involving 500 respondents was conducted in two major cities (i.e., Accra and Kumasi) in Ghana. The empirical findings from the bivariate ordered probit model indicate that the consumption of domestic and imported chicken meat are not independent of each other. In other words, consumers of one type of chicken meat are less likely to consume the other type. Overall, the findings show that perceptions, attitudes and some socioeconomic characteristics of consumers are the main drivers of imported and domestic chicken consumption. For instance, income, perceived quality, and ethnocentrism are significant drivers of domestic chicken meat consumption, while price consciousness, food safety concerns, and perceived convenience negatively influence consumption. On the other hand, the presence of chicken in the household, formal employment, price consciousness, and availability and convenience orientation positively influence the frequency of imported chicken consumption. However, perceived quality and ethnocentrism are major barriers to imported chicken consumption.
The third article uses a choice experiment approach to understand how future demand for chicken meat will be shaped when value-added products are introduced into the market. The choice profiles consisted of five attributes: country-of-origin (Ghana and foreign), product form (whole-dressed and cuts), storage form (frozen and fresh), production claim (no claim and antibiotic/hormone-free claim), and price (four levels). Under a random utility framework, three models namely the multinomial logit (MNL), random parameter logit (RPL), and latent class (LC) logit are estimated. The results from both the MNL and RPL show that respondents derive positive utility from choosing fresh, cut, and antibiotic-free claimed chicken meat, but negative utility from choosing foreign chicken. The negative utility for foreign chicken compared to domestic chicken indicates a general preference for domestically produced chicken meat. The RPL results suggest that preferences for these attributes are heterogeneous.
Subsequently, the LC model was used to account for the source of heterogeneity among the sample population. The results reveal four consumer segments: domestic chicken advocates (27% of the respondents), foreign chicken lovers (17%), claim conscious (35%), and random choosers (21%) who attach different value to each of the attributes. The domestic chicken advocates assign high economic value to the domestic origin and are willing to pay more than twice [i.e., GH¢65.7/kg (14.9 USD)] the average for the overall sample [GH¢30/kg (6.8 USD) for the RPL model], suggesting a great potential for domestically produced chicken meat. Altogether, the results indicate that attitudes largely explain the choice for the attributes compared to sociodemographic factors.
Article (4) identifies possible consumer groups (market segments) based on both use of and trust in information sources using the same survey data described in article (2). The results show that personal (family and friends and sellers) and electronic media sources (radio and television) are the most used information channels about chicken meat. Using a cluster analysis approach, three consumer groups are identified and profiled. The three clusters are defined as cautious consumers (18%), enthusiasts (53%), and optimists (29%). To describe the segments, chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey comparison of mean scores were conducted. The clusters present significant differences in motivation levels, use of information cues, frequency of chicken consumption, and sociodemographic characteristics, offering prospects for targeted information provision efforts. The enthusiasts represent the largest group, are characterized by high use and trust in most of the information sources and display a significantly higher level of chicken consumption. In terms of targeting, this group is the easiest to reach because they are the most involved consumers who are open to receiving and using more information about chicken and also have high trust for the channels of information seeking.
To conclude, this thesis provides detailed insights into consumer behavior regarding domestic and imported chicken meat products in Ghana and contributes to the debate on the role of poultry imports in SSA. Specifically, the knowledge obtained through the analysis of consumer behavior provides a basis to identify opportunities for developing new chicken meat products or improving existing products to meet the needs of consumers. The findings of this study generally indicate that there is a high potential for domestic chicken meat with a group of consumers willing to pay a high positive price premium. Therefore, campaigns to promote the consumption of domestic chicken should aim at targeting potential consumer segments with appropriate messages that align with their needs and characteristics and communicating through relevant information channels.


Purpose Chromogranin A (CgA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) are important markers for neuroendocrine tumors; however, the clinical value of combining these markers has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated the utility of each marker individually and in combination for patients with nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-pNETs). Patients and Methods In this study, NF-pNET patients and controls were recruited from December 2011 to March 2016; 784 serum samples from peripheral vein were collected. The clinical characteristics and biomarker values of all the individuals were recorded and analyzed. Tumor burdens were calculated by CT/MRI scan. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the diagnostic predictive values; sensitivity and specificity were calculated to determine the cut-off value. Therapeutic responses reflected on the changes of the biomarkers' concentration were assessed by the RECIST criterion. Clinical relations between the prognosis and the biomarker values were also analyzed. Statistical significance was defined as P value less than 0.05. Results Among the 167 NF-pNETs patients, 82 were males (49.1%) and the mean age was 50.0 (17.4). The mean CgA values of G1, G2 and G3 NF-pNENs were 75, 121 and 134 μg/L (P < 0.05), respectively. In NF-pNETs, CgA correlated with the WHO tumor grade (WHO G1 vs G2, P < 0.05); the linear regression relationships were found between the tumor burdens (both in pancreas and liver) and CgA concentration (P < 0.001); changes in CgA and NSE concentrations also reflect treatment response (P < 0.001). Conclusion CgA and NSE are important diagnostic and follow-up markers in patients with NF-pNETs. The combined monitoring of CgA and NSE possesses more accuracy than individual values of CgA and NSE at predicting prognosis and disease progression.


