In standard multivariate statistical analysis common hypotheses of interest concern changes in mean vectors and subvectors. In compositional data analysis it is now well established that compositional change is most readily described in terms of the simplicial operation of perturbation and that subcompositions replace the marginal concept of subvectors. To motivate the statistical developments of this paper we present two challenging compositional problems from food production processes. Against this background the relevance of perturbations and subcompositions can be clearly seen. Moreover we can identify a number of hypotheses of interest involving the specification of particular perturbations or differences between perturbations and also hypotheses of subcompositional stability. We identify the two problems as being the counterpart of the analysis of paired comparison or split plot experiments and of separate sample comparative experiments in the jargon of standard multivariate analysis. We then develop appropriate estimation and testing procedures for a complete lattice of relevant compositional hypotheses.


SYNOPSIS Objective. The present study examined specific situations in which European American and Chinese immigrant mothers to the United States expressed warmth and control with their young children. Design. Ninety-four European American and 90 Chinese immigrant mothers of children ages 3–6 from middle-class families were interviewed. Results. European American and Chinese immigrant mothers viewed children's independence, educational, social, emotional, and moral development as important. Specifically, mothers from both cultural groups discussed expressing warmth toward their children when: (1) structuring their children's daily schedules and routines, (2) doing activities with their children, (3) their children experience difficulties, (4) being close, showing intimacy and communicating with their children, (5) their children engage in positive behaviors, and (6) educating their children. Mothers also similarly discussed utilizing control when: (1) structuring their children's daily schedules and routines, (2) ensuring their child's safety, (3) their children engage in difficult behaviors, (4) their children interact with others, (5) educating their children, and (6) their children experience moral-related issues. However, mothers differentially endorsed four out of six situations of when they expressed warmth and four out of six situations of when they exerted control. Specifically, European American mothers emphasized expressing warmth and control about Western cultural values of individuality, open-expression, and respect. In contrast, Chinese immigrant mothers emphasized expressing warmth and control about psychological interdependence and Confucian-based values of group harmony and child obedience. Conclusions. This study highlights culturally shared and distinct socialization priorities that European American and Chinese immigrant mothers emphasize during early childhood.


The water chemistry of selected rivers in Kota Marudu, Sabah was studied based on the major ion chemistry and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Ten sampling stations were selected and water samples were collected from each station to assess its chemical properties. The physico-chemical variables including temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, turbidity, ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH3-N), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) were measured. The cations (K, Mg, Ca, Na) were analyzed by ICP-MS. Most of the variables were within the drinking water quality standards stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia except for turbidity. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and salinity hazard were calculated to identify the suitability of the water as irrigation water. The Wilcox diagram classifies that only 10% of samples are not suitable for the purpose of irrigation. The overall results showed that most of the rivers in Kota Marudu are still in a clean condition and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes except for Sumbilingan River, which is considered as slightly polluted. The results are supported by the hierarchical cluster analysis as the stations were grouped into two groups; low and high pollution intensities. This preliminary result can update the baseline data of selected water quality parameters in the Kota Marudu and could serve as tool for assisting relevant government bodies in regulating the water resources policies in the future.


The aim of this thesis was the molecular, developmental and functional characterization of brain photoreceptors in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii. These results shed new light on the evolution of photoreceptors and circadian centers within Bilateria.
Ciliary-type photoreceptors expressing c-opsin1 and the circadian marker bmal were previously identified in the dorsal brain of Platynereis larvae (Arendt et al., 2004), indicating that these brain photoreceptors might be involved in the entrainment of the circadian clock.
To study their development, I used EdU incorporation analyses, together with time lapse imaging of embryos expressing fluorescent markers of histones and membranes. This showed that the brain circadian center (demarcated by the expression of bmal and cry1) is mostly formed by cells that belong to the same lineage. These cells are generated by asymmetric cell divisions of neural progenitors expressing the transcription factor rx (retinal homeobox), a crucial regulator of vertebrate pineal, retina and hypothalamus development.
Next, I established methods to study gene function in the developing Platynereis embryos (morpholino-mediated knockdown, overexpression of mRNA, knockout with zinc finger nucleases). I applied these methods to study the role of Rx in the development of the ciliary photoreceptor lineage. Rx knockdown resulted in the loss of ciliary photoreceptors and in extensive changes in brain development, consistent with a role of Rx in the maintenance and/or multipotency of neural progenitors.
The analysis of the molecular identity of these cells showed that they all express a peropsin gene, the melatonin synthesis marker hiomt and several markers of the pineal complex, the structure that in vertebrates releases the hormone melatonin. Among these cells, a new photoreceptor type was identified, which is an asymmetric serotoninergic cell expressing c-ops1 and several pineal markers. Hierarchical clustering of Platynereis and vertebrate cell types revealed that this serotoninergic cell and the "canonical" ciliary photoreceptors are the Platynereis cells more similar
to the vertebrate pineal and retinal photoreceptors.
To understand the function of these brain hiomt expressing cells, I investigated the expression of melatonin receptors. In the trochophore larva, the only site of ex- pression of melatonin receptors was the prototroch, a belt of ciliated cells used for locomotion. Melatonin can specifically decrease the activity of the prototroch cells. Ciliary locomotion follows a circadian rhythm (with higher speed during daytime, and lower speed at night), which can be reset by phototransduction. This suggests that melatonin is the clock output mediating nighttime decrease of locomotor activity.
This study indicates that serotoninergic and melatonin releasing ciliary photoreceptors existed at the base of Bilateria. These photoreceptors have a conserved regulatory signature (rx, tbx2/3, lhx2/9, miR-7) and their ancestral function was the direct control of ciliary locomotion.


This review supports a research programme that is exploring how technology can narrow the gap for under- and low-achieving learners in secondary schools.

Technology can support learning for underachievers by improving results and increasing engagement. Research shows that it can do this by:

•monitoring behaviour and targeting learners who need special attention
•making the curriculum relevant to learners' everyday experiences
•encouraging learners' self-assessment and developing educators' reflective practices
•offering targeted online support to learners need it
•improving the literacy skills of Non-English Mother Tongue learners
•developing learners' executive attention and improving their intelligence scores.
Research shows that many different approaches using technology are effective. For instance, playing electronic games can encourage learners to practice skills such as language development. Games can also engage learners with special educational needs, such as ADHD. In one study, boys aged 9-11 with ADHD played a computer driving game. They were more engaged and had a tiny dropout rate compared to boys with ADHD who did not play.

Using presentation software in the classroom can also produce results. Researchers found that learners rate educators who use this technology more highly than educators who don't.


Remains of a digestive system from a slightly damaged articulated specimen of the comparatively rare bathycheilid trilobite Prionocheilus vokovicensis (Snajdr, 1956) are described for the first time. The specimen comes from the Middle Ordovician Sarka Formation of the Prague Basin and contains the midgut region of the digestive system preserved through the axial region of glabella and six anterior thoracic segments. The anterior-most part of the digestive system is unknown as the anterior glabellar lobes are not preserved in the studied specimen. In the cephalic shield, the remains of two pairs of gut diverticulae are seen in the posterior region of the glabella. Remains of five pairs of small cavities developed in the axis of the first six thoracic segments represent the remains of thoracic gut diverticulae. The discussed specimen possess the first undoubted remain of digestive structures established within the family Bathycheilidae (PŘibyl, 1953).


Purpose To assess the relative importance of criteria used for residency selection in 21 medical specialties given current available data and competitiveness of specialties. Method In 2006, questionnaires were distributed to 2,528 program directors in university hospital or university-affiliated community hospital residency programs across 21 medical specialties. Responses were recorded using a five-point Likert scale of importance. Mean values for each item were calculated within and across all specialties. Mean scores for item responses were used to create rank orders of selection criteria within the specialties. To facilitate comparisons, specialties were grouped according to the percentages of positions filled with U.S. medical school graduates. Results The overall response rate was 49%. With the data from all specialties pooled, the top five selection criteria were (1) grades in required clerkships, (2) United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 score, (3) grades in senior electives in specialty, (4) number of honors grades, and (5) USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) score. Conclusions The top academic selection criteria are based on clinical performance, with the exception of USMLE Step 1 score. Indicators that reflect excellence in clinical performance are valued across the specialties by residency program directors regardless of competitiveness within the specialty. USMLE Step 2 CK ranks higher in the less competitive specialties, whereas research experience is more prominent in the most competitive specialties. The Medical Student Performance Evaluation was ranked lowest of all criteria by the program directors.


