W. B. Yeats is a writer who requires, and at the same time tests the limits of, contextual study. More than perhaps any other Irish writer, he produced his own context as much as it produced him. His cultural and political activities, combined with his prolific literary output, made an impact that can only be understood by close attention to his words in relation to the times in which he lived. W. B. Yeats in Context maps Yeats's world in concise, lively essays by distinguished critics and historians. The places, people, themes and intellectual frameworks most important to his development receive close attention, as do his artistic influences, and the production and reception of his work. As a gateway into the study of Yeats, this volume offers much new information for both students, scholars and anyone interested in the life and times of this enigmatic and influential poet.


An expanded series of morphological characters developed for a cladistic analysis of extant decapods has yielded a new hypothesis for the phylogeny of the group. Application of this database to selected fossil genera produces some interesting results and demonstrates the feasibility of treating fossils as full and equal partners in the study of decapod phylogenetic relationships. In addition, it seems clear that rigorous cladistic methods can be used to evaluate the phylogenetic positions of fossils, rather than ad hoc speculation.


Abstract. The use of as-built Building Information Models (BIM) has become increasingly commonplace. This process of creating a BIM model from point cloud data, also referred to as Scan-to-BIM, is a mostly manual task. Due to the large amount of manual work, the entire Scan-to-BIM process is time-consuming and error prone. Current research focuses on the automation of the Scan-to-BIM pipeline by applying state-of-the-art techniques on its consecutive steps including the data acquisition, data processing, data interpretation and modelling. By automating the matching and modelling of window and door objects, a considerable amount of time can be saved in the Scan-to-BIM process. This is so because each window and door instance needs to be examined by the modeller and must be adapted to the actual on-site situation. Large object libraries containing predefined window and door objects exists but the matching to the best-fit predefined object remains time consuming. The aim of this research is to examine the possibilities to speed up the modelling of window and door objects. First, a literature review discussing existing methods for window and door detection and matching is presented. Second, the acquired data is examined to explore the capabilities of capturing window and door information for different remote sensing devices. Followed by tests of some commonplace features in the use for window and door occurrence matching and clustering.


Privatisation has been interpreted in a variety of ways. It encompasses a variety of aspects such as ideology, politics, the economy, financial, as well as social implications and the global context. Above all, privatisation is conclusively understood as a medium of 'reality' construction. It is a policy that does create a newly constructed distribution of wealth and power and reveals conflicts of interests among various parties. The fundamental determinant of privatisation is ideological, which is the government's inclination to praise laissez faire (liberalism/neo-liberalism) rather than interventionist systems. The other central issue of privatisation is about efficiency or performance of state ownership vis-à-vis private ownership. Beyond these aspects, privatisation is commonly exercised by countries that are in the middle of a deep economic crisis, facing soaring foreign debt, dealing with a widening budget deficit and dependent on international agencies, particularly the IMF and the World Bank (Ramamurty, 1992). Considering the nature of privatisation, a study on privatisation of state-owned enterprises is argued to be best placed in such a context . Such a study is parallel to the call to study accounting within its environment. Whilst a variety of theoretical frameworks of critical accounting studies are available, this study utilises one of them which is the political economy of accounting (PEA), a theoretical framework pioneered by Tinker (1980), advanced in the works of Cooper and Sherer (1984) and others and 'applied' in the case of privatisation, such as, in the works of Shaoul (1997a, 1997b), Arnold and Cooper (1999), and Uddin and Hopper (2001, 2003). Grounded in such a framework, this study is an enquiry into the privatisation of PT Semen Gresik (Persero) Tbk., a state-owned enterprise in Indonesia which operates in the cement industry. The privatisation of this company was carried out as part of broader policy reforms executed at three times in 1991, 1995, and 1998. These gradual divestments have been completed within different contexts . The


* Create perfect, historically accurate Victorian menswear, from morning coats to shirts and trousers * Contains detailed patterns and practical instructions adapted from original Victorian pattern-cutters' books * Covers the whole of the Victorian era, with outstanding designs from every decade A valuable sourcebook for costume designers, dressmakers and those involved in historical re-enactments, this book contains all you need to create authentic menswear from the Victorian period. Historically accurate patterns enable you to make a wide range of garments, including morning coats, waistcoats, frock coats, trousers, shirts and hunting clothes, and full instructions are given for tailoring and construction. The book is illustrated with evocative contemporary fashion plates showing the essential wardrobe of a Victorian gentleman, which demonstrate the subtle changes in style that occurred across the decades.


To gain more insight into intentional vocabulary learning by students at secondary education three research questions wTere addressed: 1) According to students in the lower grades of secondary education, w7hat are good strategies for intentional vocabulary learning? 2) What vocabulary learning strategies do these students actually use? 3) How effective are the vocabulary learning strategies used? The research sfunved that the students value and demonstrate a variety of cognitive and meta-cognitive vocabulary learning strategies pertaining to 'non-elaboration of words', 'elaboration of words', 'planning', 'evaluation and self-regulation', and 'help seeking'. Differences were found between the students, but on the whole the quality of word knowledge is not optimal. Based on the research findings, several recommendations were formulated such as the exchange of learning strategies between students, the use of an on-line vocabulary learning programme with special attention to word forms, and the organisation of learning experiences in which students draw pictures of new words and invent ludicrous, bizarre or emotionally significant sentences for the words in order to promote vocabulary acquisition.


Genetic screening has been defined as any kind of test performed systematically for the early detection or exclusion of a genetic disease, genetic predisposition or resistance to a disease, or to determine whether a person carries a gene variant that may produce disease in his or her offspring. In comparison to 'genetic testing', the term 'genetic screening' should be reserved for the explicit and systematic application of a diagnostic genetic test across a whole population of asymptomatic people (population screening) or a subset of a population such as pregnant women (prenatal/antenatal screening) or newborn infants (neonatal screening). This survey intends to present the current (2006–2008) status of genetic screening and the organization of genetic screening programmes in selected European countries as a background for future attempts to harmonize standards and procedures of genetic screening, an explicit aim of the European Network of Excellence, EuroGentest (www.eurogentest.org). Our report builds on the first comprehensive assessment of genetic screening programmes in Germany by the European Society of Human Genetics, starting with a workshop of experts in 1999, the production of background documentation in 2000, and a final report in 2003.


There is a definite and growing interest in using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) reinforcing bars as an alternative for traditional steel in several structural applications. Nevertheless, little information is available about the behavior of FRP reinforced concrete (RC) members subjected to direct tension. Testing concrete members subjected to direct tension is considered an important approach in understanding important features of concrete, such as cracking characteristics, stress-strain relationships, etc. These features have been considered an important design aspect of FRP-RC. This paper presents a new experimental technique that can be used to test both FRP- and steel-RC panels under uniaxial and biaxial direct tension. A new testing facility is designed and constructed at Memorial University of Newfoundland. The testing facility is specially designed to test RC panels subjected to direct tension. The tension loads can be applied in either a uniaxial or biaxial direction. The unique aspect of this test setup is that it can accommodate FRP reinforcing bars. FRP reinforcing bars have a major problem of gripping under a tension load. Several research workers have developed elaborate and expensive techniques to provide adequate grip for FRP bars by using steel pipes and epoxy injection. The proposed design provides a simple solution to the gripping problem and can accommodate different specimen sizes, bar diameters, various bar spacing, and loading conditions. This paper presents the design, details, construction stages, and testing capabilities of this new testing facility. Descriptions of the experimental equipment, the instrumentation, and the data acquisition system are provided. The paper also presents a sample of the test results of a recent experimental investigation that has been carried out on concrete panels reinforced with steel and glass-FRP (GFRP) bars. Test results demonstrate that the testing facility is successfully capable in overcoming the difficulties of testing RC panels under direct tension. The test results also show significant differences in behavior between steel and GFRP-RC panels with respect to cracking characteristics, stress-strain relations, and failure loads.


Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) is a benign, non-infective clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the orbit without identifiable local or systemic disorders. Orbital myositis is one classification of IOI and rare in adult male patients. In this article, we report a 41-yearsold male who presented to the eye clinic with swollen, redness, pain, chemosis, and squints on his left eye 2 weeks ago. He had a history of recurrent swollen on his left eyelid and self-treated with methylprednisolone. Visual acuity on right and left eye were 20/25 and 20/30, respectively. The intraocular pressure on the right and left eyes were 18 mmHg and 24 mmHg, respectively. No abnormality in the fundus examination. There was a restriction on the left eye movement to all gaze, and the eye was fixed to the superior temporal direction. Head MRI-scan showed hypertrophy of the lateral and medial rectus muscles on the left eye without any other abnormality in the intracranial cavity. The laboratory examination showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, normal thyroid function, low C-Reactive Protein level, and a negative result for the antinuclear antibody test and antids-DNA test. The patient was diagnosed with myositis of idiopathic orbital inflammation and was treated with a high dose of methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg BW/day. Two weeks later, the patient had improvement in his eye movement and the swollen was resolved. The treatment is still ongoing. Finally, we can conclude that comprehensive evaluation and treatment with high-dose corticosteroid results in a better outcome in an adult male patient with myositis IOI.


