Abstract Apatite grains in lunar mare basalts contain hydrogen that ranges in D/H ratio by more than a factor of two. For most of these basalts, the D/H ratios in their apatite grains decrease with measures of the host basalts' time spent at elevated temperature, specifically the Fe-Mg homogenization of their pyroxenes. Most basalts with homogeneous pyroxenes (i.e., with constant Fe/Mg ratio) have apatite grains with low D/H (δD ≈ –100‰), whereas most basalts with heterogeneous pyroxenes (i.e., varying or zoned Fe/Mg) have apatite with high D/H (δD up to ~ +1100‰). This relationship suggests that low D/H values were acquired during thermal processing, i.e., during Fe-Mg chemical equilibration, during or after emplacement. This light hydrogen is likely derived from solar wind implanted into the lunar regolith (with δD from –125‰ to –800‰), and could enter basalts either by assimilation of regolith or by vapor transport from regolith heated by the flow. If a basalt could not interact with regolith rich in solar wind (e.g., it was emplaced onto other fresh basalts), its apatite could retain a magmatic D/H signature. The high D/H component (in the apatites of unequilibrated basalts) is most reasonably that indigenous magmatic hydrogen, i.e., representing hydrogen in the basalt's source mantles, or magmatic hydrogen that was residual after partial degassing of H2.


In this paper, novel applications of metamaterials composite structure in antenna engineering has been considered. Compared with the conventional materials, metamaterials exhibits some specific features which are not found in conventional materials. Some unique applications of these composite structures as an antenna substrate, superstrate, feed networks, phased array antennas, ground planes, antenna radomes and struts invisibility have been discussed.


The author of the groundbreaking work Slut! explores the phenomenon of slut-shaming in the age of sexting, tweeting, and liking. She shows that the sexual double standard is more dangerous than ever before and offers wisdom and strategies for alleviating its destructive effects on young womens lives.Young women are encouraged to express themselves sexually. Yet when they do, they are derided as sluts. Caught in a double bind of mixed sexual messages, young women are confused. To fulfill the contradictory roles of being sexy but not slutty, they create an experienced identity on social media-even if they are not sexually activewhile ironically referring to themselves and their friends as sluts.But this strategy can become a weapon used against young women in the hands of peers who circulate rumors and innuendoelevating age-old slut-shaming to deadly levels, with suicide among bullied teenage girls becoming increasingly common. Now, Leora Tanenbaum revisits her influential work on sexual stereotyping to offer fresh insight into the digital and face-to-face worlds contemporary young women inhabit. She shares her new research, involving interviews with a wide range of teenage girls and young women from a variety of backgrounds as well as parents, educators, and academics. Tanenbaum analyzes the coping mechanisms young women currently use and points them in a new direction to eradicate slut-shaming for good.


Changes to reimbursement levels and reimbursement methodology have become increasingly common as public health insurance programs seek to slow the rate of cost growth. Despite the fact that Medicaid is a major public health insurance program, little is known about how hospitals respond to price cuts by Medicaid. On the other hand, existing research on hospital response to a commonly used payment method (prospective payment) by Medicaid is largely based on policy changes from the 1980s. In this dissertation, I study 1) how hospitals in California responded to a 10% payment reduction by Medicaid in 2008, and 2) how hospitals in California responded to the 2013 introduction of a prospective payment system by Medicaid. For both analyses, I make use of hospital and emergency department discharge records from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, and study outcomes related to access to hospital care and intensity of care. I find little response to the 10% payment cut along these margins; suggesting that hospitals may have responded along other margins. In the analysis of hospital response to prospective payment, I find results consistent with theoretical predictions as well as the existing literature. Hospitals responded to prospective payment by reducing average inpatient length of stay. Furthermore, this response was driven primarily by hospitals with the strongest incentives---those previously paid on a per diem basis. These results suggest that hospitals may not respond strongly to across-the-board payment cuts in the way that they treat patients. On the other hand, hospitals had a strong, immediate, and predictable response to a change in the payment methodology, suggesting that perhaps this is a more effective policy tool. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Health Care Management & Economics First Advisor Mark Pauly


Abstract We determined the effect of body size and adult female longevity on the realized fecundity and fertility of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an outbreaking forest lepidopteran. We examined these relationships from an ecological perspective and included the impact of age at pairing and infection with a microsporidian pathogen in our analyses. The relationship between body size, as measured by pupal weight and forewing length and area, and realized fecundity and fertility was best for healthy females that were paired immediately after eclosion. A delay in age of pairing or sublethal pathogen infection eroded these relationships. A delay in age of pairing resulted in a lower percentage of females that produced fertile eggs and a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid. Although sublethal pathogen infection indirectly disrupted the body size-realized fecundity and fertility relationship, infection did not directly decrease egg production. Wing area was the best predictor of total and fertile egg production. The relationship between pupal weight and wing area was correlated, but females eclosing from small pupae had proportionately larger wings than females from large pupae, which may indicate a cost of large body mass in this actively dispersing species. Longevity of females did not predict the total or fertile number of eggs laid by females. There was no consistent relationship between pairing treatment and longevity of female moths, suggesting that there is no trade-off between longevity and reproductive fitness in this species. Sublethal pathogen infection significantly decreased female moth longevity, but this decrease was not reflected in reduced fecundity of infected females. Our data illustrate that although body size is an important determinant of realized fecundity and fertility in C. conflictana, these relationships are mediated by several factors that may vary greatly under field conditions and at varying population densities.


Array algorithms where operations are applied to disjoint parts of an array lend themselves well to parallelism, since parallel threads can operate on the parts of the array without synchronisation. However, implementing such algorithms requires programmer diligence to verify that a thread does not accidentally access an element of the array while another thread is updating the same element. An off-by-one error can lead to data-races and non-deterministic bugs which are notoriously hard to track down. Previous work on Kappa, a capability-based type system, provides data-race freedom for concurrent, object-oriented programs, even in the presence of concurrent mutating accesses to the same object. In this paper we show how Kappa can be extended to handle concurrent programming with arrays. By defining array capabilities which grant access to (parts of) an array, we can piggy-back on the existing type system in a straightforward fashion. We illustrate how split and merge operations integrate with Kappa in practise by discussing the implementation of a divide-and-conquer quicksort algorithm. We explore the semantics of the Kappa extension by using a simple imperative calculus and sketch on how it could be implemented efficiently.


Cypriot Bichrome Wheel-made Ware is an important index for the study of interrelations in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean World. The ware is a chronological marker for the beginning of the Late Cypriot Bronze Age and was the subject of a research project during the last decade within the Cyprus project of SCIEM 2000 (FWF, F1412).  The aim of the project was to investigate the appearance of the ware at various sites in the Eastern Mediterranean, and to correlate contexts and finds. This paper presents an overview of the regional distribution of the ware, and a detailed look at its appearance in Egypt. Based on those distributions, we develop ideas about the social role of Bichrome Wheel-made Ware. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i3_stidsing


Improving global yields of agricultural crops is a complex challenge with evidence indicating benefits in productivity are achieved by enhancing photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Towards improving rates of CO2 capture within leaf chloroplasts, this study shows the versatility of plastome transformation for expressing the Synechococcus PCC7002 BicA bicarbonate transporter within tobacco plastids. Fractionation of chloroplast membranes from transplastomic tobBicA lines showed that ~75% of the BicA localized to the thylakoid membranes and ~25% to the chloroplast envelope. BicA levels were highest in young emerging tobBicA leaves (0.12 μmol m–2, ≈7mg m–2) accounting for ~0.1% (w/w) of the leaf protein. In these leaves, the molar amount of BicA was 16-fold lower than the abundant thylakoid photosystem II D1 protein (~1.9 μmol m–2) which was comparable to the 9:1 molar ratio of D1:BicA measured in air-grown Synechococcus PCC7002 cells. The BicA produced had no discernible effect on chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthetic CO2-assimilation rates, carbon isotope discrimination, or growth of the tobBicA plants, implying that the bicarbonate transporter had little or no activity. These findings demonstrate the utility of plastome transformation for targeting bicarbonate transporter proteins into the chloroplast membranes without impeding growth or plastid ultrastructure. This study establishes the span of experimental measurements required to verify heterologous bicarbonate transporter function and location in chloroplasts and underscores the need for more detailed understanding of BicA structure and function to identify solutions for enabling its activation and operation in leaf chloroplasts.


We explore a class of dielectrically loaded metallic waveguides capable of supporting negative index modes in the far infrared and terahertz regime. Principles of operation, modal structure and appropriate coupling schemes are analytically and numerically investigated. The extreme simplicity of the proposed design, along with the non-conventional and counter intuitive electromagnetic properties of this family of waveguides, makes these structures excellent candidates for the practical realization of negative index far infrared and terahertz devices with new and interesting functionalities. Generalizations and extensions of the suggested design are also discussed.


