Joseph Kessels is the newly appointed Professor of Human Resource Development at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. Prior to that he held the Žrst chair in HRD to be created in the Netherlands at the University of Leiden. Professor Kessels is also a founding partner of Kessels-Smit, a thriving HRD practice that works mainly with knowledge-based organizations such as business consultancies and other organizations in the information and communications technology sector. A man of many interests (he is also a keen amateur musician and has a small farm) he was interviewed in London in March 2001, during the outbreak of an epidemic of 'foot and mouth' disease among animals bred on UK farms. Human Resource Development International Reviews Editor Jean Woodall conducted the interview.


Two simple, precise and economical UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of Ropinirole in pharmaceutical dosage form. Method A applied was area under curve (AUC) in which area under curve was integrated in the wavelength range of 234.36 - 241 nm. Method B involves getting first order derivative spectrum of drug solution and measurement of derivative amplitude at 262.58 nm. Calibration curves were plotted for both methods by using instrumental response at selected wavelength and concentrations of analyte in the solution. Linearity for the detector response was observed in the concentration range of 4-20 μg/ml for both the methods. Two tablet formulations were analyzed and % assay determined was 99.79% – 100.68%. Acuuracy and precision studies were carried out and results were satisfactory. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH analytical method development guidelines. The results of the analysis were validated statistically. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were determined for both methods.


This research aims to investigate the influence of marriage communication skills and sexual satisfaction on the marriage quality of female nurses who work at a mental hospital and whose husbands also work. Working females, especially those who work in shifts, have less time to spend with their families and spouse, which, in turn prove to be great challenges to building a good relationship between partners. Our principal instrument of data collection is questionnaires. 108 female nurses who work at Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat Mental Hospital and have working husbands participated on this study. The results of the multiple regression analysis demonstrated that marriage communication skills and sexual satisfaction can influence marriage quality. This finding suggests that the marriage communication skills variable and the sexual satisfaction variable exert 58.1% influence on the marriage quality variable, while the remaining 41.9% influence is exerted by other variables. These findings are expected to support our recommendation for employing institutions to reconsider the distribution of their employees' working hours, so that each individual can spend more time with their families. Besides that, every couple must proactively find the best way to maintain their marriage quality by taking into account communication quality and sexual satisfaction factors.


While most Bayesian nonparametric models in machine learning have focused on the Dirichlet process, the beta process, or their variants, the gamma process has recently emerged as a useful nonparametric prior in its own right. Current inference schemes for models involving the gamma process are restricted to MCMC-based methods, which limits their scalability. In this paper, we present a variational inference framework for models involving gamma process priors. Our approach is based on a novel stick-breaking constructive definition of the gamma process. We prove correctness of this stick-breaking process by using the characterization of the gamma process as a completely random measure (CRM), and we explicitly derive the rate measure of our construction using Poisson process machinery. We also derive error bounds on the truncation of the infinite process required for variational inference, similar to the truncation analyses for other nonparametric models based on the Dirichlet and beta processes. Our representation is then used to derive a variational inference algorithm for a particular Bayesian nonparametric latent structure formulation known as the infinite Gamma-Poisson model, where the latent variables are drawn from a gamma process prior with Poisson likelihoods. Finally, we present results for our algorithms on nonnegative matrix factorization tasks on document corpora, and show that we compare favorably to both sampling-based techniques and variational approaches based on beta-Bernoulli priors.


The selective and nonselective oxidation of propane was investigated using a range of metal oxide catalysts. Total oxidation of propane was studied using Nb and W supported on Pd/Ti02- The addition of Nb or W to Pd/TiO 2 promoted the activity of the catalyst to give 100% conversion by 450°C. The only reaction product observed was carbon dioxide. The addition of Nb and W significantly changed the nature of the palladium and oxygen mobility, from XPS studies. Niobium and tungsten exhibited the highest activity with a 6% loading with the best catalyst being 0.5%Pd/6%Nb 2 O 5 /TiO 2 . Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was studied using vanadium on a ceria support and also with cobalt, iron and manganese oxides. Ceria on its own was very active for the total oxidation of propane, under the conditions used for oxidative dehydrogenation, but the sole reaction product was carbon dioxide. The addition of vanadium switched the activity of the ceria to give appreciable selectivity to propene of around 90%. The formation of a mixed cerium vanadium phase was of the most interest for future work where conditions could be optimised to give improved yields. Cobalt, iron and manganese oxides were prepared by grinding the corresponding nitrate with ammonium bicarbonate and their activity tested in propane oxidative dehydrogenation. The yields of propene were higher than the V/CeO 2 catalysts with the most active oxide being cobalt with a yield of 3.8%. The activity of cobalt was attributed to a small crystallite size, high reducibility and high ratio of O/Co. Methanol oxidation was also investigated using the cobalt, iron and manganese oxides. The main reaction product was formaldehyde and the highest yield, of 23%, was obtained for the manganese oxide. The activity was attributed to a high O/Mn ratio of 3.03 and an optimal particle size of 54nm.


A classifier trained on a dataset seldom works on other datasets obtained under different conditions due to domain shift. This problem is commonly addressed by domain adaptation methods. In this work we introduce a novel deep learning framework which unifies different paradigms in unsupervised domain adaptation. Specifically, we propose domain alignment layers which implement feature whitening for the purpose of matching source and target feature distributions. Additionally, we leverage the unlabeled target data by proposing the Min-Entropy Consensus loss, which regularizes training while avoiding the adoption of many user-defined hyper-parameters. We report results on publicly available datasets, considering both digit classification and object recognition tasks. We show that, in most of our experiments, our approach improves upon previous methods, setting new state-of-the-art performances.


This paper is concerned with the reconstruction of perfect phylogenies from binary character data with missing values, and related problems of inferring complete haplotypes from haplotypes or genotypes with missing data. In cases where the problems considered are NP-hard we assume a rich data hypothesis under which they become tractable. Natural probabilistic models are introduced for the generation of character vectors, haplotypes or genotypes with missing data, and it is shown that these models support the rich data hypothesis. The principal results include: A near-linear time algorithm for inferring a perfect phylogeny from binary character data (or haplotype data) with missing values, under the rich data hypothesis; A quadratic-time algorithm for inferring a perfect phylogeny from genotype data with missing values with high probability, under certain distributional assumptions; Demonstration that the problems of maximum-likelihood inference of complete haplotypes from partial haplotypes or partial genotypes can be cast as minimum-entropy disjoint set cover problems; In the case where the haplotypes come from a perfect phylogeny, a representation of the set cover problem as minimum-entropy covering of subtrees of a tree by nodes; An exact algorithm for minimum-entropy subtree covering, and demonstration that it runs in polynomial time when the subtrees have small diameter; Demonstration that a simple greedy approximation algorithm solves the minimum-entropy subtree covering problem with relative error tending to zero when the number of partial haplotypes per complete haplotype is large; An asymptotically consistent method of estimating the frequencies of the complete haplotypes in a perfect phylogeny, under an iid model for the distribution of missing data; Computational results on real data demonstrating the effectiveness of a the greedy algorithm for inferring haplotypes from genotypes with missing data, even in the absence of a perfect phylogeny..


1. The source of seed or plant material can have profound implications for the success of restoration efforts because most species exhibit adaptive genetic variation within their range. Understanding the geographical distribution of ecologically relevant genetic variation and the environmental factors driving adaptive divergence within species will help to ensure appropriate sourcing of material for ecological restoration. 2. We present a study of geographical variation of ecologically important traits of the forest tree jarrah Eucalyptus marginata from a 15-year-old provenance trial in south-western Australia. We assessed trait variation in association with rainfall, latitude and slope position at the site of origin. 3. Survival and stem diameter varied at the largest scale, between northern and southern jarrah forest provenances. Stem diameter also varied among rainfall zones, while latitude was a more important determinant of variation of reproductive traits (flowers and buds). None of the environmental variables accounted for significant variation of height, growth form or the presence of capsules. Slope position at the site of origin did not account for significant variation of any trait. 4. Trees from low rainfall sites had smaller stem diameters, possibly reflecting selection for slower growth. Such a strategy could prevent drought stress and may explain why trees from the high rainfall southern jarrah forest, which showed the fastest growth, had the poorest survival at the drier northern trial site. 5. Variation in the presence of buds and flowers among latitudinal divisions may be because of variation in flowering time, which has been observed previously among E. marginata populations. However, variation among replicate blocks within the trial suggests that the environment also strongly influences expression of these traits. 6. Synthesis and applications. We have demonstrated divergence of several ecologically important traits in association with different types of environmental variation. Our findings support an argument for 'habitat matching' when sourcing material for restoration; however, differences among trait types in the distribution of variation highlight the need to consider environmental variation at a range of geographical scales. Consideration of ecologically important genetic variation within species is important and this information should be integrated into seed collection strategies for ecological restoration.


