This book traces how abstract managerial ideas about maximizing production flexibility and employee freedom were translated into concrete, day-to-day practices at the Motorola plant in East Kilbride, UK. Using eyewitness accounts, the book describes how employees dealt with the increased freedom Motorola promoted amongst its employees, how employees adapted to managerial changes, specifically the elimination of large-scale management, and where the 'managerless' system came under strain. This book will be of essential reading for researchers, graduate students, and undergraduates interested in the areas of management studies, human resource management, and organizational studies, among others.


We describe a kernel wrapper, a Mercer kernel for the task of phoneme sequence recognition which is based on operations with the Gaussian kernel, and suitable for any sequence kernel classifier. We start by presenting a kernel-based algorithm for phoneme sequence recognition, which aims at minimizing the Levenshtein distance (edit distance) between the predicted phoneme sequence and the true phoneme sequence. Motivated by the good results of frame-based phoneme classification using SVMs with Gaussian kernel, we devised a kernel for speech utterances and phoneme sequences, which generalizes the kernel function for phoneme frame-based classification and adds timing constraints in the form of transitions and durations constraints. The kernel function has three parts corresponding to phoneme acoustic model, phoneme duration model and phoneme transition model. We present initial encouraging experimental results with the TIMIT corpus.


What happens when the tax authority increases enforcement in one tax with compliance in other taxes? The very little evidence available is not conclusive. This paper presents a very simple analytical model that shows the conditions under which spillovers could be positive or negative in the context of uncorrelated taxes for the same individual (a property tax and a self-declaration tax—in this instance, a gross-sale tax). In the model, the sign of the spillover depends on how taxpayers update their beliefs on penalty and detection probabilities for one tax after watching the deterrence actions the tax agency took on another tax. Results from a randomized field experiment show no evidence of negative spillovers: increasing the salience of fines and enforcement probabilities for those who do not comply with the payment of the property tax does not decrease how much the same individual declares on the gross-sale tax. The result has ample implications for researchers bringing interventions to the field and for governments' enforcement strategies. Given that most taxpayers are liable for more than one tax, neither researchers nor authorities can continue to neglect potential spillovers of interventions. Instead, they should design enforcement strategies that maximize compliance across the portfolio of taxes. Importantly, this work indicates that penalties and detection may not be perfect substitutes when the portfolio is taken into consideration.


The ASSESS project is a collaborative project that develops test procedures for pre-crash safety systems like Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB). One key criterion for the effectiveness of e.g. AEB is reduction in collision speed compared to baseline scenarios without AEB. The speed reduction for a given system can only be determined in real world tests that will end with a collision. Soft targets that are crashable up to velocities of 80 km/h are state of the art for these assessments, but ordinary balloon cars are usually stationary targets. The ASSESS project goes one step further and defines scenarios with moving targets. These scenarios define vehicle speeds of up to 100 km/h, different collision scenarios and relative collision speeds of up to 80 km/h. This paper describes the development of a propulsion system for a soft target that aims to be used with these demanding scenario specifications. The Federal Highway Research Institute's (BASt's) approach to move the target is a self-driving small cart. The cart is controlled either by a driver (open-loop control via remote-control) or by a computer (closed-loop control). Its weight is limited to achieve a good crashability without damages to the test vehicle. To the extent of the authors' knowledge BASt's approach is unique in this field (other carts cannot move at such high velocities or are not crashable). This paper describes in detail the challenges and solutions that were found both for the mechanical construction and the implementation of the control and safety system. One example for the mechanical challenges is e.g. the position of the vehicle's center of gravity (CG). An optimum compromise had to be found between a low CG oriented to the front of the vehicle (good for driveability) and a high CG oriented to the rear of the vehicle (good for crashability). The soft target itself which is also developed within the ASSESS project will not be covered in detail as this is work of a project partner. Publications on this will follow. The paper also shows first test results, describes current limitations and gives an outlook. It is expected that the presented test tools for AEB and other pre-crash safety systems is introduced in the future into consumer testing (NCAP) as well as regulatory testing.


Background of the study: According to the study done by "Program On The Global Demography Of Aging At Harvard University – August 2016", India's aged population (age 60 and older) has dramatically increased and is three times higher than that of the population as a whole. Balance and cognitive issues are common problems that elderly face in their daily life as they can make elderly more prone for falls. Objective of the study: To determine the efficacy of dual task training with mental practice in improving balance and cognition of elderly population. Methodology: 30 subjects with age > 65 were participated in this study. Subjects were divided in to two equal groups with 15 samples in each group. Group A performed Dual task training, mental practice and conventional balance exercises and Group B performed conventional balance exercises. Both group performed the exercises for four (4) weeks. Outcome was measured before and after the treatment using BBS and MMSE. Analysis were done using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann Whitney U Test. Results: There is significant difference in balance and cognition in elderly population after practicing dual task training along with mental practice. Conclusion :


BACKGROUND

Nowadays, different automotive sources generate globally large amounts of used oils. To achieve maximum energy conservation and environmental benefits, re-refining of used oil is preferable. Since removal of silicon and its chemical species is of great interest in the oil recycling industry, the aim of this study was to improve understanding of the behaviour of silicon-containing compounds at industrially relevant alkali treatment conditions.

RESULTS

At industrially relevant alkali treatment conditions transformations of the model hydrogen-terminated tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) resulted in the formation of solid siloxanolate salts. The activation energy for TMDS transformation in the presence of 33 wt% aqueous KOH was found to be 37 kJ mol−1, which is almost two-fold lower than that for NaOH. The experimental data demonstrated that the formation of solid products undesired from an industrial point of view can be diminished by an addition of either an alcoholic solvent or dimethyl carbonate.

CONCLUSIONS

The experimental results obtained can be utilized for optimization of silicon-containing used oil recycling. In particular KOH as an alkali agent is more efficient than NaOH; addition of methanol dramatically increases the reaction rate, while dimethyl carbonate introduced into the reaction mixture enhances selectivity to the liquid products. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry


For languages to survive as complex cultural systems, they need to be learnable. According to traditional approaches, learning is made possible by constraining the degrees of freedom in advance of experience and by the construction of complex structure during development. This article explores a third contributor to complexity: namely, the extent to which syntactic structure can be an emergent property of how simpler entities – words – interact with one another. The authors found that when naturalistic child directed speech was instantiated in a dynamic network, communities formed around words that were more densely connected with other words than they were with the rest of the network. This process is designed to mirror what we know about distributional patterns in natural language: namely, the network communities represented the syntactic hubs of semi-formulaic slot-and-frame patterns, characteristic of early speech. The network itself was blind to grammatical information and its organization reflected (a) the frequency of using a word and (b) the probabilities of transitioning from one word to another. The authors show that grammatical patterns in the input disassociate by community structure in the emergent network. These communities provide coherent hubs which could be a reliable source of syntactic information for the learner. These initial findings are presented here as proof-of-concept in the hope that other researchers will explore the possibilities and limitations of this approach on a larger scale and with more languages. The implications of a dynamic network approach are discussed for the learnability burden and the development of an adult-like grammar.


This research was conducted at a private school in Athens Greece, that implements a one-to-one laptop initiative. There were two research questions: a) does the digital literacy of students participating in the program of one laptop per student change and b) is there a differentiation in the digital literacy of boys and girls. The students completed a questionnaire in two phases (pre / post) that included 75 Likert-scale questions, divided in 5 sections. According to the data, it can be concluded that the digital literacy of the students does indeed improve, while the second research question cannot be answered as there is no clear superiority of either of the sexes.


An analysis of sediment cores from Lake Temae utilizing pollen, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and charcoal particle counts was undertaken to assess landscape transformation following Polynesian colonization of Mo'orea in the Society Islands. A significant influx of terrigenous sediment accompanied by increases in charcoal and the presence of the Polynesian cultigen Colocasia (taro) are indicative of human presence on the island by at least 1060–980 cal. yr BP. Polynesian arrival resulted in the rapid alteration of lowland vegetation illustrated in the pollen record by the removal of the coastal tree Pandanus and the promotion of more economically important trees such as Cocos. The most significant period of burning in the charcoal data overlaps with archaeological evidence for expansion into the island interior and the establishment and growth of more intense agricultural practices from 700 to 500 cal. yr BP. The pollen record also documents the apparent abandonment of the coastal plain near Lake Temae during this phase of inland expansion with the terrestrial landscape returning to an environment similar to that found before colonization. A final phase of environmental transformation commenced with European contact at the end of the 18th century and is marked most clearly in the Lake Temae sequence with the conversion of the system to a freshwater body accompanied by the expansion of the freshwater reed Typha and a level of burning not seen at any time over the previous 1000 years. Importantly, the new data from Lake Temae support the colonization model for central Eastern Polynesia of ca. 1000 cal. yr BP and refute the late settlement scenario for the Society Islands.