I. Introduction II. The Distributive Reading A. Justice Thompson's Dissent in Wheaton v. Peters B. Richard De Wolf and Karl Lutz C. Possible Constitutional Justifications for the Modern Distributive Reading III. The Heller Framework A. The Supreme Court's Heller Decision B. Heller and the Progress Clause IV. The History of the Patent and Copyright Laws A. Preliminary Observations on the Progress Clause B. Pre-Ratification History of Patent and Copyright Laws 1. English Precedent a. "Industrial" Letters Patent and the Statute of Monopolies b. Printing Patents and the Stationers' Company c. The Statute of Anne d. Conclusions to be Drawn from English Precedent 2. American Precedent a. Pre-Constitutional Colonial and State Progress Laws b. The Constitutional Convention c. Conclusion from American Precedent C. Early Post-Ratification History of American Patent and Copyright Laws 1. Statutory Language 2. Statutory Structure 3. Judicial Interpretation 4. Conclusion to be Drawn from Post-Ratification History V. The Unitary Reading Under Heller A. The Textual Interpretation B. The Heller Interpretation C. Observations on the Unitary Reading VI. Conclusion I. INTRODUCTION The Progress Clause of the Constitution gives Congress the power "[t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." (1) This Clause is the source of Congress's power to enact the patent and copyright laws. (2) The Supreme Court has been turning increasingly to the Progress Clause to answer many important questions in intellectual property law. (3) In 1949, Karl Lutz published an influential article that argued that the Progress Clause should be given a distributive reading. (4) Since that time, the distributive reading has been embraced by scholars, the legislature, and the courts. (5) The distributive reading extracts two separate powers from the Progress Clause. (6) The first is the copyright power: to promote the progress of science by securing for limited times to authors the exclusive right to their respective writings. (7) The second is the patent power: to promote the progress of the useful arts by securing for limited times to inventors the exclusive right to their discoveries. (8) How the Progress Clause is read dictates the answers to many questions in patent and copyright law. For example, the distributive reading's requirement that patents only apply to useful arts has contributed to the denial of patent protection for some computer programs (9) and business methods. (10) With respect to copyright, the "functional" aspects of otherwise clearly expressive works have been denied protection, in some cases resulting in the entire work being denied copyright protection. (11) This article responds to Lutz's arguments. Through historical and constitutional examination, the article concludes that the distributive reading is not correct. To this end, it extends the arguments first put forth by Professor Dotan Oliar, wherein he suggests that the current reading of the Progress Clause "rests on shaky grounds," (12) and describes the reading as "indefensible." (13) Instead, he proposes what I refer to herein as the "unitary reading" of the Progress Clause. Under this reading, "science" and "useful arts" are not the separate domains of copyright and patent as they are under the dominant reading today. Rather than suggesting that the unitary reading is simply the better solution, however, I suggest that the Supreme Court's recent analysis of the Second Amendment in District of Columbia v. …


In Queensland (a state of Australia) public libraries are emerging as a key ally in the fight against sliding literacy rates in school children.

First 5 Forever, a $20 million state government funded initiative was established in 2015 to help address a negative literacy trend in school age children by offering families with newborns, toddlers and pre-schoolers vital support and resources. Programming now has the potential to reach 99% of the Queensland population.

The initiative is coordinated by the State Library of Queensland, delivered through public libraries and is provided free to families with children aged zero to five years.

Why libraries? With branches in every community, libraries were recognised as being uniquely placed to directly reach families – a significant strength as Queensland is nearly five times the size of Japan, seven times the size of Great Britain, and two and a half times the size of Texas.

There are more public libraries in Queensland than McDonalds restaurants, so it made sense to harness their strong community presence to reach and impact on families. However, commonsense in the digital age tells us that having extensive physical presence is not everything.

This is why a First 5 Forever statewide marketing strategy was developed – to support a strong network of libraries to expand their reach, promote their role and raise awareness around the importance of early literacy.

The core reasons why families were targeted to engage with First 5 Forever were founded on evidence from neuroscience, early childhood and various health fields. Building a strong case for why parents and caregivers should participate was a challenge. It couldn't easily be drilled down to a single tagline or campaign slogan so social media and videos were used extensively to effectively engage families.

The First 5 Forever team worked with the Queensland network of libraries to deliver compelling content that would resonate to a diverse community of families who live cities, regional towns and small remote islands.

Videos designed for release on social media channels were identified early as effective tools for the network to use to engage families on the importance of participating and to draw them into their libraries and outreach activities.

Four videos were created, each with their own purpose and all have been extremely successful on social media, collectively achieving nearly half a million views and high engagement among target groups.

This presentation will also share the success stories of creating and using local content across social networks to connect with families and stakeholders.


We report here initial results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey, an ongoing new search for Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) and Centaurs using the 8K × 8K Mosaic CCD array on the 4 m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Within the interval covered in this paper, useful observations were obtained during seven nights in 1998 October and November, 1999 April, and 2000 February. We used a novel technique to efficiently find and determine positions of moving objects. Sixty-nine KBOs and Centaurs with apparent magnitudes between 20.6 and approximately the 24th magnitude were discovered. Nine or 10 of the newly discovered KBOs appear to be in the 3 : 2 mean motion resonance with Neptune, and four appear to be scattered-disk objects. Three objects were found that may be in the 4 : 3 resonance. Sixty-two of the objects reported here have been observed on at least one additional night and have received designations. Our own follow-up astrometry was done primarily with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope in queue-scheduled mode and with the Steward Observatory 90 inch (2.3 m) telescope. Others, using a variety of telescopes, recovered a significant number of our objects. Although not a primary objective of the survey, positions of all main-belt asteroids, Trojan asteroids, and nearby fast-moving asteroids seen in our data also have been determined, and most have been reported to the Minor Planet Center. Through simulations and analysis of the existing KBO database, we have investigated the uncertainty to be expected in various KBO orbital parameters as a function of the extent of the astrometric coverage. The results indicate that the heliocentric distance of an object and the inclination of its orbit can be narrowly constrained with observations from a single apparition. Accurate determination of semimajor axis and eccentricity, on the other hand, requires astrometric data extending over additional apparitions. Based on the observed distribution of orbital inclinations in our sample, we have estimated the true distribution of orbital inclinations in the Kuiper belt and find it to be similar to that of the short-period comets. This result is consistent with the commonly held belief that the Kuiper belt is the source region of the short-period comets.


ABSTRACT The literature on women's participation in public protests and movements shows that even when they are prominent actors within these, most women are excluded from the male-dominated decision-making spaces within which negotiations with the state occur. In this article we look at the case of an ethnic struggle for rights in a conservative and conflict-affected region in which women have gained prominence over time, to the extent that they are the face of the protests. We find that this has led to changes in the nature and purpose of the struggle: from male-dominated violent protests focused on expressions of anger, to female-focused peaceful sit-ins holding the state accountable for a lack of security. However, we continue to see women excluded from the spaces within the movement where decisions are made: despite being visible to the outside world, women protesters are invisible in decision-making inside their community and homes. Why are women protest leaders unable to transform their temporary public leadership into more enduring forms of influence? We draw on 13 in-depth interviews with 13 Hazara women leaders, key in mobilising other women in the city of Quetta in Pakistan, to provide some explanations for why protest presence and leadership has not resulted in a greater decision-making role. We find the intersection of patriarchy, identity politics, and social structures playing a key negative role on Hazara women's influence in decision-making processes. Women within movements cannot be empowered in the absence of wider shifts in patriarchal social norms – even when they actively take on the state – but there are visible changes in their expectations and perceptions of their own role.


Creativity is increasingly cited as the key to social and economic change in the twenty-first century. It is also a very modern concept—making its first appearance as an English noun in 1875. This essay investigates the cultural construction of creativity in the context of the history of ideas. It understands creativity not as an innate human instinct or ability, but as an idea that emerges out of specific historical moments, shaped by the discourses of politics, science, commerce, and nation. It shifts the ground of analysis away from the naturalised models that have traditionally dominated the field of creative practice research, in order to highlight the historicity of a concept that is more commonly deemed to be without history.


Statistical Model Checking (SMC) is a computationally very efficient verification technique based on selective system sampling. One well identified shortcoming of SMC is that, unlike probabilistic model checking, it cannot be applied to systems featuring nondeterminism, such as Markov Decision Processes (MDP). We address this limitation by developing an algorithm that resolves nondeterminism probabilistically, and then uses multiple rounds of sampling and Reinforcement Learning to provably improve resolutions of nondeterminism with respect to satisfying a Bounded Linear Temporal Logic (BLTL) property. Our algorithm thus reduces an MDP to a fully probabilistic Markov chain on which SMC may be applied to give an approximate solution to the problem of checking the probabilistic BLTL property. We integrate our algorithm in a parallelised modification of the PRISM simulation framework. Extensive validation with both new and PRISM benchmarks demonstrates that the approach scales very well in scenarios where symbolic algorithms fail to do so.


