In this paper I discuss the ways I'm using identity as a lens for exploring the complexities of power in workplaces. I draw on the work of theorists such as Deetz (1992; 1994), du Gay (1996a; 1996b) and Miller and Rose (1993; 1995) who all use Foucauldian concepts to explore identity and power. I describe how I have been using Rose's notion of 'assembled selves' (1996) to explore worker identities in a large public sector organisation in Australia. This analysis draws attention to the historical and cultural contingency of 'the subject' and the politics of identity.

In the first section of the paper I theorise identity using concepts from Foucault. Foucault draws attention to the complexities of the relationships between power, knowledge and 'the subject' (Dean, 1994; Dreyfus & Rabinow, 1982; Foucault, 1981, 1982, 1988; Ransom, 1997). Disrupting taken for granted understandings of 'the individual' as a fixed, cohesive, essential self, Foucault explores the ways subjects are produced (Foucault, 1981, 1982, 1988). Drawing on the work of Foucault, Rose points out: 'capacities for action emerge out of the specific regimes and technologies that machinate humans in diverse ways' (1996, p. 186). This view contrasts with much of the neo-human relations literature and critical management literature which both tend to understand human beings as possessing core or essential characteristics.
Modern power operates through the construction of new capacities and Foucault says that we need to pay attention to the ways capacities are produced in order to gain a better understanding of the complexities of power (1982). This begins to draw attention to the politics of identity.

Taking up the notion that our capacity to act is an effect rather than a cause, I explore the identities being produced in a contemporary Australian workplace. In this next section of the paper I draw on my involvement in a three year, Australian Research Council (ARC) funded project which examined everyday learning at work. I have been working with Rose's notion of assembled selves (1996) as a way of theorising learning at work. My interest is in the 'who' we learn 'to be' at work. Rose suggests that through being assembled with particular devices, techniques, people, and objects that 'selves' are produced (1996; 2000). In this part of the paper I explore the assemblages that contribute to producing a 'senior manager' in this workplace.

This analysis emphasises the everyday practices of the workplace and the capacities produced by these practices. It draws attention to the myriad of everyday activities and experiences where people are 'addressed, represented, and acted upon as if they were selves of a particular type' (Rose, 1996, p. 169). I suggest that the senior managers are both regulators and regulated. There are multiple networks of power in operation and the managers are not outside of these networks. While there are many examples of top-down power in this workplace, I contend that by focusing on this view we ignore the complexities of power at work. This analysis draws attention to the operation of other forms of power including disciplinary power and pastoral power in the workplace.

I conclude the paper by discussing the potential that the lens of identity provides for analysing the complexities of power at work. Identity provides a lens for disrupting the prevailing view of power found in much of the organisational literature. In both the mainstream managerial literature and more critical approaches power is understood as coercive and repressive, as an illegitimate control, as 'power over'. This approach is anchored in a tradition based on a sovereign understanding of power (Foucault, 1981). However, a focus on identity enables a conceptualisation of power that recognises the multiplicities of power. Here power is understood as both constraining and enabling (Ransom, 1997).


Discovery of endpoints and resources in M2M applications over large
networks is enabled by Resource Directories, but no special
consideration has been given to how such directories can scale beyond
what can be managed by a single device. This document explores
different ways in which Resource Directories can be scaled up from
single network to enterprise and global scale. It does not attempt to
standardize any of those methods, but only to demonstrate the
feasibility of such extensions and to provide terminology and
exploratory groundwork for later documents.


The ongoing tension between religious liberty and gay rights is a striking example of our country's profound and deep differences. But we are also divided over many other issues: immigration, criminal justice, abortion, contraception, poverty, and education, to name a few. Each of these differences pulls at the threads of a purported unity in pursuit of a "common good." In light of our contemporary situation, this Article argues that we can and must live with deep and irresolvable differences in our beliefs, values, identities, and groups through a "confident pluralism." A confident pluralism embraces a "right to differ" from state and majoritarian norms. It is rooted in the conviction that protecting the integrity of one's own beliefs and normative commitments does not depend on coercively silencing opposing views.A confident pluralism seeks to maximize the spaces where dialogue and persuasion can coexist with deep and intractable differences about beliefs, commitments, and ways of life. It is based upon two normative premises. The first is a suspicion of state power, a view that operates primarily as a constraint upon government. The second is a commitment to letting differences coexist, until (and unless) persuasion eliminates those differences. The second premise suggests that it is better to tolerate than to protest, better to project humility than certainty, and better to wait patiently for the fruits of persuasion than force the consequences of coercion.Part I sets out the meaning and scope of a confident pluralism. Part II considers three of its aspirations: tolerance, humility, and patience. Part III examines the pluralist argument in the current political moment, and Part IV addresses its relationship to anti-discrimination norms. Part V suggests some of the legal and constitutional implications of a confident pluralism. Part VI explores more tentatively its implications for institutional pluralism, private monopolies, boycotts, and speech.


The goal of this study is to develop different scenarios of water resource availability in Panama under climate change-induced temperature and precipitation variability, considering a potential doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration in the next 100 yr. The water balance model CLIRUN3 was combined with 20 yr of basic climate information records (precipitation, potential evapotranspirahon and water flow) to simulate monthly river runoff in the Chagres (Panama Canal) river basin. This basin supplies water to 25 % of the country's population and is of great importance for international navigation. In the cases of the Chiriqui and La Villa river basins, 10 yr of records were used. The Chiriqui river basin is the main national source of hydropower, while the La Villa river basin is of agricultural importance. The Chagres river basin is part of the Atlantic watershed while the others belong to the Pacific watershed. The model was calibrated and run for both watersheds under scenarios with temperature increments of + l and +2"C, while the precipitation changes considered were i 1 5 % for the Pacific and i 2 0 % for the Atlantic watershed. It was observed that the monthly runoff tends to decrease by 3 to 42% of the mean value in both watersheds when temperature increases and precipitation decreases. If both temperature and precipitation increase, the mean runoff value in the Pacific basins will be reduced by 5 to 35% from November to April and increased by 4 to 40% in the remaining months. In the basin of the Atlantic watershed all simulated monthly values are 3 to 50 % higher than the actual mean.


The corrosion inhibition capacity of the 3-acetylpyridine phenylhydrazone (APPH) has been investigated by gravimetric studies and electrochemical investigations like EIS and Tafel polarization analyses. Present study reveal that APPH act as a potential corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel even when the molecules are hydrolyzed in acid medium. Polarization studies establish that the molecule show mixed type corrosion inhibition on CS surface. Results obtained from these techniques are comparable and the hydrazone obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm on the corroding metal surface. Thermodynamic parameters of corrosion such as activation energy (E a ), enthalpy and entropy of activation of corrosion (∆H* and ∆S*) have also been estimated. Surface analysis using AFM confirm the adsorption of APPH molecules on the metal surface.


Recent years have witnessed the great success of deep learning models in semantic segmentation. Nevertheless, these models may not generalize well to unseen image domains due to the phenomenon of domain shift. Since pixel-level annotations are laborious to collect, developing algorithms which can adapt labeled data from source domain to target domain is of great significance. To this end, we propose self-ensembling attention networks to reduce the domain gap between different datasets. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed method is the first attempt to introduce selfensembling model to domain adaptation for semantic segmentation, which provides a different view on how to learn domain-invariant features. Besides, since different regions in the image usually correspond to different levels of domain gap, we introduce the attention mechanism into the proposed framework to generate attention-aware features, which are further utilized to guide the calculation of consistency loss in the target domain. Experiments on two benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework can yield competitive performance compared with the state of the art methods.


Our current understanding of Antarctic soils is derived from direct culture on selective media, biodiversity studies based on clone library construction and analysis, quantitative PCR amplification of specific gene sequences and the application of generic microarrays for microbial community analysis. Here, we investigated the biodiversity and functional potential of a soil community at Mars Oasis on Alexander Island in the southern Maritime Antarctic, by applying 454 pyrosequencing technology to a metagenomic library constructed from soil genomic DNA. The results suggest that the commonly cited range of phylotypes used in clone library construction and analysis of 78–730 OTUs (de-replicated to 30–140) provides low coverage of the major groups present (∼5%). The vast majority of functional genes (>77%) were for structure, carbohydrate metabolism, and DNA/RNA processing and modification. This study suggests that prokaryotic diversity in Antarctic terrestrial environments appears to be limited at the generic level, with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria being common. Cyanobacteria were surprisingly under-represented at 3.4% of sequences, although ∼1% of the genes identified were involved in CO2 fixation. At the sequence level there appeared to be much greater heterogeneity, and this might be due to high divergence within the relatively restricted lineages which have successfully colonized Antarctic terrestrial environments.


This paper represents the framework which offers the user friendly data collection of the multi-modal information that consists of image, location data and texts, and secondary use of them. A local area information map creation system, for disaster prevention or crime prevention, is shown as an application of the suggested framework. Users collect the image data where people need attention together with the location data from GPS and its comments by UMPC (Ultra-Mobile PC) or mobile phone outside. Currently, UMPC is used for the system development to temporarily overcome the limitations of application development on the mobile-phone, although data collection using mobile-phone must be a successful solution. Collected data are sent to a server machine, and the server machine automatically creates the information map that collected images and comments are arranged based on location data sent together. The created map is also published on the Net. This implementation is based on Ajax, using Google Maps API and JavaScript. The data collection can be done by several users and stored at a server space for each projects. When several users collect the information around the same area, the data collection eventually becomes a collaborative work. Thus the suggested system does not offer only the user friendly framework for the data collection but also the interface of the collaborative work of data collection. Similar GIS system is currently available on the Net, but they give only the interface to locate the photos and comments on a map.