Water- and O-sensitive compds. (tBu3SiEX2)2, tBu3SiEX2.Do, and (tBu3Si)2EX (E = Al, Ga, In; X = (F), Cl, Br; Do = OR2, NR3) were synthesized by reaction of EX3 with tBu3SiNa in the absence or presence of donors. In addn., (tBu3Si)AlBr2, (tBu3Si)2InF, and tBu3SiInBr2 were prepd. by reaction of AlBr3 with (tBu3Si)2Zn or of (tBu3Si)2InIn(SitBu3)2 with AgF2 and HBr, resp. The adduct [tBu3SiAlBr2.AlBr3.1/2MgBr2]2 is formed from AlBr3 and (tBu3Si)2Mg(THF)2. Thermal decompn. of the compds. in soln. or in the gas phase leads to the formation of tBu3SiEX2 (from the dimers or the donor adducts) and of tBu3SiX. The Lewis acidity of tBu3SiEX2 against donors increases in the direction Do = Et2O < THF < NEtMe2. Dehalogenation of (tBu3Si)2ECl with tBu3SiNa(THF)2 in pentane at room temp. leads to clusters (tBu3Si)4Al2, (tBu3Si)3Ga2.bul., (tBu3Si)4In2, and (tBu3Si)3Ga2Na(THF)3, redn. of tBu3SiGaCl2 with Na or K in heptane at 100 Deg to the tetrahedral (tBu3Si)4Ga4. The structures of (tBu3SiGaCl2)2, (tBu3Si)2GaCl, and [tBu3SiAlBr2.AlBr3.1/2MgBr2]2 were detd. by x-ray structure anal. [on SciFinder (R)]


Postcolonialism, as a discipline and approach, offers an analytical lens through which to investigate problems in formerly colonized states of Africa and South Asia, along with a poststructuralist perspective on culture and discourse on politics of representation. Pakistan is one such former colony where postcolonial narratives and the persistence of colonial legacies such as the Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR), on its periphery of Pashtun-dominated tribal areas of FATA, has contributed to growing instability in the region. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) is a colonial-era legal framework of exception – created and implemented by the British Raj to tame Pashtun tribes – that is still used by the state of Pakistan to govern the tribal areas. The persistence of FCR's colonial legacy has also negatively affected Pashtun culture and its traditional conflict resolution structure of Jirga, or tribal councils, which now mostly serves as an advisory body for the Political Agent, who is given executive powers under the FCR. The essay concludes by arguing that abolishing the FCR and the mainstreaming of FATA, together with bringing all stakeholders onto the same page, is the only way to rid the tribal areas of a harsh colonial legacy.


The important 'no-envy' fairness criterion has typically been attributed to Foley (1967) and sometimes to Tinbergen (1946, 1953). We reveal that Jan Tinbergen introduced 'no-envy' as a fairness criterion in his article "Mathematiese Psychologie" published in 1930 in the Dutch journal Mens en Maatschappij and translated as "Mathematical Psychology" in 2021 in the Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics. Our article accompanies the translation: we introduce Tinbergen's 1930 formulation of the 'no-envy' criterion, compare it to other formulations, and comment on its significance for the fairness literature in philosophy and economics.


This paper studies the set-up (following a voting process) of institutional arrangements related to the protection of natural and social resources in a context of inequalities and environmental challenges. To analyze how institutional and legislative protection arises, three socioeconomic groups are considered: the educated bourgeoisie, the working classes and the financial elite. Groups are differentiated according to the following divides. Individuals belonging to the financial elite only rely on capital incomes: they invest on firms running either polluting or non-polluting activities. Individuals belonging to the first two groups are differentiated on the following levels: the demand for redistribution (from the working class) and the claims for environment-friendly legislation in relation with clean transport means (by the educated bourgeoisie). We study the institutional framework chosen by individuals under different assumptions concerning the political vote: disjoint majority versus coalition voting. The main result is that -in reaction to the financial elite being the unique winner of the disjoint majority votea people's green coalition can emerge, whose redistributive and green choices run against the preferences of the financial elite. This leads to the "greening" of the financial elite, which in turn isolates the working classes in the political arena.


There are many scenarios where we wish to imitate a specific author's pen-on-paper handwriting style. Rendering new text in someone's handwriting is difficult because natural handwriting is highly variable, yet follows both intentional and involuntary structure that makes a person's style self-consistent. The variability means that naive example-based texture synthesis can be conspicuously repetitive. We propose an algorithm that renders a desired input string in an author's handwriting. An annotated sample of the author's handwriting is required; the system is flexible enough that historical documents can usually be used with only a little extra effort. Experiments show that our glyph-centric approach, with learned parameters for spacing, line thickness, and pressure, produces novel images of handwriting that look hand-made to casual observers, even when printed on paper.


Several studies carried out previously on the Gran Sasso Range and nearby (Monti della Laga) in Province of L'Aquila (Abruzzi, Italy) noted qualitative relationships among the rock fracturing degree, and the karst landforms. This research deals with the identification of more detailed relationship between some geo-structural and morphologic elements and karst features. The rock fracturing conditions of carbonate formations are like to increase the karst processes by the forming of preferential way for penetrating waters. A comparison between jointing class and surface karst landform was carried out using a standard GIS approach (ILWIS). The results showed a significant inverse correlation between jointing density classes and the karst polygonal features. Moreover by combining the geostructural information with the karst landform occurrence, the AA. conclude that: the faults occurrence and proximity are like to increase both the jointing density and the fissure permeability of the carbonate rocks; the high degree of rock jointing is favouring a rapid water penetration so hindering more complex karst landform genesis. Some petrographic observations suggest that the hard limestone are showing more micro-stress features than softer ones.


Discoidin I, a soluble lectin synthesized by aggregating Dictyostelium discoideum and implicated in their adhesion to the substratum, is localized in multilamellar bodies both intracellularly and upon externalization. These structures also contain a glycoconjugate that binds discoidin I. The multilamellar bodies apparently serve to package the lectin for externalization, and may then gradually release it to function extracellularly.


While the users only consider solutions for power quality improvement at a single site, utilities concern about solutions for power quality improvement for not only an individual location, but also for the whole system. Therefore, the paper deals with an utilities' systematic solution for power quality mitigation by using simultaneously a number of custom power devices in distribution system. In the paper, a new method is introduced for optimizing the placement of a multiple of Distribution Synchronous Compensation Devices - D-Statcoms for globally mitigating the voltage sags due to faults in distribution systems according to the ``central improvement'' approach. D-Statcom's placement is optimally selected in a distribution system basing on a problem of optimization where the objective function is to minimize the system average rms voltage variation frequency index – SARFIx of the system of interest. The effectiveness for global voltage sag mitigation in a distribution system by the presence of a number of D-Statcoms is newly modeled basing on the method of Thevenin's superimposition in the problem of short-circuit calculation in the distribution system. The presence of D-Statcoms is simulated as the matrix of additionally injected currents to buses for increasing the voltage of all buses throughout the system of interest. The paper considers the case of using a multiple of D-Statcoms with a proposed voltage compensating principle that can be practical for large-size distribution systems. In the paper, the IEEE 33-buses distribution feeder is used as the test system for global voltage sag simulation in the events of short-circuit in the system and various influential parameters to the outcomes of the problem of optimization such as rms voltage threshold and D-Statcom's limited current are considered and discussed.


The Mincer earnings function is the cornerstone of a large literature in empirical economics. This paper discusses the theoretical foundations of the Mincer model and examines the empirical support for it using data from Decennial Censuses and Current Population Surveys. While data from 1940 and 1950 Censuses provide some support for Mincer's model, data from later decades are inconsistent with it. We examine the importance of relaxing functional form assumptions in estimating internal rates of return to schooling and of accounting for taxes, tuition, nonlinearity in schooling, and nonseparability between schooling and work experience. Inferences about trends in rates of return to high school and college obtained from our more general model differ substantially from inferences drawn from estimates based on a Mincer earnings regression. Important differences also arise between cohort-based and cross-sectional estimates of the rate of return to schooling. In the recent period of rapid technological progress, widely used cross-sectional applications of the Mincer model produce dramatically biased estimates of cohort returns to schooling. We also examine the implications of accounting for uncertainty and agent expectation formation. Even when the static framework of Mincer is maintained, accounting for uncertainty substantially affects the return estimates. Considering the sequential resolution of uncertainty over time in a dynamic setting gives rise to option values, which fundamentally changes the analysis of schooling decisions. In the presence of sequential resolution of uncertainty and option values, the internal rate of return - a cornerstone of classical human capital theory - is not a useful guide to policy analysis.