The dominance of online social networking sites, such as Facebook, in much of contemporary life necessarily sparks various questions and concerns in terms of information privacy (boyd & Ellison, 2008; Gross & Acquisti, 2005; Mayer-Schsnberger, 2011; Solove, 2007), online identity and representation (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2006; Marwick, 2013), and, broadly, the complexities of social life online (Baym, 2013; boyd, 2014; Dijck, 2013). An important step towards addressing these concerns is to gain a better understanding of how Facebook – the world's largest social networking site – approaches these debates, how it frames issues of privacy and user rights within its own discourse, and how this framing might be reflected in the design of the platform and the affordances it provides (see, for example, Cheney, Christensen, Conrad, & Lair, 2004). Since the messages propagated by a technology's purveyors can play a particularly influential role in the development of our knowledge and understanding of that technology (Pfaffenberger, 1992), this paper will approach these questions through the lens of Facebook's founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg's own language. Making use of "The Zuckerberg Files" (Zimmer, 2013) – a digital archive of all public utterances by Facebook's founder and CEO totaling over 100,000 words – this paper reports the results of a discourse analysis of Zuckerberg's public language as it relates to related concepts of information privacy and control—as well as attendant concepts of sharing, openness, and the ownership of data.


One area for sustainable engineering is the efficient use of recycled aggregates obtained from construction and demolition and also as by-products derived from industrial waste that optimises economic and environmental benefits. For the past five decades, studies on the effect of coarse recycled aggregates (RCA) on properties of concrete have been going on, and in fact, none of them reported that good quality coarse RCA, from the mechanical point of view, is unsustainable for structural use.

However, according to the limits stated in BS EN 8500 part 2 (2006), at least 87% of the coarse RCA shall be obtained by crushing old hardened concrete debris. As it was impossible to obtain such good quality aggregates from existing plants, coarse recycled aggregate (RA*) containing 60% of coarse RCA, 10% asphalt, 10% brick, 15% unbound aggregate, and 5% fines and other materials was used in this study.

The main aim of this study was to determine and compare the structural properties of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) of equal compressive strength by using different percentage of course RA* and to investigate the suitability of coarse RA* for use in steel-reinforced concrete elements.

The study was carried out in three phases. Phase 1 involved the characterisation of the aggregates through a testing regime which include physical and mechanical assessments to study their possible application in concrete production. It was found that the aggregates were suitable to produce normal concrete.

For the Phase 2, the effect of the coarse RA* content (up to 100%) on the main properties of concrete was investigated. The results showed that there was a gradual decrease in slump (up to 24%), compressive strength (up to 21%), flexural strength (up to 10%) and modulus of elasticity (up to 30%) as the percentage of coarse RA* increased up to 100%. Thereafter, NA concrete and RA concrete with the same slump and compressive strength made with 100% Portland cement (PC) only and also with a combination of 70% PC and 30% pulverised fuel ash (PFA), were produced. Flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage, and creep were determined and compared. The compressive strength of RA concretes was increased by lowering the w/c ratio through reducing the free water content.

For the Phase 3, pull-out test was carried out using 16mm and 20mm reformed bars embedded in concrete cylinders made with equal strength NA and RA concretes to investigate the bonding strength. It was discovered that the coarse RA* content had no significant effect on the values of pull-out force. Then, for studying flexural properties (cracking load, ultimate load, deflection, strain in rebar, strain in concrete, and pattern of cracks) of steel-reinforced recycled concrete (RRC) beams, two types of beam sections (under-reinforced and over-reinforced) were made with equal strength NA and RA concretes and tested. It was discovered that the difference in ultimate load values was negligible. Although higher deflections were observed for RA beams, the deflections were still within acceptable limits. Overall, it was concluded that, the flexural behaviour of steel-RRC beams made with equal strength concrete is not considerably affected by the presence of coarse RA*, as well as PFA, and the differences were minor with no practical significance. However, due to effect of coarse RA* on the shrinkage and creep strains, their use in structural elements prone to such deformations may require some special considerations.


As unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications become more complex and versatile there is an increasing need to allow multiple UAVs to cooperate to solve problems which are beyond the capability of each individual UAV. To provide more complete and accurate information about the environment we present a DyKnow federation framework for information integration in multi-node networks of UAVs. A federation is created and maintained using a multiagent delegation framework and allows UAVs to share local information as well as process information from other UAVs as if it were local using the DyKnow knowledge processing middleware framework. The work is presented in the context of a multi UAV traffic monitoring scenario.


Circumsporozoite (CS) protein is the major surface component of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites and is essential for host cell invasion. A vaccine containing tandem repeats, region III, and thrombospondin type-I repeat (TSR) of CS is efficacious in phase III trials but gives only a 35% reduction in severe malaria in the first year postimmunization. We solved crystal structures showing that region III and TSR fold into a single unit, an "αTSR" domain. The αTSR domain possesses a hydrophobic pocket and core, missing in TSR domains. CS binds heparin, but αTSR does not. Interestingly, polymorphic T-cell epitopes map to specialized αTSR regions. The N and C termini are unexpectedly close, providing clues for sporozoite sheath organization. Elucidation of a unique structure of a domain within CS enables rational design of next-generation subunit vaccines and functional and medicinal chemical investigation of the conserved hydrophobic pocket.


My applied engineering research and industrial application work of the past 20 years is presented in this dissertation. It is the conjecture of my work that only if thorough first principles knowledge of the depth of process metallurgy and recycling is available, can meaningful first principles environmental models be developed. These models can then evaluate technology, provide well argued and first principles environmental information to our tax paying consumer society as well as to legislators and environmentalists. Only through this path can one estimate the limits of recycling and its technology, hence evaluate the true boundaries of sustainability. My work with students has presently culminated in the detailed modelling and simulation of recycling systems for post-consumer goods. Notably the models are finding an application in the prediction of legally required recycling rates for automobiles. The models provide first principles arguments for less stringent EU recycling legislation and the integration of the first principles models in computer aided design tools of the automotive industry as part of a large EU 6 Framework (project managed by Volkswagen and the other European car producers). Presently these models are also being converted to model the Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) as well as water recycling systems respectively, both for industry in The Netherlands. This unique rigorous integration of systems engineering, reactor technology and process control theory is the basis of all my work to describe recycling systems as dynamic feedback control loops. My large body of acquired industrial knowledge renders these models practical and can hence be used by the automotive and recycling industries. The origins of this work may be found in the various cited publications and reports to industry by myself (due to my close association with industry as well as industrial experience) over the past 20 years as well as the work of my students, covering topics such as: • system optimization models for flotation, mineral beneficiation and recycling systems and applying these for design for recycling and argue for better/improved first-principles based legislation, • industrial measurement, modelling and simulation of industrial extractive process pyrometallurgical reactors as well waste incinerators and recycling plants, • various activities in other areas such as hydrometallurgy, clean and new breakthrough technology, and • process control of industrial metallurgical reactors by among others the application of artificial intelligence techniques. All the ideas of the last years have been worked out with students and have been summarized in our book: "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology, Harmonizing the resource, technology and environmental cycles".


Non-democratic and democratic regimes alike have been attracted to the promise of the global information superhighway. However, the Internet contains a number of features which are potentially damaging to the legitimacy of incumbent non-democratic governments. The scope and ease of obtaining information on the World Wide Web provides the means for undermining one of the central pillars of non-democratic rule: centralized control over the domestic distribution of information and ideas. Furthermore, the communication capabilities available to Internet users assists in the creation of autonomous "public spaces" which can threaten the political preeminence of non-democratic authorities.

Unfortunately for skittish regimes, designing solutions to the make cyberspace "safe" for public use in order to preempt internal challenges to state authorities are hampered by the fact that the features which cause problems for non-democratic rulers are the same attributes which make the technology so attractive. I will examine several countries' history with the Internet, with particular attention paid to China, to illustrate the attractions of the Internet and the lengths to which officials have gone to make this technology politically reliable.


India changed its data sources and methodology for estimating real gross domestic product (GDP) for the period since 2011-12. This paper shows that this change has led to a significant overestimation of growth. Official estimates place annual average GDP growth between 2011-12 and 2016-17 at about 7 percent. We estimate that actual growth may have been about 4.5 percent with a 95 percent confidence interval of 3.5 - 5.5 percent. The evidence, based on disaggregated data from India and cross-sectional/panel regressions, is robust. Lending further credence to the evidence, part of the overestimation can be related to a key methodological change, which affected the measurement of the formal manufacturing sector. These findings alter our understanding of India's growth performance after the Global Financial Crisis, from spectacular to solid. Two important policy implications follow: the entire national income accounts estimation should be revisited, harnessing new opportunities created by the Goods and Services Tax to significantly improve it; and restoring growth should be the urgent priority for the new government.