Bacterial infection in fish is very important to the fish, the fish farmer and the consumer. The study evaluated the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial species in cultured Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus . A total of Fifty-five (55) individuals O. niloticus and C. gariepinus with weight between 14.1 to 389.5 g and standard length between 7.0 to 35.4 cm were sampled from two farm at Ashaiman and Akosombo for the examination of presence of pathogenic bacteria in their tissues. Tissues from the gill, stomach and liver were excised under aseptic conditions. These were inoculated in Brain Heart Infusion broths (BHI) and incubated for 24 hours at 37 o C then subsequently streaked on MacConkey Agars and Blood Agars (Supplemented with 5% sheep blood). The MacConkey and Blood Agars were also incubated for 24 hours at 37 o C. Bacteria colony that grew on the MacConkey and Blood Agars were picked with an inoculation loop and taken through a series of standardized test for bacteria identification. The test used were gram staining and biochemical test such as Indole, Catalase, Oxidase, Urease, Simmons Citrate and Sulphur Indole Motility tests. Bacterial species belonging to the genus Shigella , Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Neisseria , Edwardsiella , Bacillus , Pseudomonas , Staphyloccocus, Yersinia, Enterobacter,Citrobacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Streptobacillus, and Proteus were isolated from the two fish species sampled from the two sites. The presence of these pathogens means the potential outbreak of serious fish disease exists for fish farms, consumers in Ghana and worldwide.


In this study we develop a method to estimate the spatially averaged rainfall intensity together with associated level of uncertainty using geostatistical upscaling. Rainfall data collected from a cluster of eight paired rain gauges in a 400 × 200m urban catchment are used in combination with spatial stochastic simulation to obtain optimal predictions of the spatially averaged rainfall intensity at any point in time within the urban catchment. The uncertainty in the prediction of catchment average rainfall intensity is obtained for multiple combinations of intensity ranges and temporal averaging intervals. The two main challenges addressed in this study are scarcity of rainfall measurement locations and non-normality of rainfall data, both of which need to be considered when adopting a geostatistical approach. Scarcity of measurement points is dealt with by pooling sample variograms of repeated rainfall measurements with similar characteristics. Normality of rainfall data is achieved through the use of normal score transformation. Geostatistical models in the form of variograms are derived for transformed rainfall intensity. Next spatial stochastic simulation which is robust to nonlinear data transformation is applied to produce realisations of rainfall fields. These realisations in transformed space are first back-transformed and next spatially aggregated to derive a random sample of the spatially averaged rainfall intensity. Results show that the prediction uncertainty comes mainly from two sources: spatial variability of rainfall and measurement error. At smaller temporal averaging intervals both these effects are high, resulting in a relatively high uncertainty in prediction. With longer temporal averaging intervals the uncertainty becomes lower due to stronger spatial correlation of rainfall data and relatively smaller measurement error. Results also show that the measurement error increases with decreasing rainfall intensity resulting in a higher uncertainty at lower intensities. Results from this study can be used for uncertainty analyses of hydrologic and hydrodynamic modelling of similar-sized urban catchments as it provides information on uncertainty associated with rainfall estimation, which is arguably the most important input in these models. This will help to better interpret model results and avoid false calibration and force-fitting of model parameters.


International students experience multiple and multi-dimensional educational and life transitions: moving to a new country, moving to a new educational system and moving to higher educational degree programmes. Within these transitions, they experience differences in the social and organisational cultures, languages, and interpersonal expectations, realities and relationships. Their transitions also lead to, and interact with, transitions of professionals, home students and their families.

Multi-dimensional Transitions of International Students to Higher Education provides up-to-date literature, research and theoretical constructs that underpin international students' transitions to Higher Education. This book will help you to understand the opportunities, issues, social-emotional-psychological dimensions and evidence-based interventions that are vital to support an individual through these educational and life transitions. Split into four sections, topics include:

Theoretical Underpinning
Research in Different Contexts
Impact of Educational Practice and Social Systems
Interventions and Strategies Used to Enhance International Students' Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive Transition Experiences

This book is essential reading for professionals, students and policy makers and provides significant research insights to academics and researchers in the area of education, psychology and sociology.


In parallel to the developments dedicated to the ITER neutral beam (NB) system, CEA-IRFM with laboratories in France and Switzerland are studying the feasibility of a new generation of NB system able to provide heating and current drive for the future DEMOnstration fusion reactor. For the steady-state scenario, the NB system will have to provide a high NB power level with a high wall-plug efficiency (η ∼ 60%). Neutralization of the energetic negative ions by photodetachment (so called photoneutralization), if feasible, appears to be the ideal solution to meet these performances, in the sense that it could offer a high beam neutralization rate (>80%) and a wall-plug efficiency higher than 60%. The main challenge of this new injector concept is the achievement of a very high power photon flux which could be provided by 3 MW Fabry–Perot optical cavities implanted along the 1 MeV D− beam in the neutralizer stage. The beamline topology is tall and narrow to provide laminar ion beam sheets, which will be entirely illuminated by the intra-cavity photon beams propagating along the vertical axis. The paper describes the present R&D (experiments and modelling) addressing the development of a new ion source concept (Cybele source) which is based on a magnetized plasma column. Parametric studies of the source are performed using Langmuir probes in order to characterize and compare the plasma parameters in the source column with different plasma generators, such as filamented cathodes, radio-frequency driver and a helicon antenna specifically developed at SPC-EPFL satisfying the requirements for the Cybele (axial magnetic field of 10 mT, source operating pressure: 0.3 Pa in hydrogen or deuterium). The paper compares the performances of the three plasma generators. It is shown that the helicon plasma generator is a very promising candidate to provide an intense and uniform negative ion beam sheet.


The evaluation of RF Sensors often requires a test capability where various RF scenes are presented to the Unit Under Test (UUT). These scenes may need to be dynamic, represent multiple targets and/or decoys, emulate dynamic motion, and simulate real world RF environmental conditions. An RF Scene Generator can be employed to perform these functions and is the focus of this paper. The total test system is usually called Hardware in the Loop (HITL) involving the sensor mounted on a Flight Motion Simulator (FMS), the RF Scene Generator presenting the RF Scene, and a Simulation Computer that dynamically controls everything in real time. This paper describes the system concept for an RF Scene Generator that simultaneously represents 4 targets, in highly dynamic motion, with no occlusion, over a wide range of power, frequency, and Field of View (FOV). It presents the test results from a prototype that was built and tested over a limited FOV, while being scalable to the total FOV and full system capability. The RF Scene Generator employs a wall populated with an array of emitters that enables virtually unlimited velocity and acceleration of targets and employs beam steering to provide high angular resolution and accuracy of the presented target positions across the FOV.


Title (and Subtitle)/Titel Air quality and residential wood combustion - application of the model system SIMAIRrwc for some Swedish municipalities Abstract/Sammandrag SIMAIRrwc is a Web based evaluation tool for meeting the EU directive on air pollution limits in residential areas using wood combustion. The background is a four-year research program (2001-2004) called Biomass Combustion Health and Environment. Some conclusions from this program were that emissions from small scale wood combustion can influence human health mainly due to high emitting old wood stoves during cold weather conditions and that the air quality in such areas can improve significantly if old wood stoves were replaced by modern wood boilers attached to a storage tank or with a pellet boiler. SIMAIRrwc is based on the same principles as SIMAIRroad, which is a Web based evaluation tool for road traffic i.e. coupled model system using different models on local, urban and regional geographical scales, best available emission data, but at the same time presented in a very simplified way. In this project SIMAIRrwc has been applied in five different Swedish municipalities. The aim has been to apply and improve the model in cooperation with the municipalities. The conclusions from the project are: • Small scale wood combustions in residential areas are local problems which sometimes include only a few houses and/or wood-burners. • Air quality problems related to the EU directive are mainly due to particles. • Combinations of residential areas with wood combustion and emissions from nearby dense traffic roads might give rise to bad air quality. • Actions require knowledge about individual equipment which needs information from the local chimney- sweeps. • The best way to identify problem areas is to use model calculations. • If model calculations indicate risks of exceeding air quality limits, then new calculations should be made with improved input data taking into account for example information of district heating or other installations that can effect the emissions. • Before actions are taken it may also be useful to make measurements. The measurement site can then be selected in the area where the model calculations show the larges impact. • SIMAIRrwc is a powerful tool that can be used for identification and visualisation of areas where there might be air quality problems due to residential wood combustion.


South Africa faces numerous challenges in healthcare, with the result that communities in many rural provinces are grossly underserved. These problems are compounded when doctors are unable to communicate with their patients. IsiZulu is spoken by most people in KwaZulu-Natal. Older and rural patients often present as monolingual isiZulu speakers. The need and ability to speak an indigenous language is emphasised in communication, identified as a core competency for doctors. The benefits of language-concordant health care have been documented, and policies at national, regional and institutional level provide for language diversity. As first-language English users, medical students have to be trained to become competent in speaking isiZulu. This mixed-method study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of third-year students who had received isiZulu-training during their first year at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The results indicated an improvement in students' communicative competence. In general, positive attitudes were held by the students towards the language, but there was a perceived need for additional input in order for the students to become competent.


The intention of this article is to subject European financial centres to a SWOT analysis, assessing their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. We start with a closer definition of the term financial centre and a classification of the different kinds of financial centres found in Europe. A second section analyses the extent to which EU legislation and in particular the Financial Services Action Plan (FSAP) may lead to an intensification of financial centre competition. In a final section, we make some assessments for the future.


A photonic-assisted reactive near-field scanner for planar antennas is presented. We, KRISS (Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science), have recently developed electro-optic sensors as all-dielectric electric field probes and utilized them for field imaging of antenna patterns. The performance of our system, as well as calibration of the system drift, are introduced by exploring 4 × 4 patch antenna arrays at the K-band.