An important evaporitic sedimentation occurred during the Paleogene (Eocene to lower Oligocene) in the Barbera sector of the southeastern margin of the Tertiary Ebro Basin. This sedimentation took place in shallow lacustrine environments and was controlled by a number of factors: 1) the tectonic structuration of the margin; 2) the high calcium sulphate content in the meteoric waters coming from the marginal reliefs; 3) the semiarid climate; and 4) the development of large alluvial fans along the basin margin, which also conditioned the location of the saline lakes. The evaporites are currently composed of secondary gypsum in surface and anhydrite at depth. There are, however, vestiges of the local presence of sodium sulphates. The evaporite units, with individual thicknesses ranging between 50 and 100 m, are intercalated within various lithostratigraphic formations and exhibit a paleogeographical pattern. The units located closer to the basin margin are characterized by a massive gypsum lithofacies (originally, bioturbated gypsum) bearing chert, and also by meganodular gypsum locally (originally, meganodules of anhydrite) in association with red lutites and clastic intercalations (gypsarenites, sandstones and conglomerates). Chert, which is only linked to the thickest gypsum layers, seems to be an early diagenetic, lacustrine product. Cyclicity in these proximal units indicates the progressive development of low-salinity, lacustrine bodies on red mud flats. At the top of some cycles, exposure episodes commonly resulted in dissolution, erosion, and the formation of edaphic features. In contrast, the units located in a more distal position with regard to the basin margin are formed by an alternation of banded-nodular gypsum and laminated gypsum layers in association with grey lutites and few clastic intercalations. These distal units formed in saline lakes with a higher ionic concentration. Exposure episodes in these lakes resulted in the formation of synsedimentary anhydrite and sabkha cycles. In some of these units, however, outer rims characterized by a lithofacies association similar to that of the proximal units occur (nodular gypsum, massive gypsum and chert nodules).


It was previously shown that the Cro repressor from phage lambda, which is a dimer, can be converted into a stable monomer by a five-amino acid insertion. Phe58 is the key residue involved in this transition, switching from interactions which stabilize the dimer to those which stabilize the monomer. Structural studies, however, suggested that Phe58 did not penetrate into the core of the monomer as well as it did into the native dimer. This was strongly supported by the finding that certain core-repacking mutations, including in particular, Phe58-->Trp, increased the stability of the monomer. Unexpectedly, the same substitution also increased the stability of the native dimer. At the same time it decreased the affinity of the dimer for operator DNA. Here we describe the crystal structures of the Cro F58W mutant, both as the monomer and as the dimer. The F58W monomer crystallized in a form different from that of the original monomer. In contrast to that structure, which resembled the DNA-bound form of Cro, the F58W monomer is closer in structure to wild-type (i.e. non-bound) Cro. The F58W dimer also crystallizes in a form different from the native dimer but has a remarkably similar overall structure which tends to confirm the large changes in conformation of Cro on binding DNA. Introduction of Trp58 perturbs the position occupied by the side-chain of Arg38, a DNA-contact residue, providing a structural explanation for the reduction in DNA-binding affinity. The improved thermal stability is seen to be due to the enhanced solvent transfer free energy of Trp58 relative to Phe58, supplemented in the dimer structure, although not the monomer, by a reduction in volume of internal cavities.


The cranio-vertebral region is a region of spine with a high level of variability. Presence of unusual bony masses at or near the foramen magnum may lead to craniocervical instability and also cause compression at the spino-medullary junction leading to vascular and neurological signs and symptoms. This article documents the presence of a basilar bony facet located medial to the right occipital condyle along the rim of foramen magnum, extending just beyond the middle of the anterior margin. The embryological and clinical bearings of such variant at the cranio- cervical junction are discussed.


Flat‐plate photobioreactors (FPPBRs) are widely reported for cultivation of microalgae. In this work, a novel FPPBR mounted with inclined baffles was developed, which can make the fluid produce a "spirality" flow. The flow field and cell trajectory in the photobioreactor were investigated by using computational fluid dynamics. In addition, the cell trajectory was analyzed using a Fast Fourier transformation. The influence of height of the baffles, the angle α between the inclined baffle and fluid inlet flow direction (z), and the fluid inlet velocity on the frequency of flashing light effect and pressure drop were examined to optimize the structure parameters of the inclined baffles and operating conditions of the photobioreactor. The results showed that with inclined baffles built‐in, significant swirl flow could be generated in the FPPBR. In this way, the flashing light effect for microalgal cell could also be achieved and the photosynthesis efficiency of microalgae could be promoted. In outdoor cultivation of freshwater Chlorella sp., the maximum biomass productivity of Chlorella sp. cultivated in the photobioreactor with inclined baffles was 29.94% higher than that of the photobioreactor without inclined baffles. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2013


This biographical contribution describes experiences of a military commander gained during field employment in North Waziristan Agency–the most militancy riven region in tribal areas of Pakistan. The recollection outlines the transformation of part of this turbulent area into a zone of peace through a well-structured peace-building vision. Primarily, the approach entailed the idea of applying the concept of inclusive human security in order to turn all stakeholders and antagonists into a cohesive community, tolerant of each other's existence. Importantly, the strategy was evolved in a backdrop when security conditions in the Agency were characterized by a heightened phase of Taliban-led violence and fluid counter insurgency operations. Risk taking was vital to restore order but it indeed proved worth the effort.


Global energy and material consumption are expected to rise in exponential proportions during the next few decades, generating huge demands for deep earth energy (oil/gas) recovery and mineral processing. Under such circumstances, the continuation of existing methods in rock fragmentation in such applications is questionable due to the proven adverse environmental impacts associated with them. In this regard; the possibility of using more environmentally friendly options as Soundless Chemical Demolition Agents (SCDAs) play a vital role in replacing harmful conventional rock fragmentation techniques for gas; oil and mineral recovery. This study reviews up to date research on soundless cracking demolition agent (SCDA) application on rock fracturing including its limitations and strengths, possible applications in the petroleum industry and the possibility of using existing rock fragmentation models for SCDA-based rock fragmentation; also known as fracking. Though the expansive properties of SCDAs are currently used in some demolition works, the poor usage guidelines available reflect the insufficient research carried out on its material's behavior. SCDA is a cementitious powdery substance with quicklime (CaO) as its primary ingredient that expands upon contact with water; which results in a huge expansive pressure if this CaO hydration reaction occurs in a confined condition. So, the mechanism can be used for rock fragmentation by injecting the SCDA into boreholes of a rock mass; where the resulting expansive pressure is sufficient to create an effective fracture network in the confined rock mass around the borehole. This expansive pressure development, however, dependent on many factors, where formation water content creates a negative influence on this due to required greater degree of hydration under greater water contents and temperature creates a positive influence by accelerating the reaction. Having a precise understanding of the fracture propagation mechanisms when using SCDA is important due to the formation of complex fracture networks in rocks. Several models can be found in the literature based on the tangential and radial stresses acting on a rock mass surrounding an SCDA charged borehole. Those fracture models with quasi-static fracturing mechanism that occurs in Mode I type tensile failure show compatibility with SCDA fracturing mechanisms. The effect of borehole diameter, spacing and the arrangement on expansive pressure generation and corresponding fracture network generation is important in the SCDA fracturing process and effective handling of them would pave the way to creating an optimum fracture network in a targeted rock formation. SCDA has many potential applications in unconventional gas and oil recovery and in-situ mining in mineral processing. However, effective utilization of SCDA in such application needs much extensive research on the performance of SCDA with respect to its potential applications, particularly when considering unique issues arising in using SCDA in different applications.


This paper presents an experimental investigation of two different magnetorheological (MR) fluids, namely, water-based and hydrocarbon-based MR fluids in compression mode under various applied currents. Finite element method magnetics was used to predict the magnetic field distribution inside the MR fluids generated by a coil. A test rig was constructed where the MR fluid was sandwiched between two flat surfaces. During the compression, the upper surface was moved towards the lower surface in a vertical direction. Stress–strain relationships were obtained for arrangements of equipment where each type of fluid was involved, using compression test equipment. The apparent compressive stress was found to be increased with the increase in magnetic field strength. In addition, the apparent compressive stress of the water-based MR fluid showed a response to the compressive strain of greater magnitude. However, during the compression process, the hydrocarbon-based MR fluid appeared to show a unique behaviour where an abrupt pressure drop was discovered in a region where the apparent compressive stress would be expected to increase steadily. The conclusion is drawn that the apparent compressive stress of MR fluids is influenced strongly by the nature of the carrier fluid and by the magnitude of the applied current.


BACKGROUND
End-of-life decisions (ELDs) have been investigated in several care settings, but rarely in pediatric oncology.

OBJECTIVE
The aims of this study were to characterize the practice of end-of-life decision making in a Dutch academic medical center and to explore pediatric oncologists' perspectives on decision making.

METHODS
Between 2001 and 2010, in a specified period of 2 years, 57 children died of cancer. The attending pediatric oncologists of 48 deceased children were eligible for this study. They were requested to complete a retrospective questionnaire on characteristics of ELDs that may have preceded a child's death. ELDs were defined as decisions concerning administering or forgoing treatment that may unintentionally or intentionally hasten death.

RESULTS
In 31 of 48 cases (65%) one or more ELDs were made. In 20 of 31 cases potentially life-prolonging treatments were discontinued or withheld, and in 22 of 31 cases drugs were administered to alleviate pain or other symptoms in potentially life-shortening dosages. Frequently mentioned considerations for making ELDs were no prospects of improvement (n=21;68%) and unbearable suffering without a curative perspective (n=13;42%). ELDs were discussed with parents in all cases, and with the child in 9 of 31 cases. After the child's death, the pediatric oncologist met the parents in all ELD cases and in 11 of 17 non-ELD cases. Pediatric oncologists were satisfied with care around the child's death in 90% of the ELD cases versus 59% of the non-ELD cases.

CONCLUSIONS
In two-thirds of cases, ELDs preceded the death of a child with cancer. This is the first study providing insights into the characteristics of ELDs from a pediatric oncologist's point of view.