Bacterial lipid A was detected by its interactions with defects in droplet-confined liquid crystals. The ordering of liquid crystals (LCs) is known to be influenced by surfaces and contaminants. Here, we report that picogram per milliliter concentrations of endotoxin in water trigger ordering transitions in micrometer-size LC droplets. The ordering transitions, which occur at surface concentrations of endotoxin that are less than 10−5 Langmuir, are not due to adsorbate-induced changes in the interfacial energy of the LC. The sensitivity of the LC to endotoxin was measured to change by six orders of magnitude with the geometry of the LC (droplet versus slab), supporting the hypothesis that interactions of endotoxin with topological defects in the LC mediate the response of the droplets. The LC ordering transitions depend strongly on glycophospholipid structure and provide new designs for responsive soft matter.


Intermittent inhibition of the phosphatase SHIP1 promotes antitumor immunity and memory in mouse models of lymphoma and colon cancer. Finding the right balance in immunotherapy To stimulate the immune system's activity against tumors, therapies often inhibit the regulatory pathways that suppress or counteract stimulatory signaling in immune cells. The phosphatase SHIP1 is one such target; however, chronic inhibition or genetic ablation of SHIP1 in mouse models of cancer fails to induce effective antitumor immunity, perhaps because chronic activation causes immune cell exhaustion. Gumbleton et al. found that, instead, a pulsatile regimen of SHIP1 inhibition not only enhanced the antitumor activity of critical populations of immune cells and extended the survival of mice with lymphoma and colon cancer but also induced immunological memory against the tumor cells. This treatment strategy may thus be effective at killing various types of tumors and preventing relapse in cancer patients. The success of immunotherapy in some cancer patients has revealed the profound capacity for cytotoxic lymphocytes to eradicate malignancies. Various immunotherapies work by blocking key checkpoint proteins that suppress immune cell activity. The phosphatase SHIP1 (SH2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase) limits signaling from receptors that activate natural killer (NK) cells and T cells. However, unexpectedly, genetic ablation studies have shown that the effector functions of SHIP1-deficient NK and T cells are compromised in vivo. Because chronic activation of immune cells renders them less responsive to activating signals (a host mechanism to avoid autoimmunity), we hypothesized that the failure of SHIP1 inhibition to induce antitumor immunity in those studies was caused by the permanence of genetic ablation. Accordingly, we found that reversible and pulsatile inhibition of SHIP1 with 3-α-aminocholestane (3AC; "SHIPi") increased the antitumor response of NK and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Transient SHIP1 inhibition in mouse models of lymphoma and colon cancer improved the median and long-term tumor-free survival rates. Adoptive transfer assays showed evidence of immunological memory to the tumor in hematolymphoid cells from SHIPi-treated, long-term surviving mice. The findings suggest that a pulsatile regimen of SHIP1 inhibition might be an effective immunotherapy in some cancer patients.


Africa's recent economic performance has been quite impressive. However, strong economic growth has not always delivered corresponding benefits in terms of poverty reduction, partly because it has failed to generate sufficient productive employment (i.e., more and better jobs). This paper compares the experiences of four fast-growing African countries—Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique and Tanzania—in order to shed some light on the different growth paths being pursued, as well as on the policy choices that might explain the gaps in key development outcomes. There are three key messages emerging from the analysis. First, the pattern of economic growth matters for poverty reduction. Growth that is driven by capital-intensive industries seems to generate limited benefits for the poor, as the experiences of Mozambique and Tanzania attest. In these cases, efforts to diversify production structures into more employment-intensive sectors will be crucial to improve the inclusiveness of the growth process. Second, macroeconomic stability, the business environment and labour market policies do not seem to explain differences in country performance. This suggests that, while important, they alone are not sufficient to create productive employment and thus improve living standards. A wider range of economic and social policies is therefore required to achieve better development outcomes. Third, sector-specific policies play an important role in reducing poverty. In particular, support to agriculture is not only crucial to reduce the incidence of poverty in rural areas (where the majority of the African population lives), but can also contribute to accelerate the pace of structural transformation. Improving agricultural productivity and creating employment opportunities in higher-productivity employment-intensive activities—such as in light-manufacturing and modern services—will be crucial to sustainably raise living standards in Africa. Strategic public investments and greater availability of credit can play a vital role in this regard. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Development Report 2013 team, the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. 1 I would like to thank Gina Bergh for her excellent research assistance.


