This paper proposes a novel traffic engineering method using on-chip diorama network that consists of virtual nodes and virtual links. The diorama network is implemented on reconfigurable processor DAPDNA-2. In these years, traffic engineering has widely researched to guarantee QoS (Quality of Service). The proposal is an experimental solution with the onchip diorama network, where virtual links and virtual nodes are constructed by some PEs (processing elements). We obtain the realistic traffic fluctuation through the behavior of virtual packets exchanged on the on-chip diorama network. In this paper, as first trial to achieve our final goal, we implemented diorama network and confirmed basic path calculation, where both functions are an essential function of our algorithm. The diorama network traffic engineering can realize more sophisticated network design like adaptive traffic balancing or multi-metric design.


This manuscript of the DSTLR (5th) updates the DSTLR (4th) and contains the most detailed, complete and comprehensive legal dataset of the most prevalent tort reforms in the United States between 1980 and 2012. The DSTLR has been downloaded almost 2000 times and has become the standard tool in empirical research of tort reform. The dataset records state laws in all fifty states and the District of Columbia over the last several decades. For each reform we record the effective date, a short description of the reform, whether or not the jury is allowed to know about the reform, whether the reform was upheld or struck down by the states' courts, as well as whether it was amended by the state legislator. Scholarship studying the empirical effects of tort reforms relies on various datasets, (tort reforms datasets and other legal compilations). Some of the datasets are created and published independently and some of them are created ad-hoc by the researchers. The usefulness of these datasets frequently suffers from various defects. They are often incompatible and do not accurately record judicial invalidation of laws. Additionally, they frequently lack reforms adopted before 1986, amendments adopted after 1986, court-based reforms, and effective dates of legislation. It is possible that some of the persisting variation across empirical studies about the effects of tort reforms might be due to the variations in legal datasets used by the studies. This dataset builds upon and improves existing data sources. It does so through a careful review of original legislation and case law to determine the exact text and effective dates. The fifth draft corrects errors that were found in the fourth draft, focuses only on the most prevalent reforms, and standardizes the descriptions of the reforms. A link to an Excel file which codes ten reforms found in DSTLR (5th) is provided. It is hoped that creating one "canonized" dataset will increase our understanding of tort reform's impacts on our lives.


Significance We demonstrate the need to detect and track unexpected substances in the atmosphere and to locate their sources. Here, we report on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that have no known end-uses. HCFC-132b (CH2ClCClF2) is newly discovered in the global atmosphere. We identify East Asia as the dominant source region for global emissions of this compound and of HCFC-133a (CH2ClCF3). We also quantify global emissions of HCFC-31 (CH2ClF). These compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products of chemical production processes. The early discovery and identification of such unexpected emissions can identify the related industrial practices and help to develop and manage environmental policies to reduce unwanted and potentially harmful emissions before the scale of the problem becomes more costly to mitigate. Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b (CH2ClCClF2), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a (CH2ClCF3) and HCFC-31 (CH2ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg⋅y−1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016–2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg⋅y−1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg⋅y−1. Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy.


Open access publishing offers wide benefits to the scholarly community and may also afford relief to financially embattled academic libraries. The progress of the open access model rests upon the acceptance and validation of open access journals and open archives or institutional repositories by the academic mainstream, particularly by publishing researchers. To what extent are the key actors in the South African research system aware of the advantages of open access? This article reports on the findings of a recent survey undertaken to assess the current awareness, concerns and depth of support for open access amongst local researchers, research managers and policy makers in South Africa. The study focuses on issues of quality, article or author charges and the established academic reward system. It concludes that within the prevailing framework, there is little prospect that academics would choose to publish within open access journals. Recommendations for advocacy by the library community are proposed.


Background: This study explores how educationally valuable work-based assessments (WBAs) are to surgical trainees and trainers and whether there are barriers to learning? Methods: A questionnaire was sent to orthopaedic trainees and consultants within the Severn Deanery. Results: Ninety-five percent (61) of consultants and 75% (46) of trainees responded. Twenty-one (34%) consultants and 18 (39%) trainees had not received training in using WBAs. Only 16 (25%) consultants and 6 (13%) trainees felt the purpose of WBAs was for education. Trainees reported receiving feedback for WBAs 63% of the time but consultants reported giving feedback 87% of the time. Procedure-based assessments (PBAs) were the only assessments perceived to be educationally valuable by the majority of respondents. Suggestions for improving educational value included more feedback, planning and time, fewer numbers, better training and fewer tick boxes. Twenty-six (58%) trainees and 20 (34%) consultants reported difficulties completing WBAs. The most common problem was lack of consultant's time; 39 (85%) trainees, 38 (66%) consultants. Over 80% of respondents felt that 40 WBAs a year was too many, as a minimum compulsory number. Eighteen was the most popular preferred number. Conclusions: A cultural change is needed for consultants and trainees to feel that WBAs are not just a tickbox exercise, but a useful educational tool for learning.


'Notice and Choice' has been a mainstay of policies designed to safeguard consumer privacy. This paper investigates distortions in consumer behavior when faced with notice and choice which may limit the ability of consumers to safeguard their privacy using field experiment data from the MIT digital currency experiment. There are three findings. First, the effect small incentives have on disclosure may explain the privacy paradox: Whereas people say they care about privacy, they are willing to relinquish private data quite easily when incentivized to do so. Second, small navigation costs have a tangible effect on how privacy-protective consumers' choices are, often in sharp contrast with individual stated preferences about privacy. Third, the introduction of irrelevant, but reassuring information about privacy protection makes consumers less likely to avoid surveillance, regardless of their stated preferences towards privacy.


Background The 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is one of most widely used instruments to measure a global level of perceived stress in a range of clinical and research settings. This study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the Simplified Chinese version of the PSS-10 in policewomen. Methodology A total of 240 policewomen were recruited in this study. The Simplified Chinese versions of the PSS-10, the Beck Depression Inventory Revised (BDI-II), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to all participants, and 36 of the participants were re-tested two weeks after the initial testing. Principal Findings The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.86, and the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.68. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) yielded 2 factors with eigenvalues of 4.76 and 1.48, accounting for 62.41% of variance. Factor 1 consisted of 6 items representing "negative feelings"; whereas Factor 2 consisted of 4 items representing "positive feelings". The item loadings ranged from 0.72 to 0.83. The Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated a very good fit of this two-factor model to this sample. The PSS-10 significantly correlated with both BDI-II and BAI, indicating an acceptable concurrent validity. Conclusions The Simplified Chinese version of the PSS-10 demonstrated adequate psychometric properties for evaluating stress levels. The results support its use among the Chinese population.


Background and Aims: Tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) are inactivated by many different mechanisms, including nuclear exclusion by the chromosome region maintenance protein (CRM-1). Increased tumor levels of CRM-1 have been correlated with poor prognosis of patients with different cancers, making it a therapeutic target. We have developed selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) that bind to CRM-1 to irreversibly inhibit its ability to export proteins. Here we investigated our new class of SINEs in multiple tumor models. Methods: We studied the effects of SINE analogs in a panel of pancreatic, colon, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), prostate, non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell lines and non-transformed/normal cells using proliferation, apoptosis, immunoblot, co-immunoprecipitation, small inhibitor (Si)-RNA, and fluorescence microscopy analyses. The effects of the SINEs were also investigated in mice with subcutaneous, orthotopic tumors and in disseminated liquid tumor models. Results: SINEs (KPT-185, KPT-127, KPT-205, and KPT-227) inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of both solid liquid cancer cells, but did not affect normal lymphocytes or immortalized non-transformed cells. The nuclei of cells incubated with KPT-185 accumulated major TSPs such as p53, p73, p27, FOXO, p73, and prostate apoptosis response 4 (PAR-4) and inhibited interactions between CRM-1 and these proteins. Mutations in the region of CRM-1 that binds to SINEs (Cys-528), or siRNA knockdown of TSPs, prevented the ability of KPT-185 to block proliferation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Oral administration of the KPT SINEs to mice reduced growth of subcutaneous, orthotopic and disseminated xenograft tumors without major toxicity. Analysis of tumor remnants showed that KPT-SINE disrupted the interaction between CRM-1 and TSP, activated TSP function, and reduced proliferation of tumor cells. Conclusion: We identified SINEs that inhibit CRM-1 and promote nuclear accumulation of tumor suppressor proteins in multiple tumor models. Oral administration of the drug to mice reduces growth of xenograft tumors. Based on our solid preliminary studies a phase I clinical trial has been initiated for both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Our results provide conclusive evidence in support of a global therapy for different cancers that involves targeted inhibition of nuclear export protein function and warrants advanced clinical investigations.