Cell membranes are composed of several different lipid and sterol products. Among these are, chiefly, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, various proteins posttranslationally modified to carry lipids and sterols. The sterol that is prevalent in fungi, including yeast, is ergosterol. It plays the same physiological role as cholesterol in mammalian cells. That is, mainly, to control membrane fluidity. Membranes in general are extremely important to the normal functioning of any cell and its subcellular compartments. The primary factor in the normal functioning of a membrane is the relative composition of the previously mentioned components. Even though there is a high amount of traffic between different membranes within a cell, each one requires its own distinct composition in order to function properly. How cells maintain these distinct compositions is of great interest because abnormal sterol levels have been linked to many diseases in humans, including heart disease and Alzheimer's disease. In a previous study, a yeast knockout library was screened for sensitivity to a class of anti-fungal drugs called triterpene glycosides. Triterpene glycosides, or TTG, are drugs that work by disturbing membranes. Of the yeast mutants that were found to be hyper-sensitive to TTG, two, ERG4 and ERG5, were found to be involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Erg4p, a C-24(28) reductase, is the last enzyme in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. When this gene is knocked out, there is a complete lack of ergosterol in the membrane. Instead, the enzyme's substrate, ergosta5,7,22,24(28)-tetraen-3beta-ol, accumulates in the membrane. Likewise, when the ERG5 gene is deleted, the enzyme's substrate, ergosta-5,7,24-trien3beta-ol, accumulates in the place of ergosterol. The Erg5p is a known C-22 desaturase and immediately precedes C-24(28) reductase in the biosynthetic pathway. Another gene displaying the hyper-sensitive phenotype, OSH3, is involved in the transport of sterols to and from the plasma membrane, and the esterification of exogenous sterol products, though its exact function is as yet uncharacterized. We have begun high copy suppression screens, using TTG, which seek to identify compensation mechanisms between the major components of membranes. Unfortunately, one of these screens did not give enough data to justify continuing the project. The other, however, has been successful, yielding several suppression candidates, and the first phase of the screen is drawing to a close. Now that suppressors have been found, the lab will then work to understand how these particular genes compensate for alterations in the levels of ergosterol in the yeast membranes and rescue the TTG hypersensitive phenotype. These studies seek to lay the groundwork for understanding the interplay of the various membrane components, the importance of their relative composition in a membrane, and the process by which cells regulate the compositions of membrane components, particularly the primary yeast sterol, ergosterol.


Abstract The theme of this year's meeting of the powerful 13,000 member strong American Sociological Association (ASA) was 'public sociologies'. The term public sociology was invented in the United States to criticise and counter mounting professionalisation. In many countries of today the term public sociology is not necessary as sociology is presumed to be public. In order to illustrate this point the ASA invited representatives from different regions of the world to discuss the distinctive configurations of national public sociologies and the issues they address. Seven panels were drawn from East Asia, India, Latin America, Palestine, post-communist societies, the United States and South Africa.


The standard formulation of Quantum Mechanics violates locality of interactions and the action reaction principle. An alternative formulation in an extended phase space could preserve both principles, but Bell's theorems show that a distribution of probability in a space of local variables can not reproduce the quantum correlations. An extended phase space is defined in an alternative formulation of Quantum Mechanics. Quantum states are represented by a complex valued distribution of amplitude, so that Bell's theorems do not apply.


The field of Atlantic history analyzes the Atlantic Ocean and its four adjoining continents as a single unit of historical analysis. The field is a style of inquiry as much as it is a study of a geographic region. It is an approach that emphasizes connections and circulations, and its practitioners tend to de-emphasize political borders in their interest in exploring the experiences of people whose lives were transformed by their location within this large region. The field's focus is the period from c. 1450 to 1900, but important debates about periodization reflect the challenges of writing a history that has no single geographic vantage point yet strives to be as inclusive as possible. The history of the United States intersects with Atlantic history in multiple ways, although the fields are neither parallel nor coterminous. Assessing the topics of slavery and citizenship, as they developed in the United States and around the Atlantic, demonstrate the potential advantages of this broader perspective on US history. Although the field emphasizes the early modern era, legacies of Atlantic history pervade the modern world, and individuals and institutions continue to struggle to understand all of the ways these legacies shape legal, social, economic, cultural, and political practices in the first decades of the 21st century.


This article challenges the idea that transitional justice mechanisms will naturally lead to a collective memory that results in a widespread societal condemnation of human rights violations. Instead, the author draws from the field of Memory Studies to debunk the assumption that there is a smooth path towards a national narrative about atrocity. Different societal actors accompany the transitional justice process, actively and purposefully seeking to use judicial and non-judicial justice mechanisms to construct public memories that fit within their own interpretations and political agendas resulting in many contested versions of the past. This situation presents a paradox for transitional justice advocates: On the one hand, tolerating expression of different interpretations and opinions of the past promotes the ideals of democracy. However, when versions of the past justify or explain away atrocity, they challenge the political project of building a culture of rights and the rule of law. This Article examines how this paradox plays out when a transitional justice project includes national criminal trials. This focus represents a new direction in memory scholarship since most studies focus more directly on the relationship between truth commissions and memory. Moreover, most scholarship looking at the relation between memory and trials offer only theoretical speculations. This narrow focus can best be explained by the fact that transitional justice evolved as a response to the inability or unwillingness to conduct criminal trials, a trend that has begun to change only in the last decade with a rise in national human rights trials especially in Latin America. The author responds to this gap in study by offering an empirical examination of how human rights and genocide trials impact the process of memory formation by discussing the 2013 trial of former Guatemalan leader General Jose Efrain Rios Montt, for genocide and crimes against humanity. Through a systematic evaluation of news reports and opinion pieces, the author discusses the nuances of Guatemala's memory battle over whether or not the country suffered a genocide. The author contends that a country's long term interpretation of its past, and its agenda for the future, depends on which camp of memory-makers wins this memory battle. Importantly a collective memory is the first step towards cultivating its collective consciousness which leads to a conscience that can influence how its members buy into this culture of rights, accountability, equality and other essential attributes to sustainable peace. Importantly, it is often the nature of the memory making process itself, as opposed to a final memory product that predicts the outcome of memory surrounding national human rights trials. For this reason, the author argues that an endeavor to embark on a journey of transitional justice must consciously contemplate the role of memory production in its design.


An application of semi-supervised learning is
made to the problem of person identification in
low quality webcam images. Using a set of images
of ten people collected over a period of four
months, the person identification task is posed
as a graph-based semi-supervised learning problem,
where only a few training images are labeled.
The importance of domain knowledge
in graph construction is discussed, and experiments
are presented that clearly show the advantage
of semi-supervised learning over standard
supervised learning. The data used in the study
is available to the research community to encourage
further investigation of this problem.


I argue that modern piracy is a serious crime of international concern that should be included within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (the "ICC") by way of an optional protocol. The increasing frequency and severity of pirate attacks is well-known to anyone watching or reading the daily news. Piracy poses a threat to the safety and security of ships and crews from around the globe, as well as to international trade, humanitarian aid deliveries, the stability of nations, and the environment. However, even though the international community seems uniquely focused on repressing piracy - by, for example, employing coordinated naval fleets to patrol pirate-infested waters - nations are doing little to ensure that those responsible for increasingly brazen and violent attacks are brought to justice. Instead, a culture of impunity reigns, with captured pirates often being released and permitted to continue their illegal activities. Nations are not prosecuting piracy suspects with any regularity: because they do not have the laws, capacity, or resources to mount such prosecutions, or because they alone do not want to bear the various burdens associated with an expensive and difficult prosecution that affects numerous nations. The attached article aims to contribute to the discussion about how to end the culture of impunity that surrounds piracy offenses. I focus specifically on judicial solutions to the problem of modern piracy, arguing that prosecuting pirates through the ICC could help to close that impunity gap. Even if all acts of piracy will not cease when pirates are shown that the international community is united to ensure they are brought to justice for their criminal acts, at least some pirates may learn that in return for their crimes they will be punished, rather than rewarded.


textabstractA mobile channel is a link that provides an asynchronous and anonymous means of communication between components in a distributed system. A channel is called mobile if either of its (channel-)ends can be moved from one component to another without the knowledge of the component at its other end. Such mobility allows dynamic reconfiguration of channel connections among the components in a system, a property that is very useful and even crucial in systems where the components themselves are mobile. In this thesis we present MoCha, a model for distributed Mobile Channels. MoCha describes an efficient and non-trivial implementation of an asynchronous mobile channel in a distributed environment. After presenting an intuitive explanation of MoCha using text and figures, and a simplified version first, we present the full version. Finally, we discuss MoCha, show that it is indeed an efficient and non-trivial implementation, and discuss future work


Summary: Dry forests throughout the United States are fire-dependent ecosystems, and much attention has been given to restoring their ecological function. As such, land managers often are tasked with reintroducing fire via prescribed fire, wildland fire use, and fire-surrogate treatments such as thinning and mastication. During planning, managers frequently are expected to anticipate effects of management actions on wildlife species. This document represents a synthesis of existing knowledge on wildlife responses to fire and fire-surrogate treatments, presented in a useful, management-relevant format. Based on scoping meetings and dialogue with public lands managers from throughout the United States, we provide detailed, species-level, summary tables for project biologists and fire managers trying to anticipate the effects of fire and fire-surrogate treatments on local wildlife species.


Stronger linkages between the ICT industry and universities have been called for by both the ICT industry and by universities. The study described in this paper explores the ways in which the ICT industry believes it can and should contribute to ICT education and research in universities. The results confirm how important relationships with universities are seen to be and that industry would like to expand its level of involvement. Industry would like further involvement in curriculum design, both directly and through professional associations. The involvement sought is not just with respect to high-level themes, but many participants felt that they would like input into the content of individual subjects. In addition to providing teaching related input and support, many in industry would also like to benefit from the expertise in universities by attending university run short courses. The paper makes recommendations for how universities and industry can act to strengthen linkages.


Driving a safety critical task that requires a high level of attention and workload from the driver. Despite this, people often perform secondary tasks such as eating or using a mobile phone, which increase workload levels and divert cognitive and physical attention from the primary task of driving. As well as these distractions, the driver may also be overloaded for other reasons, such as dealing with an incident on the road or holding conversations in the car. One solution to this distraction problem is to limit the functionality of in-car devices while the driver is overloaded. This can take the form of withholding an incoming phone call or delaying the display of a non-urgent piece of information about the vehicle.

