Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor, approved for treating newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma (MM). This realworld, multicenter, observational, non-interventional study of bortezomib was designed to collect and analyze prospective data in Taiwanese patients with relapsed or refractory MM. The primary endpoints included clinical effectiveness outcomes (disease response, disease progression [PD], time-to-response, time-toprogression, response duration, and overall survival [OS]). Secondary endpoints were safety and healthcare resource utilization. Total 100 patients (median [range] age 64.9 [37.0-85.5] years) were enrolled; 47 patients completed the study. Of the withdrawn patients (n=53), there were 48 deaths (PD-related death: n=35, adverse events [AEs]-related: n=12, other reason: n=1), and 5 due to loss to follow-up. Four patients in Cycle 1, 6 patients each in Cycle 2 and 5, 7 in Cycle 3, 10 patients in Cycle 4, 5 patients in Cycle 6, and 3 patients each in Cycle 7 and 8 achieved overall response during the study. Time-to-response was 4.68 months (95%CI: 3.2, NE) and response duration was 10.08 months (95%CI: 2.3, 28.6). Median OS was 9.8 months (95%CI: 3.8, 13.7), and median time-to-progression was 11.3 months (95%CI: 6.2, 20.2). Most common non-hematological AEs were diarrhea (n=32) and hypoesthesia (n=25); most common hematological AE was thrombocytopenia (n=18). Efficacy and safety profile of bortezomib in Taiwanese patients with MM was similar to global and other Asian population. Study provides a critical insight on use of bortezomib in realworld clinical practice, which can be helpful for Taiwanese healthcare providers' decision-making processes.


In recent decades, and especially since the late 1970s, the industry and industrial areas of Western cities have undergone considerable restructuring. In east European cities, however, these changes began later and accelerated only after 1989, when radical political change permitted economic and social reforms. This study aims to examine the most important trends in the restructuring of industrial areas in Budapest. In particular, the study considers: how industrial restructuring affected the spatial structure of industry, the urban space and land use and, whether and to what extent these changes are similar to or different from processes in western and other east European cities.


Punishing Corporate Crime: Legal Penalties for Criminal and Regulatory Violations provides a practical discussion of criminal punishment trends directed at the corporate entity. Corporate punishment, for the most part, has traditionally occurred either in the form of a fine or, in the extreme, a heavy sanction that terminates the business. This timely book analyzes the historical and statutory bases of corporate punishment and reviews the latest remedies now employed by the government, including receivership and monitoring, disgorgement of profits, restitution, integrity agreements, and disbarment from regulated fields. Punishing Corporate Crime explores the new and evolving area of corporate criminal punishment that has emerged in the post- Enron era. This book offers key advice in addressing the new and evolving punishments that face corporations, as well as a consideration of preventative programs.


Heiwa, which means peace in Japanese, is a bilingual poetry anthology. Its 150 poems by 105 authors from America, Brazil, Canada, England, and Japan were chosen from over 300 submissions to an international competition. The rules of the competition allowed the poets to write haiku or tanka in English or Japanese on the theme of peace. The winning poems were then translated into the other language so as to make the poetry accessible to all. As an example of the range of the poets' exploration of the theme of peace, one of the English haiku poets offered the following meditation, Sand castles/ becoming/ sand, while one of the Japanese haiku poets illustrated the importance of harmony in Japanese society by observing, Wishing to be/ a reliable mother - / I shall make sushi.


Although estrogens have long been thought to be protective against cardiovascular disease, this assumption has been challenged by clinical trials that failed to corroborate such protective effects of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Umetani et al. found that the cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC, which is found in atherosclerotic lesions) competed with estradiol for binding to estrogen receptor α and β (ERα and ERβ), inhibited estradiol-dependent activation of transcriptional activity of the receptors, and inhibited the estradiol-dependent association of ERβ with the transcriptional coactivator SRC-1. In mice fed diets rich in cholesterol and fat, hypercholesterolemia was associated with increased vascular concentrations of 27HC, so that it reached concentrations comparable to those affecting ER function. 27HC inhibited the estradiol-dependent increase in mRNA encoding inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (iNOS and eNOS) in mouse aortic cultures, as well as estradiol-dependent NOS activity in rat aortic rings and lysates of a vascular smooth muscle cell line. Furthermore, 27HC reversed the estradiol-dependent inhibition of phenylephrine-mediated constriction of rat aortic rings. 27HC administration also decreased aortic expression of the mRNA encoding iNOS and eNOS in vivo, and dietary hypercholesterolemia was associated with a decrease in iNOS mRNA and protein in male mice. 27HC inhibited the rapid (nontranscriptional) estradiol-dependent stimulation of eNOS activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells, as well as estradiol-dependent endothelial cell migration in vitro and re-endothelialization in vivo. The pro- or anti-estrogenic effects of 27HC depended on tissue type, leading the authors to propose that it acted as an endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). The anti-estrogenic effects of 27HC in the vasculature led them to suggest that it might contribute to a lack of cardioprotective effects of estrogen in postmenopausal women. M. Umetani, H. Domoto, A. K. Gormley, I. S. Yuhanna, C. L. Cummins, N. B. Javitt, K. S. Korach, P. W. Shaul, D. J. Mangelsdorf, 27-Hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous SERM that inhibits the cardiovascular effects of estrogen. Nat. Med. 13, 1185-1192 (2007). [PubMed]


SECURING OUR CHILDREN'S FUTURE: NEW APPROACHES TO JUVENILE JUSTICE AND YOUTH VIOLENCE. GARY S. KATZMANN, EDITOR, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C. 2002. 444 PAGES. Reviewed by Marilyn S. Snow The tragedies in Pearl, Mississippi, Littleton, Colorado, and Jonesboro, Arkansas clearly brought the issues of juvenile violence and its impact on society to the public. The experience of violence creates a cycle of violence, and for children who do not experience direct abuse and neglect, research shows that witnessing violent acts may have the same effect as being the victim of violence. Children who witness domestic violence learn, through modeling, that violence is a release of uncontrollable emotions. There is little doubt that violence is increasing in our civilization, and that our children are the most vulnerable and the most likely to be, not only victims of violence, but also perpetrators violence in the future. The book, Securing Our Children's Future: New Approaches to Juvenile Justice and Youth Violence, carefully addresses the myriad of issues involved in dealing with the problems of juvenile violence. Through the collaborative work of a diverse group of practitioners and academics, a project to examine the various roles of government, nonprofit, and private institutions was directed by Gary Katzmann. This project, known by the same name as the title of the book, considered ways to identify, coordinate, and implement strategies to handle the increasing violence in juveniles. The final goals for the book were to identify strategies for confronting youth violence, and to share perspectives among many branches of government, social services, education, the media, and nonprofit institutions. In order to fully present the intricacies of juvenile justice and youth violence, the book covers the complex issues of the juvenile justice system, including the overlapping processes such as intake, detention, adjudication, transfer, disposition, and aftercare. The book considers the criminal justice system and the involvement of child protective services. Delving deeper into the complexity of the system, the perspectives of various groups such as the prosecutor, the defense attorney, the courts, corrections, and probation, along with others involved with juveniles, are discussed in the various chapters throughout the book. This book was the culmination of a major project funded by The Brookings Institution and The Governance Institute to provide collaboration with government and nongovernment organizations involved in juvenile justice. The purpose was to help those who are involved in issues of youth violence and in the future of our children gain more insight into the many perspectives and approaches that were developed over the years. This book thoroughly covers a spectrum of topics involving the extremely difficult problems of violent youth. The editor compiles chapters written by experts from different areas of criminal justice and youth justice. The book includes chapters by such well-known writers as George L. Kelling, professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers, David B. Mitchell, executive director of the National Council of juvenile and Family Court Judges, and Ronald G. Slaby a developmental psychologist who concentrates on the effects of television on children and ways to prevent violence in America. These knowledgeable contributors guarantee the reader a multifaceted view of the current perspectives and approaches on juvenile justice. In each of the chapters, the contributors have completed a thorough review of the literature and have provided for the reader a wealth of information for further consideration. …


Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have been successful in providing credit to millions of low-income borrowers in groups previously excluded from formal financial services, but they often charge interest rates that many claim are excessive. We examine microfinance interest rates and their determinants in order to understand how these rates might be lowered. Using high-quality financial data from 29 institutions in seven countries over a period of four years, and drawing on information from field visits with clients, we explore patterns of cost and efficiency in MFIs. We find that improved operational efficiency comes with increased competition and institutional age, or learning by doing. Encouragingly, our regression analysis shows patterns of profit-making MFIs charging lower interest rates. We also find that interest rate caps reduce the outreach of these institutions to the poor, women, and rural clients.


The extent of foreign investments in the emerging markets of Central and Eastern Europe will be dependent on the nature and efficiency of the transformation from turbulence to stability, from "neither market nor planned economies" to predictable ones. Project designs like the gradual transfer of investment money or profit repatriation guarantees are more important considerations than detailed calculations. An important investment criteria might be whether a project create strong alliances with important power centers that will safeguard the interest of the project under changing conditions.