The world often views Afghan women and girls as passive victims to be pitied, oppressed by religion, traditional Afghan culture, and the Taliban until the United States and their international allies liberated them after the invasion in 2001. This is incorrect on many counts Afghan women were denied their basic rights under the Taliban, but for decades they, similar to other women across the world, fought for and received their right to become educated and to participate in society. Afghan women are survivors who have served as active agents in civil society and the economy for decades. Their history is intertwined with their country's reform agenda; as tar back as the 19th century women's issues were a central component of Afghanistan's push for modernization. The international community has invested billions in security and nation-building in Afghanistan since 2001, including an estimated US$57 billion in international aid. In 2010 alone, Afghanistan received approximately US$15.7 billion in international aid--amounting to over 90 percent of Afghanistan's total public spending. At the launch of the turn invasion, Afghan women sat front and center in the global spotlight. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush, along with a slew of administration officials and US government leaders from across party lines, offered televised speeches, congressional legislation, and public commitments announcing their desire to boost women's rights in the region, citing the connections among women's rights, development, economic growth, and stability. Today, however, as the United States and its allies seek to end the war in Afghanistan, women are rarely mentioned and almost never invoked by policymakers worldwide. Moreover, as talk of reconciliation with the Taliban is increasingly seen as the only viable path to ending American's longest-ever war, Afghan civil society leaders fear that women's rights will be negotiated away in the attempt to craft a workable exit from the country. Background: Women Before the Taliban Reforms supporting women's rights began in Afghanistan at the end of the nineteenth century. During his reign from 1880 to 1901, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan allowed women to inherit property (in accordance with Islamic tenets), raised the age of marriage, and gave women the ability' to get a divorce--under certain circumstances. He opposed polygamy and encouraged girls' education. Much of this reform agenda did not extend outside the urban confines of Kabul, but it did mark the first significant attempt by a national ruler to improve the legal status or women. From 1919 tol929, then-Emir of Afghanistan and grandson of Abdur Rahman Khan, Anianullah Khan, supported women's rights and spoke against mandatory veiling and polygamy. He is famously quoted as saying, "Religion does not require women to veil their hands, feet, and faces or enjoin any special type of veil. Tribal custom must not impose itself on the free will of the individual." Anianullah Khan wanted to rapidly modernize Afghanistan. He advocated for equal educational opportunities for girls and boys, and he defended the freedom of the Afghan press. He also established Afghanistan's first constitution in 1923, which guaranteed Afghans their civil rights for the first time, endowing them with "personal liberty." Similar to Abdur Rahman Khan's wife, Amanullah Khan's wife - Queen Suraya - campaigned for women's involvement in Afghanistan's nation-building. Additionally, Khan's sister, Kobra, founded Anjuman-e-Himayat (Organization for Women's Protection) so that women could speak out against discrimination. These reforms provoked backlash from conservative elements within Afghanistan and the civil unrest that followed Amanullah Khan's rule stifled farther attempts at reform. The push for reform did not resurface until the 1950s when Prime Minister Daud Khan (who served from 1953 to 1963) campaigned against compulsory veiling and advocated for women's rights. …


We present a compilation of high time-resolution photometric observations of quiescent soft X-ray transients obtained with the Acquisition Camera on Gemini-South. A0620-00 (V616 Mon) was observed with a short cycle time and high precision. Superimposed on the ellipsoidal modulation we find several prominent flares together with weaker continual variability. The flares seen sample a shorter time-scale than those reported in previous observations, with rise times as low as 30 s or less; most flares show unresolved peaks. The power density spectrum (PDS) of A0620-00 appears to exhibit band-limited noise closely resembling the X-ray PDS of black hole candidates in their low states, but with the low-frequency break at a lower frequency. X-ray Nova Muscae 1991 (XN Mus 1991, GU Mus) shows much larger-amplitude flares than A0620-00, and if a break is present it is at a lower frequency. X-ray Nova Velorum 1993 (XN Vel 1993, MM Vel) shows very little flaring and is, like A0620-00, dominated by the ellipsoidal modulation. We discuss the possible origins for the flares. They are clearly associated with the accretion flow rather than an active companion, but whether they originate in the outer disc, or are driven by events in the inner region, is not yet resolved. The similarities of the PDS to those of low/hard-state sources would support the latter interpretation, and the low break frequency is as would be expected if this frequency approximately scales with the size of an inner evaporated region. We also report the discovery of a new variable star only 14 arcsec from XN Mus 1991. This appears to be a W UMa star, with an orbital period of about 6 h.


We use the design of Medicare's prescription drug benefit program to demonstrate three facts about the health consequences of cost-sharing. First, we show that an as-if-random increase of 33.6% in out-of-pocket price (11.0 percentage points (p.p.) change in coinsurance, or $10.40 per drug) causes a 22.6% drop in total drug consumption ($61.20), and a 32.7% increase in monthly mortality (0.048 p.p.). Second, we trace this mortality effect to cutbacks in life-saving medicines like statins and antihypertensives, for which clinical trials show large mortality benefits. We find no indication that these reductions in demand affect only 'low-value' drugs; on the contrary, those at the highest risk of heart attack and stroke, who would benefit the most from statins and antihypertensives, cut back more on these drugs than lower risk patients. Similar patterns exist for other drug–disease pairs, and irrespective of socioeconomic circumstance. Finally, we document that when faced with complex, high-dimensional choice problems, patients respond in simple, perverse ways. Specifically, price increases cause 18.0% more patients (2.8 p.p.) to fill no drugs, regardless of how many drugs they had been on previously, or their health risks. This decision mechanically results in larger absolute reductions in utilization for those on many drugs. We conclude that cost-sharing schemes should be evaluated based on their overall impact on welfare, which can be very different from the price elasticity of demand.


Evaluation of scientists working in a specific area of science is necessary, as they may strive for same limited resources, grants and academic promotions. One of the most common and accepted methods of assessing the performance and impact of a scientist is calculating the number of citations for their publications. However, such method suffer from certain shortcomings. It has become more and more obvious that evaluation of scientists should be qualitative in addition to quantitative. Moreover, the evaluation process should be pragmatic and reflective of the priorities of an institution, a country or an intended population. In this context, a scoring scale called "360-degree researcher evaluation score" is proposed in this paper. Accordingly, scientists are evaluated in 5 independent domains including (I) science development, (II) economic impact, (III) policy impact, (IV) societal impact and (V) stewardship of research. This scale is designed for evaluation of impacts resulted from research activities and thus it excludes the educational programs done by a scientist. In general, it seems necessary that the evaluation process of a scientist's impact moves from only scintometric indices to a combination of quantitative and qualitative indices.


Commitment is an essential ingredient for successful long-term relationships between customer satisfaction and information communication technology utilization. Developing Customer's commitment in business relationships pays off in increased profits, customer retention, willingness to refer and recommend. Practitioners and scholars have identified customer value as a pivotal issue in the management of hotel business relationships. Of late the hospitality industry has witnessed growing interest in relationship marketing, customer satisfaction and information communication technology utilization. Although relationship marketing has been identified as an effective strategy to attract, maintain and enhance customer relationships, there are few empirical studies that have tested the underlying assumptions on classified star hotels of the relationship marketing research is based on. The aim of this study was to determine the moderating effect of information technology communication (ICT) utilization on the relationship between commitment and customer satisfaction by classified hotels. Descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The target population was 6067 customers at classified star hotels in Nairobi Kenya and a sample size of 375 was obtained using proportionate sampling from five categorized star hotels. Data was collected using a 5 Likertscale questionnaire. Data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The study revealed that commitment strategy significantly affects customer satisfaction (β= .309, p-value = 0.001) thus the study rejected H01 since β≠0 and p-value was less than α. The moderating effect of Information Technology Utilization explained 5.7% variance in Customer Satisfaction above and beyond the variance by commitment strategy scores. H02 was rejected since β≠0 and p-value was less than α. This study concluded that commitment strategy as an element of relationship marketing practices significantly affects customer satisfaction. This study recommends that classified star hotels managers should develop high levels of affective commitment and calculative commitment to build the strongest relationships with customers. Important factors of commitment include creating attachment, flexibility and a good environment for the customers.


The increase in the requirements of safety and reliability demanded from the normalization institutes by the issue of normalizing standards, led to the need of the development of materials of superior properties. Owing to the development of metallurgy, the development of materials with extremely high values of strength and toughness was made possible. However, employing these materials in industrial applications is limited by the deterioration of their properties after the material is processed using techniques such as welding. To cope with this challenge, several welding process have been developed. One of these processes is the pulse gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P), in which the arc current is periodically pulsed in order to achieve metal transfer and effectively join the material being dealt with, and this decrease the energy input to the base metal. Due to the advance of electronics and transistor technology there are a large number of current pulse profiles commercially available, with different degrees of complexity, designed for specific applications. Determining the balance between the complexity and benefits for the various pulse profiles and process modifications available is the main motivation for the research presented in this thesis. Specifically, the metal transfer of two commercially available current profiles was studied using high-speed imaging and high speed data acquisition of the electrical signal during welding, for different welding conditions. The results showed that the mode of metal transfer differs for the investigated profiles and that for the same pulse profile, as the pulse parameters are modified the metal and heat transfer changes, altering weld bead features such cross-sectional area and penetration.


The use of voluntary environmental protection instruments is expanding significantly around the world. Although there is a large literature dealing with what drives companies to adopt voluntary instruments, there has been relatively little research on the impact that some of these tools have on the actual environmental performance of companies. The existing literature in this area presents contrasting results, perhaps because it tends to use perceptual measurement, which may not reflect actual outcomes. To investigate this issue, the primary research reported on in this article undertook a combination of perceptual measurement and "archival" (or objective) measurement on the same sample of firms. The research concluded that most firms saw some degree of positive response from the introduction of Environmental Management Systems. This was especially the case for "system" (or "process") improvements, and to a lesser extent held true for direct environmental performance improvements. It was also clear that there was a very close correlation between the results of the perception-based research and the archival measurement research. . At least in the context of this kind of investigation, either research approach would appear to produce a valid outcome.


Importance
Major neurological complications from the embolization of vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs) are poorly understood. We provide a detailed analysis of contributors to periprocedural neurological complications and lessons learned.

Objective
To assess the rate of major periprocedural neurological complications following VOGM embolization with major procedural and strategic contributors.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a quarternary referral pediatric hospital (Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto, Ontario, Canada) from January 1999 to December 2018 with a mean clinical follow-up of 44.7 months; all children with VOGM diagnosed and/or treated were eligible (n = 48). Thirty-three patients who underwent endovascular treatment were included.

Interventions
Endovascular staged transarterial embolization performed in 33 patients over 91 sessions.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The primary outcome was the rate of periprocedural neurological complications (occurring within 1 week of embolization). The secondary outcomes were mortality, long-term neurological outcomes, and contributing anatomical and management factors to neurological complications.