OBJECTIVE
Accreditation standards require entry-level occupational therapy students to understand, critique, and design research. However, the extent to which students should be embedded in research projects is unclear. The purpose of this study was to understand the benefits of student immersion in research for student learning and research quality.

METHOD
Using a multiple case study design, the principal investigator trained six occupational therapy students to implement a manualized intervention with research participants. Learning quizzes, video analysis of research activities, a practical exam, student documentation, an exit interview, and an exit survey identified student learning and research outcomes.

RESULTS
Students successfully implemented the study protocols with good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .89) and fidelity (99%). Students also reported improvements in comfort with client interactions, confidence in practice skills, self-efficacy in research, and clinical reasoning.

CONCLUSION
Student participation in hands-on research supports researchers in attaining their research goals and provides students with valuable learning experiences.


Pollen grains of 22 species from 6 genera of the tribe Antirrhineae (Veronicaceae) were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of the studied species are 3-colporate, prolate, spheroidal and oblate-spheroidal, small and middle-sized. It is established that pollen grains are characterized by the common sculpture type, which is reticulate. Diagnostic features at the genus level are the structure of apertures and sculpture, shape and size of pollen grains. Pollen morphology supports the suggestion of a close relationship between Linaria, Antirrhinum, Misopates and Cymbalaria. The genera Chaenorhinum and Kickxia have the distinctive palynomorphological characters.


Over three decades, vehicular and fatality related data are analysed and modelled for the Arab world and compared with 27 EU countries. The data comparison and modelling include vehicle development, death frequencies and death rates per inhabitants and vehicles. The modelling is based on least-squares regression fit considering around two-third of a million gathered data points for 45 considered countries. The gathered Arab countries' data, as a whole, are thought to be presented for the first time; since no such data are yet observed in the literature. It is expected that an extra 117 million vehicles will be pumped into the global road network in a decade time from the earlier two regions. This sums to around 15% of the current global vehicle population. While such an increase looks very encouraging for the vehicles' manufacturers, its environmental consequences and power consumption needs are surely not. While crash deaths in EU countries dropped from 74,876 during 1980 to 30,170 during 2011, that in the Arab countries increased from 22,145 victims to 37,736. The death record in the Arab countries is expected to further escalate to 54 thousand by the year 2022 based on mathematical models developed here. This represents around 45% increase since 2011. That for 27 EU countries is expected to be within 10 and 20 thousand deaths, which is less than half of the 2011 record. The crash death rates in the EU countries decreased continuously during the past three decades and will continue doing so during the coming decade. That in the Arab world will also continue dropping gently during the coming decade. Currently, the overall rates for the EU countries is half that of the average Arab countries. The gap between the two will increase with the time if no proper counter action is considered. The rates in the Arab countries is quite misleading because of the clear difference in the vehicle ownership rate and average vehicle-miles travelled between Arab and EU countries. While the deaths rates per population in the 15 EU countries are heading towards zero in a decade time; the rate in the Arab countries are expected to increase by 16%. Many factors contribute to such high rates of traffic deaths in the Arab countries, as lack of measurable long-term safety plans, inconsistent handling of traffic safety strategies, poor research involvement and limited post-accident rehabilitation centres.


The Pierre Auger Observatory in Malargüe, Argentina, is designed to study the properties of ultra-high energy cosmic rays with energies above 1018eV. It is a hybrid facility that employs a Fluorescence Detector to perform nearly calorimetric measurements of Extensive Air Shower energies. To obtain reliable calorimetric information from the FD, the atmospheric conditions at the observatory need to be continuously monitored during data acquisition. In particular, light attenuation due to aerosols is an important atmospheric correction. The aerosol concentration is highly variable, so that the aerosol attenuation needs to be evaluated hourly. We use light from the Central Laser Facility, located near the center of the observatory site, having an optical signature comparable to that of the highest energy showers detected by the FD. This paper presents two procedures developed to retrieve the aerosol attenuation of fluorescence light from CLF laser shots. Cross checks between the two methods demonstrate that results from both analyses are compatible, and that the uncertainties are well understood. The measurements of the aerosol attenuation provided by the two procedures are currently used at the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct air shower data.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the existence of psychological barriers in cryptocurrencies.

Design/methodology/approach
To detect psychological barriers, the authors perform a uniformity test, a barrier hump test, a barrier proximity test and conditional effects test to a sample comprised by the daily closing quotes of six of the most liquid cryptocurrencies.

Findings
The results evidence the existence of psychological barriers in four of the cryptocurrencies under scrutiny, namely, Bitcoin, Dash, NEM and Ripple.

Practical implications
The fact that the cryptocurrency market has a high share of unexperienced investors and presents several cases of psychological barriers is consistent with the hypothesis that that class of investors is particularly prone to the behavioral biases which cause psychological barriers.

Originality/value
This paper studies, for the first time, the existence of psychological barriers in the market of cryptocurrencies.


Today, one out of three Asian elephants lives in captivity. Although captive elephants have existed since 3,500 years, they have never been domesticated. During the last few decades the life of the captive elephants brought to temples, cities and tourist resorts have become more miserable than it was while they lived in jungle camps. In order to improve the situation, the living conditions of captive elephants must be changed fundamentally, i.e. they should lead a life under more natural conditions. The lack of fundamental knowledge about wild elephants induces anthropocentric actions and argumentation, but is of little help to the captive elephants. This book provides data on ecology and behaviour of captive elephants in relation to their wild conspecifics. They stem from a recent research project of the authors and their co-workers in Sri Lanka and also from a number of their studies on wild and captive elephants in Sri Lanka, South India, Myanmar and South Africa as well as in several European zoos and circuses. Aspects of social behaviour, reproduction and musth as well as stereotypical behaviour, sleep and tool-use of wild and captive elephants are described.Finally, recommendations on how to improve the living conditions of captive elephants are also added.


Fibromatosis is a benign lesion, which originates from proliferating fibroblasts. Although fibromatosis is a benign tumor, it is locally aggressive and invasive. Spinal presentation of fibromatosis is very rare, and case reports are the only source of the clinical knowledge. Herein, we describe the oldest patient having spinal fibromatosis with de novo occurrence and aggressive nature. A 68-year-old female patient admitted to our outpatient clinic with low back pain and neurological claudication. On lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging, she had spinal canal stenosis with a concomitant lesion in the left longissimus muscle. We did our best to resect the tumor, entirely. The pathology result was consistent with spindle cell lesion. The lesion recurred 6 months after the primary surgery. In the second surgery, we did en bloc resection. Pathology and immunohistochemical analysis results were consistent with fibromatosis. After the second surgery, she had adjuvant radiotherapy. There was nothing other than radionecrosis in the operation site, still after 2 years. In conclusion, radiological work-up is usually insufficient to make fibromatosis diagnosis and whole pathological specimen should be carefully evaluated to achieve the accurate diagnosis. Spinal fibromatosis is very rare and its treatment methods have not universally been conceptualized. However, adjuvant therapies are necessary after en bloc resection.


Despite its small size (<200 000 planted hectares, 0.4% of the national surface), the oil palm industry in Papua New Guinea is accused of destroying wildlife habitats, notably for iconic insects such as birdwing and swallowtail butterflies. Two subspecies of butterfly (Ornithoptera priamus bornemanni and Papilio ulysses ambiguus) endemic in West New Britain were used in a study aimed at developing a model, low-maintenance butterfly farm for conserving and propagating iconic species within the oil palm estate environment. Food sources of both the larval and adult stages were identified and investigated for their suitability to produce an abundance of butterflies. Large numbers of O. p. bornemanni were produced when the larval food plant (Aristolochia tagala) was grown at high density. For P. u. ambiguus, the presence of specific nectar-producing plants was sufficient to attract the insect from the wild to breed in the farm. Suggestions for establishment of butterfly farms are provided and it is recommended that the oil palm industry enhance conservation of iconic butterflies by establishing butterfly farms on the estates and increasing butterfly food sources in targeted restoration and conservation areas.


Study Design We established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from three newborns with spina bifida aperta (SBa) using clinically practical methods. Purpose We aimed to develop stem cell lines derived from newborns with SBa for future therapeutic use. Overview of Literature SBa is a common congenital spinal cord abnormality that causes defects in neurological and urological functions. Stem cell transplantation therapies are predicted to provide beneficial effects for patients with SBa. However, the availability of appropriate cell sources is inadequate for clinical use because of their limited accessibility and expandability, as well as ethical issues. Methods Fibroblast cultures were established from small fragments of skin obtained from newborns with SBa during SBa repair surgery. The cultured cells were transfected with episomal plasmid vectors encoding reprogramming factors necessary for generating iPSCs. These cells were then differentiated into NSPCs by chemical compound treatment, and NSPCs were expanded using neurosphere technology. Results We successfully generated iPSC lines from the neonatal dermal fibroblasts of three newborns with SBa. We confirmed that these lines exhibited the characteristics of human pluripotent stem cells. We successfully generated NSPCs from all SBa newborn-derived iPSCs with a combination of neural induction and neurosphere technology. Conclusions We successfully generated iPSCs and iPSC-NSPCs from surgical samples obtained from newborns with SBa with the goal of future clinical use in patients with SBa.