This paper will discuss a new approach to studying finance-growth nexus, based on the production inputs. We analyze, from a panel of 93 countries (developed countries and least developed countries) over the period 1972-2012, the standard regress of economic growth as well as a new proxy for financial activity and interaction effects of the latter with catching up, education, and physical capital accumulation. The results of the Least Squares Dummy Variable estimator show that, from a global perspective, financial activity was beneficial for growth and development. The interaction between financial development and the standard explanation of growth is an appropriate characterization of the relationship finance-growth. Secondly, there are signs of a positive relationship between financial development of countries and its potential for catching up. Third, financial activity has led to additional benefits in countries with higher levels of adult literacy. Fourth, regardless of a possible volume effect of financial development on saving and investment, there is a positive relationship between financial activity and the rate of capital accumulation, with respect to growth.


An engaging, advanced-level introduction to the emerging field of discourse studies of identity, with particular reference to academic contexts. Disciplinary Identities uses findings from corpus research to present fascinating insights into the relationship between author identity and disciplinarity in academic writing. Ken Hyland draws on a number of sources to explore how authors convey aspects of their identities within the constraints placed upon them by their disciplines' rhetorical conventions. He promotes corpus methods as important tools in identity research, demonstrating the effectiveness of keyword and collocation analysis in highlighting both the norms of a particular genre and an author's idiosyncratic choices. Also available separately as a paperback.


The rate of protein folding is governed by the transition state so that a detailed characterization of its structure is essential for understanding the folding process. In vitro experiments have provided a coarse-grained description of the folding transition state ensemble (TSE) of small proteins. Atomistic details could be obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations but it is not straightforward to extract the TSE directly from the MD trajectories, even for small peptides. Here, the structures in the TSE are isolated by the cut-based free-energy profile (cFEP) using the network whose nodes and links are configurations sampled by MD and direct transitions among them, respectively. The cFEP is a barrier-preserving projection that does not require arbitrarily chosen progress variables. First, a simple two-dimensional free-energy surface is used to illustrate the successful determination of the TSE by the cFEP approach and to explain the difficulty in defining boundary conditions of the Markov state model for an entropically stabilized free-energy minimum. The cFEP is then used to extract the TSE of a beta-sheet peptide with a complex free-energy surface containing multiple basins and an entropic region. In contrast, Markov state models with boundary conditions defined by projected variables and conventional histogram-based free-energy profiles are not able to identify the TSE of the beta-sheet peptide.


This study sets out to test the hypothesis that the Eskom Black Economic Empowerment, as implemented by the Transmission Division of Eskom Holdings Limited, has had only limited success in fostering sustainable businesses. Although Eskom Transmission has been reporting excellent achievements in terms of the programme, the author argues that the performance measures are flawed in that they do not distinguish between small black owned businesses and large international businesses which conform to the Eskom definition of a Black Economic Empowerment supplier. Large companies with at least a 10% black shareholding, and meeting other criteria in terms of skills transfer, black management and procurement from other black owned suppliers could qualify as a Black Economic Empowered supplier. By including spend on such suppliers together with the Transmission spend on small, black owned suppliers, distorts the effects of the programme. The research has highlighted the following concerns: • The most important reason that employees support the BEE programme is because it is a policy requirement; • No development of suppliers apart from the indiscriminate use of price matching and setting aside of contracts; • Supplier assessments are inconsistent and are not always transparent; • Contract conditions and contracting methods are not always conducive to growth and development of small suppliers; • Minimal performance evaluation of suppliers is conducted; • The BEE programme is perceived as being most successful in enriching a few elite black individuals. In addition, it is perceived as having been successful in the creation of non value adding agents for white owned companies; !he effectiv~nessof Eskom's Black Economic Empowerment programme in fostering sustainable businesses. A study into the Implementallon of the programme in Eskom Transmission. Page ii Henk Langenhoven MComm UKZN 2005 • Very few respondents to the survey indicated that they spend any time on the development of or giving advice to suppliers; • There is a 50% impression that BEE suppliers are capable of taking part in Eskom Transmission business; • A very low percentage of Small Medium and Micro Enterprises and Black Woman Owned suppliers applying for listing in the database are qualified to supply Eskom Transmission; • The very same suppliers tend to win contracts all the time, hence the indication is that there are few new entrants; • Historically, the indication is that the suppliers have generally have been on the database since before the implementation of the BEE programme. They have continuously changed ownership to keep pace with the changing requirements of policy; • The support ofBWO suppliers has come at the direct expense ofSMME suppliers. Recommendations derived from this research include: • Continuing with the current BEE reporting which is external to Eskom, but • Enhancing Key Performance Indicators to include measurements and targets for job creation as well as support of both SMME and BWO suppliers; • Structured supplier development programme with dedicated resources to take ownership of the programme; • Consideration is to be given to the methods of contracting when dealing with SMME and BWO suppliers; • Supplier performance evaluation is to be enhanced for inclusion of a wider spectrum of suppliers and end users. The effectiveness of Eskom's Black Economic Empowerment programme in fostering sustainable businesses. A study into the Implementation of the programme in Eskom Transmission. Page iii Henk Langenhoven MComm UKZN 2005


In this work, three major topics are investigated. The decarbonylation of diphenylcyclopropenone from its second excited electronic state forms the first part. This reaction was investigated using pump laser pulses of several different wavelengths (267 nm and 295–340 nm). Earlier reports[1] that excited state diphenylacetylene is generated as a product are dismissed on three grounds. First, the intensity of the S1 state absorption of diphenylacetylene at 1553 cm−1 after decarbonylation of diphenylcyclopropenone was found to be much too weak. Second, ground state diphenylacetylene could be observed almost immediately within few picoseconds after the reaction had been triggered. Third, the pump wavelength limit of the appearance of the S1 state absorption of diphenylacetylene was very similar in both the direct excitation of diphenylacetylene and photo-decarbonylation of diphenylcyclopropenone. The alternative hypothesis of internal conversion followed by a hot ground state reaction[2] could not be substantiated. Hence it is concluded that this reaction proceeds non-adiabatically to the electronic ground state of the product. These findings have been corroborated by model calculations and observations of the visible to near-UV transient spectra reported elsewhere[3].

In the main part, the investigation of IVR in several azulenyl-acetamides with aliphatic side chains of different lengths is reported. Three marker bands were monitored to assess the progress of intramolecular vibrational energy transport (IVR) after excitation of the azulene moiety to its S1 state at 610 nm and the well-known subsequent internal conversion: an azulene ring distortion mode, the amide I mode of the acetamide, and a characteristic mode of a group installed at the opposite end of the chain, i.e. either an asymmetric azide stretching mode or a carbonyl mode. The side chains themselves consisted of methylene groups or ethylene glycol oligoethers. The velocity of energy loss from the azulene group – in agreement with previous research[4] – could be confirmed to saturate with increasing chain length. Energy transport was found to occur fast, with transport times approximately proportional to chain length, as reported earlier for similar systems[5], and hence concluded to be ballistic in nature. Transport efficiency, on the other hand, was found to decay greatly with chain length. Finally, the amide group presented a suitable reporter for intermediate steps of IVR, exhibiting a distinct spectral response during the progress of energy redistribution. Efforts to shed light on the underlying cause of this phenomenon as well as on the spectral signatures of the other observed marker bands through constants of anharmonicity did not yield conclusive results.

The setup used for both of these experimental works consisted of a transient difference IR spectrometer using laser pulses of roughly 100 fs width, capable of monitoring the range from 1250 to 2400 cm−1.

The third part is devoted to weakly bound halide–noble gas clusters and motivated by an earlier experimental work[6] with a special focus on contributions to the potential energy which are not additive in a pairwise fashion. Two improvements are proposed to a description of those systems put forth by Yourshaw and coworkers[7]: A linear algebraic calculation of non-additive effects in electrostatic induction and a concise analytic solution to the |jmj> -Hamiltonian governing the interaction of a 2P atom (halide) with a number of closed shell atoms (noble gas). Subsequently, calculations of the electron affinities of the species investigated experimentally[6] are presented, covering a much greater number of systems than previously discussed[7–9]. While the theoretical values are qualitatively in agreement with most of the experimental data, quantitative agreement appears to be hampered by the imprecision of the binary potentials used. In particular, inaccuracies in equilibrium distances appear to be amplified by non-additive contributions to the potential energy. For fluorine-containing clusters, except those with argon, the description is dissatisfying even at a qualitative level.

[1] Y. Hirata and N. Mataga, Chemical Physics Letters 193, 287 (1992).
[2] L. T. Nguyen, F. De Proft, M. T. Nguyen, and P. Geerlings, Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 6, 898
(2001).
[3] H. Vennekate, A. Walter, D. Fischer, J. Schroeder, and D. Schwarzer, Zeitschrift f¨
ur Physikalische Chemie 225, 1089 (2011).
[4] D. Schwarzer, P. Kutne, C. Schroder, and J. Troe, The Journal of Chemical Physics 121, 1754 (2004).
[5] Z. Lin, N. Zhang, J. Jayawickramarajah, and I. V. Rubtsov, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14, 10445 (2012).
[6] M. Kopczynski, Femtosekunden Photodetachment- Photoelektronenspektroskopie an isolierten und massenselektierten
Halogen-Edelgas-Clustern, Ph.D. thesis, Georg-August-University (2010).
[7] I. Yourshaw, Y. Zhao, and D. M. Neumark, The Journal of Chemical Physics 105, 351 (1996).
[8] T. Lenzer, M. R. Furlanetto, N. L. Pivonka, and D. M. Neumark, The Journal of Chemical Physics 110, 6714 (1999).
[9] T. Lenzer, I. Yourshaw, M. R. Furlanetto, N. L. Pivonka, and D. M. Neumark, The Journal of Chemical Physics 115, 3578
(2001).