Abstract. The aim of this study is to assess and map the seismic risk for Germany, restricted to the expected losses of damage to residential buildings. There are several earthquake prone regions in the country which have produced Mw magnitudes above 6 and up to 6.7 corresponding to observed ground shaking intensity up to VIII–IX (EMS-98). Combined with the fact that some of the earthquake prone areas are densely populated and highly industrialized and where therefore the hazard coincides with high concentration of exposed assets, the damaging implications from earthquakes must be taken seriously. In this study a methodology is presented and pursued to calculate the seismic risk from (1) intensity based probabilistic seismic hazard, (2) vulnerability composition models, which are based on the distribution of residential buildings of various structural types in representative communities and (3) the distribution of assets in terms of replacement costs for residential buildings. The estimates of the risk are treated as primary economic losses due to structural damage to residential buildings. The obtained results are presented as maps of the damage and risk distributions. For a probability level of 90% non-exceedence in 50 years (corresponding to a mean return period of 475 years) the mean damage ratio is up to 20% and the risk up to hundreds of millions of euro in the most endangered communities. The developed models have been calibrated with observed data from several damaging earthquakes in Germany and the nearby area in the past 30 years.


Despite of the financial statements, the accountability of local government (LG) is also fulfilled through LPPD, a LG's performance reporting on decentralization, job assistance and government administrative tasks. Research on LPPD in Indonesia is still rare. Febriana (2010) and Dalimunthe (2010) conducted a study related LPPD but does not focus on the completeness of the LPPD. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the compliance of LPPD to PP No. 3/2007. The compliance level is obtained by comparison the content of the LPPD and the compliance checklist and then this compliance level will be analyzed using statistic descriptive, the mean difference test and correlation test. With a sample of 25 provinces's LPPD year 2010, the results show that the average compliance level is 75%. It means that the LG (province) has not been submitting all the information in LPPD year 2010 in accordance with the PP No. 3/2007. The result of mean different test showed no significant difference in two groups LG based on these variables: LG's assets, level of sovereignty, geography position (west or east Indonesia) and EKPPD value. Moreover, the correlation test results also found no significant correlation between the levels of compliance with these variables.


Abstract The spring condition hypothesis (SCH) states that the current decline of the North American scaup population (Lesser [Aythya affinis] and Greater Scaup [A. marila] combined) is due to a decline in quality or availability of scaup foods on wintering, spring migration, or breeding areas that has caused a reduction in female body condition and subsequent reproductive success. Our previous research indicated that forage quality in diets of Lesser Scaup (hereafter scaup) at two sites in Northwestern Minnesota was lower in springs 2000-2001 than that reported for springs 1986-1988, consistent with the SCH. Accordingly, we further tested the SCH at a landscape scale, by comparing amounts of amphipods in diets (index of forage quality) of scaup (N = 263) collected in springs 2003-2005 from seven eco-physiographic regions in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota in relation to data from Northwestern Minnesota during springs 2000-2001. We found that aggregate percentages of Gammarus lacustris and Hyalella azteca (amphipods) in scaup diets during springs 2000-2001 in Northwest Minnesota were similar to those in the Iowa Prairie Pothole, Minnesota Morainal, Minnesota Glaciated Plains, Red River Valley, and Northwestern Minnesota in springs 2003-2005; however, scaup consumed relatively higher aggregate percentages of Gammarus lacustris and Hyalella azteca in North Dakota Missouri Coteau and North Dakota Glaciated Plains. Females in Iowa were over three times less likely to have consumed food than those in North Dakota, despite previous research indicating similar foraging rates among these regions. Mean mass of scaup diet samples throughout the upper-Midwest were 77 mg (49%) and 87 mg (52%) lower than those of historical studies in Minnesota and Manitoba, respectively. We conclude that there has been a decrease in forage quality for scaup in Iowa and Minnesota and a decrease in the amount of forage consumed throughout the upper-Midwest, consistent with the SCH.


A network of switches controlled by Boolean variables can be represented as a system of Boolean equations. The solution of this system gives a symbolic description of the conducting paths in the network. Gaussian elimination provides an efficient technique for solving sparse systems of Boolean equations. For the class of networks that arise when analyzing digital metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuits, a simple pivot selection rule guarantees that most s-switch networks encountered in practice can be solved with O(s) operations. When represented by a directed acyclic graph, the set of Boolean formulas generated by the analysis has total size bounded by the number of operations required by the Gaussian elimination. This paper presents the mathematical basis for systems of Boolean equations, their solution by Gaussian elimination, and data structures and algorithms for representing and manipulating Boolean formulas.


This dissertation is intended to undertake research into Building Information Modelling, in particular to identify its capabilities and limits and to more so establish how the quantity surveyor may be affected as a direct result of BIM. The field of research will pay particular attention into the influence of BIM in modern day construction. This will involve interrogating the current scale of operation within the industry, determining what duties may change and what could be of advantage to the quantity surveyor. A quantitative research method was selected to be conducted by way of a questionnaire survey. The primary data was collected and analysed by a descriptive statistic method. Overall the research indicates the industry, and in particular quantity surveyors, are aware of BIM and are conscious of the benefits that can be offered to the QS. It highlights how the surveyor should act now in order to keep up with the times and not get left behind.


When the Commonwealth of Virginia announced it was seceding from the Union, the northwestern corner of Virginia formed a rump government-in-exile, declared itself the lawful government of Virginia, and gave "Virginia's" consent to the creation of a new State of West Virginia consisting of essentially the same northwestern corner of old Virginia. Congress and the Lincoln administration recognized the northwestern rump as the legitimate government of Virginia, and voted to admit West Virginia as a State. Could they do that? This article takes on the odd but amazingly complicated (and occasionally interesting) constitutional question of whether West Virginia is legitimately a State of the Union or is instead an illegal, breakaway province of Virginia. While scarcely a burning legal issue in the twenty-first century, the question of West Virginia's constitutionality turns out to be more than of just quaint historical interest, but also to say a great deal about textualism and formalism as legitimate modes of constitutional interpretation today.


PALEOANTHROPOLOGYAlmost 1.8 million years ago, a new kind of human appeared on the scene in Africa and Eurasia. For 2 decades anthropologists have debated whether the African and Asian fossils were all members of one peripatetic species, Homo erectus , or whether one group belonged to a different species, H. ergaster . A report in this week's issue of Nature concludes that all of the African and Asian fossils belong together in one species, H. erectus , making them all interbreeding members of the same global species that gave rise to living humans.


Learning for Jobs is an OECD study of vocational education and training (VET) designed to help countries make their VET systems more responsive to labour market needs.
This special report looks at the system in China. China's education system has made dramatic advances: almost all children in China now complete lower secondary education. Around three quarters continue into upper secondary schools, with fast increasing numbers in tertiary education. At upper secondary level about half the cohort enter vocational schools – more than 20 million students.
At the same time the system faces significant challenges. The government is seeking to make the system accessible to all students – by removing the fees barrier, ensuring minimum quality standards in all vocational schools, and in providing adequate high quality workplace training opportunities.
The OECD review assesses the main challenges faced by the VET system and presents an interconnected package of policy recommendations. For each recommendation, the report describes the challenge, the recommendation itself, supporting arguments, and issues of implementation.


The sharing of durable goods in a dynamic ownership economy is attractive, since it has the potential to realize gains from trade via short-term transfers of usage rights. We develop a model in which a set of agents, who are heterogeneous in their likely need of a durable good, make purchase decisions and then have the option to participate in a sharing market contingent on a realized need. The agents' purchase decisions are compared to a situation where ex-post sharing is impossible. The impact of sharing on product sales is ambiguous: for low-price products sales may drop, while for high-price products the number of consumers who decide to become owners may actually increase. Our analysis extends to a sharing market in which prices are negotiated bilaterally in a Nash-bargaining framework. The resulting negotiated-sharing equilibrium allows for a realistic supply-demand imbalance in the sharing market.


We present powder blasting as a new technology for the realization of Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). The technique is base don the erosion of a masked substrate by a high velocity powder beam. We study the erosion rate of the process using glass wafers and introduce oblique powder blasting, where we vary the angle of incidence of the powder beam with respect tot the target surface. The oblique impact gives rise to particular side walls effects of micro patterned hole structures. We have applied this microfabrication method for various MEMS applications, like the realization of glass accelerometer beams, biological microsystems for the culture and characterization of living cells and ferrite-based miniaturized transformers for ultra- small power applications.


Recent research advocates using general message predictors to learn and predict the coherence activity in distributed shared memory (DSM). By accurately predicting a message and timely invoking the necessary coherence actions, a DSM can hide much of the remote access latency. This paper proposes the Memory Sharing Predictors (MSPs), pattern-based predictors that significantly improve prediction accuracy and implementation cost over general message predictors. An MSP is based on the key observation that to hide the remote access latency, a predictor must accurately predict only the remote memory accesses (i.e., request messages) and not the subsequent coherence messages invoked by an access. Simulation results indicate that MSPs improve prediction accuracy over general message predictors from 81% to 93% while requiring less storage overhead. This paper also presents the first design and evaluation for a speculative coherent DSM using pattern-based predictors. We identify simple techniques and mechanisms to trigger prediction timely and perform speculation for remote read accesses. Our speculation hardware readily works with a conventional full-map write-invalidate coherence protocol without any modifications. Simulation results indicate that performing speculative read requests alone reduces execution times by 12% in our shared-memory applications.