Results
Of 33 patients who underwent embolization (31 boys [64.6%]; 17 girls [35.4%]; median age at first embolization, 4 months [range, 0-29 months]), 10 patients (30.3%) developed major periprocedural neurological complications. Five of these patients died. Univariate logistic regression analyses identified internal cerebral vein drainage to the main venous sac of the VOGM and use of a microcatheter with a distal outer diameter of more than 2.0 Fr as significant predictors of poor neurological outcomes. Lessons learned from our experience include the need to assess the internal cerebral vein drainage pattern on preprocedural magnetic resonance venography, avoidance of excessive embolization into the venous sac, treatment of more distal fistulae before proximal fistulae to avoid a sump effect, and preferably use of smaller (<2.0 Fr outer diameter) microcatheters in neonatal embolization procedures.

Conclusions and Relevance
In this cohort, 10 patients with VOGM treated with embolization (30.3%) experienced major periprocedural neurological complications, half of whom died. While these outcomes are superior to historic conservative and surgical treatment results, ongoing improvements in treatment and pretreatment diagnostic approaches are needed. Awareness of the lessons learned from our experience can help to avoid similar complications in the future for this vulnerable population.


We propose a two-dimensional Kalman filter approach that, additional to the information contained in futures prices evolution over time, makes use of information contained in the term structure of commodity futures along a second dimension of maturities. This time-maturity surface reflects a complete realization of the stochastic process as an alternative to standard Kalman filtering of a limited vector of futures prices along the one-dimensional time line. Thus, the proposed methodology may use the full information from the entire surface dynamics, including links from all available maturities per period, which eventually should lead to more accurate model parameter estimates. The technique is illustrated using coal futures prices.


This chapter discusses remedies for online intermediary liability with special emphasis on remedies for intellectual property (IP) infringement. The chapter describes damages and injunctions, their scope and goal, while also analysing the costs of these remedies. In particular, this chapter highlights how IP scholars in the area of intermediary liability have now spent over two decades trying to answer when an intermediary should be liable for its users' actions. What if throughout that time too much emphasis had been placed on the second-order issue of optimal design? Can that question be answered without first knowing what an intermediary is or should be obliged to perform as a consequence of such legal qualification? This chapter argues that policy debates concerning optimal design of intermediary liability should reflect an inverse order of inquiry in order to elicit useful insights.


A metabolite profiling study of the antibiotic producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been performed. The aim of this study was to monitor intracellular metabolite pool changes occurring as strains of S. coelicolor react to nutrient depletion with metabolic re-modeling, so-called metabolic switching, and transition from growth to secondary metabolite production phase. Two different culture media were applied, providing depletion of the key nutrients phosphate and L-glutamate, respectively, as the triggers for metabolic switching. Targeted GC-MS and LC-MS methods were employed to quantify important primary metabolite groups like amino acids, organic acids, sugar phosphates and other phosphorylated metabolites, and nucleotides in time-course samples withdrawn from fully-controlled batch fermentations. A general decline, starting already in the early growth phase, was observed for nucleotide pools and phosphorylated metabolite pools for both the phosphate and glutamate limited cultures. The change in amino acid and organic acid pools were more scattered, especially in the phosphate limited situation while a general decrease in amino acid and non-amino organic acid pools was observed in the L-glutamate limited situation. A phoP deletion mutant showed basically the same metabolite pool changes as the wild-type strain M145 when cultivated on phosphate limited medium. This implies that the inactivation of the phoP gene has only little effect on the detected metabolite levels in the cell. The energy charge was found to be relatively constant during growth, transition and secondary metabolite production phase. The results of this study and the employed targeted metabolite profiling methodology are directly relevant for the evaluation of precursor metabolite and energy supply for both natural and heterologous production of secondary metabolites in S. coelicolor.


Background: Research indicates that it is the non-therapeutic factors such as warmth, empathy, understanding and therapeutic alliance that are most effective at creating change. The use of the therapists' own identities has been highlighted as a means of enhancing such non-specific factors. The literature suggests that 90% of therapists disclose something about themselves to clients; however therapist disclosure is a contentious issue. Furthermore, literature suggests that for therapists working with stigmatised or minority groups (e.g. sexual minorities) disclosure can be beneficial. Guidelines suggest that therapist disclosure of sexual orientation (TDSO) should be used judiciously, while others suggest that TDSO could be classed as the therapist displaying sexualised behaviours towards the client.
Aim: This study aimed to understand the purpose of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) therapists' disclosing sexual orientation to clients, while exploring their perceptions and experiences of disclosure.
Method: This study employed a mixed methods design. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 53 participants from an international sample of LGBT therapists, through professional body listservs and an LGBT therapist directory, to complete an online survey. From this survey 17 participants were purposively sampled to take part in a semi-structured interview. Quantitative and qualitative analysis methods were utilised.
Results: The findings highlighted that 81.1% of the online survey sample reported that they had disclosed their sexuality to a client, with the majority stating that they mainly disclosed to non-heterosexual clients and 73.6% of participants stating that they were not aware of any guidelines related to using TDSO. Chi-square test of independence found that there was no significant association between therapists' awareness of guidelines and TDSO. A Mann-Whitney U analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between participants post qualification experience (years) and making a disclosure. Three main themes were derived from the qualitative analysis: 1) Function of
1415, RPV, UoN: 4194596, UoL: 12353909, Research Portfolio & Viva Page 10 of 202
disclosure; 2) Function of non-disclosure; 3) How disclosure happens, each of these themes have between two and five subthemes.
Conclusions and recommendations: TDSO was shown to occur mainly with non-heterosexual clients. Disclosure was highlighted to facilitate the enhancement of the therapeutic alliance and create a safe, non-judgemental space for sexual minority clients. However, therapists expressed that concealing their sexuality was common when working with heterosexual clients because of fear of judgement and personal safety. Psychological effects were also noted due to therapists' concealment. Disclosure was found to happen in various contexts, with direct verbal disclosures being one of many ways that sexuality was disclosed.
It is suggested that supervisors and training courses need to acknowledge the psychological impacts of therapists concealing their sexual identity by showing an understanding of how concealment can lead to increased stress for professionals who are trying to maintain focus on the clients. Sexuality is seen as a key characteristic of being human and concealing it is like trying to conceal your gender or ethnicity. Future guidelines need to reflect the experience of non-heterosexuals working within a heteronormative society and understand the importance of therapists' rationales for making disclosures.


In this paper, the propulsive performance of a caudal peduncle-fin swimmer mimicking a bio-inspired robotic fish model is numerically studied using a fully coupled FSI solver. The model consists of a rigid peduncle and a flexible fin which pitches in a uniform flow. The flexible fin is modeled as a thin plate assigned with non-uniformly distributed stiffness. A finite volume method based in-house Navier-Stokes solver is used to solve the fluid equations while the fin deformation is resolved using a finite element code. The effect of the fin flexibility on the propulsive performance is investigated. The numerical results indicate that the compliance has a significant influence on the performance. Under the parameters studied in this paper, the medium flexible fin exhibits remarkable efficiency improvement as well as thrust augment, while the least flexible fin shows no obvious difference from the rigid one. However, for the most flexible fin, although the thrust production decreases sharply, the efficiency reaches the maximum value. It should be noted that by non-uniformly distributing the rigidity across the caudal fin, our model is able to replicate some fin deformation patterns observed in both the live fish and the experimental robotic fish.


The implementation of sustainable development principles often comes into conflict with government driven needs for greater economic growth. The richly diverse Mekong Region–which comprises the six riparian nations of China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam–is in the midst of a regional debate between development and ecological preservation. The Mekong River Commission (MRC), the sole organization in the region tasked with managing this delicate balance, is struggling to find a balance between utilizing the Mekong's waterways for economic growth without undermining the vitality of the river for use by future generations. In its 15 year history, the organization has never truly defined its basic principles on sustainability and has instead shifted positions as its leadership has changed. The MRC is also trapped in a difficult balance with its upstream neighbors; due to its limited authority, the MRC has been unable to effectively manage water usage and development along the Mekong region.


This article critically reviews published literature on the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and health outcomes in Pakistan. Studies are systematically assessed in terms to find the relationship between the social, economic, political and biological determinants to health. The studies shown that the genetical abnormalities, malnutrition and terrorism have significantly affected the quality of life. Moreover, international relations and the national policies have adversely affected the health outcome in the masses of population. Among the socio-economic determinants social exclusion and discrimination, being woman, health compliance, economic polarization in the society, education level, unemployment and work jeopardizes derives the inequality in health of the population which eventually has the implications on the poor economy of the country.


This project, Identifying
economic abuse for women with disability in Victoria: A toolkit for service
providers and people experiencing family violence draws on data
collected for the Australia's National Research Organisation for Women's
Safety funded project Women,
disability and violence: Barriers to accessing justice (Maher et al.,
2018). In that project researchers heard from 36 women in Victoria and New South
Wales about their experiences seeking justice and safety in the context of
family violence. Many of these women spoke specifically about economically
coercive behaviours and the impact of this on their ability to secure safety.
Researchers found a lack of awareness of the types of family violence
perpetrated against women with disability and critically, a lack of accessible
resources to assist in the identification of and support of women with
disability to move away from such violence. In their final report researchers
wrote that the 'limited availability of resources for disability advocacy' is a
significant issue as these are 'often a critical avenue for the disclosure of
violence by people with disability' (Maher et al., 2018, 31). The development of
the toolkit for this project draws directly on the data gathered from these
women.