Biomass, as a renewable source of energy, can be used in many industries to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels. However, due to the significantly high and varied moisture content of biomass, its use has several drawbacks, such as low total efficiency and process instability. Drying biomass before combustion or gasification can eliminate these drawbacks. Besides these benefits, there are several environmental advantages of removing moisture from organic materials before disposal. In this study, a solar-assisted conveyer-belt dryer was designed to remove moisture from biomass. Economic optimization was conducted under different economic conditions to find the optimum performance of the designed dryer. The results indicated that depending on the economic condition, drying biomass with the designed dryer costs between 4 and 7 cents per kilogram of biomass. Under optimum economic operation, the solar fraction is less than 6% in both scenarios. On the other hand, by ignoring economic constraints and reducing the dryer's capacity, solar fraction increases to more than 55%, and in this case, the drying cost will be about 11 cents per kilogram of biomass.


Abstract There has been a dramatic interest in the importance of vitamin D, "the sunshine vitamin", in the past few years with regard to its impact on various aspects of health and disease. Research into well-known skeletal effects, as well as extra-skeletal effects, has been overwhelming. At times it has been difficult to make informed clinical decisions regarding replacement, if needed at all. This article aims to provide the family practitioner with a summary of the most important clinical effects of vitamin D, as well as give guidelines on testing for possible deficiency and consideration of replacement thereof.


Bone-burring is a common procedure in orthopedic, dental, and otologic surgeries. Virtual reality (VR)-based surgical simulations with both visual and haptic feedbacks provide novice surgeons with a feasible and safe way to practice their burring skill. However, creating realistic haptic interactions between a high-speed rotary burr and stiff bone is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel interactive haptic bone-burring model based on impulse-based dynamics to simulate the contact forces, including resistant and frictional forces. In order to mimic the lateral and axial burring vibration forces, a 3D vibration model has been developed. A prototype haptic simulation system for the bone-burring procedure has been implemented to evaluate the proposed haptic rendering methods. Several experiments of force evaluations and task-oriented tests were conducted on the prototype system. The results demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the proposed methods.


Objectives:The objective of this study is to understand the association between HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and to estimate HIV epidemic potential among PWIDs using HCV prevalence. Design/methods:Using data from a systematic review of HIV and HCV among PWID in MENA, we conducted two analyses, stratified by HIV epidemic state: a meta-analysis of the risk ratio of HCV to HIV prevalence (RRHCV/HIV) using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models, and multivariable linear regression predicting log HIV prevalence. The HCV-HIV association from both analyses was used to estimate HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium. We compared predicted with current HIV prevalence to classify HIV epidemic potential at country-level as low, medium or high, using predefined criteria. Results:The review identified 88 HCV prevalence measures among PWID in MENA, of which 54 had a paired HIV prevalence measure. The pooled RRHCV/HIV were 16, 4 and 3 in low-level, emerging and established HIV epidemics, respectively. There was a significant linear relationship between HCV and HIV at endemic equilibrium (P = 0.002). The predicted endemic HIV prevalence ranged between 8% (Tunisia) and 22% (Pakistan). Of the nine countries with data, five have high and three medium HIV epidemic potential. Only one country, Pakistan, appears to have reached saturation. Conclusion:HCV prevalence could be a predictor of future endemic HIV prevalence. In MENA, we predict that there will be further HIV epidemic growth among PWID. The proposed methodology can identify PWID populations that should be prioritized for HIV prevention interventions.


This research examines women GPs' careers, how they run their practices and how they reconcile professional and domestic lives. It looks at the particular experiences of women GPs who practise alone, and at the pressures in past practice experience which have led them to do so. It is argued that many of the problems of group practice which can be identified are attributable to gender. For example, one reason given for entering general practice is a desire to be able to provide the full range of medical care and not to specialise. Women GPs, however, may find themselves seeing more women patients for "women's problems" and children than they would freely choose. Women have not entered general practice in order to specialise in these areas of medicine. Indeed, if they had wanted to specialise in obstetrics, gynaecology or paediatrics they would have had difficulty advancing very far in these male-dominated areas of hospital hierarchy. Other gender related problems exist for women in general practice and practising single-handedly is one strategy that women GPs have used to counter the problems of working in male-dominated practices and partnerships. However, the twenty-four hour commitment of single-handed practice may bring further pressures in reconciling this with responsibility for home life. Out-of-hours cover, which can be viewed as the link between professional and domestic life, where the one intrudes into the other, is also examined in terms of the gender issues it raises. The interaction of gender and ethnicity is also considered for the 11 Asian women GPs in the study. Interviews were conducted with 29 single-handed women GPs in the Midlands. In addition, some cases were studied in greater depth by being observed in their surgeries and on home visits for a day each. A qualitative/feminist approach to analysis has been employed.


BOSLEY, HOLLY ELIZABETH. Volunteers' Perceptions of Impacts of the Azalea Festival: Do Findings on Resident Perceptions of Tourism Impacts Apply? (Under the direction of Gene L. Brothers and Larry D. Gustke.) The purpose of this research was to investigate whether findings from the literature on resident perceptions of tourism impacts applied to festival volunteers as a specific subset of residents. Volunteers at festivals and special events play a particularly important role in the context of tourism because of their potential to perform effective internal marketing of the event or organization. Understanding motivations for volunteer involvement will improve recruitment and retention efforts. It was hypothesized that results from research on resident perceptions of tourism impacts would be applicable to a sample of festival volunteers. The following independent variables were analyzed with respect to volunteer perceptions of the impacts of the festival: distance from the tourist zone, length of residence, birthplace, and level of knowledge of the tourism industry. Data were collected from a sample of North Carolina Azalea Festival volunteers through an e-mail survey sent to committee chairs in addition to an on-site survey distributed at the annual postfestival Workers' Party. Analyses, in the form of t-tests and a Pearson correlation, showed that volunteers' perceptions of the impacts of the Azalea Festival were not consistent with the literature on resident perceptions of tourism impacts. Research on festivals and events has focused on economic impact and visitor motivations; further investigation of the role of the host community, including volunteer involvement, is


This paper compares the effects of perceived and objective knowledge measures and their relationship to a series of agricultural biotechnology applications using data gathered in a survey of regional Southwestern adults (N = 432). Findings showed that there were differences between perceived and objective knowledge measures and that these differences varied by application. Differences between the two knowledge measures appeared to be most significant among respondents who indicated that they had no knowledge of biotechnology applications. It is likely that perceived knowledge is more important than actual knowledge for some animal and plant biotechnology applications.


A series of substituted phenyl mono-imido complexes of the type W(NR)Cl4(THF) (R = C6H5, 2,6-Me-C6H3, 3,5-Me-C6H3, 2,4,6-Me-C6H2, 4-OMe-C6H4, 2,6-F-C6H3 and 3,5-CF3-C6H3) have been synthesised and characterised. Reaction of these complexes with solid polymethylaluminoxane (sMAO) leads to immobilisation and in situ methylation of the chloride positions on the surface of the support. Reaction of W(NR)Cl4(THF) with trimethylaluminium (TMA) yields the trimethyl complexes W(NR)Me3Cl. Immobilisation of the isotopically labelled W{N(2,6-F-C6H3)}(13CH3)3Cl on sMAO furnished the supported complex with two identifiable methyl resonances in the 13C–{1H} solid state CPMAS spectrum (45 and 56 ppm), with the latter matching the unsupported complex, confirming retention of the structure on the surface. The sMAO-supported complexes (W : Al = 1 : 150) were tested for their propensity to dimerise ethylene (1 bar) in d6-benzene at 100 °C and compared with the previously reported sMAO-W{N(2,6-iPr-C6H3)}Cl4(THF) (sMAO-1.a). Complexes with electron deficient imido groups were shown to be the most active, and increased steric bulk in the ortho positions is also an important factor, with sMAO acting as a support, scavenger and activator. sMAO-W{N(3,5-CF3-C6H3)}Cl4(THF) was the most active, demonstrating a turnover frequency of 5.65 molC2H4 mol−1W h−1 and a selectivity towards 1-butene of 91% after 8 h.