Accurate in silico prediction of protein-ligand binding affinities has been a primary objective of structure-based drug design for decades due to the putative value it would bring to the drug discovery process. However, computational methods have historically failed to deliver value in real-world drug discovery applications due to a variety of scientific, technical, and practical challenges. Recently, a family of approaches commonly referred to as relative binding free energy (RBFE) calculations, which rely on physics-based molecular simulations and statistical mechanics, have shown promise in reliably generating accurate predictions in the context of drug discovery projects. This advance arises from accumulating developments in the underlying scientific methods (decades of research on force fields and sampling algorithms) coupled with vast increases in computational resources (graphics processing units and cloud infrastructures). Mounting evidence from retrospective validation studies, blind challenge predictions, and prospective applications suggests that RBFE simulations can now predict the affinity differences for congeneric ligands with sufficient accuracy and throughput to deliver considerable value in hit-to-lead and lead optimization efforts. Here, we present an overview of current RBFE implementations, highlighting recent advances and remaining challenges, along with examples that emphasize practical considerations for obtaining reliable RBFE results. We focus specifically on relative binding free energies because the calculations are less computationally intensive than absolute binding free energy (ABFE) calculations and map directly onto the hit-to-lead and lead optimization processes, where the prediction of relative binding energies between a reference molecule and new ideas (virtual molecules) can be used to prioritize molecules for synthesis. We describe the critical aspects of running RBFE calculations, from both theoretical and applied perspectives, using a combination of retrospective literature examples and prospective studies from drug discovery projects. This work is intended to provide a contemporary overview of the scientific, technical, and practical issues associated with running relative binding free energy simulations, with a focus on real-world drug discovery applications. We offer guidelines for improving the accuracy of RBFE simulations, especially for challenging cases, and emphasize unresolved issues that could be improved by further research in the field.


Species of littoral freshwater environments in regions with continental climate experience pronounced seasonal temperature changes. Coping with long cold winters and hot summers requires specific physiological and behavioural adaptations. Endemic amphipods of Lake Baikal, Eulimnogammarus verrucosus and Eulimnogammarus cyaneus, show high metabolic activity throughout the year; E. verrucosus even reproduces in winter. In contrast, the widespread Holarctic amphipod Gammarus lacustris overwinters in torpor. This study investigated the transcriptomic hallmarks of E. verrucosus, E. cyaneus and G. lacustris exposed to low water temperatures. Amphipods were exposed to 1.5°C and 12°C (corresponding to the mean winter and summer water temperatures, respectively, in the Baikal littoral) for one month. At 1.5°C, G. lacustris showed upregulation of ribosome biogenesis and mRNA processing genes, as well as downregulation of genes related to growth, reproduction and locomotor activity, indicating enhanced energy allocation to somatic maintenance. Our results suggest that the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway is involved in the preparation for hibernation; downregulation of the actin cytoskeleton pathway genes could relate to the observed low locomotor activity of G. lacustris at 1.5°C. The differences between the transcriptomes of E. verrucosus and E. cyaneus from the 1.5°C and 12°C exposures were considerably smaller than for G. lacustris. In E. verrucosus, cold‐exposure triggered reproductive activity was indicated by upregulation of respective genes, whereas in E. cyaneus, genes related to mitochondria functioning were upregulated, indicating cold compensation in this species. Our data elucidate the molecular characteristics behind the different adaptations of amphipod species from the Lake Baikal area to winter conditions.


JANUARY 2018 IZA DP No. 11265 The Impact of High School Financial Education on Financial Knowledge and Choices: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Spain* We conducted a randomized controlled trial where 3,000 9th grade students coming from 78 high schools received a financial education course at different points of the year. Right after the treatment, test performance increased by 16% of one standard deviation, treated youths were more likely to become involved in financial matters at home and showed more patience in hypothetical saving choices. In an incentivized saving task conducted three months after, treated students made more patient choices than a control group of 10th graders. Within randomization strata, the main impacts are also statistically significant in public schools, which over-represent disadvantaged students. JEL Classification: D14, D91, I22, J24


We investigate the motion of free particle in the field of strongly gravitating object which is embedded into dust cosmological background. We use newly obtained exact solution of Einstein equations in comoving coordinates for the system under consideration in case of zero spatial curvature. Observable velocity of the particle moving relatively to the observer comoving with cosmological expansion is found from geodesic equations.


The current five-year survival rate of metastasized prostate cancer is only 30% and occurs in every one in nine men. Researchers have shown that people with a type of dwarfism called Laron's Syndrome are immune to cancer due to their low levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). For this reason, experimentally modifying the level of IGF-1 could provide better insight into whether lowering the levels of IGF-1 in prostate cancer cell lines (e.g. PC-3) could be an effective treatment to reduce their rates of proliferation and migration and increase apoptosis. We selected three compounds, which researchers have shown decrease IGF-1 levels, to test and combine to determine which is the most promising. We conducted a cell proliferation assay in order to determine the impact of each treatment on cell proliferation. We used a migration assay to measure the migration of the PC-3 cells after each treatment. In this assay, we seeded bone marrow mesenchymal stromatolites cells (BM-MSC) underneath the PC-3 cells to induce migration. Finally, we conducted an apoptosis assay to count the number of cell deaths after treating the PC-3 cells. The compounds we used, glucosamine, apigenin, and resveratrol, can be found naturally in foods or supplements. We found the treatment with a combination of all three compounds to be most effective in decreasing cell proliferation and migration levels in the PC-3 cells. In the cell apoptosis assay, the glucosamine and apigenin combination caused the largest number of cell deaths, but an outlier in this condition resulted in a large margin of error. The combination of all three compounds resulted in the second highest number of cell deaths. With these results and further investigation, a potential new, less costly, and less painful treatment for prostate cancer could be found.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To describe sexuality, menopausal symptoms, and quality of life (QOL) in premenopausal women in the first year following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)
.

DESIGN
One-year prospective longitudinal study.

SETTING
Stanford University Medical Center in California.
.

SAMPLE
63 premenopausal female recipients of HCT with a mean age of 34.5 years.

METHODS
Three instruments were used.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Sexuality, menopausal symptoms, and QOL
.

FINDINGS
At one year post-HCT, women reported absent to low desire and arousal, adequate lubrication less than half of the time, absent or rare orgasm, pain during vaginal penetration more than half the time, and dissatisfaction with overall sex life. Women also reported moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, and sweating. Twenty-one women were avoiding sexual activity, and 25 women were not sexually active. Mean QOL scores significantly increased (p = 0.028) in the first year, signifying an improvement in QOL. Variables predictive of improved QOL at one year post-HCT include decreased psychosocial and physical symptoms, sexual satisfaction, and pre-HCT QOL score
.

CONCLUSIONS
One year post-HCT, women reported sexual dysfunction, sexual dissatisfaction, and menopausal symptoms, which negatively affect QOL.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Nurses and other healthcare providers working with recipients of HCT can provide anticipatory guidance on potential changes in sexuality and menopausal symptoms to facilitate adaptation by reducing discordance between expectations and new realities
.


Lazy replication with snapshot isolation (SI) has emerged as a popular choice for distributed databases. However, lazy replication requires the execution of update transactions at one (master) site so that it is relatively easy for a total SI order to be determined for consistent installation of updates in the lazily replicated system. We propose a set of techniques that support update transaction execution over multiple partitioned sites, thereby allowing the master to scale. Our techniques determine a total SI order for update transactions over multiple master sites without requiring global coordination in the distributed system, and ensure that updates are installed in this order at all sites to provide consistent and scalable replication with SI. We have built our techniques into PostgreSQL and demonstrate their effectiveness through experimental evaluation.


A compound fiber ring resonator is made with a Fabry–Perot etalon built inside a fiber ring that is fed through a 2 × 2 directional single-mode fiber coupler. It is theoretically analyzed by an unfolded equivalent model and a transfer-matrix method. The output intensities are presented, and four cases are discussed. The results may be useful in applications such as fiber spectrum analyzers, sensors, and lasers.


This study analyzes the exposure of the human torso to electromagnetic fields caused by wireless body-mounted or handheld devices. Because of the frequency and distance ranges from 30-5800 MHz and 10 to 200 mm, respectively, both near-field and far-field effects are considered. A generic body model and simulations of anatomical models are used to evaluate the worst case tissue composition with respect to the absorption of electromagnetic energy. Both standing wave effects and enhanced coupling of reactive near-field components can lead to a specific absorption rate (SAR) increase in comparison to homogeneous tissue. In addition, the exposure and temperature increase of different inner organs is assessed. With respect to compliance testing, the observed SAR enhancement may require the introduction of a multiplication factor for the spatial peak SAR measured in the liquid-filled phantom in order to obtain a conservative exposure assessment. The observed tissue heating at the body surface under adiabatic conditions can be significant, whereas the temperature increase in the inner organs turned out to be negligible for the cases investigated.


