We compare the electronic properties of O deficient LaAlO3/SrTiO3 superlattices oriented along the (001) and (110) directions, taking into account the effect of hydrostatic compression and tension. Interfacial O vacancies turn out to be less likely in the case of the (110) orientation, with compression (tension) reducing (enhancing) the energy cost for both orientations. The presence of O vacancies results in the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas, for which we observe a distinct spatial pattern of carrier density that depends strongly on the amount of applied pressure. We clarify the interrelation between structural features and the properties of this electron gas (confinement, carrier density, and mobility).


S&P Global Ratings has been rating leveraged closed-end funds regulated in the United States under the Investment Company Act of 1940 for more than 30 years. The principal source of repayment for these market value securities is the proceeds from liquidating the underlying pledged collateral. In its rating process, S&P applies haircuts to the value of the pledged securities, discounting their value to cover the potential market value decline during the liquidation period. But how appropriate are these haircut assumptions? This article studies the extreme price changes in two major US stock indexes, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500 Index, using extreme value methods. The analysis compares extreme market value declines to the assumptions S&P uses in its market value securities ratings criteria. Moreover, the analysis estimates the likelihood of observing declines larger than those in the criteria (exceedance probabilities) and the average waiting time to observation of declines of various extreme magnitudes (return periods). From the analysis, we find that the likelihood of exceeding the assumptions in the rating methodology is generally in line with S&P's rating definitions.


The hoard is a paged virtual memory system for program data designed for the Cell Broadband
Engine processor (Cell BE). The hoard makes it easier to utilise the performance
available from the processor's Synergistic Processor Elements (SPEs). Traditional highperformance
hardware cache designs are not well-suited to being implemented in software
on the Cell BE architecture, so the hoard takes advantage of the SPE's wide registers
to implement a multi-level page table. This permits fast, fully associative lookup into a
dynamically-sized collection of data pages. Write-back of all pages is performed (not just
those modified) and a first-in first-out page replacement method is used. This design is
compared with the software cache provided with the IBM SDK for Multicore Acceleration
— a fixed-size, four-way set associative design, using a traditional hardware approach —
through extensive experiments with a diverse range of benchmarks. An in-depth analysis
is made of the performance of the hoard design, addressing its strengths and shortcomings.
From this analysis, potential improvements to the hoard are considered, implemented,
and their relative benefits measured. Changes include the tracking of page modification,
pre-writing of pages, use of a write-through policy, pre- and partial-fetching of pages, and
alternative replacement algorithms. Results show that simple and speculative methods are
often the most beneficial, and that performance varies greatly depending on the memory
access patterns of a particular program. It was found that programs with high locality of
access will perform better when using the hoard, in some cases exceeding the performance
of the same program running on the Power Processor Element of the Cell BE. For programs
with lower locality of reference, performance of the hoard and SDK cache are within a few
percent of one another.
An additional design goal for the hoard is to make the access and management of data
outside of the SPE's local store as transparent as possible to the programmer. Not implemented
as part of a particular compiler, the hoard is a compile- and run-time library that
makes use of C++ language features to provide a natural pointer interface, requiring a
minimal amount of changes to existing programs. Careful implementation of the interface
ensures that program semantics are well preserved and accidental misuse is discouraged,
while taking advantage of the features of the Cell BE to provide high-speed lookup. The
result is a tool that facilitates the reuse of a broad range of existing code-bases on the SPE.


This study develops a probability framework to evaluate subsurface risks associated with commercial-scale carbon sequestration in the Kevin Dome, Montana. Limited knowledge of the spatial distribution of physical attributes of the storage reservoir and the confining rocks in the area requires using regional data to estimate project risks during the pre-site characterization analysis. A set of integrated Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess four risk proxies: the CO2 injectivity, area of review (AoR), migration rate into confining rocks, and a monitoring strategy prior to detailed site characterization. Results show a reasonable likelihood of reaching the project goal of injecting 1 Mt in 4 years with a single injection well (>58%), increasing to >70% if the project is allowed to run for 5 years. The mean radius of the AoR, based on a 0.1 MPa pressure change, is around 4.8 km. No leakage of CO2 through the confining units is seen in any simulations. The computed CO2 detection probability suggests that the monitoring wells should be located at less than 1.2 km away from the injection well so that CO2 is likely to be detected within the time frame of the project. The scientific results of this study will be used to inform the detailed site characterization process and to provide more insight for understanding operational and technical risks before injecting CO2.


onorgestrel "morning-after pill" as a nonprescription drug, thus permitting pharmacists to dispense this postcoital oral contraceptive directly to women who need it, when they need it, is welcome news (see page 861). Less welcome is the "behind the counter" classification of levonorgestrel 0.75 mg (Plan B) by the provinces, which makes consultation with a pharmacist mandatory for any woman seeking to avoid an unintended pregnancy in this way. Health Canada has supported this policy on the grounds that "pharmacists are well-positioned to play a major role in ... providing counselling about contraceptive options." Not necessarily. Although pharmacists have front-line contact with patients and are equipped with professional guidelines for provision of emergency contraception, they are not ideally positioned for a counselling role in their typical practice settings. Few pharmacies offer the privacy necessary for such a conversation. This mundane fact, together with the professional fees attached to the consultation, represents a needless barrier to access. Moreover, the need for professional consultation for oral emergency contraception is questionable. Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg has been available in Canada by prescription since 2000. A first dose taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, followed by a second 12 hours later, is highly effective in preventing ovulation, fertilization and implantation. There are no serious adverse effects to the woman or, if she happens already to be pregnant, to the fetus. Moreover, levonorgestrel satisfies all of the criteria for nonprescription status, including a long history of safe and effective use, low incidence of side effects (mainly mild nausea) and a simple and easily explained manner of use. Studies of self-administered oral emergency contraception have shown a high level of appropriate use without adverse effects. Why, then, must competent women who have experienced contraceptive failure, a lapse in caution, or sexual coercion or assault be regarded as fair game for unwanted questioning and unsought advice — at their own expense? In 2001 over 106 000 abortions were performed in Canada; of these, 20 000 were in women under 20 years of age. It is estimated that 40%–50% of pregnancies in Canada are unintended, despite the wide availability of contraceptive methods. One of the important barriers to the use of oral emergency contraception has been lack of timely access to a physician. Making the "morning-after pill" available in pharmacies without prescription is an important step forward. Legislation in British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Quebec already allows pharmacists to dispense the drug without a physician's prescription; the drug's reclassification by Health Canada helps to equalize access to emergency contraception for women across the country. In this issue Judith Soon and colleagues (see page 878) report on the changes in emergency contraceptive uptake in BC over the period 1996 through 2002. They were particularly interested to see if nonprescription dispensing of emergency contraceptives by pharmacists in British Columbia (beginning in December 2000) was associated with an equivalent decrease in prescriptions written by physicians. This has not been the case. Prescriptions by physicians continued to increase, but were accompanied by a dramatic rise in total use resulting mainly from pharmacy dispensing. Thus there was a net gain in utilization. We can now expect a net decrease in abortion rates in British Columbia and nationwide. This is good news. But the news would be better if a lingering paternalism in matters affecting women's reproductive health was not still hiding behind the counter. — CMAJ