The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method has been widely used in practice since the 1950's in areas such as biology, statistics, and physics. However, it is only in the last few decades that powerful techniques for obtaining rigorous performance guarantees with respect to the running time have been developed. Today, with only a few notable exceptions, most known algorithms for approximately uniform sampling and approximate counting rely on the MCMC method. This thesis focuses on algorithms that use MCMC combined with an algorithm from optimization called simulated annealing, for sampling and counting problems.
Annealing is a heuristic for finding the global optimum of a function over a large search space. It has recently emerged as a powerful technique used in conjunction with the MCMC method for sampling problems, for example in the estimation of the permanent and in algorithms for computing the volume of a convex body. We examine other applications of annealing to sampling problems as well as scenarios when it fails to converge in polynomial time.
We consider the problem of randomly generating 0-1 contingency tables. This is a well-studied problem in statistics, as well as the theory of random graphs, since it is also equivalent to generating a random bipartite graph with a prescribed degree sequence. Previously, the only algorithm known for all degree sequences was by reduction to approximating the permanent of a 0-1 matrix. We give a direct and more efficient combinatorial algorithm which relies on simulated annealing.
Simulated tempering is a variant of annealing used for sampling in which a temperature parameter is randomly raised or lowered during the simulation. The idea is that by extending the state space of the Markov chain to a polynomial number of progressively smoother distributions, parameterized by temperature, the chain could cross bottlenecks in the original space which cause slow mixing. We show that simulated tempering mixes torpidly for the 3-state ferromagnetic Potts model on the complete graph. Moreover, we disprove the conventional belief that tempering can slow fixed temperature algorithms by at most a polynomial in the number of temperatures and show that it can converge at a rate that is slower by at least an exponential factor.


Analyses that reveal how treatment effects vary allow researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to better understand the efficacy of educational interventions. In practice, however, standard statistical methods for addressing heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) fail to address the HTE that may exist within outcome measures. In this study, we present a novel application of the explanatory item response model (EIRM) for assessing what we term "item-level" HTE (IL-HTE), in which a unique treatment effect is estimated for each item in an assessment. Results from data simulation reveal that when IL-HTE is present but ignored in the model, standard errors can be underestimated and false positive rates can increase. We then apply the EIRM to assess the impact of a literacy intervention focused on promoting transfer in reading comprehension on a digital assessment delivered online to approximately 8,000 third-grade students. We demonstrate that allowing for IL-HTE can reveal treatment effects at the item-level masked by a null average treatment effect, and the EIRM can thus provide fine-grained information for researchers and policymakers on the potentially heterogeneous causal effects of educational interventions.


Plants detect light of specific wavelengths with specific photoreceptors called phytochromes. One light-activated developmental pathway is the transition from nonphotosynthetically active protoplasts to photosynthetically active chloroplasts. Møller et al. isolated the laf6 mutant in Arabidopsis, which was defective in responding to far-red light (the phytochrome A pathway). Laf6 encodes a protein (atABC1) with similarity to the small soluble ATP-binding cassette transporters and with a functional chloroplast localization signal in the NH2-terminus. These small ABC transporters typically are associated functionally with a second subunit that spans the membrane and are usually involved in import. Consistent with a role in import, laf6 seedlings have decreased chlorophyll content and increased cytosolic chlorophyll precursors. The laf6 phenotype can be reproduced by chemical inhibition of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of the chlorophyll precursor protoporphyrinogen IX and increased levels of atABC1 can prevent this phenotype, further supporting a role for atABC1 in chlorophyll precursor import. Thus, atABC1 is one of the downstream targets of light-activated phytochrome A and provides a link between light-sensing and photosynthesis. S. G. Møller, T. Kunkel, N.-H. Chua, A plastidic ABC protein involved in intercompartmental communication of light signaling. Genes Dev. 15, 90-103 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In this pilot study we set out to compare formulaic sequences of the type of 3-grams in ENL (spoken British English), EFL (English spoken by advanced German learners of English) and ESL (spoken Indian English). The study shows that, for the overall number of types and tokens, there are no significant differences between ENL and ESL, but there are significantly fewer 3-grams in EFL vs. ENL. A comparison of the common core (i.e. the 3-grams all three variants have in common) reveals that these common-core 3-grams are significantly more frequently used in ESL and EFL-variants compared to ENL. A functional analysis shows differences in the distribution of the 3-grams across the variants. A study of the variant-specific 3-grams reveals less variability in EFL vs. ENL but a higher number and variability of both types and tokens in ESL.