There ought to be a law! When during one of its annual national conventions the members of the National Federation of the Blind pass a resolution to address an inequity for blind Americans, a new piece of legislation may be the only way to comply with the resolution and the will of the members. The Director of Governmental Affairs for the National Federation of the Blind is assigned the task of carrying out the work necessary. Having laws made, rather than having machines made, is often America's way of fixing things and solving problems. "Too many laws" is what many people say is wrong with our country. Perhaps that is so, but for those who are blind, the advent of modern and evolving communications technology virtually forces this response--"There ought to be a law." Many observers have wondered about the success the National Federation of the Blind has had in changing so many laws over the years. The fact is, it has not been "luck"; but a combining of the American system of government and a citizen's right to "educate" elected officials in order to mitigate inequities, along with the sagacity and persistence of a series of hard working NFB leaders and members. According to long-time NFB members, the NFB's success comes about year after year because of several factors that they take care to make work together. The founder of the National Federation of the Blind in 1940 was Dr. Jacobus tenBroek, blind university professor and author of books on the U. S. Constitution which are still used in law courses today. Leaders of the NFB learned how laws are made in the various states and in the U.S. Congress. When new leaders are elected, they are helped to utilize the legislative process. Members take every opportunity to get acquainted with elected representatives when they are in their home districts. The success of many of the most important pieces of legislation affecting the lives of all blind Americans rests on the many grassroots members who take the time to stuff envelopes during local politicians' election campaigns, who go to political forums and participate, who invite officials to their homes for a coffee with blind constituents, and often attend the political fundraisers (with their white canes and guide dogs helping them to be noticed in the crowds). It is the personal contacts with elected representatives and the rapport that builds when "that blind woman" turns into Mary Jones, a mother of a blind son who can be trusted to know what she is talking about when she says her blind son is not getting a level playing field in his school because the new computers are not accessible to his software. This personal touch is often crucial when "We, the people" want to see change. To educate legislators about the needs of blind Americans, the National Federation of the Blind holds an important legislative event each year called "The Washington Seminar." It takes place in Washington, D.C., over a weekend plus 3 week days at the end of January or the beginning of February, whenever the Members of Congress return to Washington for a new term. Members make formal appointments to meet every one of their own state's elected officials. Before this seminar takes place, the leaders of the NFB work out which two or three pieces of legislation are most needed by blind Americans--most often based on the resolutions passed at the July convention. Each of these resolutions contains a phrase which is taken seriously by NFB members, "Be it resolved by the National Federation of the Blind in convention assembled...." Occasionally some piece of legislation, legal decision, or bureaucratic maneuvering will have occurred in the interim which must be quickly addressed through legislation. When other parties have an interest in a particular piece of legislation, such as the Association of American Publishers (AAP) with the changes the NFB recommended in the revision of the Copyright Law, then the NFB works directly with such parties to find common ground. …


This study reports data on the question as to how precise is stereoscopic depth localization with double images and what is the relationship between that subjective depth and objective depth. Instrumentation was used which permitted a test object to be adjusted relative to a reference object, when both of these were observed in increasing disparity between the images of the two eyes and in increasing peripheral angle. The data show that the precision of the stereoscopic depth seems to decrease exponentially with disparity, becoming very small near the limiting values of disparity for stereopsis. When the test object is adjusted for half the depth of the reference object, and adjusted to be as far in front of the fixation point as the reference is behind, the data show a remarkable validity for a wide range of disparity, until the limiting disparities are approached. Then the stereoscopic depth levels off to a constant value. These results are discussed in relation to the visual processes and spatial localization.


Healthy Start is the United Kingdom government's food voucher programme for low-income, pregnant women and young children. Eligible women receive vouchers worth £3.10 per week, which can be exchanged for fruit and vegetables, plain cow's milk or infant formula. There has been no robust evaluation of the impact of Healthy Start on nutritional outcomes since its introduction in 2006. Therefore, this study aimed to explore potential outcomes of the programme (including intended and unintended outcomes) and develop explanations for how and why these outcomes might occur.
A realist review was conducted in two iterative and overlapping stages: 1) developing theories or hypotheses about how the Healthy Start programme works, for who, in what circumstances and why; 2) testing those theories using relevant evidence from existing studies of Healthy Start and a similar food voucher programme in the United States. The review findings comprised three 'evidence-informed programme theories' about how low-income pregnant women use Healthy Start vouchers and why.
A qualitative study was undertaken to further refine and consolidate the programme theories derived from the realist review, and to develop new and emerging programme theories. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 low-income women from North West England, who received Healthy Start vouchers during pregnancy. An innovative combination of realist interview techniques and vignettes was used to communicate and exchange theories with low-income women. A realist logic of analysis was applied to generate clear and transparent linkages between outcomes and explanations. Five 'evidence-based programme theories' were developed to explain why low-income pregnant women may experience one or more of the following outcomes from the Healthy Start programme: dietary improvements, shared benefits, financial assistance, stockpiling formula, misuse of vouchers.
These programme theories were integrated with existing behaviour change theories and an overarching theoretical model for Healthy Start was developed. This model illustrates the combination of context and resources needed to generate the intended outcome of dietary improvements for low-income pregnant women, and the mechanisms by which this outcome may be generated.


Although many public health initiatives have been implemented through collaborations with faith-based institutions, little is known about best practices for developing such programs. Using a community-based participatory approach, this case study examines the implementation of an initiative in the Bronx, New York, that is designed to educate community members about health promotion and disease management and to mobilize church members to seek equal access to health care services. The study used qualitative methods, including the collaborative development of a logic model for the initiative, focus groups, interviews, analysis of program reports, and participant observation. The paper examines three key aspects of the initiative's implementation: (1) the engagement of the church leadership; (2) the use of church structures as venues for education and intervention; and (3) changes in church policies. Key findings include the importance of pre-existing relationships within the community and the prominent agenda-setting role played by key pastors, and the strength of the Coalition's dual focus on health behaviors and health disparities. Given the churches' demonstrated ability to pull people together, to motivate and to inspire, there is great potential for faith-based interventions, and models developed through such interventions, to address health disparities.


This report contains the results of a feasibility study into the possibilityof combining a fuel processor/fuel cell (FP/FC) system with an adsorption-cooling device to convert the waste heat of the former into cold. Such a combination is in general referred to as trigeneration, denoting the simultaneous production of power, heat and cold. As starting point for this study a trigeneration system was proposed consisting of a PEMFC based CHP unit, equipped with a CPO based fuel processor of Shell (Hydrogen Source), and combined with the SWEAT solid sorption heat pump which is being developed at ECN. In addition, various alternative technologies have been considered as part of a trigeneration unit, both at the heat and power production side (SOFC, gas engine, gas turbine) as well as at the cold production side (silica/H2O and LiBr2-H2O sorption chillers). The trigeneration systems have been evaluated for surplus value in terms of energy saving compared to a reference situation consisting of cogeneration and production of cooling with an electric compression heat pump. The evaluation holds for a grid-connected situation, and own exploitation/ private ownership of facilities. It appears that in this situation, there is only potential for energy saving if the ratio of cooling efficiency of the trigeneration unit and the COP value of the reference cooling technology is larger than the difference between the average electrical efficiency of central power production and the electrical efficiency of the trigeneration unit. Most systems considered do not fulfil this criterion. Only trigeneration systems based on a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with steam pre-reforming of fuel show potential. This appears to be not so much the result of a high cooling efficiency, but rather the result of a relatively high electrical efficiency. The application of trigeneration is illustrated by two case studies, the result of which indicate that combining cogeneration with a sorption cooler besides, or instead of electric compression cooling could lead to significant energy cost savings, and may thus be a way to enhance the viability of cogeneration


Background: In late May 2012, Bagjan division of Borbam tea estate, of Sivasagar district of Assam was affected by an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea, subsequently confirmed as Vibrio cholerae O1. Objectives: Our objective is to investigate and control the acute diarrheal disease outbreak in Sivasagar district of Assam. Materials and Methods: A physician-epidemiologist-led team did rapid outbreak investigation to confirm the outbreak and instituted treatment and control measures. Quantitative data collection was done using standard schedule and qualitative data by using key informant interview schedule. Results: Spot mapping of cases was done along the garden residential lines. About 120 suspected cases were line listed; with 1:1.23 male: female ratio. Ages ranged from 3 to 70 years (median - 40.5 years). Attack rate was 4.79% with one death; case fatality rate was 0.83%. Open air defecation was practiced by 94.6%. Rectal swabs were positive for V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa). All the piped water samples were class IV unsatisfactory for domestic use. Conclusions: There is a need to improve water and sanitation facility in the tea garden lines along with implementation of a strengthened disease surveillance system through integrated disease surveillance project covering all tea estates.