Article history: Received May 14, 2012 Received in Revised form June, 26, 2012 Accepted 2 August 2012 Available online August 9 2012 Impotent planning system in house providing process is the result of inadequate housing management system in theoretical, empirical, and operational fields. In addition, Mass Construction industry in Iran confronts with other problems such as instability in raw material prices, unsteadiness in production and investment laws and regulations, frailty of transportation infrastructure, international sanctions and etc. Furthermore, customers' needs, lower costs, and greater customizations lead mass producing to search for new solutions and novel producing system. Agility is offered as a strategy to enable Mass Construction associations to be maintained in the competition of constantly changing market in Iran. In such a market, previous approaches lose their capabilities in supply chain. Thus to achieve agility by Mass Construction association is the chief aim of this study. This study is descriptive-analytic and can be identified as developmental –functional considering its target. After surveying previous research literature and using experts' opinions, we investigated final agile sub criteria of supply chain and then we used interpretivestructural modeling approach to determine the relation among sub criteria and to offer an agile supply chain model. Surveying research literature and experts' opinions lead us to identify 8 criteria (society, government, financial, information technology, market, partnership, quality and technology) and also 22 sub criteria for supply chain's agility. Then the results were analyzed through interpretive-structural approach and relation of criteria and sub criteria and their consequence were achieved. These relations showed that government and infrastructure investment, culture, regulations and responses to social and environmental issues are the basis of agility in mass housing productions' supply chain. This model helps supply chain managers to have strategic planning to enhance agility in supply chain and find effective sub criteria and criteria to invest on. © 2012 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


The efficient functioning of the South African Department of Correctional Services is jeopardised by serious operational problems, which are natural outcomes of the rising South African prison population. All these negative factors contribute largely to corrections being a highly demanding working environment. It negatively affects correction officers physically, mentally and emotionally to almost unmanageable limits.
The question arises: What could be done to ensure that correction officers are more competent in their day-today functioning? The conclusion: They need to enhance their Emotional Intelligence (EQ), which will enable them to bring people together, build them up, and motivate them to do their best. In other words, what the Department of Correctional Services needs is men and women with traits that mark emotional intelligence, are poised and outgoing, committed to people and causes, empathetic and caring, with a rich but appropriate emotional life - they're comfortable with themselves, others, and the society they live in.
It is suggested that correctional staff should be more aware of their emotions and know how to manage them wisely. What they need is a broad spectrum of individual skills, usually referred to as soft skills or inter and intra-personal skills and fall outside the traditional areas of specific knowledge, general intelligence, managerial, technical or professional skills, namely emotional intelligence.
It is also accepted that emotional intelligence involves abilities that may be categorised into five domains, namely self-awareness, emotional maturity, self-motivation, empathic understanding and quality communication. To serve the purpose of managing emotions in a correctional environment these domains were discussed in more detail. It is recommend that the mentioned domains of emotional intelligence should be taught in corrections. In other words, emotional intelligence should form an integral part of the training curriculum of correction officers.


This study has been performed on hypertensive patients in the Turkish population to determine the frequency of 4G/5G polymorphism genotypes of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene and with the aim of examining the role of this polymorphism in hypertension development. Genomic DNA obtained from 284 persons (176 patients with hypertension and 108 healthy controls) was used in the study. DNA was multiplied by polymerase chain reaction using 4G and 5G allele-specific primers. Polymerase chain reaction products were assessed by being exposed to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results were evaluated with the chi-square test. The 4G allele frequency was 31.25% and the 5G allele frequency was 68.75% in patients, whereas it was 49/51% in a control group. 5G5G genotype was found statistically high (p < 0.001) in patients relative to controls. This study showed that the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene 4G/5G polymorphism and the 5G5G genotype appear to be associated with an elevated risk of developing hypertension in a representative sample of Turkish population.


Reverse logistics costs add seven to ten per cent of the total cost of goods sold and it is three times more expensive to process the return logistics costs than forward logistics costs. In recent years, with increasing environmental awareness and cost pressure, businesses and supply chains are becoming more aware of the importance of reverse logistics.
An in-depth study of reverse logistics has revealed that reverse logistics is a complex process with numerous problems and challenges. Many organisations are not prepared to do or do not have the necessary knowledge to deal with reverse logistics. As a continuation of the in-depth study and by means of a literature study this article explores the possibility of outsourcing of the reverse logistics process to third party logistics providers to alleviate the problem of managing the function internally.
It can be concluded that outsourcing to third-party reverse logistics providers is indeed a means in which organisations and supply chains can overcome numerous problems and challenges in reverse logistics. The findings of this study are presented in a conceptual framework that may serve as a guide for further empirical studies and managers who are considering the outsource decision for the reverse logistics function.


Derrida's The Beast & the Sovereign , volume I, explores the contradictory appearance of animals in political discourse. Sometimes, as he points out, political man and the sovereign state appear in the form of an animal and, at other times, as superior to animals of which he is the master. In session two of the Seminar, the main focus of this essay, Derrida explores the 'origin' of this contradictory logic inter alia with reference to animal fables which he contends draw on unconscious forces in their invocation of images. They pretend to make known something that cannot be the object of knowledge. In the same vein, Derrida shows how Hobbes's Leviathan and sovereignty itself are constructed and maintained through an uncanny fear, a fear not in the first place of one's fellow man, but of the wolf within the self, i.e. , the drive to self-destruction. It is the repression of this wolf, Derrida suggests, which leads to the further contradictory logic (in Hobbes) of excluding both beast and God from the covenant whilst maintaining God as the model of sovereignty. God, in other words, 'is' the beast repressed and can therefore hardly serve as the foundation of sovereignty. The self, and ultimately sovereignty, it can be said in view of Derrida's analysis, is never purely present to itself but instead arrives at itself by way of the 'binding' of unconscious forces. Sovereignty in this way ultimately shows itself to be divisible.


Decision-making methodologies for evaluating a product's end-of-life options have become a significant area of research. Extensive work has been carried out in the area of product recovery, e.g. module-based disassemblability, reverse logistics, remanufacturing, material recyclability, among others. Some of these methods use graphical representations in the form of disassembly trees and/or networks to find feasible solutions with computational approaches, but have not been made applicable to larger, more complex electrohydraulic mechanical systems. The work presented in this paper aims to apply a disassembly assessment technique by comparing a component's disassembly effort to a reward such as recycling value or energy recovery from recycling. First, the disassembly network is represented by a directed graph where weighted edges represent reward/cost. Next, an implementation of Dijkstra's algorithm is used to compute the optimal disassembly path that minimizes the sum of the edge weights. Lastly, the optimal disassembly paths for each individual reward are compared to discover the globally optimal disassembly scenario. This method is applied to a real-world case study of an underground mining drill rig with direct contributions from engineers involved in the development of the machine itself. Specific component recovery options are recommended based on the methodology and alternative design practices are suggested to improve product recyclability.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


The ACP–EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) is pleased to release the
2010 Compendium, the second in a series launched in 2009. It offers a collection of critical reviews of
issues related to agricultural and fisheries trade for the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries
published on the Agritrade (http://agritrade.cta.int) website between 2009 and 2010.
The food -price crisis of 2008–09, and the overall economic and financial crisis associated with high
price volatility on the world markets, have contributed to undermining the position of a large number
of ACP countries, which still depend heavily on trade in agricultural products.
The deadlock in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations and the rise of free -trade agreements
between the European Union (EU) and other developing countries (particularly Latin America), combined
with price reductions on the European market via Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, have
greatly contributed to eroding the benefits of preferential access to European markets previously
enjoyed by ACP countries.
The latest example is the Agreement on Bananas, concluded between the EU and the Andean countries
in December 2009. At the same time, ACP–EU negotiations on Economic Partnership Agreements
(EPAs), which aim to establish reciprocal market access conditions, continue to play a prominent role in
the ACP-EU agenda. However, despite recent progress in the technical negotiations, a number of
contentious issues remain unresolved at the time of publication, such as the clauses on most-favoured
nation treatment, special safeguard clauses, infant industry protection provisions, rules of origin, etc.
All these technical issues require a deep analysis of their implications for the ACP countries, to help
them in their negotiations and tackle the underlying adjustments required of their economies.
The Executive Briefs are updated annually and are available on the Agritrade website. This compilation
aims to enhance the dissemination of information that is available to ACP stakeholders. The three main
topics covered include the following issues :
• agricultural trade issues – WTO negotiations, EPA negotiations, EU market access, CAP reform,
food safety/SPS ;
• fisheries trade issues – WTO negotiations, ACP–EU Fisheries Partnership Agreements, market
access, EU common fisheries policy (CFP) reform ;
• trade policy issues for commodities including bananas, sugar, coffee, cotton, cereals, oilseeds,
beef, and fruit and vegetables.
We trust the 2010 Compendium will enjoy even greater success than the 2009 publication and will
continue to serve the needs of ACP stakeholders. I join the Agritrade editorial team in thanking you for
your dedication, wishing you happy reading, and would like to take this opportunity to reaffirm CTA's
commitment to supporting the agricultural development agenda of ACP countries by supporting the
sharing of information and experiences, facilitating ACP–EU dialogue and building capacity on issues related to agricultural and fisheries trade.