Background: Chest pain is the most presented complain to the emergency departments worldwide. The high rate of mortality and morbidity and the wide variety of its causes increase the burden on physicians and health organizations. Accurate workup and guidance is required in managing these patients in ER. Many life-threatening conditions are simply presented with chest pain, making the ER role crucial to achieve the exact diagnosis and determine further treatment steps. Objectives: In this review, we aim to assess acute chest pain presentation in an emergency department and provide a summarized, yet comprehensive paper. Methodology: PubMed database was used for articles selection using the keywords Chest Pain, Diagnosis, and Management. Conclusion: Acute chest pain can arise as a result of different etiologies, such as ischemic heart diseases, pneumonia, heart failure and pulmonary embolism. The role of emergency physician during the initial evaluation is to rule out ischemic heart diseases and assess if the condition needs further evaluation and testing. The physician should assess the patient characteristics, risk factors and 12 lead ECG that can help in ruling out ischemic heart diseases. When other diagnosis is suspected, the physician should evaluate the related signs and symptoms in order to confirm the diagnosis.


The countries of southern Africa have not suffered seriously from "financial contagion", which is the short-term and sometimes devastating impact of financial crises in other countries. The first stage of financial contagion occurs through the markets for foreign exchange, shares and bonds. The second stage, which can be even more devastating, occurs if trouble in financial markets causes a crisis in the country's banking system, as happened in several Asian countries. South Africa's economy is potentially the most vulnerable in Southern Africa to financial contagion, because it has highly developed financial markets which are open to inflows and outflows of foreign capital. However, the economic cost of financial contagion has been limited in South Africa because the country's banking system is sound. Zimbabwe has been similarly protected from the worst effects of financial contagion. Financial markets in the other countries of Southern Africa are very underdeveloped, which limits the first stage of financial contagion; this is fortunate, because some of them have unsound banking systems. All of these countries are actively trying to develop their financial sectors, however, so that their relative immunity to financial contagion may be reduced in the future. This will strengthen the case for maintaining macroeconomic balance, realistic exchange rates, and absolutely sound banking systems.


"Quid sit pomerium": some notes on Gellius, Noctes Atticae XIII, 14. Its sources and the comparison with Fest. 294 L. The chapter of Aulus Gellius' Noctes Atticae entitled "Quid sit pomerium" is perhaps the most important source to define and explain the evolution of the pomerium and the ius proferendi pomerii. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that Messalla Rufus, an augur of the Late Republic, is the source for the whole chapter, including the paragraph dealing with the Aventinus matter (in contrast with modern critics). Finally, a comparison with Festus 294 L concludes this contribution and helps to underline the importance of Aulus Gellius N.A. XIII, 14. email@example.com


Clostridioides (also known as Clostridium) difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobic, spore producing bacterial pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal infection in humans. The current chemotherapeutic options are inadequate, expensive, and limited, and thus inexpensive drug treatments for C. difficile infection (CDI) with improved efficacy and specificity are urgently needed. To improve the solubility of our cationic amphiphilic 1,1′-binaphthylpeptidomimetics developed earlier that showed promise in an in vivo murine CDI model we have synthesized related compounds with an N-arytriazole or N-naphthyltriazole moiety instead of the 1,1′-biphenyl or 1,1′-binaphthyl moiety. This modification was made to increase the polarity and thus water solubility of the overall peptidomimetics, while maintaining the aromatic character. The dicationic N-naphthyltriazole derivative 40 was identified as a C. difficile-selective antibacterial with MIC values of 8 µg/mL against C. difficile strains ATCC 700057 and 132 (both ribotype 027). This compound displayed increased water solubility and reduced hemolytic activity (32 µg/mL) in an in vitro hemolysis assay and reduced cytotoxicity (CC50 32 µg/mL against HEK293 cells) relative to lead compound 2. Compound 40 exhibited mild efficacy (with 80% survival observed after 24 h compared to the DMSO control of 40%) in an in vivo murine model of C. difficile infection by reducing the severity and slowing the onset of disease.


Sound stages are used for creating films. "Black boxes", give the possibility of controlling light and sound. Its like a blank canvas of space, intended for film production. The projects main objective has been to handle the challenge of placing three large film production spaces in an open public site alongside Oslo's main river, Akerselva. The motivation behind this challenge was to be able to create a good film production facility with strong connections to the city, surrounding nature, and the public. The project is characterized by Three volumes protruding from an accessible roof area. These volumes are taking up, reflecting the format of the existing, nearby located building volumes. The project offers the general public the possibility to observe, to experience, to get an impression of the movie making profession by means of an interactive function, between the city and the building.


Although all managers, directors, other professional health care specialists and those involved in state welfare agree with knowledge of patients' rights legislation in order to comply with it better and all the codes of medical ethics in this regard has emphasized. There is yet a somehow long way to reach the optimum goal, that of the achievement of the standard respect concerning the patient's right. As it stands, the present paper has conducted to investigate the respect of the patients' right on behalf of the nurses' perspective in teaching hospitals of the city of Zahedan. In the year 2016, this descriptive research was conducted on 98 nurses who employed at theteaching hospitals affiliated to the Zahedan University of Medical Science in Iran. The sampling and the selection of the nurses were carried out in a complete randomly manner. The questionnaire was set out in 2 parts with the 1st part focusing on demographic specifications including age , gender and the second part was related to the respecting the patient's right. The collected data was analyzed using the software SPSS version19 and descriptive statistics, Pearson coefficient and T test were applied. The average age of the participants proved to be 30.59 with 6.7 on either side of the tolerance scale(positive, negative. The male participant's nurses were 25. The correlation between that of the age on one hand and that of the gender on the other were in clear evidence and accord with that of the average( median) for the patient rights, with the former standing at (P=0.001) and the latter presentable at (P=0.02) From the female nurses point of view, the maintenance of the patient rights were held at a higher rate, the average( median) of the patient and his awareness of his rights stood at 22.51 with 5.88 on either side of the tolerance scale , presenting a rather satisfactory level. According to these results and those of the nurses, the patient's rights presented a satisfactory and an acceptable level.


In Mexico, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is used for feeding cattle and has been studied for responses to salt stress in the germination phase; however, only NaCl or mannitol and polyethylene glycols have been used in different levels. Due to this, the aims of this research were to study the response of alfalfa in the germination stage to the salinity of the arid and semiarid areas in Mexico, and to evaluate its effect on the growth of the radicle and aerial section. In order to achieve this, in the salinity lab of the Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agricolas during 2009, the seeds underwent germination tests in a factorial design of 11 saline solutions at eight doses (0, 2, 4, 8, 11.7, 15, 19 and 28 dS m -1 ) and three repetitions. It has been observed that salts NaHCO3 and sodium sulfate had a greater influence on the germination. The salt that had the greatest effect on the radicle growth was NaHCO3 and sulfate salinity, whereas CaCl2 2H2O and sulfate-hydrochloric salts enhanced growth. The growth of the aerial section was more affected than the growth of the radicle. The combination of salts had a positive effect on the germination percentage, the growth of the radicle and aerial section.


Foreign investors can lodge a complaint against a host country for alleged treaty violations under the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provisions of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). The complaints are arbitrated internationally outside the host country's domestic court, sometimes involve claims exceeding US$1 billion, and give rise to significant financial risk of international arbitration for host countries. Because of this, Indonesia has recently cancelled many of its BITs. But at the same time, Indonesia has agreed to ISDS under the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA) and ASEAN's five agreements with Dialogue Partners. Furthermore, President Joko Widodo has expressed strong interest in joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which contains provisions for ISDS. ASEAN's Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) will also provide for ISDS. This note reviews the status of Indonesia's international obligations with respect to ISDS, evaluates some of the benefits and costs of ISDS, and reviews the extent to which Indonesia would be undertaking new ISDS obligations under TPP. The note concludes with a discussion of ways that Indonesia can reduce the risk of international arbitration through domestic regulatory reforms.


The invasion by lionfish Pterois volitans and P. miles throughout the western Atlantic and Caribbean is emerging as a serious ecological problem. While lionfish have been identified on coral reefs and in other marine systems, additional ecosystems may be affected as the invasion spreads. Here we identify the first estuarine intrusion by lionfish in their invasive range. Lionfish (n = 211) were captured in the Loxahatchee River estuary (Florida, USA) between August 2010 and April 2011, with some individuals located as far as ~5.5 km from the ocean. Multiple size classes were documented (standard lengths ranged from 23 to 185 mm), and post-settlement juveniles were pre- sent throughout the sampling period. All individuals were found in close association with anthro- pogenically created habitats (e.g. docks, sea walls, submerged debris), suggesting that human- driven changes in habitat availability may facilitate estuarine invasion. Fifteen prey taxa were found in lionfish stomachs, with diets dominated by small shrimp. Since estuaries are already highly threat- ened by human impacts, and provide critical habitat for numerous commercially, recreationally, and ecologically important species, establishment of lionfish in these ecosystems is of particular concern.