Distributions sensitive to the underlying event are studied in events containing one or more charged-particle jets produced in pp collisions at ffiffiffi s p ¼ 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These measurements reflect 800 (cid:1) b (cid:1) 1 of data taken during 2010. Jets are reconstructed using the anti- k t algorithm with radius parameter R varying between 0.2 and 1.0. Distributions of the charged-particle multiplicity, the scalar sum of the transverse momentum of charged particles, and the average charged-particle p T are measured as functions of p jetT in regions transverse to and opposite the leading jet for 4 GeV < p jetT < 100 GeV . In addition, the R dependence of the mean values of these observables is studied. In the transverse region, both the multiplicity and the scalar sum of the transverse momentum at fixed p jetT vary significantly with R , while the average charged-particle transverse momentum has a minimal dependence on R . Predictions from several Monte Carlo tunes have been compared to the data; the predictions from Pythia 6, based on tunes that have been determined using LHC data, show reasonable agreement with the data, including the dependence on R . Comparisons with other generators indicate that additional tuning of soft-QCD parameters is necessary for these generators. The measurements presented here provide a testing ground for further development of the Monte Carlo models.


Two novel dynamical quality of transmission (QoT) optimization schemes with explicit optimization targets and accurate end-to-end QoT estimation are proposed for reconfigurable transparent wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks. Numerical simulations show that the scheme of quality (Q) best has the best Q factor improvement with large attenuation adjustment. The scheme of Q allowable can achieve minimized number of tuning sites and attenuation adjustment and also improve the Q factor of light path to the required value. In addition, the idea of dynamic QoT optimization and global impairment control has been experimentally demonstrated on a simple mesh network by the cooperation of a control plane and tunable devices.


Maintenance of chromosomal organization is critical for stable chromosome function. Two aspects of maintenance annotated in Reactome are centromeric chromatin assembly outside the context of DNA replication, involving nucleosome assembly with the histone H3 variant CenH3 (also called CENP-A), and the maintenance of telomeres , protein-DNA complexes at the ends of linear chromosomes that are important for genome stability.


The negligence standard of reasonable care is based on a largely undefined normative decision, making it the most important example of a substantive tort rule that is largely determined by folk law or the understanding that jurors as lay individuals have about the legal obligation. In order to be adequately determinate, the folk law of reasonable care must be based on a widely shared metanorm that jurors use to evaluate more particularized norms of behavior in concrete cases. Studies of jury decision-making in tort cases assume that there is such a metanorm without identifying it. These studies, like tort scholarship more generally, have not accounted for the substantial body of evidence showing that individuals are guided by a metanorm of reciprocity that can motivate them to sanction others for norm violations that are themselves based on reciprocity. By applying this metanorm to the case at hand, jurors enforce behavioral obligations that map into the modern tort rules of negligence and strict liability. A metanorm of reciprocity quite plausibly defines folk tort law, although it is a separate question why the legal system chooses to enforce this social norm. Folk tort law is not fully capable of answering this question, but as an important component of modern tort law, it should be accounted for by any persuasive interpretation of the practice.


The relationship between unemployment benefit duration, unemployment duration and subsequent job duration is investigated using a multi-state duration model with state specific unobserved heterogeneity. I allow maximum benefit duration to be correlated with unemployment duration as well as accepted job duration. I examine two potential explanations for the relationship between unemployment and job spell durations; UI benefits increase job matching quality vs unobserved heterogeneity. I find that the escape rate out of unemployment seems to raise significantly within 5 weeks of benefit termination and new jobs accepted within this 5 week period seem to have a higher dissolution rate. At the same time, unobserved heterogeneity is also found to explain the correlation between unemployment and job duration. Various simulations indicate that increasing the maximum benefit duration by one week will raise expected unemployment duration by 1 to 1.5 days and expected job duration by 0.5 to 0.9 day.


A sustainable protocol of olefin metathesis in non-degassed, undistilled ethyl acetate under air with commercially available self-scavenging ruthenium catalysts is described. Furthermore, a time economical, cost-effective and scalable method of removal of ruthenium residues is presented. Treatment of post-reaction mixtures with an isocyanide scavenger and then with acid followed by a simple filtration is shown to yield OM products with ruthenium contamination below 5 ppm even in highly challenging cases. Finally, a telescope RCM/Suzuki–Miyaura sequence with a rapid and efficient purification protocol for simultaneous removal of Ru and Pd residues from solution is described.


A tunable slow light of 2.5-Gb/s pseudo-random binary sequence signal using a 1550-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is experimentally demonstrated. The influences of the bias current and the gain saturation on the slow light are investigated. With bias current increasing, tunable optical group delay up to 98 ps is obtained at room temperature. Demonstration of the time delay between 16 and 24 ps by signal intensity change is reported. Under an appropriate bias current, by tuning the input signal to track the peak gain wavelength of the VCSEL, slow light of a power penalty as low as 1 dB is achieved. With such a low power penalty, the VCSEL has a great potential application as a compact optical buffer.