Michael Hailu
Director, CTA


Following the successes of the Complete Short Stories of W. Somerset Maugham and the Complete Short Stories of Agatha Christie (which were selected for the V&A illustration awards 2005) I was commissioned by the Folio Society to illustrate the Complete Novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Because of the rigorous nature of my research, (visiting the V&A, seeing the various versions of films based on Fitzgerald's work, reading various biographies) I have created a piece of work, which although using traditional techniques is contemporary in its interpretation. Members of the Folio Society, which has members worldwide, will obviously purchase the collection. It is believed I have illustrated the definitive collection of Fitzgerald's work. This is the first time a single illustrator has interpreted the complete works of the author.

Illustrating fiction requires a thorough understanding of the text. I read each novel several times and make notes of passages, which might be illustrated. The required research is of fashion, time and place. The construction of a plan is necessary to understand the linear narrative. There is a close association with both art director and editor to discuss the selected passages.

Each of the four volumes comes in a slipcase. There are two versions of printed cover cloths and 38 b/w illustrations. The volumes were featured in the Folio Society's catalogue.


The eLogbook is a Web-Based collaborative environment particularly adapted to the needs of communities of practice. It is deployed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) and developed within the framework of the Palette European Project. This paper presents the eLogbook "Context- Sensitive View" intended to increase the environment usability and acceptability by communities of practice and to support collaboration and communication by embedding different types of awareness "cues" within an innovative user- friendly interface.


To 'install' is essentially to place an object or objects within a given space. 'Place-ing' is therefore fundamental: the act of placement, as well as the 'place' of this act. The 'placement' of Installation Art is a struggle against the confinements of medium specificity in art — which form or medium gets to exert its authority over the expansiveness of installation practice? In this collection of Australian essays on Installation Art, the editors acknowledge this battle, endeavouring to position their essays in a liminal field, each purporting a different set of defining boundaries. As heralded by the title, this anthology shows that a single definition of Installation is continually being contested. Despite this, these essays suggest that the contest comes down to two specific forms; architecture and theatre. The collection makes it clear that the language of Installation is constructed out of the solidity of architectural terminology and the ephemerality of the performative. The adoption of such terms as 'site', 'dramatisation', 'staging', 'dwelling', 'inhabitation', as well as the constant references to 'architectural space' and processes of performance, such as 'Happenings', point to an emergent theoretical approach, itself a hybrid construction, where Installation Art resides between the performing body and the built form.


Coherent democracies and harshly authoritarian states have few civil wars, and intermediate regimes are the most conflict-prone. Domestic violence also seems to be associated with political change, whether toward greater democracy or greater autocracy. Is the greater violence of intermediate regimes equivalent to the finding that states in political transition experience more violence? If both level of democracy and political change are relevant, to what extent is civil violence related to each? Based on an analysis of the period 1816–1992, we conclude that intermediate regimes are most prone to civil war, even when they have had time to stabilize from a regime change. In the long run, since intermediate regimes are less stable than autocracies, which in turn are less stable than democracies, durable democracy is the most probable end-point of the democratization process. The democratic civil peace is not only more just than the autocratic peace but also more stable.


Within manufacturing of metallic components, machining plays an important role and is of vital significance to ensure process reliability. From a cutting tool design perspective, tool macro geometry design based on physics based numerical modelling is highly needed that can predict chip morphology. The chip morphology describes the chip shape geometry and the chip curl geometry. The prediction of chip flow and chip shape is vital in predicting chip breakage, ensuring good chip evacuation and lower surface roughness. To this end, a platform where such a numerical model's chip morphology prediction can be compared with experimental investigation is needed and is the focus of this work. The studied cutting processes are orthogonal cutting process and nose turning process. Numerical models that simulate the chip formation process are employed to predict the chip morphology and are accompanied by machining experiments. Computed tomography is used to scan the chips obtained from machining experiments and its ability to capture the variation in chip morphology is evaluated. For nose turning process, chip curl parameters during the cutting process are to be calculated. Kharkevich model is utilized in this regard to calculate the 'chip in process' chip curl parameters. High speed videography is used to measure the chip side flow angle during the cutting process experiments and are directly compared to physics based model predictions. The results show that the methodology developed provides the framework where advances in numerical models can be evaluated reliably from a chip morphology prediction capability view point for nose turning process. The numerical modeling results show that the chip morphology variation for varying cutting conditions is predicted qualitatively. The results of quantitative evaluation of chip morphology prediction shows that the error in prediction is too large to be used for predictive modelling purposes.


International audience

 We state well-known abc-conjecture of Masser-Oesterlé and its explicit version, popularly known as the explicit abc-conjecture, due to Baker. Laishram and Shorey derived from the explicit abc-conjecture that (1.1) implies that $c < N^{1.75}$. We give a survey on improvements of this result and its consequences. Finally we prove that $c < N^{1.7}$ and apply this estimate on an equation related to a conjecture of Hickerson that a factorial is not a product of factorials non-trivially.


What are the relations between linguistic encoding and gestural representations of events during online speaking? The few studies that have been conducted on this topic have yielded somewhat incompatible results with regard to whether and how gestural representations of events change with differences in the preferred semantic and syntactic encoding possibilities of languages. Here we provide large scale semantic, syntactic and temporal analyses of speech- gesture pairs that depict 10 different motion events from 20 Turkish and 20 English speakers. We find that the gestural representations of the same events differ across languages when they are encoded by different syntactic frames (i.e., verb-framed or satellite-framed). However, where there are similarities across languages, such as omission of a certain element of the event in the linguistic encoding, gestural representations also look similar and omit the same content. The results are discussed in terms of what gestures reveal about the influence of language specific encoding on online thinking patterns and the underlying interactions between speech and gesture during the speaking process.


Hot and Bothered One of the most uncertain aspects of energy production at geothermal fields is the potential for the induction of earthquakes from extraction of hot fluids and injection of wastewater back into the subsurface. Brodsky and Lajoie (p. 543, published online 11 July) compared the historical rates of seismicity—after correcting for the occurrence of aftershocks—to operational parameters at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field in southern California. The net volume of fluid extracted and injected was correlated with recent seismicity. However, since the 1980s, when the first plant came online, the rate of earthquakes induced with additional increments of volume injected has decreased. The net volume of geothermal fluid extracted is the most direct control on induced seismicity rate. Geothermal power is a growing energy source; however, efforts to increase production are tempered by concern over induced earthquakes. Although increased seismicity commonly accompanies geothermal production, induced earthquake rate cannot currently be forecast on the basis of fluid injection volumes or any other operational parameters. We show that at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, the total volume of fluid extracted or injected tracks the long-term evolution of seismicity. After correcting for the aftershock rate, the net fluid volume (extracted-injected) provides the best correlation with seismicity in recent years. We model the background earthquake rate with a linear combination of injection and net production rates that allows us to track the secular development of the field as the number of earthquakes per fluid volume injected decreases over time.


Background: This is a descriptive short report of a cross-sectional study conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology unit (ORL) of the Bogodogo district community hospital and in the Unit of Bacteriology/Virology of the National Laboratory of Public Health. This study sought to provide insight into the quality of antibiotic prescribing in patients with purulent acute otitis media (PAOM) to establish a better treatment and management of local population 'health. Methods and findings: A cross-sectional investigation was carried out from June 2014 to January 2015. Here, we reported and included in the analysis 58 cases of antibiotic-naive patients diagnosed with purulent acute otitis media seen in the otorhinolaryngology unit of the Bogodogo district community hospital. Thirtyone (31) patients were over 15 years. Males were the dominant group with a sex ratio of 1.3. Sixty-two (62) bacterial strains were isolated from patient samples of which Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas accounted for 37.1%, 32.2% and (22.6%), respectively. Among the antibiotics tested, four (4) classes proved effective: Gentamycin (98%), Ciprofloxacin (97%), Imipenem (82%) and the 3rd generation of Ceftriaxone (76%).However, the sensitivity to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid was very low. Conclusions: Self-medicating, over-prescribing unnecessary drugs are among the cause of resistance to antibiotic treatment. We were able to identify the main bacteria involved in purulent acute otitis and hope this effort of generating data will be useful to improve the care for patient in Burkina and beyond in SunSaharan Africa.