Upon infection, turnip mosaic virus releases its replication complexes into the extracellular space by exosomes of infected plants. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reorganizes the endomembrane system of the infected cell to generate endoplasmic-reticulum–derived motile vesicles containing viral replication complexes. The membrane-associated viral protein 6K2 plays a key role in the formation of these vesicles. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that this viral protein, a marker for viral replication complexes, localized in the extracellular space of infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Previously, we showed that viral RNA is associated with multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Here, using transmission electron microscopy, we observed the proliferation of MVBs during infection and their fusion with the plasma membrane that resulted in the release of their intraluminal vesicles in the extracellular space. Immunogold labeling with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes double-stranded RNA indicated that the released vesicles contained viral RNA. Focused ion beam-extreme high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was used to generate a three-dimensional image that showed extracellular vesicles in the cell wall. The presence of TuMV proteins in the extracellular space was confirmed by proteomic analysis of purified extracellular vesicles from N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Host proteins involved in biotic defense and in interorganelle vesicular exchange were also detected. The association of extracellular vesicles with viral proteins and RNA emphasizes the implication of the plant extracellular space in viral infection.


The decrease of mussel stocks in the tidal flats of Lower Saxony in the 1980s and 1990s and in Schleswig-Holstein since the early 1990s was not reversed by a strong spatfall in spring 1996. The decrease was only interrupted and delayed. Mussel fisheries in Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony have been subject to a fishery programme and management plan since 1997 and 1999 respectively. These measures are accompanied by monitoring of intertidal mussel stocks.
Monitoring in Lower Saxony showed that blue mussel areas and biomass reached their all-time minimum level in the spring of 1996. After the inventory in spring, a strong spatfall took place which led to the largest growth of mussel stocks in 1999. Following several years with a negative trend, mussel stocks have
levelled off at a low level for 7 years. But for the past 5 years, there has been a positive trend in biomass.
Mussel stocks in the Wadden Sea area of Schleswig-Holstein remained at an average level until 2001. Values then fell to one fifth of their former maximum values (recorded at the end of the 1980s) and, with 1/10 in 2010, dropped to their lowest level since the beginning of monitoring. Mussel stocks have not recovered so far. The shrinking of mussel bed area and biomass is superimposed by the spread of the Pacific oyster; there has been no general regeneration of blue mussel stocks.
Between 1980 and 2000, a small but persistent mussel stock existed in the rocky northern intertidal of the island of Helgoland, which is part of Schleswig Holstein, but data from this period is incomplete. Since 2005/2006 the number of recorded individuals in the monitoring area decreased to only approx. 3% in summer 2011 compared to maximum values in 2005/2006.
As blue mussel stocks in the "Hamburgisches Wattenmeer" national park are not monitored continuously (pers. comm. Peter Korber), only information about mussel stocks in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein is presented.


Abstract. Nitrogen is an essential element controlling ecosystem
carbon (C) productivity and its response to climate change and atmospheric
[CO2] increase. This study presents the evaluation – focussing on
gross primary production (GPP) – of a new version of the ORCHIDEE model
that gathers the representation of the nitrogen cycle and of its
interactions with the carbon cycle from the OCN model and the most recent
developments from the ORCHIDEE trunk version. We quantify the model skills at 78 FLUXNET sites by simulating the observed
mean seasonal cycle, daily mean flux variations, and annual mean average GPP
flux for grasslands and forests. Accounting for carbon–nitrogen interactions
does not substantially change the main skills of ORCHIDEE, except for the
site-to-site annual mean GPP variations, for which the version with
carbon–nitrogen interactions is in better agreement with observations.
However, the simulated GPP response to idealised [CO2] enrichment
simulations is highly sensitive to whether or not carbon–nitrogen
interactions are accounted for. Doubling of the atmospheric [CO2]
induces an increase in the GPP, but the site-averaged GPP response to
a CO2 increase projected by the model version with carbon–nitrogen
interactions is half of the increase projected by the version without
carbon–nitrogen interactions. This model's differentiated response has
important consequences for the transpiration rate, which is on average 50 mm yr−1 lower with the version with carbon–nitrogen interactions. Simulated annual GPP for northern, tropical and southern latitudes shows
good agreement with the observation-based MTE-GPP (model tree ensemble gross primary production) product for present-day
conditions. An attribution experiment making use of this new version of
ORCHIDEE for the time period 1860–2016 suggests that global GPP has
increased by 50 %, the main driver being the enrichment of land in
reactive nitrogen (through deposition and fertilisation), followed by the
[CO2] increase. Based on our factorial experiment and sensitivity analysis, we conclude that
if carbon–nitrogen interactions are accounted for, the functional responses
of ORCHIDEE r4999 better agree with the current understanding of photosynthesis
than when the carbon–nitrogen interactions are not accounted for and that
carbon–nitrogen interactions are essential in understanding global
terrestrial ecosystem productivity.


With the progression of computer networks extending boundaries and joining distant locations, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) emerge as the new frontier in developing opportunities to collect and process data from remote locations. WSNs rely on hardware simplicity to make sensor field deployments both affordable and long-lasting without maintenance support. WSN designers strive to extend network lifetimes while meeting application-specific throughput and latency requirements. Effective power management places sensor nodes into one of the available energy-saving modes based upon the sleep period duration and the current state of the radio. The newest generation of sensor platform radios with a 250 kbps data rate does not provide adequate time to completely power off the radio during overheard 128-byte constrained IEEE 802.15.4 transmissions. This paper proposes a new radio power management (RPM) algorithm which optimizes radio sleep capabilities by transitioning nodes to intermediate power level states. Additionally, the experimental work characterizes the radio power levels, state transition times, and state transition energy costs of an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant sensor platform for improved accuracy in simulating WSN energy consumption


There is little information concerning the long term outcome of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Thus 109 patients with reflux symptoms (33 with erosive oesophagitis) with a diagnosis of GORD after clinical evaluation and oesophageal testing were studied. All patients were treated with a stepwise approach: (a) lifestyle changes were suggested aimed at reducing reflux and antacids and the prokinetic agent domperidone were prescribed; (b) H2 blockers were added after two months when symptoms persisted; (c) anti-reflux surgery was indicated when there was no response to (b). Treatment was adjusted to maintain clinical remission during follow up. Long term treatment need was defined as minor when conservative measures sufficed for proper control, and as major if daily H2 blockers or surgery were required. The results showed that one third of the patients each had initial therapeutic need (a), (b), and (c). Of 103 patients available for follow up at three years and 89 at six years, respective therapeutic needs were minor in 52% and 55% and major in 48% and 45%. Eighty per cent of patients in (a), 67% in (b), and 17% in (c) required only conservative measures at six years. A decreasing lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (p < 0.001), radiological reflux (p = 0.028), and erosive oesophagitis (p = 0.031), but not initial clinical scores, were independent predictors of major therapeutic need as shown by multivariate analysis. The long term outcome of GORD is better than previously perceived.


"MOVING AHEAD TO SPIRITUAL HEALTH: DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR TRIAGE, RECOVERY, AND RECONCILIATION OF DYSFUNCTIONAL CONGREGATIONS" JAMES A. SORVILLO SR. Project under the direction of Professor Julia Gatta This project set out to identify a process of triage, recovery, and reconciliation for congregations that have experienced dysfunctional behavior by either the clerical leadership of a church or members of the congregation, or both. The process was gleaned from tools that helped me as rector of the Church of the Ascension, which had experienced the dysfunctional behavior of sexual impropriety by the previous rector and the church secretary. I also bring to bear evaluation tools that were developed during my time on the Diocese of Central Florida's Congregational Development Commission during a period from 2007 until 2011. These tools include the use of family systems theory, an awareness of conflict theory as it pertains to broken trust, and the impact that shame and contempt have on relationships, especially relationships within a faith community. It also includes a congregational development readiness survey that I devised. This survey evaluates topics such as: church finance, worship attendance, fellowship practices, leadership training, children and youth participation, social outreach, and staffing. These tools help reveal a trajectory of decisions and actions that eventually lead to breakdown within the community. This evaluation process begins to paint a picture that shows who in that community was affected and the spiritual and emotional consequences that have occurred. Once this history has been revealed, a pathway toward reconciliation can be plotted. Nevertheless, any reconciliation depends on the willingness of those involved to own their part in what occurred, and to be willing to repent and be reconciled to one another and to God. Churches that experience the consequences of dysfunctional behavior lose sight of the missio Dei. With this loss of focus, resources that could be used for the spreading of the gospel, for caring for the poor, and for other helpful opportunities are diverted or wasted. A section of this project shares a list of traits from an Alban Institute study of congregations that have been through congregational dysfunction, have successfully navigated their issues, and have been able to move to healing. It is my hope that this list of traits can also be used in preventive care for congregations that might be heading toward dysfunction. If leaders, both clergy and lay, can become aware of these possible pitfalls, then the impact of these behaviors can be minimized and the church can put more energy toward the missio Dei. In this project I present three case studies, which represent different types of behavioral dysfunction. It is my hope that these can be helpful examples to those who are in leadership. As leaders become aware of the spiritual, relational, and emotional traps that can affect any faith community, perhaps they can avoid these dangers. Approved______________________________________ Date_______________ Advisor


As a type of artwork, comics is prevalent and popular around the world. However, despite the availability of assistive software and tools, the creation of comics is still a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. This paper proposes a scheme that is able to automatically turn a movie clip to comics. Two principles are followed in the scheme: 1) optimizing the information preservation of the movie; and 2) generating outputs following the rules and the styles of comics. The scheme mainly contains three components: script-face mapping, descriptive picture extraction, and cartoonization. The script-face mapping utilizes face tracking and recognition techniques to accomplish the mapping between characters' faces and their scripts. The descriptive picture extraction then generates a sequence of frames for presentation. Finally, the cartoonization is accomplished via three steps: panel scaling, stylization, and comics layout design. Experiments are conducted on a set of movie clips and the results have demonstrated the usefulness and the effectiveness of the scheme.