The research enables a wide range of designers to engage in the speculative prototyping and presentation of new digital media that addresses the divide between the physical and virtual, known as Computational Costume. This work has emerged from investigations into: the support of interactors' spatial memory on screen-based devices; ways of supporting interactors' across a range of media by interviewing a range of experienced designers and communicators; reviewing advancements from screen-based devices to ubiquitous and tangible computing; and developing an accessible speculative design process using lo-fi physical materials to imagine wearable virtual identities that ground interactions through digital media.Links to the supporting material are listed below.


Critics and historians of the work of Irving Penn often note that he was attracted to thememento morigenre, otherwise known asvanitas. A number of the conventional markers are there: broken jugs or the frequent appearance of all-too-human bits of debris in otherwise idealized still life pictures and portraits. There is even an elegant intimation of mortality in the subtle way that the frozen block of beans in Frozen Foods with String Beans(1977) is just beginning to thaw. This connection to vanitas can be seen in examples of Penn's work over a period of many years. Colin Westerbeck noted that Penn's groups of non-commercial still lifes are all intimately connected to the theme of vanitas: the Cigarettes, the Street Material, and specifically the series of memento moristudies that was published asIrving Penn: Archaeology. A 1941 image,Funeral Home, published in Passage: A Work Record, Penn's major retrospective book, depicts the shop front of W. S. Watkins & Son, Embalmer. Even in Venice in 1945, the young Penn was making studies of the scummy surface of the canal in deliberate opposition to the Ruskinian glories just above. Those images of foul water describe grassy stalks directly reminiscent of some of theStreet Materialfrom thirty years later, and of the fibrous shards that poke out of theCigarettes. For an artist with such an enduring interest to go on to make this astounding series of studies of the skulls of animals,Cranium Architecture, might seem quite natural. Penn was interested in death, goes the argument, perhaps as a counterpoint to his professional career working (both atVogueand for his commercial clients) with people obsessed with youth.


Abstract The presence of trees in central and southern Europe during the last full-glaciation has long been a matter of debate. A low but persistent presence of fossil tree pollen in central and southern European full-glacial paleoecological sequences has been interpreted either as representing long-distance pollen transport from southerly refuges or as representing in situ refugial populations. Here we present macroscopic charcoal results from 31 sequences located throughout Hungary that provide unequivocal evidence for the presence of at least seven different tree types between approximately 32,500 and 16,500 14C yr B.P. This evidence is presented in conjunction with molluscan and pollen analyses to indicate that during the last full-glaciation, trees grew as far north as Hungary, probably in microenvironmentally favorable sites. These areas provided an important cold-stage refugium for the European flora and fauna.


Surveys of risk behaviors have been hobbled by their reliance on respondents to report accurately about engaging in behaviors that are highly sensitive and may be illegal. An audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI) technology for measuring those behaviors was tested with 1690 respondents in the 1995 National Survey of Adolescent Males. The respondents were randomly assigned to answer questions using either audio-CASI or a more traditional self-administered questionnaire. Estimates of the prevalence of male-male sex, injection drug use, and sexual contact with intravenous drug users were higher by factors of 3 or more when audio-CASI was used. Increased reporting was also found for several other risk behaviors.


Embodied cognition has received a fair amount of attention in philosophical, neuroscientific, and robotic research during the past several decades, yet the precise nature of its goals, methods, and claims are unclear. This dissertation will ascertain and examine the primary themes in the field of embodied cognition as well as why, and if, they offer significant challenges to traditional cognitive science models. Though many theories believe they are providing accounts that should replace traditional models, to do so they will have to overcome the very difficult challenge of arguing that mental content and capabilities derived from sensorimotor activity can continue to function independent from the sensorimotor processes necessary for their instantiation. In short, they have to rule out brain-in-a-vat scenarios. Upon examination, most embodiment theorists either do not attempt to address this fundamental issue or they fail to provide a successful account of how it can be achieved through a model of embodied cognition. And for those who are able to overcome this obstacle, doing so will require reconsidering the brain/mind as an extension of the body once it has become thoroughly entangled with sensorimotor processes and activities. The first portion will attempt to clarify the various claims of embodied cognition to understand what the theories are saying and how they are at odds with traditional cognitive science. Then, several of the most significant embodied arguments will be looked at in detail to determine their philosophical and empirical strength. Finally, the fundamental issue of the metaphysical dependence of mental content and capabilities on embodied activity will be laid bare and it will be shown that nearly all embodiment theories are in alignment with traditional cognitive science on this topic, and those that aren't will require some additional work. ©2015 by Cody Cash All Rights Reserved


Bioflocculants produced by Herbaspirillium sp. CH7, Paenibacillus sp. CH11, Bacillus sp. CH15 and a Halomonas sp. were preliminarily evaluated as flocculating agents in the treatment of industrial wastewater effluents. Industrial (1local chemical-industry and 2 textile-industry: Biavin 109-medium blue dye and Whale dye) effluent (9 ml) containing various heavy metals was vortexed with 1 ml of bioflocculant in a 25 ml test tube. One ml of water (Millipore Elix purification system, 17 megaΩ) was substituted for the bioflocculant in the control. After 5 min, the heavy metal concentrations, the microbial population and the turbidity of the top layer of the industrial effluent were determined using ICP-OES, spread-plate technique and a turbidity meter respectively. The flocculating activity was calculated based on absorbance at a wavelength of 550 nm. Bioflocculants produced in this study were capable of removing several heavy metals from industrial effluents simultaneously and effectively. This was significant (p < 0.05) when applied to Biavin medium blue dye, with 95% of Cr2+ and 94% of Ni2+ removed by the presence of bioflocculants. Bioflocculants also removed almost all of the bacteria and reduced 50-80% of the turbidity of the chemical effluent sample, simultaneously. Bacterial bioflocculants may provide an alternative means of treating industrial wastewater resulting in environmental and economical benefits. However, our findings suggest that the treatment of industrial effluents using bioflocculants might be effluent-dependent. In order to explore the potential of bioflocculants in the treatment of industrial effluents, a preliminary study to determine the optimal conditions is crucial.


Almost all prior research on where people look on faces has been conducted in the lab, using fixed-head eye trackers while people view static images or movies of faces. Yet this situation is radically different from real-world face perception, where eye movements are likely to be influenced by the fact that the face you are looking at may be looking back at you. Here, we asked if the pattern of stable individual differences in face-looking behavior observed in the lab (Peterson & Eckstein, 2013; Mehoudar et al., 2014) generalizes to real-world vision. To measure in-lab behavior, subjects' eye movements were recorded with a fixed-head eye tracker while they performed a speeded (500ms) famous-face identification task using static images. Preferred face-fixation behavior was defined as the mean initial into-face fixation location. Real-world face-looking behavior was measured with a mobile eye tracker while subjects socially interacted with others, and walked around the MIT campus, passing people in hallways and open areas. Consistent with previous work, we found large individual differences in the preferred location of laboratory-measured face-fixations, ranging from just above the brows to the mouth. Preliminary data suggests that this pattern of behavior is conserved in real-world viewing conditions. These results suggest that, at least for the critical initial into-face fixations that support identification, gaze measured in the lab accurately reflects real-world looking behavior. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Treating Ebola with a Trojan horse The recent major Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa high-lighted the need for effective therapeutics against this and other filoviruses. Neutralizing ebolaviruses with antibodies is a challenge because the viruses bind their entry receptor, NPC1, inside the cell within endosomes rather than on the cell surface. Furthermore, enzymes in endosomes cleave the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein (GP) to reveal its receptor binding site. Wec et al. now report a bispecific antibody strategy targeting all known ebolaviruses that overcomes this problem (see the Perspective by Labrijn and Parren). They coupled an antibody specific for a conserved, surface-exposed epitope of GP to antibodies that recognize either NPC1 or the NPC1 binding site on GP. Treating mice therapeutically with these antibodies allowed them to survive otherwise lethal ebolavirus infection. Science, this issue p. 350; see also p. 284 Bispecific antibodies show therapeutic efficacy against ebolaviruses in mice. There is an urgent need for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies that broadly protect against Ebola virus and other filoviruses. The conserved, essential interaction between the filovirus glycoprotein, GP, and its entry receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) provides an attractive target for such mAbs but is shielded by multiple mechanisms, including physical sequestration in late endosomes. Here, we describe a bispecific-antibody strategy to target this interaction, in which mAbs specific for NPC1 or the GP receptor–binding site are coupled to a mAb against a conserved, surface-exposed GP epitope. Bispecific antibodies, but not parent mAbs, neutralized all known ebolaviruses by coopting viral particles themselves for endosomal delivery and conferred postexposure protection against multiple ebolaviruses in mice. Such "Trojan horse" bispecific antibodies have potential as broad antifilovirus immunotherapeutics.


Consumers with limited discretionary money face important trade-offs when deciding how to spend it. In the current research, we suggest that feelings of financial constraint increase consumers' concern about the lasting utility of their purchases, which in turn increases their preference for material goods over experiences. The results of seven studies confirm that the consideration of financial constraints shifts consumers' preferences toward material goods (rather than experiences), and that this systematic shift is due to an increased concern about the longevity of the purchase. This preference shift persists even when the material goods are more frivolous than the experiences, indicating that the effect is not driven by an increased desire for sensible and justifiable purchases. However, the shift toward material purchases disappears when the material good is unusually short lived, further implicating concern about longevity as the key driver of the effect. Finally, the consideration of financial constraints increases preference for material purchases even when the potential memories that experiences can provide are made explicitly salient. Together, these results indicate that financially constrained consumers spend their discretionary money on material purchases as a means of securing long-term consumption utility.