The research team would like to thank the women who
participated in the focus groups and final consultation as well as those who
shared their stories with us for the original ANROWS-funded research upon which
this project is based. We would also like to extend our thanks to the numerous
stakeholders and experts who contributed so generously during the focus groups
and afterwards.

We thank the Victorian Women's Benevolent Trust for funding this
project as part of their small grants program in 2018-2019. We would also like
to acknowledge the ANROWS funding for Women Disability and Violence: Creating Access to Justice that
began this work and we would like to thank members of the research team with
whom we worked on this project, Dr Claire Spivakovsky and Professor Jude
McCulloch from Monash University, Kara Beavis from Oueensland University of
Technology, and Dr Jessica Cadwallader, Meredith Lea and Therese Sands from
People with Disability Australia.


Solar energy is developing fast in Australia, particularly with the installations of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. Increasing photovoltaic penetration levels causes; however, power quality issues to electricity network operators, due to intermittency of solar energy. In this report, we discuss the need for high resolution data on solar radiation and system performance to be used for solar energy forecasting in the short, medium and long term. This document proposes the implementation of a monitoring system for the Photovoltaic Training Facility on the rooftop of the Engineering & Energy Building at Murdoch University. The design process is described here to illustrate how the final system has been adapted to specific requirements for this facility. The design of the monitoring system has been chosen to address the issue of solar energy intermittency in addition to fulfilling general requirements for monitoring PV array performance. Because the facility is not yet commissioned, the study only focused on environmental data monitoring with recommendations for further work involving integration of inverters' communication. The designed monitoring system consists of various environmental sensors including pyranometers, anemometers, RTD temperature sensors and a wind vane, as well as communication interfaces for the various inverters. Data acquisition was selected to be based on remote I/O modules from the Advantech's ADAM 4000 Series that were satisfying the requirement of sampling at a rate less than 1 second. In addition, the report describes the development of two user interfaces using the Labview programming software to monitor data from the facility. Testing of programs through recording solar radiation over a 1 hour period confirmed the possibility to collect measurements of solar radiation fast enough so that intermittency of solar energy can be observed. Data will be documented and shared to provide a useful resource on Perth solar energy and PV intermittency.


Problem statement: At present, the novel agent that is effective, che ap and easy to approach for treating male sexual dysfunction is re quired due to the current poor therapeutic efficacy . Though Moringa oleifera is reputed for aphrodisiac activity in traditional folklore, no scientific evidence is available. Therefore, we aimed to deter mine the effect of M.oleifera leaves extract on male sexual behaviors in animal model of sexual dysfunct ion. Moreover, the possible underlying mechanisms were also investigated. Approach: Male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, had been ora lly given M.oleifera leaves extract at doses of 10, 50 and 250 mg kg -1 BW once daily at 30 min before the exposure to 12-h immobilization stress for 14 days. They were assessed male sexual behaviors including mounting, intromission and ejaculation nu mbers and latencies after single administration and every 7 days until the end of experiment. To furthe r investigate the possible mechanisms of action, we also determined serum testosterone level of all rat s at the end of experiment together with the determination of suppression effect of the plant ex tract on MAO B and PDE-5 activities. Results: The results showed that after single administration, ra ts subjected to M.oleifera extract at dose of 10 mg kg -1 BW significantly enhanced mounting number. When the treatment was prolonged to 7 days rats subjected to the low dose of extract showed the enh anced intromission number whereas rats subjected to high dose of extract showed the enhanced mounting number. Our data also showed no significant change in serum testosterone level. However, the ex tract could also suppress MAO B and PDE-5 activities. Taken all together, the extract could e nhance male sexual desire and performance via the suppression of MAO B and PDE-5 activities. Conclusion: M.oleifera can be the potential sexual enhancer particularly for acute and short term appl ication. However, further researches are necessary.


The selection of measurement configurations for robot calibration is investigated. The goal is to select a set of robot measurement configurations which will yield maximum observability of the model parameter errors so that the effects of noise in parameter estimation can be minimized. The noise considered includes both measurement and modeling errors. An observability measure is used as a criterion for selecting measurement configurations in calibration. Experimental studies are performed to demonstrate the importance of observability to parameter estimation and to verify its implications in robot calibration. Based on the observability measure defined, the optimal measurement configurations for kinematic model calibration are determined for PUMA-type robots.<<ETX>>


Abstract. The direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosols above
clouds has been found to be significant over the south-east Atlantic
Ocean during the African biomass burning season due to elevated smoke
layers absorbing radiation above the cloud deck. So far, global
climate models have been unsuccessful in reproducing the high DRE
values measured by various satellite instruments. Meanwhile, the
radiative effects by aerosols have been identified as the largest
source of uncertainty in global climate models. In this paper, three
independent satellite datasets of DRE during the biomass burning
season in 2006 are compared to constrain the south-east Atlantic
radiation budget. The DRE of aerosols above clouds is derived from the
spectrometer SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for
Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY), the polarimeter Polarization and
Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER), and
collocated measurements by the spectrometer Ozone Monitoring
Instrument (OMI) and the imager Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS). All three datasets confirm the high DRE
values during the biomass season, underlining the relevance of local
aerosol effects. Differences between the instruments can be attributed
mainly to sampling issues. When these are accounted for, the
remaining differences can be explained by a higher cloud optical
thickness (COT) derived from POLDER compared to the other instruments
and a neglect of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at shortwave infrared
(SWIR) wavelengths in the method used for SCIAMACHY and OMI–MODIS. The
higher COT from POLDER by itself can explain the difference found in
DRE between POLDER and the other instruments. The AOT underestimation
is mainly evident at high values of the aerosol DRE and accounts for
about a third of the difference between POLDER and OMI–MODIS DRE. The
datasets from POLDER and OMI–MODIS effectively provide lower and upper
bounds for the aerosol DRE over clouds over the south-east Atlantic,
which can be used to challenge global circulation models (GCMs). Comparisons
of model and satellite datasets should also account for sampling
issues. The complementary DRE retrievals from OMI–MODIS and POLDER may
benefit from upcoming satellite missions that combine spectrometer
and polarimeter measurements.


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are an efficient energy technology for converting different types of fuels to electricity and heat. An important material limitation, especially for (planar) Ni-based anode supported cells, is their redox stability. The nickel volume change between its metallic and oxide state is destroying the thin electrolyte. Thereby it is crucial to understand mechanisms of nickel reduction, oxidation and coarsening in this system. Reduction parameters are also important from an electrochemical point of view because any change in microstructure will influence the anode reactions. On the other hand, it is observed that establishment of open circuit voltage during anode reduction is slow, and that stack performance often increases at first polarization; it is of interest to try and correlate these observations with a microstructural study. This study will focus on state-of-the-art Ni-YSZ Anode Supported Cells (ASC, supplied by HTceramix SA, Switzerland). Reduction and oxidation are carried out under different conditions. Outlet gases from a flow-through reactor containing the anode sample are analyzed by Mass Spectrometry (MS) to follow the chemical reaction. A Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) preparation and detection technique is used to analyze the cermets microstructure after different reduction and oxidation cycles. A Mathematica® code is developed to analyze and quantify SEM images. ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA) is used to confirm the MS measurements.