Finnish university technology transfer is currently caught in the turbulences of major changes in the national innovation system. Three virtually simultaneous changes are of special importance. The first is the massive on-going renewal of the Universities Act governing the Finnish higher education system in its entirety. It was originally initiated to provide universities with more financial and operational flexibility and autonomy and, thus, with better premises to fulfil the three mandates (i) to educate, (ii) to conduct academic research, and (iii) to impact societal welfare. The second change is the foundation of the so-called Strategic Centres for Science, Technology and Innovation (Finnish acronym : SHOK) that aim at establishing and re-enforcing long-term research cooperation between the academia and the Industry. The final change is the enactment of the new University Inventions Act in early January 2007. The Act provided universities with the rights of ownership to inventions made in sponsored research that, according to the principle of the professors privilege, were considered property of the respective academic inventors prior to the change. In the beginning of 2008 Etlatieto Ltd. interviewed 11 of 20 research universities active in Finland to capture the potential impacts the three changes might have on university technology transfer activities. The set of interviewees comprised professionals conducting different tasks in the technology transfer units of universities ranging from research directors to technology transfer officers to lawyers. According to the results, the expected benefits of the renewal of the Universities Act mainly comprise of the increasing financial flexibility of universities hoped to translate into a proliferation of tools available for the transfer of university technology (support of start-ups, investments etc.), and a general increase in the profile of technology transfer functions that should alleviate their current deficiency in resources. Challenges regarding the Universities Act, on the other hand, relate to the lack of administrative and business related expertise in universities required to fulfil the up-coming tasks mandated by the Act, and the lack of commitment on part of universities management resulting in insufficient resources. SHOKs, in turn, are expected to enable longer project cycles, to reduce administrative burden, to encourage the setting of scientifically more ambitious research objectives, as well as to increase research collaboration and its efficiency. Challenges were identified to relate to proposed IPR-practices potentially endangering the academic freedom of university research, the incentive schemes of top researchers to participate in SHOK projects, the inefficiencies of a large participant base, and the dangers of a strongly industry driven mode of co-operation to academic values. Finally, the benefits of the University Inventions Act are expected to emerge from the gradual dismantling of the ivory tower of academe, an increase in the amount of received invention disclosures, and more efficient administrative practices in university technology transfer functions. Perceived challenges, in turn, include interpretational difficulties of the Act, the modest commitment of university management to university technology transfer in general, increasing administrative burdens, and strong cultural differences between researchers, industry and university administration.


To assess organisms forming mesopelagic scattering layers in the Red Sea, we took advantage of their reactions to light. We used a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with LED lamps for herding the acoustic targets down to the bottom (700 m), while concurrently monitoring the event by shipborne and deployed echosounders as well as video footage from the ROV. In essence, entire mesopelagic scattering layers at 38 kHz were moved downwards until the organisms became trapped and concentrated at the bottom and identified as fish from video images. However, responses to the artificial light source appeared to include both repulsion and attraction. An individual-based model reproduced the herding event by assuming a dichotomous response to light where targets close to the light source are attracted, while targets further away are repulsed. We hypothesize that attraction is associated with the artificial light acting as a point source (beam light), while the repulsion is associated with the artificial light acting as diffuse light.


The existing syntactic accounts of null arguments typically rely either on the specific licensing conditions for different types of empty categories such as pro and (topic-)bound variables, or else on different kinds of ellipsis. In trying to address the radical argument drop character of Catalan Sign Language (LSC), this paper critically reassesses the two main trends in the analysis of this phenomenon in East Asian languages and their extensions to American Sign Language (ASL). Both hybrid and uniform approaches to empty arguments turn out to be unable to account for the non-negligible differences observed across East Asian and sign languages. Most importantly, the availability of sloppy readings for empty arguments as a criterion to identify ellipsis vis-a-vis empty pronouns is shown to be empirically incorrect on the basis of fresh data from Catalan and English. After intensive research in this domain over the years, a satisfactory theory of null arguments that does justice to the wealth of crosslinguistic variation is still lacking.


– At Northern Arizona University, an interdisciplinary sophomore design course – EGR 286 – has undergone a fundamental shift in its innovative and award-winning course structure. This shift is part of a Hewlett Foundation-supported development effort to encourage recruitment and retention of engineering students, with an emphasis on under-represented student populations. The course revitalization is centered upon enabling more direct student participation in design projects. It begins with two-person design teams that design, build and test weekly projects involving LEGO® parts, sensors, and the Robotic Command eXplorer (RCX). Control of the automated systems requires programming in both RoboLab (a LabView TM derivative) and in the "Not Quite C" (NQC) environments. The course develops in the semester to finally encompass larger design teams of fourteen students, with each team designing a complex, autonomous, robotic-styled system. An important part of this course development is the integration of assessment procedures that record the students' perception of learning and enthusiasm. We present an overview of the course enhancements and objectives. Assessment categories include the students' self-efficacy in their ability to design/build/test electro-mechanical devices, as well as their level of enthusiasm and motivation towards engineering as a chosen career. The assessments are accomplished before and after the course revisions for comparison. Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at He is a graduate of the University of (BSEE) and of the of California (MBA) and is a registered professional engineer. His areas of interest include freshman programs, multi-disciplinary design, computer aided instruction and testing, computer aided instrumentation systems, and analog and digital circuit design.


The staff of a rehabilitation clinic was treated with an antioxidative nutraceutical during a demanding time of 8 weeks in a double blind, placebo controlled manner. Metabolic changes in metabolism and electrolyte state due to chronic workload, acute, standardized ergometry and, eventually to antioxidant treatment were recorded by capillary blood determination of pH, pCO2, BE, blood glucose, lactate, K, Ca, Mg by Clinical Stress Assessment software. It turned out that those parameters changed significantly after 8 weeks of increased workload and also after standard ergometry. However, the antioxidant treated group showed significantly less chronic signs of metabolic distress due to the demanding working situation as well as a significantly calmer reaction to acute ergometric load, concerning lactate, base excess and pCO2 changes. Electrolyte changes figure prominently among the workload effects both in group averages and in treatment dependent correlations with metabolic data. Mg changes are particularly sensible to a rise in metabolic dynamics, and therefore Mg is liable to be substituted to grant undisturbed energy turnover in a difficult situation.


This review examines the most recent developments in the regulation of licensing and of the line-up of digital television, as well as related policies in post-Soviet countries.The article has two parts. Part One covers recent developments in Russia's switchover policies, while Part Two contains an assessment of some worrying trends emerging across both Russia and the other Commonwealth of Independent States countries. It points to a possible new broadcasting landscape designed by the authorities in the process of switchover.


Categorizing areas such as rooms and corridors using a discrete set of labels has been of long-standing interest to the robotics community. A map with labels such as kitchen, lab, copy room etc provides a basic amount of semantic information that can enable a robot to perform a number of tasks specified in human-centric terms rather than just map coordinates. In this work, we propose a method to label areas in a pre-built map using information from camera images. In contrast to most existing approaches, our method labels the area that is viewed in the camera image rather than just the current robot location. Place labels are generated from the image input using the PLISS system [14]. The label information on the viewed areas is integrated in a Conditional Random Field (CRF) that also considers higher level semantics such as adjacency and place boundaries. We demonstrate our technique on maps built using from laser and visual SLAM systems. We obtain the correct place categorization of a very high percentage of the map areas even when the place categorization system is trained using images only from the internet.


The ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of a circular shallow rigid plate on compacted granular fill layer with and without geogrid reinforcement overlying on natural clay deposit exhibiting low bearing capacity and large settlement have been investigated. A total of 15 field tests were carried out using a circular model rigid plate with a diameter of 0.90 m. This study has been initially directed to evaluate the beneficial effects of the compacted granular fill layer on natural clay deposit for the shallow rigid plate performance. Then, the reinforcing effect of the top granular fill layer with horizontal layers of welded geogrid reinforcement on the bearing capacity and settlement has been studied. Parameters of the testing program include granular fill thickness, depth of first reinforcement, vertical spacing of reinforcement layers, and number of reinforcement layers. Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) and percentage reduction in settlement (PRS) were defined to evaluate improvement performance. Based on the test results, the effect of the granular fill and welded geogrid reinforcement on the bearing capacity and settlement are discussed. The results indicate that the use of granular fill layers over natural clay soils has considerable effects on the bearing capacity and settlement characteristics. The construction of granular fill layer with welded geogrid reinforcement over clay deposit helps in redistributing the applied load to a wider area. It has been observed that the use of welded geogrid reinforcement in granular fill layer provides additional improvement of bearing capacity and provides reduction in settlement of the rigid plate up to 80 and 60 %, respectively.