Asset management is a major industry playing an increasingly important role in economic activity around the world. Asset managers provide services to individuals, governments, public agencies, banks, pension funds, insurance companies, and charities, to name a few. Traditionally, asset management has been primarily associated with the 'stock market' economies of the UK and the USA, but, as this book shows, some of the most spectacular growth in activity of recent years has occurred in Continental Europe. This has presented opportunities and challenges. New forms of financial instruments and institutions have emerged in countries that have traditionally relied on debt and non-market forms of intermediation. Competition has intensified, and entry has occurred both within and across national markets. However, this growth has been accompanied by potential problems: while investors enjoy a wider range of products and services, they face more complex instruments and transactions. Therefore, the potential for failures, such as misdealing and fraud, may have increased. The natural response is to strengthen regulation, but there is a fine balance to be struck between inadequate and excessive regulation of asset managers. This is particularly complicated in the context of European capital markets. European countries have traditionally had very different financial systems and asset management businesses, therefore it is no surprise to discover many different approaches to regulating asset managers. How should the European Commission respond to this diversity? Should it seek to create greater uniformity via common regulatory rules? The particular focus of this book is financial resource requirements. There is currently an active debate about the role capital requirements should play in asset management, particularly in the European context. In order to address this issue, the authors argue that it is necessary to understand the nature of the asset management business in different countries and the risks that it faces. They therefore discuss how the asset management business operates; how it is organized; the nature and size of risks in the business, who bears them, and how they are financed; and what the alternative forms of investor protection are, together with their associated costs and benefits.


With regard to mechanical and chemical resistivity metal surfaces can benefit from hydrophobic behavior. Against this background, results of laser-induced generation of hydrophobic surfaces on three different steel alloys without any additional coating are presented. Therefore, a dual-scale structure consisting of micro cones and nano-ripples and droplets is generated by picosecond laser structuring in ambient air. Firstly, the dependencies of the formation of these micro cones, called cone-like protrusions (CLP), on different parameters of the laser ablation process the peak fluence, the spot diameter, the effective pulse number per unit area and the material are investigated. Secondly, the hydrophobicity and surface energy of the resulting surface topography of the irradiated substrate are evaluated by means of contact angle measurements. For that purpose identical topographies are generated on stainless steel, hotand cold-working steel. The time-dependency of the contact angle is investigated depending on the material and the morphology. For CLP formation a high number of scans is preferred to provide a high effective pulse number per unit area, which is advantageous for homogeneous generation of larger micro cones. By measuring the contact angle a change from an initially hydrophilic to a hydrophobic behavior of the surfaces can be observed due to a change of surface chemistry over time. Thus, contact angles higher than 90° can be measured on laser treated surfaces of different steel alloys.


This article concerns the ways in which Kant's account of the sublime may be used to explain fashion. It uses examples from designer Rei Kawakubo and theorist Elizabeth Wilson to introduce the argument that our everyday experiences of the body, the garment and fashion are actually experiences of the sublime. In order to make this argument, the article places these experiences in a western philosophical tradition by considering Hegel's early-nineteenth-century account of the relation between the garment and the body. The article then argues that Roland Barthes's account of Erte's alphabet-drawings is a critique of Hegel and Wilson, and that it presupposes Kant's idea of the sublime. The article provides an account of Kant's sublime in the Critique of Judgement, written in 1790, relating it back to his account of the schematism in the Critique of Pure Reason (written in 1781). The conclusion is that the experience of the sublime, of the inadequacy that is necessarily involved in the application of concepts to intuitions or in the subsumption of intuitions under concepts, is found in all experience and thus that fashion is always constituted by the experience of the sublime.


Music's ability to create structure and inner relationships that themselves convey meaning is indisputable. Jokes are created by humorously transforming those structures and relationships similar to some methods of humour construction in language. In this paper, mechanisms of humour construction in music and language are compared. Thus, an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of humour between musicology and linguistics is developed. Two major comparable patterns of humour construction in music and language are discussed: humour through the dislocation of phraseme-like patterns, and humour through parody. Secondly, dissimilarities between music and language are outlined. Two differences are considered: music as an art of sound (the specific sonic qualities of music offer potentially humorous material that is not accessible to language), and music as an art of time (music depends on its development in time). Opportunities for potentially humorous ambiguities that go far beyond the importance of "timing" in language jokes result from this. Finally, the significance of the universality of a joke is reconsidered. Different types of musical jokes from pure acoustical to partly practical ones are discussed. Jokes that demand certain background information are confronted with more universally understandable ones. It is shown that universality is no criterion for joke quality or joke definition in the first place.


Background Increasing differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality across levels of education have been reported in Norway. The aim of the study was to investigate educational inequalities in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence and whether such inequalities have changed during the past decade using a nationwide longitudinal study design. Methods Data on 141 332 incident (first) AMIs in Norway during 2001–2009 were obtained through the Cardiovascular Disease in Norway (CVDNOR) project. Educational inequalities in AMI incidence were assessed in terms of age-standardised incidence rates stratified on educational level, incidence rate ratios (IRR), relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII). All calculations were conducted in four gender and age strata: Men and women aged 35–69 and 70–94 years. Results AMI Incidence rates decreased during 2001–2009 for all educational levels except in women aged 35–69 among whom only those with basic education had a significant decrease. In all gender and age groups; those with the highest educational level had the lowest rates. The strongest relative difference was found among women aged 35–69, with IRR (95% CI) for basic versus tertiary education 3.04 (2.85–3.24)) and RII (95% CI) equal to 4.36 (4.03–4.71). The relative differences did not change during 2001–2009 in any of the four gender and age groups, but absolute inequalities measured as SII decreased among the oldest men and women. Conclusions There are substantial educational inequalities in AMI incidence in Norway, especially for women aged 35–69. Relative inequalities did not change from 2001 to 2009.


Machine learning has emerged as the dominant tool for implementing complex cognitive tasks that require supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. While the resulting machines have demonstrated in some cases even superhuman performance, their energy consumption has often proved to be prohibitive in the absence of costly supercomputers. Most state-of-the-art machine-learning solutions are based on memoryless models of neurons. This is unlike the neurons in the human brain that encode and process information using temporal information in spike events. The different computing principles underlying biological neurons and how they combine together to efficiently process information is believed to be a key factor behind their superior efficiency compared to current machine-learning systems.


In this study, a numerical solution of 2D steady incompressible lid-driven cavity flow is presented. Three different numerical schemes were employed to make a comparison on the practicality of the methods. An alternating direction implicit scheme for the vorticity-stream function formulation, explicit and implicit schemes for the primitive variable formulation of governing Navier-Stokes equations were attempted. A fairly fine uniform grid was adopted for all the cases after a technical procedure was applied to come up with the proper mesh size that would make the solution roughly independent of mesh quality. The solutions obtained for different Reynolds numbers are presented and compared. Superiority of numerical approaches was investigated and compared to benchmark solutions available in the literature. Based on the results of the present research, it can be claimed that explicit scheme used for primitive variable formulation can be only half the way (as in Re=2500 for explicit to Re=5000 for ADI and implicit schemes) as successful as the other two numerical methods due to its relative simplicity.


Radiations in medicine cover a wide range of applications, predominantly in diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy, encompassing photons (xand γ-rays) and particle radiation, as well as with the use of liquid sources in nuclear medicine focusing on physiological functional imaging, tumour detection or targeted radiotherapy. The biological interactions of ionizing radiation leads naturally to questions of benefits and risk following dose exposures. The inherent properties of ionizing radiation in sterilising dividing cells can offer immense benefits with respect to tumour control, but radiation can also deliver potential harm in the form of normal tissue toxicity or carcinogenesis. The advances in radiation technology, offering accurate and reliable dose delivery, in concert with greater understanding of the underpinning radiobiological effects are creating an ever-growing ability to extract maximum benefit and minimise risk. The radiobiological effects fall broadly under the headings of mutagenesis, chromosomal aberrations, radiation induced genomic instability and cell death. The enormity of evidence derived from these underlie the mechanism of the six Rs of controlled radiotherapy: repair, repopulation, reoxygenation, redistribution, radiosensitivity and most recently, remote bystander cellular effects (including low dose hyper-radiosensitivity, adaptive response, hormesis, abscopal effect and immune response). Herein, we seek to discuss how such understanding leads to optimised radiotherapy.


Between 1230 and 1315 a large amount of Flemish and northern French cloth reached the market of Vic, a medium‐sized Catalan town to the north of Barcelona. Descriptions of cloth from a sample of over 1,000 wedding trousseaus reveal that common people were quite familiar with a wide selection of fabrics from manufacturing centres such as Bruges, Saint‐Omer, Arras, and Châlons, and by the end of the thirteenth century Saint‐Denis, Paris, Ypres, and Narbonne. Northern cloth had travelled over 1,000 kilometres before it reached the market stalls of Vic, reflecting the efficiency of commercial networks in bringing commodities across Europe at a reasonable transportation cost. Marriage contracts from this period specify the identity of the most frequent purchasers of these fabrics, and the identity of the women that would wear them, tailored as capes or tunics. Northern cloth was purchased by all social groups, not just the wealthy elite: even peasant households used such fabrics for their daughters' dresses. All in all, wedding trousseaus provide exceptional evidence of how commercialized both the urban and rural populations had become by the end of the thirteenth century in a society eager to buy imported commodities.