This paper examines the history of the influential Interactive Image computer graphics showcase, which took place at museum and conference venues from 1987 to 1988. The authors present a preliminary exploration of the historical contexts that led to the creation of this exhibition by the Electronic Visualization Lab (EVL), which included the integrated efforts of both artists and computer scientists. In addition to providing historical details about this event, the authors introduce a media archaeology approach for examining the cultural and technological contexts in which this event is situated.


Index Theory with Applications to Mathematics and Physics describes, explains, and explores the Index Theorem of Atiyah and Singer, one of the truly great accomplishments of twentieth-century mathematics whose influence continues to grow, fifty years after its discovery. The Index Theorem has given birth to many mathematical research areas and exposed profound connections between analysis, geometry, topology, algebra, and mathematical physics. Hardly any topic of modern mathematics stands independent of its influence. In this ambitious new work, authors David Bleecker and Bernhelm Booss-Bavnbek give two proofs of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem in impressive detail: one based on K-theory and the other on the heat kernel approach. As a preparation for this, the authors explain all the background information on such diverse topics as Fredholm operators, pseudo-differential operators, analysis on manifolds, principal bundles and curvature, and K-theory--carefully and with concern for the reader. Many applications of the theorem are given, as well as an account of some of the most important recent developments in the subject, with emphasis on gauge theoretic physical models and low-dimensional topology. The 18 chapters and two appendices of the book introduce different topics and aspects, often beginning from scratch without presuming full knowledge of all the preceding chapters. Learning paths, through a restricted selection of topics and sections, are suggested and facilitated. The chapters are written for students of mathematics and physics: some for the upper-undergraduate level, some for the graduate level, and some as an inspiration and support for researchers. Index Theory with Applications to Mathematics and Physics is a textbook, a reference book, a survey, and much more. Written in a lively fashion, it contains a wealth of basic examples and exercises. The authors have included many discussion sections that are both entertaining and informative, which illuminate the thinking behind the more general theory. A detailed bibliography and index facilitate the orientation.


At present there is observed a change in world economy and development of evolving market relations in society alongside the transition of economy to innovative mode of development. Innovation infrastructure subjects act as obligatory participants of innovative relationships. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Investment Activity", art.5, the subjects of innovative activities are physical and (or) juridical persons of Ukraine, physical and (or) juridical persons of foreign states, persons without citizenship, associations of the mentioned persons who conduct innovative activities in Ukraine and (or) involve property and intellectual values, invest their own or borrowed finances for realizing innovative projects in Ukraine[1]. Entrepreneurship is considered a leading component in the processes of stable development of forest resources under conditions of market liberalization of utilizing natural resources and forest in the EU. Attracting investments to this sphere is to be based on recognition of all kinds of forestry operations as business activities with corresponding remuneration of these activities' results. Besides, improvement of financial mechanism is an integral condition of ecologically balanced use of forestry, because at present it acts as an impeding factor of efficient development of forestry into the EU countries. Investment provision improvement is possible under favorable credit and financial preconditions for financing the processes of restoring forest resources potential. It is possible to improve investment attractiveness of forestry business, especially for foreign investors, on the premise of real implementation of elements of modern ecological management into business practices. Keywords: EU countries, foreign experience, entrepreneurship, forests, forestry legal relations, innovations, innovative activities, innovative infrastructure, subjects.[1] Law of Ukraine "On investment activities". The Verkhovna Rada Bulletin, 2002, no 36, p. 266.


Photospheric vector magnetograms from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory are utilized as the boundary conditions to extrapolate both nonlinear force-free and potential magnetic fields in solar corona. Based on the extrapolations, we are able to determine the free magnetic energy (FME) stored in active regions (ARs). Over 3000 vector magnetograms in 61 ARs were analyzed. We compare FME with the ARs' flare index (FI) and find that there is a weak correlation (<60%) between FME and FI. FME shows slightly improved flare predictability relative to the total unsigned magnetic flux of ARs in the following two aspects: (1) the flare productivity predicted by FME is higher than that predicted by magnetic flux and (2) the correlation between FI and FME is higher than that between FI and magnetic flux. However, this improvement is not significant enough to make a substantial difference in time-accumulated FI, rather than individual flare, predictions.


Informed by interaction-based work on affect and identity in conversation analysis, discursive psychology, membership categorization analysis, and stylization studies, this chapter contributes to contemporary humor research by investigating discursive practices in comedy performances in Hawai'i. Set within this multilingual and multiethnic context, analysis explicates how stand-up comedy, a popular local institution, not only entertains but functions as a highly collaborative site where performers and their audiences reproduce and challenge social-linguistic ideologies and practices distinguishing "Locals" (those born and raised in Hawai'i, Hawai'i Creole speakers) from "non-Locals" (e.g., white, Standard English speakers). By coordinating laughter and affective and epistemic stances around these two identity categories, participants draw on shared history, language, and culture to maintain a Local community in the present.


Internet Protocol (IP) is the narrow waist of multilayered Internet protocol stack which defines the rules for data sent across networks. IPv4 is the fourth version of IP and first commercially available for deployment set by ARPANET in 1983 which is a 32 bit long address and can support up to 2^32 devices. In April 2017, all Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) confirmed that IPv4 addresses are exhausted and cannot be allocated anymore implying any new organization requesting a block of Internet addresses will be allocated IPv6. This creates troubles of interoperability, migration and deployment, and therefore organizations hesitated to use IPv6 borrowing IPv4 addresses from other big organizations instead. Currently, when IPv4 is not available, and IPv6 is not adopted for around 20 years, the question arises whether IPv6 will still be accepted by the computer society or will it have an end of life soon with alternate better protocol such as ID based networks taking its place. This paper claims that IPv6 has lost its deployment window and can be safely skipped when new ID based protocols are available which not only have simple interoperability, deployment and migration guidelines but also provide advanced features as compared to IPv6. The paper provides answers to these questions with a comprehensive comparison of IPv6 with its available alternatives and reasons of IPv6 failures in its adoption. Finally, the paper declares IPv6 as a dead protocol and suggests to use newer available protocols in future.