Overcapacity is a major problem in common-pool resources. Regulators increasingly turn from limited entry to individual transferable use rights to address overcapacity. Using individual vessel data from before and after the introduction of individual harvest rights into a fishery, the paper investigates how characteristics of rights, scale of operations and transition period affect changes in individual and fleet capacity utilisation and excess capacity. The results indicate that individual harvest rights in both theory and practice offer the potential to address the problem of overcapacity in common-pool resources currently managed with limited-entry regulations.


For most historians, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw the hostilities of the Civil War and the dashed hopes of Reconstruction give way to the nationalising forces of cultural reunion, a process that is said to have downplayed sectional grievances and celebrated racial and industrial harmony. In truth, says Natalie J. Ring, this buoyant mythology competed with an equally powerful and far-reaching set of representations of the backward Problem South--one that shaped and reflected attempts by northern philanthropists, southern liberals, and federal experts to rehabilitate and reform the country's benighted region. Ring rewrites the history of sectional reconciliation and demonstrates how this group used the persuasive language of social science and regionalism to reconcile the paradox of poverty and progress by suggesting that the region was moving through an evolutionary period of ""readjustment"" toward a more perfect state of civilisation. In addition, The Problem South contends that the transformation of the region into a mission field and laboratory for social change took place in a transnational moment of reform. Ambitious efforts to improve the economic welfare of the southern farmer, eradicate such diseases as malaria and hookworm, educate the southern populace, ""uplift"" poor whites, and solve the brewing ""race problem"" mirrored the colonial problems vexing the architects of empire around the globe. It was no coincidence, Ring argues, that the regulatory state's efforts to solve the ""southern problem"" and reformers' increasing reliance on social scientific methodology occurred during the height of U.S. imperial expansion.


Programming Internet of Things (IoT) applications is challenging because developers have to be knowledgeable in various technical domains, from low-power networking, over embedded operating systems, to distributed algorithms. Hence, it will be challenging to find enough experts to provide software for the vast number of expected devices, which must also be scalable and particularly safe due to the connection to the physical world. To remedy this situation, we propose an architecture that provides Web-like scripting for low-end devices through Cloud-based application servers and a consistent, RESTful programming model. Our novel runtime container Actinium (Ac) exposes scripts, their configuration, and their lifecycle management through a fully RESTful programming interface using the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). We endow the JavaScript language with an API for direct interaction with mote-class IoT devices, the CoapRequest object, and means to export script data as Web resources. With Actinium, applications can be created by simply mashing up resources provided by CoAP servers on devices, other scripts, and classic Web services. We also discuss security considerations and show the suitability of this architecture in terms of performance with our publicly available implementation.


This article addresses the problem of police violence that is persistent in American society and argues, despite the prevalence of police misconduct in general and police violence in particular, the predominant belief is that police violence is a rare occurrence and that "good" policing is the rule and police violence and corruption is the exception. From this perspective police officers who engage in illegal and/or violent activities represent a "few bad apples" and therefore their violent and corrupt actions are viewed as an anomaly for which the police force cannot be held accountable. This article contends, contrary to the view that violence in policing is a matter of a "few bad apples," that violence is part of the institutional culture of policing and is therefore a function of a "rotten barrel." Part I of the article argues that violence is not a phenomena engaged in by a "few bad apples" but rather it is a phenomena that is embraced as a valuable part of police culture. No longer do police officers primarily view themselves as those who "serve and protect," but rather view themselves as warriors in a battle against crime. This mentality results in violent actions on the part of the police. Part II of the article examines the major legal recourse for addressing police violence; specifically Section 1983 civil rights litigation. Section 1983 civil rights litigation provides a means of legal redress for victims of police violence, but the author argues this remedy is ineffective because lawyers file cases against individual officers and fail to recognize patterns of violence among groups of officers. Further, it is maintained that offending officers who violate individuals' civil rights generally return to their jobs only to continue similar acts of violence and to train inexperienced officers that the behavior is accepted and condoned by the police administration. It is contended that this pattern of aggressive policing fosters a cycle of condoned violence, which further supports the "rotten barrel" of police culture. Part III of the article explores this phenomena by using the case of Jon Burge, the author discusses one of the most infamous examples of police violence and torture and delineates the violent and inhumane actions of Commander Jon Burger and the Area 2 police detectives in the city of Chicago, which resulted in over 150 African American men having been tortured within twenty years. The Jon Burge case is used to urge civil rights attorneys to work with community organizers, elected officials, criminal defense attorney, prosecutors, cooperating, police officials, the media, and members of the international community to effectuate meaningful change to eliminate police violence. In Part IV of the article the author contends that community and human rights activists and attorneys must pursue alternative means to address and alleviate police misconduct and violence, asserts that it is imperative that civil rights attorneys embrace and involve the community to fight police violence and misconduct, states that lawyers must generate constant dialogue within the community and community groups to educate them about the issues of police misconduct and violence and to empower the community to think of these issues in terms of human decency and human rights, and maintains that lawyers can also demand police accountability through international agencies such as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the United Nations Committee Against Torture, and the United Nations Human Rights Committee. The article concludes with the argument that it is difficult to fight police violence through litigation alone. The author asserts that instead of litigation, lawyers and activists committed to social justice must fight their battles not only in the courtroom but in the community; and they must use their legal skills to empower members of the community to act on their own behalf. The author also contends that a consciousness of the limitations of U.S. law and a willingness to use legal skills outside the courtroom is necessary to effectuate permanent change in the policing culture and towards social justice.


This thesis consists of four self-contained empirical studies, with three underlying themes: Migration, Education and Culture. First, using annual data over the period 1820-2010, Chapter 2 examines the productivity effects of immigrants' traits on growth in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. Immigrants' traits such as wealth, culture, institutions, R&D knowledge, and education are traced back to their country of origin. Culture is found to be consistently the most important productivity-enhancing trait of immigrants, followed by education. Second, using annual data over the period 1850-2010, Chapter 3 examines the impact of immigration as well as the immigrants' educational and cultural background on unemployment in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. The results show that immigrants lowered unemployment before WWII but not thereafter and that immigrants from Protestant countries have lowered unemployment throughout the entire period, 1850-2010. Third, using panel data on the eight Australian states and territories, Chapter 4 examines the effects of migration on house prices in Australia from 1971-2013, accounting for both international and internal migratory movements. The results show that migration driven population growth has a significant effect on house prices in the short-run and that inter-state migration needs to be account for due to the large inter-state movements. Overall, the other results are relatively consistent with existing literature. In the short-run, housing prices are significantly driven by inertia in house prices, interest rates, the unemployment rate and income. In the long run however, house prices are driven by their replacement costs, measured by construction costs. Last, using panel data of 21 OECD countries from 1820 to 2009, Chapter 5 seeks to explain the mass rise in education we have witnessed in the last few centuries. Specifically, it examines the impact of government regulation in the form of compulsory schooling laws and child labour laws, culture, life returns to education, structural changes in the economy and the sequential nature of schooling on school enrolment rates – primary, secondary and tertiary. Results suggest that primary and secondary schooling is significantly influenced by government regulation on schooling and that more liberal cultural values, higher life expectancy and an expansion of the knowledge intensive sector have a positive effect on enrolment across the three levels of schooling.


3D Printing
Many three-dimensional (3D) printing methods build up structures layer by layer, which causes a lamination layer between each discrete step. Continuous printing can be done from a fluid bed if a so-called dead layer is used to buffer between the solidified structure and pool of resin. However, printing speeds are limited by the heat buildup from the exothermic polymerization process, thus limiting the ultimate size of the printed object. Walker et al. use a pumped, nonreactive fluorinated oil to act as the dead layer that removes heat during polymerization. This approach allows for both speedup and scale-up of the printing process.

Science , this issue p. [360][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax1562


The adaptability potential of Lycium barbarum L., a species with significant health-promoting properties, in Bucharest's area hasn't been studied until now. This paper aims to present the evolution of the elements belonging to the juvenile plant's architecture (number and length of shoots) and the stages of fructification (first floral buds and flowering sightings, number of flowers on shoots, fructification period, fruit quality) during the first two years from planting (2011-2012). Two phenotypes (V1 and V2) were planted and observed in the research field at U.�- .A.M.V.'s Campus in Bucharest. At the end of 2011, newly-grown shoots per plant were between 10 and 40 for V1 and between 18 and 33 for V2. Their maximum number was 69 for V1 and 81 for V2. 2012's values are 20 to 60 for V1, and 20 to 70 for V2. The maximum value for V1 is 108 and 85 for V2. At the end of 2011, the average length of the shoots was 10 to 50 cm for V1, with a maximum of 62 cm. For V2, these values were 20-80 cm, with a maximum of 99 cm. In 2012, V1's new sprouts are 5 to 30 cm and V2's are 9-40 cm long. In 2011, for V1, flower buds first appeared at the middle of June and flowering occurred at the end of the same month. V2 plants flowered in august, and bore far less flowers. Both phenotypes flowered until late November. The average number of flowers per shoot was between 5 and 40. Fruits set in at the end of June, less than a year's time from cultivation. Production peaked in August and September. Fructification continued, for both phenotypes, until the end of November. V2 shrubs had fewer but bigger fruit, fructification started later and was less frequent. The average results at the quality tests were 16-20% dry substance per berry. The minimum value was 11%, the maximum 24%. Quality was slightly better for V2 fruit. In 2012, the first floral buds appeared on a V2 plant at the beginning of May and in a few days they were also seen on V1 plants. Days later, the first flowers appeared and in a week's time, fruits also set in although they had not ripened yet. The average number of flowers and buds, per branch, is 5 to 50, with a maximum of 70. The significance of these results is that the studied phenotypes belonging to the Lycium barbarum L. species have shown a strong adaptability potential in Bucharest's area.