Aims: Although many smokers manage to quit, in the general population more than 90% of quit attempts result in eventual relapse (Etter & Stapleton, 2006). Most current e-cigarette users state that they use e-cigarettes for smoking cessation or to cut down from smoking (McNeill et al, 2015). We know very little about people in the general population who quit smoking using an e-cigarette and their eventual relapse status. Methods: Qualitative data from an ongoing study. In-depth interviews with 40 participants, complemented by innovative photo elicitation techniques to specifically examine the social contexts and meaning of e cigarette use in the daily lives of consumers. Data are iteratively analysed using thematic coding, also incorporating a discursive approach. Results: Variable aspects of e cigarettes offer the ex-smoker a unique experience beyond other nicotine replacement therapies. Ex-smokers can choose a substitute 'smoking-like' experience, preferable for some, or a move away from smoking towards a new vaping identity, attractive to others. Importantly, our sample of vapers demonstrate how smoking lapse may be perceived qualitatively differently than for other ex-smokers, as a 'permissive lapse'. Having the alternative of vaping means that full relapse to smoking is not perceived as inevitable following a lapse, as it may have been previously. Conclusions: Our work aligns closely with everyday concerns, motivations, and experiences of different profiles of e-cigarette users, providing much needed qualitative evidence on e-cigarette use in relation to maintaining smoking abstinence. This will be important in informing future development of e-cigarette based smoking relapse prevention interventions.


AIM
Prolonged tracheostomy tube placement leads to depression, communicative inconvenience, reduced life quality, and health complications. We retrospectively examined the effects of a modified Singh's algorithm (MOSA) care bundle in tracheostomy tube removal in patients with neurological sequelae.

METHODS
We retrieved medical records of 22 tracheostomized patients admitted to our early rehabilitation ward from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2020 and compared their clinical outcomes before and after the MOSA introduction. We used a decannulation checklist and outcomes of decannulation training to judge the decannulation opportunity in the intervention group. In the control group, the patients received decannulation based on professional judgments.

RESULTS
Age, gender, body mass index, and admission diagnosis were not significantly different between the two groups. While 10 of 13 patients (76.9%) successfully decannulated in the intervention group, only 1 of 9 patients in the control group succeeded (11.1%; p = 0.008). The decannulation evaluation checklist revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups except that the intervention group received more airway patency evaluations (p = 0.027). None of the decannulated patients required tracheostomy tube reinsertion before discharge, and no complications appeared.

CONCLUSION
Our study supports the feasibility of MOSA in aiding decannulation among patients with neurological illnesses. Further cluster randomized controlled trials and studies of decision aids and shared decision-making are warranted to help promote active decannulation.


Social engineering is a term used for techniques to trick, or con, users into giving out information to someone that should not have it. In this paper we discuss and model various notions related to social engineering. By using a broad, cross disciplinary approach, we present a conceptual model of the different kinds of social engineering attacks, and their preparation, the victim and the perpetrator, as well as the cultural aspects. By using this approach a better general understanding of social engineering can be reached. The model is also a good tool for teaching about and protecting against social engineering attacks.


Principles of terahertz (THz) interferometric synthetic aperture imaging with heterodyne and optical techniques are presented. A THz interferometric experiment based on optical up-conversion is set up. The received THz signal is modulated into an optical carrier and transmitted in a fiber. To simulate phase differences between two THz receivers, the output of receiver is divided and a phase shifter is placed before electro-optical modulation (EOM). Interferometric spectra of these modulated optical signals are examined at different phase shifts. Otherwise, carrier suppression and phase error calibration are discussed for THz interferometric synthetic aperture imaging.


Purpose - – This article aims to examine the history, mechanisms, interconnectedness and effectiveness of the jasmine-growing enterprise in coastal Karnataka. This article investigates the formation and ongoing successful operation of a community enterprise that is locally originated and administered. The case of the jasmine flower growers in coastal Karnataka is a case of small-scale growers who for 75 years have operated a long-standing local community-based enterprise. Using trust, repeated interactions and efficient mechanisms of pricing and distribution, this enterprise has prevented poverty among its participants for three generations. Design/methodology/approach - – This article provides a descriptive analysis of the enterprise as well as results from an empirical study of 700 growers. The article used cluster analysis of local villages to represent the 7,000 participating households. Findings - – Studying local growers who are the producers of the flowers and who are living off of it, this article found a high level of satisfaction and trust towards those running the enterprise. For many people in the region, this ongoing enterprise is the difference between poverty and hunger and living well. Research limitations/implications - – The article is based on one local community that is lucky to have a desired resource (one type of jasmine flower) coveted by many users. Practical implications - – Combined, this article provides an account of a unique and successful sustainable enterprise, initiated and run at the grassroots level, which serves as a model for future economic development. In addition, it lists the features that are most relevant for the ongoing success of the enterprise and suggests how a new social and economic development project can learn from this enterprise. Originality/value - – This is an amazing enterprise that was not studied before and can be a role model for many adaptations.


This article highlights the establishment of a tradition of anti-black racism during the German Imperial and Weimar periods. Also it will show that the tradition was present during the Nazi period. Moreover, anti-black racism probably continued in postwar Germany. The postwar story, however, remains to be researched in detail. Furthermore, this article also serves as an educational tool to enlighten the public, including Holocaust scholars and educators, who are not aware that blacks were victimized under the Nazi regime in Europe. Why are most people not informed about this subject? One reason probably is the lack of documentation as compared to the abundance of archival and published materials that exist about the plight of other victims of the Holocaust (1933 - 1945). Another explanation is there were relatively few black victims as compared to the millions of Jews and other minority groups who were victimized by the Nazis in Europe. Scant evidence indicates that there were an estimated 55,000 black victims and prisoners of war who were victimized by the Nazis.(1) Hannah Arendt, a well-known chronicler and a victim of Nazi persecution, states that the seed of totalitarian terror (fascism) were contained within the policies pursued by Europeans in Africa. Her hypothesis became controversial among other historians who believed she had no proof while others either partially or fully concurred offering evidence to support their arguments. Helmut Bley, a well-known historian of SouthWest Africa and a supporter of a prototype-Nazi policy toward people of African descent, argued that pervasive racism animated the German colonial settlers to expropriate the property of some of the African tribes, exploited and enslaved black laborers, legalized a state of lawlessness and pressured the government to sanction genocide against blacks who resisted.(2) Historians like Bley have written about anti-black racism during the Imperial and Weimar periods and a few have touched upon the Nazi period, but no one has attempted to show a tradition of anti-black racism in Germany which extended from 1885 to 1945 and possibly beyond. THE IMPERIAL AND WEIMAR TRADITION OF ANTI-BLACK RACISM Anti-black racism was not a new phenomenon in Germany. It existed as far back as the eighteenth-century and became much more noticeable during the later part of the nineteenth-century, when the country became a player in the scramble for African territories. German missionaries, the monarchy, settlers, bureaucrats, soldiers and industrialists sanctioned premeditated genocide on some indigenous tribes of South-West Africa and ruthlessly squashed revolts by blacks in other German colonies.(3) Moreover, anti-black racism was learned by the upper and middle classes of Germany from the writings of German social-Democrats who later championed race hygiene. Furthermore, other scholars like Arthur Comte de Gobineau, who selected race as the primary moving force of world history, also were instrumental in convincing Germans that the Aryan race (Nordic Myth) was globally the superior race.(4) Germany, however, was not the only colonial power that forcibly employed forced labor and torture; permitted the continuation of the slave tradition; sanctioned genocide; and spread the morals of Christianity in African societies with the aid of a whip. Belgium, France, England, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Italy are also responsible for many of the political, economic and social problems experienced by Africans today. German racial prejudices were instigated, inflamed and appeared in German publications in Europe, because blacks rebelled against white authority and injustice.(5) Therefore, a tradition of anti-black racism became entrenched in European society via the colonies prior to Hitler's rise to power and the ensuing Holocaust. Anti-black racism by the turn of the twentieth-century co-existed with a virulent pre-existing anti-Semitism among some Germans. …


The reproductive tractus presents a series of innate defending (nonspecific) mechanisms and adaptative (specific) mechanisms, that can be affected by the endocrine status during pregnancy and puerperium. The conceptus grows under correct function of the immune system of the cow. One cytokine in particular, colony-stimulating factor 2, can promote preimplantation development and cause changes in conceptus function that increase the possibilities the conceptus develops to term. The puerperal period is characterized by an increased risk of uterine infections due to anatomic barriers which remain open for a few days. In this case bacteria are detected by the endometrial specialized immune cells which have toll-like receptors for the bacterial liants like peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides. The activation toll-like receptors enhances the synthesis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokins like the tumoral necrosis factor and nitric oxide, which mobilizes the immunitary cells. There are at least 11 types of toll-like receptors which recognize bacterial and viral particles. Toll-like receptor 2 detects the peptidoglycan associated with lipoteichoic acid, lypopeptides and zimoshan, while toll-like receptor 4 and 9 recognize single liants, lipopolysaccharides and unmetilated bacterial DNA. Polimorphonuclear leukocytes (mainly neutrophils), monocytes and circulant macrophages, represent the first line defence against bacteria. Neutrophilic phagocytant activity is initiated by complement system and antibodies. Interleukin 6 appears in the first inflammatory stage, activates mature neutrophils, helps in their maturation, differentiates monocytes in mature macrophages and, also, differentiates natural killer cells. The role of different immunoglobulines (IgA, IgG, IgM) in local defence mechanisms and the endometrial synthesis rate or in other layers of the bovine reproductive tract has not been sufficiently studied yet. Still, some of these immunoglobulins have been identified in the cervico-vaginal secretions of cows infected with Campylobacter fetus. Preparturtm period is accompanied by peripheral leucocytosis which is followed by peripheric leucopenia during the first week post-partum.


