Kings Park is a large urb<m park in the centre of Perth wilh extensive arc.:as of semi-natural bushland. The park is an important refuge for birds in the metropolitan area but is losing species through habitat disturbance. Understanding the way in which birds arc related to their habitat helps to understand the effect of habitat disturbance on the bird community. The aim of this project was to generate guidelines which will aid in the management and conservation of birds in the park, through an understanding of the relationship of the birds to their habitat. The avifauna and various habitat factors were sampled at selected points along the Mt Eliza escarpment and the Serventy and Recher transect in Kings Park. Notable differences in the abundance and composition of birds were found between the two study areas. Areas classified as disturbed on the Mt Eliza escarpment had a differing composition of bird species to areas classified as non-disturbed. Broad relationships were found to exist between patterns of the abundance and composition of the bird community and patterns in the habitat. The results suggest that continued disturbance to the habitat of Kings Park will lead to an altered comp0sition of the bird community, including a loss of further species. To conserve the existing species, careful management is required to minimise disturbance and restore degraded areas. Specific management guidelines that resulted from this study include maximising habitat diversity, minimising the spread of weeds, reducing weed cover, and reversing the decline of eucalypts within the park. Furth<r study is necessary for the conservation of birds that are in decline or are rare in the park. The jndividual habitat factors and disturbance agents also need to be examined.


Several reports indicate that haemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the most common genetic abnormalities in the population of the Arabian- Peninsula. However the exact frequencies of these abnormalities among the Qatari population has not yet been determined. We surveyed the results of all hemoglobin-electrophoresis performed in Hematology laboratory at Hamad Hospital over a period of 78 months (Jan.1994- June.2000) together with the results of all other relevant tests to highlight the distribution of these disorders among the Qatari patients seen at Hamad Hospital. The size of the group analyzed was 3275 of whom 1702 were Qatari and 1573 were non-Qatari residents of different nationalities. The survey of Qatari results revealed that 30.43% of all Qatari patients tested carry fi-thalassemia (minor, intermedia or major), 12.28% carry oc-thalassemia (minor or intermedia) while 0.53% were labeled as having Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH). fithalassemia is the most common type of thalassemic disorders seen in the Qatari patients, accounting for 71.25% of all thalassemias encountered in this group. Out of Qatari patients tested 16.33% were found to carry a structurally abnormal hemoglobin variant of one type or another. Sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb-s) is the most common structural hemoglobin variant detected where it is found in 14.63% of those tested and constituting about 83.97% of all structural hemoglobin variants detected. Hb.D was found in 1.41% of those tested and constituted 12.42% of all structural hemoglobin variants detected in this group. Other structurally abnormal hemoglobin variants such as Hb. E and Hb. C were less common. As expected, almost all possible combinations between different types of structural hemoglobin variants and different types of thalassemias could be identified. Considering the fact that the hematology laboratory at Hamad Hospital is the only laboratory in the State of Qatarthat performs hemoglobin- electrophoresis we hope that this study will reflect for the first time a reasonable idea about the prevalence of thalassemia and other types of hemoglobinopathies among the indigenous Qatari population and help to provide a comprehensive baseline information for any proper future epidemiological studies to establish the exact frequencies of these genetic disorders among Qatari nationals and for any future molecularbased studies for elucidation of the molecular basis of these disorders in this population.


Agricultural wastes such as palm ash and rice husk have a possibility to be used as a usefully renewable source for production of energy and silica (SiO2). Extensive researches have been carried out to extract silica from agricultural wastes such as rice husk, due to silica as a useful raw material for industrial application. In the previous studies, the strong acid leaching treatment was carried out to remove metallic impurities and organics contained in rice husk. A strong acid leaching treatment, however, is significantly hazardous to the environment and people [. In this study, the environmentally benign and economically effective process to produce SiO2 materials from palm ash has been established by using citric acid leaching, not the conventional strong acids. Results showed that silica can be extracted from palm ash using citric acid leaching treatment under the optimum extracting conditions with 70°C of solution temperature, 60 minutes of reaction time and concentration of citric acid of more than 2%. The purity of silica extracted is more than 90%.


Patients undergoing cardiac surgeries after the postoperative observation period go to the ICU to restore their physical, mental and vital capacities. In addition to performing direct care, the nurse must create effective communication mechanisms with the patient and his family. The aim of this study is to review evidence-based nursing guidelines that will assist the intensive care nurse in identifying nursing care diagnoses and prescriptions to achieve the outcome of recovery after cardiac surgery over time. 7 days. The methodology used was exploratory and descriptive based on Systematic Literature Review. Data were collected from March to August 2019 in the SciELO library and in the LILACS and BDENF databases, using the Boolean operator AND in the double and triple association. of the descriptors. The results found 10 articles pertinent to the subject and organized according to the citations throughout the study. In the discussions it was evidenced that the nurse needs to have as much information as possible about the patient who will admit and elaborate the real and risk diagnoses developing prescriptions and nursing interventions for such diagnoses. It is concluded that all conduct, not only of nursing, but of the entire multidisciplinary team, helps to reduce the length of stay and humanized care promotes the safety and comfort of both patients and their families.

Keywords: Intensive Care Units; Nursing; Cardiac Surgery.


This note presents new archival evidence about Frank H. Knight's views on John M. Keynes. The relevant material is composed of a series of lecture notes taken by Perham C. Nahl in Frank H. Knight's course on Business Cycles at the University of California at Berkeley in the fall of 1936. It emerges from the notes that the methodological gap between Keynes and Knight was irreducible, which explains the harsh tone of Knight's published review of The General Theory. Connected to this is Knight's strenuous defense of the 'postulates of classical political economy' as criticized by Keynes in chapter 2 of his book, an argument that was better expounded in the classroom than in the review. However, besides strong criticisms, a few constructive remarks can also be found in the notes. In criticizing Keynes, Knight proposed an interesting analysis of the business cycle that he did not develop in the published review of The General Theory, and there is even some evidence that Knight was attracted to Keynes's discussion of 'liquidity preference.'


In many contemporary philosophical writings, what is most surprising to me is not the things asserted, nor those denied, but those not even mentioned (or barely mentioned as of no importance). Several of these slighted topics are summed up in the title of this essay. At the age of twenty, when I was not reading any technical philosophers, nor any author (unless a poet or two) who held an essentially social view of experience, I attempted to persuade myself of the adequacy of a non-social view, expressed partly in a self-interest theory of motivation, and partly in an idea of perception as experience of things not themselves constituted by any sort of experiences. So far from succeeding in this attempt, I began to find reasons for regarding both motivation and perception as manifestations of a single principle, that of the overlapping or inter-individual unity of minds, not simply of human minds, but of mind on various levels of, nature, including inorganic nature. This overlapping I thought I found in experience itself, and not merely through speculation or postulation. Subsequent reading in philosophy has not shown me a basic error in Hhis early philosophizing, but only a vagueness and blurring of dis; Jinctions which, when taken into account, strengthen rather than weaken the case.


Recent robots target safety, reconfigurability and interactivity by addressing the "soft" aspect of the hardware either by endowing additional degrees-of-freedom or through inherent compliancy. These robots require distributed sensing with flexibility and softness that would not interfere with the robot's agility. There have been various sensing solutions using soft conductive materials including conductive silicone, liquid metalfilled micro channels, and conductive-ink based sensors. However, we still lack a comprehensive study on their potentials, drawbacks, and the different parameters that affect their response. In this paper, we present our design, fabrication process and characterization results for conductive silicone polymer and carbon ink-based curvature sensors. These sensors are flexible, mechanically robust under large strains, scalable, and easy to fabricate in large numbers. The proposed model in this work is unique for its extensive characterization of these polymer-based sensors and for its systematic categorization to compare performance of conductive silicone and carbon ink-based sensors with different design parameters.