Mavericks: Breaking the Mould of British Architecture Royal Academy of Arts, London 26 January–20 April 2016

In 1936, the leading British journal Architectural Review reconsidered its medium and its message by punching holes out of one of its thick interior sheets, displaying round sections of an image on the following page, to readers' delight. Playfully revealing and concealing, and connecting word, image, and magazine design for a 1930s audience, these well-placed holes reminded readers that even a robust and established critical voice could have a little fun. Mavericks: Breaking the Mould of British Architecture , at the Royal Academy, was also shaped by the spirited circle. The cover of its catalogue used the same circular trick as the 1930s AR issue. It was, too, an exhibition based on revealing and concealing, and it played fast and loose not only with the academy's interior ground floor Architecture Space and cafe rooms but also with the idea of an exhibition itself.

This was an exhibition without any exhibits, but it was no mere display either. Curated by Owen Hopkins, who is also the author of the accompanying yet arguably stand-alone book, Mavericks pulled together the career highlights of twelve architects across three hundred years of building and designing in Britain. Four were eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century classicists, and seven were from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; there was only one woman. That woman was …


Citrobacter braakii (C. braakii) is widespread in nature, mainly found in human urinary tract. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment on C. braakii in lyophilized as well as revived state for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, biochemical characteristics, and biotype number. Lyophilized vial of ATCC strain of C. braakii was divided into two parts, Group (Gr.) I: control and Gr. II: treated. Gr. II was further subdivided into two parts, Gr. IIA and Gr. IIB. Gr. IIA was analysed on day 10 while Gr. IIB was stored and analysed on day 159 (Study I). After retreatment on day 159, the sample (Study II) was divided into three separate tubes. First, second and third tube was analysed on day 5, 10 and 15, respectively. All experimental parameters were studied using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The 16S rDNA sequencing of lyophilized treated sample was carried out to correlate the phylogenetic relationship of C. braakii with other bacterial species. The antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration showed 39.29% and 15.63% alteration respectively in treated cells of C. braakii as compared to control. Tetracycline showed improved sensitivity pattern, i.e., from resistant to susceptible after biofield treatment, with support of decreased MIC value (>8 to ≤ 4 µg/mL) by two-fold in all the treated samples as compared to the control. Biochemical reactions also showed significant (42.42%) alteration in the treated samples with respect to the control. Biotype numbers with species were substantially changed in Gr. IIA (53131052, Citrobacter freundii complex) on day 10 and in Gr. IIB, Study I (53111052; Citrobacter amalonaticus) on day 159 as compared to the control (77365776; Citrobacter braakii). Moreover, biotype numbers with species were substantially changed in Gr. IIB, Study II after retreatment on day 5 (53111042, Citrobacter amalonaticus) and (53131052; Citrobacter freundii complex) on day 10 and 15 as compared to the control. 16S rDNA analysis showed that the identified microbe as Citrobacter freundii (GenBank Accession Number: DQ517285) with 95% identity. The nearest homolog genus-species of C. braakii was found to be Citrobacter werkmanii (Accession No. AF025373). The results suggested that biofield treatment has a significant impact on C. braakii in lyophilized as well as revived state.


The long-term effects of chemotherapeutic agents on subsequent radiation tolerance of the hematopoietic marrow were studied after a single injection of doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, or cyclophosphamide at a maximum tolerated dose. At designated intervals following drug treatment, drug-treated and age-matched control male B6D2F1 mice were exposed to 4.5 Gy of total-body irradiation, and the recovery kinetics of the stem cell (assayed at days 8 and 13 colony-forming spleen units) and progenitor (burst-forming erythroid units, and colony-forming erythroid and granulocyte/macrophage units) compartments were established. Response deficits were calculated for each compartment by comparison of treated and control recovery curves at 5 intervals over 32 weeks. Based on these response deficits, a number of conclusions were drawn: 1) There is selective drug specificity for the more primitive (13d) and mature (8d) CFUs subpopulations; 2) these sensitivities determine the temporal consequences of drug treatment on subsequent radiation tolerance in the marrow (e.g., acute, delayed, or long term); and 3) drugs that influence long-term radiation tolerance of the marrow are dose dependent and initially affect the more primitive stem cells. The data suggest that the initial lesion in the stem cell compartment, resulting in long-term enhancement of radiosensitivity, involves a major restriction (either in cell number or in genetic functionality) of the proliferative potential necessary for recovery from subsequent radiation insult.


Medication recommendation is an important healthcare application. It is commonly formulated as a temporal prediction task. Hence, most existing works only utilize longitudinal electronic health records (EHRs) from a small number of patients with multiple visits ignoring a large number of patients with a single visit (selection bias). Moreover, important hierarchical knowledge such as diagnosis hierarchy is not leveraged in the representation learning process. Despite the success of deep learning techniques in computational phenotyping, most previous approaches have two limitations: task-oriented representation and ignoring hierarchies of medical codes.
To address these challenges, we propose G-BERT, a new model to combine the power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) for medical code representation and medication recommendation. We use GNNs to represent the internal hierarchical structures of medical codes. Then we integrate the GNN representation into a transformer-based visit encoder and pre-train it on EHR data from patients only with a single visit. The pre-trained visit encoder and representation are then fine-tuned for downstream predictive tasks on longitudinal EHRs from patients with multiple visits. G-BERT is the first to bring the language model pre-training schema into the healthcare domain and it achieved state-of-the-art performance on the medication recommendation task.


Globalization occurs in a variety of social spheres, and different types of organizations have varying possibilities for becoming global actors. The aim of this paper is to explain why some non-governmental political actors have difficulty acting outside the framework of the nation state whereas others are more succesful. Drawing on the cases of the Socialist International, four European trade unions and Amnesty International, the paper explores organizational preconditions for becoming global political actors. The analysis is based on both contemporary and historical empirical sources, showing that in the cases of the European unions and the Socialist International the prime organizational form chosen for non-national cooperation is the international meta-organization. This form may render international recognition, but is rooted in national organizations making it less suitable for global politics. The best explanation for this un-aptness is strong internal differences, caused by the national embeddedness of political parties and trade unions. The paper points to four factors explaining this embeddedness and the following difficulties: members' interests, a broad agenda, and the necessity of engaging in solutions, leading to a lack of leadership. Comparing the results with the organizational form of Amnesty International the paper shows that it is the opposite to the meta-organizations of parties and unions. Amnesty is not fighting for the immediate interests of its members; it has a narrow agenda; it does not engage in solutions; and as a result it has strong leadership and can more easily act as a united global actor. Globalization occurs in a variety of social spheres, and different types of organizations have varying possibilities for becoming global actors. The aim of this paper is to explain why some non-governmental political actors have difficulty acting outside the framework of the nation state whereas others are more succesful. Drawing on the cases of the Socialist International, four European trade unions and Amnesty International, the paper explores organizational preconditions for becoming global political actors. The analysis is based on both contemporary and historical empirical sources, showing that in the cases of the European unions and the Socialist International the prime organizational form chosen for non-national cooperation is the international meta-organization. This form may render international recognition, but is rooted in national organizations making it less suitable for global politics. The best explanation for this un-aptness is strong internal differences, caused by the national embeddedness of political parties and trade unions. The paper points to four factors explaining this embeddedness and the following difficulties: members' interests, a broad agenda, and the necessity of engaging in solutions, leading to a lack of leadership. Comparing the results with the organizational form of Amnesty International the paper shows that it is the opposite to the meta-organizations of parties and unions. Amnesty is not fighting for the immediate interests of its members; it has a narrow agenda; it does not engage in solutions; and as a result it has strong leadership and can more easily act as a united global actor. Globalization occurs in a variety of social spheres, and different types of organizations have varying possibilities for becoming global actors. The aim of this paper is to explain why some non-governmental political actors have difficulty acting outside the framework of the nation state whereas others are more succesful. Drawing on the cases of the Socialist International, four European trade unions and Amnesty International, the paper explores organizational preconditions for becoming global political actors. The analysis is based on both contemporary and historical empirical sources, showing that in the cases of the European unions and the Socialist International the prime organizational form chosen for non-national cooperation is the international meta-organization. This form may render international recognition, but is rooted in national organizations making it less suitable for global politics. The best explanation for this un-aptness is strong internal differences, caused by the national embeddedness of political parties and trade unions. The paper points to four factors explaining this embeddedness and the following difficulties: members' interests, a broad agenda, and the necessity of engaging in solutions, leading to a lack of leadership. Comparing the results with the organizational form of Amnesty International the paper shows that it is the opposite to the meta-organizations of parties and unions. Amnesty is not fighting for the immediate interests of its members; it has a narrow agenda; it does not engage in solutions; and as a result it has strong leadership and can more easily act as a united global actor.