In order to design and build these adaptions in the car, we must first have an understanding of the driver's current level of workload. Traditionally, driver workload has been monitored using physiological sensors or camera systems in the vehicle. However, physiological systems are often intrusive and camera systems can be expensive and are unreliable in poor light conditions. It is important, therefore, to use methods that are non-intrusive, inexpensive and robust, such as sensors already installed on the car and accessible via the Controller Area Network (CAN)-bus.

This thesis presents a data mining methodology for this problem, as well as for others in domains with similar types of data, such as human activity monitoring. It focuses on the variable selection stage of the data mining process, where inputs are chosen for models to learn from and make inferences. Selecting inputs from vehicle telemetry data is challenging because there are many irrelevant variables with a high level of redundancy. Furthermore, data in this domain often contains biases because only relatively small amounts can be collected and processed, leading to some variables appearing more relevant to the classification task than they are really.

Over the course of this thesis, a detailed variable selection framework that addresses these issues for telemetry data is developed. A novel blocked permutation method is developed and applied to mitigate biases when selecting variables from potentially biased temporal data. This approach is infeasible computationally when variable redundancies are also considered, and so a novel permutation redundancy measure with similar properties is proposed. Finally, a known redundancy structure between features in telemetry data is used to enhance the feature selection process in two ways. First the benefits of performing raw signal selection, feature extraction, and feature selection in different orders are investigated. Second, a two-stage variable selection framework is proposed and the two permutation based methods are combined. Throughout the thesis, it is shown through classification evaluations and inspection of the features that these permutation based selection methods are appropriate for use in selecting features from CAN-bus data.


We develop an algorithm to compute asset allocations for Kahneman and Tversky's (Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291, 1979) prospect theory. An application to benchmark data as in Fama and French (Journal of Financial Economics, 47(2), 427–465, 1992) shows that the equity premium puzzle is resolved for parameter values similar to those found in the laboratory experiments of Kahneman and Tversky (Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291, 1979). While previous studies like Benartzi and Thaler (The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1), 73–92, 1995), Barberis, Huang and Santos (The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 1–53, 2001), and Grüne and Semmler (Asset prices and loss aversion, Germany, Mimeo Bielefeld University, 2005) focussed on dynamic aspects of asset pricing but only used loss aversion to explain the equity premium puzzle our paper explains the unconditional moments of asset pricing by a static two-period optimization problem. However, we incorporate asymmetric risk aversion. Our approach allows reducing the degree of loss aversion from 2.353 to 2.25, which is the value found by Tversky and Kahneman (Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 297–323, 1992) while increasing the risk aversion from 1 to 0.894, which is a slightly higher value than the 0.88 found by Tversky and Kahneman (Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 297–323, 1992). The equivalence of these parameter settings is robust to incorporating the size and the value portfolios of Fama and French (Journal of Finance, 47(2), 427–465, 1992). However, the optimal prospect theory portfolios found on this larger set of assets differ drastically from the optimal mean-variance portfolio.


Lindsay Allason-Jones has been at the forefront of small finds and Roman frontier research for 40 years in a career focussed on, but not exclusive to, the north of Britain, encompassing an enormous range of object types and subject areas. Divided into thematic sections the contributions presented here to celebrate her many achievements all represent at least one aspect of Lindsay's research interests. These encompass social and industrial aspects of northern frontier forts; new insights into inscribed and sculptural stones specific to military communities; religious, cultural and economic connotations of Roman armour finds; the economic and ideological penetration of romanitas in the frontiers as reflected by individual objects and classes of finds; evidence of trans-frontier interactions and invisible people; the role of John Clayton in the exploration and preservation of Hadrian's Wall and its material culture; the detailed consideration of individual objects of significant interest; and a discussion of the widespread occurrence of mice in Roman art.


A stochastic implementation of the multiple mapping conditioning (MMC) model has been used for the modelling of turbulence–chemistry interactions in a series of turbulent jet diffusion flames with varying degrees of local extinction (Sandia Flames D–F). The mapping function approximates the cumulative probability distribution of mixture fraction and the corresponding variance can be controlled by a standard implementation of the scalar mixing timescale. The conditional fluctuations are controlled by a minor dissipation timescale, τmin. The results show a clear dependence of the conditional fluctuations on the choice of the minor timescale, and the appropriate value for turbulent jet flames is similar to values determined in related direct numerical simulation (DNS) studies of homogeneous turbulent reacting flows. The predictions of means and variances of temperature and species mass fractions are very good for all flames, indicating an appropriate modelling of the conditional variances. Further sensitivity studies with respect to particle number density demonstrate a relative insensitivity of the results to the particle number in the numerical solution procedure. Good results can be obtained with as few as 10 particles per cell, allowing for a computationally inexpensive implementation of a Monte Carlo/probability density function (PDF) method.


In the early months of the Trump Administration, the federal government has signaled its plans to exploit and expand what I have called the "shadows" of immigration court, referring to mechanisms used by the Department of Homeland Security to deport immigrants with little to no involvement from the immigration courts. As a result, the resource limitations of the immigration court system are unlikely to function as a meaningful practical check on the government's ability to carry out its deportation goals. If so, how might the movement for immigrants' rights be impacted? What shifts in strategy and resistance might become necessary?

This symposium essay discusses the early indications of the Trump Administration's plans to rely more heavily on the shadows of immigration court, along with the watering down of procedural protection in immigration courts. It also considers the implications of such an expansion for immigrant communities and for advocacy in this area, with a focus on the potential for both legal and non-legal interventions. It concludes by calling on lawyers, organizers and allies to consider the explosion of shadow removals in resistance efforts.


In the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, employees of Internet startups took risks--left well-paying jobs for the chance of striking it rich through stock options (only to end up unemployed a year later), relocated to areas that were epicenters of a booming industry (that shortly went bust), chose the opportunity to be creative over the stability of a set schedule. In Venture Labor, Gina Neff investigates choices like these made by high-tech workers in New York City's "Silicon Alley" in the 1990s. Why did these workers exhibit entrepreneurial behavior in their jobs--investing time, energy, and other personal resources that Neff terms "venture labor"--when they themselves were employees and not entrepreneurs? Neff argues that this behavior was part of a broader shift in society in which economic risk shifted away from collective responsibility toward individual responsibility. In the new economy, risk and reward took the place of job loyalty, and the dot-com boom helped glorify risks. Company flexibility was gained at the expense of employee security. Through extensive interviews, Neff finds not the triumph of the entrepreneurial spirit but a mixture of motivations and strategies, informed variously by bravado, navet, and cold calculation. She connects these individual choices with larger social and economic structures, making it clear that understanding venture labor is of paramount importance for encouraging innovation and, even more important, for creating sustainable work environments that support workers.


Complete vineyard floor cover cropping (inter- and intrarow) and vine root pruning were evaluated as tools to restrict vegetative growth of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot, randomized, complete block design with cover crop schemes as main plots and annual vine root pruning (RP), or not (NRP), as subplots. Five perennial grasses as complete floor cover crops were compared to a more conventional under-trellis herbicide strip combined with KY-31 fescue interrows. KY-31 fescue and orchardgrass each reduced shoot growth rate by >30% in 2006 and >20% in 2007, below that of the herbicide-strip control vines. Root pruning independently reduced shoot growth rates. The combination of cover crop and RP decreased dormant pruning weights more than did the additive effects of either factor applied alone. Pruning weights in 2010 were reduced 8% below the control by RP, by 15% by cover crop, but by 38% when both treatments were applied. Leaf petiole N concentration at bloom was ~11% lower in RP vines in two of three years evaluated, but did not differ among vines grown with different cover crops. Stem water potential (Ψstem) was not affected by treatments. Cover cropping did not reduce crop yield with the exception of reduced yield due to KY-31 fescue in 2006. Berry weights were slightly reduced by a RP × year interaction from 2007 to 2009 and by a year effect in 2011 compared to 2010. While complete vineyard floor cover cropping and root pruning were effective tools to reduce vine size and vigor, effects on canopy architecture and primary fruit chemistry were minimal and more influenced by seasonal variation.


This study explored opinions relating to the war on terrorism for seven groups of participants in the 2007 Pew poll of U.S Muslims: African-American Muslims and Muslims born in Iran, Pakistan, other South Asian countries, Arab countries, European countries, and sub-Saharan African countries.  For all seven groups, half or more of respondents did not believe the US war on terrorism is sincere. Yet less than ten percent had favorable opinions of Al-Qaeda or justified suicide bombing in defense of Islam.  Within these general similarities two groups stood out.  Iran-born Muslims were on average less religious than other groups, had higher education and income, and reported least support for suicide bombing.  African-American Muslims reported lower education and income than other groups and were most negative about the war on terrorism. These results indicate that US Muslims are not a homogenous community; understanding Muslim views of the war on terrorism will require study of origin-based subcultures.