Globally, the transport system faces a paradigmatic shift where, in addition to increased local traffic problems, climate change and depletion of fossil oil reserves will foster a successive transition to renewable fuels and a need for more resource-efficient mobility management and communication alternatives. Foresighted countries, cities or companies taking the lead in adapting to these tougher conditions might well not only solve those problems, but also turn the problems into business advantages. This thesis is based on six studies that attempt to develop future strategies based on rigorous principled emission and energy efficiency targets and to modulate the impact of travel policies, technical components and behaviours in economically advantageous ways. The modelling frameworks developed throughout the thesis build on a target-orientated approach called backcasting, where the following general components are applied: (1) target description at a conceptual level i.e. the potential for sustainable energy systems, emissions, costs, behavioural patterns, preferences, etc.; (2) mapping of the current situation in relation to target description; and (3) modelling of alternative sets of policies, technologies, behaviours and economic prerequisites to arrive at target achievement. Sustainable travel strategies are analysed from two main viewpoints. The first four studies focus on company travel planning, where behavioural modelling proved to be an important tool for deriving targetorientated travel policies consistent with employee preferences. The latter two studies focus on strategies and preconditions to meet future emission targets and energy efficiency requirements at a macroscopic regional level by 2030. Backcasting's role as a generic methodology for effective strategic planning is discussed.


The Administration initiative to shift federal emergency management policy away from a "response and recovery" emphasis has generated little congressional controversy, although some have raised concerns about the cost effectiveness of implementing a mitigation strategy. Greater attention, it is generally argued, should be given to mitigation (loss reduction) efforts before disasters occur in order to reduce future losses. Legislation (H.R. 707, S. 1691) pending before the 106th Congress would amend the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act) which authorizes federal assistance when the President declares that a catastrophe has overwhelmed state and local resources.


Recently we have studied the instant-form quantization (IFQ) and the light-front quantization (LFQ) of the conformally gauge-fixed Polyakov D1 brane action using the Hamiltonian and path integral formulations. The IFQ is studied in the equal world-sheet time framework on the hyperplanes defined by the world- sheet time σ0 = τ = constant and the LFQ in the equal light-cone world-sheet time framework, on the hyperplanes of the light-front defined by the light-cone world-sheet time . The light-front theory is seen to be a constrained system in the sense of Dirac in contrast to the instant-form theory. However, owing to the gauge anomalous nature of these theories, both of these theories are seen to lack the usual string gauge symmetries defined by the world-sheet reparametrization invariance (WSRI) and the Weyl invariance (WI). In the present work we show that these theories when considered in the presence of background gauge fields such as the NSNS 2-form gauge field or in the presence of gauge field and the constant scalar axion field , then they are seen to possess the usual string gauge symmetries (WSRI and WI). In fact, these background gauge fields are seen to behave as the Wess-Zumino/Stueckelberg fields and the terms containing these fields are seen to behave as Wess-Zumino or Stueckelberg terms for these theories.


Four experiments were carried out in which supplements of locally available proteinaceous by-products were given to young, mainly pre-weaned calves that ranged in initial weight from 30 to 90 kg. The experiments were part of a programme designed to establish practical and economical nutrition interventions for the improved productivity of N'Dama cattle under traditional village husbandry in a sub-humid agro-ecological environment in West Africa. The supplements included groundnut cake, sesame cake, and cotton seed, supplied during both the dry and wet seasons. While significant increases in growth rate were obtained to both dry and wet season supplementation, the responses were both inconsistent and much smaller than those obtained in other studies with older weaned N'Dama cattle. It is concluded that feed supplementation of young cattle should probably be restricted to animals whose liveweight exceeds 100 kg.


Abstract : In this thesis, we study the feasibility of improving aluminum-carbon repulsive potentials for use in density-functional tight binding (DFTB) simulations of low-valence aluminum metalloid clusters. These systems are under consideration for use as novel fuels with rapid metal combustion kinetics, and contain an unusual mix of low-valence metal/metal bonds as well as organometallic components. We show that current DFTB parametrizations of the repulsive potential for Al/C interactions do not provide an adequate treatment of the bonding in these clusters. We performed a re-parametrization of the Al-C repulsive potential via comparison to high-level density functional theory (DFT) results that are known to give accurate thermochemistry for these clusters. We found that the reparametrized system solves the most egregious issues, particularly those associated with an unphysical distortion of the 5 Al/cyclopentadienyl bond. DFTB molecular dynamics simulations of the oxidation of Al4Cp*4 show reasonable comparison with a DFT-based Car-Parrinello method, including correct prediction of hydride transfers from Cp* to the metal centers during the reaction.


We propose a technuque of liquid-phase growth of (AlxGa1-x)2O3 crystals with variable and controlled Al content in them. When using the Czochralski growth process Ga2O3 melt was dosed by sapphire seed. By applying of the special growth zone and the regulating the process parameters, a series of crystal samples with Al content varying from 0.51 to 4.68 % at. was obtained. In addition to the standard setting of the geometry and weight of the crystals using the process parameters, with an increase of the Al content in the melt, it is possible to control the color, transparency and crystallinity of the fabricated samples.


Despite the prominence of the objective "reasonable person standard" in tort doctrine, it is a mistake to conclude that perspective has no place in contemporary tort law. Although explicit perspectival standards, such as the "reasonable woman standard," have gained little acceptance in torts, the perspectives and experiences of non-dominant social groups have sometimes been taken into account in key contexts that involve "culturally polarized understandings of fact" and differing judgments about what constitutes reasonably safe behavior. Notably, the battle has not been over precise formulations of the duty to exercise reasonable care, but over whether to impose a duty to exercise reasonable care in the first instance.This Article examines third-party criminal attack claims against landlords, businesses, employers, and other entities charged with negligence for failing to detect and remedy dangerous conditions and prevent sexual assaults and other criminal attacks on their premises. The victims in these cases are often women, racial minorities, and low-income residents of high-crime areas. The Article describes the lack of consensus in the courts as to whether defendants owe a duty to take reasonable measures to guard against crime and analyzes the recent position taken by the Restatement (Third) of Torts in favor of imposing a duty in all but exceptional cases. The Article endorses the willingness of some courts in sexual assault cases to impose a duty and articulate a concept of reasonable care that requires defendants to make their premises equally safe for men and women. It criticizes the line of cases which rejects a duty of due care in high-crime areas, excuses defendants from taking precautions proportionate to the risk, and thereby fails to express a norm of equal safety regardless of where a person resides.


This article analyzes the role of social work in the context of the special political, economic, cultural, and historical background in China. A historical perspective is used to understand the evolution of the Chinese welfare system and explain the timing of reintroducing the social work profession. A pluralistic perspective is adopted to define social work relating to different stakeholders in social welfare and services. The government starts to diminish its role as a direct service provider. The traditional family and community have less capacity to take care of people. Yet, the social work profession is not ready to take over. Finally, a social development perspective is used to illustrate why economic growth is prioritized by the Chinese government and social work as profession is supposed to work to promote social stability and prosperity. Implications for social work research and practice are discussed.


This article examines the role of the recently introduced fair dealing exception for the purposes of parody and satire in Australian copyright law. Parody and satire, while central to Australian expression, pose a substantial challenge for copyright policy. The law is asked to strike a delicate balance between an author's right to exploit their work, the interests of the public in stimulating free speech and critical discussion, the rights of artists who rely on existing material in creating their own expression, and the rights of all artists in their reputation and the integrity of their works. This article highlights the difficulty parodists and satirists have historically faced in Australia and examines the potential of the new fair dealing exceptions to relieve this difficulty. This article concludes that the new exceptions have the potential, if read broadly, not only to bridge the gap between humorous and non-humorous criticism, but also to allow for the use of copyright material to critique figures other than the copyright owner or author, extending to society generally. This article will argue that the new exceptions should be read broadly to further this important policy goal while also being limited in their application so as to prevent mere substitutable uses of copyright material. To achieve these twin goals, I suggest that the primary indication of fairness of an unlicensed parody should be whether or not it adds significant new expression so as not to be substitutable for the original work.


Infrared spectra of water dissolved in benzene and n-hexane at temperatures in the 373-573K range and at pressures in the 100-200 bar range have been measured. The absorption intensities of the OH stretching bands of HDO increase greatly with increasing temperature, indicating increase in solubility of water in the hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the band shapes exhibit remarkable temperature dependence. This is due to increase in hydrogen bonded species relative to a monomeric species with increasing temperature. Concentrations of HDO in the hydrocarbons have been estimated from the observed intensities by use of an empirical relationship between molar absorption intensities and band peak wavenumbers for hydrogen-bonded HDO.


Spectral lines belonging to the short-lifetime heavy radioactive elements up to Es ($Z$=99) have been found in the spectra of the Przybylski's star. We suggest that these unstable elements may be decay products of a "magic" metastable nucleus belonging to the the island of stability where the nuclei have a magic number of neutrons $N=184$. The laboratory-produced nuclei have a significantly smaller number of neutrons. To identify spectra of the $N=184$ isotopes of these nuclei and their neutron-reach superheavy decay products in astrophysical data we calculate the isotope shift which should be added to the laboratory - measured wavelenghs. The results for the isotopic shifts in the strongest optical electromagnetic transitions in No, Lr, Nh, Fl,and $Z$=120 elements are presented.