Background— We report that elevated connexin-43 (Cx-43) in stem cells preconditioned with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is cytoprotective and reprograms the cells for cardiomyogenic differentiation. Methods and Results— Sca-1+ cells were preconditioned with 100 nmol/L IGF-1 for 30 minutes followed by 8 hours of oxygen glucose deprivation to assess the cytoprotective effects of preconditioning. LDH release assay, cytochrome c release, and mitochondrial membrane potential assay showed improved survival of preconditioned Sca-1+ cells under oxygen glucose deprivation compared with nonpreconditioned Sca-1+ cells via PI3K/Akt-dependent caspase-3 downregulation. We observed PI3K/Akt-dependent upregulation of cardiac-specific markers including MEF-2c (2.5-fold), GATA4 (3.1-fold), and Cx-43 (3.5-fold). Cx-43 inhibition with specific RNA interference reduced cell survival under oxygen glucose deprivation and after transplantation. In vivo studies were performed in a female rat model of acute myocardial infarction (n=78). Animals were grouped to receive intramyocardially 70 &mgr;L Dulbecco modified Eagles medium without cells (group 1) or containing male 1×106 nonpreconditioned Sca-1+ cells (group 2) or preconditioned Sca-1+ (group 3) cells labeled with PKH26. Survival of the preconditioned Sca-1+ cells was 5.5-fold higher in group 3 compared with group 2 at 7 days after transplantation. Confocal imaging after actinin and Cx-43 specific immunostaining showed extensive engraftment and myogenic differentiation of preconditioned Sca-1+ cells. Compared with group 2, group 3 showed increased blood vessel density (22.3±1.7 per microscopic field; P<0.0001) and attenuated infarction size (23.3±3.6%; P=0.002). Heart function indices including ejection fraction (56.2±3.5; P=0.029) and fractional shortening (24.3±2.1; P=0.03) were improved in group 3 compared with group 2. Conclusions— Preconditioning with IGF-1 reprograms Sca-1+ for prosurvival signaling and cardiomyogenic differentiation with an important role for Cx-43 in this process.


"Simulation," writes Gary Flake in his preface, "becomes a form of experimentation in a universe of theories. The primary purpose of this book is to celebrate this fact."In this book, Gary William Flake develops in depth the simple idea that recurrent rules can produce rich and complicated behaviors. Distinguishing "agents" (e.g., molecules, cells, animals, and species) from their interactions (e.g., chemical reactions, immune system responses, sexual reproduction, and evolution), Flake argues that it is the computational properties of interactions that account for much of what we think of as "beautiful" and "interesting." From this basic thesis, Flake explores what he considers to be today's four most interesting computational topics: fractals, chaos, complex systems, and adaptation. Each of the book's parts can be read independently, enabling even the casual reader to understand and work with the basic equations and programs. Yet the parts are bound together by the theme of the computer as a laboratory and a metaphor for understanding the universe. The inspired reader will experiment further with the ideas presented to create fractal landscapes, chaotic systems, artificial life forms, genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks.


Abstract. The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) conducted meteorological buoy measurements in the central Iceland Sea in the time period 2007–2009, specifically in the northern Dreki area on the southern segment of the Jan Mayen Ridge. Due to difficulties in deployment and operations, in situ measurements in this region are sparse. Here the buoy, deployment and measurements are described with the aim of giving a future user of the data set information that is as comprehensive as possible. The data set has been quality-checked, suspect data removed and the data set made publicly available from PANGAEA Data Publisher ( https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.876206 ).


In the past decade traditional market structures have been drastically revolutionized, creating new potential for electronic trading. The driving forces are changes in trading behavior, advances in technology and new regulation. Traditional exchanges are challenged by new electronic trading platforms competing on the basis of price, cost, speed and efficiency. As trading has become more fragmented occurring in multiple venues the complexity for intelligent order routing decisions (smart order routing) will increase and extend the demand for sophisticated trading tools and efficient technology. Market fragmentation and dispersion of liquidity impose new challenges for investment firms to achieve best execution for their client orders. Against this background we examine two order execution strategies where one approach applies a pre-defined rule framework (static best execution); the alternative considers smart order routing decisions using real-time market data (dynamic best execution). We elaborate the benefits of smart order routing and outline our research approach for the validation of these findings.


BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION:Teaching Assistants (TAs) - undergraduate and graduate - and Learning Assistants (LAs)- not only make invaluable contributions to student learning but they can also benefit greatly from the intensive experiential learning opportunity offered by the TA role (Owen, 2011). Yet, faculty may often struggle with a) how to leverage TA/LA talents to support instruction robustly while b) designing effective learning experiences for the TAs/LAs they supervise. This panel, led by TA/LA voices, will address this challenge and provide practical strategies for striking this important balance. Presenters will also share TA/LA experience learning outcomes, sample learning contracts/assignments, and how to use BlackBoard to provide TAs with good infrastructure around learning.  Participants will be able to describe several ways to support and leverage student leaders in the classroom._______________________________________________________________FULL ABSTRACT:The purpose of this Teaching Assistant (TA)-led and faculty-moderated panel is to explore and provide practical, impactful tools to George Mason University faculty who are eager to help their TAs grow as effective academic partners in the classroom while facilitating opportunities for TAs to stretch their understanding of peer mentoring and leadership, blossom in critical thinking and problem-solving, and connect the powerful TA experiential learning opportunity to TA's own academic and professional interests. Owen (2011), in her examination of peer educators, notes that "The higher education literature is replete with exhortations to foster out-of-class interaction between faculty and students, to promote collaborative and connected learning communities, and to help students develop a sense of agency and responsibility for their own education. Involving peer educators in classroom settings as authentic partners in the academic enterprise is one way to promote this kind of institutional transformation" (p. 63). This panel will serve as a living, breathing example of this observation and offer a practical approach to enriching the classroom through TA involvement AND enriching the TA's personal experience through intentionally-designed, TA-centered learning experiences. Participants and faculty who join this discussion will not only leave with tools for better serving their students but also tools for making the TA experience more meaningful.


This paper develops a model of the firm's choice between debt denominated in local currency and that denominated in foreign currency in a small open economy characterized by exchange rate risk and hedging possibilities. The model shows that the currency composition of debt and the level of hedging are endogenously determined as optimal firms' responses to a tradeoff between the lower cost of borrowing in foreign debt and the higher risk of such borrowing due to exchange rate uncertainty. Both the composition of debt and the level of hedging depend on common factors such as foreign exchange rate risk and the probability of financial default, interest rates, the size of firms' net worth, and the costs of managing exchange rate risk. Results of the model are broadly consistent with the lending and hedging behavior of the corporate sector in small open economies that recently experienced currency crises. In particular, unlike the predictions of previous work in the literature on currency crises, the model can explain why the collapse of the fixed exchange rate regime in Brazil, in early 1999, caused no major change in the currency composition of debt of the corporate sector.


Title of Dissertation: WHEN DOES ELLIPSIS OCCUR, AND WHAT IS ELIDED? Dongwoo Park, Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 Dissertation directed by: Professor Howard Lasnik Department of Linguistics Professor Omer Preminger Department of Linguistics This dissertation is concerned with how elliptical sentences are generated. To be specific, I investigate when and in what module ellipsis occurs, and what is elided as a result of ellipsis. With regard to the first research question, I propose that XP ellipsis occurs as soon as all the featural requirements of the licensor of XP ellipsis are satisfied during the derivation, rather than in the other modules. An important consequence of this proposal is that the point of XP ellipsis can vary depending on the derivational point where all the featural requirements of the licensor are satisfied in narrow syntax. Concerning the second research question, I suggest that ellipsis is a syntactic operation that eliminates phonological feature matrices of lexical items inside the ellipsis site, preserving the formal feature matrices. Segmental content (i.e. phonological features) is inserted into the phonological feature matrices when lexical items are sent to PF after Spell-out. This insertion does not apply to lexical items whose phonological feature matrices are eliminated, since there is no appropriate venue which segmental content is inserted into. Thus, they are not pronounced. This implies that even though narrow syntax cannot look into the information of the segmental content inside the phonological feature matrices, it can make reference to the phonological feature matrices in lexical items. This proposal is supported by the fact that elements whose phonological feature matrices have been eliminated can take part in further formal operations that occur after ellipsis, since they still contain formal features. However, unlike the other lexical items, elided interrogative whphrases do not seem to participate in formal operation occurring after ellipsis. In order to resolve this puzzle, I suggest a prosodic requirement questions must obey, adopting and modifying Richards' (2016) Contiguity Theory. Standard English copular phrase ellipsis is mainly used to develop the present theory of ellipsis. Cross-linguistic evidence from Indian Vernacular English, Belfast English, Korean, Farsi, British English, and Dutch data is also provided to argue that the present theory of ellipsis is not restricted to English. WHEN DOES ELLIPSIS OCCUR, AND WHAT IS ELIDED?


A flipped classroom approach was implemented in an undergraduate fluid mechanics course. Students watched short, online video lectures before class, participated in active in-class problem solving sessions (in pairs), and completed individualized online quizzes weekly. In-class activities were designed to develop problem-solving skills and teach subject content. The instructor and assistants provided critical "just-in-time tutoring" during the in-class problem solving sessions. Comparisons were made with a simultaneous section offered in a traditional mode by a different instructor. Students in the flipped-classroom section demonstrated greater gains on the Fluid Mechanics Concept Inventory (pre-test versus post-test). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that students in the flipped-classroom section had a significant relative gain on the Fluid Mechanics Achievement Score, which was an aggregative measure of problem solving ability and conceptual understanding. Student feedback on the flipped-classroom section was very positive both in terms of the course format and their perceptions of the amount learned in the course.