Abstract Biological veracity of the sharp diversity increase observed in many analyses of the post-Paleozoic marine fossil record has been debated vigorously in recent years. To assess this question for sample-level ("alpha") diversity, we used bulk samples of shelly invertebrates, representing three major fossil groups (brachiopods, bivalves, and gastropods), to compare the Jurassic and late Cenozoic sample-level diversity of marine benthos. After restricting the data set to single-bed, whole-fauna, bulk samples (n ≥ 30 specimens) from comparable open marine siliciclastic facies, we were able to retain 427 samples (255 Jurassic and 172 late Cenozoic), with most of those samples originating from our own empirical work. Regardless of the diversity metric applied, the initial results suggest that standardized sample-level species (or genus) diversity, driven by evenness and/or richness of the most common taxa, increased between the Jurassic and late Cenozoic by at least a factor of 1.6. When the data are partitioned into the three dominant higher taxa, it becomes clear that (1) the bivalves, which dominated the samples for both time intervals, increased in sample-level diversity between the Jurassic and the late Cenozoic by a much smaller factor than the total fauna; (2) the removal of brachiopods, which were a noticeable component of the Jurassic samples, did not significantly affect standardized sample-level diversity estimates; and (3) the gastropods, which were rare in the Jurassic but common in many late Cenozoic samples, contributed notably to the increase in sample-level diversity observed between the two time intervals. Parallel to these changes, the samples revealed secular trends in ecological structure, including Jurassic to late Cenozoic increases in proportion of (1) infauna, (2) mobile forms, and (3) non-suspension-feeding organisms. These trends mostly persist when data are restricted to bivalves. Supplementary analyses indicate that these patterns cannot be attributed to sampling heterogeneities in paleolatitudinal range, lithology, or paleoenvironment of deposition. Likewise, when data are restricted to samples dominated by species with originally aragonitic shells, the observed temporal changes persist at a comparable magnitude, suggesting that the pervasive loss of aragonite in the older fossil record is unlikely to have been the primary cause of the observed patterns. The comparable ratio of identified to unidentified species and genera, observed when comparing the Jurassic and late Cenozoic samples, indicates that the relatively poorer (mold/cast) preservation of Jurassic aragonite species also is unlikely to have been responsible for the observed patterns. However, the diagenesis-related taphonomic and methodological artifacts cannot be ruled out as an at least partial contributor to the observed post-Paleozoic changes in diversity, taxonomic composition, and ecology (the outcomes of the three tests of the diagenetic bias available to us are incongruent). The study demonstrates that the post-Paleozoic trends in the sample-level diversity, ecology, and taxonomic structure of common taxa can be replicated across multiple studies. However, the diversity increase estimated here is much less prominent than suggested by many previous analyses. The results also narrow the list of causative explanations down to two testable hypotheses. The first is diagenetic bias—a spurious trend driven by either (a) increasing taphonomic loss of small specimens in the older fossil record or (b) a shift in sampling procedures between predominantly lithified rocks of the Mesozoic and predominately unlithified, and therefore sievable, sediments of the late Cenozoic. The second hypothesis is genuine biological changes—macroevolutionary trends in the structure of marine benthic associations through time, consistent with predictions of several related models such as evolutionary escalation, increased ecospace utilization, and the Mesozoic marine revolution. Future studies should focus on testing these two rival models, a key remaining challenge for identifying the primary causative mechanism for the long-term changes in sample-level diversity, ecology, and taxonomic structure observed in the Phanerozoic marine fossil record.


In previous alumni surveys our department received lower comparative ratings on items related to career advising. Questionnaires for the most recent departmental survey were mailed in mid-July. 1997 to 138 of our most recent alumni; 41% responded. Alumni rated our department in several areas, including planning for the future, in overall career advising, and in the frequency of use and helpfulness often possible sources of career advising. Although averages were slightly higher than in previous years, the department was again rated below a four (on a five-point scale) on several items related to career advising. The departmental faculty, an office booklet, departmental chair, and departmental advisor were career advising sources used most often: these sources were also all rated above a two on a three-point scale on helpfulness. In response to these lower relative ratings on career advising, our department has begun several initiatives to enhance career advising. The Department of Psychology at Southwest Texas State University has now conducted alumni surveys for five consecutive years. Ogletree (1998) reported results of the four previous surveys as well as the department's efforts to be responsive to the feedback from our alumni. In previous surveys the area identified as most needing attention was career advising. On each of the previous four surveys we received lower relative ratings on the objective item "How helpful was the psychology department in planning your future?" compared to items assessing how accessible faculty were, how interested they were in the courses they taught, and how well they enhanced students' learning motivation. On the fourth survey we added an additional objective item, "How would you rate the career advising you received from the psychology department?" and received similar low ratings compared to other items. Other psychology departments have also been concerned with career advising for undergraduate psychology majors. Ware (1986), examining career needs at Creighton University, asked undergraduates to rate 10 sources of career-related information as well as 14 types of career-related information. Lunneborg (1986), using a similar survey, explored career needs of undergraduates at the University of Washington. Using items similar to those of Ware (1986) and Lunneborg (1986), we asked our alumni to evaluate 10 sources of career advising as part of our most recent alumni survey. Method We mailed questionnaires in mid-July to 138 August/December 1996 and May 1997 psychology graduates. Mailed with the surveys were a stamped, self-addressed envelope and a letter from the department chair emphasizing the importance of the survey. Three envelopes were "returned to sender", and fifty-six replies were received for a 41% response level (56/135). However, one of these responses was received on December 11, 1997 after the data were analyzed so was not included in the results. Participants were 39 women and 16 men. Thirty-two individuals indicated a Euro-American ethnicity, five an African-American ethnicity, five a Hispanic American ethnicity, one an American Indian ethnicity, one an Asian American ethnicity, nine indicated other, and two individuals did not respond to this item. Twenty-five items were included in this questionnaire. Some of the items, though, contained multiple parts. For example, item # 11, a new item, asked respondents to check each source of career advising information that was used and for each item used to indicate how helpful that source was on a three-point scale. Ten possible sources (and "other") were listed. For current purposes I am focusing on item 11 as well as items 1 and 5 which asked participants to rate on a five-point scale from poor to excellent the helpfulness of the psychology department in planning their future (item 1) and the career advising received from the department (item 5). In addition responses from several open-ended questions are included. …


The urban traffic congestion is getting worse with ever increasing urban population and vehicle ownership. The long queues at intersections and blockage of traffic on urban arterial roads become routine during the peak hours. Interrupted traffic flow through signalised intersections and arterial roads have badly been affected by these occurrences. Thus this paper examines the possibility of employing variable speed limit (VSL) for upstream traffic during the peak period to improve the traffic performance through signalised intersections as well as in urban arterials. The micro simulation software VISSIM was used to examine a hypothetical road network under VSL application. An expected traffic flow near capacity condition was simulated several times to see the effectiveness. Results show that for a reasonable period of time, the VSL application to the upstream traffic improve the traffic performance at immediate downstream intersections in terms of vehicle delay (16%), average queue length (18%) and average number of stops per vehicles (16%), while intersections located far from the VSL application has no or little effect. Similarly, the arterial performances have also been improved for a short period of time on the immediate downstream link in terms of density (13%), space mean speed (10%) and traffic flow (2%), the effective is negligible on the links located far. In addition a slight improvement was noticed to the total journey time on the immediate link


This paper describes a longitudinal study to assess the value of using 4D modeling in construction engi-neering education for schedule visualization. In 2005, a preliminary 4D learning module was developed and incorpo-rated in a project management course to help students learn how to develop a Short Interval Production Schedule. Comparative assessment methods were used to examine the learning product (solution quality). Direct observation and surveys were used to examine presentation effectiveness and student perceptions. This assessment concluded that 4D modeling is an effective learning aid for students to better achieve learning outcomes. In 2006, a more rigorous as-sessment methodology was designed to determine the impact of the 4D learning module on both the learning process and final exercise product. In addition to examining a traditional 4D modeling process, we also developed a 4D model generation interface titled the Virtual Construction Simulator (VCS), which allows students to generate a construction schedule directly from a 3D model. Ten student groups using these two interfaces were observed, videotaped, analyzed and compared. The final results from a detailed content analysis of the videotapes shows that both processes were valuable for improving the students' learning experience. The VCS interface showed additional value beyond the cur-rent 4D CAD application.


Various modifications of the diffusion model designed to describe photon migration in scattering and absorbing media are analyzed and compared in the nondiffusion region. A more accurate modified diffusion equation that has a broader region of applicability is introduced. The radiative-transfer equation is solved numerically to assess the validity range of different models tested and to select the best one.


The bright red, geraniums that trail from the balconies of Swiss chalets and clamber up palm trees in California aren't botanically speaking, geraniums at all, nor are they Swiss or Californian; in fact they are pelargoniums. They were first brought to Europe – and misidentified – after 1652, when the VOC (the Dutch East India Company) established a permanent settlement and a Company Garden at the Cape and started to explore the surrounding area to bring back new botanical treasures, which apart from pelargoniums included proteas, ericas and many other mainstays of European gardens. By the time the confusion between the two species was resolved, 'African geraniums' had been around for 150 years and British commercial growers and gardeners were reluctant to give up the familiar name.


"This collection of thought-provoking essays addresses the relationship between contemporary times and technology, especially cybertechnology. In doing so, the essays demonstrate so very well Elliott Jaques' statement of the ultimate justification for studying time: "In the form of time is to be found the form of living.'' For by developing this collection, Hassan and Purser--and the essays' authors--have made an important contribution to understanding both time and life in the early 21st century."--Allen C. Bluedorn, author of The Human Organization of Time: Temporal Realities and Experience, University of Missouri-Columbia "The authors gathered here are among the leading theorists of the new shift in dimensional thought. Original, provocative, and sophisticated, their arguments will have a profound impact on social theorists and the emerging generation of digital scholars."--Sean Cubitt, University of Melbourne For better or worse, the information and communication revolution has transformed our economic, cultural, and political world. On an individual scale, many of the traditional social, political, and cultural habits of mind and ways of being that evolved under the regime of the clock are changing rapidly, including the way individuals save, spend, and optimize time. At the organizational level, the pacing of innovation, levels of production, and new product development, are no longer temporally fixed due to the effects of living in a networked society and in the networked economy. 24/7 brings together leading thinkers from a variety of disciplines to analyze the differing relationships to time in an accelerated society. Offering much-needed insight and perspective into new issues and problems, this unique volume is the first to offer a wide range of cutting-edge thought on the new economic, cultural, and political world of the networked society. The book includes contributions from the leading scholars in this area, such as Barbara Adam, Mike Crang, Thomas Hylland Erikson, and Geert Lovink.