This study uses a domestic dwelling as the setting to investigate and explore the applicability of daylighting metrics for residential buildings, including the formulation of metrics for nonvisual effects. The simulation approach used to generate the performance data from which the metrics are derived is called climate-based daylight modelling (CBDM). This approach delivers predictions of various luminous quantities using sun and sky conditions that are derived from standardised annual meteorological datasets. Although there are uncertainties regarding the precise calibration, there is now sufficient empirical data to parameterise models that also simulate the non-visual aspects of daylight, e.g. for circadian entrainment and a general sense of "alertness". For these non-visual aspects, vertical illuminance at the eye was predicted using a modified climate-based daylight modelling approach. In the paper, we consider what relation there might be between the three aspects of daylight provision and if these relations appear to be complementary or conflicting in nature: for task; to reduce electric lighting usage; and, for non-visual effects. The implications for future building guidelines for daylighting are also discussed.


'For God's sake look after our people' Captain Scott's harrowing account of his expedition to the South Pole in 1910-12 was first published in 1913. In his journals Scott records his party's optimistic departure from New Zealand, the hazardous voyage of theTerra Nova to Antarctica, and the trek with ponies and dogs across the ice to the Pole. On the way the explorers conduct scientific experiments, collect specimens, and get to know each other's characters. Their discovery that Amundsen has beaten them to their goal, and the endurance with which they face an 850-mile march to safety, have become the stuff of legend. This new edition publishes for the first time a complete list of the changes made to Scott's original text before publication. In his Introduction Max Jones illuminates the Journals' writing and publication, Scott's changing reputation, and the continued attraction of heroes in our cynical age. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


Individuals with autoimmune diseases show a preponderance of certain types of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. It has usually been assumed that this is because these MHC molecules bind the autoantigens associated with the disease more efficiently than they bind other antigens. In their Perspective,
 Ridgway
 et al.
 propose another explanation for this association-these MHC molecules are poor at screening out the autoantigens when the immune system is first defined in the thymus.


This paper attempts to appraise African filmmaking and the content of African films from a Nigerian film audience perspective. The study specifically explores the disposition of the audience towards contemporary African filmmaking for home video and cinema entertainment as well as the content of African films. The study used a qualitative questionnaire to determine the perspectives of residents in Lagos as members of the Nigerian film audience. The study found the perception of the content of contemporary African films, particularly home videos, to vary among the film audience. Opinion largely favoured a new orientation towards a de-emphasis on obscene scenes, rituals, fetish practices, violent crimes and display of partial or total nudity in the content of African films. The study, therefore, recommends that regulatory bodies set up in most African countries, such as the Nigerian Film and Video Censors Board, should own up to their responsibilities in terms of ensuring strict compliance of African film makers or producers with rules and regulations guiding film production, content of films and exposure guidelines.


This paper proposes computationally tractable methods for selecting the appropriate spatial weighting matrix in the context of a spatial quantile regression model. This selection is a notoriously difficult problem even in linear spatial models and is even more difficult in a quantile regression setup. The proposal is illustrated by an empirical example and manages to produce tractable models. One important feature of the proposed methodology is that by allowing different degrees and forms of spatial dependence across quantiles it further relaxes the usual quantile restriction attributable to the linear quantile regression. In this way we can obtain a more robust, with regard to potential functional misspecification, model, but nevertheless preserve the parametric rate of convergence and the established inferential apparatus associated with the linear quantile regression approach.


In this thesis we focus on omnidirectional multi-view systems, in particular central catadioptric systems. We go from the very early step of calibration to the high level task of 3D information recovery. We also consider a very important intermediate step, which is the development of properly adapted features for central catadioptric systems. In the following paragraphs we describe in moredetail the goals reached on this thesis. We selected the sphere camera model to deal with the central catadioptric systems since it gives information about the elements of the system than other models. In particular it gives important information about the mirror shape used in the catadioptric system. We introduce this model in detail in Chapter 2 along with an analysis of the relation between this model and actual central catadioptric systems. We also introduce the so-called lifted coordinates. In Sturm and Barreto (2008) the complete general theoretic projection matrix that considers all central catadioptric systems has been presented. We use this projection matrix to construct a new approach to calibrate any single- viewpoint catadioptric camera. Chapter 3 presents this approach, which requires twenty 3D-2D correspondences to compute the projection matrix. The 3D points must lie on at least three different planes. The projection of 3D points on a catadioptric image is performed linearly using a 6 × 10 projection matrix, which uses lifted coordinates for image and 3D points. From this matrix, an initial estimation of the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the catadioptric system is obtained. We use these parameters to initialize a non-linear optimization process. This approach is also able to calibrate slightly non-central cameras, in particular, fish-eye cameras. Since reprojection error is not sufficient to determine the accuracy of the approach, we decide to perform a 3D reconstruction from two omnidirectional images. During the development of our proposed calibration algorithm we realize that there was a lack of deep analysis and comparison of the existing calibration methods for central catadioptric systems. Moreover, for the robotics community where most tasks require to recover information from the environment, calibration of cameras is a basic step. At the same time this step should be easy to perform and reliable. In this order we perform a classification of the existing approaches. On the other hand we select those approaches which are already available as OpenSource and which do not require a complex pattern or scene to perform a comparison using synthetic and real images, so the user could select the more convenient for its particular case. Chapter 4 presents these methods and an analysis of their advantages and drawbacks. In Chapter 5 we present a deep analysis of the two-view relations of uncalibrated central catadioptric systems. We particularly pay attention to the mixture of central catadioptric systems and perspective cameras, which we call hybrid. The two-view geometric relations we consider are the hybrid fundamental matrix and the hybrid planar homography. These matrices contain useful geometric information. We study three different types of matrices, varying in complexity depending on their capacity to deal with a single or multiple types of central catadioptric systems. The first and simplest one is designed to deal with paracatadioptric systems, the second one and more complex, considers the combination of a perspective camera and any central catadioptric system. The last one is the complete and generic model which is able to deal with any combination of central catadioptric systems. We show that the generic and most complex model sometimes is not the best option when we deal with real images. Simpler models are not as accurate as the complete model in the ideal case, but they provide a better and more accurate behavior in presence of noise, being simpler and requiring less correspondences to be computed. Finally using the best models we present the successful matching between perspective images and hypercatadioptric images introducing geometrical constraints into a robust estimation technique. Another basic step in vision and robotics applications is feature detection/extraction. Through the years several techniques have been developed for conventional (perspective) cameras. The SIFT proposed by Lowe (2004) has become the most used feature extraction approach. This scale invariant approach is based on the approximation to the Laplacian of Gaussians (LoG) through the difference of Gaussians (DoG). The Gaussian filtering in Euclidean computer vision, which is required to construct the scale space of the images can be computed in two ways: either using convolution with a Gaussian kernel or by implementing the linear heat flow. In Chapter 6 we develop a new approach to compute the scale space of any omnidirectional image acquired with a central catadioptric system. We combine the sphere camera model and the partial differential equations framework on manifolds, to compute the Laplace-Beltrami (LB) operator which is a second order differential operator required to perform the Gaussian smoothing on catadioptric images. In Chapters 7, 8, 9 we present three applications we have developed using multi-view omnidirectional systems. The first one performs the self-localization of a robot using reference omnidirectional images in an indoors environment. We only need one omnidirectional image of the whole scene stored in the robot memory and a conventional uncalibrated on-board camera. We match the omnidirectional image and the conventional images captured by the on-board camera and compute the hybrid epipolar geometry using lifted coordinates and robust techniques. We map the epipole in the reference omnidirectional image to a ground plane through a homography in lifted coordinates also, giving the position of the robot in the planar ground, and its uncertainty. The second application consist of computing the orientation of a hand-held catadioptric system. We use the vanishing points which contain geometric information related to the orientation of the catadioptric system with respect to the dominant directions in man-made environments. The vanishing points are computed from the intersection of parallel lines. The 3D lines are projected in catadioptric images as conics, actually degenerate conics. We extract analytically the projected lines corresponding to straight lines in the scene by using the internal calibration and two image points that lie on the corresponding line projection. The last application instead of using a catadioptric system it uses a LadyBug1 camera, which corresponds to the Polycamera previously described. The unified coordinate frame as well as the intrinsic parameters of each camera are known. We develop a new way to compute a topological map using only orientation information. Similar to the last application but with a calibrated camera we exploit the natural presence of lines in man-made environments in dominant directions. From the parallel lines we robustly compute the three dominant directions using vanishing points. With this information we align the camera with respect to the scene and we identify the turns in the trajectory, assuming a Manhattan world where the changes of heading in are related by multiples of 90 degrees. We also use geometrical image-pair constraints as a tool to identify the visual traversable nodes that compose the topological map.