Background: The associations between vegetable intake and cardiovascular diseases have been demonstrated in observational studies, but less sufficiently in randomized trials. Mendelian randomization has been considered a promising alternative in causal inference. The separate effects of cooked and raw vegetable intake remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the associations between cooked and raw vegetable intake with cardiovascular outcomes using MR. Methods: We identified 15 and 28 genetic variants statistically and biologically associated with cooked and raw vegetable intake, respectively, from previous genome-wide association studies, which were used as instrumental variables to estimate associations with coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart failure (HF), and atrial fibrillation (AF). The independent effects of genetically predicted cooked and raw vegetable intake were examined using multivariable MR analysis. We performed one-sample and two-sample MR analyses and combined their results using meta-analysis. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. We performed two-sample MR analysis for cardiometabolic risk factors (serum lipids, blood pressure, body mass index, and glycemic traits) to explore the potential mechanisms. Results: In the MR meta-analysis of 1.2 million participants, we found null evidence for associations between genetically predicted cooked and raw vegetable intake with CHD, HF, or AF. Raw vegetable intake was nominally associated with stroke (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.82 [0.69–0.98] per 1 daily serving increase, p = 0.03), but this association did not pass the corrected significance level. We found consistently null evidence for associations with serum lipids, blood pressure, body mass index, or glycemic traits. Conclusions: We found null evidence for associations between genetically predicted vegetable intake with CHD, AF, HF, or cardiometabolic risk factors in this MR study. Raw vegetable intake may reduce risk of stroke, but this warrants more research. True associations between vegetable intake and CVDs cannot be completely ruled out, and future investigations are required for causal inference in nutritional research.


Descriptions of Uyghur phonology are unclear as to whether or not the front and back consonant assimilation of velar and uvular stops is a harmonic process (Comrie 1997; De Jong 2007; Engesaeth et al. 2010; Friedrich 2002; Hahn 1991, 1998). Data from Uyghur reference materials demonstrate front and back consonant assimilation processes in Uyghur which differ from cross-linguistic consonant harmony as it has been defined and described in the literature (Hansson 2001; Rose and Walker 2004). The data demonstrate that Uyghur consonant assimilation is triggered by vowel harmony, thus it should not be referred to as consonant harmony in future descriptions of Uyghur.


Peter Ferguson was an experienced miner who did not take kindly to criticism. After spending years mining at Thames he prospected Te Aroha mountain before it was opened to mining, but after finding that he had not discovered gold, as he had believed, he turned to prospecting nearby. He then spent most of his life as a mine manager at Waiorongomai, where he was prominent in the local community. As Waiorongomai was handicapped by having only one treatment plant, investors, sometimes assisted by Ferguson, made several attempts to erect a second one. After these attempts failed, he formed a private New Era syndicate to erect a plant. Being under-capitalized, it struggled to meet the cost of constructing a road and a branch incline tramway to its site, far up the Waiorongomai Stream; some county councillors, led by Josiah Clifton Firth, who was suspected of trying to retain his battery monopoly, opposed providing financial assistance. The most important member of Ferguson's small syndicate was George Fraser, an Auckland engineer whose skills were vital for providing the appropriate machinery for a plant that used a different process to the norm. Visitors were impressed with the new plant in its dramatic setting and miners and investors held high hopes for it, but were quickly disappointed. After his plant closed after working for only a short time, Ferguson went to Glasgow, where he formed the Ferguson Syndicate Company with the inventors of the new cyanide process. After two years' absence seeking capital he returned, acquired a large area of mining ground, and erected a second plant, once again raising high expectations. The cyanide process was not, after all, used, and after his new plant quickly proved itself to be unsuccessful, the company collapsed. After leaving Waiorongomai, Ferguson continued to experiment with new treatment processes, and also sought copper in Northland, in neither case with any success.


A global obesity epidemic is occurring simultaneously with ongoing increases in the availability and salience of food in the environment. Obesity is increasing across all socioeconomic groups and educational levels and occurs even among individuals with the highest levels of education and expertise in nutrition and related fields. Given these circumstances, it is plausible that excessive food consumption occurs in ways that defy personal insight or are below individual awareness. The current food environment stimulates automatic reflexive responses that enhance the desire to eat and increase caloric intake, making it exceedingly difficult for individuals to resist, especially because they may not be aware of these influences. This article identifies 10 neurophysiological pathways that can lead people to make food choices subconsciously or, in some cases, automatically. These pathways include reflexive and uncontrollable neurohormonal responses to food images, cues, and smells; mirror neurons that cause people to imitate the eating behavior of others without awareness; and limited cognitive capacity to make informed decisions about food. Given that people have limited ability to shape the food environment individually and no ability to control automatic responses to food-related cues that are unconsciously perceived, it is incumbent upon society as a whole to regulate the food environment, including the number and types of food-related cues, portion sizes, food availability, and food advertising.


Intermittent fasting, in which individuals fast periodically, is an increasingly popular weight loss regimen. To understand the short-term effects of such a regimen, we present a case of intermittent fasting with data collection that mimics the single-case design. A healthy but slightly overweight adult male underwent complete fast for two full days and resumed with normal eating for five days, and repeated the cycle three times. Data were collected from three periods: baseline (one week); fasting (three weeks); post-fasting (one week). Measurements taken daily include weight, body fat ratio, temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose, as well as waist and hip circumferences. Blood tests were conducted weekly for safety screening and to obtain observations on lipid profile, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and uric acid. The participant lost 1.3 kilograms (kg) in body weight (W̅b = 65.9kg vs W̅p = 64.6kg). Body fat ratio did not differ much (F̅Rb = 19.1% vs F̅Rp = 18.8%). Fasting caused an acute drop in the blood glucose level, which was restored upon resuming normal eating. Total cholesterol dropped drastically immediately after the first fasting cycle but rebounded 15% higher than baseline before dropping down. Fasting also temporarily raised uric acid levels, blood pressure, and body temperature. HbA1c and waist and hip circumferences were not affected by fasting. Improvement in inflammatory marker (hsCRP) was observed (2.0 to 0.3 milligrams per liter, mg/L). This case demonstrates that intermittent fasting can induce short-term weight loss and reduce acute inflammatory marker in a healthy adult, but not body fat ratio and lipid profile. Similar single-case study design can be applied across a practice-based network for inter-case replication.


A Rural Hospital's Organ Donation Referral Pattern: A Pilot Study Chris F. Carter It is unclear if hospitals correctly refer all potential organ donors to Organ Procurement Organizations. Unidentified or mis-referred patients may be present in rural acute care Appalachian hospitals. A one-year nonexperimental retrospective descriptive study was used to review medical records in one rural Appalachian hospital. Data from the chart review indicated that of the total (n = 34) patients, sixty-eight percent (n = 23) were properly referred as cardiac standstill and six percent (n = 2) were properly reported as brain dead. However, nine percent (n = 3) were not referred to the OPO (unidentified). Eighteen percent (n = 6) were found to be potentially suitable for organ donation but reported as cardiac standstill (mis-referred). Findings indicate potential brain death patients are misidentified or un-referred to the Organ Procurement Organization in this rural Appalachian acute care hospital. Potential organ donor and brain death educational development opportunities were identified. Organ Donation Referral Patterns iii Table of


Food is mobilized as a site of political communication. The framing of food as politically relevant is possible because food is deeply rooted in a particular cultural context; because food is symbolic of its culinary community, therefore, it can be deployed as a form of strategic messaging. For that reason food has played a role in political campaigning since the earliest American elections. However major changes to the conditions under which politics is undertaken have altered the messages sent through food. Specifically, the emergence of image-based campaigning and a taste-based notion of elitism has created an environment in which food politics is designed to demonstrate a political figure's connection to, or disconnection from, middle class American culture. This qualitative study investigates three sites--diner politics, food faux pas, and the regulation of food--where food and politics intersect. Data for this analysis consists of textual analysis of over 400 articles published in newspapers and magazines; semi-structured interviews with public health advocates, political officials, and strategists; and candidate speeches and peripheral campaign materials. Analysis of these data demonstrates that political strategists deploy food tastes commonly associated with down-home culinary culture--namely tastes for diners, bars, and local restaurants--as a way to present their candidate as in touch with average Americans. Conversely, food faux pas committed by presidential candidates are treated by their opponents and the press as evidence of the erring candidate's elite food tastes. But food tastes do not carry the same symbolic weight in legislative contexts as they do in campaign contexts. This is because food tastes invoke little symbolism for legislators. Even so, proposed food policy legislation can nonetheless be framed by the press as a site of symbolic conflict if and when oppositional voices adopt the "food police" narrative. In sum, the mobilization of food's symbolic value is motivated by the desire to frame political figures according to their food tastes. This is the case because such a narrative maps onto the increasing role of personal tastes in the cultural organizing of the American public. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Communication First Advisor Michael X. Delli Carpini


Since the Rio Summit in 1992 the public has become increasingly aware that coastal ecosystems are under significant threat from pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. However, little progress has been made in sustained global actions to reverse their degraded state. It has been no small feat for the world community to come to agreement on international instruments identifying environmental and resource problems, but it is another matter altogether to muster the scientific community and the political will to enact necessary policy reforms and devote necessary funding to restore and protect valuable marine ecosystems. An ecosystems approach is emerging for the assessment and management of coastal waters around the globe utilizing modular strategies for linking science-based assessments of the changing states of large marine ecosystems to socioeconomic benefits expected from achieving long-term sustainability of their resources. To assist developing countries in implementing the ecosystems approach to marine resources development and sustainability in international waters, the Global Environment Facility and its $2 billion trust fund has been opened to universal participation that builds on partnerships with the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the World Bank.