Objectives Clinical characteristics and trends in the outcome of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics, in-hospital treatment, and outcomes in patients presented with ACS with or without a history of prior CABG over 2 decades. Methods Data were derived from hospital-based study for collected data from 1991 through 2010 of patients hospitalized with ACS in Doha, Qatar. Data were analyzed according to their history of prior CABG. Baseline clinical characteristics, in-hospital treatment, and outcome were compared. Results A total 16,750 consecutive patients with ACS were studied, of which 693 (4.1%) had prior CABG. Patients with prior CABG were older (mean 60.5±11 vs. 53±12 years; P = 0.001), more likely to be females and have more cardiovascular risk factors than the non-CABG group. Prior CABG patients had larger infarct size, were less likely to receive reperfusion therapy, early invasive therapy and more likely to receive evidence-based therapies when compared to non-CABG patients. In-hospital mortality and stroke rates were comparable between the 2 groups. Over 2 decades, there was reduction in the in-hospital mortality rates and stroke rates in both groups (CABG, death; 13.2% to 4%, stroke; 1.9% to 0.0%, non-CABG, death; 10% to 3.2%, stroke 1.0% to 0.1%; all, p = 0.001). Conclusion Significant reduction in-hospital morbidity and mortality among ACS patients with prior CABG over a 20-year period.


As customers go on-line rather than stand in line, financial institutions have been quick to accommodate this new form of interaction by constructing banking Web sites. However, federal regulators are increasingly concerned that the operators of these sites make appropriate disclosures to consumers and implement privacy policies for information collected through such sites. This article discusses the latest efforts by regulators and recommends that banks make the text of required disclosures displayed on their Web pages into hyperlinks to the home pages of the appropriate regulatory agencies. In addition, the article proposes the creation of industry-wide icons (such as the scales of justice for the "legal terms and conditions" of use of the site, and a padlock for the site's "privacy policy") that banks could display on their home pages to indicate their adherence to a standardized set of provisions. Appendices to the article set out a "Proposed Uniform 'Terms and Conditions' Statement" (governing such issues as liability limitations, security, confidentiality, and intellectual property rights) and a "Proposed Uniform Privacy Policy" (defining, and discussing the bank's treatment of, information collected "passively" versus that collected "actively," indicating the bank's restrictions on employee access to information, and expressing the institution's commitment to the maintenance of accurate information).


Translational Research seems to occupy the center of health research. A proof of this is that articles about metabolites depending on the metabolism of the intestinal microbiota associating with the gut-brain axis. Human gut harbors trillions of bacteria affecting immune system homeostasis, production of essential nutrients and protection against pathogenic germs. The intestinal mesenteric lymphatic system, gut-associated lymphoid tissue is an interface between blood and intestinal lymphatic fluid and provides activated immune cells to the intestinal epithelium and to the lamina propria. Environmental factors such as, diet, use of antibiotics, environmental contamination, exposure to microorganisms, among others, thus increasing the risk of bacterial imbalance. Gut dysbiosis affects central nervous system (CNS) responses activated by circumventricular organs during systemic inflammation. Besides, the vagal afferent pathway also mediates immune system (IS) signals to the CNS. One of the ways in which the CNS communicates with the IS is through the autonomic nervous system and myenteric plexus. The link between gut functions, emotional and cognitive processes is provided by bi-directional afferent and efferent neural projection pathways, neuroendocrine signals, immunological activation and gut-brain signals, altered gut permeability, and modulation of sensorimotor reflexes. Gut microbiota developed as a critical component that has potential to affect immunoneuro- endocrine pathways. Studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota substantially affects the neuroendocrine axis.


The composition and paramagnetism of oil fractions (300-350oC), (350-400oC), (400-450oC), and (450-500oC) of West-Absheron oil were studied using IR, ESR spectroscopy and luminescence methods. In all these refineries, asphaltene radicals with a concentration of 1018spin/g are registered, which screen all paramagnetic particles present in the oil system. With the exception of the fraction (300-350oC), in which much lower than in the listed fractions, it was possible to register the spectra of metal oxides (DHwidth=117mtl, g=2.7), the spectra from aromatic hydrocarbon radicals (DНwidth=10mtl, g=2.4), which was also registered in the fr.(140-3200C) of the oil itself. The presence of these petroleum products greatly reduces the oil viscosity index. As a result of the cleaning of the latter with an ionic liquid and an adsorption method in the studied oil fractions were found in trace amounts. The increase in the viscosity index of the oil fr. (350-500oC) was increased only after the addition of a foreign Lubrizol additive concentrate. Thus, the SAE15W40 engine oil with a viscosity index of 101.2 and a low pour point (-30oC) was obtained, which is recommended as a motor oil for diesel engines.


Learn the New iOS 9 APIs! iOS 9 introduces a ton of great new APIs and technologies that all iOS developers should learn -- from Stack Views to App Search to App Thinning and more. In fact, there's so much new stuff that learning it all via the official API docs can be time consuming and difficult -- especially while you're trying to update your apps at the same time. This is where iOS 9 by Tutorials comes to the rescue! In this book, you will learn the new iOS 9 APIs the quick and easy way: by following fun and easy-to-read tutorials. Who This Book Is For This book is for intermediate developers who already know the basics of iOS and Swift development but want to learn the new APIs introduced in iOS 9. Topics Covered in iOS 9 by Tutorials Swift 2.0: Discover the new error handling model, protocol extensions, new control flow features and much more! Introducing App Search: Learn how to search inside your app and make your content more discoverable. Your App on the Web: Integrate deep linking from your website to your app. App Thinning: Trim down your app size with iOS 9's new App Thinning feature. Multitasking: Get your app ready for the new iPad multitasking. UIStackView & Auto Layout Changes: Make your layouts even easier through the power of stack views! Whats New in Storyboards?: Discover how to refactor your huge storyboard into smaller segments in iOS 9. Contacts: Learn about the new iOS 9 frameworks to ease interaction with contacts. Testing: Learn about Xcode's new fully-featured solution for creating UI tests for your application. UIKit Dynamics: Discover the great improvements to UIKit Dynamics introduced in iOS 9. One thing you can count on: after reading this book you'll be prepared to take advantage of all the new improvements iOS 9 has to offer!


This thesis focuses on young Somali males in London and their transnational engagements. It offers a critical intervention within the literature on forced migration, diaspora, transnationalism, citizenship, intergenrational acculturation and masculinity and challenges existing definitions, concepts and approaches employed in this work. It further unpacks the dominant narrative of 'citizen suspects' associated with young British Somali men: it, thus, addresses a gap generally overlooked by diaspora and transnational theories, which commonly focus on the problematised participation of young migrants. It offers a more nuanced approach to youth migration highlighting various social and structural interactions between host-societies, diaspora communities and generations in the UK. The research seeks to engage with four key questions that have been largely overlooked in the literature:

1) What are young people's understandings of notions of 'belonging' and 'home'?;
2) How do young people perceive their place in society, deal with the challenges that they
face and become active citizens while forging (united) voices?;
3) How do intergenerational matters affect young people?
4) How do young people's networks function at the local and transnational level and how are these sustained?

Through semi-structured interviews, focus groups and participant observation, the research frames young Somali men as active citizens by shedding new light onto how they understand and construct their social, political, civic and religious spaces both locally and transnationally. In so doing, it offers a more balanced account with regards to notions of home and belonging. It contributes to research on Somali diaspora(s) in general, and its youth more specifically, as well as their more grounded transnational engagements. It unravels the complexities of intergenerational issues and reveals how young Somalis manage multiple notions of belonging, whilst negotiating broader diaspora and transnational engagements. It concludes that young people's broader experiences and adopted social positions are firmly shaped by their historical context, interactions with their immediate social environment and more broadly the host-society and transnational narratives. Such experiences are fluid, varied and interactive usually dictating the delicate balance and outcome of reception and rejection in the host-society. Whilst the focus of the thesis is on young Somali males, there are wider theoretical implications for the study of diaspora, transnationalism and citizenship.


The objective of the project is to determine how Marriage and Family Therapy students feel about employment opportunities with small businesses versus larger corporations. After obtaining IRB approval, a survey was distributed to Marriage and Family Graduate Programs across the country. They were asked to complete this survey based off of their employment preferences upon graduation. These students were in either their first or second year of graduate school, preparing to be therapists soon.
The study was designed to determine if therapists want to go into small practices, doing more nonprofit type work, or if they ultimately want to go to a larger practice where they could potentially make more money. This survey also showed the business savvy of these students, and if they are treating this career the same as they would if they were going in to the business world. Based off the sample size, students agreed that if you valued money, job security, and greater fringe benefits then you work for a large company. However, the majority also agreed that you would have better managerial relationships, more responsibilities, and involvement in decision-making in a small company.


Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have dramatically increased the scale and scope of DNA sequencing. These data are used for a wide variety of important biological analyzes, including genome sequencing, comparative genomics, transcriptome analysis, and personalized medicine but are complicated by the volume and complexity of the data involved. Given the massive size of these datasets, computational biology must draw on the advances of high performance computing.
Two fundamental computations in computational biology are read alignment and genome assembly. Read alignment maps short DNA sequences to a reference genome to discover conserved and polymorphic regions of the genome. Genome assembly computes the sequence of a genome from many short DNA sequences. Both computations benefit from recent advances in high performance computing to efficiently process the huge datasets involved, including using highly parallel graphics processing units (GPUs) as high performance desktop processors, and using the MapReduce framework coupled with cloud computing to parallelize computation to large compute grids. This dissertation demonstrates how these technologies can be used to accelerate these computations by orders of magnitude, and have the potential to make otherwise infeasible computations practical.