Two children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who presented with pleuropericardial effusions are reported on. Pericardial effusions are very unusual in children with mediastinal nodal NHL. In the first patient, who presented with a pleural effusion and pericardial tamponade, the diagnosis of NHL was obscured by a false-positive report of acid-fast bacilli in the pleural fluid. The second patient presented with a pleural effusion and a pericardial effusion with superior vena cava obstruction. Rapid filling of the serous cavities was a striking feature in both cases. Cytological and biochemical investigation of the pleural fluid and pleural biopsy are of limited diagnostic value. Pleuropericardial effusions in NHL are reviewed. The patients have been in disease-free remission for 18 and 16 months respectively.


A combined time series of the General Household Survey datasets from 1979 to 2007 has been compiled by the Centre for Population Change (CPC). This dataset includes, along with socio-economic variables, the demographic histories collected in the Family Information section of the GHS questionnaire over the GHS rounds covered, in harmonised form. The present paper evaluates both the internal consistency of the marriage and cohabitation histories and their correspondence with external sources. The data are weighted using new weights generated by CPC for the analysis of these data. Overall, cumulative proportions married by each age for the cohorts of 1951-55 to 1966-70 correspond well with ONS figures for England and Wales, though there are some systematic disparities in selected years. As found in an earlier study, retrospective estimates from the 2000-07 histories of the proportions cohabiting at a point in time are somewhat above the cross-sectional estimates at survey 5 and 10 years before.


The intertwined issues of the delimitation of maritime boundaries and the division of the resources, particularly petroleum resources, of the Timor Sea have served as a persistent irritant in bilateral relations between Australia and East Timor since the latter's independence in 2002. In 2003 an International Unitization Agreement for the Greater Sunrise complex of fields was signed. This was followed by the conclusion in 2006 of the Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea. The subsequent entry into force of these agreements, in February 2007, appears to resolve this contentious dispute, at least for the foreseeable future. This article explores the background to the dispute and positions of the parties, traces the progress of negotiations towards its interim resolution and then assesses the agreements themselves. It is concluded that while the agreements are, on balance, somewhat more favourable to Australia than to East Timor, they can still be viewed as beneficial to both parties.


Protecting on-chip cache memories against soft errors has become an increasing challenge in designing new generation reliable microprocessors. Previous efforts have mainly focused on improving the reliability of the cache data arrays. Due to its crucial importance to the correctness of cache accesses, the tag array also demands high reliability against soft errors. Exploiting the address locality of memory accesses, we propose to duplicate most recently accessed tag entries in a small tag replication buffer (TRB) thus to protect the information integrity of the tag array in the data cache. Experimental results show that our proposed TRB scheme achieves a high 90% access-with-replica (AWR) rate with low performance (~0%), energy (16.3%), and area (19.9%) overheads. We also conduct a detailed design space exploration for the TRB design and propose a selective TRB scheme that achieves a higher AWR rate (97.4%) for the dirty cachelines with negligible overheads. To provide a comprehensive evaluation of the tag-array reliability, we further conduct an architectural vulnerability factor (AVF) analysis for the tag array in the data cache and propose a refined metric, detected-without-replica-AVF (DOR-AVF), which combines the AVF and AWR analysis. Based on our DOR-AVF analysis, a selective TRB scheme with early write-back (S-TRB-EWB) is proposed, which achieves a zero DOR-AVF and 100% AWR rate at a negligible performance overhead. Results from statistical fault/error injection experiment also confirm the effectiveness of our TRB schemes and the achieved reliability of the cache tag array that recovers 100% of detected errors.


The objective of this work is to study the effect of obesity on the intervertebral discs and provide system analysis of the spine between multiple configurations of people, and know the risks due to this eccentric load (Big Belly). The results show that in all three previous loadings (obese people), the distributions of stress and strain are high in both D1 and D10 intervertebral discs. This shows that the distance between the point of load application and the spine axis has an important role in solicitation increasing and therefore its deformation: as main conclusion is that the concentration of the mass of stomach fat is a risk factor that leads to pain problems, deformation and herniated disc.


Doing Race focuses on race and ethnicity in everyday life: what they are, how they work, and why they matter. Going to school and work, renting an apartment or buying a house, watching television, voting, listening to music, reading books and newspapers, attending religious services, and going to the doctor are all everyday activities that are influenced by assumptions about who counts, whom to trust, whom to care about, whom to include, and why. Race and ethnicity are powerful precisely because they organize modern society and play a large role in fueling violence around the globe. Doing Race is targeted to undergraduates; it begins with an introductory essay and includes original essays by well-known scholars. Drawing on the latest science and scholarship, the collected essays emphasize that race and ethnicity are not things that people or groups have or are, but rather sets of actions that people do. Doing Race provides compelling evidence that we are not yet in a "post-race" world and that race and ethnicity matter for everyone. Since race and ethnicity are the products of human actions, we can do them differently. Like studying the human genome or the laws of economics, understanding race and ethnicity is a necessary part of a twenty first century education.


This study set out to determine whether quantitative features of lung computed tomography scans could be identified that would lead to a tightly defined normal range for use in assessing patients. Fourteen normal subjects with apparently healthy lungs were studied. A technique was developed for rapid and automatic extraction of lung field data from the computed tomography scans. The Hounsfield unit histograms were constructed and, when normalised for predicted lung volumes, shown to be consistent in shape for all the subjects. A three dimensional presentation of the data in the form of a "net plot" was devised, and from this a logarithmic relationship between the area of each lung slice and its mean density was derived (r = 0.9, n = 545, p less than 0.0001). The residual density, calculated as the difference between measured density and density predicted from the relationship with area, was shown to be normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 25 Hounsfield units (chi 2 test: p less than 0.05). A presentation combining this residual density with the net plot is described.


Direct coupling of alkyl halides with terminal alkynes provides an efficient and streamlined access to alkyl-substituted alkynes, which are important synthetic intermediates, biologically active molecules, and organic materials. However, until now,there have been fewer than a handful of catalytic methods available for this reaction, and detailed mechanistic studies have not been reported. Herein, we describe the design and development a new nickel pincer complex that catalyzes the direct coupling of primary alkyl halides with terminal alkynes at room temperature. The catalysis has a good substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. Kinetic data suggest that the new pincer ligand is hemilabile, and the dissociation of a labile amine donor is the turnover-determining step of the catalysis. An intermediate Ni-alkynyl species has been isolated and structurally characterized. The reactivity of this species gives insight into the nature of the active species for the activation of alkyl halide.


—This paper presents the design and evaluation of a cooperative congestion avoidance system suitable for corporate Intranets or home networks. Explicit Congestion Avoidance (ECA) relies on host operating systems to introduce appropriate per-flow virtual bottlenecks, with the intention of keeping queuing out of the network. The network provides an indication of the aggregate demand for resources on each path, and a cooperative distributed algorithm adjusts these virtual bottlenecks in proportion to per-flow weights, so as to maintain network utilization at a level where queuing is rare. In addition, network bandwidth is shared in proportion to the weights of the competing flows and end-to-end latency is greatly reduced. Unmodified higher level protocols merely see a reduced capacity channel and adapt to the available bandwidth. For example, the packets which TCP would normally force into router queues to increase the RTT, are instead voluntarily queued inside the operating system. Experiments show that time sensitive media streams can be protected from contention, and that response times for short HTTP requests can be improved by a factor of 5.


Shells made of structural glass are beautiful objects from both the aesthetics and the engineering point of view. However, they pose two significant challenges. The first one is to assure adequate safety and redundancy concerning possible global collapse. Being single-layered, in a shell made of structural glass, the brittle cracking of a single pane can lead to a sudden propagation of failure, up to instability. The second one is to guarantee cheap replacing possibilities for potentially collapsed components. This research explores a novel concept to address both requirements, where glass is both post-tensioned and reinforced and develops the research on TVT post-tensioned glass beams. Following the Fail-Safe Design (FSD) principles, a steel reinforcement relieves glass deficiencies (i.e. brittleness and low tensile strength). Following the Damage Avoidance Design (DAD) principles, glass segmentation and post-tensioning avoid the propagation of cracks. Up to now, glass-steel systems were limited to mono-dimensional elements (such as beams and columns) or simple bi-dimensional elements (arches, domes, barrel vaults). Instead, massive structures are usually realized as grid shells, where glass is used as simple cladding. This research investigates piecewise triangulated glass shells to enable the creation of 3D free-form glass-steel systems, where glass is load-bearing material. Hence, laminated glass panels are mechanically coupled with a filigree steel truss, whose elements are placed at the edges of the panel and act as an unbonded reinforcement. In a performance-based perspective, these steel trusses can be sized to bear at least the weight of all panels in the occurrence of simultaneous cracks (worst-case scenario). The panels are post-tensioned using a set of edge-aligned cables that add beneficial compressive stress on glass to prevent crack initiation. The cable placement and accompanying pre-loads are derived with an optimization strategy that minimizes the tensile stress acting on the shell. This optimization procedure also considers the practical constraints involved in the process. The results obtained through this automated procedure are later investigated using nonlinear FE analyses. The resulting structures optimize the total material usage providing contemporarily both transparency and load-bearing capabilities. Post-tensioned shells excel in static performances, achieving high stiffness and good redundancy for the worst-case scenario, and improve the structural lightness and the visual impact with respect to state-of-the-art competitors.