Summary: We studied the ecology of a high-density population of stoats in Fiordland, New Zealand, in the summer and autumn of 1990-91 following a Nothofagus seeding in 1990. Results are compared with findings from the same area in 1991-92, a period of lower stoat density. In the high-density year, minimum home ranges (revealed by radio-tracking) of four females averaged 69 ha and those of three males 93 ha; range lengths averaged 1.3 km and 2.5 km respectively. Neither difference was statistically significant. For combined sexes, average range area in the high-density year was significantly less, and range length was significantly shorter, than in the following year. When we compared stoat diet in the high-density year with that in the following two years, there were no significant differences in the frequencies of occurrence of birds or invertebrates in stoat guts. Overall, bird remains were found in 56% of guts, and invertebrates in 28%. Possum remains occurred in 6% of male stoats but were never found in females. Mice were only detected in stoats in the high-density year, when they occurred in 54% of guts. Lagomorphs occurred significantly more often in the guts of stoats during lowerdensity years (26%) than the high-density year (7%). Seedfall in Nothofagus forest is synchronous and periodic. Following seedfall, mouse density rises dramatically, followed by a sharp rise in stoat numbers. It has been suggested that mice feed on the abundant seed and that stoats in turn increase because of the large numbers of mice available to them. We suggest that the situation is more complex and that increases in not only mouse, but also bird (and possibly invertebrate), densities may contribute to the high productivity of stoats in the year following a Nothofagus seedfall.


Memcached and other in-memory distributed key-value stores play a critical role in large-scale web applications, by reducing traffic to persistent storage and providing an easy-to-access look-aside cache in which programmers can store arbitrary data. These caches typically have a narrow interface, consisting only of gets, sets, and compare-and-set. In the worst case, this interface can cause significant inefficiencies as clients get large data items, perform small changes, and then set the updated items back into the cache. We present extensions to memcached that allow the system administrator to dynamically load custom code modules into memcached, so that clients may execute code directly on the memcached server. Our system permits both fetchand-phi operations, which update the cache, and filtering operations, which compute a function over the data in the cache, and return the result to the client without making an update to the cache. We evaluate our extensions on benchmarks based on workload traces from a Cable/Internet service provider, and find that our new functionality provides a means of dramatically reducing network overheads and increasing responsiveness.


In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Rome was an aged but still vigorous power while Spain was a rising giant on track toward becoming the world's most powerful and first truly global empire. This book tells the fascinating story of the meeting of these two great empires at a critical moment in European history. Thomas Dandelet explores for the first time the close relationship between the Spanish Empire and Papal Rome that developed in the dynamic period of the Italian Renaissance and the Spanish Golden Age. The author examines on the one hand the role the Spanish Empire played in shaping Roman politics, economics, culture, society, and religion and on the other the role the papacy played in Spanish imperial politics and the development of Spanish absolutism and monarchical power. Reconstructing the large Spanish community in Rome during this period, the book reveals the strategies used by the Spanish monarchs and their agents that successfully brought Rome and the papacy under their control. Spanish ambassadors, courtiers, and merchants in Rome carried out a subtle but effective conquest by means of a distinctive "informal" imperialism, which relied largely on patronage politics. As Spain's power grew, Rome enjoyed enormous gains as well, and the close relations they developed became a powerful influence on the political, social, economic, and religious life not only of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas but also of Catholic Reformation Europe as a whole.


Pyrolysis of Au(OAc)3 in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline over TiO2 furnishes a highly active and selective Au nanoparticle (NP) catalyst embedded in a nitrogen-doped carbon support, Au@N-doped carbon/TiO2 catalyst. Parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, type of support, and nitrogen ligands as well as Au/ligand molar ratios were systematically investigated. Highly selective hydrogenation of numerous structurally diverse alkynes proceeded in moderate to excellent yield under mild conditions. The high selectivity toward the industrially important alkene substrates, functional group tolerance, and the high recyclability makes the catalytic system unique. Both high activity and selectivity are correlated with a frustrated Lewis pairs interface formed by the combination of gold and nitrogen atoms of N-doped carbon that, according to density functional theory calculations, can serve as a basic site to promote the heterolytic activation of H2 under very mild conditions. This "fully heterogeneous" and recy...


Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) from Escherichia coli consists of a small subunit (approximately 42 kDa) and a large subunit (approximately 118 kDa) and catalyzes the biosynthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from MgATP, bicarbonate, and glutamine. The enzyme is able to utilize external ammonia as an alternative nitrogen source when glutamine is absent. CPS contains an internal molecular tunnel, which has been proposed to facilitate the translocation of reaction intermediates from one active site to another. Ammonia, the product from the hydrolysis of glutamine in the small subunit, is apparently transported to the next active site in the large subunit of CPS over a distance of about 45 A. The ammonia tunnel that connects these two active sites provides a direct path for the guided diffusion of ammonia and protection from protonation. Molecular damage to the ammonia tunnel was conducted in an attempt to induce leakage of ammonia directly to the protein exterior by the creation of a perforation in the tunnel wall. A hole in the tunnel wall was made by mutation of integral amino acid residues with alanine residues. The triple mutant alphaP360A/alphaH361A/betaR265A was unable to utilize glutamine for the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. However, the mutant enzyme retained full catalytic activity when external ammonia was used as the nitrogen source. The synchronization of the partial reactions occurring at the three active sites observed with the wild-type CPS was seriously disrupted with the mutant enzyme when glutamine was used as a nitrogen source. Overall, the catalytic constants of the mutant were consistent with the model where the channeling of ammonia has been disrupted due to the leakage from the ammonia tunnel to the protein exterior.


Concerns have frequently been raised about equal opportunities in the short-listing and selection procedures used by clinical psychology training courses, although little evidence exists. The aim of the study is to identify factors predicting short-listing and selection to clinical psychology training courses. A prospective study of one national cohort of applicants to UK clinical psychology training (the 2000 entry cohort of 1538 applicants) was carried out. Application forms (n = 1538), references (n = 1538) and postal questionnaires (n = 396) were used to collect demographic, biographical, academic and work experience information. Relationships between these variables and shortlisting or selection to training were examined using univariate odds ratios and effect sizes, and multivariate logistic regressions. Factors most strongly predictive of short-listing and selection were proxies for academic ability (post-16 education at school, degree class, involvement in postgraduate education, authoring publications), relevant educational qualifications (a degree eligible for registration into the BPS), relevant vocational experience (a greater number and range of psychology assistant posts), and positive ratings from academic and clinical psychologist experience-related referees. Shortlisting and selection to clinical psychology training relies on proxy factors related to academic ability, education, vocational experience and ratings from referees. There is little evidence of direct discrimination, although certain subgroups of applicants may be disadvantaged in their opportunities to gain relevant academic qualifications and vocational experience. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.


We study behavior in repeated interactions when agents have no information about the structure of the underlying game and they cannot observe other agents' actions or payoffs. Theory shows that even when players have no such information, there are simple payoff-based learning rules that lead to Nash equilibrium in many types of games. A key feature of these rules is that subjects search differently depending on whether their payoffs increase, stay constant or decrease. This paper analyzes learning behavior in a laboratory setting and finds strong confirmation for these asymmetric search behaviors in the context of voluntary contribution games. By varying the amount of information we show that these behaviors are also present even when subjects have full information about the game.


ABSTRACT This article explores how foreign direct investment (FDI) and other determinants impact income inequality in Turkey in the short- and long-run. We apply the nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling approach, which is suitable for small samples. The data for the study cover the years from 1970 to 2008. The empirical results indicate the existence of a co-integration relationship among the variables with asymmetric adjustment of the income distribution in the short- and long-run. The negative impact of FDI on the Gini coefficient, decreasing income inequality, is statistically significant in the short- and long-run, though with a quantitatively small impact in both cases. In the short run, GDP growth increases inequality initially, an effect that is reversed in the next period, increases in domestic gross capital formation decreases inequality, and increases in the literacy rate have very minor adverse effects on income equality. However, in the long run these variables have no statistically significant effects on the Gini coefficient. A reduction in the population growth rate reduces inequality in the short run but has no effect in the long run, whereas an increase in the rate reduces inequality in the long run but has no effect in the short run.


Cylindrical and conical shell structures are commonly used in Heating Ventillation
and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) ducts, aircraft fuel tank, submarine, for conveying
petroleum products, etc. The presence of
uid inside the structure changes the dy-
namical behavior of the shell structure. So, it motivates us to perform vibro-acoustic
analysis of
uid-�lled structures and understand the in
uence of
uid on natural fre-
quencies, especially when the
uid in consideration is much denser than the air.
A vibro-acoustic analysis is the prediction of structural vibration caused by the
uid
inside the structure. Here, the
uid essentially acts as a lumped mass without chang-
ing the sti�ness of the structure. Hence, the analysis deals only with the e�ect of
uid
on the structure, and the consequence of structural vibration on the
uid properties
such as
uid pressure, particle velocity,
uid density, is not considered.
In the current thesis, the vibro-acoustic modal analysis is performed on a
uid-�lled
structure, using the transfer matrix approach. The transfer matrix connects the up-
stream state variables to the downstream state variables, and it is computationally less
expensive. In this method, the governing equations of shell vibration are expressed in
terms of eight state variables. These parameters are three displacements, one slope,
two membrane forces, one moment and one shear force. The
uid pressure force term
is introduced into the equation of motion in radial direction and also assuming the
inside pressure distribution in circumferential and axial direction is same as shell wall
radial displacement pattern. At the
uid-structure interface, the shell-structure nor-
mal vibration velocity is equated to
uid particle velocity to ensure the continuity.
The governing equations are written in state-space form, which is integrated to get the
transfer matrix in terms of eight state variables. The continuity condition leads to a

uid-loading term. The same transfer matrix formulation is applicable for uncoupled
structural problem by making
uid loading term zero. Symmetric and asymmetric
boundary conditions are used to reduce the transfer matrix size. Natural frequencies
are calculated by making the determinant of the reduced transfer matrix as zero.
Numerical model of cylindrical shell �lled with water is developed using Finite and
Boundary Element Method (FEM-BEM). The shell-structure is modeled with six de-
grees of freedom shell elements in �nite element model and
uid boundary is taken
as mesh model in Boundary Element Model (BEM). These two model meshes are
mapped in the circumferential direction. The transfer matrix method results are val-
idated with FEM-BEM model and with available literature data.