Mastermind-like 1 (MAML1) is well characterized for its involvement in the Notch signaling pathway where it functions as a transcriptional co-activator and facilitates the degradation of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). MAML1 has recently been implicated as a multifunctional protein that interacts with a variety of other signaling pathways, including Wnt-β-catenin, NF-B, and MEF2C (myocyte enhancer factor 2C). MEF2C is a member of the family of transcription factors involved in muscle cell differentiation and proliferation. MAML1 has previously been shown to activate MEF2C transcription. Given that MAML1 is responsible for degradation of the NICD, we wanted to know if MAML1 could also induce degradation of MEF2C. Here we show that full length MAML1 induces degradation of MEF2C. MEF2C is not degraded when co-expressed with MAML1 deletion constructs, MAML1 1-301 and MAML1 Δ75-300, suggesting the entire c-terminus is needed for degradation. In addition, treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 stabilized MEF2C expression both in the absence and presence of MAML1 when compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) controls. Immuno-preciptations of MEF2C in the presence of MAML1 with MG132 treatment showed an increase in the amount of ubiquitin detected. Serine 98 and 110 in MEF2C appear to be essential for ubiquitination. In order to determine if S98 and S110 are required for MAML1 degradation of MEF2C, we cloned the double serine mutant MEF2C S98A S110A. However, co-expression of the mutant with MAML1 still resulted in decreased protein levels. Our results showed MAML1-induced degradation of MEF2C occurs through the proteasomal pathway and that S98 and S110 are not required for degradation.


Purpose: Despite recent advances in breast cancer therapy, many patients still experience relapse. Evidence suggests that a sub-population of treatment-resistant "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) may be responsible for this tumor recurrence. Therefore, in this thesis project we aimed to develop a safe and efficacious nanomedicine that would target and eliminate breast CSCs. For this purpose, we evaluated the sterically stabilized nanomicellar formulation of curcumin (C-SSM), a promising dietary anti-cancer agent with a vast potential to target CSCs, for its in vitro inhibitory effect on breast CSCs and the potential of integrating an active targeting strategy directed to CSCs.
Methods: MCF-7 cells were chosen as the model system for this project. C-SSM composed of distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG 2000) were prepared using the film rehydration method and characterized for particle size using dynamic light scattering. The in vitro inhibitory effect of the C-SSM nanomedicine on breast CSCs was evaluated and compared to that of free curcumin using a tumorsphere formation assay and flow cytometric analyses of the cellular drug uptake as well as the percentage of CD44+/CD24-/low CSC population. The expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors on breast CSCs was investigated using a fluorescence-based ligand binding assay, followed by confocal microscopy. VIP-surface grafted C-SSM (C-SSM-VIP) were prepared by conjugating VIP to the activated DSPE-PEG (MW:3400) and incorporating these constructs into C-SSM. The effect of VIP-surface grafting on the anti-CSC activity of C-SSM was evaluated using a tumorsphere formation assay.
Results: Pre-treatment of MCF7 cells with 10 or 20 μM C-SSM (~15 nm in diameter) inhibited tumorsphere formation by 34% (P 2-fold compared to free curcumin. C-SSM was also found to reduce sphere size (~50%; P < 0.05) and to inhibit secondary tumorsphere formation (22%; P < 0.05). The flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that C-SSM (10 µM and 20 µM) markedly increased the intracellular uptake of curcumin compared to free drug (1.8-fold – 6.4-fold) in both CD44+/CD24-/low CSC and normal cancer cell (NCC) populations. In addition, 20 µM C-SSM reduced the percentage of the CD44+/CD24-/low CSCs by 56% (P < 0.05), while no significant change was observed with free curcumin. The VIP receptor expression study showed a ~3-fold overexpression (P < 0.05) in the CD44+/CD24-/low CSC population compared to the NCCs in the MCF-7 cell line. The C-SSM-VIP nanomedicine (~17 nm), at a lower concentration (5 µM), was found to enhance inhibition of tumorsphere formation by approximately 20% (P < 0.05) compared to both C-SSM and free curcumin.
Conclusion: C-SSM significantly enhanced the efficacy of curcumin against breast CSCs in vitro. Moreover, active targeting of the VIP receptors, found to be overexpressed on breast CSCs, with C-SSM-VIP further improved the anti-CSC activity of C-SSM. Therefore, the nanomicellar formulations of curcumin may provide a novel strategy for a relapse-free cure of breast cancer by targeting and eliminating CSCs.