After the Northridge earthquake in January 1994, engineers found problems with special moment-resisting frames. There were multiple facture modes, and typical damage involved primary crack initiation at the juncture between the surface of the lower beam flange groove weld root pass and the surface of the column flange. At least 100 buildings with such damage had been discovered when this article was written, and more will possibly be detected as investigations continue. Many engineers and public officials have included poor welds as part of the problem, and the author believes this is an incorrect conclusion. He discusses steel properties, triaxality, strain and stress in connection with the moment resisting frames. He also suggests that current testing methods need to be changed. Welding is always the scapegoat when failures occur, he states, and offers six arguments to refute myths about welding. He says that making welds more complicated and costly will not prevent damage during another earthquake. Changing seismic codes in regard to welding should be done with great care. No code provision can prevent a connection from cracking. Finally, the presence of a code does not imply compliance; that is the responsiblity of the client and the contractor.


Much is known about the skills that young children need to be successful readers. The literature identifies two kinds of skills that are key to young children's language and literacy development: meaning-related skills and code-related skills. This article focuses on one of these key skills: meaning-related skills. It provides an overview of what is known about the importance of young children's language development to children's success as readers and describes several evidence-based instructional strategies (strategies that researchers have shown to have a positive impact on children's language learning) that early childhood teachers should use to support children's language development. By using the described strategies, early childhood educators can ensure that their teaching is in harmony with current research findings and that they are providing their young learners with the very best meaning-related skill instruction known today.


The past years have seen widely noticed critiques of historic preservation by "one of our leading urban economists," Edward Glaeser, and by star architect Rem Koolhaas. Glaeser, an academic economist specializing in urban development, admits that preservation has value. But he argues in his invigorating book, Triumph of the City, and in a contemporaneous article, Preservation Follies, that historic preservation restricts too much development, raises prices, and undermines the vitality of the cities. Koolhaas is a Pritzker Prize-winning architect and oracular theorist of the relation between architecture and culture. In his New York exhibit, Cronocaos, he argued that preservation lacks an organizing theory, imposes inauthentic consumer-friendly glosses on older structures, and inhibits architectural creativity. Although these critiques are as different as the cultural spaces inhabited by their authors (although both are professors at Harvard), both seemed to strike nerves, suggesting an underlying unease about how large a role preservation has come to play in urban development. This article assesses these critiques as part of an ongoing effort to make sense of historic preservation law.This article proceeds as follows: First, it presents Glaeser's critique in detail, placing it within the context of his larger argument about what makes cities attractive and dynamic. Grappling with the strengths and weaknesses of Glaeser's critique leads to a discussion of how preservation regulation actually works and clarification of some of the benefits it confers. Second, this Article will attempt to specify Koolhaas's critique, connecting it to similar complaints about preservation by more linear thinkers. Weighing objections to the coherence or authenticity of preservation leads to further discussion of the role that preservation plays in the larger culture. This article concludes with a call for future research.


PIKfyve is a lipid kinase that is essential for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P2], and for the regulation of membrane dynamics within the endolysosomal system in mammals. Depletion of intracellular pools of PtdIns(3,5)P2 in humans and in mice is associated with neurodegeneration and early lethality. However, the biological role of PtdIns(3,5)P2 in non-neural tissues is not well understood. Platelets are hematopoietic cells that function in a variety of physiological responses. Essential to many of these functions is the activation-dependent release of effectors from distinct storage granules alpha granules, dense granules, and lysosomes that derive from the endolysosomal system. In this work, we show that platelet-specific ablation of the PIKfyve gene in mice results in accelerated arterial thrombosis, but also unexpectedly to multiorgan defects that impair development, body mass, fertility, and survival by inducing inappropriate inflammatory responses characterized by macrophage accumulation in multiple tissues. Platelet depletion in vivo significantly impairs the progression of multiorgan defects in these mice, confirming that these defects reflect a platelet-specific process. Although PIKfyve-null platelets generate and release normal amounts of alpha granule and dense granule contents, they develop defective maturation and excessive storage of lysosomal enzymes, which are released upon platelet activation. Remarkably, impairing the secretion of lysosomes from PIKfyve-deficient platelets in vivo significantly attenuates the multiorgan defects in mice, suggesting that platelet lysosome secretion contributes to pathogenesis. Together, these results demonstrate that PIKfyve is an essential regulator for the biogenesis of platelet lysosomes, and highlight the previously unrecognized and important pathological contributions of platelet lysosomes in inflammation, arterial thrombosis, and macrophage biology. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Charles S. Abrams


The internet and the new digital media are challenging the traditional business model of academic libraries and enable new capabilities of information provisioning and new shapes of collaborations between the librarians and the users. To pick up the demands and the expectations of the many users, whose information behavior is heavily influenced by the internet, a new business model for academic libraries has to be designed urgently. The aim of the project is to analyze and to identify the organizational and technical requirements of a business model for the future library, which is based on the potential of the internet and the new media. The result is a pilot study about the interactive, multi-user driven library as the future business model for libraries.


The effects of orange azo dye over ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria activities were tested. Performed batch tests indicated that concentrations lower than 650 mgorange/L stimulated AOB activity, while anammox bacteria activity was inhibited at concentrations higher than 25 mgorange/L. Long-term performance of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for the partial nitritation and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the anammox process was tested in the presence of 50 mgorange/L. In the case of the partial nitritation process, both the biomass concentration and the specific AOB activity increased after 50 days of orange azo dye addition. Regarding the anammox process, specific activity decreased down to 58% after 12 days of operation with continuous feeding of 50 mgorange/L. However, the anammox activity was completely recovered only 54 days after stopping the dye addition in the feeding. Once the biomass was saturated the azo dye adsorption onto the biomass was insignificant in the CSTR for the partial nitritation process fed with 50 mgorange/L. However, in the SBR the absorption was determined as 6.4 mgorange/g volatile suspended solids. No biological decolorization was observed in both processes.


The high cost of nutritious foods can worsen poor diets and nutrition outcomes especially among low-income households. Yet little is known about the spatial and temporal patterns of the cost of nutritious diets in South Asia, where malnutrition in multiple forms remains high. Using existing food price data from Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India, two methods are applied to assess the affordability of nutritious foods: Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD) and Nutritious Food Price Index (NPI). The analysis finds that the cost of a nutritious diet is 38 percent higher in Sri Lanka using CoRD compared to the cost of a (calorie-based) diet that meets basic food needs, and 15 percent higher in Afghanistan. In addition, CoRD varies across cities due to variability in the price of dairy and vegetables. Comparison of the NPI and the food Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicates that, for some countries, the price of a nutritious food basket varies more by season and has been increasing at a faster rate than the price of a typical food basket. This phenomenon is largely due to the variable cost of vegetables.


A review of Hg concentrations cited in the literature reveals values in the general sequence : grassland herbs < trees and shrubs < aquatic macrophytes < Sphagnum < mosses < lichens < fungi, excluding those samples collected near point sources of environmental Hg. Samples of vegetation collected from wetland and upland catchments in the Experimental Lakes Area contained from 4 to 160 μg total Hg (THg) kg -1 and 0.1 to 139 μg methyl Hg (MeHg) kg -1 . The lowest concentrations of both THg and MeHg were found in the leaves and needles of trees and shrubs, and the highest concentrations occurred in bryophytes, both feather mosses and Sphagnum. Analysis of sections of the mosses revealed larger concentrations of MeHg in the upper live section, whereas THg concentrations increased slightly down the stem into the dead portions. In terms of broad ecological grouping, THg and MeHg concentrations increased the closer the plant's habitat to the water table, though certain upland mosses also contained very large THg and MeHg concentrations. When combined with biomass data, the vegetation of an ombrotrophic wetland contained an average of 30 μg THg m -2 and 0.4 μg MeHg m -2 , dominantly (45 and 73%, respectively) in the mosses. These values are similar to that contained in the peat porewater, but small compared to the estimate of the stock of THg and MeHg contained in the 1.7 m thick peat (12 000 and 200 μg m -2 , respectively).