The ants are marching through the rain, but there is always something to distract Little Ant! Can you find him on each page, even though the column of ants gets bigger? Can you count the ants on each page? Rows of ants help introduce the concept of repeated addition. Bouncy illustrations, innovative die cutting and popular rhymes make Books with Holes a must for every child. Available in three formats, suitable for babies, toddlers, pre-schoolers and the nursery or classroom.


ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue that the unique contributions of Foucault's late work to critical social theory can be identified in the ways in which power relations are refined as the material condition of "politics" as distinguished from that of law, where "politics": (a) includes both competitive and goal-oriented strategic actions and interactions, (b) excludes the coercive technologies of law embodied in State institutions, (c) presupposes "incomplete" reciprocity between actors engaged in directing others, (d) always entails modes of revealing truth and acting upon the self. By contextualising the break between pastoral power and direction in the 1979–1980 lectures, I show how for the late Foucault, power relations constitute the material condition of "politics" precisely because, unlike relations of control or coercion, their aims and objectives remain open to the possibility of building new relationships and potentially more "political" forms of social action. I conclude by situating this major distinction within Foucault's unfulfilled project to study the "military dimension" of society, and the relevance and urgency of this project for contemporary struggles against new forms of militarism and austerity.


The evolutionary argument for the causal efficacy of consciousness of William James contends that an implication of the theory of evolution by natural selection is that subjective states have physical effects. This paper explores the contemporary relevance of James' argument. The argument will be examined and some objections to it briefly discussed. Following this, the implications of the argument for the foundations of science and for evolutionary theory will be addressed. Consideration will then be given to how extensively subjective purpose may occur in living nature in view of James' argument. It is argued that the evolutionary argument lends support to Whiteheadian metaphysics and has significant implications for the world-view of scientific materialism.


The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Research Aerosol algorithm makes it possible to study individual aerosol plumes in considerable detail. From the MISR data for two optically thick, near-source plumes of the spring 2010 Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption, we map aerosol optical depth (AOD) gradients and changing aerosol particle types with this algorithm; several days downwind, we identify the occurrence of volcanic ash particles and retrieve AOD, demonstrating the extent and the limits of ash detection and mapping capability with the multi-angle, multi-spectral imaging data. Retrieved volcanic plume AOD and particle microphysical properties are distinct from background values near-source, as well as for over-water cases several days downwind. The results also provide some indication that as they evolve, plume particles brighten, and average particle size decreases. Such detailed mapping offers context for suborbital plume observations having much more limited sampling. The MISR Standard aerosol product identified similar trends in plume properties as the Research algorithm, though with much smaller differences compared to background, and it does not resolve plume structure. Better optical analogs of non-spherical volcanic ash, and coincident suborbital data to validate the satellite retrieval results, are the factors most important for further advancing the remote sensing of volcanic ash plumes from space.


Abstract Background: Diabetes has become a major health problem worldwide, as well as in South Africa. This, coupled with the chronicity of the disease, relate to an increasing burden on health care facilities and an increasing number of hospital admissions of patients suffering from diabetes. Admissions are mostly related to diabetes itself, but the frequency of admissions for problems not related to diabetes is increasing as the prevalence of diabetes increases in the population. Proper inpatient glycaemic management is important for improving patient outcome and for reducing the risk of inpatient complications. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate current practices in the care of diabetic inpatients as well as to assess the glycaemic control that is achieved during hospitalisation. Methods: An audit was done of clinical hospital records of adult diabetic patients admitted to Kalafong Hospital, a large secondary hospital in South Africa. All patients admitted who had type 1 or type 2 diabetes before admission, or who were newly diagnosed on admission or in hospital were included, irrespective of the discipline to which the patient was admitted. All patient admissions in the eight-month period preceding the initiation of the audit were included. Results: The hospital records of 164 diabetic patients were audited. With regard to glucose monitoring, 60.8% of patients had irregular and erratic glucose monitoring, 37.2% had regular (either four- or six-hourly) monitoring and only 2% were monitored in relation to meals. Of the 164 patients, 160 were not fasting, 27 were treated with an insulin sliding scale at some stage during their admission, and in 14 (52%) of the patients who were on sliding scales the scale was used inappropriately. Most hospital inpatients with diabetes, i.e. 48 (30.4%), were treated with oral agents only; 29 (18.4%) were treated with oral agents plus a daily dose of NPH insulin and 17 (10.8%) with mixed insulin twice daily. Only three patients (1.9%) received insulin supplemental to their regimen. The glycaemic control treatment schedule was appropriate in only 19.5% of cases. Conclusions: Based on our findings, the monitoring and management of blood glucose in patients with diabetes during hospitalisation in a large secondary hospital in South Africa is currently inadequate. This calls for an educational intervention for doctors and nurses working with diabetic inpatients as well as the introduction of a blood glucose management protocol.


This thesis examines the early work experiences of low skilled youth against the background of the recently introduced 90 day trial periods legislation. A mixed method research approach was employed to survey young people's experiences of their early work careers, along with interviews with key stakeholders in the field of youth employment. From a sample of 100 self administered surveys from young people, the research finds that 90 day trial periods are not widely used for 15 to 19 year olds. Low incidence of use can be explained by majority of respondents being in part time or casual work. Where respondents were in full time employment trial periods are widely used, and they are more likely to be applied in a formal and long term manner by employers within the construction industry. The research concludes that while 90 day trial periods are one mechanism for increasing youth employment, they may not be the most effective as youth unemployment is a complex issue with systemic causes. The factors that contribute to youth unemployment are widespread and could be addressed by increased career advice in schools, a more comprehensive youth transition between school and employment and addressing the skills mismatch with employers needs in the workplace. Addressing these issues may have greater impact on youth unemployment than 90 day trial periods.


Negotiation is a fundamental interaction mechanism in multi-agent systems because it allows self-interested agents to come to mutually beneficial agreements and partition resources efficiently and effectively. Now, in many situations, the agents need to negotiate with one another many times and so developing strategies that are effective over repeated interactions is an important challenge. Against this background, a growing body of work has examined the use of \emph{Persuasive Negotiation} (PN), which involves negotiating using rhetorical arguments (such as threats, rewards, or appeals), in trying to convince an opponent to accept a given offer. Such mechanisms are especially suited to repeated encounters because they allow agents to influence the outcomes of future negotiations, while negotiating a deal in the present one, with the aim of producing results that are beneficial to both parties. To this end, in this paper, we develop a comprehensive PN mechanism for repeated interactions that makes use of rewards that can be asked for or given to. Our mechanism consists of two parts. First, a novel protocol that structures the interaction by capturing the commitments that agents incur when using rewards. Second, a new reward generation algorithm that constructs promises of rewards in future interactions as a means of permitting agents to reach better agreements, in a shorter time, in the present encounter. We then go on to develop a specific negotiation tactic, based on this reward generation algorithm, and show that it can achieve significantly better outcomes than existing benchmark tactics that do not use such inducements. Specifically, we show, via empirical evaluation in a Multi-Move Prisoners' dilemma setting, that our tactic can lead to a 26% improvement in the utility of deals that are made and that $21$ times fewer messages need to be exchanged in order to achieve this. Source URL: https://www.iiia.csic.es/en/node/54083 Links [1] https://www.iiia.csic.es/en/staff/sarvapali-d-ramchurn [2] https://www.iiia.csic.es/en/staff/carles-sierra [3] https://www.iiia.csic.es/en/staff/llu%C3%ADs-godo [4] https://www.iiia.csic.es/en/staff/nicholas-r-jennings


this paper a survey on current trends in parallel computing has been studied that depicts all the aspects of parallel computing system. A large computational problem that can not be solved by a single CPU can be divided into a chunk of small enough subtasks which are processed simultaneously by a parallel computer. The parallel computer consists of parallel computing hardware, parallel computing model, software support for parallel programming. Parallel performance measurement parameters and parallel benchmarks are used to measure the performance of a parallel computing system. The hardware and the software are specially designed for parallel algorithm and programming. This paper explores all the aspects of parallel computing and its usefulness. Keywordscomputing, parallel computing hardware, parallel model, parallel benchmarks.


The deterministic quantum transfer-matrix (QTM) technique and its mathematical background are presented. This important tool in computational physics can be applied to a class of the real physical low-dimensional magnetic systems described by the Heisenberg hamiltonian which includes the macroscopic molecular-based spin chains, small size magnetic clusters embedded in some supramolecules and other interesting compounds. In order to convert existing application for the susceptibility calculations to run on the grid, the speed-up and efficiency of parallelization are analyzed on the SGI Origin 3800 platform with p = 128 processor units. Using Message Parallel Inter- face (MPI) system libraries we find the efficiency of the code of 94% for p = 128 that makes our application suitable for the grid.