Listening is critical to the oral history process. How does one teach students to listen? This article describes a series of listening exercises the author designed for her students and the reflexive journals they kept to record their responses to the exercises. One of the motivations for the deepening of listening skills was to assist students in becoming more sensitive to issues involved in listening to someone who was different from them in significant ways. While many of the students' responses centered around increasing their perceptions of listening in general, some commented specifically on what it means to listen to someone who is racially different from the listener. Students wrote about listening as a very active process that deeply impacts the content, performance, and emotional tone of the narration. They acknowledged the significance of nonverbal affirmations, directed questions, unstructured environments, empathetic bonding with narrators, and the role of silence in listening. They also commented on the impact that power negotiations had on the interview, and how honesty, openness, and self-revelation eased discomfort in talking about racial issues. Many commented on the lack of intensive listening they engaged in during their ordinary lives, and sought to incorporate their new listening skills not only in oral history interviews, but in their personal interactions with family and friends.


Lapachol whose isolation and study at the end of the century by Parterno, is one of the most brilliant chapters of Phytochemistry, especially in conjunction with the work of Max Siewert a communication on the wood of the Argen- tina Lapachol (Bignoniaceae) tree from Max Siewert, submitted along with Ricardo Napp in Exp. NAC. Philadelphia in 1876. The Lapachol has its origin in the Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex. Griseb (Bignoniaceae) which in Brazil is known as Pau DArc, Ipe-purple, Ipe-Black, and Yellow-Ipe. It is a tree of huge size used in traditional medicine for cases of stomatitis, inflammatory processes in general and against cancer. � -Lapachone is an o-naphthoquinone from Lapachol used against, Trypanosome cruzi, cancer, viruses, bacteria, and leishmania is currently evaluated. This plant can also be found in other plant families such as, Verbenaceae Leguminosae, Sapotaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Malvaceae and Pro- teaceae. This paper aims at demonstrating the pharmacology and clinical activity of Lapachol and � -Lapachone, through their mechanism of action, and other actions which are not related to their anti neoplastic activity.


In this paper, we consider the ATM networks in which the virtual path concept is implemented. The question of how to multiplex two or more diverse traffic classes while providing different quality of service requirements is a very complicated open problem. Two distinct options are available: integration and segregation. In an integration approach all the traffic from different connections are multiplexed onto one VP. This implies that the most restrictive QOS requirements must be applied to all services. Therefore, link utilization will be decreased because unnecessarily stringent QOS is provided to all connections. With the segregation approach the problem can be much simplified if different types of traffic are separated by assigning a VP with dedicated resources (buffers and links). Therefore, resources may not be efficiently utilized because no sharing of bandwidth can take place across the VP. The probability that the bandwidth required by the accepted connections exceeds the capacity of the link is evaluated with the probability of congestion (PC). Since the PC can be expressed as the CLP, we shall simply carry out bandwidth allocation using the PC. We first focus on the influence of some parameters (CLP, bit rate and burstiness) on the capacity required by a VP supporting a single traffic class using the new convolution approach. Numerical results are presented both to compare the required capacity and to observe which conditions under each approach are preferred.


Courts are becoming increasingly aware of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)/Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND) and there is a line of authority concerned with the development of specific legal principles that are exclusively applicable to the sentencing of offenders with such a condition. However, the courts that take into account the specific and unique needs of an offender with FAS/ARND face challenges and barriers because of the lack of cooperation and resources in the correctional system to accommodate and treat offenders with FAS/ARND.This paper will consider the jurisprudence in this area and describe how traditional sentencing principles are seen to be inappropriate and are rejected in favor of a sentencing approach that is sensitive to the unique circumstances of offenders with FAS/ARND. Beginning with an overview of the nature of FAS/ARND and its prevalence in the criminal justice system, we then examine the case law involving the sentencing of offenders with this condition and identify emerging sentencing principles and issues of concern. In particular, we discuss the problems identified by a number of judges who are prevented from being able to fashion appropriate sentences for offenders afflicted with FAS/ARND. Some of the problems with the initial assessment of FAS/ARND and of the failure of the existing corrections system to provide appropriate sentencing options for offenders with FAS/ARND have also given rise to various challenges based on Charter and potential human rights violations. Finally, we examine some of the responses to these problems and we offer a few suggestions for reform.