Experience of imposed educational change by a heterogeneous group of teachers.
From the extensive research on educational change undertaken world-wide, it is evident that its implementation has often failed, due to various reasons. A reason that is very often given in this regard is that initiators of educational change do not keep in mind that successful implementation of change and its sustainability require, first and foremost, an inherent change in the human being. For almost a decade, the authors have participated in various international research projects directed at understanding how teachers experience educational change and how it influences their work lives. They report on the insights from one of these studies, which dealt specifically with the differences in experience of imposed post-apartheid educational changes by teachers who had worked previously in the different sections of the ethnic-based education system prior to 1994. The expectations of teachers regarding the new education dispensation and their experiences of the reality of policy implementation are addressed.


The present study describes antioxidant effect of low dose of radiation against cisplatin induced toxicity in rats. Oxidative stress was induced in rat by a single dose of cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight I.P), 24 hr postcisplatin treatment, the animals exposed to 0.3 Gy single dose of gamma ray. The effect of treatments in influencing the oxidative stress as well as biochemical cisplatin changes on brain, kidney and testis were studied. The data showed significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, creatine kinase isoenzymes (CKBB) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) as well as in tissue MDA levels in animals treated with cisplatin while this effects were attenuated by radiation exposure. Moreover, treatment with cisplatin caused a significant decrease in serum testosterone and tissues SOD activities, which was shown to be reversed by low dose of radiation treatment. Treatment with low dose of radiation significantly reduced the oxidative stress effects induced by cisplatin administration. It can be concluded that exposed animals to a low dose of radiation after cisplatin treatment can speed the recovery of the body during the chemotherapeutic treatment.


Purpose/Hypothesis: Research has demonstrated that physical therapy plays a crucial role in patient recovery in the acute hospital setting. Despite known benefits, scheduled sessions do not always occur and are called nontreatment (NT) events. Reported NT ranges from 15% to 26% of scheduled sessions. Previous studies have found an association between NT and patient diagnosis as well as between NT and day of the week on which treatment was scheduled. Identifying additional factors that affect NT is important if therapists and administrators are to make improvements. The purpose of this study is to determine if an association exists between physical therapist attributes and NT risk among their patients. A secondary aim of this study is to confirm that patient diagnosis and day of the week change the odds of NT, as those results were only seen in one prior study at a single hospital.
Subjects: 36 physical therapists and 623 of their consecutive adult patients who were scheduled for physical therapy during their hospital stay.
Materials/Methods: A cross-sectional, medical record review of 623 consecutive patients over 3 months scheduled for 2,419 physical therapy sessions.
Results: The overall NT proportion of planned therapy sessions was 13.2%, it was 4.8% for the first scheduled session, and 16.1% among remaining sessions. NT proportions for individual therapists ranged from 1.7% to 22.6% among therapists with at least 30 planned sessions. When male patients were scheduled for therapy with a female therapist, 25.5% of sessions resulted in NT. NT was 15.0% when female patients were scheduled for therapy with a male therapist, and 16.1% when the sex of the patient and therapist matched. As in previous studies, patients were less likely to experience NT if they had a musculoskeletal condition.
Conclusions: Findings from previous studies that patient diagnoses were associated with NT were confirmed. While the mean proportion of NT was around 15%, individual physical therapists may be much higher or lower. The sex of patients and therapists was associated with significantly different NT proportions and should be evaluated further. Future research efforts should include other therapist traits that may influence NT.
Clinical Relevance: With a better understanding of reasons for NT, therapists and administrators may be able to match patients with therapists most likely to be successful in treatment. The relationship between sex of the patient and therapist may have an impact on the occurrence of NT. Hospital and rehabilitation department policies need to be evaluated in an effort to reduce the higher percentage of NT among patients without musculoskeletal diagnoses.


Following President Mwai Kibaki's reelection in late December 2007, amid allegations of widespread electoral fraud by both sides, Kenya erupted in a wave of political and civil violence. Protests by supporters of opposition candidate Raila Odinga combined with targeted ethnic violence to cause over 1,000 deaths and hundreds of thousands of displacements. Like many African states, Kenya has experienced periodic violence since gaining independence in 1963. Yet this episode was the most frightening--and one of the largest--in Kenyan history. Many feared it was the start of a frightening new chapter, a reminder of the many issues that remained unresolved in independent Kenya. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] As part of the power sharing and reconciliation agreement negotiated by former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in the wake of the violence, the process of writing a new constitution was restarted. On August 4, 2010, Kenyans turned out to vote overwhelmingly in favor of the new constitution. Although the referendum generated controversy and unease throughout the summer, including a grenade attack at a "No" rally in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, the new constitution gained the support of more than two-thirds of voters and was signed into law in late August. In an effort to address some of the recurring problems that have haunted Kenya for decades, the new constitution aimed to transfer power from the presidency, create a new two-tiered parliamentary structure, make significant changes to the judiciary, and implement a bill of rights. Heralded by domestic and international leaders alike as the birth of a "second republic," the new constitution was supposed to be a fresh start for Kenya, a new chance at a more equal and democratic country. But significant problems remain. Kenya has yet to deal with the involvement of high-ranking government officials in the 2007-2008 post-election violence. Corruption within the government is among the worst in Africa, and regional instability threatens to throw the country into turmoil again. If Kenya is to emerge from the shock of the 2007-2008 violence stronger, freer, and better prepared to act as a continental leader, it must chart a course that addresses these challenges and fundamentally changes the way the Kenyan government operates. In Search of Justice Soon after the postelection violence came to an end in early 2008, the International Criminal Court (ICC) began investigating the case. Because the violence was incited and sometimes planned by high-ranking government officials, it was especially important that the agreement brokered by Annan made clear that all those responsible would be brought to justice. In December 2010, ICC Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo issued summonses for the six individuals he believed to be most responsible for the violence; the news was highly anticipated throughout Kenya, and the announcement began a major news event, with the six individuals quickly labeled as the "Ocampo Six." Though Moreno-Ocampo has not yet issued arrest warrants for the Ocampo Six, Kenyans are worried about what lies in store for the Six. Prime Minister Raila Odinga, who came to power as part of the post-violence power sharing agreement, told Parliament that the government has four options in wake of the summons. First, it could establish a credible and highly visible local justice process to handle the cases of postelection violence victims and thus render ICC involvement unnecessary. Second, the government could withdraw from the Rome Statute, the treaty that established the ICC, and thereby remove ICC jurisdiction. Third, it could seek a deferral of investigations for one year. Finally, Kenya could cooperate with the ICC. The danger of Kenya withdrawing from the ICC is real. On December 22nd, the Parliament passed--with only one "No" vote--a motion urging the government to cease being a signatory of the Rome Statute, thus withdrawing the country from the ICC. …


Orobanche crenata is a parasitic weed that causes considerable yield losses on food legumes in Ethiopia and the Mediterranean region. Understanding the genetic diversity of Orobanche crenata using molecular techniques generate useful information in managing the weed through resistance breeding. This study aimed at assessing the genetic diversity of O. crenata populations collected from major faba bean growing areas of Ethiopia. A total of 96 samples were collected from the Orobanche-infested faba bean farmer field. The genetic diversity of the population was studied using 30 O. cumana SSR markers. The results showed that 11 SSRs were functional and transferable markers to study the diversity of O. crenata populations. The average number of alleles, gene diversity, heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content values for the SSR loci were 9.6, 0.82, 0.38, and 0.80, respectively. The pairwise genetic similarity analysis showed the lowest genetic distance between samples collected from South Gondar and South Wollo (0.12) while the highest genetic distance (0.48) was found between South Gondar and North Wollo. The analysis of molecular variance result indicated that the variation among individuals was a major source of genetic variation (55%) followed by within individuals (43%) and among populations (2%) variation. The output of population genetic structure analysis indicated the presence of two major groups irrespective of the area of collection or region of origin. Besides, the outcome of the spatial autocorrelation computation indicated a significant and positive genetic correlation between samples collected under a 28 km radius. In general, the absence of geographic region based genetic structure presumably demonstrates the expansion of the parasitic weed between farming sites upon its recent introduction to the country. Thus, the clear absence of population differentiation warrants screening faba bean population in hot spot area.


Abstract. Recent flood dynamics of the Mekong Delta have raised concerns about an
increased flood risk downstream in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Accelerated
high dike building on the floodplains of the upper delta to allow triple
cropping of rice has been linked to higher river water levels in the
downstream city of Can Tho. This paper assesses the hydraulic impacts of
upstream dike construction on the flood hazard downstream in the Vietnamese
Mekong Delta. We combined the existing one-dimensional (1-D) Mekong Delta
hydrodynamic model with a quasi-two-dimensional (2-D) approach. First we
calibrated and validated the model using flood data from 2011 and 2013. We
then applied the model to explore the downstream water dynamics under various
scenarios of high dike construction in An Giang Province and the Long Xuyen
Quadrangle. Calculations of water balances allowed us to trace the
propagation and distribution of flood volumes over the delta under the
different scenarios. Model results indicate that extensive construction of
high dikes on the upstream floodplains has had limited effect on peak river
water levels downstream in Can Tho. Instead, the model shows that the impacts
of dike construction, in terms of peak river water levels, are concentrated
and amplified in the upstream reaches of the delta. According to our water
balance analysis, river water levels in Can Tho have remained relatively
stable, as greater volumes of floodwater have been diverted away from the
Long Xuyen Quadrangle than the retention volume lost due to dike
construction. Our findings expand on previous work on the impacts of water
control infrastructure on flood risk and floodwater regimes across the delta.