In the light of persistent regional disparities in Germany, a wide range of studies discuss the role of regional characteristics in explaining the mobility behavior of individuals. Although multi-stage mobility theories underline the importance of regional structures particularly within the first stage of the decision-making process – whereas the actual mobility behavior is often seen as being dependent on intervening factors and restrictions – only few studies consider contextual characteristics while modeling mobility intentions or dispositions. Above all the potentially varying subjective evaluation of local opportunity structures of different groups of actors is rarely taken into account in previous empirical investigations. In order to close this gap, the present study models mobility dispositions as a function of individual as well as regional covariates and also includes interactions between these two levels. With this approach, some light can be shed on the underlying mechanisms concerning regional structures in the decision-making process. The empirical findings show considerable main and interaction effects regarding the local labor market situation and, to a somewhat lesser extent, concerning the development of the regional economic climate. Formally, the empirical models are implemented using a multilevel proportional- as well as partial-proportional odds approach, whereby it is possible to relax the restrictive assumption of equal effects of the covariates at every stage of the ordered outcome variable. The incorporation of small scale structural features is enabled by the usage of SOEP-Geodata.


While the value of teamwork for promoting effectiveness in organisational settings is widely acknowledged, nearly a century of research on teamwork within organisational psychology suggests that there are real difficulties in achieving effective teamwork. In these two linked articles, research is reviewed on the problems for teams of personality factors, flawed decision making, excessive cohesiveness, and social loafing. The effect of interventions designed to improve team functioning is examined. In the second of the articles, the problems identified in team working generally are examined in primary care settings, by reference to detailed case studies in six primary health care teams. The barriers to teamwork in these settings are identified but ways of overcoming them, suggested by organisational psychological research, are outlined.


The study investigated Information and Communication Technology (ICT) competence and the use of electronic resources by university faculty members in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised faculty members in Al-Hikmah University and University of Ilorin. Raosoft Online Sample Size Calculator was used to calculate the sample size with precision levels of 5% and confidence level of 95% and the recommended sample size was 309. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the samples from the population. Data was collected through a research instrument titled "Information and Communication Technology Competence and the use of Electronic Resources by Faculty Members Questionnaire (ICTCERFMQ)". Content-related approach of validation was conducted to ensure the validity of the instrument while the instrument has reliability with Cronbach's alpha values between 0.684 and 0.813. Copies of the questionnaire were analyzed with the IBM SPSS version 21.0 using simple frequency counts and percentages. The presentations of the data for the research objectives were done using tables and pie chart. For testing of the hypothesis, Spearman Rank Order Correlation was adopted. The finding generally revealed that there is a significant relationship between ICT competence and the use of e-resources based on the type of e-resources preferred and purpose of using eresources by faculty members in Ilorin metropolis (rs(297)= 0.132, p<0.05). Among other recommendations, the study recommended that university management should ensure that competence in ICT is a major requirement in the recruitment process.


This article details the creation and development of the Oregon State University Queer Archives (OSQA) as the product of collaboration between an archivist and professor. The authors provide an overview of the history of OSQA, including theoretical foundations of queer archival methods; discuss community-based initiatives that have helped to build the archive; and share lessons learned through their collaboration. They conclude by offering recommendations for others who are considering collaborations between archivists and professors on Queer Archives initiatives as well as other community-based archives in higher education settings.


Purpose: The level of innovation is essential for a company's or country's competitive advantage and the ways to measure innovation are manifold. The review aims to give an overview over the continuously growing body on approaches to measure innovation. Design/methodology/approach: A new definition of innovation measuring is proposed. Based on this definition a structured approach for researching the literature was applied. A selection of 30 advances is discussed and a 4-level-of-analysis-framework is applied to review the broad research on measuring innovation on individual, work team, company and country level. Findings: The narrative review shows that specific measuring frameworks exists for each level of analysis. Output oriented indicators can be found on all levels, they are complemented by potential enablers on country level, process indicators on company and project level and behavioural indicators on individual level. Approaches specifically focussing on work teams could not be found. Research limitations/implications: Further research is needed on specific advances on measuring innovation on work-team level. Practical implications: By discussing key characteristics of the reviewed studies, the analysis will help decision makers to choose a fitting approach and support researchers by identifying open fields of research. It is recommended to research on advances to measure innovation on work team level to close the existing gap. Originality/value: While influences on innovation are extensively discussed a comprehensive overview over the approaches to identify the effects of modifying these influences is missing. This paper intends to closes this gap.


The response to iron limitation of several bacteria is regulated by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur). The Fur-regulated transcriptional, translational and metabolic networks of the Gram-positive, pathogen Clostridioides difficile were investigated by a combined RNA sequencing, proteomic, metabolomic and electron microscopy approach. At high iron conditions (15 μM) the C. difficile fur mutant displayed a growth deficiency compared to wild type C. difficile cells. Several iron and siderophore transporter genes were induced by Fur during low iron (0.2 μM) conditions. The major adaptation to low iron conditions was observed for the central energy metabolism. Most ferredoxin-dependent amino acid fermentations were significantly down regulated (had, etf, acd, grd, trx, bdc, hbd). The substrates of these pathways phenylalanine, leucine, glycine and some intermediates (phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-isocaproate, 3-hydroxy-butyryl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA) accumulated, while end products like isocaproate and butyrate were found reduced. Flavodoxin (fldX) formation and riboflavin biosynthesis (rib) were enhanced, most likely to replace the missing ferredoxins. Proline reductase (prd), the corresponding ion pumping RNF complex (rnf) and the reaction product 5-aminovalerate were significantly enhanced. An ATP forming ATPase (atpCDGAHFEB) of the F0F1-type was induced while the formation of a ATP-consuming, proton-pumping V-type ATPase (atpDBAFCEKI) was decreased. The [Fe-S] enzyme-dependent pyruvate formate lyase (pfl), formate dehydrogenase (fdh) and hydrogenase (hyd) branch of glucose utilization and glycogen biosynthesis (glg) were significantly reduced, leading to an accumulation of glucose and pyruvate. The formation of [Fe-S] enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (coo) was inhibited. The fur mutant showed an increased sensitivity to vancomycin and polymyxin B. An intensive remodeling of the cell wall was observed, Polyamine biosynthesis (spe) was induced leading to an accumulation of spermine, spermidine, and putrescine. The fur mutant lost most of its flagella and motility. Finally, the CRISPR/Cas and a prophage encoding operon were downregulated. Fur binding sites were found upstream of around 20 of the regulated genes. Overall, adaptation to low iron conditions in C. difficile focused on an increase of iron import, a significant replacement of iron requiring metabolic pathways and the restructuring of the cell surface for protection during the complex adaptation phase and was only partly directly regulated by Fur.


Too often, finance courses stop short of making a connection between textbook finance and the problems of real-world business. Financial Modeling bridges this gap between theory and practice by providing a nuts-and-bolts guide to solving common financial models with spreadsheets. Simon Benninga takes the reader step by step through each model, showing how it can be solved using Microsoft Excel. The long-awaited third edition of this standard text maintains the "cookbook" features and Excel dependence that have made the first and second editions so popular. It also offers significant new material, with new chapters covering such topics as bank valuation, the Black-Litterman approach to portfolio optimization, Monte Carlo methods and their applications to option pricing, and using array functions and formulas. Other chapters, including those on basic financial calculations, portfolio models, calculating the variance-covariance matrix, and generating random numbers, have been revised, with many offering substantially new and improved material. Other areas covered include financial statement modeling, leasing, standard portfolio problems, value at risk (VaR), real options, duration and immunization, and term structure modeling. Technical chapters treat such topics as data tables, matrices, the Gauss-Seidel method, and tips for using Excel. The last section of the text covers the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) techniques needed for the book. The accompanying CD contains Excel worksheets and solutions to end-of-chapter exercises.


The question of what are good views of a 3D object has been addressed by numerous researchers in perception, computer vision, and computer graphics. This has led to a large variety of measures for the goodness of views as well as some special-case viewpoint selection algorithms. In this article, we leverage the results of a large user study to optimize the parameters of a general model for viewpoint goodness, such that the fitted model can predict people's preferred views for a broad range of objects. Our model is represented as a combination of attributes known to be important for view selection, such as projected model area and silhouette length. Moreover, this framework can easily incorporate new attributes in the future, based on the data from our existing study. We demonstrate our combined goodness measure in a number of applications, such as automatically selecting a good set of representative views, optimizing camera orbits to pass through good views and avoid bad views, and trackball controls that gently guide the viewer towards better views.


Causes of football hooliganism are still widely disputed by academics, and narrative accounts from reflective ex‐hooligans in the public domain are often sensationalized. The aims of this essay are to critically assess some of the main academic theories behind the causes of football hooliganism; and, to consider the value of gathering less sensationalistic in‐depth narrative accounts from reflective ex‐hooligans in order to further understanding. This has been achieved through presenting findings from a case study comprising interviews and a life testimony from an ex‐ football hooligan who has become an active member of a Christian church. The methodological value of narrative accounts from reflective ex‐hooligans is also discussed in relation to its validity, representation and its general appropriateness towards the study of football hooliganism. A case is made for sociologists to consider using in‐depth oral accounts from reflective ex‐hooligans in order to ensure theory reflects empirical evidence.