The importance of quality of service (QoS) has risen with the recent evolution of telecommunication networks, which are characterised by a great heterogeneity. While many applications require a specific level of assurance from the network; communication networks are characterized by different service providers, transmission means and implementer solutions such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4), IPv6 and MPLS. Providing comprehensive coverage of QoS issues within heterogeneous network environments, QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks looks to find solutions to questions such as does QoS fit within heterogeneous networks and what is the impact on performance if information traverses different network portions that implement specific QoS schemes. Includes: A series of algorithms and protocols to help solve potential QoS problems. State of the art case studies and operative examples to illustrate points made. Information on QoS mapping in terms of service-level specification (SLS) and an in-depth discussion of related issues Chapters end-to-end (E2E) QoS, QoS architecture, QoS over heterogeneous networks and QoS internetworking and mapping. An ideal book for graduate students, researchers and lecturers. System designers, developers and engineers will also find QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks a valuable reference.


Background: Referees play a crucial role in soccer, although relevant key aspects of their physiological performance remain uncertain.
Research question: To describe the physiological profile of national-level Spanish soccer referees.
Type of study: Descriptive study.
Methods: Twenty-two male referees (age: 26.0 ± 4.9 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.08m; body mass: 76.3 ± 13.1kg; body mass index: 24.4 ± 2.8kg·m-2) were the participants of the study. Referees were subjected to a medical examination to determine their basal cardiovascular, haematological, pulmonary function and echocardiographical profile. Complementarily, the referees carried out an incremental maximal treadmill test and two field tests: a repeated sprint (6 x 40 m/90s recovery) and a running test (fastest time to complete 2000m).
Results: The left ventricular mass index averaged 122.3 ± 23.6g·m-2. Mean oxygen uptake (VO2max) averaged 48.7 ± 4.3ml·kg·min-1. Mean time during the repeated sprint test was 5.53 ± 0.21s, while mean time to complete the endurance test was 7 min 43s.
Conclusion: The physiological profile of national-level Spanish soccer referees reveals moderate aerobic cardiac adaptations to training and match officiating. As match demands are relative to the standard of competition, the referees should increase their physiological parameters to be able to cope with the demands imposed by the players.


Industrialization and population explosion are contributing to an urban revolution in the developing countries of the world. Static social and economic conditions, frozen for hundreds of years, are rapidly being overturned.This book makes an important contribution to our understanding of various national programs and the efforts of international agencies directed toward achieving land reform and adequate housing. This is the first book on the subject. Charles Abrams, drawing heavily on his rich store of intimate practical experience, dramatically describes housing situations in Ghana, Turkey, Pakistan, the Philippines, Nigeria, Japan, Singapore, India, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Jamaica, Ireland, Barbados, and Bolivia. His expert knowledge of the legal and financial aspects of land and housing problems is tempered by common sense observation of technical and social aspects, enriched by imaginative human concern, and made effective by a high degree of political realism.Man's Struggle for Shelter will benefit a wide audience of readers. The urban and regional planner, the housing official, the land economist, and government policy planners, both here and abroad, will find this book extremely important.


The effect of time delay on characteristics of an optical adaptive system is considered. Classification of the optical adaptive systems as dynamic feedback systems has been made. Systems with constant delay, a highspeed adaptive system as well as a new class of systems, i.e., predicting adaptive systems, are investigated.


Information The purpose of the Canadian Journal of Philosophy is the publication for A u t h o r s m Canada of philosophical work of high quality, in English or French, and in any field of philosophy. All submissions are given blind editorial review; those of departmental colleagues are externally refereed. Manuscripts should be sent in triplicate to: Executive Secretary, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4. It is preferred that manuscripts be typed double-spaced, including quotes and footnotes. In general, the Canadian Journal of Philosophy follows The University of Chicago Manual of Style. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively and assembled on separate pages at the end of the manuscript. Manuscripts should be prepared for blind review, which means they should contain no self-identifying references in either text or footnotes. Manuscripts will not be returned unless return postage is prepaid by cheque, money-order, reply coupons, or Canadian stamps. Authors will receive, without charge, 25 copies of their articles. Additional offprints may be ordered when the proofs are returned to the publisher. The articles in CJP are indexed in The Philosophers' Index, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA, in the Repertoire bibliographique de la philosophic Louvain, Belgium, and in the Canadian Periodical Index. All enquiries of an editorial nature should be directed to the Executive Secretary at the above address.


We propose a self-commissioning, user-adaptive blinds and electric lighting controller for small office rooms. Self-commissioning, in this context, means that the controller builds an internal representation of the room, in particular of the room's daylighting characteristics, automatically and without user input. By user-adaptive, we mean that the illuminances the controller will seek to maintain are derived from a statistical analysis of the user's behaviour on the manually overridable blinds and electric lighting. Self-commission and user-adaptation are implemented by two decoupled software elements. The first element is a method for modeling the daylighting illuminance on arbitrary locations in the office room, when the windows are shaded by one or two venetian blinds (though the method can be generalized to an arbitrary number and kinds of window shadings). It uses the past history of illuminance distributions in the office room for a similar scene configuration, and models the current illuminance on a given point as a linear combination of outdoor global and diffuse irradiance. The second element is an algorithm for the estimation of the user's visual discomfort probability. It is a function of the current illuminance distribution in that office room, and of the past history of the user's interactions with the blinds' and lighting controls. A bayesian formalism is applied to infer the probability that any illuminance distribution should be considered by the user as visually uncomfortable. We describe how these elements have been integrated in a blinds and electric lighting controller. That controller runs today on an office room of the experimental LESO building and we present the results of the algorithm's adaptation to the preferences of that room's user. We have also assessed that controller's performance on computer-simulated virtual office rooms. We have let the controller run for one year simulated time on six different combinations of office room location (Rome and Brussels) and orientation (north, west and south). These simulations have let us evaluate the energy savings made possible with such a controller, and the improvement of the user's visual comfort.