Species diversity is declining, due to habitat loss, over-exploitation, pollution, and climate change. It is imperative that biodiversity and distributions be accounted for immediately, to understand the impacts of anthropogenic change, and to sustain natural resources. Biodiversity in the seas, and geographic variation, have been underestimated—due to challenges in (1) the delimitation of species, (2) a preponderance of cryptic species, (3) uneven sampling effort, and (4) limited systematic framework. As a consequence, the mechanisms that govern species richness in the seas are poorly understood. The magnitude of these issues varies by taxon and by region, leaving open questions such as: Are estimates of species richness accurate? What are the tempo and mode of evolution in marine species? What mechanisms determine species' distributions in the ocean?Here, we tackle the first question, using the example of jellyfishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). The TEP is known as a 'hotspot' for its generally high biodiversity, but it harbors only five scyphozoan jellyfishes. To redress the four known challenges facing estimates of marine biodiversity, we increased sampling effort, combined molecular and morphological characters, and applied phylogenetic, barcoding, and morphospecies analyses to estimate species richness of scyphomedusae in the TEP. We found a total of 25 species; of which 22 are new to science, two are non-indigenous, and one is a previous record. Thus, by overcoming known challenges, we found that, as for other more well-known taxa, the TEP also is a hotspot for scyphozoans. To answer the second question, above, we test the hypotheses about the origins of the Discomedusae by synthesizing molecular and morphological phylogenies. We calibrate a scyphozoan molecular clock using geologic events and fossil records. We demonstrate that Coronatae is sister taxon to Discomedusae; we find evidence for geographic radiations in the genus Stomolophus and Family Pelagiidae, which are the most species rich taxa in the TEP. Their diversification rates confirm a rapid genetic radiation in the genera Chysaora, but the morphological characters mapped in the phylogeny did not show any shift in the rates of morphological evolution. To address the last question, we took advantage of a comparative phylogenetic approach. A multi-taxon comparison—including five species of Stomolophus and four Chrysaora species—demonstrates that biological factors play the more important role in shaping species' distributions and assemblages, compared to abiotic factors. The vicariance model of speciation is not the only process though which the biodiversity in the TEP could have originated. Peripatric and sympatric models of speciation also can define many of the diversification patterns in the TEP.


This essay introduces an interesting but nearly invisible artifact of American law: a promotional pamphlet titled Law Books by the Million: An Account of the Largest Law-Book House in the World, - the Home Establishment of the National Reporter System and the American Digest System. It was produced by the West Publishing Company in 1901 and is reprinted in its entirety below at pages 311 to 339 of this issue of the Green Bag. Professor Robert Jarvis has quite rightly bemoaned the meager public information about John West, founder of the West Publishing Company and an important figure in American legal history. A similar, albeit less severe, paucity of information plagues the West Publishing Company itself (now owned by Thomson Reuters). There isn't much out there about the company's early years, and what little there is can be strangely difficult to get hold of. For example, the biggest single source of West history – William Marvin's 1969 book, West Publishing Company: Origin, Growth, Leadership – is out of print, rare, and not available on the Internet. The same goes for The Publications of West Publishing Company and The Romance of Law Reporting: Serving the Bench and Bar, pamphlets published by West in 1901 and 1934 respectively. Law Books by the Million is nearly as hard to find, but at least it is in the library and in the public domain, and therefore susceptible to reproduction here. And it is worth the trouble and expense. Law Books by the Million provides a readable, richly illustrated narrative of the processes West used to create and disseminate its products in the early years (that is, the late 19th and early 20th centuries) of those simultaneously democratizing and costly, mutually reinforcing revolutions in American law: the expansion of the bar and the legal information explosion.


Workflow evolution is a collective term for concepts that deal with changes of workflow models. Adapted workflow models are deployed on a workflow engine as new model version. That means two versions of the same model are deployed on the engine. Typically, this results in conflicts between the workflow models. For example, how does a client find and choose the desired workflow version to instantiate? Typically, these problems are solved by deactivating the old model. New instances can only be created for the new model. In our work on scientific workflows we recognized that there are cases where it is desired to keep the old model activated. In this paper we investigate what it means to have several model versions active. We develop a general concept for this "concurrent workflow evolution" that solves emerging problems. Moreover, we show how this concept can be realized with BPEL.


SUMMARY Adaptive management (AM) emerged in the literature in the mid-1970s in response both to a realization of the extent of uncertainty involved in management, and a frustration with attempts to use modelling to integrate knowledge and make predictions. The term has since become increasingly widely used in scientific articles, policy documents and management plans, but both understanding and application of the concept is mixed. This paper reviews recent literature from conservation and natural resource management journals to assess diversity in how the term is used, highlight ambiguities and consider how the concept might be further assessed. AM is currently being used to describe many different management contexts, scales and locations. Few authors define the term explicitly or describe how it offers a means to improve management outcomes in their specific management context. Many do not adhere to the idea as it was originally conceived, despite citing seminal work. Significant confusion exists over the distinction between active and passive approaches. Over half of the studies reporting to implement AM claimed to have done so successfully, yet none quantified specific benefits, or costs, in relation to possible alternatives. Similarly those studies reporting to assess the approach did so only in relation to specific models and their parameterizations; none assessed the benefits or costs of AM in the field. AM is regarded by some as an effective and well-established framework to support the management of natural resources, yet by others as a concept difficult to realize and fraught with implementation challenges; neither of these observations is wholly accurate. From a scientific and technical perspective many practical questions remain; in particular real-world assessments of the value of experimentation within a management framework, as well as of identified challenges and pathologies, are needed. Further discussion and systematic assessment of the approach is required, together with greater attention to its definition and description, enabling the assessment of new approaches to managing uncertainty, and AM itself.


Geology is to the miner what the Intelligence Service is
to the soldier. It gives the plan of the terrain upon which the
operations are based. In a general conception, it provides a
guide for developmental policy, and in a special aspect it
provides the tactical plan upon which each problem must be
attacked.
But if geology is to be of practical use to the miner in
opening up his own mine, it must supply its data in advance
of operations. Its use is to tell the miner what his pick is
going to strike. To do this, detailed knowledge of the whole
stratigraphic province in which the field lies must be obtained.
Physiography is too often regarded as an elementary
branch of geology and of little practical importance. No
greater mistake could be made. The physiography of a
region, correctly interpreted, provides a key to earth movements,
and the results of these in turn, when accurately
plotted, indicate the whereabouts of any beds the miner
desires to locate.
Much has yet to be done before a complete geological
map can be constructed. The difficulties of exploration cannot
be imagined by anyone who has not attempted it, and
even when all the surface data have been collected only
boring operations can prove conclusions.


Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known as a key regulator of angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation. Recently, we demonstrated that TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE or RANKL), which is essential for bone remodeling, also had an angiogenic activity. Here we report that VEGF up-regulates expression of receptor activator of NF-kappa B (RANK) and increases angiogenic responses of endothelial cells to TRANCE. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with VEGF increased both RANK mRNA and surface protein expression. Although placenta growth factor specific to VEGF receptor-1 had no significant effect on RANK expression, inhibition of downstream signaling molecules of the VEGF receptor-2 (Flk-1/KDR) such as Src, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase suppressed VEGF-stimulated RANK expression in HUVECs. Moreover, the MEK inhibitor PD98059 or expression of dominant negative MEK1 inhibited induction of RANK by VEGF but not the Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM). VEGF potentiated TRANCE-induced ERK activation and tube formation via RANK up-regulation in HUVECs. Together, these results show that VEGF enhances RANK expression in endothelial cells through Flk-1/KDR-protein kinase C-ERK signaling pathway, suggesting that VEGF plays an important role in modulating the angiogenic action of TRANCE under physiological or pathological conditions.


This paper presents a conceptual framework for fostering teacher professionalism in Government primary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. The framework identifies various stages for enhancing and sustaining teacher professionalism. These stages have been derived from in‐depth multiple case studies of four Government primary schools in Karachi where reforms have been occurring. In order to enhance and sustain professionalism among the teachers they need to be provided with opportunities to expand their capabilities and, consequently, the reform managers will need to encourage them through various stages of development. Amongst the various stages are those of involvement, initiation and engagement and developing collaborative school cultures. The theory building provided in the paper will be extremely important in the current context of Pakistan where several initiatives are being undertaken to reform and improve the Pakistani Government school system. The sustainability of such reforms requires the building of teachers' professional capacity and enhancing their professionalism.


The abuse liability profile of three synthetic hallucinogens, N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT), 5-N,N-diethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DET), and 5-methoxy-α-methyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT), was tested in rats trained to discriminate hallucinogenic and psychostimulant compounds, including cocaine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), (−)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Because abused hallucinogens act at 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) and 5-HT2A receptors, and abused psychostimulants act at monoamine transporters, binding and functional activities of DIPT, 5-MeO-DET, and 5-MeO-AMT at these sites were also tested. DIPT fully substituted in rats trained to discriminate DMT (ED50 = 1.71 mg/kg) and DOM (ED50 = 1.94 mg/kg), but produced only 68% LSD-appropriate responding. 5-MeO-DET fully substituted for DMT (ED50 = 0.41 mg/kg) and produced 59% MDMA-appropriate responding. 5-MeO-AMT did not fully substitute for any of the training drugs, but produced 67% LSD-appropriate responding. None of the compounds produced substitution in rats trained to discriminate cocaine or methamphetamine. All three compounds showed activity at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors as well as blockade of reuptake by the serotonin transporter. In addition, 5-MeO-AMT produced low levels of serotonin release and low potency blockade of dopamine uptake. DIPT, 5-MeO-DET, and 5-MeO-AMT produced behavioral and receptor effects similar to those of abused hallucinogens, but were not similar to those of psychostimulants. DIPT and 5-MeO-DET may have abuse liability similar to known hallucinogens and may be hazardous because high doses produced activity and lethality.