Governments regard different policy options to mitigate insurgent nationalist terrorism and extremism. These policies can be tentatively classified according to whether they correspond to either a "public order" frame or a "responsive" frame. This article carries out time-series multivariant analyses aimed at evaluating what efficacy different policies inspired from one or another approach have had with respect to Basque nationalist terrorism and extremism as well as to assess the consistency of a number of well-established hypotheses. The findings suggest that a combination of efficacious, but flexible law-ruled public order policies, together with very substantial doses of responsiveness, explains the ongoing mitigation of these phenomena. However, the results also show that certain specific policy choices have been either inefficacious or counterproductive. There is also the paradox that terrorist violence itself tends to decrease the attitudinal social bases of insurgent nationalist extremism.


This paper revisits the credit spread puzzle in bank CDS spreads from the perspective of information contagion. The puzzle, rst detected in corporate bonds, consists of two stylized facts: Structural determinants of credit risk not only have low explanatory power but also fail to capture a systematic common factor in the residuals (Collin-Dufresne et al., 2001). For the case of banks, we hypothesize that the puzzle exists because of omitted network effects. We therefore extend the structural models to account for information spillovers based on bank business model similarities. To capture this channel, we propose and construct a new intuitive measure for portfolio overlap using the complete asset holdings of the largest banks in the Eurozone. Incorporating the network information into the structural model for bank credit spreads increases explanatory power and explains the systemic common factor in the residuals.


Unsupervised image captioning with no annotations is an emerging challenge in computer vision, where the existing arts usually adopt GAN (Generative

Adversarial Networks) models. In this paper, we propose a novel memory-based network rather than GAN, named Recurrent Relational Memory

Network (R2M). Unlike complicated and sensitive adversarial learning that non-ideally performs for long sentence generation, R2M implements

a concepts-to-sentence memory translator through two-stage memory mechanisms: fusion and recurrent memories, correlating the relational reasoning

between common visual concepts and the generated words for long periods. R2M encodes visual context through unsupervised training on images,

while enabling the memory to learn from irrelevant textual corpus via supervised fashion. Our solution enjoys less learnable parameters and

higher computational efficiency than GAN-based methods, which heavily bear parameter sensitivity. We experimentally validate the superiority of R2M

than state-of-the-arts on all benchmark datasets.


Achronix SpeedcoreTM eFPGA IP can be integrated in an SoC for high-performance, compute-intensive and realtime processing applications such as AI, automotive sensor fusion, network acceleration and wireless 5G. Speedcore eFPGA IP is a game-changer for SoC developers, allowing them to add flexibility to their products by including FPGA technology in their ASICs. For SoC development, companies specify the quantity and mix of lookup-table (LUT) logic, embedded memory blocks, and DSP blocks that best meets their needs. Along with these functions, Achronix now offers the ability for companies to define custom block functions, optimized for their application, that can also be included in the eFPGA fabric. Speedcore custom blocks increase die area efficiency, increase performance and lower power.


Predictive models are finding an increasing number of applications in many industries. As a result, a practical means for trading-off the cost of deploying a model versus its effectiveness is needed. Our work is motivated by risk prediction problems in healthcare. Cost-structures in domains such as healthcare are quite complex, posing a significant challenge to existing approaches. We propose a novel framework for designing cost-sensitive structured regularizers that is suitable for problems with complex cost dependencies. We draw upon a surprising connection to boolean circuits. In particular, we represent the problem costs as a multi-layer boolean circuit, and then use properties of boolean circuits to define an extended feature vector and a group regularizer that exactly captures the underlying cost structure. The resulting regularizer may then be combined with a fidelity function to perform model prediction, for example. For the challenging real-world application of risk prediction for sepsis in intensive care units, the use of our regularizer leads to models that are in harmony with the underlying cost structure and thus provide an excellent prediction accuracy versus cost tradeoff.


This Article argues that, even though a carbon tax remains politically elusive, "carbon taxation by regulation" has begun to flourish as a way of financing carbon reduction. For more than a century, energy rate setting has been used to promote public good and redistributive goals, akin to general financial taxation. Various non-tax subsidies in customer energy rates have enormous untapped potential for promoting low-carbon sources of energy, while also balancing broader economic and social welfare goals.
While carbon taxation by regulation offers many benefits, regulators' narrow fixation on consumer protection and economic goals has hobbled realization of its potential. In comparison to a national carbon tax, customer subsidies in regulation are piecemeal, isolated in focus, and fragmented. They also have not been sufficiently attentive to revenue shortfalls and burden allocation, important fairness and equity issues, or negative and positive jurisdictional spillovers. Using a carbon tax as a benchmark, this Article identifies some principles to help guide efforts to reform, recalibrate and scale up customer rate subsidies to promote low-carbon sources of energy. State and federal agencies can better promote efficiency and social welfare in modern energy markets by aligning customer rate subsidies with the same principles that would inform optimal design of a carbon tax.


ABSTRACT  Spermacoce alata Aubl. and Spermacoce latifolia Aubl., frequently referred to as Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. and Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K. Schum., were described in the 18th century by Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée Aublet from French Guiana. They have sometimes been treated as a single species but are two easily distinguished species. Spermacoce alata occurs from Venezuela through the Guianas and in the eastern Amazon basin north of the Rio Amazonas and is not weedy. The New World distribution of S. latifolia is from southern Mexico through Central America and throughout eastern South America to Bolivia and Paraguay, and it is naturalized in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Spermacoce latifolia is a noxious weed that has frequently been misidentified as S. alata. The first documented reports of S. latifolia in Florida are presented. Given its aggressive colonization elsewhere, prompt consideration should be given to controlling the spread of S. latifolia in the southern USA.


"Just Must" (in Estonian: 'black and nothing but') was the theme of a jewellery exhibition in Tallinn in 2008, initiated and organised by the Estonian professor of jewellery Kadri Malk. Fifty-eight artists from eighteen countries presented their own, widely varying, individual solutions to this subject as documented in the present book. The jewellery shown here is 'black' on the one hand because dark or black materials such as jet, ebony or black diamonds have been used to make it. But it is also 'black' in the figurative sense, for example in the way it deals with existential problems. Pieces such as Konrad Mehus' gold Valium-dispenser brooch, Tanel Veenre's "Guilty Conscience" or Francis Willemstijn's "The Widow" are overtly about human anxieties, cares and crises. A "Dark Painting" by Tore Svensson, on the other hand, is just what the title says: a black painting that can be worn as a brooch. The approaches taken by these artists to the "black" theme documents the avant-garde stance represented in their art works: jewellery is no longer viewed as merely decorative or a status symbol whose value depends solely on the material of which it is made. Instead it becomes a vehicle for expressing aesthetic ideas by means of unconventional materials and forms. Artists featured in this title are: Robert Baines (Australia); Manfred Bischoff (Italy); Peter Chang (UK); Giovanni Corvaja (Italy); Johanna Dahm (Switzerland); Karl Fritsch (Germany); Mari Funaki (Japan); Therese Hilbert (Germany); Rian de Jong (the Netherlands); Otto Kunzli (Germany); Kadri Malk (Estonia); Ruudt Peters (the Netherlands); Karen Pontoppidan (Denmark); and, Ramon Puig Cuyas (Spain).


The intersection lines between discontinuity surfaces and their intersection points on the visible surfaces of any engineering structure may be the instability indicators. This paper describes a new approach to modelling the intersecting lines and points that would provide the first evaluation of any instability in an engineering structure characterized by the failure modes. In this work, the intersection lines were grouped according to their direction either in the reverse or in the same direction as the dip of the slope. Furthermore, the intersection lines are grouped according to various ranges of the interior friction angle, which can be selected by the users in a computer application developed for this work. The orientation of the intersecting lines and the location of the exposed intersection points are defined and assigned as the scatter points. These exposed points are clustered to determine the centroid locations. The K-means clustering is used in this step. Finally, all these analyses are integrated in a logical order, and the results obtained are used to assess the instabilities on the slope surface. Experiments are carried out on a rock cut along the Konya-Antalya (Turkey) highway, which is composed of limestone, to demonstrate the performance and results of the approach. The locations of the possible failure zones in the critical range of the interior friction angle are defined both visually and numerically along the slope. Experiments show that the proposed method is very useful and easy to implement and yields practical preliminary evaluation results pertaining to instabilities according to the basic failure modes.


Hypoxia, a characteristic of most human solid tumors, is a major obstacle to successful radiotherapy. Aim of this PhD study was to define the role of the Bcl 2 protein family in radioresistance conferred by exposure to acute and adaptation to cycling hypoxia and to evaluate whether pharmacologic targeting of the Bcl 2 rheostat improves sensitivity of hypoxic and hypoxia adapted cancer cells to the cytotoxic action of radiotherapy.
The results demonstrated that exposure to acute and adaptation to cycling hypoxia (represented by hypoxia selected NCI H460 cell model) alters the balance of Bcl 2 family proteins in favor of anti apoptotic family members, thereby elevating the apoptotic threshold and attenuating the success of radiotherapy. It was further shown that blocking anti apoptotic Bcl 2 family members by the clinically relevant BH3 mimetic ABT 263 enhanced the sensitivity of HCT116 colon cancer and NCI H460 lung cancer cells to the cytotoxic action of ionizing radiation. Importantly, this effect was not only observed in normoxia, but to a similar or even higher extent in severe hypoxia. ABT 263 furthermore enhanced the response of xenograft tumors of non selected and hypoxia selected NCI H460 cells to radiotherapy, thereby confirming the beneficial effect of combined treatment in vivo. Targeting the Bcl 2 rheostat with ABT 263 therefore is a particularly promising approach to overcome radioresistance of hypoxic and hypoxia adapted cancer cells. Moreover, intrinsic as well as ABT-263- and irradiation induced regulation of Bcl 2 family members was found to determine therapy sensitivity. In this context, Mcl 1 was identified as a resistance factor that interfered with apoptosis induction by ABT 263, ionizing radiation, and combinatorial administration.
Finally, hypoxia selected NCI H460 cells were characterized by an elevated capability to enhance mitochondrial respiration, which depended on fusion protein Opa1. This represents an additional mechanism of adaptation to adverse hypoxic conditions that might be relevant for improved survival and therapy resistance of cancer cells adapted to cycling hypoxia.
Collectively, the findings of the present PhD thesis provide novel insights into the molecular determinants of hypoxia mediated resistance to apoptosis and radiotherapy and a rationale for future therapies of hypoxic and hypoxia adapted tumor cell fractions.