Preface. PART 1: LEADING HUMAN RESOURCES, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, DIVERSITY, AND PLANNING. Chapter 1: Leading Human Resources. The Practice of Leading Human Resources. The Importance of Leading Human Resources. The Human Resources Department. Leadership. The Challenge of Leading Human Resources. Leaders, Supervisors, and Associates. Characteristics of Leaders. The Nature of Leadership. Leadership Styles. The Old-Style Boss. Theory X and Theory Y. Situational Leadership. Transactional Leadership. Transformational Leadership. Practices of Leaders. Empowerment. Developing Your Own Style. Ethics. The Leader as Mentor. Chapter 2: Equal Opportunity Laws and Diversity. Equal Opportunity. EEO and Diversity. Inclusion. Equal Employment Opportunity Laws. EEO Laws and the Hiring Process. Equal Opportunity in the Workplace: What Leaders Need To Know. Q & A: Race, Ethnicity, Color"What Practices Are Discriminatory". Interviewing. Diversity. Why Does Cultural Diversity Matter?. Developing Cross-Cultural Interaction. How to Increase Personal Awareness. Learning About Other Cultures. How to Recognize and Practice Cross-Cultural Interaction. The Value of Cultural Diversity. Leading Cultural Diversity in the Workplace. Establishing a Diversity and Inclusion Program. Leading Diversity Issues Positively. General Guidelines. Gender Issues. Cultural Issues. Religious Issues. Age Issues. Physically and or Mentally Challenged Issues. Chapter 3: Human Resources Planning, Job Analysis, Job Description, and Organizing. The Nature of Human Resource Planning. Levels of Planning. The Planning Process. Goals and Goal Setting. SWOT Analysis. Forecasting. The Risk Factor. Qualities of a Good Plan. Types of Plans and Planning. Standing Plans. Single-Use Plans. Day-by-Day Planning. Schedules. Planning for Change. How Associates Respond to Change. How to Deal with Resistance. Example of Planning for Change. Planning Your Own Time. Job Descriptions. Job Analysis. The Uses of Job Analysis. Job Description. Other Parts of the Job Description. Organizing for Success. PART 2: SOURCING, COMPENSATION, AND BENEFITS. Chapter 4: Sourcing: Recruitment, Selection, and Orientation. The Labor Market. Jobs To Be Filled. Days and Hours of Work. Sources of Employees. Characteristics of Your Labor Area. Determining Labor Needs. Defining Job Qualifications. Forecasting Staffing Needs. Training Versus Buying Skills. Recruiting. General Recruiting Principles. On-Line Applicants and Selection Tests. Internal Recruiting. External Recruiting. Evaluating Your Recruiting. Selecting the Right Person. Application Form. The Interview. Testing. Reference Check. Making the Choice. Making the Offer. Negligent Hiring. Orientation. Creating a Positive Response. Communicating the Necessary Information. Chapter 5: Compensation and Benefits. Compensation Programs. Compensation Philosophy. Compensation Leadership. Compensation Goals and Strategies. Labor Market Conditions. Legislation and Legal Issues of Compensation. Developing a Compensation Plan. Establishing Pay Rates. Establish Pay Grades. Pay for Performance. Incentives. Profit-Sharing Plans. Cost of Living Adjustments. Tipping and Service Charges. Employee Benefit Programs. Employee Benefits Required by Law. Voluntary Benefits. Health Insurance Plans. Retirement Benefits. Defined Benefit Plans. Defined Contributions Plan. Employee Stock Ownership Plans. Life Insurance. Long-Term Disability Insurance. Paid Time Off. Short-Term Disability Insurance. Employee Services. Cost of Benefits. PART 3: PERFORMANCE LEADERSHIP. Chapter 6: Motivation. Employee Expectations and Needs. Your Experience and Technical Skills. The Way You Behave as a Leader. Communication Between Leader and Employees. Unwritten Rules and Customs. Person-to-Person Relationships. Motivation. Theories of Motivation. Motivation Through Fear. Carrot-and-Stick Method. Economic Person Theory. Human Relations Theory. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Theory Y and Motivation. Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Behavior Modification. Reinforcement and Expectancy Theory. Applying Theory to Reality: Limiting Factors. Building a Positive Work Climate. Focus: The Individual. Motivational Methods. Leading Energy. Dealing with Security Needs. Dealing with Social Needs. Rewarding Your Employees. Developing Your Employees. Focus: The Job--Providing an Attractive Job Environment. Putting the Right Person in the Right Job. Making the Job Interesting and Challenging. Focus: The Leader. Setting a Good Example. Establishing a Climate of Honesty. Chapter 7: Teamwork, Teambuilding, and Coaching. What Is a Team?. Working Together. Cohesive Teams. Leading a Kitchen Team. Leading a Restaurant Shift. Three Ways to Influence an Informal Team. Building Teams. Turning Groups into Teams. Creating Successful Teams. Characteristics of Successful Teams. Total Quality Management. How To Install a TQM Process. Empowerment. Team Challenges. Coaching. Chapter 8: Employee Training and Development. Importance of Training. Need for Training. Benefits of Training. Problems in Training. Who Will Do the Training?. How Employees Learn Best. Developing a Job-Training Program. Establishing Plan Content. Developing a Unit Training Plan. Moving from Plan to Action. Job Instruction Training. Retraining. Overcoming Obstacles to Learning. Turnover and Retention. Chapter 9: Performance Leadership. Performance Standards. Uses of the Job Description. What a Good Performance Standard System Can Do. In Recruiting and Hiring. In Training. In Evaluating Performance. In Your Job and Your Career. Setting Up a Performance Standard System. Defining the Purpose and Analyzing the Job. Writing the Performance Standards. Developing Standard Procedures. Training Associates To Meet the Performance Standards. Evaluating On-the-Job Performance. Implementing a Performance Standard System. How To Make a Performance Standard System Pay Off. How a Performance Standard System Can Fail. Essentials of Performance Evaluation. Purpose and Benefits. Steps in the Process. Making the Evaluation. Performance Dimensions. Performance Standards. Performance Ratings. Pitfalls in Rating Employee Performance. Employee Self-Appraisal. The Appraisal Interview. Planning the Interview. Conducting the Interview. Common Mistakes in Appraisal Interviews. Follow-Up. Legal Aspects of Performance Evaluation. PART 4: MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE. Chapter 10: Discipline and Employee Assistance Programs. Essentials of Discipline. Approaches to Discipline. Negative Approach. Positive Approach. Advantages of the Positive Approach. Shifting from Negative to Positive Discipline. Administering Discipline. Adapting Discipline to the Situation. Some Mistakes To Avoid. Taking the Essential Steps. Termination. Salvage or Terminate?. Just-Cause Terminations. The Termination Interview. Employee Assistance Programs. How To Make EAPs Work. The Leaders Key Role. Chapter 11: Health and Safety. Legal and Government Regulation of Safety and Health Practices. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Hazard Communication Standard. Americans with Disabilities Act. Workplace Injuries and Diseases/Illness. Workers' Compensation. Safety. Employee Safety. Sexual Harassment. Other Forms of Harassment. Substance Abuse. Guest Safety. Security Concerns. AIDS and the Hospitality Worker. PART 5: HUMAN RESOURCES LEADERSHIP. Chapter 12: Conflict Management, Resolution, and Prevention. What Is Conflict?. The Main "Ingredients" of Conflict. Common Causes of Conflict in the Workplace. Conflict Management. Conflict Resolution, How to Handle Conflict. Alternative Dispute Resolution. Conflict Prevention. Chapter 13: Communicating and Delegating. Good Communications and Their Importance. Types of Communication. The Communication Process. Why Communication Is so Important. Obstacles to Good Communication. How the Communicators Affect the Message. How Symbols Can Obscure the Meaning. Problems in Sending the Message. Problems in Receiving the Meaning. Removing Obstacles to Communication. Listening. Bad Listening Practices. How To Listen. Sending Clear Messages. Getting Your Messages Accepted. Making a Positive Impact. Emotional Intelligence. Giving Instructions. Computer and Telephone-Aided Communications. Business Writing. Meetings. Delegating. What Delegation Means. Essentials of Delegation. Benefits of Delegation. Why People Resist Delegation. Why Leaders Have Trouble Delegating. Why Some Associates Won't Accept Responsibility. How to Delegate Successfully. Conditions for Success. Steps in Delegation. Adapting Delegation To Your Situation. Chapter 14: Decision Making and Control. Decision Making. Elements in a Managerial Decision. Approaches to Decision Making. Rational Versus Emotional Decision Making. Kinds of Decisions. How to Make Good Decisions. Defining the Problem. Analyzing the Problem. Developing Alternative Solutions. Deciding on the Best Solution. Action and Follow-Up. Problem Solving. Pattern for Solving Problems. Problem-Solving Example. Participative Problem Solving. Solving People Problems. Win-Win Problem Solving. Building Decision-Making Skills. Controlling. Glossary. Index.


The effect of chirality on the interaction of substrates with the organic cation transporters in the proximal tubule of rat kidney was investigated. The apparent Ki values of the enantiomers/diastereomers of ephedrine and norephedrine and the stereoisomers of deprenyl, tranylcypromine, disopyramide, verapamil, pindolol and quinine/quinidine were determined against the contraluminal organic cation transporter, the luminal H+/organic cation exchanger and the luminal choline+ transporter, using the stop-flow luminal or contraluminal capillary microperfusion method. The ephedrine/norephedrine enantiomers/diastereomers had apparent Ki values against the contraluminal organic cation transporter in the range of 0.8 to 2.4 mM, and only norpseudoephedrine showed significant enantioselectivity. The same substrates had apparent Ki values against the luminal H+/organic cation exchanger between 3.0 and 15.0 mM, and ephedrine, norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine showed enantioselectivity. The Ki values against the luminal choline+ transporter were even higher (7.2-19.1 mM) and demonstrated no enantioselectivity. The verapamil and deprenyl enantiomers showed selectivity against the luminal choline+ transporter, as did quinine and quinidine against the contraluminal organic cation transporter. In all other instances enantioselectivity was not observed. In no case was the difference in the Ki values of the enantiomers/isomers greater than a factor of 3. The data confirm the high degree of nonspecificity of the renal organic cation transporters. Evaluation of three-dimensional molecular models of the ephedrine enantiomers/diastereomers suggests that the spatial orientations of the amino group and, to a lesser extent, the OH group and possibly the terminal CH3 group are of importance for different interactions with the transporters.


The article examines the scope of the legal duty of medical confidentiality when clinicians communicate information to the patient's relatives. The subject is analysed in light of relevant developments in English law over the last decade, and in view of the growing shift in bioethics from individual to relational autonomy. The legal position and influential professional guidelines are then examined in light of accounts provided by NHS clinicians collected through in-depth interviews during 2009-2010. The clinicians experienced difficulties when facing tension between confidentiality and disclosure to relatives. They were dissatisfied with their restrictions in promoting an open channel of communication between patients and relatives, which they deem important and beneficial when patients face a serious illness. These findings lead the author to suggest several changes with regard to the doctor's duty of confidentiality.