Challenging problems associated with system software complexity growth are threatening industry's ability to build next generation safety critical embedded systems including helicopter avionics systems. Contributors to these problems include the growth of software, system integration, and interaction complexity exacerbated by ambiguous, missing, incomplete, and inconsistent requirements. Problems continue to hamper systems in the areas of resource utilization, timing, safety and security. A new approach called Architecture Centric Virtual Integration Process (ACVIP) which is based on the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standard AS5506A Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) is being developed and investigated by the US Army to address these challenges. ACVIP is a quantitative, architecture-centric, model-based approach enabling virtual integration analysis in the early phases and throughout the lifecycle to detect and remove defects that currently are not found until software and systems integration and acceptance testing. In an effort to investigate such an approach, the Government, in conjunction with researchers from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) Software Engineering Institute® (SEI) and Adventium Labs®, are conducting ACVIP requirements, safety, and timing analyses in parallel with the Joint Common Architecture (JCA) Demonstration (Demo).


The cycling of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the role of tidal marshes in estuarine DIC dynamics were studied in a Virginia tidal freshwater marsh and adjacent estuary. DIC was measured over diurnal cycles in different seasons in a marsh tidal creek and at the junction of the creek with the adjacent Pamunkey River. In the creek, DIC concentrations around high tide were controlled by the same processes affecting whole‐estuary DIC gradients. Near low tide, DIC concentrations were 1.5–5‐fold enriched relative to high tide concentrations, indicating an input of DIC from the marsh. Similar patterns (although dampened in magnitude) were observed at the creek mouth and indicated that DIC was exported from the marsh. Marsh pore‐water DIC concentrations were up to 5 mmol L−1 greater than those in the creek and suggested a significant input of sediment pore water to the creek. A model of tidal marsh DIC export showed that, on a seasonal basis, DIC export rates were influenced by water temperature. The composition of exported DIC averaged 19% dissolved CO2 and 81% HCO3− and CO32−. Although CO2 can be lost to the atmosphere during transit through the estuary, DIC in the form of carbonate alkalinity is subject to export from the estuary to the coastal ocean. When extrapolated to an estuarywide scale, the export of marsh‐derived DIC to the York River estuary explained a significant portion (47 ± 23%) of excess DIC production (i.e., DIC in excess of that expected from conservative mixing between seawater and freshwater and equilibrium with the atmosphere) in this system. Therefore, CO2 supersaturation, by itself, does not indicate that an estuary is net heterotrophic.


Abstract Much has been written about increasing the cultural competence of students in recreation, parks, and leisure studies curricula. Little has been written, however, about how these programs can increase the actual number of individuals from underrepresented groups. This article discusses the reasons for problems in recruitment and retention of underrepresented groups in higher education. Data specific to recreation, parks and leisure studies curricula are also presented. Additionally, the paper outlines the conceptual background and actual components of a case example that successfully increased the number of African American students in a therapeutic recreation program by 23% over four years. Finally, this article will offer specific recommendations and strategies gleaned from the case example as well as from the literature for ways to improve the contextual conditions of a department or institution in order to not only recruit but also retain students from underrepresented populations.


Background Obesity is a major area of public health concerns, since it is associated with a wide range of se-rious health complications, including diabetes type 2, musculoskeletal disorders, sleep apnea, depression, asthma, hypertension, and cancer. Consequently, obese children are more likely to receive drug treatment than their normal weight peers. Further, obesity is known to be associated with changes in pharmacokinetics of drugs (1–5). Dosing overweight (OW) and obese (OB) children by the use of traditional paediatric dosage strategies (e.g. mg per kilogram or fixed dose by age) may therefore result in a potential risk of sub-or supra-therapeutic doses. We aimed to investigate currently applied dosage strategies in OW/OB children, in a clinical treatment facility. In par-ticular, whether dosage guidelines were used and metrics of body size applied with special attention to drugs with a narrow therapeutic interval and/or loading dose of clin-ical importance. Methods A retrospective cohort study conducted at the Children's Obesity Clinic in Denmark, in the period 2008–2015. OW/OB children≤18 years, having at least one drug prescribed, were included. 200 patient records were reviewed. The study was approved by the Data Protection Agency (BBH-2014–045, I-suite 03045) Drug treatments/prescriptions were registered with ref-erence to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System. Dosage strategies were registered as dosage by total body weight (TBW), fixed dose by age (years), use of adjusted weight measures (e.g. IBW, ABW) or dose estimation by other strategies. Results A total number of 455 prescriptions were iden-tified, primarily distributed in ATC groups N, A, R and J. Guidelines for dosage of OW/OB children were not avail-able in the clinic, for any of the recorded drugs. Only one prescription of gentamicin was adjusted by weight (ABW) using metrics of body size. Otherwise, gentamicin was dosed after three different dosage regimens. In 35/455 prescriptions, dose was adjusted by an undocumented dosage strategy. Dose was primarily limited to the max-imum recommended adult dose, when dose (mg/kg) exceeded adult dose, i.e. acetaminophen. Conclusion This study highlights the shortage of dos-age guidelines in OW/OB children. We found as suspect-ed a large inter-individual variability in dosage regimens even in drugs with narrow therapeutic intervals or drugs which has loading doses important for clinical effects. The clinicians are left with 'best practice', as evidence based dosage regimens are missing for several drugs prescribed during childhood.


We consider the problem of answering point-to-point shortest path queries on massive social networks. The goal is to answer queries within tens of milliseconds while minimizing the memory requirements. We present a technique that achieves this goal for an extremely large fraction of path queries by exploiting the structure of the social networks. Using evaluations on real-world datasets, we argue that our technique offers a unique trade-off between latency, memory and accuracy. For instance, for the LiveJournal social network (roughly 5 million nodes and 69 million edges), our technique can answer 99.9 of the queries in less than a millisecond. In comparison to storing all pair shortest paths, our technique requires at least 550x less memory; the average query time is roughly 365 microseconds --- 430x faster than the state-of-the-art shortest path algorithm. Furthermore, the relative performance of our technique improves with the size (and density) of the network. For the Orkut social network (3 million nodes and 220 million edges), for instance, our technique is roughly 2588x faster than the state-of-the-art algorithm for computing shortest paths.


Learn best practices and proven methods from project management professionalsand apply these skills as you work with Microsoft Project. In this practical guide, project management expert Bonnie Biafore shows you how to manage projects efficiently and effectively, sharing the real-world experiences of project managers in several industries. You'll learn how to put the best practices and hard-won lessons of experts to work on your critical projects.Sharpen the skills you need to manage projects expertlyfrom start to finishCommunicate effectively with project stakeholders, management, and team members Apply methods to break down the project into small, manageable pieces Define work assignments, choose resources, and build project schedules Accurately estimate project costs and work with a budget Identify project changes and manage risks Track progress and balance priorities without sacrificing quality Document project history and lessons learned to help improve future projects Project files available on the companion website.


This article questions the utility of assessing radical right party placement on economic issues, which has been extensively analyzed in academic literature. Starting from the premise that political parties have varying strategic stakes in different political issues, the article considers political competition in multiple issue dimensions. It suggests that political competition is not simply a matter of taking positions on political issues, but rather centers on manipulating the dimensional structure of politics. The core argument is that certain political parties, such as those of the radical right, seek to compete on neglected, secondary issues while simultaneously blurring their positions on established issues in order to attract broader support. Deliberate position blurring – considered costly by the literature – may thus be an effective strategy in multidimensional competition. The article combines quantitative analyses of electoral manifestos, expert placement of political parties, and voter preferences, by studying seventeen radical right parties in nine Western European party systems.


System security is a critical component of power system operation. The objective of operational security is to manage grid stability and to limit the interruption to customer service following a disturbance. The integration of inverter-based renewable generation technologies such as solar and wind in the generation mix has introduced new challenges for managing operational security. First, the intermittency inherent in renewable resources can impact on key power system parameters such as frequency and voltage. Second, renewables interface with the grid through power electronics rather than turbines, which means that the physical characteristics of turbine generation that have historically supported the stability of the grid are becoming scarce as the power system transitions away from fossil-fuel based thermal generation. In this paper, using public good theory, we provide an economic characterisation of the system services necessary for power system security. The analysis illustrates that, as opposed to a standard 'public goods' characterisation, system security products are better viewed as a basket of goods with differing economic characteristics that can also vary over space and time. The implications of these classifications for market design is analysed, including the inseparability of certain products, the binary or unit-commitment based nature of certain products, and the interactions between procurement mechanisms, network access rights and investment. Finally, we highlight five emerging models of market design for system security that reflect the nuances of economic characterization while respecting the physical characteristics of the grid.