Aperiodic and fractal optical elements are proving to be promising candidates in image-forming devices. In this paper, we analyze the diffraction patterns of Fibonacci gratings (FbGs), which are prototypical examples of aperiodicity. They exhibit novel characteristics such as redundancy and robustness that keep their imaging characteristics intact even when there is significant loss of information. FbGs also contain fractal signatures and are characterized by a fractal dimension. Our study suggests that aperiodic gratings may be better than their fractal counterparts in technologies based on such architectures. We also identify the demarcating features of aperiodic and fractal diffraction, which have been rather fuzzy in the literature so far.


Objectives & Background Hepatitis (HBV&HCV) testing in the UK is currently targeted at groups perceived to be at high risk. Late diagnosis is common. Initial infection may only be accompanied by a mild illness or be completely asymptomatic. Chronic infection can occur and may progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma if untreated.1 Early diagnosis and treatment are effective in reducing disease progression (HBV) or elimination of the virus (HCV). Our aim was to determine the potential for blood borne virus testing within the ED and to evaluate the burden of HBV/HCV in our local population. Methods Patients over the age of 16 were offered Hepatitis B (Surface antigen) and Hepatitis C (IgG antibodies) testing, if they required venepuncture during their ED attendance, in a 6 week period from 15th February 2016–27th March 2016. Tests were ordered using a pre-configured order-set including a pre-selected Hep BsAg and HepC IgGAbs. Patients were informed of the intention to test all attendances and were able to opt out if desired. Positive test results were followed up at a rapid access one-stop clinic. Results Over a 6 week period, 3073 (49%) and 2982 (47%) accepted testing for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C respectively. 1.1% (n=35) tested positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen, indicating acute or chronic infection. 2.2% (n=66) tested positive for Hepatitis C antibodies, indicating current or previous HCV infection. Hepatitis C antigen testing was positive in 1.2% (n=35) indicating current HCV infection. The median age of all patients tested was 45 years (16–100 years) female 51%. HBV antibody positive: median age 42 years (24–82 years), Gender: Male 70% Ethnicity: 40% Black or Black British. HCV antigen positive: Median age 41 years (22–77 years) Gender: Male 72%, 40% White British. Two newly diagnosed patients were eligible to be commenced on direct acting anti-virals. One patient had evidence of cirrhosis on initial fibroscan. Conclusion Consider the ED for opportunistic blood borne virus testing in areas of high prevalence. We achieved testing rates of approximately 50% by use of a pre-configured blood order set and an opt-out policy, resulting in identification of new diagnoses and lost to follow-up patients. Use of a one-stop clinic provides rapid entry to care for positive patients and reduces burden of follow-up for the ED.


In this paper, we introduce a direct manipulation tabletop multi-touch user interface for spatial audio scenes. Although spatial audio rendering exists for several decades now, mass market applications have not been developed and the user interfaces still address a small group of expert users. We implemented an easy-to-use direct manipulation interface for multiple users, taking full advantage of the object-based audio rendering mode. Two versions of the user interface have been developed to explore variations in information architecture and will be evaluated in user tests.


Spectroscopic data on the absorption and the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetimes are presented for Cr4+:Y2SiO5, the newest Cr4+-doped laser crystal. The fluorescence measurements were conducted at temperatures ranging from 10 to 310 K, and the absorption spectra were measured at room temperature and 77 K. Spectroscopic analysis of the absorption and the emission spectra is performed on the basis of a distorted tetrahedral symmetry for the Cr4+ site, namely C3V. The tetravalent chromium substitutes for Si4+ in this crystal, and there is no evidence for the presence of chromium in any other valence state. The Cr4+ site is characterized by strong crystal field parameters. We have tentatively assigned the sharp line at 1146 nm in the low-temperature fluorescence spectrum (excited by 1064-nm radiation) to the spin-forbidden singlet-to-triplet transition 1E–3A2, and the broad band with the peak at 1225 nm to the spin-allowed 3T2–3A2 transition. Excitation at 532 nm results in an additional type of emission in the near infrared. A similar dependence of the lasing wavelength on the pump wavelength was observed in the laser operation of the crystal at 77 K [ Chai , in Advanced Solid-State Lasers, ChaseL. L.PintoA. A., eds., Vol. 13 of OSA Proceedings Series ( Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1992), pp. 28– 30].


Due to technological advances in electron microscopy (EM) and deep learning, it is now practical to reconstruct a connectome, a description of neurons and the connections between them, for significant volumes of neural tissue. The limited scope of past reconstructions meant they were primarily used by domain experts, and performance was not a serious problem. But the new reconstructions, of common laboratory creatures such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, upend these assumptions. These natural neural networks now contain tens of thousands of neurons and tens of millions of connections between them, with yet larger reconstructions pending, and are of interest to a large community of non-specialists. This requires new tools that are easy to use and efficiently handle large data. We introduce neuPrint to address these data analysis challenges. neuPrint is a database and analysis ecosystem that organizes connectome data in a manner conducive to biological discovery. In particular, we propose a data model that allows users to access the connectome at different levels of abstraction primarily through a graph database, neo4j, and its powerfully expressive query language Cypher. neuPrint is compatible with modern connectome reconstruction workflows, providing tools for assessing reconstruction quality, and offering both batch and incremental updates to match modern connectome reconstruction flows. Finally, we introduce a web interface and programmer API that targets a diverse user skill set. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of neuPrint through example database queries.


Mixed-blood urban Native peoples in Canada are profoundly affected by federal legislation that divides Aboriginal peoples into different legal categories. In this pioneering book, Bonita Lawrence reveals the ways in which mixed-blood urban Natives understand their identities and struggle to survive in a world that, more often than not, fails to recognize them. In "Real" Indians and Others Lawrence draws on the first-person accounts of thirty Toronto residents of Native heritage, as well as archival materials, sociological research, and her own urban Native heritage and experiences. She sheds light on the Canadian government's efforts to define Native identity through the years by means of the Indian Act and shows how policies such as residential schooling, loss of official Indian status, and adoption have affected Native identity. Lawrence looks at how Natives with "Indian status" react and respond to "nonstatus" Natives and how federally recognized Native peoples attempt to impose an identity on urban Natives. Drawing on her interviews with urban Natives, she describes the devastating loss of community that has resulted from identity legislation and how urban Native peoples have wrestled with their past and current identities. Lawrence also addresses the future and explores the forms of nation building that can reconcile the differences in experiences and distinct agendas of urban and reserve-based Native communities. Bonita Lawrence is an assistant professor of women's studies and Native studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. She recently co-edited (with Kim Anderson) Strong Women Stories: Native Vision and Community Survival.


The security of natural gas supply is an important issue for all EU countries due to the region's heavy dependence on imported supply sources and in light of energy demand for gas that is continuously increasing. Discussions have emphasised strategies for securing the supply at the macro level, e.g. diversification in supply sources, increase in storage capacity, etc. By contrast, consumers' demand for the reliability of gas supply is rarely investigated. Hence this study was conducted to examine the economic implications associated with the security of gas supply directly to domestic consumers. Based on the choice experiment approach, household surveys were conducted in France, Italy and the UK. The results confirmed that the degree of the economic impact of a disruption of gas supply to domestic consumers was a function of the duration of a supply disruption and the season in which a supply cut would take place, as well as other preferences of consumers. The willingness to pay to secure per unit of gas consumption, or alternatively the costs of gas unsupplied, was estimated at between €2.65/cubic metre and €41.48/cubic metre across three different European countries.


Abstract. Documentation of the "as-built" state of building interiors has gained a lot of interest in the recent years. Various data acquisition methods exist, e.g. the extraction from photographed evacuation plans using image processing or, most prominently, indoor mobile laser scanning. Due to clutter or data gaps as well as errors during data acquisition and processing, automatic reconstruction of CAD/BIM-like models from these data sources is not a trivial task. Thus it is often tried to support reconstruction by general rules for the perpendicularity and parallelism which are predominant in man-made structures. Indoor environments of large, public buildings, however, often also follow higher-level rules like symmetry and repetition of e.g. room sizes and corridor widths. In the context of reconstruction of city city elements (e.g. street networks) or building elements (e.g. fac¸ade layouts), formal grammars have been put to use. In this paper, we describe the use of Lindenmayer systems - which originally have been developed for the computer-based modelling of plant growth - to model and reproduce the layout of indoor environments in 2D.


A complex set of hydrodynamical structures co-exist over the Bay of Biscay continental shelf. These structures, which can spread over a limited spatial range (10s of km) and last for periods ranging from days to months, influence the rates and nature of biological production. They need to be accurately described before the mechanisms linking hydrodynamics to production can be unraveled. Such description generally requires not only 3D observations of hydrological fields (temperature, salinity, density), but also a description of how these fields vary with time. This is hardly achievable with current means of field observation but can be mimicked by hydrodynamic model simulations. Using simulations from a 3D hydrodynamic model, we developed a methodology that allows for the description of hydrological landscapes, i.e. a description of the 3D fields and of their changes with time. The method was applied to the structures present over the Bay of Biscay shelf in spring. Eight hydrological landscapes were identified: high estuary, low estuary, coastal, river plume, near coastal, central shelf, open shelf and northwestern shelf. With this technique, we show that structures that have been qualitatively described in the literature can be identified objectively and that some new structures can be detected. All 8 hydrological landscapes are found every year, but their spatial extent can vary greatly from year to year. This variation for all landscapes except for the northwestern shelf can be summarised by a single index, which is strongly related to the runoff from the main rivers along the French coast.