Over the years I have come to believe that the most important thing I do as an art educator is to involve people in the interpretation of art. This article is based on and furthers a set of principles I wrote to guide people in interpretive endeavors in a chapter on interpretation in Criticizing Art: Understanding the Contemporary (1994a) and then in an article for art teachers (1994b). I began this investigation of interpretation in years prior when attempting to discover and articulate how photographic images mean (1977, 1986,1990,1997a), and then broadened my thinking and writing to include criticism of art (1989, 1992) and images in popular visual culture (1991). My thoughts on interpretation are very much influenced by the writings of aestheticians, art critics, literary theorists, art and photography historians, and art educators concerned with meaning in art. Although my research on art interpretation draws heavily upon the thinking of scholars, equally importantly, it is informed and tempered by years of multi-faceted experiences in interpretive thinking and teaching. I am able to build and test interpretive theory in practice by serving, for many years now, as an Art Critic-in-Education) in which capacity I engage children and adults in schools and community centers2 in talk about art. The artifacts we examine are usually modern or contemporary,3 and sometimes controversial (Barrett and Rab, 1990). We also examine the art that the students themselves make, and these occasions are the subject of Talking About Student Art (19976) a book that derives from an active interest in conducting, studying, and improving studio critiques for college art students, especially by increasing attention paid to interpretation of their work.4 I am able to test ideas on teaching interpretation with populations of adults and children and museum educators in art museums.5 Solitary interpretive experiences include writing and editing art criticism for regional publications and occasionally curating an art exhibition. So, these are principles that work in practice. This is the set published in 1994: Artworks have "aboutness" and demand interpretation. Responsible interpretations present the artwork in its best rather than in its weakest light. Interpretations are arguments. Interpretations are persuasive. No single interpretation is exhaustive of the meaning of an artwork and there can be different, competing, and contradictory interpretations of the same artwork. Some interpretations are better than others. Interpretations imply a world-view. Good interpretations of art tell more about the artwork than they tell about the interpreter. Interpretations are not so much absolutely right, but more or less reasonable, convincing, enlightening, and informative. Good interpretations have coherence, correspondence, and inclusiveness. Feelings are guides to interpretations. An interpretation of an artwork need not match the artist's intent for the artwork. The objects of interpretations are artworks, not artists. All art is in part about the world in which it emerged. All art is in part about other art. Interpretation is ultimately a communal endeavor and the community is eventually self-corrective. Good interpretations invite us to see for ourselves and to continue on our own. These principles are meant to account for both contemporary and historical works, to guide art critical and art historical interpretation. I've formulated the principles for art educators of all types to use with learners of all ages. The set of principles is eclectic, and some of the principles are drawn from theories that resist one another. The principles are meant to be complementary and not contradictory. The set is meant to be comprehensive but not exhaustive. Their number can be expanded or contracted. The principles and positions they assume purposely avoid extreme positions on contested topics of interpretation. …


A careful examination of the Commerce Clause's language, history, and pre-1937 precedent reveals that the Clause sets forth two distinct requirements. First, Congress must be regulating "commerce," which encompasses all market-oriented activities--including the sale of goods and services, production, commercial transportation, employment, insurance, and banking. Second, this "commerce" must have a commercial effect in at least one other state; such commercial impacts have occurred almost inevitably as America's economy has become nationally integrated. The Court's adoption of this two-part test would reinforce the basic (and still-relevant) Federalist principle that uniformity is beneficial in commerce but detrimental for social, cultural, and moral affairs. Application of this test would result in upholding nearly all federal regulation of commercial activity and its byproducts (e.g., the environmental effects of commercial production), but in invalidating congressional attempts to legislate purely cultural, social, or moral issues that involve no voluntary commercial transaction. To take two examples from cases currently pending, the Court should strike down the Violence Against Women Act and the Federal Arson Statute, for the simple reason that neither gender-motivated violence nor arson are "commerce." The article also analyzes dozens of other statutes enacted under the Commerce Clause (e.g., laws regulating civil rights and crime) and several potential subjects of regulation, ranging from mortgages to same-sex marriage.


The turnover of Jun proteins, like that of other transcription factors, is regulated through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Usually, such processes are regulated by extracellular stimuli through phosphorylation of the target protein, which allows recognition by F box–containing E3 ubiquitin ligases. In the case of c-Jun and JunB, we found that extracellular stimuli also modulate protein turnover by regulating the activity of an E3 ligase by means of its phosphorylation. Activation of the Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade after T cell stimulation accelerated degradation of c-Jun and JunB through phosphorylation-dependent activation of the E3 ligase Itch. This pathway modulates cytokine production by effector T cells.