The paper reports on the first collections of Tricholoma bresadolanum in the Czech Republic. The authors present a macroand microscopic description based on a study of material collected at two localities in the Bohemian Karst Protected Landscape Area in Central Bohemia. The species was also documented from another two sites in Moravia. The characters distinguishing T. bresadolanum from similar species of the genus Tricholoma are discussed.


This comment examines how Australia assesses Indonesia's strategic value and the nature of the bilateral relationship by comparing the 2016 Defence White Paper (DWP2016) with its 2013 and 2009 predecessors. As a whole, DWP2016 mentioned or referenced Indonesia twenty-eight times, while the 2013 and 2009 White Papers did so thirty-two and twenty-one times, respectively.1 Seen through this simplistic benchmark, there seems to be no significant changes in how Canberra sees Jakarta. Upon closer examination, however, we can discern the subtle evolution of Canberra's assessments.


New robotics is an approach to robotics that, in contrast to traditional robotics, employs ideas and principles from biology. While in the traditional approach there are generally accepted methods (e.g., from control theory), designing agents in the new robotics approach is still largely considered an art. In recent years, we have been developing a set of heuristics, or design principles, that on the one hand capture theoretical insights about intelligent (adaptive) behavior, and on the other provide guidance in actually designing and building systems. In this article we provide an overview of all the principles but focus on the principles of ecological balance, which concerns the relation between environment, morphology, materials, and control, and sensory-motor coordination, which concerns self-generated sensory stimulation as the agent interacts with the environment and which is a key to the development of high-level intelligence. As we argue, artificial evolution together with morphogenesis is not only nice to have but is in fact a necessary tool for designing embodied agents.


Abstract The Second Step Violence Prevention Program was implemented in a rural elementary school with a population of mostly poor, white students. A yearlong longitudinal evaluation with students in the third through sixth grades was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. For comparison, data were also gathered from students in a nearby school without such an intervention. Results on teacher ratings on the School Social Behavior Scales (Merrell, 1993) indicated that there were significant improvements in ratings of social competence (p<.01) and antisocial behaviors (p<.05) at the intervention school when compared with students at the nonintervention school. Independent behavioral observations also showed improvements in some prosocial behaviors, such as engaging appropriately with peers. Observations did not find the same improvement in antisocial behaviors at the intervention school. Results and implications are discussed.


Part two describes the assessment process of the diagonals, including the front, back and homolateral structures. We discuss various positions for assessment including patients laying down on their back and side, sitting and standing. We also look at the use of the balance reaction test Statiek to assess the capability of both the diagonals and homolateral structures. This provides a greater understanding of what the diagonals can do, and what would be considered normal or abnormal as assessing both gives the examiner a greater appreciation of what to expect. We can use this practice to increase our awareness of what to observe and feel for, identifying some tips of where to place your hands to enable you to both apply pressure and feel for the amount of resistance the patient can apply in response. Subtle differences can be observed in patients depending on various individual characteristics they may have such as different leg lengths when comparing the left and right sides, or if somebody has a recognized problems within the structure and function of their backs. We begin to describe "trunk rules" as everyone should has the same reaction response when performing movements but these can present differently depending on the individuals level of mobility and selectivity. This article starts to briefly consider body scheme which is the perception of the body and its influence on the reaction of muscle patterns This perception can alter the overall function of the diagonals. In part three Pathology we will go more into developing the understanding of the impact that perception plays in the control and movement of diagonals. In the final section we move on to describing the trunk rules, discussing how both diagonals and the homolateral structures work in collaboration to help control and enable a greater range of movements of the trunk, and how this supports the keypoints of the great joints, identifying which movements are enabled and which are restricted.


Rocks from the Rana Layered Intrusion usually have low concentrations of noble metals but have normal Ni and Cu concentrations. Consequently the rocks have higher Cu/Ir, Ni/Ir, Cu/Pb and Ni/Pd ratios than extrusive rocks from the literature. If a small amount of sulphide was removed from the magma prior to its emplacement at Rana the magma would be depleted in noble metals relative to Ni and Cu, and rocks forming from it would have high Ni and Cu to noble-metal ratios.


In recent times there is great interest in the use of natural medicine, due to its effectiveness in some fields, nevertheless the potential risk due to excessive use or ignorance of the subject. The objective of this research is to identify the possible complications in childbirth caused by ingestion of infusions of medicinal plants consumed. It is a quantitative non-experimental descriptive and cross-sectional study, a previous informed consent survey was applied to 74 women who presented complications in labor and were attended in gynecology in the year 2016. The obtained information was tabulated in Microsoft Excel database, obtaining the following results: the age of the women investigated oscillates between the 19 to 35 years, 32% have incomplete secondary school, were identified as indigenous, only 3% went to the midwife to control pregnancy, 73% of women who presented complications at delivery took tea herbal infusions, 22% did relaxing baths with plants, and one 5% cataplasms were applied. The percentage of women presenting with complications at birth consumed between one to two glasses of herbal infusions per day. Pregnant women in labor had complications very related to the toxicological effects of the consumption of chamomile and cinnamon, taking into account that Roman and German chamomile can cause a miscarriage.


Public service is an effort to meet the basic needs for goods, services and administrative services provided by public service providers to the public. Good public services must be able to meet the needs of the community that are not convoluted, with a waiting time is relatively quick, and can be beneficial to all parties. It is claimed that poor public services are still becoming the reality of our current society. One of the efforts to encourage the government to improve the quality of public services is by using citizen's charter. It includes an agreement between service providers and service users about the types, procedures, costs, time and manner of service delivery according to service standards that are agreed by all parties involved.


We developed a new nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission inventory for the Los Angeles‐South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) expanding the Fuel‐based Inventory for motor‐Vehicle Emissions and applied it in regional chemical transport modeling focused on the California Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) 2010 field campaign. The weekday NOx emission over the SoCAB in 2010 is 620 t d−1, while the weekend emission is 410 t d−1. The NOx emission decrease on weekends is caused by reduced diesel truck activities. Weekday and weekend CO emissions over this region are similar: 2340 and 2180 t d−1, respectively. Previous studies reported large discrepancies between the airborne observations of NOx and CO mixing ratios and the model simulations for CalNex based on the available bottom‐up emission inventories. Utilizing the newly developed emission inventory in this study, the simulated NOx and CO mixing ratios agree with the observations from the airborne and the ground‐based in situ and remote sensing instruments during the field study. The simulations also reproduce the weekly cycles of these chemical species. Both the observations and the model simulations indicate that decreased NOx on weekends leads to enhanced photochemistry and increase of O3 and Ox (=O3 + NO2) in the basin. The emission inventory developed in this study can be extended to different years and other urban regions in the U.S. to study the long‐term trends in O3 and its precursors with regional chemical transport models.


At a time when international institutions and governments rethink the structure of development financing, the analysis of the relationship between different capital flows becomes significant. Given the relevance assigned by international institutions to the potential complementarities between foreign direct investment (FDI) and official development assistance (ODA), our study examines the relation between these flows for two countries that have attracted large amounts of the former: Argentina and Brazil. We analyse ODA and FDI time-series by donors and sectors, paying special attention to ODA allocated to economic infrastructure. In light of the frequent turbulences experienced by international financial markets, we also study the volatility of both flows, as well as the relation between FDI and ODA shocks. With the exception of Japanese flows to Brazil, we find no systematic relation between FDI and ODA flows even when the main foreign direct investors are also the main donors.


Synthetic biology has been presented as the application of engineering principles to (genomic) biology. But in industrial synthetic biology, alongside the much discussed engineering principles of abstraction, modularity, de-coupling and standardisation, we see many other practices of contextualisation through which engineering projects accrue credibility and realisability. This paper discusses how synthetic biologists working on next-generation biofuels construct an economic calculus for biological forms. As they modify microbes to make fuel from plants, waste gases and sunlight, or introduce new metabolic pathways into organisms, they also create novel stories that link economic and metabolic processes, and they attach new contexts to synthetic biology in various forms ranging from global climate change, peak oil, food security, US foreign policy, through to fashion and diet. Examples drawn from well-known next-generation biofuels companies such as Joule Unlimited, Amyris Technologies, Synthetic Genomics, Solazyme and Aurora Algae illustrate how principles of cosmogonic dreaming, metabolic equivalence and supply chain disruption strain to connect the origins of life on earth, the flux of solar radiation, the optimal metabolic flux in a microbe and the prices of petroleum, palm oil or sugar. This economic calculus both connects engineering practice to a plurality of life forms, and creates a space in which synthetic biology can appear as unprecedented.