Origins of the Michigan Street Baptist Church, Buffalo, New YorkThe 1828 Directory for the Village of Buffalo listed 59 "Names of Coloured" heads of families. In 1832, when the City of Buffalo was incorporated, the city directory listed the names of 68 colored heads of families.(2) The pre-Civil War African American population of Buffalo was centered in the fourth ward--east of Main Street, north of South Division Street, and south of North Street.(3) Michigan Street ran through the heart of the residential area where African Americans lived. Although most of the City's African American population lived in the fourth ward, that area was not an all-black area. In fact, the vast majority of the residents of the fourth ward were white.In the second quarter of the nineteenth century Buffalo's free Black residents began to form a closely knit society concentrated in the Michigan-William Street area on the eastern fringe of the downtown commercial district. Hardly a recognized ethnic element at this time, the Negro population of the entire city numbered around 350 when the Michigan Street Baptist Church was built in 1845. Some Blacks who were domestic servants lived scattered throughout the city, but the majority listed in the 1840 census lived within two wards east of the central business district. A sociological study made by Niles Carpenter in 1927 shows that Buffalo's relatively small and cohesive Negro population continued to live and expand in the same area of the city at the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century.(4)Early records of the region indicate that African Americans were present in the Buffalo area by the 1790s.(5) Buffalo's location was a factor in attracting African Americans. Located in the far western, and at that time a fairly remote, part of the state, Buffalo was also just across the border from Canada. Those factors made the region very attractive to fugitive slaves as well as free people of color who wanted a quick escape route from bounty hunters. African Americans helped to rebuild the city after it was destroyed by the British in the War of 1812. Blacks were present when the village was incorporated in 1822.The city directory of 1838 noted the existence of a "colored Baptist and [a] colored Methodist society." That was the first time a Buffalo city directory noted the presence of an African American religious body. However, other primary sources note the existence of organized black religious activity in Buffalo by the early 1830s.(6) In all probability, some level of informal organized and independent religious activity was present even earlier, especially in light of the fact that Buffalo had a documented sizable African American community back as early as the 1820s. In addition, some blacks worshiped in white churches. Religion was very important to northern free black communities and by the late 1790s, northern free blacks had begun to establish their own churches and other community agencies.(7) While passing through western New York in 1837, Charles B. Ray, a traveling agent for the Colored American weekly newspaper filed a written report describing Buffalo's African American community.The Colored community of Buffalo are, in many respects, above any community of our people I have visited during my western tour.... They have among them two religious societies, one benevolent, and three literary [societies]. The males spend their winter evenings in debating moral and political questions. Their school is for the present discontinued for want of a teacher. Their children are in attendance at the white private schools.(8)The congregation that became known as the Michigan Street Baptist church was formally organized between 1832 and 1837. A historical sketch of the church written around 1908 by the Rev. Dr. J. Edward Nash, the church's pastor, states that "During the ministry of Elisha Tucker, Pastor of the Washington Street Baptist Church, a council was called to organize a colored Baptist Church, to be constituted of members from the Washington Street Church. …


A conceptual dispersion imaging spectrometer (DIS) is proposed. It consists of a telescope, four prisms, an imaging lens, and a detector. The first prism allows only the first set of wavelengths along the first direction to pass and disperse. The second prism allows only the second set of wavelengths along the second direction, which is perpendicular to the first. The third and fourth prisms are used to compensate for the angular deviations from the optical axes of the first and second prisms, respectively. The proposed DIS disperses the spectra of a target to form an L-shaped dispersion pattern (LDP). The theoretical calculation and numerical simulation of the LDP are presented. The DIS can locate multiple targets based only on data obtained from a single frame. It is suitable for detecting and locating energetic targets in real time.


From the Publisher:
Carbon™ is one of two APIs (Application Programmer Interfaces) that Macintosh® programmers can use to write applications that run native in Mac® OS X. Using Carbon, you don't have to rewrite your Mac OS programs entirely to get them to take advantage of the new features in Mac OS X. Instead, all you have to rewrite is the 10 to 20 percent of the code that can't be translated to OS X. For C programmers, Apple's Carbon is the essential building block for applications on Mac OS X. With Carbon, you can use simple, traditional C interfaces to create world-class applications for a world-class operating system.
Learning Carbon is designed to get you programming right away in Carbon. After orienting you with a detailed tour of a Carbon application, the book walks you through the entire process of designing and creating a complete Carbon application called Moon Travel Planner. Along the way, you'll be introduced to two pivotal development tools: Project Builder and Interface Builder. You'll learn key concepts about Carbon and Mac OS X programming, including event management, resource handling, and bundle anatomy. And you'll get direct, hands-on instruction on how to implement essential application tasks, such as managing windows, printing documents, opening and saving files, creating and responding to menu commands, providing user help, and organizing your application for easy localization in multiple countries and languages. After finishing this book, you'll be ready to start writing your own Carbon applications.
Written by Apple insiders with access to engineers deeply involved in creating Mac OS X, Learning Carbon brings youinformation that's not available anywhere else, to get you in on the ground floor of the exciting new Mac OS X application development market.


Producing low-dross ingots has been a long-term goal in aluminium cast houses. The patented CASTfill technology [1] is a low-dross and high-productivity pouring system developed to fulfil this demand. This paper describes the research methods used during the development of CASTfill; now in service at Boyne Smelters Limited (BSL) since August 2009. The importance of combining scientific modelling and testing procedures with process operability, maintainability and durability to ensure the success of new technology in a production facility is also highlighted. Ingot assessments showed that the latest CASTfill design greatly reduced dross generated during mould filling. Improved ingot packaging and reduced variation of ingot weights were also observed as the results of a more tranquil flow of molten aluminium through CASTfill and its uniquely modular design.


This report, a revision of an earlier CRS review of DOE programs, consists of an introductory discussion of the agency and its mission as a whole, and a description of its major programs as independent entities. Many of DOE's original energy-related missions have disappeared or changed radically. In addition, with the end of the Cold War, DOE's nuclear weapons-related programs, almost two-thirds of the total budget, are undergoing modification. However, regardless of the outcome of the debate on DOE's future, many of its present functions will continue in one location or another.


In Ann Arbor, Michigan, there is a software design firm called Menlo Innovations. Rich Sheridan, the founder, has modeled his firm's operations after Thomas Edison's practices at his Menlo Park, New Jersey laboratory between 1876 and 1882; thus, the firm's name. Sheridan was inspired, he says, by visiting the installation of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory in Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. He has gained further insight by closely reading Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience (Pretzer, 1989), a collection of essays on Edison's work practices. Sheridan walks around with copies of Edison biographies and excitedly points out where he has marked ideas, practices, events, or experiences that his firm shares with Edison's. The firm is housed in a single-room storefront, with walls festooned with posters and insightful quotes from various inventors. A small library with comfortable chairs faces the street. Workers sit at long tables stretching the length of the room in full view and hearing of others. Pairs, sometimes trios, of young programmers share a single computer, batting ideas back and forth as quickly as a Pong machine. Students from the University of Michigan wander in and are invited to sit in on work sessions. Sometimes they show up repeatedly, taking advantage of the informal internship opportunity. More than one has been contacted months later and offered work. The three-year-old firm now does more than $3 million a year in business and is expanding from its one-room storefront space to a large, open loft that Sheridan calls his "West Orange" (Edison's second and much larger laboratory established in West Orange, New Jersey in 1886). Sheridan himself has been featured on the cover of Fortune magazine. Are there lessons in this Edison-inspired environment for today's technology educators? Edison: An Inspirational Role Model Reflecting back over a century ago to the small village of Menlo Park, New Jersey provides insight into a remarkable visionary and an exceptional role model for today's problem-solving and design-focused technology educator: Thomas A. Edison, inventor, innovator, and model technology educator. Since Edison could not simply apply existing knowledge to industrial ends, he was forced to develop a system for creating new knowledge, disseminating it amongst his team, and then discovering how to apply that new knowledge. His was not just a research and development operation, it was a learning community. The key to capitalizing on Edison's success as an inventor and educator is to recognize that he pioneered a systematic, but flexible, team-based approach to inventing, designing, and problem-solving. Edison was famous for once commenting about his Menlo Park facility, "We don't have any rules here; we're trying to get something done." Edison nevertheless followed a general pattern in his work. Choosing to tackle a technological project, Edison first determined that there was indeed public demand for a solution. Early in his career, he learned that there was no need to invent something that no one was willing to pay for. Market research was still unheard of, so Edison gauged interest from the public reactions to other inventors' activities and the level of support from investors. He then researched what was known and previously attempted in addressing the issues at hand. Often this entailed sending a young associate to the library he maintained at Menlo Park to research a topic in technical literature and public media, with instructions to report directly to Edison everything the associate had learned about a topic in two weeks or so. Many technology educators today employ a similar, project-based system for directing student research. Next, Edison determined a general research direction--a mental model--that seemed, based on his own and others' experience, to offer the most promise. Breaking the problem down into discrete pieces but never losing sight of the systemic character of technology, Edison's team members learned from each investigational experiment and narrowed their approach as they went. …


This study investigates the joint impact of menstrual cycle and poor access to water on women's education and labour market outcomes. The research context is chosen to be rural China. Two parallel hypotheses that are tested in this study are as follows: (1) Girls have less probability of school enrolment and shorter schooling duration due to the joint impact of poor access to water and menarche presumably because that poor access to water may raise time/health/psychic costs of school enrolment for girls post-menarche. (2) Women have less probability of participating in work for wages due to the joint impact of poor access to water and menstrual cycle presumably because that poor access to water may generate lower productivity and raise time/health/psychic costs of wage work participation for women pre-menopause. For testing, the researcher uses the data from rural villages in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. This study conducts two sets of empirical tests on each of the above hypotheses using regression models and propensity score matching estimators. It is found that the joint impact of poor access to water and menstrual cycle is indeed largely adverse on women's education and wage work participation. When the impacts of other confounding factors such as poverty and backward geographical location are controlled for, access to poor water is found to decrease the probability of school enrolment of post-menarche girls by 20 – 25 percentage points, and the probability of wage work participation of women premenopause by about 10 percentage points. This study concludes that a major benefit of policies to improve water supplies may not be the obvious household or industrial benefit, but rather an unseen benefit, the improvement in the position of women