The theory of mistaken identity states that sharks, especially white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, mistake surfers for pinnipeds when looking at them from below and thus bite them erroneously. Photographs of surfer wounds and board damage were interpreted with special emphasis on shark size, wound severity, and extent of damage to a board. These were compared with the concurrent literature on attack strategies of white sharks on pinnipeds and their outcomes. The results show that the majority of damage to surfers and their boards is at best superficial-to-moderate in nature and does not reflect the level of damage needed to immobilize or stun a pinniped. It is further shown that the size distribution of sharks biting surfers differs from that in pinnipeds. The results presented show that the theory of mistaken identity, where white sharks erroneously mistake surfers for pinnipeds, does not hold true and should be rejected.


Nowadays, industrial processes are vastly automated by means of robotic manipulators. In some cases, robots occupy a large fraction of the production line, performing a rich range of tasks. In contrast to their
tireless ability to repeatedly perform the same tasks with millimetric precision, current robotics exhibits low adaptability to new scenarios. This lack of adaptability in many cases hinders a closer human-robot interaction; furthermore, when one needs to apply some change to the production line, the robots need to be reconfigured by highly-qualified figures. Machine learning and, more particularly, reinforcement learning hold the promise to provide automated systems that can adapt to new situations and learn new tasks. Despite the overwhelming progress in recent years in the field, the vast majority of reinforcement learning is not directly applicable to real robotics. State-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms require intensive interaction with the environment and are unsafe in the early stage of learning when the policy perform poorly and potentially harms the systems. For these reasons, the application of reinforcement learning has been successful mainly on simulated tasks such as computer- and board-games, where it is possible to collect a vast amount of samples in parallel, and there is no possibility to damage any real system. To mitigate these issues, researchers proposed
first to employ imitation learning to obtain a reasonable policy, and subsequently to refine it via reinforcement learning.
In this thesis, we focus on two main issues that prevent the mentioned pipe-line from working efficiently: (i) robotic movements are represented with a high number of parameters, which prevent both safe and efficient
exploration; (ii) the policy improvement is usually on-policy, which also causes inefficient and unsafe updates. In Chapter 3 we propose an efficient method to perform dimensionality reduction of learned robotic movements, exploiting redundancies in the movement spaces (which occur more commonly in manipulation tasks) rather than redundancies in the robot kinematics. The dimensionality reduction allows the projection to latent spaces, representing with high probability movements close to the demonstrated ones. To make reinforcement learning safer and more efficient, we define the off-policy update in the movement's latent space in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, we propose a novel off-policy gradient estimation, which makes use of a particular non-parametric technique named Nadaraya-Watson kernel regression. Building on a solid theoretical framework, we derive statistical guarantees. We believe that providing strong guarantees is at the core of a safe machine learning. In this spirit, we further expand and analyze the statistical guarantees on Nadaraya-Watson kernel regression
in Chapter 6. Usually, to avoid challenging exploration in reinforcement learning applied to robotics, one must define highly engineered reward-function. This limitation hinders the possibility of allowing non-expert users to define new
tasks. Exploration remains an open issue in high-dimensional and sparse reward. To mitigate this issue, we propose a far-sighted exploration bonus built on information-theoretic principles in Chapter 7. To test our algorithms, we provided a full analysis both on simulated environment, and in some cases on real
world robotic tasks. The analysis supports our statement, showing that our proposed techniques can safely learn in the presence of a limited set of demonstration and robotic interactions.