Abstract The microstructures of two-phase binary aggregates of ice-I + salt-hydrate, prepared by eutectic solidification, have been characterized by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (CSEM). The specific binary systems studied were H2O-Na2SO4, H2O-MgSO4, H2O-NaCl, and H2O-H2SO4; these were selected based on their potential application to the study of tectonics on the Jovian moon Europa. Homogeneous liquid solutions of eutectic compositions were undercooled modestly (ΔT ~ 1.5 °C); similarly cooled crystalline seeds of the same composition were added to circumvent the thermodynamic barrier to nucleation and to control eutectic growth under (approximately) isothermal conditions. CSEM revealed classic eutectic solidification microstructures with the hydrate phase forming continuous lamellae, discontinuous lamellae, or forming the matrix around rods of ice-I, depending on the volume fractions of the phases and their entropy of dissolving and forming a homogeneous aqueous solution. We quantify aspects of the solidification behavior and microstructures for each system and, with these data, articulate anticipated effects of the microstructure on the mechanical responses of the materials.


Within the western part of the Sabina area, 50 km north of Rome, a N10E strike-slip fault (Sabina Fault), which outcrops continuously from the village of Casperia to Stroncone, is recognized. The Sabina Fault appears to continue northward across the tectonic basin of Terni and along the Umbrian Apennines toward Spoleto, whereas southward it is covered by Plio-Pleistocene marine deposits, alluvial fans of the Tiber river, and Alban Hills volcanites. The role of strike-slip faulting is generally inferred in several models of Apennine structural evolution, but has not yet been recognized in a continuous and clear structure in the field element. The aim of this paper is to introduce this tectonic feature and the related strain pattern which is probably connected with the recent geodinamical evolution of Central Italy. The Sabina strike-slip fault has been active since the late Miocene to the latest Pleistocene in a number of different pulses. It shows a dextral movement with a recognizable elongation of almost 40 km, accompanied by a swarm of splays with differential dips from 90 degrees to 30 degrees developed up to hundreds of meters away from the main fault scarp. A set of open folds whose axial planes generally dip towards the east are also present, the results of the changing strike of the main fault producing small compressive volumes. The frequency of stylolitic cleavage systems increases toward the main fault surface with a production of redeposited calcites sigmoidal bodies, which create a peculiar petrofabric texture within the "Scaglia rossa" beds. These structures produce a peculiar and unique lithological type that was used in the development of Roman and Baroque historical monuments as the, so called, "Marmo di Cottanello". The vertical displacement of the base of Pleistocene sediments and coastlines is 100 m. An en-echelon system of fractures was recognized in Pliocene marine units which outcrop in the Campagna Romana. They are associated to strike-slip faulting that could represent the southermost extension of the Sabina Fault. 13 C and 18 O data show a differential role of fluids within extensive fracture swarms in Mesozoic Scaglia and in Lower Pliocene clays to that found in sigmoidal recrystallized calcite bodies. This result confirms the polyphase tectonic activity of the Sabina Fault.


What might the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) gain from a 'judicial dialogue' with the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the form of borrowing the ECtHR's margin of appreciation doctrine? Arguably, a favorable interpretation of the vague margin of appreciation doctrine allows the ECtHR to provide both human rights protection and deference to domestic democratic decision-making. This may guide the IACtHR's attempt to respect both the American Convention on Human Rights and its sovereign creators. In particular, the ECtHR's Doctrine may illustrate how these regional courts can interact with states that violate the respective conventions after less than fully democratic processes—in the eyes of the courts. The same margin of appreciation doctrine may justify more or less sovereignty-invading stances by both the IACtHR and by the ECtHR, depending on to the different levels of entrenchment of a democratic culture and rule of law in the state of concern, and depending on the actual deliberations carried out in the particular case.


Abstract This paper describes the Chinese economic and institutional reform process as a gradual transition of an informal, relation-based governance system into a more formal and rule-based governance system. The consequences of macro-level institutional reforms on the importance of personal relationships for the firm-level governance of business operations are discussed. Theoretical considerations suggest that in a transition economy such as China companies' incentives to reduce the reliance on personal relationships should depend on firm characteristics such as the age, size and the internationalization of the firm. We confront these suppositions with empirical data obtained from a company survey performed among 222 companies in the electronics industry operating in the Pearl River Delta, China. From this we obtain some, though often weak, evidence in favor of the suppositions.


Abstract Vascular plant checklists (floras) supply key information for biodiversity studies by providing a comprehensive picture of the floristic composition of a specific study area. A bibliography of floras conducted within the state of North Carolina was compiled. Eighty-six floras were completed within North Carolina between the years 1834 and 2009. Floras conducted in North Carolina cover areas of varying size, from small islands and state parks to entire counties. These studies include journal articles, government publications, technical reports and Master's theses. More than half of the flora citations were not published in scientific journals and were often difficult to discover or obtain.


Developments in science and technology are potentially relevant to the scope of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), as well as to its operation and implementation. At the upcoming Seventh Review Conference in December this year, three basic trends are likely to play a part: the rapid pace of relevant advances in science and technology; the global diffusion of science and technology research and its applications; and the breadth of fields now engaged in the "life sciences." Continued engagement of the scientific community, the authors write, will be important for monitoring ongoing developments in science and technology and for contributing to assessments on the implications of these developments for the BWC. Sustained engagement will enable the Convention to anticipate and respond more effectively to the challenges and opportunities offered by the continuing advances in science and technology.


PURPOSE
To prospectively compare performance indicators at screen-film mammography (SFM) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM) in a population-based screening program.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The regional ethics committee approved the study; informed consent was obtained from patients. Women aged 45-69 years were assigned to undergo SFM (n=16 985) or FFDM (n=6944). Two-view mammograms were interpreted by using independent double reading and a five-point rating scale for probability of cancer. Positive scores were discussed at consensus meetings before decision for recall. The group was followed up for 1.5 years (women aged 45-49 years) and 2.0 years (women aged 50-69 years) to include subsequent cancers with positive scores at baseline interpretation and to estimate interval cancer rate. Recall rates, cancer detection, positive predictive values (PPVs), sensitivity, specificity, tumor characteristics, and discordant interpretations of cancers were compared.

RESULTS
Recall rate was 4.2% at FFDM and 2.5% at SFM (P<.001). Cancer detection rate was 0.59% at FFDM and 0.38% at SFM (P=.02). There was no significant difference in PPVs. Median size of screening-detected invasive cancers was 14 mm at FFDM and 13 mm at SFM. Including cancers dismissed at consensus meetings, overall true-positive rate at baseline reading was 0.63% at FFDM and 0.43% at SFM (P=.04). Sensitivity was 77.4% at FFDM and 61.5% at SFM (P=.07); specificity was 96.5% and 97.9%, respectively (P<.005). Interval cancer rate was 17.4 at FFDM and 23.6 at SFM. The proportion of cancers with discordant double readings was comparable at FFDM and SFM.

CONCLUSION
FFDM resulted in a significantly higher cancer detection rate than did SFM. The PPVs were comparable for the two imaging modalities.


Nowadays, with the advances of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) packages, some of the engineering and design problems such as stress or thermal deformation can be successfully solved. These are convenient for better incorporating the design constraints of various tasks such as injection molded parts, or rapid prototyping and tooling. Mesh generation is the major step of finite element method for numerical computation. Common types of mesh include triangulation or tetrahedralization. During the mesh generation process, we always find difficulty in the formation of a uniform, non-conformal mesh. The undesirable mesh will adversely influence the accuracy and meshing time of the model. This paper will, thus, propose an effective approach to extend to threedimensional (3D) mesh generation by octree balancing method so as to adjust the mesh pattern. In this paper, the implementation of octree balancing will be explained and illustrated with real life example. The proposed method includes three main steps. Problematic unbalanced octants will be detected and Steiner points will be added as appropriate before the tetrahedral mesh generation. The balanced octree will form good tetrahedral meshes for further analysis. Then the balanced and unbalanced meshes will be compared for efficiency and accuracy for mesh generation.


The oxygen evolving complex, (OEC) in Photosystem II contains a Mn4Ca cluster and catalyses oxidation of water to molecular oxygen and protons, the most energetically demanding reaction in nature. The catalytic mechanism remains unresolved and the precise Mn oxidation levels through which the cluster cycles during functional turnover are controversial. Two proposals for these redox levels exist; the 'high' and 'low' oxidation state paradigms, which differ systematically by two oxidation equivalents throughout the redox accumulating catalytic S state cycle (states S0…S3). Presently the 'high' paradigm is more favored. For S1 the assumed mean redox levels of Mn are 3.5 (high) and 3.0 (low) respectively. Mn K region X-ray spectroscopy has been extensively used to examine the OEC Mn oxidation levels, with Kβ emission spectroscopy increasingly the method of choice. Here we review the results from application of this and closely related techniques to PS II, building on our earlier examination of these and other data on the OEC oxidation states (Pace et al., Dalton Trans., 2012, 41, 11145). We compare the most recent results with a range of earlier Mn Kβ experiments on the photosystem and related model Mn systems. New analyses of these data are given, highlighting certain key spectral considerations which appear not to have been sufficiently appreciated earlier. These show that the recent and earlier PS II Kβ results have a natural internal consistency, leading to the strong conclusion that the low paradigm oxidation state assignment for the functional OEC is favoured.