As a relatively new tool for organization development, action research, training and team building, Appreciative Inquiry (AI) has gained popularity worldwide (Messerschmidt, 2008). Whilst much research has addressed the approach and its philosophy, AI still remains an approach with little self-reflection or critique (Grant & Humphries, 2006). It has been suggested that evaluation of past AI interventions is needed to inform managerial action in conducting future interventions and contribute to the literature on AI (Dunlap, 2008).  In this thesis, three large-scale AI interventions (between 130 and 320 participants in the summit) were evaluated. Three organizations operating in New Zealand and Australia agreed to participate in this research. Across these three organizations, data were collected through 23 semi-structured interviews of employees who were involved in the AI summit. Evaluation of these interventions was carried out by comparing the findings of the interviews with the intended goals and outcomes for each organization in initially performing an AI summit. In addition, the findings were contrasted with the existing literature on AI and recommendations for future implementations are made.  This research shows that the interviewees across the three organizations consistently reflected very positively on the AI summit. They commonly used words like 'fun', 'great', 'amazing', 'exciting', 'energizing', 'motivating' and 'making you feel special' to describe the event. Particularly, the involvement of a diverse group of people (co-workers from different management levels, customers, suppliers, external partners, etc.) in the summit was highly appreciated by the interviewees.  While the literature puts a great emphasis on the AI summit and the planning of the event, the findings indicate that the things that happen post the summit are at least as important as the actual summit itself. Two out of three organizations appear to have underestimated the importance of what should happen after the event and ultimately failed in integrating AI into their organizational processes or capturing significant benefits following the AI summit. In contrast, the third organization put a strong emphasis on planning actions that followed the summit and consequently managed to make AI part of their way of operating.


This paper presents the extant literature on evolutionary economic geography (EEG) and tourism studies and briefly reviews what has been produced thus far. There are two main areas addressed: path dependence (and how to break from a path) and co-evolution (of tourism paths within a given region and of regional paths including tourism). The papers already published on EEG and tourism feature cases from resort communities, mass tourism destinations and rural and peripheral areas with all cases from highly developed countries (Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Italy and Australia). Next, the papers of the special issue are explored and show a broadening of the geographical reach (to include China and Spain) and a move to apply EEG theory as part of a hybrid theoretical framework. Finally, the paper concludes with a call for broader evolutionary approaches in tourism studies beyond strictly business development studies. This ultimately requires the development of EEG measures in line with the goals of sustainable tourism development.


In this quasi experiment study, an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), was
compared to the Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) in tutoring students to learn
the topic on Algebraic Expression. The ITS system consisted of two main
structures in the architecture, the Student Model and Tutorial Model. The Student
Model stores student's responses throughout the tutorial process while the Tutorial
Model presents a suitable tutoring strategy to students according to their progress.
In order to identify the effect of ITS on student's achievement, 62 students in one
of the private school in Perak were involved in the study. The Subjects consist of
two intact groups. The groups were randomly assigned as the control group and
the experimental group. One of the group studied algebraic expression in a CAI learning environment, while the other were in a CAI and ITS (CAI+ITS)
environment.
Before the experiment began, subjects were given a pre-test on algebraic
expression, together with questionnaires of learning style and attitude towards
mathematics. Post-test was given by the end of the study. The study was
administered in eight slots with one hour per slot. Both groups of subjects studied
the algebraic expression in CAI environment at first stage of the study. After
completing the first stage, subjects from CAI group went through a tutoring
session with CAI, whereas subjects from the CAI+ ITS environment continue their
study in ITS tutorial.


The research problem concerned is: What criteria should be used when congregations are analysed? Congregations as faith communities are defi ned differently. Identifying the local congregation as a defi ned and as an empirical subject plays a major role in answering the research question. The theological points of departure taken are that any measure of a local congregation has to deal with issues such as faithfulness to the gospel and the missional identity and integrity of the congregation as a contextual faith community. The hypothesis is that theologically informed and motivated congregations can and should be analysed in the process of continuing reformation. While the fi rst article described the approach and outcome of empirical research, this article focuses mainly on  understanding the church as intermediary in its ministerial role-fulfi lment. Ministries are modes by which God is coming to his own and through them to his world. Eventually a case is made for congregational analysis as a test of faithfulness to this understanding of ministry.


This thesis explores the ways in which health promotion campaigns presuppose the pregnant subject and how main stream health promoters construct theories and practices of empowerment, health literacy and rationality.

Two Western Australian main stream health promotion campaigns directed at pregnant women in the period 1996 to 1997 (the time of interviewing) and still current at time of writing, will be analysed and comparisons made with the development of health promotion theory and practice generally. The normalisation of medicallscientific approaches toward pregnancy care and behaviour will be illustrated by providing examples from health promotion literature, medical and health journals, popular pregnancy books, magazines and newspaper stories. The assumption that health literacy is the major attribute necessary to enable empowerment is intenogated and the limitations of this perspective illustrated.

The second part of the thesis deals more directly with the interview material and illustrates how the women interviewed related to, and engaged with, main stream health information. The diversity with the group of middle class women interviewed is highlighted, and the different philosophical positions they occupy in relation to main stream health information explored. The complexity and contextual situatedness of women's decision making in relation to notions about health literacy, rationality and empowerment is outlined. The concluding chapters of the thesis discuss the most recent developments in main stream health promtion theory, examining the limitations of social capital theory, social marketing and other health promotion strategies. The conclusion imagines the possible benefits for women as health subjects and main stream health promoters as experts, in rethinking rationality and re-supposing women as positive health subjects that are promising rather than permanently risky and in need of improvement.


This article examines the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and public health, with a focus on the extension of AIDS treatment in the developing world. While most of the literature on IP and health examines the conditions affecting poor countries' capacities to acquire essential medicines, I show the distinct—and more complicated—political economy of production and supply. IP regulations alter the structure of generic pharmaceutical sectors in the countries capable of supplying essential medicines, and changes in market structure affect actors' economic and political interests and capacities. These new constellations of interests and capacities have profound implications for the creation and maintenance of political coalitions in support of on-going drug supply. The result is that the global AIDS treatment campaign becomes marked by mismatches of interests and capacities: those actors capable of taking the economic, legal, and political steps necessary to increase the supply and availability of essential drugs have diminished interest in doing so, and those actors with an interest in expanding treatment may lack the capacities to address the problem of undersupply. By focusing centrally on actors' interests in and capacities for economic and political action, the article restores political economy to analysis of an issue-area that has been dominated by attention to international law. And by examining the fragility of the coalitions supporting the production and supply of generic drugs, the article points to the limits of transnational activist networks as enduring agents of change.


The proponents of the "microfoundations project" have advanced a number of criticisms of theories of organizational routines and capabilities. While the criticisms derive in part from philosophical or methodological premises that are open to serious question, and tend to ignore the empirical research on the subject, there remains a valid core concern about the foundational characterization of human nature and particularly about the relationship of the individual level of analysis to the organizational level. This paper makes the case that a suitable individual-level foundation can be found only in an account of individual psychology that gives due weight to habit and clearly distinguishes habit from deliberative decision making. Insight is drawn from the writings of John Dewey and from recent research in psychology.


The purpose of this study is to present the biological affinity of four Taiwanese Indigenous groups. Previous studies based on linguistics and ethnography had shown that there are differences between the indigenous groups in Taiwan (Ferrell 1969; Utsurikawa et al. 1935). Archaeological remains also indicate that there was a wide variety of groups (Tsang 1995). In order to provide some biological evidence for this issue, the present research estimated the biodistance from both cranial measurements and non-metric cranial traits between the four Taiwanese Indigenous groups (Atayal, Bunun, Babuza, and Pazeh) from modern collections. It is hypothesized that the Taiwanese Indigenous groups would have significant biological differences: the Atayal and Bunun samples (mountain indigenous) would cluster, while the Babuza and Pazeh (lowland indigenous) would cluster separately. The two hypotheses were supported from both craniometric and non-metric data in the present study. Limited comparison with groups from other areas was also performed in order to examine the possible dispersal pattern of the Taiwanese Indigenous groups. Craniometric data from three samples (South Japan, Philippines, and Hainan) from the William W. Howells Craniometric Data Set and non-metric data of four samples (Philippines, South China, Southeast Asians, and Okinawa) from Fukumine et al. (2006) were used. Since vii the popular hypothesis of the Austronesians' origin suggests that there was intensive movement between Taiwan and Philippines (e.g., Bellwood 1988; Diamond 2000; Melton et al. 1995; Solheim 1988; Su et al. 2000; Trejaut et al. 2005), it is hypothesized that the Taiwanese Indigenous groups would show the closest affinity with the samples from Philippines while the other groups would be in another cluster. However, this hypothesis is not supported in the present study. The result showed that the Taiwanese Indigenous groups and those from the Philippines are relatively distant. This supports the hypothesis of Tsang (2012) that the early dispersal of Austronesian groups may have occurred several times through multiple routes to Taiwan and the Philippines.


During the past few years, mostly as a result of the GDPR and the CCPA, websites have started to present users with cookie consent banners. These banners are web forms where the users can state their preference and declare which cookies they would like to accept, if such option exists. Although requesting consent before storing any identifiable information is a good start towards respecting the user privacy, yet previous research has shown that websites do not always respect user choices. Furthermore, considering the ever decreasing reliance of trackers on cookies and actions browser vendors take by blocking or restricting third-party cookies, we anticipate a world where stateless tracking emerges, either because trackers or websites do not use cookies, or because users simply refuse to accept any. In this paper, we explore whether websites use more persistent and sophisticated forms of tracking in order to track users who said they do not want cookies. Such forms of tracking include first-party ID leaking, ID synchronization, and browser fingerprinting. Our results suggest that websites do use such modern forms of tracking even before users had the opportunity to register their choice with respect to cookies. To add insult to injury, when users choose to raise their voice and reject all cookies, user tracking only intensifies. As a result, users' choices play very little role with respect to tracking: we measured that more than 75% of tracking activities happened before users had the opportunity to make a selection in the cookie consent banner, or when users chose to reject all cookies.