Objective: Treating early active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) monotherapy achieves incomplete outcomes and intensive treatment seems preferable. As the relative benefits of combining two DMARDs, one DMARD with glucocorticoids and two DMARDs with glucocorticoids are uncertain we defined them in a factorial trial. Methods: A 2-year randomised double-blind factorial trial in patients with RA within 2 years of diagnosis treated with methotrexate studied the benefits of added ciclosporin, 9 months intensive prednisolone or both (triple therapy). The primary outcome was the number of patients with new erosions. Secondary outcomes included Larsen's x-ray scores, disability, quality of life and adverse events. Findings: 1391 patients were screened and 467 randomised. Over 2 years 132 (28%) changed therapy and 88 (19%) were lost to follow-up. The number of patients with new erosions was reduced by nearly half by adding ciclosporin or prednisolone (p = 0.01 and 0.03); both treatments reduced increases in Larsen's x-ray scores by over 2 units (p = 0.008 and 0.003). A further reduction in erosive damage was seen with combined use of both treatments. Their effects on erosive damage appeared independent. Triple therapy reduced disability and improved quality of life compared with methotrexate; ciclosporin and prednisolone acted synergistically. More patients withdrew because of adverse events with triple therapy, without an increase in serious adverse effects. Conclusions: This study confirms the existence of a "window of opportunity" in early RA, when intensive combination therapy produces sustained benefits on damage and disability. Although methotrexate–prednisolone combinations reduce erosive damage, the synergistic effect of two DMARDs is needed to improve quality of life.


Gas mass remains one of the most difficult protoplanetary disk properties to constrain. With much of the protoplanetary disk too cold for the main gas constituent, H2, to emit, alternative tracers such as dust, CO, or the H2 isotopologue HD are used. However, relying on disk mass measurements from any single tracer requires assumptions about the tracer's abundance relative to H2 and the disk temperature structure. Using new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations from the Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) ALMA Large Program as well as archival ALMA observations, we construct a disk physical/chemical model of the protoplanetary disk GM Aur. Our model is in good agreement with the spatially resolved CO isotopologue emission from 11 rotational transitions with spatial resolution ranging from 0.″15 to 0.″46 (24–73 au at 159 pc) and the spatially unresolved HD J = 1–0 detection from Herschel. Our best-fit model favors a cold protoplanetary disk with a total gas mass of approximately 0.2 M ⊙, a factor of 10 reduction in CO gas inside roughly 100 au and a factor of 100 reduction outside of 100 au. Despite its large mass, the disk appears to be on the whole gravitationally stable based on the derived Toomre Q parameter. However, the region between 70 and 100 au, corresponding to one of the millimeter dust rings, is close to being unstable based on the calculated Toomre Q of <1.7. This paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal Supplement.


This article addresses shared themes in the writing of Saint Paul and the work of the science fiction writer Philip K. Dick. Much recent philosophical interest in Saint Paul focuses on his contemporary significance as a radical political thinker, following Jacob Taubes' influential late work, The Political Theology of Paul. Assessments of Paul's writing in this context (e.g. by Agamben, Badiou, Milbank) highlight the various ways in which he uses fictionalizing, for example in setting up the tension between the present world and a messianic future, in the role he assigns to faith, and in the importance he assigns to the counter-factuality of resurrection. Yet the common thread of fictionalizing running through these themes has not been explicitly discussed. Meanwhile, the supposed `religious turn' in Dick's late writing has often been taken to have less political significance than his earlier science fiction. Considering Paul alongside Philip K. Dick, this article will attempt to bring out this central role of fictionalizing in the religious experiences of both. Like Paul, Dick experienced a visionary encounter with a God-like entity that shaped his interests and writing for the remainder of his life, and developed his own soteriology in response to what he perceived as the continued existence of (the Roman) Empire in modernity. Bringing out the mutual complementarity of Dick and Paul is facilitated by a framework derived from Henri Bergson's Two Sources of Religion, which theorizes the relation between mechanization as a human tendency characterizing both imperialism and industrialization, and fabulation as a human faculty for using fiction for the jointly immanent-transcendent purposes of survival/salvation. In this context, the diverse modes of fictionalizing employed by both Dick and Paul, including their unconsciously produced visions, may be understood as part of an ongoing, continually renewed strategy of revolutionary transformation of both self and world.


This paper describes the formulation of a new urban scheme, MORUSES (Met Office–Reading Urban Surface Exchange Scheme) for use in the Met Office Unified Model. The implementation of the new scheme ensures that (1) the new scheme offers more flexibility in the parametrization of the building properties, and hence provides a more realistic representation of the fluxes; (2) the bulk outputs are in satisfactory agreement with previous observational studies; and (3) the impact of the new scheme on the energy balance fluxes is similar to the impact of the current urban scheme when set up to mimic it. As well as having a better physical basis, MORUSES also gains in flexibility in applications and adaptations to different urban materials as well as urban planning. The new scheme represents the urban area as a composition of two tiles, a canyon and a roof, using a simple 2D geometry. Sensitivity analysis to canyon geometry and thickness of the roof canopy emphasizes the gain in flexibility captured by the new scheme. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright


4" the most beautiful aud attracttve Christmas carols, the best Christmas hymns, and a few standard Christmas anthems. Only musIc specIally worthy of Btudy Is intended to be Included. The book Is Intended not merely for use In schools, but also for competent choir leaders who are lookIng for excellent material tor choruses. The InsertIon of metronome marks which Indicate the general tempo. wllI be found helpful. This, however, Is Intended not to IIx absolutely the speed, but to Indicate the general character of the piece, from which a conductor may vary according to his judgment. Every number In the collection has been tested by the e<Utor to determine tbe best key for the most elfectlve sInging.


As individual traffic and public transport in cities are changing, city authorities need to analyze urban geospatial data to improve transportation and infrastructure. To that end, they highly rely on spatial aggregation queries that extract summarized information from point data (e.g., Uber rides) contained in a given region (e.g., a city neighborhood). To support such queries, current analysis tools either allow only predefined aggregates on predefined regions and are thus unsuitable for exploratory analyses, or access the raw data to compute aggregate results on-the-fly, which severely limits the interactivity. At the same time, existing pre-aggregation techniques are inadequate since they maintain aggregates over rectangular regions. As a result, when applied over arbitrary polygonal regions, they induce an approximation error that cannot be bounded. In this paper, we introduce GeoBlocks, a novel pre-aggregating data structure that supports spatial aggregation over arbitrary polygons. GeoBlocks closely approximate polygons using a set of fine-grained grid cells and, in contrast to prior work, allow to bound the approximation error by adjusting the cell size. Furthermore, GeoBlocks employ a trie-like cache that caches aggregate results of frequently queried regions, thereby dynamically adapting to the skew inherently present in query workloads and improving performance over time. In summary, GeoBlocks outperform on-the-fly aggregation by up to three orders of magnitude, achieving the sub-second query latencies required for interactive exploratory analytics.


Background Based on analyses of the difficulties encountered during the process of integrating technology into instruction and the efforts made by researchers to overcome barriers to such integration, we propose that the efforts made to date (e.g., increasing the availability of computer equipment and enhancing computer literacy, support, and training) are not sufficiently comprehensive to achieve the goals of improving teaching efficiency and developing innovative teaching methods. Objectives The objective of this research commentary is to highlight the importance of the software infrastructure for teachers (SIT) to promoting the integration of information technology into instruction. Research Method and Design A critical synthesis was conducted on the literature of using computer technology for learning, teaching, and teacher professional development. Conclusions This study points out the features of SIT, the benefits of using SIT, and the possible approach to the development of SIT, and highlights some problems that have yet to be solved.


Abstract The design of a Payment for Environmental Services (PES) scheme that involves setting a 'pseudo market price' per unit of environmental service requires the estimation of demand and supply. This paper presents the results of discrete choice experiments aimed at estimating the demand for environmental and social services generated by a wildlife protection PES scheme in two protected areas in Lao PDR. The discrete choice experiments targeted international tourists sampled at Vientiane airport and the urban Lao population sampled in Vientiane City as potential buyers of the environmental and social services provided by the PES scheme. The survey was customised to a developing country context to address diversity in respondents' literacy levels, language limitations of the interviewers, socio-cultural conventions, and limited trust in confidentiality and anonymity of the survey process. The marginal benefits of the environmental services so estimated were used to inform the development of a PES scheme.


Introduction: Recently, a systematic strategy has used for improving quality of nursing curriculum that traditional curriculum is not suitable for it. The aim of the present study is to identify how the systematic strategy have applied in the nursing curriculum in the US, Canada and Australia and proposed methods for applying it in Iranian nursing curriculum. Methods: This comparative study was done according to Beredy's model: Description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison. The analysis was done on the curriculum of nursing colleges in the above mentioned countries. The samples were totally 10 colleges of 3 countries: USA, Australia, and Canada selected by purposive sampling. An inclusion criterion was applied to the systematic strategy in B.A. of nursing curriculum. Data collection instrument was five stages for applying systematic strategy based on the checklist. Nursing curriculum in these countries was retrieved through their publications, books, the Internet, their web sites and electronic communication. The internal validity and external validity of the documents were reviewed. Data analysis was performed according to Bredey's model. Result: This strategy is helpful for selecting students, effective teaching and learning process and outcomes Conclusion: Considering the systematic strategy in the nursing curriculum can promote Iranian nursing curriculum.