Abstract. Knowledge about mass discrimination effects in a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) is crucial for quantifying, e.g., the recently discovered extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOCs) and other compounds for which no calibration standard exists so far. Here, we present a simple way of estimating mass discrimination effects of a nitrate-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. Characterization of the mass discrimination is achieved by adding different perfluorinated acids to the mass spectrometer in amounts sufficient to deplete the primary ions significantly. The relative transmission efficiency can then be determined by comparing the decrease of signals from the primary ions and the increase of signals from the perfluorinated acids at higher masses. This method is in use already for PTR-MS; however, its application to a CI-APi-TOF brings additional difficulties, namely clustering and fragmentation of the measured compounds, which can be treated with statistical analysis of the measured data, leading to self-consistent results. We also compare this method to a transmission estimation obtained with a setup using an electrospray ion source, a high-resolution differential mobility analyzer and an electrometer, which estimates the transmission of the instrument without the CI source. Both methods give different transmission curves, indicating non-negligible mass discrimination effects of the CI source. The absolute transmission of the instrument without the CI source was estimated with the HR-DMA method to plateau between the m∕z range of 127 and 568 Th at around 1.5 %; however, for the CI source included, the depletion method showed a steady increase in relative transmission efficiency from the m∕z range of the primary ion (mainly at 62 Th) to around 550 Th by a factor of around 5. The main advantages of the depletion method are that the instrument is used in the same operation mode as during standard measurements and no knowledge of the absolute amount of the measured substance is necessary, which results in a simple setup.


Background: Despite the importance of 5-HT1A as a major target for the action of several anxiolytics/antidepressant drugs, little is known about its regulation in central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurons. Results: We report that expression of 5-HT1A and the transcription factor Pet1 was impaired in the rostral raphe nuclei of mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase 2 ( Tph2 ) after birth. The downregulation of Pet1 was recapitulated in 5-Ht1a -/- mice. Using an explant culture system, we show that reduction of Pet1 and 5-HT1A was rescued in Tph2 -/-brainstem by exogenous 5-HT. In contrast, 5-HT failed to rescue reduced expression of Pet1 in 5-Ht1a -/- brainstem explant culture. Conclusions: These results suggest a causal relationship between 5-HT1A and Pet1 , and reveal a potential mechanism by which 5-HT1A -Pet1 autoregulatory loop is maintained by 5-HT in a spatiotemporal-specific manner during postnatal development. Our results are relevant to understanding the pathophysiology of certain psychiatric and developmental disorders.


Zanthoxylum bungeanum is an edible and medicinal plant with great economic value in East Asia due to high sanshool content in its pericarp. Sanshools not only provide a unique pungency in cuisine, but also have potential for use in anaesthetics, anticancer drugs, and botanical safeners. In this study, to identify the candidate genes related to sanshool biosynthesis, the transcriptomes of pericarps from three developmental stages were comparatively analysed. According to differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, 2322 unigenes were upregulated or downregulated significantly among the three types of pericarps and 176 of the DEGs were putative transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 40 TF families. Furthermore, based on the chemical structure of sanshools and unigene annotation, DEGs involved in the pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism and amino acid transport were predicted. These DEGs were related to sanshool biosynthesis and 12 candidate enzymes encoded by 18 unigenes were related to the biosynthesis and metabolism of sanshools and identified and classified into three groups. This study provides a global survey of gene expression patterns in pericarp development of Z. bungeanum, which offers clues regarding important regulatory mechanisms, especially with respect to sanshool biosynthesis in the pericarp of Z. bungeanum.


The aim of the research is to rethink how students of mathematics learn, by employing the 'late' Husserl's theory of knowledge. To do this the mathematical investigations of three prospective teachers of mathematics are explored, focusing on 'objectification' and 'intuition', thinking about how students acquire new knowledge in order to resolve mathematical tasks; in particular how students come to grasp mathematical objects in order to conceptualise the tasks. For this purpose I employed Husserl's phenomenological attitude and his methods of reduction and bracketing, informed by Merleau-Ponty's extension of the Husserlian frame. The course from where the data were collected included thirteen students, and the teacher facilitated my phenomenological perspective, by deliberately suspending guidance and any other intervention apart from introducing the operational aspect of the tasks.
By using the Husserlian theory and methodology and by following the teacher's non-intervention strategy I managed to track the 'moments' of objectification and the critical role of intuitions—in the Husserlian sense—in the process of objectification. The embodied, founding powers of the living body (the body-subject) and the pre-reflective and reflective intentional forces manifested their significance for the students' objectification processes. Most importantly, intuitions appeared as the critical acts that enabled each objectification to take place.
In summary, the main findings of the research and the related contributions of the study to knowledge are the following:
Intuitions are critical objectifying acts, preparing as well as constituting mathematical objects.
Three genetic features of intuitions are identified, thus allowing their tracing as such.
Empirical and abstract intuitions were shown as essentially interrelated, and the description of the transition from empirical to abstract knowledge through according objects was exemplified in a number of cases.
The general structure of the (Husserlian) abstract intuitions was clarified, leading to suggestions for teachers to introduce abstract objects in accordance to the aforementioned structure.
A novel phenomenological gaze on the mathematical learning experience is introduced, one that transforms ready-made mathematical objects to objectified lived experience. The contribution to knowledge suggested by this gaze is that it takes into account the complexity and richness of the learners' lived worlds, that it has the potential to reorient teaching practice into a student-oriented inclusive praxis, and finally, to enable the researcher to cash in Husserl's theoretical and methodological reflections as a "working philosophy".


Despite a successful process of economic growth in Chile principally engineered by a dramatic rise and diversification of primary exports since the late 1970s, rural poverty is still a widespread condition throughout the country; nearly 40 per cent of the rural population are affected by this condition. From a geographical perspective, rural poverty in Chile is a complex result of different intervening factors. The adoption of outward-oriented strategies of development since the mid-1970s has initiated some new trends that have adversely affected a significant segment of the rural population.

Thus, one of the results of the socio-productive change, which can be observed in the Chilean countryside, is a growing number of landless peasants and an aggressive market for agricultural land. New lands have been required for the expansion of export-led primary resources, notably agricultural and forestry. In parallel, the developing of a seasonal structure of labour demand has become an additional constraint affecting the rural labour force and the quality of life in rural areas.

Within the institutional framework of the government rural problems have been largely perceived as a responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture. However, usually the main difficulties affecting rural population are not only related to productive concerns but they are also associated with a wider number of inter-sectoral constraints (e.g. availability and access to housing, social services and infrastructure, to grass root organisations, to culture and recreation among others). So, any attempt oriented to increase rural development transcends unisectoral policies.

This study has three main general aims. First, it attempts to explore the background to rural poverty in Chile in a national and international context. Secondly it examines the regional evolution of agriculture in a highly-competitive framework. In this context, a comparison is made of a region that has been transformed by export-led agriculture with a region whose products have not been competitive internationally and, indeed, have found it difficult to remain competitive in the national market. Thirdly, it pretends to present and evaluate an intersectoral attempt by the democratic government of President Patricio Aylwin to alleviate rural poverty through better organisation and coordination of ministerial responsibilities dedicated to rural areas. The vehicle for improving horizontal coordination was the Interministerial Commission for Rural Development-CIDER. The regional focus was the VII Region (Maule), a region that had not benefited from export-led agriculture.


One key concern in vertical merger cases is input foreclosure. Input foreclosure involves raising the costs of competitors in the downstream market, which could in turn increase the sales and profits of the downstream merger partner. In this article, we explain how the upward pricing pressure resulting from unilateral incentives following a vertical merger can be scored with vertical Gross Upward Pricing Pressure Indices ("vGUPPIs"). These vGUPPIs are derived from an economic model where upstream firms sell differentiated inputs to downstream firms which in turn sell differentiated products. There are separate vGUPPIs for the upstream and downstream merging firms and, in addition, vGUPPIs for the rivals of the downstream firm whose costs are raised. Our model also explains how the vGUPPIs can account for potential input substitution and merger-specific elimination of double marginalization. These vGUPPIs are analogous to the horizontal GUPPIs commonly used for the evaluation of unilateral effects in horizontal mergers. Like the horizontal GUPPIs, the vGUPPIs provide more direct evidence on unilateral pricing incentives than other metrics commonly carried out in vertical merger cases, such as concentration indices and vertical arithmetic. They also are simpler to implement and require less data than merger simulation models.The Appendix:The Appendix supplements the technical analysis in the Moresi and Salop Vertical GUPPI article published in the Antitrust Law Journal.The appendices for this paper are available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2368872