In this paper, we investigate winning strategies for round-robin iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) competitions and evolutionary IPD competitions. Since the outcome of a single competition depends on the composition of the population of participants, we propose a statistical evaluation methodology that takes into account outcomes across varying compositions. We run several series of competitions in which the strategies of the participants are randomly chosen from a set of representative strategies. Statistics are gathered to evaluate the performance of each strategy. With this approach, the conditions for some well-known strategies to win a round-robin IPD competition are analyzed. We show that a strategy that uses simple rule-based identification mechanisms to explore and exploit the opponent outperforms well-known strategies such as tit-for-tat (TFT) in most round-robin competitions. Group strategies have an advantage over nongroup strategies in evolutionary IPD competitions. Group strategies adopt different strategies in interacting with kin members and nonkin members. A simple group strategy, Clique, which cooperates only with kin members, performs well in competing against well-known IPD strategies. We introduce several group strategies developed by combining Clique with winning strategies from round-robin competitions and evaluate their performance by adapting three parameters: sole survivor rate, extinction rate, and survival time. Simulation results show that these group strategies outperform well-known IPD strategies in evolutionary IPD competitions.


In 2012, Palestinian anticolonial-queer activists organized a workshop and conference at the World Social Forum: Free Palestine in Porto Alegre, Brazil, titled "Queer Visions at the World Social Forum: Free Palestine." Queer Visions brought different activists together who had been organizing against Israel's state-sponsored pinkwashing campaign and for Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS). Since 2010, Palestinian queer activism has publicly engaged with the Palestinian Call for BDS and has urged the Palestinian BDS movement and those in solidarity with it to mobilize around Israel's pinkwashing campaign and work to better understand Zionism's underlying settler-colonial sexual politics. Taking the WSF: Free Palestine as a crucial moment in queer engagements with the politics of boycott, this essay reflects on the challenges faced by anticolonial-queer activism in the context of Israel/Palestine and the challenges it poses to Zionist settler colonialism and normative understandings of queer politics and Palestinian liberation.


This thesis comprises an examination of choice of law rules in property. The study is principally concerned with the Scottish rules of international private law, but these, in turn, rely heavily upon, and in many respects are indistinguishable from, the equivalent English rules. Indeed, they seem in places to be mutually dependent.

An examination is conducted of choice of law methodology, including in particular, an analysis of the configuration of choice of law rules. Consideration is given to the role of the connecting factor, and to the definition thereof, in its spatial, temporal and dimensional contexts. Throughout the thesis, a contrast is drawn between the jurisdiction-selecting approach of Scottish and English international private law, and the rule-selecting techniques which are employed in the United States of America.

Central to the thesis is an examination of the role and definition of the connecting factor in the particular context of choice of law rules in property. The study traces the development of the lex situs rule, and its application to dealings with immovable property, corporeal moveable property and incorporeal moveable property, as well as the special case of dealings with 'cultural property'. Arguments in favour of, and against, the lex situs rule, in these various contexts, are considered, and special attention is paid to instances of latent and patent avoidance of the lex situs rule.

In order to integrate the methodology analysis with the detailed study of choice of law in property, two alternative Models of suggested choice of law rules in property are presented for consideration; Model 1 is intended to be a draft international instrument, whereas Model 2, the more moderate proposal, is intended only as a draft national measure. The Models seek to embody the author's desire to inject a greater degree of flexibility into choice of law rules in property, and to attempt to formulate even-handed solutions to the complex problems (of space, time and policy) which arise in this area of the conflict of laws.


Trade is an essential element of the Clinton Administration's economic and foreign policies. It derives its importance from this Administration's signal emphasis on economics. This emphasis begins at home, with policies aimed at deficit reduction, new investment in education and training, and expansion of our nation's infrastructure in the traditional sense and through the application of information high technologies. It continues by seeking to ensure that foreign markets are open to competitive exports. This fall, congressional passage of the NAFTA and the successful conclusion of the GATT Uruguay Round negotiations demonstrated the U.S. commitment to achieving greater economic growth at home and abroad through opening markets to trade and investment. Around the world, deregulation and market-opening policies are sweeping through places few would have predicted. From Eastern Europe to Latin America and Asia, countries with heavily restricted markets have moved toward a recognition that prosperity increasingly depends on the ability to compete in an open international system, and that a closed market only leads to a loss of competitiveness and economic vitality. Amid a widening trend of opening markets, the Japanese economy presents unique challenges. It is impossible not to admire the tremendous advances of the Japanese economy in recent decades, or to recognize the beneficial lessons the world has learned from Japanese management and manufacturing practices. At the same time, however, it is impossible to ignore the very substantial economic imbalances that have continued for years between Japan and the rest of the world, and its underlying market access barriers. Whether one looks at economy-wide indicators, such as Japan's manufactured goods imports as a percentage of GDP, or its levels of inward foreign direct investment, or sector-specific indicators such as relative price levels, the conclusion is the same: as compared to other major industrialized economies, Japan's domestic market still remains significantly less open to foreign competition despite years of market-opening efforts. When these facts are viewed in combination with Japan's enormous and persistent global current account surplus--the single greatest imbalance in the current international economic system--the inescapable perception is that, for Japan, trade with the United States and much of the rest of the world is too much of a one-way street. Limited access to the Japanese market imposes high costs on the United States and Japan's other trading partners, as well as on Japan. Looking only at United States exports, the Institute for International Economics estimates that a full liberalization of Japan's economy would result in an expansion of U.S. exports of $9 to $18 billion annually, half of which would be in manufactures and a third in agricultural products. At approximately 20,000 job opportunities per $1 billion in U.S. exports, this increase could translate into 180,000 to 360,000 jobs. Of course, it is well-documented that export-related jobs tend to be higher-wage jobs. Moreover, since the United States accounts for less than 25 percent of Japan's total imports, the job creation benefits for the rest of the world are at least twice the number for the United States. Japanese consumers and businesses also bear the brunt of policies and regulatory practices that restrict market access in Japan for foreign firms. As President Clinton said in his speech at Waseda University last July, Japan's high prices fall most heavily on its own people. Limited market access in Japan fosters inefficiencies that slow economic growth and today hamper the competitiveness and productivity of Japanese business. Japan's policies therefore burden not only Japanese consumers, but the Japanese economy overall, and with it, the world economy. Many Japanese business and political leaders themselves recognize the need to reform economic policies and regulatory practices in Japan as a means to recover from Japan's current recession and to restructure their economy and business. …


Preferred stock has always posed something of a puzzle. Straddling the line between debt and equity, preferred stock has long existed in a shadowland between the realms of contract law on the one hand, and corporate law on the other. Depending on the situation, preferred stockholders have sometimes been entitled to the protection of corporate law fiduciary duties, and sometimes been left to lie in the contractual bed they have made. Historically, what little scholarship exists on preferred stock has consisted largely of calls for greater fiduciary protections for preferred stockholders. Preferred stock has taken on increased importance in recent years, as the favored mode of investment for venture capitalists. Moreover, in a recent trio of cases, the Delaware Chancery Court has restated – some have claimed re-made – the doctrinal treatment of preferred stock in venture capital deals, generating substantial confusion in the process. This Article takes a fresh look at the role of fiduciary duties in venture capital deals, examining the traditional rationales for fiduciary duties in corporate law and analyzing the extent to which they apply in the context of venture capital-financed startups. I conclude that the traditional rationales do not apply, and that venture capitalists, as preferred stockholders, should never be afforded fiduciary protections. Where preferred stockholders control the board, however, they should owe fiduciary duties to the common stockholders. Taken together, these conclusions provide what has long been lacking in this area of the law: a firm theoretical foundation and clear criteria for resolving disputes involving preferred stock.


With installation of positive train control (PTC) on many U.S. rail corridors, Class I railroads may soon leverage these investments in communications network infrastructure to implement "advanced PTC" systems incorporating moving blocks. Train control with moving blocks can benefit operating strategies that dispatch fleets of multiple trains running at minimum headways. On single-track corridors with passing sidings long enough to hold multiple trains, fleeting may increase the efficiency of train meets, reduce train delay, and yield incremental capacity benefits. Alternative single-track configurations with fleet-length sidings at double the spacing of conventional single-train sidings can facilitate these operating strategies while minimizing additional track infrastructure and associated capital and maintenance costs. To investigate the operational synergies between moving blocks, fleeting, and longer but less frequent sidings, Rail Traffic Controller software is used to simulate and compare the delay performance of train operations on representative rail corridors for different combinations of fleeting strategy, train control system, siding configuration, and freight traffic composition. Operating fleets in conjunction with moving blocks produces the lowest overall train delay in specific cases of low schedule flexibility and heterogeneous traffic. With more efficient meets, moving blocks and/or fleeting primarily benefit low priority trains that typically wait for opposing traffic during train meets. Such incremental line capacity benefits have short-term financial consequences as they allow additional capital investments in double track to be deferred. Knowledge of train delay performance under moving blocks and fleeting will aid railway practitioners evaluating investments in advanced PTC systems and track infrastructure expansion.