The durable goods sector is much more interest sensitive than the nondurables sector, and these sectoral differences have important implications for monetary policy. In this paper, we perform VAR analysis of quarterly US data and find that a monetary policy innovation has a peak impact on durable expenditures that is roughly five times as large as its impact on non-durable expenditures. We then proceed to formulate and calibrate a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model that roughly matches the impulse response functions of the data. We derive the social welfare function and show that the optimal monetary policy rule responds to sector-specific inflation rates and output gaps. We show that some commonlyprescribed policy rules perform poorly in terms of social welfare, especially rules that put a higher weight on inflation stabilization than on output gap stabilization. By contrast, it is interesting that certain rules that react only to aggregate variables, including aggregate output gap targeting and rules that respond to a weighted average of price and wage inflation, may yield a welfare level close to the optimum given a typical distribution of shocks. JEL classification: E31; E32; E52.


Context: Today's software development industry requires high-speed software delivery from the development team. In order to do this, organizations make transformation from their conventional software development method to agile development method while preserving customer satisfaction. Even though this approach is becoming popular development method, from security point of view, it has some disadvantage. Because, this method has several constraints imposed such as lack of a complete overview of a product, higher development pace and lack of documentation. Although security-engineering (SE) process is necessary in order to build secure software, no SE process is developed specifically for agile model. As a result, SE processes that are commonly used in waterfall model are being used in agile models. However, there is a clash or disparity between the established waterfall SE processes and the ideas and methodologies proposed by the agile manifesto. This means that, while agile models work with short development increments that adapt easily to change, the existing SE processes work in plan-driven development setting and try to reduce defects found in a program before the occurrence of threats through heavy and inflexible process. This study aims at bridging the gap in agile model and security by providing insightful understanding of the SE process that are used in the current agile industry. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis are to identify and evaluate security activities from high-profile waterfall SE-process that are used in the current agile industry. Then, to suggest the most compatible and beneficial security activities to agile model based on the study results. Methods: The study involved two approaches: systematic literature review and survey. The systematic literature review has two main aims. The first aim is to gain a comprehensive understanding of security in an agile process model; the second one is to identify high-profile SE processes that are commonly used in waterfall model. Moreover, it helped to compare the thesis result with other previously done works on the area. A survey is conducted to identify and evaluate waterfall security activities that are used in the current agile industry projects. The evaluation criteria were based on the security activity integration cost and benefit provides to agile projects. Results: The results of the systematic review are organized in a tabular form for clear understanding and easy analysis. High-profile SE processes and their activities are obtained. These results are used as an input for the survey study. From the survey study, security activities that are used in the current agile industry are identified. Furthermore, the identified security activities are evaluated in terms of benefit and cost. As a result the best security activities, that are compatible and beneficial, are investigated to agile process model. Conclusions: To develop secure software in agile model, there is a need of SE-process or practice that can address security issues in every phase of the agile project lifecycle. This can be done either by integrating the most compatible and beneficial security activities from waterfall SE processes with agile process or by creating new SE-process. In this thesis, it has been found that, from the investigated high-profile waterfall SE processes, none of the SE processes was fully compatible and beneficial to agile projects.


In studies of gene regulation, it is often tacitly assumed that the interactions between transcriptional regulators and their target promoters are finely tuned to ensure condition-appropriate gene expression of the targets. However, how natural selection might evolve such precise regulation from an initial state without regulation, is rarely discussed. In addition, the accuracy of gene regulation is affected by noise in gene expression [1]. Expression noise varies greatly across genes [2–5], suggesting that natural selection has affected noise levels, but the role of expression noise in gene regulation is currently poorly understood [6]. Here we present a combination of experimental evidence and theoretical modeling showing that the transmission of expression noise from regulators to their targets can function as a rudimentary form of gene regulation that facilitates the evolution of more finely tuned gene regulation. To assess how natural selection has affected transcriptional noise in E. coli, we evolved a large set of synthetic promoters under carefully controlled selective conditions and found, surprisingly, that native E. coli promoters show no signs of having been selected for minimizing their noise. Instead, a subset of native promoters, which are characterized by high expression plasticity and high numbers of regulatory inputs, show elevated noise levels. A general theoretical model, which recognizes that target genes are not only affected by the condition-dependent activities of their regulators, but also by the regulators' noise, explains these observations. Noise transmission from regulators to their targets is favored by selection whenever regulation is imprecise, and may even constitute the main function of coupling a promoter to a regulator. Our theory provides a novel framework for understanding the evolution of gene regulation, demonstrating that in many situations expression noise is not the mere unwanted side-effect of regulatory interactions, but a beneficial function that is key to the evolvability of regulatory interactions.


Studying the development of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons provides an important basis for better understanding dopamine-associated brain functions and disorders and is critical for establishing cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease. The transcription factors Otx2 and Lmx1b play a key role in the development of mdDA neurons. However, little is known about the genes downstream of Otx2 and Lmx1b in the pathways controlling the formation of mdDA neurons in vivo. Here we report on our investigation of Lmx1b as downstream target of Otx2 in the formation of mdDA neurons. Mouse mutants expressing Otx2 under the control of the En1 promoter (En1 +/Otx2) showed increased Otx2 expression in the mid-hindbrain region, resulting in upregulation of Lmx1b and expansion of mdDA neurons there. In contrast, Lmx1b -/- mice showed decreased expression of Otx2 and impairments in several aspects of mdDA neuronal formation. To study the functional interaction between Otx2 and Lmx1b, we generated compound mutants in which Otx2 expression was restored in mice lacking Lmx1b (En1 +/Otx2;Lmx1b -/-). In these animals Otx2 was not sufficient to rescue any of the aberrations in the formation of mdDA neurons caused by the loss of Lmx1b, but rescued the loss of ocular motor neurons. Gene expression studies in Lmx1b -/- embryos indicated that in these mutants Wnt1, En1 and Fgf8 expression are induced but subsequently lost in the mdDA precursor domain and the mid-hindbrain organizer in a specific, spatio-temporal manner. In summary, we demonstrate that Otx2 critically depends on Lmx1b for the formation of mdDA neurons, but not for the generation of ocular motor neurons. Moreover, our data suggest that Lmx1b precisely maintains the expression pattern of Wnt1, Fgf8 and En1, which are essential for mid-hindbrain organizer function and the formation of mdDA neurons.


ABSTRACT The commemoration of the bicentennial of the independence of Latin America has meant and important renewal in the historiography. Political and cultural history and its links with conceptual history have provided us with novel interpretations. Within these perspectives this research aims to analyze the political uses of the concept of people during the war of independence in the Spanish-American press. The objetive is to understand in a related way the use and complexity of the concept of people in the Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and, Lima press from the revolution of May,1810 in Buenos Aires, the Upper Peru war, the Chilean Independence, and San Martin's Protectorate in Peru (1821-1822). In these varied contexts, the concept of people had different meanings that sought the political legitimacy of the exercise of power among the various political and social actors: for example, a meaning between disqualifying and denigrating as vulgar, populace, lower class, and, on the other hand, a sense alluding to educated or distinguished people of society, different from the mob. In other words, we are witnessing the politicization of the concept according to the contexts, interests, and, the vicissitudes of the war of independence.


The determination of the geological provenance of the different rocks employed for the manufacture of prehistoric stone tools is useful from both historical and archaeological points of views, to indicate precise directions of cultural interactions. Prehistoric polished stone tools with fine to very fine grained texture may show striking similarities in their macroscopic appearance by texture and colour. Therefore, it is very difficult to distinguish the different rock types by naked eye. Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) is one of the powerful, absolutely non-destructive bulk chemical methods for the analysis of archaeological materials. As regards polished stone tools, PGAA measures all major elements and few trace elements. We analyzed 189 polished stone tools from different collections and localities of Hungary, and 42 geological samples from potential raw material sources. To control the method, several broken pieces were studied also by destructive methods, mainly thin-section petrography. Our results are:

1. we obtained chemical composition of the analyzed artefacts,

2. we created an initial database of PGAA results of the most important raw materials of polished stone tools occurring in Hungary,

3. we explored the potentials and limitations of PGAA in the determination of the raw materials used for the polished stone tools.

As a result, several different raw material groups (basalt-dolerite-metadolerite, greenschist-contact metabasite-amphibolite, blueschist, hornfels, "white stone", ultramafic rocks and intermediate volcanic rocks) could be distinguished. Moreover, different rock types were recognized within each group ( e.g ., greenschist-contact metabasite and basalt-dolerite). Macroscopic description combined with PGAA will help to determine raw material types of polished stone tools. However, in some cases other methods are also necessary to achieve precise determination.


Laboratory experiments carried out at the LMR-EPFL on thick-walled hollow cylindrical samples aim at modelling at small-scale conditions similar to those that will be experienced by host rocks around disposal galleries for heat emitting radioactive waste. The paper presents results on a Boom Clay sample cored parallel to the bedding planes and subjected to a decrease of the confining pressure in the central hole of the hollow cylinder. It focuses on medium resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography (XRCT) scans of the sample inside the testing cell that were carried out with a medical scanner. By comparing the scans before and after the mechanical unloading (tracking of the movement of pyrite inclusions), quantitative analyses of the displacements undergone by the clay can be performed. The observations point out a significant mechanical anisotropy of Boom Clay related to its bedding planes.