Criminal proceedings, it is often now said, ought to be conducted with integrity. But what, exactly, does it mean for criminal process to have, or to lack, 'integrity'? Is integrity in this sense merely an aspirational normative ideal, with possibly diffuse influence on conceptions of professional responsibility? Or is it also a juridical concept with robust institutional purchase and enforceable practical consequences in criminal litigation? The 16 new essays contained in this collection, written by prominent legal scholars and criminologists from Australia, Hong Kong, the UK and the USA, engage systematically with and seek to generate further debate about the theoretical and practical significance of 'integrity' at all stages of the criminal process. Reflecting the flexibility and scope of a putative 'integrity principle', the essays range widely over many of the most hotly contested issues in contemporary criminal justice theory, policy and practice, including: the ethics of police investigations, charging practice and discretionary enforcement; prosecutorial independence, policy and operational decision-making; plea bargaining; the perils of witness coaching and accomplice testimony; expert evidence; doctrines of admissibility and abuse of process; lay participation in criminal adjudication; the role of remorse in criminal trials; the ethics of appellate judgment writing; innocence projects; and state compensation for miscarriages of justice.


A new, free‐machining titanium alloy of the composition Ti6Al2Fe1Mo0.9La0.5Cu0.3Si was investigated for its corrosion properties in 1.5 wt% NaCl solution. The alloy showed localized corrosion of metallic lanthanum precipitates. Localized corrosion kinetics were investigated via cyclic voltammetry and potentiodynamic polarization. Furthermore, the process could be visualized in situ via electrochemical atomic force microscopy (in situ AFM). Results show that before dissolution, the precipitates undergo a strong volume increase. This was attributed to the oxidation of lanthanum to La(OH)3. Investigations show that the oxidation process can be triggered by either applying electrochemical polarization to the alloy or by exposing the alloy for enough time in NaCl solution. The holes created after removal of the lanthanum precipitates can act as sites of further corrosion, but only at high anodic polarization of around 3 V versus normal hydrogen electrode.


The authors provide a common platform for modeling different schemes for reducing the branch-delay penalty in pipelined processors as well as evaluating the associated increased instruction bandwidth. Their objective is twofold: to develop a model for different approaches to the branch problem and to help select an optimal strategy after taking into account additional i-traffic generation by branch strategies. The model presented provides a flexible tool for comparing different branch strategies in terms of the reduction it offers in average branch delay and also in terms of the associated cost of wasted instruction fetches. This additional criterion turns out to be a valuable consideration in choosing between two strategies that perform almost equally. More importantly, it provides a better insight into the expected overall system performance. Simple compiler-support-based low-implementation-cost strategies can be very effective under certain conditions. An active branch prediction scheme based on loop buffers can be as competitive as a branch-target-buffer based strategy. >


We present a method for efficient global illumination computation in dynamic environments by taking advantage of temporal coherence of lighting distribution. The method is embedded in the framework of stochastic photon tracing and density estimation techniques. A locally operating energy-based error metric is used to prevent photon processing in the temporal domain for the scene regions in which lighting distribution changes rapidly. A perception-based error metric suitable for animation is used to keep noise inherent in stochastic methods below the sensitivity level of the human observer. As a result a perceptually-consistent quality across all animation frames is obtained. Furthermore, the computation cost is reduced compared to the traditional approaches operating solely in the spatial domain.


Providing the most up-to-date and thorough coverage of cost management topics, Hansen/Mowen's CORNERSTONES OF COST ACCOUNTING provides students with a solid foundation with its unique Cornerstones approach. Created from our research on student learning behavior, this step-by-step format helps students understand the How, Why, and What Ifs of solving and mastering basic cost management topics, while also getting at the conceptual nature of each equation or topic. This relevant text also addresses some of the most recent processes affecting the discipline such as a chapter on productivity measurement and lean accounting.


Nursery and landscape professionals have introduced many useful non-native woody plants for managed landscapes, but the potential exists for new introductions to escape from cultivation and become pests. The objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive strategy to assess the risk of naturalization of non-native woody plants in Iowa. We examined life-history traits and native distributions of 100 woody plant species, including 28 species known to naturalize in Iowa and 72 other species not known to naturalize in the state. We tested three approaches to predict naturalization of woody plants in Iowa: (1) direct application of a previously developed decision tree designed to predict naturalization on a continental scale within North America; (2) application of the continental model modified to include traits important on a regional scale, and (3) development of a new regional model that included a geographic-risk component along with life-history traits. Our modifications to the continental model and the new regional model all were more powerful than the unmodified, continental model, as measured by their ability to classify species (classification rate) based on risk of naturalization, without reducing accuracy, as measured by the frequency of misclassification (error rate). Classification rates ranged from 65% for the unmodified continental model to 90% for the modified continental model. Error rates varied from 6% for the new regional model to 20% for the unmodified continental model, including horticulturally limiting error rates of 4 to 17%, respectively.


Abstract. Mobile spatial data collection is one of the major tasks carried out under the United Nations (UN) to quantify targets of various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Even though there are readily available proprietary solutions to ease mobile spatial data collection, there is often limited educational resources that rely on Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial (FOSS4G). The ongoing efforts of UN OSGeo Committee are to satisfy the requirements of UN operations in terms of identifying and developing open source geospatial software and services. The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss the educational material (tutorial) that is prepared to address the 2019 UN OSGeo Committee Educational Challenge entitled 'Open geospatial data and software for UN SDG 16, Peace justice and open institution'. The educational material utilised various technologies, including QGIS, QField, PostgreSQL/PostGIS and NodeJS, by relying on a simple mobile spatial data collection scenario, which is collecting information about trees. The scenario serves as an analogy for many different UN operations that might fall under SDG 16, such as interviews with a victim or a vulnerable person or estimating to what extent decision-making is inclusive and responsive. The developed educational material addresses some of the practical requirements of mobile spatial data collection, including handling multiple users, offline data collection, attaching photos to recorded events, editing of spatial features in the field and displaying the collected data on the internet using Heroku. Even though the educational material intends to be self-explanatory, quantitative and qualitative measures are needed to evaluate its efficacy. Therefore, a group of geomatics engineering students were trained with the educational material and their feedbacks were collected through a satisfaction questionnaire as well as the completion time of the tutorial. The outcomes of this paper will be useful in terms of guiding researchers and practitioners who develop online educational material, especially in the geospatial domain.