Photon blockade is the result of the interplay between the quantized nature of light and strong optical nonlinearities, whereby strong photon-photon repulsion prevents a quantum optical system from absorbing multiple photons. We theoretically study a single atom coupled to the light field, described by the resonantly driven Jaynes--Cummings model, in which case the photon blockade breaks down in a second order phase transition at a critical drive strength. We show that this transition is associated to the spontaneous breaking of an anti-unitary PT-symmetry. Within a semiclassical approximation we calculate the expectation values of observables in the steady state. We then move beyond the semiclassical approximation and approach the critical point from the disordered (blockaded) phase by reducing the Lindblad quantum master equation to a classical rate equation that we solve. The width of the steady-state distribution in Fock space is found to diverge as we approach the critical point with a simple power-law, allowing us to calculate the critical scaling of steady state observables without invoking mean-field theory. We propose a simple physical toy model for biased diffusion in the space of occupation numbers, which captures the universal properties of the steady state. We list several experimental platforms where this phenomenon may be observed.


The Commission proposed by President-elect Ursula von der Leyen has been carefully
calibrated to woo major parties in the European Parliament, member state governments
and citizens alike. Announcing a "geopolitical Commission", von der Leyen expects her
restructured institution to be better equipped to tackle the global forces unleashed by a
protectionist 'America First' policy and an increasingly assertive China. It remains to be seen,
however, whether some of von der Leyen's more controversial choices will balance themselves
out in the first 100 days after the new Commission takes office on November 1st, or backfire
further down the line. The latter, in particular, concerns the role of the Commission as an
impartial guardian of the treaties.


This paper seeks to develop a theoretical contribution to studies in the areas of ICT in developing contexts by reviewing how the notion of context has been understood to date, before offering a rethinking of how it is handled in the IS and development studies literature. To do this we draw a case study of M-PESA a mobile banking initiative in Kenya, on science and technology studies ideas and specifically Cooper and Law's (1995) distal and proximal perspectives, to argue that we need to better attend to the multiplicity of practices which take place within development arenas, and also to better consider the processes by which context is represented. The paper concludes by addressing some of the implications for information systems research and development.


Thirty-one jurisdictions (including the District of Columbia and the federal government) have passed legislation that follows a "three strikes and you're out" model, imposing mandatory lengthy or life sentences for "habitual" or "repeat" offenders previously convicted of a specified number and type of crimes. These laws vary widely from state to state, and California's three strikes law is one of the harshest in the country. Notably, California is the only state in the nation that defines juvenile court adjudications as prior convictions under its three strikes law. The constitutionality of California's policy of using juvenile adjudications as prior convictions for sentencing enhancement under its three strikes law was challenged in 2010 on due process grounds because the accused do not have a right to a jury trial in juvenile court. However, the California Supreme Court held that the lack of jury trials in juvenile courts does not preclude the use of juvenile adjudications as prior convictions under the three strikes law. Similarly, legal scholarship has focused on the potential due process violations raised by California's use of juvenile adjudications as strike priors in the absence of jury trials.This Article examines the use of "juvenile strikes" through a different lens. Rather than focus on the violation of due process rights, this Article argues that using crimes committed by juveniles as prior convictions to enhance sentences under three strikes statutes constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment, according to the analytical framework set forth by the Supreme Court in Graham v. Florida.Part I provides an overview of three strikes laws, including the basics of California's law. This Part also reviews the Supreme Court's Eighth Amendment jurisprudence on punishments imposed under habitual offender sentencing statutes, including California's. Part II summarizes California's law regarding juvenile strikes and reviews the two California Supreme Court cases that have upheld the legality of juvenile strikes. Part III discusses the Graham v. Florida decision, setting forth the analytical framework employed in that case. Part IV considers the ways in which Graham has been interpreted and applied by lower courts since 2010. Part V argues that the Graham framework should be used to analyze the constitutionality of juvenile strike cases. Finally, Part VI uses the analytical framework of Graham to show that the use of juvenile strikes to enhance sentences under California's three strikes law constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. This is the heart of the analysis and incorporates extensive comparative research on three strikes laws of other states and countries. The Article concludes that using juvenile cases to enhance sentences under California's three strikes law violates the Eighth Amendment because it is inconsistent with both the practices of other states and the principles of adolescent development that the Supreme Court relied on in Graham.


Despite the current unfavorable outlook of the larger economy, there has been a steady increase in information systems outsourcing by organizations which is projected to reach $97.9 billion in 2012. Ordinarily, organizations outsource their software projects to avoid the risks associated with developing the software internally and to control costs. However, a study of twenty six outsourced projects indicates that such organizations face unique risks and hidden costs that are particular to software outsourcing. This paper describes research done to estimate the effort expended by organizations in overseeing and participating in outsourced software projects and the implications for identifying risks and predicting costs of such projects. For many of the organizations that participated in the survey, uncovering the actual costs and risks of an outsourced project was an eye opener: the hidden costs and risks are surprisingly significant and are typically not managed by the organization.


Hospital administrators are facing twin challenges with regard to their volunteers—a generational change that may mean fewer volunteer hours in the future, and the need to set strategies to manage and recognize the value of current volunteers. This report, based on a survey conducted with a group of more than 100 hospital officials, identifies a specific set of 23 management practices to improve the volunteer experience, grouped into four categories: job design; recruitment and selection; orientation, training, and development; and performance management and supervision. The report also highlights the importance of making a complete accounting of the volunteer contribution, by calculating the equivalent financial value of volunteer services, as well as their contribution to patients' health outcomes. The study findings indicate that the use of strategic volunteer management practices in hospitals leads to better performance by volunteer labor and, in turn, may improve the hospitals' bottom line.


Vetiveria is one of the most versatile genera in plant kingdom. For example, the species Vetiveria zizanoides produces oderous roots from which a precious essential oil is distilled and used in a variety of applications from perfumery to ethnopharmacology. The same roots give the plant particular characteristics that make it a valuable natural barrier against erosion. Vetiveria: The Genus Vetiveria describes the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, essential oil biogenesis and chemical composition, ethnopharmacology and distillation. The book covers the production of plants for oil exploration, the use of Vetiver as an ecological tool against erosion, flood, soil pollution, and many other applications.


Germination responses to multiple conditions related to fire, temperature and light were examined and interpreted in relation to the environment of the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest and the mediterranean-type climate of south-western Western Australia. Eight of the 16 selected representatives required a boiling pre-treatment as a simulation of fire before subsequent germination conditions were imposed. Trial conditions included a range of constant incubation temperatures and either a constant dark or 12h light:12h dark illumination cycle. Species common to the understorey tended to have narrow optima to temperature (13-18°C) with the greatest germination being achieved in temperatures typical of winter. Eucalyptus calophylla, one of the canopy species, germinated over a wider range of temperatures than the understorey species tested. Several species (e.g. Acacia pulchella var. glaberrima, Calothamnus rupestris, Eucalyptus marginata, Trymalium ledifolium, Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii) were not affected by the different light conditions at lower incubation temperatures, but more seeds remained dormant under higher temperatures when exposed to light. Most species, however, germinated best under continuously dark conditions, which related to being buried under soil. Two species, Banksia grandis and Hakea amplexicaulis, showed much higher germination under light exposure conditions compared to continuously dark conditions. These two serotinous species are large seeded and their seed ecology favours large gap and soil surface establishment. The multiple requirements of particular combinations of fire, temperature and light are related to the ecology of these native Western Australian species.


Abstract. Haze contains floating particles in the air which can result in image quality degradation and visibility reduction in airborne data. Haze removal task has several applications in image enhancement and can improve the performance of automatic image analysis systems, namely object detection and segmentation. Unlike rich haze removal literature in ground imagery, there is a lack of methods specifically designed for aerial imagery, considering the fact that there is a characteristic difference between the aerial imagery domain and ground one. In this paper, we propose a method to dehaze aerial images using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Currently, there is no available data for dehazing methods in aerial imagery. To address this issue, we have created a syntheticallyhazed aerial image dataset to train the neural network on aerial hazy image dataset. We train All-in-One dehazing network (AODNet) as the base approach on hazy aerial images and compare the performance of our proposed approach against the classical model. We have tested our model on natural as well as the synthetically-hazed aerial images. Both qualitative and quantitative results of the adapted network show an improvement in dehazing results. We show that the adapted AOD-Net on our aerial image test set increases PSNR and SSim by 2.2% and 9%, respectively.