This work proposes a way to align statistical modeling with decision making. We provide a method that propagates the uncertainty in predictive modeling to the uncertainty in operational cost, where operational cost is the amount spent by the practitioner in solving the problem. The method allows us to explore the range of operational costs associated with the set of reasonable statistical models, so as to provide a useful way for practitioners to understand uncertainty. To do this, the operational cost is cast as a regularization term in a learning algorithm's objective function, allowing either an optimistic or pessimistic view of possible costs, depending on the regularization parameter. From another perspective, if we have prior knowledge about the operational cost, for instance that it should be low, this knowledge can help to restrict the hypothesis space, and can help with generalization. We provide a theoretical generalization bound for this scenario. We also show that learning with operational costs is related to robust optimization.


The pesticide methyl bromide is being phased out internationally under the Montreal Protocol. Methyl bromide has been used for over 50 years to control insect, nematodes, pathogens, and weeds. It is used for soil fumigation before planting many fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and agricultural nurseries; for post-harvest fumigation of commodities in storage and prior to shipment; and for government-required quarantine treatment to prevent the spread of regulated exotic pests. Many U.S. users are concerned that existing alternatives to methyl bromide will be less effective and cause financial losses. To help mitigate the impacts of the phaseout, USDA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), universities, and private firms are working to develop new alternatives and make them available to methyl bromide users.


The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of relaxation to the nitric oxide (NO)-independent soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulators 5-cyclopropyl-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-4-ylamine (BAY 41-2272) and 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1) in the rat mesenteric artery. In endothelium-intact rings, BAY 41-2272 (0.0001–1 μM) and YC-1 (0.001–30 μM) caused concentration-dependent relaxations (pEC50 values of 8.21 ± 0.05 and 6.75 ± 0.06, respectively), which were shifted to the right by 6-fold in denuded rings. The sGC inhibitor H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (10 μM) partially attenuated the maximal responses to BAY 41-2272 and YC-1 and displaced their curves to the right by 9- to 10-fold in intact and 3-fold in denuded vessels. The NO synthesis inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μM) and the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (100 μM) reduced BAY 41-2272 and YC-1 relaxations, whereas the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil (0.1 μM) potentiated these responses. The phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A (50 nM) reduced the relaxant responses, and high concentrations of BAY 41-2272 (1 μM) and YC-1 (10 μM) inhibited Ca2+-induced contractions in K+-depolarized rings. BAY 41-2272 (0.1 μM) and YC-1 (1 μM) markedly elevated cGMP levels in an ODQ-sensitive manner. Coincubation of BAY 41-2272 or YC-1 with a NO donor resulted in a synergistic inhibition of phenylephrine-induced contractions paralleled by marked increases in cGMP levels. In conclusion, BAY 41-2272 and YC-1 relax the mesenteric artery through cGMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms, including blockade of Ca2+ influx. The synergistic responses probably reflect the direct effects of NO and NO-independent sGC stimulators on the enzyme, thus representing a potential therapeutic effect by permitting reductions of nitrovasodilator dose.


In a comparative multicentre study in the United States, the neuromuscular-blocking and safety profile of cisatracurium and vecuronium has been evaluated in critically ill, intensive care unit (ICU) patients requiring long-term neuromuscular block (up to 6 days) to facilitate mechanical ventilation. The mean infusion rate of cisatracurium needed to produce sufficient neuromuscular block to facilitate mechanical ventilation was approximately one-third of the mean infusion rate needed for atracurium. The mean time for recovery to a T4: T1 ratio of ≥0.7 was 60 min (median 50 min) for cisatracurium (as assessed by the twitch response of the adductor pollicis muscle to trains of four numbered stimulations). This value for cisatracurium was similar to that previously reported for atracurium. In contrast, the mean recovery time for vecuronium was over 380 min (median 178 min). Cisatracurium was well tolerated when given as a long-term infusion to critically ill patients; no episodes of seizure or myopathy were observed. One patient given vecuronium experienced prolonged weakness, with myopathy and neuropathy. There was a much lower incidence of prolonged drug effect in patients given cisatracurium than in patients given vecuronium. The neuromuscular-blocking and safety profile of cisatracurium make it a suitable neuromuscular-blocking drug for use in critically ill patients in the ICU.


The sharing of caches among proxies is an important technique to reduce Web traffic, alleviate network bottlenecks, and improve response time of document requests. Most existing work on cooperative caching has been focused on serving misses collaboratively. Very few have studied the effect of cooperation on document placement schemes and its potential enhancements on cache hit ratio and latency reduction. We propose a new document placement scheme which takes into account the contentions at individual caches in order to limit the replication of documents within a cache group and increase document hit ratio. The main idea of this new scheme is to view the aggregate disk space of the cache group as a global resource of the group and uses the concept of cache expiration age to measure the contention of individual caches. The decision of whether to cache a document at a proxy is made collectively among the caches that already have a copy of this document. We refer to this new document placement scheme as the Expiration Age-based scheme (EA scheme). The EA scheme effectively reduces the replication of documents across the cache group, while ensuring that a copy of the document always resides in a cache where it is likely to stay for the longest time. We report our study on the potentials and limits of the EA scheme using both analytic modeling and trace-based simulation. The analytical model compares and contrasts the existing (ad hoc) placement scheme of cooperative proxy caches with our new EA scheme and indicates that the EA scheme improves the effectiveness of aggregate disk usage, thereby increasing the average time duration for which documents stay in the cache. The trace-based simulations show that the EA scheme yields higher hit rates and better response times compared to the existing document placement schemes used in most of the caching proxies.


Infrared thermography pictorially represents the surface temperature of an object. It is a noninvasive method for detecting superficial inflammation and thus can be used in lameness diagnosis. Thermography is prone to artifacts, and, consequently, this has led some people to doubt its clinical applicability. With experience and care in interpretation, thermography can be a useful method for lameness evaluation. The aim of this study was to present further clinical information about infrared thermal cameras and to compare the diagnostic yields of thermography, radiography, and ultrasonography. Forming the animal material of this study were 47 horses with lameness. The extremities of the horses were evaluated via thermal camera following clinical examination. After this procedure, radiographic and ultrasonographic images were taken for the suspected region in all cases. The level of diagnosis with these techniques was scored and a comparison of the diagnostic methods was evaluated statistically. It was found that thermography can be a useful adjunct to lameness evaluation as part of integrated clinical and other imaging methods.


In the last decade, organizations have re-engineered their business processes and started using standard software solutions. Integration of structured data in relational databases has improved documentation of business transactions and increased data quality. But almost 90% of the information cannot be integrated in relational data bases. This amount of 'unstructured' information is exploding within the Enterprise 2.0. The use of social media tools to enhance collaboration, creates corporate blogs, wikis, forums, and other types of unstructured information. Structured and unstructured information are records, meant and used as evidence for policies, decisions, products, actions and transactions. Most stakeholders are making increasing demands for the trustworthiness of records for accountability reasons. In this age of evolving social media use, organizational chains, inter-organizational data warehouses and cloud computing, it is crucial for the Enterprise 2.0. that its policies, decisions, products, actions and transactions can be reliably reconstructed in context. Digital Archiving is a necessity for the Enterprise 2.0.: the reconstruction of the past depends on records and their meta data. Blogs, wikis, forums, etc., used for collaboration within the business processes of the organization, need to be documented for reconstruction in the future. Digital Archiving is a combination of three mechanisms: enterprise records management, organizational memory and records auditing. These mechanisms ensure that a digitized organization as the Enterprise 2.0. has a documented understanding of its past. In that way, it improves organizational accountability.


This letter presents an application of a recently developed coupling matrix synthesis technique to design of coupled-resonator filters with dispersive inter-resonator couplings. This technique is used to design a novel coupled-cavity bandpass filter. Measurements validate the design and confirm effectiveness of the synthesis method. The filter is a four-pole generalized Chebyshev filter with three transmission zeros. Resonators are arranged in a quadruplet configuration and employ a single dispersive cross coupling to produce an extra zero in comparison to classical approaches. Frequency-dependent coupling was realized via a rectangular waveguide iris with an incomplete height conducting post.