I argue for two propositions. First, contrary to the common wisdom, we may justly punish individuals who are not morally responsible for their crimes. Psychopaths – individuals who lack the capacity to feel sympathy – help to prove this point. Scholars are increasingly arguing that psychopaths are not morally responsible for their behavior because they suffer from a neurological disorder that makes it impossible for them to understand, and therefore be motivated by, moral reasons. These same scholars then infer from this conclusion (that psychopaths lack moral responsibility) that they must also lack criminal responsibility and therefore that our continuing to punish psychopaths for their crimes is unjust. My response is that this inference is entirely fallacious. Criminal responsibility turns out to be quite distinct from moral responsibility. The two kinds of responsibility require very different conditions to be satisfied. In particular, criminal responsibility, unlike moral responsibility, does not require an agent be able to grasp and follow moral reasons; it requires only that the individual be able to grasp and follow criminal laws. Once this point is recognized, it becomes much easier to accept my thesis: while the subset of psychopaths who commit crimes are not morally responsible for their criminal behavior because they cannot understand moral reasons, they are still criminally responsible because they can understand what the consequences will be if they get caught. For this reason, even though I concede that psychopaths are not morally responsible for the crimes that they commit, our practice of punishing them for these crimes is still just.Second, I argue that psychopathy is a mental illness and should be recognized as such. One reason that it should be recognized as a mental illness is simply because it is; it satisfies the main criteria for inclusion in the DSM-IV, the "bible" of mental disorders. The other reason is more practical than conceptual. It starts with two facts: (1) the U.S. Supreme Court has decided that the preventive detention of any individual who is not a criminal suspect is not constitutional unless the individual is not only dangerous but also mentally ill; and (2) psychopathy is not currently considered to be a mental illness. So, as things now stand, we cannot preventively commit dangerous psychopaths – that is, psychopaths who have clearly indicated that they will be committing serious crimes. Instead, we must wait for them to commit the crimes before we can lock them up. Unfortunately, this incarceration always comes too late for the victims. It would therefore be better if we could lock them up before they actually inflict any harm. Once again, then, I propose that the legal and psychological communities classify psychopathy as a mental illness.


ABSTRACT This paper addresses the issues of dynamic load sharing in large-scale computing systems. Typically, dynamic load sharing policies use explicit information to make load sharing decision. Our load sharing policy, however, uses consuming rate, which is implicit information, as a resource metric. This implicit information represents each worker's overall capability such as processing power, network bandwidth, and the quality of service. Furthermore, this implicit information can be calculated at each coordinator node without the need to query other computing node for their current processing capacities. By combining our implicit information concept with the hierarchical load sharing structure, we propose new load sharing policy that can efficiently distribute workload among a large number of computing nodes while inflicting very small overhead. We use simulated experiments to compare our load sharing policy with other load sharing policies. The simulation results indicate that our proposed load sharing policy, which is simpler, can perform comparable to other load sharing policies, even when they have the perfect knowledge of computing powers when making load sharing decision.


Intentional communication is perceptually based and about attentional objects. Three attention mechanisms are distinguished: scanning, attention attraction, and attention-focusing. Attention-focusing directs the subject towards attentional objects. Attention-focusing is goal-governed (controlled by stimulus) or goal-intended (under the control of the subject). Attentional objects are perceptually categorised functional entities that emerge in the interaction between subjects and environment. Joint attention allows for focusing on the same attentional object simultaneously (mutual object-focused attention), provided that the subjects have focused on each other beforehand (subject-subject attention). It results in intentional communication if the subjects attend to each other as subjects (i) capable of attending, and (ii) attending in a goal-intended way. Intentional communication is fundamentally imperative and adapted to action.


Legal doctrinal scholarship engages with the problems of legal practice: it systematizes, comments on, evaluates and debates what goes on in law. These activities do not occur in a vacuum: they are embedded in scholarly traditions and theories. This paper discusses the role of the theoretical frameworks used in legal research and has two related aims. First, it aims to provide some practical conceptualizations and guidelines regarding theoretical and normative frameworks that are useful to understand and conduct legal research. Second, it aims to investigate the relationships between different kinds of normative frameworks and their relationship to empirical work. In the second part, an argument is made for a pragmatist understanding of the interplay between normative theorizing and empirical study. How do these work together in judgments about the state of the law?


Abstract. Europeana is a portal that provides access to millions of objects from all kinds of cultural heritage communities. It enables users to find digital cultural works made available by cultural institutions throughout the European Union. Currently, Europeana provides access to a collection of more than 50 million books, periodicals, video clips, maps, photographs and digital documents from libraries, archives, museums and audio-visual archives in Europe. To facilitate Europeana's participation in the Semantic Web Europeana Data Model (EDM) has been developed. The idea of EDM is to constitute a framework for collecting, connecting and enriching metadata. It is a theoretical data model that allows data to be presented in different ways according to the practices of the various domains that contribute data to Europeana. EDM brings more meaningful links to Europe's cultural heritage data. Data from partners or external information resources with references to persons, places, subjects, etc., will connect to other initiatives and institutions. This will result in sharing enriched content, adding to it and thereby generating more content in ways that no single provider could achieve alone.Presented research is the continuation of authors earlier study. In previous research, authors have proposed to integrate EDM structured information with geographic information system for movable heritage providing the semantic relations of movable heritage to the geographical space. This was a step into mixing GIS and Europeana world with the use of semantic contextualization for the object representations. Current research is the next step in this study and is going towards development of the new areas of EDM implementation – in cartographic heritage description.