Objectives: The study was designed to build a financially stable, replicable, and interprofessional program around a Center of Excellence (COE) model exclusively in a community pharmacy setting. This involved creating a separate pharmacy-based clinic within the community pharmacy with recognized rendering providers by payers allowing pharmacists to bill incident to for services and increase the quality of patient clinical outcomes.
Setting: Apple Discount drugs in Salisbury, MD is a multi-site independent community pharmacy setting offering traditional pharmacy services along with several pharmacist run clinical programs.
Practice Innovation: The pharmacy developed an interprofessional team around a Center of Excellence (COE) model as a separate medical clinic within the community pharmacy as a subsidiary of the parent company that was staffed with healthcare providers that are recognized by payers to bill for services.
Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes of the study included analysis of the number of patients seen, the ability to obtain reimbursement for the clinical services offered, and changes in A1C and BMI to support the clinical value of pharmacist intervention.
Results: A total of 309 patients with diabetes were seen over a 16 month period, including 120 patients who completed the 10 hour diabetes training program. Clinical outcomes showed an improvement in A1C from 9.1 pre enrollment to 7.5 post intervention, and a drop in BMI from 35.7 pre enrollment to 32.4 post intervention. The pharmacy was also able to increase the amount of reimbursement for services provided.
Conclusions: The development of a pharmacy based clinic business model inside of a community pharmacy has increased the amount of clinically billed services for the pharmacy. Improvements in clinical outcomes led to an acceptance of the pharmacist as a member of the patient's care team by patients, local physician's offices, and third party payers.
Funding: This work was supported by the Community Pharmacy Foundation [grant #143 , 2015]

Type: Commentary


44 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN' Imagine you are almost dozing in a lounge chair outside, with a magazine on your lap. Suddenly, a fly lands on your arm. You grab the magazine and swat at the insect. What was going on in your brain after the fly landed? And what was going on just before? Many neuroscientists have long assumed that much of the neural activity inside your head when at rest matches your subdued, somnolent mood. In this view, the activity in the resting brain represents nothing more than random noise, akin to the snowy pattern on the television screen when a station is not broadcasting. Then, when the fly alights on your forearm, the brain focuses on the conscious task of squash.ing the bug. But recent analysis produced by neuroimaging technologies has revealed something quite remarkable: a great deal of meaningful activity is occurring in the brain when a person is sitting back and doing nothing at all. It turns out that when your mind is at restwhen you are daydreaming quietly in a chair, say, asleep in a bed or anesthetized for surgerydispersed brain areas are chattering away to one another. And the energy consumed by this ever active messaging, known as the brain's default mode, is about 20 times that used by the brain when it responds consciously to a pesky fly or another outside stimulus. Indeed, most things we do consciously, be it sitting down to eat dinner or making a speech, mark a departure from the baseline activity of the brain default mode. Key to an understanding of the brain's default mode has been the discovery of a heretofore unrecognized brain system that has been dubbed the brain's default mode network (DMN). The exact role of the DMN in organizing neural activity is still under study, but it may orchestrate the way the brain organizes memories and various systems that need preparation for future events: the brain's motor system has to be revved and ready when you feel the tickle of a fly on your arm. The DMN may playa critical role in


Impurity-free vacancy disordering (IFVD) using SiO/sub 2/ and SrF/sub 2/ dielectric caps to induce selective quantum-well (QW) intermixing in the GaAs-AlGaAs system is studied. The intermixing rate of IFVD was found to be higher in n-i-p and intrinsic than in p-i-n structures, which suggests that the diffusion of the Group III vacancy is not supported in p-type material. Single-mode waveguides have been fabricated from both as-grown and bandgap-tuned double-quantum-well (DQW) laser samples. Propagation losses as low as 8.5 dB cm/sup -1/ were measured from the bandgap-tuned waveguides at the lasing wavelength of the undisordered material, i.e., 860 nm. Simulation was also carried out to study the contribution of free-carrier absorption from the cladding layers, and the leakage loss induced by the heavily p-doped GaAs contact layer. It was found that the leakage loss contributed by the GaAs cap layer is significant and increases with wavelength. Based on IFVD, we also demonstrate the fabrication of multiple-wavelength lasers and multichannel wavelength division multiplexers using the one-step "selective intermixing in selected area" technique. This technique enables one to control the degree of intermixing across a wafer. Lasers with bandgaps tuned to five different positions have been fabricated on a single chip. These lasers showed only small changes in transparency current, internal quantum efficiency, or internal propagation loss, which indicates that the quality of the material remains high after being intermixed. Four-channel wavelength demultiplexers based on a waveguide photodetector design have also been fabricated. Photocurrent and spontaneous emission spectra from individual diodes showed that the absorption edge was shifted by different degrees due to the selective degree of QW intermixing. The results obtained also imply that the technique can be used in the fabrication of broad-wavelength emission superluminescent diodes.


"Synergism" of two factors in the causation or prevention of an all-or-none event means the existence of instances in which both factors are needed for the effect, while "antagonism" means that at least one can block the solo effect of the other. The manifestation of such interdependences--or of their complement, independence--in terms of event rates is complicated by the correlation of the susceptibilities to the two factors. Thus, given the risk difference (RD) values representing the solo effects, the RD corresponding to the joint exposure has a range consistent with independence so that independence cannot be inferred even from very ample data without knowledge of the degree of correlatedness of the susceptibilities. The definition of this range is closely analogous for causal and preventive factors, respectively. However, when knowledge about interdependence is used in inference about the factors' interrelation in the mechanisms for the effect, sharp distinctions may have to be made between causal and preventive factors. In each case, the interdependence is a result of the interrelation of the actions of the two factors and/or interaction between them. Operational decisions, having to do with the wisdom of the joint exposure, can be guided by knowledge about the interdependence of the factors; however, knowledge of the risks corresponding to the various exposures is a sufficient guide, without any need for inferences about causal or preventive interdependence.


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Recently Yale Law School Professor Dan Kahan admitted that, at least with respect to his prior endorsement of shaming punishments, the time has come to recant. Known inside and outside the legal academy for his decade-long defense of shaming as an alternative to incarceration, Kahan took pains to publicly repudiate his earlier embrace of shaming punishments at a symposium convened by the Texas Law Review. True to form, Kahan recanted in style. Rather than simply capitulate to his critics' arguments about the purported inefficiency or injustice of shaming punishments, Kahan explained that he had anticipated and addressed those challenges in his earlier work. Instead, Kahan identified what was really wrong with shaming sanctions: they suffer from a problem of partisanship. In other words, when shaming punishments are deployed, they signal that society has chosen sides with those who elevate community values or hierarchy over individuality and equality. Such partisanship is flawed, for Kahan, because it undermines the acceptability of shaming as an alternative to incarceration. In other words, shaming punishments flout what Kahan calls the principle of expressive overdetermination. A law or policy is expressively overdetermined when it bears meanings sufficiently rich in nature and large in number to enable diverse cultural groups to find simultaneously affirmation of their values within it. Because of the social meaning handicap under which shaming labored, Kahan predicted that shaming punishments cannot ultimate provide a viable alternative to imprisonment because they are too socially divisive. Changing course, Kahan instead argued that we should expand efforts to implement restorative justice programs as a pragmatic alternative to incarceration because such programs do satisfy the criterion of expressive overdetermination and at the same time would help expand our punitive arsenal beyond our orthodox reliance on mass incarceration. In other words, restorative justice has a real hope of achieving political acceptability as an alternative to incarceration. Kahan's renunciation of shaming punishments and subsequent endorsement of restorative justice are significant developments, at least among those of us who study and teach about the institutions and practices of punishment. Although I applaud Kahan's volte-face on shaming punishments - I was one of the critics who argued shaming was both illiberal and incompatible with principles of retributive justice - I think his new arguments are also unsuccessful, though for different reasons. This paper unfolds in four parts. Part I provides an overview of the alternative sanctions movement; this Part can be skimmed or ignored by those already familiar with the state of play in this area. The balance of the paper outlines Kahan's views in his recent piece and identifies three problems. First, the basis for Kahan's claim that shaming should be rejected is ultimately best understood as an empirical claim, not a theoretical one, and Kahan adduces little support to sustain the empirical claim that shaming won't secure widespread support. Moreover, even if such support existed, Kahan does not explain why any partisan wrangling over shaming cannot be handled by the institutions of liberal democracy. Second, Kahan's claims against his critics are inaccurate along two important dimensions: first, he mistakenly accuses his critics of status quo bias, and second, he attributes to them truth-insensitive motivations for which there is no evidence. Finally, and most importantly, Kahan's enthusiasm for restorative justice is likely to wane as he realizes that restorative justice, once scrutinized carefully, is prone to manifest the same kind of social meaning handicaps that shaming has experienced. Consequently, Kahan may have to recant - again.


A complicated case of ipsilateral fractures of the left femur and tibia after a road traffic accident is reported. The patient presented with numbness of the first web of his left foot and contracture of the extensor hallucis longus muscle, with fixed length deformity after intramedullary nailing of the femur and tibia. The extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscles were spared. Tinel's sign could be elicited at the mid-portion of the anterior compartment of the injured leg. This indicated that the distal half of the anterior tibial nerve (deep peroneal nerve), together with the extensor hallucis muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg, had been damaged. The subsequent management of this patient is described.