Societal pressure to reduce enteric methane emissions from cattle continues to increase. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the commercial essential oil feed additive Agolin® Ruminant on reducing enteric gas emissions and improving milk parameters in dairy cattle. Twenty mid-lactation Holstein cows, blocked by parity and days in milk, were randomly assigned to a top dress treatment with Agolin or an un-supplemented control for a 56-day trial. Cows were group housed and individually fed twice daily. Enteric gas emissions, including methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and nitrous oxide, were sampled every 14 days for a 12 h period via head chambers connected to a mobile air quality laboratory. Cows supplemented with Agolin versus the control had less methane intensity (g/period/kg energy-corrected milk (ECM); p = 0.025). Ammonia was the most affected gas, with lower ammonia production (mg/period; p = 0.028), and ammonia intensity (mg/period/kg ECM; p = 0.011) in Agolin-fed versus control-fed cows. All cow performance variables, including dry matter intake, ECM, milk fat, milk protein, or feed efficiency were similar between treatments. Further research should evaluate how Agolin impacts ruminal flora, focusing on mechanistic impacts to fermentation.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to apply the concept of business cycle and real estate cycle in term of their characteristics, period and sequence of the cycle to the Kuala Lumpur's office market. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on previous literature review, facts, reports, and data in arriving at the conclusion of the study. Findings - This paper revealed the characteristics, period and sequence between business and real estate cycles to Kuala Lumpur's office market. Research limitation/ Implications - The framework and flows of this paper act as an introduction for the paper. Lacks of literature and attention on the business and real estate cycles in Kuala Lumpur's have created difficulties to gains information and data on this paper. Practical implications - This paper is important for the students, government and policy maker in order to further a research and develop a foundation for business and real estate cycles in Kuala Lumpur.


Abstract Science-informed, reductionist policy has systematically failed to address wicked situations. Such situations are highly interconnected and unpredictable. As a consequence, the implementation of so-called desirable interventions can lead to the export of vulnerabilities within and across different societal domains, sectors, intersections and scales. Systemic practice is an emerging field, and highlights the need to enrich scientific inquiry and policy actions through action learning with an "extended peer community'' as a means to navigate wicked situations. In this paper, we report on the potential of game co-design as a systemic practice to improve the situation of Baltic Sea nutrient enrichment. Findings from water catchments in Finland, Sweden and Poland suggest that the co-design of serious games can both enhance the comprehension of wicked situations, and foster self-organized concerted action without imposing a convergence of perspectives amongst diverse stakeholders.


Politics is on the one hand an attempt to implement certain good, a desire for achieving agreed objectives, on the other hand – as Max Weber says – a simultaneous a#empt to avoid a particular evil. If in defining the notion of politics there are references to good and evil, purpose and desire, it has to include the non-political spheres – culture, axiology, religion. Mark Lilla argues that for decades we have been aware of the great and final separation that has taken place in Western Europe between political and religious life. This awareness implies a conviction, which is obligatory today in most countries and societies, that to separate politics from religion is a great achievement. For many thinkers and politicians this is an undisputed success from which the West learns to benefit while preparing other regions of the world for such separation. Therefore it seems that modern politics should be free from religious inspiration and temptation. On the other hand, many sociologists and political scientists show the vitality of religious attitudes, proving that in its deepest essence religion is an expression of human behaviour. Each person and each community always has an element of irreducibility which is an internal defence against reducing man to "here and now", restricting his world to what is useful and usable. We experience that in man there is a natural opening to what is transcendent. Thus, if man is ever to achieve individual and social reconciliation with himself, he will always look for rational and moral meanings. This situation creates a platform for the emergence of a completely new a#itude in society and politics – to seek and pursue spirituality in a world without religion. Increasingly, the understanding of religion reveals itself in a wide etymological sense, sociological and ethnological: religare – "to connect", "to bind", "to build community ties". Religion so understood would be a great solution to the dilemma of separation – the adoption of religion (bonds) without the doctrine, while ensuring social cohesion, strengthening the feeling of being together, maintaining a spiritual connection. Many thinkers are convinced that we cannot base social life only on fear, discipline and economy; we need a deeper and stronger foundations for Community Cohesion. But is such a project possible at all? Is politics becoming a place for the formation of relationships, education and conservation of values, a narrative space which tells citizens what is good and right and what is wrong and alien? Can it replace religion in its deepest essence – in its intimate sense of an exploration and discovery of transcendence? Will it not become a caricature of religion, and a caricature of politics, and ultimately a trap for freedom?


In most jurisdictions there are three separate spheres of transfer pricing analysis - income tax, customs and VAT. Although they share policy objectives, terminology and frequently borrowing methodologies from one another these domestic transfer pricing systems are not in harmony. Businesses find this lack of harmony costly, problematical, but also a planning opportunity. The door is open for arbitrage. What if the transfer pricing rules within a jurisdiction were harmonized? The World Customs Organization (WCO) and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) are considering this question. This paper synthesizes the range of transfer pricing regimes currently in use, and argues that an affirmative answer to the WCO/OECD's harmonization question can only be realized through technology - specifically, an IT-APA (Information Technology - Advance Pricing Agreement). Inherent differences embedded in the annual income tax are nearly impossible to harmonize with transaction taxes like customs and VAT if what is envisioned is a single, monolithic transfer pricing standard. If instead one imagines a standard that employs flexible, integrated rules, where separately harmonized (vertical and horizontal) elements are brought together in a certified automated system, then a harmonized transfer pricing standard can be realized. It is reasonably clear that the real barriers to vertical harmonization of transfer pricing rules in income tax, customs and VAT have to do with timing and granularity. Income tax valuations are completed much later in time than customs and VAT regimes are comfortable with. Transaction taxes are designed around either having a number or a fixed formula that will objectively determine the number that is the tax base. An IT-APA harmonizes transfer pricing results by using a fixed formula. The formula is embedded in the taxpayer's VAT and customs software, and linked through the ERP to the financial statements and the income tax return. Certification of this digital valuation formula solves the timing issue in vertical harmonization.


This paper develops a model of bank behavior that focuses on the interaction between the incentives created by fixed-rate deposit insurance and a bank's choice of its loan portfolio and its market-traded financial instruments. The model is used to analyze the consequences of the Federal Reserve Board's proposed pre-commitment approach (PCA) for setting market risk capital requirements for bank trading portfolios. Under the PCA, a bank determines its own market risk capital requirement and is subject to a known regulatory penalty should its trading activities generate subsequent losses that exceed its market risk capital commitment.


"It is a shame and unfortunate that through our own fault we don't understand ourselves or know who we are. Wouldn't it show great ignorance, my daughters, if someone when asked who he was didn't know, and didn't know his father or mother or from what country he came? Well now, if this would be so extremely stupid, we are incomparably more so when we do not strive to know who we are, but limit ourselves to considering only roughly these bodies. Because we have heard and because faith tells us so, we know we have souls. But we seldom consider the precious things that can be found in this soul, or who dwells in it, or its high value." TERESA OF AVILA, THE INTERIOR CASTLE, 1.2 (1) The words of Teresa of Avila still ring true for our time. Contemporary normative anthropologies have excised the human soul from conception and discussion. Instead, St. Edith Stein maintains the reality of the human soul in terms of its veracious spiritual being and its certain manifestation in and through the body. The following study will trace two of the primary avenues through which Stein presents the human soul: (1) as the inner life of the human person, and (2) as the substantial image of God the Father. By considering these crucial aspects of Stein's holistic theological anthropology, we will reconnoiter a rational basis for speaking of the human soul in the twenty-first century. I. Conscious Spiritual Being In addition to designating the soul as the form of the body, Stein also describes it as the inner life of the human person. The soul is that which cannot be understood sufficiently by the natural sciences alone, for there is an innerness to personal life that cannot be accessed by instruments of outward sense perception. All outward perception depends on a hidden ground for its external observations. The one who perceives is ever removed from that which is perceived. The one who perceives constitutes a human subject who lives from an inwardness that cannot be extracted or manipulated by the corporeal senses. This inward self exhibits many properties, designated by such terms as consciousness, affectivity, intellect, memory, will, and personality. Stein writes, "Among the things we perceive with our outer senses are 'having life' and 'having soul.' Life and soul are 'seen along with' what we actually see in our outward perception, but they can never be seen in the proper sense from the outside. They are nevertheless truly experienced from the 'inside,' and what we conceive along with the outer world can in a certain way come to dovetail with what we experience inwardly." (2) Stein claims that we are able to intuit the general fait accompli of the givenness of living existence, and especially of an ensouled body. Whatever we observe in our outward perception always runs concomitant to an inward recognition of conscious meaning-making and empathetic experience. Our inner hidden and subjective experiences are no less real than our outer objective experiences. In fact, both types of experience are complementary to one another. The inner life of the human person is the condition of possibility for meaningful outward perception, while outward perception serves as one of the primary means by which the inner self is formed. While the soul can be identified as integral to human life and being, it cannot be quantified, measured, or manipulated in a laboratory of natural science. As Stein insists, "the soul as a spirit is positioned in a realm of the Spirit and of spirits. She, however, possesses her own structure. She is more than a simple form that animates the body, more than the interior of an exterior. Rather, within her there lies an opposition between internal and external." (3) It is difficult to speak of the human soul in terms of objective science based on sense observation. The realm of objective science is confined to the radically potential dimensions of space, time, and mass/energy, while the human soul can be circumscribed by none of these. …