While plants are primarily sessile at the organismal level, they do exhibit a vast array of movements at the organ or sub-organ level. These movements can occur for reasons as diverse as seed dispersal, nutrition, protection or pollination. Their advanced mechanisms generate a myriad of movement typologies, many of which are not fully understood. In recent years, there has been a renewal of interest in understanding the mechanical behavior of plants from an engineering perspective, with an interest in developing novel applications by up-sizing these mechanisms from the micro- to the macro-scale. This literature review identifies the main strategies used by plants to create and amplify movements and anatomize the most recent mechanical understanding of compliant engineering mechanics. The paper ultimately demonstrates that plant movements, rooted in compliance and multi-functionality, can effectively inspire better kinematic/adaptive structures and materials. In plants, the actuators and the deployment structures are fused into a single system. The understanding of those natural movements therefore starts with an exploration of mechanisms at the origins of movements. Plant movements, whether slow or fast, active or passive, reversible or irreversible, are presented and detailed for their mechanical significance. With a focus on displacement amplification, the most recent promising strategies for actuation and adaptive systems are examined with respect to the mechanical principles of shape morphing plant tissues.


Anatomical models have always been a mainstay of descriptive embryology [5]. As the training of embryologists grew in the late 1800s, so too did the need for large-scale teaching models. Embryo wax models, such as those made by Adolf Ziegler [6] and Gustav Born [7], were popular in the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century as a way to visualize, in three dimensions, the fine detail of embryos without the aid of a microscope [8]. While these models were found in many university laboratories, museums of science, and even expositions and world's fairs, they were anything but easy to make or obtain. Wax modeling required skill, patience, and specialized tools. Small laboratories with only one or two embryologists often found the prospect of wax modeling too laborious, too difficult, and too expensive to make the pursuit worthwhile. As an alternative, Susanna Phelps Gage, an embryologist at Cornell University [9], perfected a technique of using stacks of absorbent blotting paper rather than stacks of wax plates for constructing embryo models. She first demonstrated her blotting paper method to other embryologists at the annual meeting of the Association of American Anatomists in 1905 and later at the International Zoological Congress, held in Boston in August 1907.


Background The Scottish Patient Safety Programme for Paediatrics (SPSPP) has a medicines management workstream of which medicines reconciliation is a primary driver to reduce harm to children from medicines.1 The British Thoracic Society (BTS) local and national audit data on paediatric asthma has demonstrated poor discharge planning and education for children regarding inhaler technique, both of which can contribute to future readmissions.2 Objective To create a care pathway for the medicines management and education of patients with asthma or viral induced wheeze in line with national priorities and to assess effects on patient care. Methods A baseline audit was undertaken to determine: ▶ Current practice with regards to medicines reconciliation and use of patient's own drugs (PODs) within the ward. ▶ Whether inhaler technique was demonstrated at the start of therapy. ▶ The current rate and timeliness of provision of inhaler technique education provided by the paediatric nurses within the unit. ▶ Correlation between inhaler technique and whether the patient's condition was managed within primary or secondary care. A care pathway was devised and implemented using improvement methodology techniques, these included: ▶ Development of a medicines reconciliation form and guidance on use. ▶ Devision of a local training pack to improve the training of all paediatric nurses who were then able to provide consistent improved, health literacy to patients and/or their caregivers using the 'teachback method'. ▶ Introduction of a sticker on cardex to ensure inhaler technique provided and documented. Results Baseline audit data included 31 patients. 48% of patients had an accurate medication history documented on admission. 29% of patients had brought in their own inhalers. 45% of admitted patients were on a steroid inhaler prior to admission. 62% of patients had inhaler therapy checked within 24 h of admission. 94% of caregivers stated that they had been shown how to administer inhalers at the start of therapy (range between 1 month and 5 years). This initial demonstration had been by a variety of care providers. 84% of patients had their condition managed by their general practitioner. Postintervention data collection currently underway. Conclusion The baseline audit identified that medicines reconciliation was not being undertaken for patients. It highlighted areas of improvement for health literacy regarding inhaler administration and disparities of education provided by the nurses in the paediatric unit. Improvement methodology techniques require continual data collection and the real impact of the interventions made will only become apparent over time.3 The authors hope to see this through improved local BTS audit results, reduced admissions from poor control due to poor inhaler technique, less time spent on education by nurse specialist, use of PODs to aid drug history and reduced harm to patient with accurate medicines reconciliation, as well as a positive financial impact as a result of use of PODs.


This thesis presents the development of new simulation and analytic models for the performance analysis of wide area communication networks. The models are used to analyse adaptive routing and flow control in fully connected circuit switched and sparsely connected packet switched networks. In particular the performance of routing algorithms derived from the L(_R-I) linear learning automata model are assessed for both types of network. A novel architecture using the INMOS Transputer is constructed for simulation of both circuit and packet switched networks in a loosely coupled multi- microprocessor environment. The network topology is mapped onto an identically configured array of processing centres to overcome the processing bottleneck of conventional Von Neumann architecture machines. Previous analytic work in circuit switched work is extended to include both asymmetrical networks and adaptive routing policies. In the analysis of packet switched networks analytic models of adaptive routing and flow control are integrated to produce a powerful, integrated environment for performance analysis The work concludes that routing algorithms based on linear learning automata have significant potential in both fully connected circuit switched networks and sparsely connected packet switched networks.