A Gateway Education Programme is established in Hong Kong that aims to broaden students' interdisciplinary knowledge and nurture student innovations under the Discovery-enriched Curriculum. To support the initiative, a novel idea was proposed for the creation of a Gateway Education Laboratory (GE Lab) with a highly configurable layout equipped with a 3D printer, a cloud-based eLearning tool and user-friendly scientific instruments. Course leaders report that the GE Lab provides a very good physical environment that enhances student attitudes and supports various instructive styles and interactive learning tasks that traditional classrooms fail to provide. Students' creative achievements have been recognised internationally.


We study the life cycle of portfolio allocation following for 15 years a large random sample of Norwegian households using error-free data on all components of households' investments drawn from the Tax Registry. Both, participation in the stock market and the portfolio share in stocks, have important life cycle patterns. Participation is limited at all ages but follows a hump-shaped profile which peaks around retirement; the share invested in stocks among the participants is high and flat for the young but investors start reducing it as retirement comes into sight. Our data suggest a double adjustment as people age: a rebalancing of the portfolio away from stocks as they approach retirement, and stock market exit after retirement. Existing calibrated life cycle models can account for the first behavior but not the second. We show that incorporating in these models a reasonable per period participation cost can generate limited participation among the young but not enough exit from the stock market among the elderly. Adding also a small probability of a large loss when investing in stocks, produces a joint pattern of participation and of the risky asset share that resembles the one observed in the data. A structural estimation of the relevant parameters that target simultaneously the portfolio, participation and asset accumulation age profiles of the model reveals that the parameter combination that fits the data best is one with a relatively large risk aversion, small participation cost and a yearly large loss probability in line with the frequency of stock market crashes in Norway.


Over 60% of Queensland's land area is classi(cid:28)ed as rangeland, areas which are subject to high climatic variability and are primarily devoted to grazing by cattle and other herbivores. Graziers, industry and governments require rangeland land condition data at appropriate spatial and temporal scales for sustainable economic and environmental management, to monitor changes in land condition and ful(cid:28)l reporting obligations. A large body of work has been undertaken in Australian rangelands studying the relationship between satellite images and (cid:28)eld measured vegetation cover leading to several operational monitoring programs. One such program is the Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management's groundcover monitoring system that routinely produces fractional cover estimates across Queensland and New South Wales. However, the interaction between climate and management in rangeland environments complicates the interpretation of data on condition and trend. One of the most promising methods to identify cycles and long term trends in rangelands is to examine time sequences of satellite images. Access to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat image archive a(cid:27)ords an unprecedented number of images for use in both research and operational monitoring, permitting the e(cid:27)ects of climate and management to be decoupled. This work reports on the results of a time series analysis based on 15 years of monthly Landsat derived fractional cover over an intensively studied grazing trial in North Queensland. A number of rangeland condition indicators are examined, including vegetation cover and type and their trends and transitions due to climate and management. The results demonstrate a clear link between grazing pressure and the resilience of the grazing resource in the presence of climate variability at the intrinsic temporal and spatial scales at which changes occur in the system. The results highlight the importance of adaptable land management strategies and are being used to inform landholders, regional bodies and policymakers on state scale rangeland condition and trend.


With almost everything now online, organizations look at the Big Data collected to gain insights for improving their services. In the analytics process, derivation of such insights requires experimenting-with and integrating different analytics techniques, while handling the Big Data high arrival velocity and large volumes. Existing solutions cover bits-and-pieces of the analytics process, leaving it to organizations to assemble their own ecosystem or buy an off-the-shelf ecosystem that can have unnecessary components to them. We build on this point by dividing the Big Data Analytics problem into six main pillars. We characterize and show examples of solutions designed for each of these pillars. We then integrate these six pillars into a taxonomy to provide an overview of the possible state-of-the-art analytics ecosystems. In the process, we highlight a number of ecosystems to meet organizations different needs. Finally, we identify possible areas of research for building future Big Data Analytics Ecosystems.


Carborane-capped gold nanoparticles (Au/carborane NPs, 2–3 nm) can act as artificial ion transporters across biological membranes. The particles themselves are large hydrophobic anions that have the ability to disperse in aqueous media and to partition over both sides of a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Their presence therefore causes a membrane potential that is determined by the relative concentrations of particles on each side of the membrane according to the Nernst equation. The particles tend to adsorb to both sides of the membrane and can flip across if changes in membrane potential require their repartitioning. Such changes can be made either with a potentiostat in an electrochemical cell or by competition with another partitioning ion, for example, potassium in the presence of its specific transporter valinomycin. Carborane-capped gold nanoparticles have a ligand shell full of voids, which stem from the packing of near spherical ligands on a near spherical metal core. These voids are normally filled with sodium or potassium ions, and the charge is overcompensated by excess electrons in the metal core. The anionic particles are therefore able to take up and release a certain payload of cations and to adjust their net charge accordingly. It is demonstrated by potential-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy that polarized phospholipid membranes of vesicles can be depolarized by ion transport mediated by the particles. It is also shown that the particles act as alkali-ion-specific transporters across free-standing membranes under potentiostatic control. Magnesium ions are not transported.


A systematic survey of high-frequency sea level oscillations (<6 h) measured between 2006 and 2011 along the US East Coast is performed. Raw 1-min resolution sea level data is used. After performing a data quality check, the nine most intense events, with maximum recorded wave heights ranging from 40 to 100 cm, are identified. Focus- ing on three of these events enables us to recognize two different generation mechanisms: (i) topographically-trapped edge waves which are found to be a significant contributor to the strongest observed oscillations, and (ii) standing waves, which occur over enclosed shallow waters and may result in significant wave heights of up to 100 cm. A reproduction of the observed oscillations is a part of a future work, which will include an assessment of a generating force in the atmo- sphere, allowing for a better prevention of potential flooding along the US East Coast.


An Exceptional Enterprise On 15 November 1902, Asian entrepreneur Alibhai Mulla Jeevanjee launched the African Standard in Mombasa with the support of editor and reporter W.H. Tiller (Kahaso, 1995). As a contractor for railway supplies, Jeevanjee had become wealthy through the construction of the Kenya-Uganda Railway (Patel, 1997). According to one account, "Ever an enterprising man...Jeevanjee conceived of the idea of starting a newspaper in Mombasa. In due course, the African Standard was born" (Kahaso, 1995). The newspaper continued to publish weekly reports despite changing its headquarters, ownership and title within its first ten years as a press. Jeevanjee, who had little experience as a journalist, soon sold his paper to two British businessmen. New owners Meyer and Anderson then in 1905 renamed the paper the East African Standard (Odonde, 1995). Five years later, after the seat of government moved from Mombasa to Nairobi, the newspaper's headquarters followed. The East African Standard became a daily service and through successfully competing with or absorbing its rival newspapers, it established itself as the colony's leading newspaper (Carter, 1968). Until independence, it served as the "voice of European settlers" and for many years, it was the only large circulation English daily (Carter, 1968; Ogonda, 1992). Significantly, the East African Standard (hereafter referred to as The Standard) forged an unbroken streak of reporting for over one hundred years, "from pre-independence, through Uhuru, to post-independence" (Tetley, 1995). Presently known as The Standard, it is Kenya's oldest, and second largest, daily newspaper. Why should the establishment and the history of The Standard matter to scholars who are interested in the history and politics of sport in Africa? As this article will suggest, Kenya's oldest newspaper contains a wealth of source material through which to study sport in Kenya. The ubiquity of sports in newspapers is easily recognised; however, historians have not investigated its place in African media. Nor in this context has the sports section as a specific genre of journalistic writing been examined. The assessment of The Standard as a source, which comprises the remainder of this essay, could be extended to other public news sources across the continent, making it a useful exercise to share with researchers of African sport and African history. The history, censorship, authors, production and content of this newspaper will be discussed. In addition, it will consider what this source has to say about aspects of life as a female athlete in Kenya: namely, how age and gender impinge on athletic participation. In short, a discussion of sports coverage within The Standard demonstrates the range of historical evidence contained within African news sources and suggests that it would be fruitful to use print media to investigate the sports history of African countries. It should be noted from the outset, however, that The Standard, as well as Kenya's most popular major daily newspaper, The Nation, is an exclusively English language publication. Newspapers in the vernacular, although they are not the focus of this paper, certainly deserve further attention. During decolonisation, many African leaders strove to replace European political structures with indigenous institutions, including the press (Faringer, 1991). As Fay Gadsden (1980) has pointed out, the period between the end of World War II and the declaration of a State of Emergency in October 1952 saw in Kenya an unparalleled growth of an African vernacular press. Although many of these papers lasted only a short time, during the post-war years Africans started more than forty newspapers (Gadsden, 1980). In short, scholarship on the history of print in Kenya has yet to take note of the representation of sports within its vernacular press (Scotton, 1975; Gadsden, 1980; Frederiksen, 2011) and this area could provide possibilities for future research. …