Network and System Security provides focused coverage of network and system security technologies. Explores practical solutions to a wide range of network and systems security issues. Chapters are authored by leading experts in the field and address the immediate and long term challenges in the authors' respective areas of expertise. Coverage includes building a secure organization; cryptography; system intrusion; UNIX and Linux security; Internet security, intranet security; LAN security; wireless network security; cellular network security, RFID security, and more. Chapters contributed by leaders in the field covering foundational and practical aspects of system and network security, providing a new level of technical expertise not found elsewhere.Comprehensive and updated coverage of the subject area allows the reader to put current technologies to workPresents methods of analysis and problem solving techniques, enhancing the reader's grasp of the material and ability to implement practical solutions


Throughout human history, natural products—including terrestrial plants, animal products, marine organisms, and products of microorganismal fermentation—have been used in traditional medicines. This historical experience with natural products as therapeutic agents has evolved to sophisticated isolation of active chemical entities from ethnopharmacological plants with the effect that, in modern medicine, natural products are increasingly the primary sources in early drug discovery.

The population is aging in many modern societies and is linked to steadily increasing morbidity rates of cancer and cerebrovascular disease, thus mandating the importance of better preventive as well as therapeutic options. Many medically advanced societies are exploring the adjunctive use of western and oriental medicine alternatives, enhancing the demand for natural products. While evidence-based data is still scant in the field of alternative medicines, in this special issue we have the pleasure of sharing with our readers many scientific articles on natural products with potential medicinal use.

This special issue contains 6 review articles and 19 original peer-reviewed papers. The reviews included summarize such diverse topics as the biological and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rb1, isolated from red ginseng root, on skin damage (Y. Kimura et al.); tumor suppression in animals by a fruit pulp containing high amounts of  β-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin (T. Tanaka et al.); the favorable effects of purple corn flower in treatment of infectious diseases (J. B. Hudson); the biomechanisms and clinical outcome of Rhus verniciflia extract in patients (W. Choi et al.); the safety of cruciferous plant extracts (O. Scott et al.); and the antitumor activity of artemisinin and its analogs (M. P. Crespo-Ortiz and M. Q. Wei). The original articles embrace a wide variety of topics, such as apoptosis, suppression of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis (Y. Hu et al., H. Kurose et al., A. Lerner et al., Booth et al., Kita et al., Mohd et al., and G. M. Geetha et al.), the antibacterial/antifungal/anti-inflammation/antioxidative characteristics of natural extracts (E. Biazar et al., Y.-S. Lee et al., Y. Hu et al., A. Cha et al., H. Sun et al., and P.-F. Kao et al.), cardiovascular activity of specific natural products (K. Awang et al.), the effects of extracts on blood parameter levels in diabetic patients (T. Klangjareonchai and C. Roongpisuthipong), examination of isolation techniques (N. A. Mahyudin et al.), enzymatic activity (B. Elya et al.) and metabolism of certain extracts (Y. Shimoda et al.); and specific effects of some natural products on aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression (H. M. Korashy et al.).

We would like to thank the authors for their timely contributions. Finally, we also thank all reviewers for their hard work questioning, pruning, and refining these articles.

Masa-Aki Shibata

Ikhlas A. Khan

Munekazu Iinuma

Tomoyuki Shirai


The edited and peer reviewed volume presents selected papers of the conference Beyond knowlegde: the legacy of competence organized by EARLI SIG Learning and Instruction with Computers in cooperation with SIG Instructional Design. It reflects the current state-of-the-art work of scholars worldwide within the area of learning and instruction with computers. Mainly, areas of computer-based learning environments supporting competence-focused knowledge acquisition but also foundational scientific work are addressed. More specific, contents cover cognitive processes in hypermedia and multimedia learning, social issues in computer-supported collaborative learning, motivation and emotion in Blended Learning and e-Learning.


States routinely and readily exploit the grey area between sentiments of national affinity and hegemonic emotions geared to nationalist aggression. In this book, Arshin Adib-Moghaddam focuses on the use of Iranian identity to offer a timely exploration into the psychological and political roots of national identity and how these are often utilised by governments from East to West. Examining this trend, both under the Shah as well as by the governments since the 1979 Iranian revolution, Adib-Moghaddam's analysis is driven by what he terms 'psycho-nationalism', a new concept derived from psychological dynamics in the making of nations. Through this, he demonstrates how nationalist ideas evolved in global history and their impact on questions of identity, statecraft and culture. Psycho-nationalism describes how a nation is made, sustained and 'sold' to its citizenry and will interest students and scholars of Iranian culture and politics, world political history, nationalism studies and political philosophy.


An experimental study of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in helium gas at roughly 5 K is performed in a cell with aspect ratio 1. Data are analysed in a 'hard turbulence' region (4 × 107 < Ra < 6 × 1012) in which the Prandtl number remains between 0.65 and 1.5. The main observation is a simple scaling behaviour over this entire range of Ra. However the results are not the same as in previous theories. For example, a classical result gives the dimensionless heat flux, Nu, proportional to $Ra^{\frac{1}{3}}$ while experiment gives an index much closer to $\frac{2}{7}$. A new scaling theory is described. This new approach suggests scaling indices very close to the observed ones. The new approach is based upon the assumption that the boundary layer remains in existence even though its Rayleigh number is considerably greater than unity and is, in fact, diverging. A stability analysis of the boundary layer is performed which indicates that the boundary layer may be stabilized by the interaction of buoyancy driven effects and a fluctuating wind.


Early tangential excision of the burn wound is essential for removal of necrotic tissue and promotion of burn wound healing process. However, the depth of the burn wound is not easily assessed during the tangential excision performed by hand-held dermatomes, and it may be possible to excise unburned vital dermis unnecessarily, which aids in primary epithelization of the burn wound by adnexal structures. We herein present early clinical results of steel wool-aided dermabrasion in patients with deep partial-thickness burns. This is a retrospective case study of 23 consecutive hospitalized patients with deep partial-thickness burns. All of the steel wool-aided dermabrasions were performed under general anesthesia within 48 hours after injury. Patients were excluded from the study if the admission was not within 24 hours after injury, and if the burn wound was entirely superficial partial- or full-thickness. Thirteen male and 10 female patients with a mean age of 26.2 ± 17.1 years were enrolled in the study. During the follow-up period, all of the patients had burn wounds primary epithelized on postburn day 15.1 ± 1.8, without any complications. None of the patients exhibited a mortal course, and redebridement or skin grafting of the previously dermabraded deep partial-thickness burn wounds were not required in any of the patients. Steel wool-aided dermabrasion is an easy, cost-effective, and reliable technique for the treatment of deep partial-thickness burns, which provides complete removal of necrotic tissue, preserves the vital dermis, reduces the requirement for skin grafting, and decreases length of hospital stay.


This Article examines the psychosocial processes of risk construction and explores how these processes intersect with core principles of Anglo-American law. It does so by critiquing current cultural and legal perceptions that mothers, especially pregnant women, pose a risk to their children's health. The Article's core argument is that during the last four decades, both American society and American law have increasingly come to view mothers as a primary source of risk to children. This intense focus on the threat of maternal harm ignores significant environmental sources of injury, including fathers and other men, as well as exposure to toxic chemicals, dangerous social environments, poverty, and other multi-factorial contributors to childhood harm. The singular focus on mothers as a source of harm to children is scientifically unfounded and reflects persistent racial, gender, and class stereotypes. It also can lead to poor public policy. Risk that is misunderstood is likely to be met with measures that are both misguided and ineffective.The Article first explicates the landscape of mothers and risk, contrasting common misperceptions with the hard data on children's health. The Article then considers how and why this distorted view has arisen, relying on new social science research about risk perception and risk communication. Building on that research, the Article examines American legal history and theory, casting a wide net in criminal, environmental, and tort law to demonstrate how core legal doctrine both reflects and reinforces existing sociocultural norms, particularly in the areas of mothers' responsibility for children's health. The Article urges a reengagement with the precautionary principle, based on solid scientific evidence, to improve the health of all of America's children.


Constitutional doctrine is often shaped by the details of the constitutional text. Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Supreme Court first considers whether a law is "necessary" and then whether it is "proper." Some justices have urged the same approach for the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause: first ask if the punishment is "cruel," then if it is "unusual." That each clause has two requirements seems obvious, and it is has been the assumption underlying vast amounts of scholarship. That assumption is incorrect.This Article argues that "necessary and proper" and "cruel and unusual" are best read as instances of hendiadys. Hendiadys is a figure of speech in which two terms, separated by a conjunction, work together as a single complex expression. It is found in many languages, including English: e.g., "rise and shine," "nice and fat," "cakes and ale," "open and notorious." When "cruel and unusual" is read as a hendiadys, the clause does not prohibit punishments that merely happen to be both cruel and unusual. Rather, it prohibits punishments that are unusually cruel, i.e., innovative in their cruelty. If "necessary and proper" is read as a hendiadys, then the terms are not separate requirements for congressional action. The word "necessary" requires a close relationship between a statute and the constitutional power it is carrying into execution, while "proper" instructs us not to interpret "necessary" in its strictest sense. "Proper" also reminds us that the incidental power Congress is exercising must belong to an enumerated power.To read each of these constitutional phrases as a hendiadys, though seemingly novel, actually aligns closely with the early interpretations, including the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause in McCulloch v. Maryland. The readings offered here solve a number of puzzles, and they better capture the subtlety of these clauses.