Introduction: During the past two decades, HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health services in Namibia have been provided in silos, with high fragmentation. As a consequence of this, quality and efficiency of services in Primary Health Care has been compromised. Methods: We conducted an operational research (observational pre-post study) in a public health facility in Namibia. A health facility assessment was conducted before and after the integration of health services. A person-centred integrated model was implemented to integrate all health services provided at the health facility in addition to HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health services. Comprehensive services are provided by each health worker to the same patients over time (longitudinality), on a daily basis (accessibility) and with a good external referral system (coordination). Prevalence rates of time flows and productivity were done. Results: Integrated services improved accessibility, stigma and quality of antenatal care services by improving the provider-patient communication, reducing the time that patients stay in the clinic in 16% and reducing the waiting times in 14%. In addition, nurse productivity improved 85% and the expected time in the health facility was reduced 24% without compromising the uptake of TB, HIV, outpatient, antenatal care or first visit family planning services. Given the success on many indicators resulting from integration of services, the goal of this paper was to describe "how" health services have been integrated, the "process" followed and presenting some "results" from the integrated clinic. Conclusions: Our study shows that HIV and SRH services can be effectively integrated by following the person-centred integrated model. Based on the Namibian experience on "how" to integrate health services and the "process" to achieve it, other African countries can replicate the model to move away from the silo approach and contribute to the achievement of Universal Health Coverage.


The dual forces of terrorism and technology have eroded our understanding of privacy, confronting us with the difficult question, "What balance should we strike between privacy and public safety?" This paper offers an economic framework for analyzing when and to what degree privacy should be protected. It starts from the observation that surveillance can prevent and deter harm but creates disutility from loss of privacy, social costs from avoidance, defensive costs spent on protecting privacy, and administrative costs. The framework has several implications for law governing surveillance and searches. Specifically, with respect to Fourth Amendment doctrine, the framework suggests that courts should adopt different standards of scrutiny, engage in forum-based analysis, and give greater protection to hybrid rights involving speech and privacy.


Abstract. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 329 made major strides toward fulfilling its objectives. Shipboard studies documented (1) fundamental aspects of habitability and life in this very low activity subseafloor sedimentary ecosystem and (2) first-order patterns of habitability within the igneous basement. A broad range of postexpedition studies will complete the expedition objectives. Throughout the South Pacific Gyre (SPG; Sites U1365–U1370), dissolved oxygen and nitrate are present throughout the entire sediment sequence, and sedimentary microbial cell counts are lower than at all previously drilled IODP/ Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)/Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) sites. In contrast, at Site U1371 in the upwelling zone just south of the gyre, detectable oxygen and nitrate are limited to the top and bottom of the sediment column, manganese reduction is a prominent electron-accepting process, and cell concentrations are higher than at the same depths in the SPG sites throughout the sediment column. Geographic variation in subseafloor profiles of dissolved and solid-phase chemicals are consistent with the magnitude of organic-fueled subseafloor respiration declining from outside the gyre to the gyre center. Chemical profiles in the sedimentary pore water and secondary mineral distributions in the basaltic basement indicate that basement alteration continues on the timescale of formation fluid replacement, even at the sites with the oldest basement (84–120 Ma at Sites U1365 and U1366). doi: 10.2204/iodp.sd.15.01.2013


During adolescence, it becomes increasingly important to fit in with a group, to be accepted and well regarded by peers. Frequent contact, common activities, and intimate relationships among peers provide extensive opportunities for adolescents to learn from others as well as to obtain social support to cope with emotional stress and adjustment difficulties. In this dissertation, I advanced the peer relationships literature by incorporating the effect of the perception of other peers' behavior and attributes on peer relationships as well as by including information about multiple types of relationships in all the chapters. Overall, this dissertation provides insights in understudied areas in the peer relationships literature investigating the role of multiplexity (the interdependence between academic relationships and friendships, dislike, and victimization), peer context (classroom ability composition, intervention in classroom norms), and status (the distinction between dyadic and reputational perceptions) in different peer relationships, including academic relationships, friendships, aggression, victimization and antipathies.This dissertation showed that classroom ability composition is differently associated with academic relationships. Moreover, high-achieving students, prosocial peers, and friends were likely to be chosen as preferred academic partners. Furthermore, adolescents avoided befriending peers whom they perceived as aggressive and befriended peers who had the reputation for being popular and prosocial. Finally, within classrooms that received an intervention fostering prosocial behavior adolescents perceived as victims or aggressors were less likely to be rejected.


Since Hobbes (1957 [1651] and Beccaria (1963 [1764]), scholars have theorized that the emotion of fear is critical for deterrence. Nevertheless, contemporary deterrence researchers have mostly overlooked the distinction between perceived sanction risk and fear of apprehension. Whereas perceived risk is a cognitive judgment, fear involves visceral feelings of anxiety or dread. Equally important, a theory explicating the influence of deterrence on both criminal propensity and situational offending has remained elusive. We develop a theoretical model in which perceived risk and fear are distinguished at both the general and situational levels. We test this theoretical model with data from a set of survey-based experiments conducted in 2016 with a nationwide sample of adults (N = 965). We find that perceived risk and fear are empirically distinct and that perceived risk is positively related to fear at both the general and situational levels. Certain background and situational factors have indirect effects through perceived risk on fear. In turn, perceived risk has indirect effects through fear on both criminal propensity and situational intentions to offend. Fear's inclusion increases explanatory power for both criminal propensity and situational offending intentions. Fear is a stronger predictor than either self-control or prior offending of situational intentions to offend.


The power sector is experiencing a considerable transformation, shifting primary sources of energy production towards more sustainable alternatives. Despite the benefits, the increasing penetration of renewable raised concerns in terms of intermittency and unpredictability of electricity production, challenging the balance between demand and supply. To this end, the GRIDSOL project proposes Smart Renewable Hubs designed to provide a single and steady output of electricity combining different renewable and storage technologies such as concentrated solar power, photovoltaic, electrical and thermal batteries. This study investigates the technical application and economic feasibility of GRIDSOL for the case of Fuerteventura. Based on different technology configurations, the outcomes show a relevant role of the concentrated solar power plant, replacing diesel plants for electricity generation. In one configuration, GRIDSOL can provide up to 68% of the energy consumption, with a capacity factor of 67% for the concentrated solar power plant and a 24% CO2 emission reduction compared to 2016 levels. The economic assessment, performed over different scenarios, shows that the applicability of GRIDSOL in the Canary system requires support in terms of investments grants on the capital expenditure (58% of the costs) or as feed-in premiums on energy production (54–67 €/MWh) to break-even.


Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) caregivers resilience involves the interaction between different risk and protective factors. Context of care, objective stressors, perceived stressors caregiver assessment, mediators factors and consequences of care were associated with resilience. We have developed a more integrated and operational conceptual model of resilience and care than previous models in our sociocultural environment. Purpose To assess the resilience of caregivers of people with AD and the related factors grouped according to an established operational conceptual model of Alzheimer´s caregivers stress. Patients and Methods A total of 120 primary informal caregivers of AD persons in Badajoz (Spain) were included in a cross-sectional design. The following variables have been measured on AD persons and caregivers: socio-demographic data, dependency level, cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms, anxiety, depression, severity of somatic symptoms, level of burden, self-esteem, coping, social support, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and resilience. Results Most of the caregivers reported symptoms of anxiety (63.3%) and depression (62.5%). We found out higher levels of resilience in caregivers with lower dependence caring (p=0.004). Higher resilience levels of caregivers were related to minor depressive (p=0.006) and anxiety symptoms (p=0.000), and higher HRQOL (p=0.000). Coping dimension mostly used was problem-based strategies such as active coping, positive reinterpretation and acceptance (p= 0.000). Conclusion Those caregivers reporting higher levels of resilience exhibited moderate to intense indicators of burden, fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety and fewer somatic symptoms. They also used adequate problem-focused coping strategies, showed higher levels of HRQOL and demonstrated an appropriate perception of social support. Despite the fact that the characteristics relating to the care context and to social support exert an undeniable influence on caregiver resilience, it would appear that the caregiver's own intra-psychic resources reveal stronger correlations. Relevance for Clinical Practice The early and accurate identification of caregivers with lower levels of resilience could enable the implementation of vital psychological and educative support interventions to help caregivers to improve their well-being.


Although the theoretical framework for determining equilibrium rental rates on commercial land is well-established, applying this framework in practice is difficult because of its dependence on unobservable parameters such as land growth and discount rates. We show how this problem can be overcome by a straightforward application of nonlinear regression methods to actual market transactions involving leased commercial land. This approach avoids the need to invoke ad-hoc parameter values, automatically incorporates any land liquidity premium into rental rates, and ensures that rental, growth, and discount rates are all estimated within a single analytically-consistent framework. JEL Classification code: G12, L85.