We introduce the KAIST multi-spectral data set, which covers a great range of drivable regions, from urban to residential, for autonomous systems. Our data set provides the different perspectives of the world captured in coarse time slots (day and night), in addition to fine time slots (sunrise, morning, afternoon, sunset, night, and dawn). For all-day perception of autonomous systems, we propose the use of a different spectral sensor, i.e., a thermal imaging camera. Toward this goal, we develop a multi-sensor platform, which supports the use of a co-aligned RGB/Thermal camera, RGB stereo, 3-D LiDAR, and inertial sensors (GPS/IMU) and a related calibration technique. We design a wide range of visual perception tasks including the object detection, drivable region detection, localization, image enhancement, depth estimation, and colorization using a single/multi-spectral approach. In this paper, we provide a description of our benchmark with the recording platform, data format, development toolkits, and lessons about the progress of capturing data sets.


The general literature on personality traits as risk factors for physical illness—as well as the specific literature on health consequences of anger, hostility, and aggressive behavior— often suffers from incomplete or inconsistent construct validation of personality measures. This study illustrates the utility of two conceptual tools in this regard— the five-factor model and the interpersonal circumplex. The similarities and differences among anger, hostility, verbal aggressiveness, and physical aggressiveness as measured by the Buss and Perry (1992) Aggression Questionnaire were identi fied. Results support the interpretation of anger and hostility as primarily reflecting neurotic hostility and antagonistic hostility to a lesser extent. In contrast, verbal and physical aggressiveness can be seen as primarily reflecting antagonistic hostility, and to a lesser extent neurotic hostility. Further, verbal aggressiveness was associated with hostile dominance, whereas hostility was associated with hostile submissiveness. These findings identify potentially important distinctions among these related constructs and illustrate the potential integrative value of standard validation procedures.


Complex formation between CuII and the common environmental ligands Cl-, OH-, CO32-, SO42-, and PO43- can have a significant effect on CuII speciation in natural waters with low concentrations of organic matter. Copper(II) complexes are labile, so the CuII distribution amongst these inorganic ligands can be estimated by numerical modeling if reliable values for the relevant stability (formation) constants are available. This paper provides a critical review of such constants and related thermodynamic data. It recommends values of log10βp,q,r° valid at Im = 0 mol kg-1 and 25 °C (298.15 K), along with the equations and specific ion interaction coefficients required to calculate log10βp,q,r values at higher ionic strengths. Some values for reaction enthalpies, ΔrHm, are also reported where available. In weakly acidic fresh water systems, in the absence of organic ligands, CuII speciation is dominated by the species Cu2+(aq), with CuSO4(aq) as a minor species. In seawater, it is dominated by CuCO3(aq), with Cu(OH)+, Cu2+(aq), CuCl+, Cu(CO3)OH-, Cu(OH)2(aq), and Cu(CO3)22- as minor species. In weakly acidic saline systems, it is dominated by Cu2+(aq) and CuCl+, with CuSO4(aq) and CuCl2(aq) as minor species.


In August 2008, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a final rule in the Federal Register officially removing the West Virginia northern flying squirrel from the List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife, approximately twenty-three years after it was originally listed. The flying squirrel's delisting proved quite controversial and many environmentalists challenged the agency's decision for violating of the Endangered Species Act. The D.C. Circuit, in Friends of Blackwater v. Salazar, nevertheless upheld the FWS's delisting decision, finding that ESA recovery plans merely provide non-binding guidance. This Comment argues that although the D.C. Circuit decided the case correctly on the basis of proper statutory interpretation and adherence to common law precedent, the practical implications of this decision create significant cause for concern. Congress should therefore amend the ESA to impart legal enforceability on recovery plans if it wishes provide endangered species with a heightened degree of protection.


Noncompliance with prescribed medication has been associated with increased chance of relapse and poor outcome. Side effects may be an important cause of noncompliance. Fifty-one parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a tertiary care hospital in Indonesia were interviewed about their perception of side effects and their impact on treatment noncompliance and daily activities. A symptom checklist assessing 13 common symptoms was used to examine side effects. During chemotherapy, childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients suffered from psychological as well as physical side effects. The most frequent side effect reported by parents was behavior alteration (92%). Second and third in frequency were increased appetite and infections, reported by 88% and 83% of parents, respectively. The most severe side effects were leg weakness, increased appetite, and behavior alteration. The overall frequency of side effects was weakly correlated to noncompliance. Reducing the impact of side effects may increase compliance with the treatment.


Abstract Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) plays a role of the principal institute in Japan for the design and the development of a solid breeder (WCSB) blanket and a helium cooled solid breeder (HCSB) blanket, in the ITER Test Blanket Modules (TBM) programt. The WCSB and HCSB modules consist of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel, F82H, as the structural material, Li2TiO3 as the tritium breeder material, beryllium or Be-Ti alloy as the neutron multiplier. One of the R&Ds for the WCSB TBM, the mockup of the first wall with embedded cooling channels was fabricated by applying HIP technique. Pebbles of Be12Ti, which is a candidate material for the advanced neutron multiplier, were produced by a small-scale rotating electrode method. Mechanical and chemical properties and irradiation effects have been studied for Be12T pebbles. Both oxidation and steam interaction were about 1/1000 as small as those of beryllium metal, which indicates a possibility to reduce a risk of a water or air ingress accident. The test schedule of TBMs is discussed according to the ITER operation phases.


This paper assessed the influence of consumers on sorghum based clear beer (Eagle) value chain in Tanzania. The specific objectives were to assess consumers' preferences and market potential of Eagle beer in Tanzania. The study areas were Moshi Rural and Karatu Districts in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions respectively in Northern Tanzania. In these regions, the Eagle beer was launched for the first time by the manufacturers, that is, Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) in 2007. The respondents were selected purposely from different drinking outlets in Moshi Rural and Karatu districts. The findings show that the majority of the Eagle consumers were males, 87% in Moshi Rural and 93% in Karatu districts, respectively and their mean age was 36 years. The educational level of most of the consumers was primary education that is 63% for Moshi Rural and 67% for Karatu districts, respectively. The majority of consumers were married that is 73% in Moshi Rural and 60% in Karatu districts respectively. Most consumers shifted to Eagle due to reasonable price followed by its taste. The mean beer consumption was 20.5 bottles (500 ml) per week for Moshi Rural district consumers and 32 bottles per week for Karatu district consumers. Most preferred drinking outlet in Moshi Rural was bar (43%) followed by grocery stores (33%) whereby in Karatu, the most preferred outlet was grocery store (53%) followed by bars (43%). Most Eagle consumers shifted from drinking other beer brands and very few shifted from drinking spirits and locally produced beer or wines. However, 83% of Eagle consumers in Moshi Rural and 86% in Karatu districts respectively were consuming TBL products before switching to Eagle beer. The remaining were consuming non-TBL products and local drinks. The logistic regression analysis whereby consumers' willingness to buy (WTB) Eagle beer was a dependent variable, showed that consumers' taste of Eagle beer, consumers' preference, grocery stores and bars were statistically significant. Log-linear regression analysis results whereby Eagle beer weekly consumption was a dependent variable showed that consumers' taste and preference of Eagle beer and household income were statistically significant. Therefore, it is concluded that price, taste, preferences and household income had influence on Eagle beer consumption in Moshi Rural and Karatu districts respectively. It is therefore recommended that more marketing and promotion should be done in order to capture the market share that is still enjoyed by locally produced drinks and non-TBL products. However, care should be taken as this might cannibalize other TBL brands. Hence, as long as Eagle market is there, TBL will continue to buy sorghum from farmers and therefore farmers' income will be improved.

 Key words: Consumer preference, market potential, Sorghum based clear beer.


Unprecedented forest fires are affecting large swathes of what were once fire-free Amazonian forests, including extensive areas of community-managed reserves. This shared overview of experiences of practitioners and researchers examines ways in which these reserves can be supported to reduce the risk of forest fires. We highlight six considerations that are key to fire reduction: inclusive management and community leadership, adapting to demographic and cultural changes, identifying examples of good practice, socially just alternative livelihoods, forecasting and planning and bridging scientific research and innovation. Policy implications. The escalating fire problem in Amazonia and elsewhere means we urgently need to learn from past experiences. Co-developed ecological and social research can support novel approaches to reserve management, but achieving this will require sustained investment and ongoing dialogue between communities, managers, researchers and the government. © 2020 British Ecological Society


Nursery growers are seeking new sprayers that can discharge droplets uniformly within
taxus canopies to obtain healthy and marketable plants. A custom-designed five-port, air-assist
sprayer was investigated to improve spray penetration into taxus canopies in a production nursery.
Air velocity profiles from nozzle outlets to 0.79 m below the nozzles were determined experimentally
and mathematically. Spray deposits at top, middle and bottom of canopies were characterized using
fluorescence detection, and were compared with two application rates. The air velocity decreased
from 40.1 to 19.4 m/s when the distance from the orifice increased from 0.33 to 0.79 m. Variations of
air velocities across the same level above the ground decreased as distance from the nozzle
increased. Tests indicated that increasing application rate by 34% could increase spray deposition at
the bottom of canopies by 42%. Spray deposits increased as the air velocity at target positions
increased.