This research considers a stochastic supply chain problem that (a) has applications in anumber of continuous production industries, and (b) integrates elements of several classicaloperations research problems, including the cutting stock problem, inventory management,facility location, and distribution. The research also uses techniques such as stochasticprogramming and Benders' decomposition. We consider an environment in which a companyhas geographically dispersed distribution points where it can stock standard sizes of a productfrom its plants. In the most general problem, we are given a set of candidate distributioncenters with different fixed costs at the di®erent locations, and we may choose not to operate facilities at one or more of these locations. We assume that the customer demand for smaller sizes comes from other geographically distributed points on a continuing basis and this demand is stochastic in nature and is modeled by a Poisson process. Furthermore, we address a sustainable manufacturing environment where the trim is not considered waste, but rather, gets recycled and thus has an inherent value associated with it. Most importantly, the problem is not a static one where a one-time decision has to be made. Rather, decisions are made on a continuing basis, and decisions made at one point in time have a significant impact on those made at later points. An example of where this problem would arise is a steel or aluminum company that produces product in rolls of standard widths. The decision maker must decide which facilities to open, to find long-run replenishment rates for standard sizes, and to develop long-run policies for cutting these into smaller pieces so as to satisfy customer demand. The cutting stock, facility-location, and transportation problems reside at the heart of the research, and all these are integrated into the framework of a supply chain. We can see that, (1) a decision made at some point in time a®ects the ability to satisfy demand at a later point, and (2) that there might be multiple ways to satisfy demand. The situation is further complicated by the fact that customer demand is stochastic and that this demand could be potentially satisfied by more than one distribution center. Given this background, this research examines broad alternatives for how the company's supply chain should be designed and operated in order to remain competitive with smaller and more nimble companies. The research develops a LP formulation, a mixed-integer programming formulation, and a stochastic programming formulation to model di®erent aspects of the problem. We present new solution methodologies based on Benders' decomposition and the L-shaped method to solve the NP-hard mixed-integer problem and the stochastic problem respectively. Results from duality will be used to develop shadow prices for the units in stock, and these in turn will be used to develop a policy to help make decisions on an ongoing basis. We investigate the theoretical underpinnings of the models, develop new, sophisticated computational methods and interesting properties of its solution, build a simulation model to compare the policies developed with other ones commonly in use, and conduct computational studies to compare the performance of new methods with their corresponding existing methods.


Transnational migratory labor remains a primary method many Filipinos use in an effort to gain financial security for their families. Based on data collected from an urban Southern Visayan province during the summer of 2007, this study examined a sample of 116 OFW (Overseas Filipino Workers) families and a sample of 99 traditional two-parent households. Comparative analyses revealed that mothers from OFW families demonstrated lower levels of warmth when compared with mothers from two-parent homes. Children from OFW families were reported to demonstrate greater internalizing and externalizing problems when compared with children from homes in which both parents lived in the home. Subsequent regression analyses showed that fathers who worked abroad may contribute to mother behaviors and child outcomes in certain direct and indirect paths.


To support discussions about the challenge of a sustainable mobility transition between researchers and stakeholders, such as practice experts, decision makers, and citizens, we have developed and tested an agent-based model and a mobile Decision Theatre set-up. Due to the combination of three elements – a) mathematical modelling and simulation, b) socio-ecological, including socio-economic, data and understanding, and c) a dialogue format based on the former two elements for bringing together researchers and stakeholders – we refer to the method as the Decision Theatre Triangle. This paper presents insights gained with the sustainable mobility case and, based on these, outlines research needs for turning this method into an easy-to-set-up instrument of science communication, decision support, and co-production of research for societal challenges more generally.


For the past fifteen years, the same types of questions concerning nuclear waste repository operations have kept coming up over and over again. What should be the average throughput for spent nuclear fuel? How much lag storage capacity will be needed? Where are the potential bottlenecks for waste handling at the repository? How many shifts per day should the repository operate? Computer models can be developed which accurately simulate the proposed operations at hypothetical repositories. However, as with most complex computer models, only a very few people, other than the model developers, would be able to understand the model's logic and its simulated results. In a program such as the Department of Energy's (DOE) Civilian Radioactive Waste Management program, where public understanding and acceptance are so important, new ways must be found to simplify the mathematical maze of complex results. Through the explanatory power of computer animation, these shortcomings can be overcome. Back in the early 1980's, a computer simulation model was developed for analyzing the waste handling operations at a hypothetical nuclear waste repository. Although the model is based on the material flow and process times contained in the Conceptual Reference Repository Description (CRRD), an early generic repository design, it is still quite capable of answering many 'what if' types of questions concerning nuclear waste handling operations. Basically, the model tracks the movement of spent nuclear fuel and transuranic waste from their initial receipt at the repository to their ultimate emplacement underground. What sets this model apart from other repository simulation models is its computer animation capability. A computer-generated film, which was produced from the model output, was shown in the hope of stimulating a renewed interest in using computer simulation and animation to support repository design.


This thesis consists of three self-contained papers. In the first paper I analyze the labor supply behavior of Bologna Pizza Delivery Vendors. Recent influential papers analyze labor supply behavior of taxi drivers (Camerer
et al., 1997; and Crawford and Meng, 2011) and suggest that reference-dependence preferences have an important influence on drivers' labor-supply decisions. Unlike previous papers, I am able to identify an exogenous and
transitory change in labor demand. Using high frequency data on orders and rainfall as an exogenous demand shifter, I invariably find that reference-dependent
preferences play no role in their labor' supply decisions and the behavior of pizza vendors is perfectly consistent with the predictions of the standard model of labor'
supply. In the second paper, I investigate how the voting
behavior of Members of Parliament is influenced by the Members seating nearby. By exploiting the random seating arrangements in the Icelandic Parliament, I show that
being seated next to Members of a different party increases the probability of not being aligned with one's own party. Using the exact spatial orientation of the peers, I provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that interaction is the main channel that explain these results. In the third paper, I provide an estimate of the trade flows that there would have been between the UK and Europe if the UK had joined the Euro. As an alternative
approach to the standard log-linear gravity equation I employ the synthetic control method. I show that the aggregate trade flows between Britain and Europe
would have been 13% higher if the UK had adopted the Euro.


RETNARI, PUTI FARRAH ANANTY. The Importance of Sara Kimoto in Tsukuru Tazaki's Personality Development as Seen in Haruki Murakami's Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage, Yogyakarta; Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. This study discusses Tsukuru's personality development on Haruki Murakami's novel entitled Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage. This novel tells about the life changes of Tsukuru Tazaki. Tsukuru is the main characters in the novel. The writer chooses to analyze Tsukuru's personality development because his personality develops after he meets Sara Kimoto. Sara is the significant person who motivates Tsukuru to change his personality. This study has two objectives. The first one is to identify the development of the main character's personality. The second one is to identify the importance of another character towards the main character's personality development. The method of this study is a library research. The writer uses Haruki Murakami's novel entitled Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage as the primary data. While as the secondary data, the writer uses several books about literature theories, psychological theories and the internet sources. The writer uses psychological approach because it is used to analyze the personality development of Tsukuru Tazaki. The writer finds that Tsukuru is characterized as reserved, lacking selfconfidence and pessimistic before he meets Sara Kimoto. Sara has a great contribution in Tsukuru's personality development. Because after Tsukuru meets Sara, his personality develops into an expressive, confident and optimistic person. Sara, as the significant person, changes Tsukuru's personality by motivating him to solve his problems. In the end, she makes Tsukuru's personality become better, undergo a slow but qualitative development. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI


The following objection to clause 179 of the draft Constitution was forwarded to the Constitutional Court pursuant to the invitation to the public to submit objections on the basis that the draft does not comply with one or more of the constitutional principles contained in Schedule 4 of the interim Constitution: 'Clause 179 provides inter alia for a national Attorney-General, who will in effect be under the control of the executive. These provisions do not ensure ""equality of all before the law and an equitable legal process"", as is required by Principle V. The provisions of clause 179 as a whole, providing for a national prosecution policy and intervention by the National Director of Public Prosecutions, enables selective prosecutions in contravention of the spirit of Principle V and, possibly, that of Principle VI (separation of powers).


This research investigated the experiences and aspirations of low-status immigrant healthcare workers in Massachusetts. Using snowball and convenience sampling, I conducted 50 interviews with immigrant Certified Nursing Assistants, Personal Care Assistants, and Home Health Aides about their daily work, compensation, and workplace culture and conditions. Massachusetts' low-status healthcare positions are disproportionately filled by Caribbean and African female immigrants, so my sample was comprised of Haitian, Nigerian, and Cape Verdean women. Most had not worked in the healthcare sector in their native countries. Their experiences show how Caribbean and African immigrants get funneled toward particular lowskilled sectors of the labor market, how race and gender factor into employment options, and how immigrant laborers are treated by supervisors and clients. Participants most often noted issues of low wages, racism, and other forms of discrimination. Secondary themes were job instability, workplace injuries from lifting patients, employers' rejection of their career qualifications from their home countries, lack of possibilities for advancement, and economic distress. This study enhances understanding of immigrants' significant contributions to the lives of the elderly and disabled for whom they provide care.