Leprosy is a chronic but curable disease that causes skin lesion and nerve damage. Leprosy in India stood eliminated as public health problem as the number of occurrence went down to one per ten thousand cases, but in 2017, it made a comeback and several new cases were detected. It's easily the most misunderstood disease in India. Victims of Leprosy are constantly discriminated against, both socially and legally. There are as many as 119 laws that discriminate against people afflicted with leprosy. The general notion of the disease is still plagued by misconceptions people held before it was incurable. The purpose of conducting the study was to bring in forefront the situation of people suffering from leprosy and their families and the discrimination they face in day today life. This study was carried out by naturalistic observation of a Leper colony in India; additional secondary data has analysed to carry out this research. It's been observed that the society is not educated about the disease and lack of awareness poses to be a major roadblock in ensuring them an equal status in the society. Through the course of this study, it was realised that, though, there have been few progressive steps, like repeal of Lepers Act, 1898 and amendments in certain discrimination personal laws, but India still has a long way to go to ensure them basic human rights through policy changes and, by sensitisation of public about the particulars of the disease. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2454-5899


The number of smartphone users surpassed two billion in 2016; the most popular applications are instant messengers. However, research about benefits and risks for users has yielded contradictory findings and indicates that the relation between smartphone use and well-being depends on many conditions. We propose mindfulness as a predictor of well-being related to instant messaging. In our study, 211 participants answered short questionnaires on the evenings of five consecutive days. Multilevel analyses showed that a mindful use of instant messaging was positively related to users' well-being, as indicated by more positive affect and less stress related to instant messaging. Moreover, the relation between day-specific mindfulness and well-being was statistically mediated by a more autonomous motivation to use instant messengers.


Many proclaim that criminal domestic violence courts - specialized court parts that focus on intimate violence cases and utilize a particularized approach in such prosecutions to prevent further violence - are a recent innovation within our criminal justice system. Most observers point to the Quincy District Court in Massachusetts, which opened in 1987, as the first venue in this country to offer specialized processing of criminal domestic abuse prosecutions. In the two decades since the Quincy court opened its doors, other jurisdictions have developed similar models using similar specialized approaches. For example, court planners in New York assert its first criminal domestic violence court, building on the Quincy model, was established in Brooklyn in 1996. These contemporary accounts of judicial innovation fail to acknowledge, however, that a somewhat similar experiment in specially adjudicating domestic violence prosecutions was undertaken more than fifty years ago in New York. In 1946, Judge Anna Moscowitz Kross established New York State's first criminal domestic violence court within New York City's Magistrate's Court system. The Home Term Part, as Kross's court was called, was a groundbreaking experiment in criminal justice that sought to employ a particularized approach in domestic violence cases to address charges of assault, harassment, disorderly conduct and other abuses. Nevertheless, Kross, one of New York's first women judges, and her early attempts at judicial innovation like the Home Term Part, have been largely forgotten by legal historians and court reformers alike. This paper seeks to inform current conversations about dedicated domestic violence courts by shedding light on Kross's remarkable early efforts to treat domestic violence prosecutions differently from other criminal matters and handle them in a designated court part. The story of Kross's Home Term Part - the first specialized criminal domestic violence court in New York and probably the United States - is an important chapter in the history of intimate violence policies in this country. Its recognition is crucial to any complete account and understanding of our criminal justice system's renewed efforts at judicial innovation through specialized problem-solving courts. And although many features of Home Term would be viewed as objectionable by modern standards, it may also provide important insights to contemporary court reformers as they consider the future of domestic violence prosecutions.


In coastal systems, planktonic and benthic silicifiers compete for the pool of dissolved silicon, a nutrient required to make their skeletons. The contribution of planktonic diatoms to the cycling of silicon in coastal systems is often well characterized, while that of benthic silicifiers such as sponges has rarely been quantified. Herein, silicon fluxes and stocks are quantified for the sponge fauna in the benthic communities of the Bay of Brest (France). A total of 45 siliceous sponge species living in the Bay account for a silicon standing stock of 1215 tons, while that of diatoms is only 27 tons. The silicon reservoir accumulated as sponge skeletons in the superficial sediments of the Bay rises to 1775 tons, while that of diatom skeletons is only 248 tons. These comparatively large stocks of sponge silicon were estimated to cycle two orders of magnitude slower than the diatom stocks. Sponge silicon stocks need years to decades to be renewed, while diatom turnover lasts only days. Although the sponge monitoring over the last 6 years indicates no major changes of the sponge stocks, our results do not allow to conclude if the silicon sponge budget of the Bay is at steady state, and potential scenarios are discussed. The findings buttress the idea that sponges and diatoms play contrasting roles in the marine silicon cycle. The budgets of these silicon major users need to be integrated and their connections revealed, if we aim to reach a full understanding of the silicon cycling in coastal ecosystems.


We study the problem of multiple packet bundling to improve spectral efficiency in cellular networks. The packet size of real-time data, such as VoIP, is often very small. However, the use of time division multiplexing (TDM) limits the number of VoIP users supported, because a packet has to wait until it receives a time slot. Packet bundling can alleviate such a problem by sharing a time slot among multiple users. A recent revision of cdma2000 1xEV-DO introduces the concept of the multi-user packet (MUP) in the downlink to overcome limitations on the number of time slots. However, the efficacy of packet bundling is not well understood, particularly in the presence of time varying channels. We propose a novel QoS and channel aware packet bundling algorithm that uses adaptive modulation and coding. We show that channel utilization can be significantly increased by delaying some real-time packets slightly within their QoS requirements. We validate our study through OPNET simulation with a complete EV-DO implementation.


In-house lawyers are under considerable pressure to "get comfortable" with the legality and legitimacy of client goals. This paper explores the psychological forces at work when inside lawyers confront such pressure by reference to the recent financial crisis, looking at problems arising from informational ambiguity, imperceptible change, and motivated inference. It also considers the pathways to power in-house, i.e., what kinds of cognitive styles are best suited to rise in highly competitive organizations such as financial services firms. The paper concludes with a research agenda for better understanding in-house lawyers, including exploration of the extent to which the diffusion of language and norms has reversed direction in recent years: that outside lawyers are taking cognitive and behavioral cues from the insiders, rather than establishing the standards and vocabulary for in-house lawyers.


Using noninvasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we analyzed the responses in human area MT with regard to visual motion, color, and luminance contrast sensitivity, and retinotopy. As in previous PET studies, we found that area MT responded selectively to moving (compared to stationary) stimuli. The location of human MT in the present fMRI results is consistent with that of MT in earlier PET and anatomical studies. In addition we found that area MT has a much higher contrast sensitivity than that in several other areas, including primary visual cortex (V1). Functional MRI half- amplitudes in V1 and MT occurred at approximately 15% and 1% luminance contrast, respectively. High sensitivity to contrast and motion in MT have been closely associated with magnocellular stream specialization in nonhuman primates. Human psychophysics indicates that visual motion appears to diminish when moving color-varying stimuli are equated in luminance. Electrophysiological results from macaque MT suggest that the human percept could be due to decreases in firing of area MT cells at equiluminance. We show here that fMRI activity in human MT does in fact decrease at and near individually measured equiluminance. Tests with visuotopically restricted stimuli in each hemifield produced spatial variations in fMRI activity consistent with retinotopy in human homologs of macaque areas V1, V2, V3, and VP. Such activity in area MT appeared much less retinotopic, as in macaque. However, it was possible to measure the interhemispheric spread of fMRI activity in human MT (half amplitude activation across the vertical meridian = approximately 15 degrees).


This article adopts an international perspective to examine the perceptions and practice of leaders in a South African and an English primary school and the leadership implications. Both schools have experienced a relatively swift and large scale diversification of learners away from the previous white majority. In each case the educators have not diversified to the same extent. Interview data is explored to consider how diversity is conceived, and the implications for practice. Similarities and differences are identified, in order to increase understanding of context, its relation to practice and the implications for development in diverse organizations and societies. The article concludes that in both countries there are assertions that skin colour does not matter. Such blindness is a barrier to building greater inclusion.


We present an automatic content-based video transcoding algorithm, which is based on how humans perceive visual information. The transcoder support multiple video objects and their description. First the video is decomposed into meaningful objects through semantic segmentation. Then the transcoder adapts its behavior to code relevant (foreground) and non-relevant objects differently. Both objects-based and frame-based encoders are combined with semantic segmentation. Experimental results show that the use of semantics and description prior to transcoding reduces the bandwidth requirements and makes it possible to adapt the video representation to limited network and terminal device capabilities still retaining the essential information.


We examined the effects of anthropogenic and climatic perturbations on nutrient—phytoplankton interactions and eutrophication in the waters of the largest estuarine systems in the U.S.A., the Chesapeake Bay (CB), Maryland/ Virginia, and the Neuse River Estuary/Pamlico Sound (NRE/PS) system, North Carolina. Both systems have experienced large post‐World War II increases in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading, and nutrient reductions have been initiated to alleviate symptoms of eutrophication. However, ecosystem‐level effects of these nutrient reductions are strongly affected by hydrologic variability, including severe droughts and a recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity. Phytoplankton community responses to these hydrologic perturbations, including storm surges and floods, were examined and when possible, compared for these systems. In both systems, the resulting variability in water residence time strongly influenced seasonal and longer‐term patterns of phytoplankton biomass and community composition. Fast‐growing diatoms were favored during years of high discharge and short residence time in CB, whereas this effect was not observed during high discharge conditions in the longer residence time NRE/ PS. In the NRE/PS, all phytoplankton groups except summer cyanobacterial populations showed decreased abundance during elevated flow years when compared to low flow years. Although hurricanes affected the CB less frequently than the NRE/PS, they nonetheless influenced floral composition in both systems. Seasonally, hydrologic perturbations, including droughts, floods, and storm‐related deep mixing events, overwhelmed nutrient controls on floral composition. This underscores the difficulty in predicting seasonal and longer‐term phytoplankton production and compositional responses to nutrient input reductions aimed at controlling eutrophication of large estuarine ecosystems.


We study the duration of monetary regimes in a simple neo-classical Phillips curve model. The model is an extension of Owyang (2001) and Owyang and Ramey (2001). In this paper, we consider the role of the duration of inflationary regimes on the average inflation rate in an international cross-section. We find that inflationary regimes in certain countries are duration dependent but anti-inflationary regimes are not. In addition, we find that countries with high central banker turnover switch from inflationary to anti-inflationary with lower probability.


The Winn family were landowners with estates at Nostell in Yorkshire and Appleby in Lincolnshire. Their property was mainly agricultural but included a small colliery on the
Yorkshire estate. In the late 1850s the Winns' land was heavily mortgaged and the family was in financial difficulty. The thesis centres on the successful efforts led by Rowland Winn (1820-1893), elder son of the landowner Charles (1795-1874), to restore the estates'financial 'equilibrium through the exploitation of their mineral resources. Edmund Winn (1830-?1908), Rowland's younger brother, supported him in these
endeavours, as did George Winn (1863-1952), Rowland's fourth son. The thesis places the Winn family in the context of the mid-nineteenth century landowning class, with particular reference to their characteristic attitudes to the preservation, management and economic development of landed property. The Winns'previous experience in mining is linked to their plan for a new and larger colliery at
Nostell, which they considered the best opportunity for increasing the income from their estates. This plan was overtaken by the discovery of ironstone on the Lincolnshire
property, and the thesis investigates the Winns' rationale for leasing the stone rather than mining it on their own account. The ironstone generated a rapid and growing
income and, building on this success, the Winns sank a new colliery at Nostell that opened in 1866.
Unlike the ironstone, the colliery was directly financed and managed by the Winn family, who took on the full capital risk of the venture. The thesis investigates the
sources of the colliery capital, and considers the running of the colliery between 1866 and 1914 from the perspectives of accounting policy, transport and logistics, marketing
and management. It concludes that in establishing and running the colliery the Winn family combined the characteristic and in some ways contrasting approaches to
entrepreneurialism and management of the landowning class, and of the personal capitalists who dominated contemporary British industry. The conclusion challenges the
suggestion that the mid-late nineteenth century landowning class had an inherent dislike of all forms of industry. The thesis also attempts to contribute to the knowledge of the
evolution of marketing and management in the Victorian and Edwardian coal industry.


Streams are integrative systems spanning multiple spatial and temporal scales. Stream researchers, land-use managers, and policy decision makers must consider the downstream displacement of streams when approaching questions about stream ecosystems. The study of how anthropogenic land-use influences streams demands an ecosystem perspective, and this dissertation is an example of applying large scale analyses of stream reach responses, and linking the activity of humans in the landscape to stream structure and function. I investigate whether rural development and agriculture land-cover types influence abiotic and biotic stream responses. I establish a method for considering land-cover as an independent variable at multiple scales throughout a streams' watershed using hydraulic modeling. The travel time required for water to drain from the watershed to a stream reach provided a continuous index to delimit watershed sub portions along a spatial continuum. Within travel time zones (TTZs), I consider land-use at increasingly larger scales relative to a stream reach within which biotic responses are typically measured. By partitioning land-cover in TTZs, I was able to determine the spatial scale at which land-cover was most likely to influence in-stream responses. I quantified a suite of physical and biotic responses typical to the aquatic ecology literature, and found that streams did not respond much to rural development. Rural development influenced suspended and depositional sediments, and likely altered watershed hydrology though I was unable to find significant evidence supporting a hydrologic effect. Subtle differences in assemblages suggest that differences in sediment dynamics influenced macroinvertebrates and fish. Using the Land Cover Cascade (LCC) design, I link the influence of land-cover to biotic responses through a suite of multivariate models, focusing on sediment dynamics in an attempt to capture the subtle influence of hydrology and sediment dynamics. My dissertation provides future researchers with improved methods for considering land-cover as an independent variable, as well as introduces multivariate models that link land-cover to sediment dynamics and biota. My dissertation will assist future research projects in identifying specific mechanisms associated with stream responses to disturbance.


Various cytological, physiological and biochemical properties of the blood have been examined in different life cycle stages of the lamprey Geotria australia.

Initial experiments to determine physiologically realistic upper temperatures yielded an ultimate lethal temperature for larvae of 28.3oC. Since this value is comparatively low, it helps explain the restriction of G. australis to more southern rivers in Australia.

The haematocrit (46.2%), red blood cell number (1.231 X 106 cells mm-3) and haemoglobin concentration (11.8g 100ml-l) of adult G. australis are more typical of comparable stages in holarctic lampreys than those of their ammocoetes (41.5%, 1.809 106 cells mm-3, 11.1 g 100 ml-1). During metamorphosis, the pattern of change in haemopoietic sites, haemoglobin electropherograms and the proportion of mature erythrocytes, indicate that erythrocytes containing larval and adult haemoglobins always originate in different structures. The molecular weights (c 17000) and pI values (5.1-6.4) of G. australis haemoglobins are similar to those of other lampreys. The P50 of larval blood is very low, while that of adult blood is more comparable to that of other lampreys (cf. 0.92 mm Hg for ammocoete and 10.3 mm Hg for adult at pH 7.75 and 15oC). Increases in temperature do not affect the Bohr shift (range -0.16 to -0.27) but are accompanied by a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right.

The major plasma iron binding proteins have molecular weights of 354,000 in the ammocoete and 296,000 in the adult and contain 20 and 4 subunits respectively. The larval IBP is thus ferritin-like while that of the adult is transferring-like, features consistent with their respective pI values, Fe/protein ratios and ultrastructure. Total plasma iron was 19,760 ug 100 ml-1 in larvae and 34 ug 100 ml-1 in adults. Iron granules were present in the columnar cells of the posterior intestine in small or negligible amounts in the Petromyzonidae and in very large amounts in the Mordaciidea. While some iron was found in the same location in the Geotriidae, it was also present in very large concentrations elsewhere in the body.

The high haemoglobin concentration and blood iron levels, and the large iron deposits and the low P50 in larval G. australis, probably represent adaptations to reduced environmental oxygen tensions.


This qualitative study was designed to investigate the factors related to engagement in HIV-related medical care and specifically periods that can be characterized as transitions in and out of care. Data were collected through person-level interviews followed by thematic coding and analysis. The sample consisted of 22 participants recruited from the Truman Medical Center Infectious Disease Clinic and the Kansas City Free Health Clinic. Six main themes were identified as factors related to engagement: health factors, treatment factors, personal factors, support factors, clinic factors, and resources, each of these consisting of subthemes that describe the issues more specifically. The results were analyzed in the context of how they relate to the phases of engagement on the HIV continuum of care with specific examples from the interviewees. Results were then compared to an existing framework and were found to support many previous findings and indicate the need for evaluation of funding allocation, as well as changes at the health care system and policy levels. Additional work will be done to further establish validity of the findings for development of a framework to describe the complexity of factors that need to be accounted for when developing efforts designed to support better engagement in care.


Mudskippers (Family Gobiidae: Subfamily Oxudercinae) are residents of tidal mudflat shores, tidal muddy zone of estuaries, rivers, and mangrove swamps. The aims of this study were to describe the morphological and genetic variations among populations of Boleophthalmus boddarti, phylogenetic of Malaysian Oxudercine gobies, and the exposure of PAHs on Boleophthalmus boddarti. The samples of B. boddarti were collected from six locations, namely Pulau Pinang, Selangor (Kuala Selangor), Negeri Sembilan (Pasir Panjang), Melaka, Johor and Pahang (Cherating). Conventional and Truss morphometrics analyses were carried out on 300 individuals belonging to 7 species, namely B. boddarti, Periophthalmus chrysospilos, Periophthalmus grasilos, Periophthalmus novemoradiatus, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Pseudapocryptes elangatus and Scartlaos histophoris. Using the Discriminate Function Analysis (DFA), the conventional morphometric discriminate the populations of B. boddarti into 2 groups while Truss morphometrics into 3 groups, whereby geographically closer populations were grouped together. Of the 29 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers tested, only 12 primers gave clear bands and showed polymorphisms. Eleven bands were identified as RAPD markers in the six populations (N=155) of B. boddarti. The dendrogram from RAPD data revealed three major groups of B. boddarti, in which the first group consisted of the central population (Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka populations), the second group made up the southern (Johor) and eastern (Pahang) populations, and the third group was the northern populations (P. Pinang), which was distinctly separated from the rest of the population, with a genetic distance of 0.698. The mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) sequences in 6 populations of B. boddarti revealed a total of 26 haplotypes. Based on haplotype analyses, the populations were grouped into two clades, I and II. Clade I was divided into two subclades consisting of the northern (P. Pinang) and the central (Selangor) populations as subclade IA, and the central population (N. Sembilan and Melaka) as subclade IB. Clade II consisted of the southern (Johor) and the eastern (Pahang) populations of B. boddarti. Both cytb (345bp) and 16S rDNA (550bp) gene sequences were carried out for phylogenetic studies on 11 species of the subfamily Oxudercinae. Four phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods, using Kimura-2-Parameter (K2P) and Jukes and Cantor models. Based on parsimony analysis, Oxudercinae subfamily was divided into two main clades consisting of Oxuderces in one clade and the rest were in another clade. The distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both sediments and porewaters (N=8) in the Klang River and its estuaries were higher than those in the Kuala Muda River. Hepatic EROD activities were carried out on B. boddarti (N=62) collected from the Klang River and its estuaries as polluted and Kuala Muda River as less polluted rivers. Hepatic EROD activities showed significantly (p<0.05) higher induction of EROD in fish from the Klang River and its estuaries (mean=24.55 pmol min-1 mg protein-1) than those in the Kuala Muda River (mean=6.84 pmol min-1 mg protein-1). There were close relationships between the log EROD activities in B. boddarti and the total PAHs concentration in sediments (r2= 0.68) and porewaters (r2= 0.66), implying that this fish can be used as an early signal of PAHs exposure in estuarine areas. In conclusions, morphological and molecular markers using both RAPD mtDNA were able to discriminate the populations of B. boddarti in Peninsular Malaysia. MtDNA sequences (cytb and 16S rDNA) were found to be useful tools for phylogenetic studies of the subfamily Oxudercinae. For future endeavour, the use of the other molecular markers is recommended to study the population structure of mudskippers in Malaysia.


This paper problematizes the conception of agribusiness, in vogue amidst Brazilian ruralists, dealing with the understanding of the social relations subjacent to this universe. By questioning the essentially productivist approach applied to register the changes undertaken in areas regarded as "modern" or even as "new agricultural frontier" of the country, we seek to more fully understand the relationships established between those who administer the agricultural and industrial production and their subordinates, mapping out the web of social relations across the sector. However, our concern has been broader than the agricultural unit or the industrial plant: we aim at identifying/studying the setting of social positions and opposition that have allowed the very existence of the so-called agribusiness. Additionally, we have also been interested in observing how these positions have been consolidated (or been opposed) towards a set of public policies, sectoral or not, that have marked and continue to define the shaping of state intervention in these areas, even though such policy mechanisms have been differently perceived by distinct social groups and implemented from not necessarily synergistic government strategies.


The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides world-wide availability to highaccuracy navigation and positioning information. However, the threats to GPS are increasing, and many limitations of GPS are being encountered. Simultaneously, systems previously considered as viable backups or supplements to GPS are being shut down. This creates the need for system alternatives. Navigation using signals of opportunity (SoOP) exploits any signal that is available in a given area, regardless of whether or not the original intent of the signal was for navigation. Common techniques to compute a position estimate using SoOP include received signal strength, angle of arrival, time of arrival, and time difference of arrival (TDOA). To estimate the position of a SoOP receiver, existing TDOA algorithms require one reference receiver and multiple transmitters, all with precisely known positions. This thesis considers modifications to an existing algorithm to produce a comparable position estimate without requiring precise a priori knowledge of the transmitters or reference receiver(s). Using Amplitude Modulation (AM) SoOP, the effect of erroneous a priori data on the existing algorithm are investigated. A proof-of-concept for three new estimation algorithms is presented in this research. Two of the estimators successfully demonstrate comparable performance to the existing algorithm. This is demonstrated in six different transmitter environments using four different receiver configurations.


International commitments generally become binding domestic law through a complex process of "domestication" or transformation. Without this process, international commitments frequently lack force or even meaning at the national level, where implementation actually takes place. This paper explores the legal process of implementation and examines how international commitments are transformed into domestic law in six OECD nations: the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. To the degree that institutional design affects the output of complex organizations (e.g. governments), the variations in the process of domestication should affect compliance with and the implementation of international commitments. The rules of ratification, interpretation, judicial challenge, and the priority or ranking of treaty commitments vis-a-vis ordinary statutory law are all surveyed and found to vary widely. These factors appear to interact in complex ways. In addition to some simple hypotheses derived from the institutional variations uncovered, three main conclusions emerge: formal institutional rules appear in practice to be substantially modified and/or elaborated by informal rules and methods; the complexity of both formal rules and actual practice in the domestication of international agreements raises doubts about the importance--and the ascertainability--of legality regarding international commitments; and, these first two conclusions are likely to become less certain over time as the insulation of the executive in foreign affairs--which is a major underlying cause of these conclusions--decreases in response to changes in the nature and scope of international law.


This Article considers the broad range of tort experiments states have undertaken in recent years as well as the changing attitudes of Congress and the Supreme Court toward state tort law. Notably, as states have engaged in well-publicized tort reform efforts in the products liability and personal injury areas, they have also increased tort rights and remedies to address new societal problems associated with privacy, publicity, consumer protection, and environmental harm. At the same time, however, just as the Supreme Court was beginning its so-called federalism revolution of the 1990s to limit Congressional authority in the name of states' rights, it was simultaneously cutting back on the ability of states to provide their citizens with tort rights and remedies through preemption doctrine and due process limits on punitive damages. This Article explores these trends in the states, Congress, and the Supreme Court and concludes that part of the problem in federal-state relations in the area of tort law is that Congress and the Supreme Court have shifted from a private law to a public law view of tort that does not give sufficient attention to the important private law goals tort law still serves. This has allowed Congress and the Court to more easily displace state tort law without considering the need for any substitute federal remedy. Once the private law aspects of torts are recognized, it becomes easier to identify and value the role tort law plays in our federalist system.


What is the effect of electoral rules on political corruption? While the influence of electoral systems on accountability and representation has been widely studied, the link between electoral systems and corruption remains sparse. This paper develops a model for the interplay between corruption and electoral rules, considering the incentives for challengers to expose the corruption undertaken by the incumbents. I identify two major components: first, rules that increase competition create incentives for freeriding, as challengers would prefer that other challengers pay the cost of exposure. Second, larger district sizes create coordination problems, as the same incumbent may be overexposed, while others were not exposed at all. These characteristics make a mix of high competitiveness and PR the worst system regarding incentives for corruption. I show that these predictions hold empirically using quasi-experimental data from Brazilian municipalities. This study has implications for the design of electoral institutions.


This dissertation analyzes the agency that adolescent Black girls in independent schools use to craft their identities, and describes the particular competencies that they enact as they navigate encounters of race/ ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status within their daily school lives. Through the adoption of developmental, feminist, and critical pedagogy frameworks, this phenomenological study employs a grounded theory methodology and presents an emergent theory that describes the phenomenon of "Black girl critical literacies" when situated in the context of elite, predominantly White independent schools. I define Black girl critical literacies as the phenomenon in which Black girls use particular competencies to recognize, process, and respond to messages that they receive connected to their status as Black adolescent females in U.S. society while simultaneously crafting their own sense of their Black girl identities. Using weekly discussion groups grounded in critical feminist pedagogy and one-on-one interviews as the main sources of data, this dissertation serves two purposes: 1) it identifies and explores four different components that contribute to the development of Black girl critical literacies in independent schools: school culture, a developing critical consciousness, emotional literacy, and agency and activism; and 2) it analyzes how Black girls communicate the components of Black girl critical literacies to each other. The findings from this study contribute to the fields of education and gender studies and the disciplines of psychology, and sociology by offering a perspective on adolescent development, identity formation, and curriculum development that is infused with feminist and critical pedagogy frameworks. Specific to education, the dissertation findings contribute to the literature on how to support students of color in independent schools, and point to how affinity group spaces can function as places for the critical consciousness development of adolescents. From a psychological perspective, the findings from this project deepen the literature on adolescent development and particularly highlight the identity development and construction of Black girls. In the sociological tradition and connected to the field of gender studies, my research contributes to the emerging field of Black girlhood studies by presenting how social structures of race, gender, and class function within particular sociocultural contexts. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Education First Advisor Howard C. Stevenson This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2356


St. Louis Bay, along with its two major tributaries, Wolf River and Jourdan River, are included in the Mississippi 1998 Section 303(d) List for violation of the designated water use of recreation and shellfish harvesting. Fecal coliform was identified as one of the pollutants that caused the water quality impairment. In order to facilitate the total maximum daily loads (TMDL) development, the fecal coliform dynamics was investigated under 2 flow scenarios with a calibrated and validated modeling framework by integration of Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) and Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF). EFDC was used to model the hydrodymics and fecal coliform transportation in the Bay and the tributaries, whereas HSPF was applied to compute the flow and fecal coliform loadings from the watersheds. The total amount of precipitation in the dry year simulation corresponds to a 50-year return period of low flow condition, and a 10-year return period of high flow condition for wet weather simulation. For EFDC modeling, the fecal coliform sources considered were the contributions from the 2 upper watersheds (no tidal influence), the 28 small surrounding watershed, and 12 municipal, industrial, and domestic point sources. When simulating the fecal coliform loadings from the 2 upper watersheds using HSPF, the simulated non-point source loadings of fecal coliform included wildlife, land application of hog and cattle manure, land application of poultry litter, and grazing animals. The EFDC modeling results indicated that the wet weather exerted greater stress on fecal coliform water quality conditions. The number of exceedance of fecal coliform water quality standard in wet year simulation is much higher than that in dry year simulation. The impact of the upper rural watersheds loads on fecal coliform levels in the St. Louis Bay is much less significant than that from the surrounding urban runoff. Fecal coliform TMDL development should be based on high flow conditions since the decision makers are more concerned about worse scenarios. This fecal coliform modeling research would provide useful information of critical condition selection for TMDLs development in similar coastal areas.