In this publication we describe how the principle of bioisosterism can be applied, in combination with predictive modelling and multi-parameter optimisation, to quickly search for new, high quality compound ideas and optimisation strategies. Bioisosteres are functional groups which have similar physical or chemical characteristics and hence similar biological effects. The relationships between bioisosteres may be encoded as molecular transformations and automatically applied to new compounds to generate novel compound structures that are likely to preserve the required biological activities. In silico models can be applied to predict the properties of the resulting structures, such as ADME and physicochemical characteristics. These data can, in turn, be integrated using a multi-parameter optimisation approach to prioritise those ideas that are most likely to achieve a required property profile. To illustrate this, we will discuss how the BIOSTERTM database of >20,000 precedented bioisostere transformations and molecular modifications resulting from alternative analogue design techniques has been integrated with StarDrop. We will describe example applications in drug discovery, including lead hopping and patent protection.


A correlation between oil rates and earthquakes was observed in the 1970s. It resulted in the first attempts to use the energy of seismic waves to mobilize residual oil spread in the reservoir in the form of drops of different sizes, and to rehabilitate depleted oil fields with high water production. Laboratory tests showed that oil displacement can be increased by application of low-frequency vibration. It was also confirmed by field tests (results reported at VI EOR ES, 1991): oil production due to vibroseismic stimulation increased by 30-40%. However, estimations show that such an increase in oil production does not occur with low-frequency vibration. Most probably some unknown phenomena exist which impact on the mechanism of seismic vibration-induced increases in oil production. The object of this study was the development of an analytical model of vibroseismic stimulation to explain the mechanism of residual oil mobilization. Such a model can provide the basis for effective use of vibration stimulation. The model oil-saturated formation consists of blocks of different sizes. Each large block includes several blocks of smaller sizes. Block sizes depend on the geological processes taking place during their formation, while correlation between their sizes does not depend on properties of constituent materials. Core measurements taken in the millimetre range and analysis of photographs of layer distribution in open hole taken in the metric range show that correlation between the large and small blocks occurs over a rather small range and varies between 2.91 and 3.43. Simulation of vibroseismic impact on a formation shows that a process of low-frequency energy transfer from larger blocks to smaller ones, producing high-frequency vibration, takes place. These high-frequency vibrations provide conditions under which capillary forces, retaining oil drops in the porous media, are destroyed, improving conditions for oil mobilization. These results agree with experimental data of noise measurements recorded during pilot commercial tests of vibroseismic action at different oil fields in Russia. Thus the possibility of residual oil mobilization by applying low-frequency vibroseismic stimulation was confirmed both theoretically and in laboratory and field tests. The results received were an essential part of the creation of the technology for vibroseismic stimulation of waterflooded, depleted oil reservoirs.


The main objective of the study is to identify the reasons why clients are dissatisfied and thinking to switch to other MFI or to leave the MFI. A total of 129 valid cases were collected through a random sampling method by means of questionnaires and in-depth interviews, and questions were put to the respondents to measure the levels of satisfaction and dissatisfaction over the MFIs' performance. The data was collected from a regional manager, a branch manager, credit officers and borrowers who were involved in BRAC organization at Satkhira district in Bangladesh, between November 2013 and January 2014. The results revealed that membership cancellation, conflict between medium and small size loan, high interest rate on loan but low on savings, societal facts (e.g. widow, death, unsuitable social role), religion and rude behavior from officers (who collect weekly installments) are substantially very strong which followed by lack of industrial regulatory policy, MFIs considered membership cancellation decision, natural disaster, mistrust and lack of co-operation. The result also found the existence of numerous shortcomings on managerial policy, implementation, infrastructure, organization, system, diplomatic policy, quality service and product facilities the sum total of which cause clients' decision to opt out of the MFIs. The main aspect of the study is that, the results of this study can contribute to improve the management of the business organizations to improvise an effective client-friendly plan in developing microfinance institutions in Bangladesh. The findings of this research may also contribute to the improvement of business organization, especially, the microfinance institutions so that they can satisfactorily serve their clients with the proper facilities, managerial strategy and prudent organizational plan.


By drawing on eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork and my field diaries in refugee decision-making in Canada, I make three arguments in this article. First, the binary of research in closed vs. open settings may have contributed to overlooking of ethical challenges of research in state organizations in democratic settings. We have to overcome this binary by opening a dialogue among ethnographers. Second, despite well-developed and diverse nature of scholarship on Research Ethics' Board's (REB) formal practices and their negative impact on ethnographers' research proposals, the scarcity of scholarship on "ethics in practice" or "everyday ethics" show that we seem to forget that ethnographers, after receiving research ethics approval, still have to do considerable interpretation for what "being ethical" means. Finally, paying attention to "ethically important moments" during research practice may help us bridge the gap between principles of formal ethics and ethics in practice. Using field diaries in these reflections instead of more sanitized subsequent accounts illustrates the immediacy and importance of ethical concerns during research practice. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs150168


Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a form of cardiovascular disease whereby a change in the material properties of the vessel wall results in a localised dilation of the abdominal aorta. The primary risk of AAAs is rupture with mortality rates close to 90%. Whilst surgical intervention can be performed to repair AAAs, such procedures are considered high risk. As a result, surgery is only performed upon AAAs that are considered likely to rupture. The current method of prediction is the diameter criterion, with surgical intervention performed if the diameter of the AAA exceeds 5.5cm. Research has demonstrated that this is a weak method of predicting rupture and as such other methodologies are sought. One promising method is patient specific modelling (PSM) which involves the reconstruction of individual patient AAA geometries from imaging datasets, and finite element analysis (FEA) to calculate the stresses acting on the AAA wall, with the peak stress typically used as the predictor. A weakness of this methodology is the lack of patient specific material property values defined in the simulation. A potential technique to address this limitation is magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), an MR-based technique which utilises a phasecontrast sequence to characterise displacements caused by shear waves induced into the tissue by an external mechanical driver. An inversion algorithm is used to calculate local material property values of the tissue from these displacements. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the capability of utilising MRE to obtain material property measurements from AAAs that could be incorporated into PSM. To achieve this an FE method of modelling MRE was developed. The influence of modelling parameters upon the material property measurements made using the direct inversion (DI) algorithm was investigated, with element type and boundary conditions shown to have an effect. The modelling technique was then utilised to demonstrate the influence that the size of an insert had upon shear modulus measurements of that insert using DI in both 2and 3-dimensions, and the multi-frequency dual elasto-visco algorithm (MDEV), an extension of DI combining information from multiple frequencies. Meanwhile a comparison of the modelling technique against an MRE scan of a phantom showed that whilst measurements made from the two techniques were different at low frequencies, they became similar as the frequency increased. This suggested that such differences were attributable to increased noise in the scanned data. FEA of MRE performed on idealised AAA geometries demonstrated that AAA size, shear viscosity of the thrombus and shear modulus of the AAA wall all influenced the accuracy of MRE measurements in the thrombus. Meanwhile MRE scanning of a small cohort of AAA patients had been undertaken and phase images investigated for signs of wave propagation to investigate the capabilities of the current MRE setup. Phase images were dominated by noise and there was no wave propagation visualised in any of the AAAs. This thesis demonstrates that the current MRE setup is not capable of achieving accurate measurements of material properties of AAA for PSM. Visualisation of wave propagation in AAAs is technically demanding and requires further development. A more fundamental concern however is the size dependence of the inversion algorithm used and the inability to consistently make accurate measurements from AAA geometries.


The purpose of the study was to develop a culture-informed measure of developmental outcome and to apply it to detect differences in developmental level between children with cerebral malaria enrolled in a clinical trial to control seizures during the acute phase of the illness. The instrument was administered to a sample of 180 children, three and 12 months after discharge from hospital. The measure demonstrated high internal consistency, good inter-observer reliability, age sensitivity and strong relations with parental report of child functioning. No association was found between performance, or change in performance, with the prophylactic regime administered. The results suggested that the use of Phenobarbital in controlling provoked seizures has no observable effect on cognitive function.


Presents an account and technical assessment of Marx's economic analysis in Capital, with particular reference to the transformation and the surplus-value doctrine, the reproduction schemes, the falling real-wage and profit rates, and the trade cycle. The focus is on criticisms that Marx himself might have been expected to face in his day and age. In addition, it offers a chronological study of the evolution of that analysis from the early 1840s through three 'drafts': documents of the late 1840s, the Grundrisse of 1857–1858, and the Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863. It also provides three studies in application, focusing on Marx's 'evolutionary' orientation in his evaluation of the transition to communism and his rejection of 'egalitarianism' under both capitalist and communist regimes; his evolving perspective on the role of the industrial 'entrepreneur'; and his evolving appreciation of the prospects for welfare reform within capitalism.


P–T conditions in the Buchan Dalradian have been estimated using published equilibria. Garnet-biotite (corrected according to Hodges & Spear (1982)) and garnethornblende temperatures are in good agreement, recording 430 ± 15°C, 490 ± 15°C and 510 ± 20°C at the cordierite, andalusite and staurolite isograds and 550 ± 40°C in the upper staurolite zone. Garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz and garnet-plagioclase-epidote-quartz-fluid (with aH2O = 1) record a consistent minimum pressure of 1.7kbar for the andalusite isograd though the uncertainties in the equilibria indicate this could be 2 kbar higher. In the staurolite zone the latter geobarometer is in agreement with pressures of 2–3.5 kbar derived from garnet-plagioclase-andalusite-quartz. A calcite-dolomite temperature of 537°C from marbles at the Portsoy kyanite/andalusite isograd, implies pressures near 4.5 kbar. The P–T array defined by these data lies at lower pressures and temperatures than that deduced from pelite petrogenetic grids. The possibility of reduced aH2O is considered unlikely, as the calc-silicate assemblages are indicative of H2O-rich fluids, and it is suggested that the discrepancy may result from inadequate garnet activity formulations. Inferred overburden estimates are consistent with recent overburden estimates for the Newer Gabbro aureole implying that little or no erosion had occurred by the time of emplacement of the basic intrusions. The overburden estimates are combined with the stratigraphic thickness data of Sutton & Watson (1955) to estimate differential erosion/uplift rates in the area.


Aims: We performed quantitative diffusion tensor imaging and brain tractography to distinguish clinical severity in a series of 35 patients with hypomyelinating PLP1-related disorders classified using the Motor Developmental Score according to the best motor function acquired before the age of 5 years and the gross motor function measure (GMFM) at the time of magnetic resonance imaging acquisition. Methods: We calculated fractional anisotropy and diffusivity values in 26 regions of interest and the numbers of fibers and volumes of hemisphere tractograms. Fiber bundles on tractograms were characterized according to 3 criteria: size, direction of main-stream fibers, and connectivity of bundles (extratelencephalic projections, commissural fibers, and intrahemispheric connections). Results: Age-adjusted multivariate analysis in 3 severity groups revealed increased isotropic diffusion in the superior cerebellar peduncle and grey matter in the most severe group, and larger tractogram volumes and increased numbers of fibers in the least severely affected group. Tractogram patterns showed preserved extratelencephalic projections and a main anterior-posterior aspect of intrahemispheric fibers in most patients, whereas interhemispheric connectivity was variable. The most severely affected and intermediate patients had less intrahemispheric connectivity, with a frequent predominant anterior-posterior direction of main-stream fibers. Interpretation: Diffusion tensor imaging and tractographic parameters can operate as biomarkers to distinguish clinical severity in PLP1-related disorders and could improve our understanding of hypomyelinating leukodystrophies.


This paper examines to what extent, as evidenced by productivity studies, just as the robustness and learnability of phonological patterns may be grounded and biased by naturalness considerations, so may morphology. Four case studies (L-morphomes, competing nominalizing affixes, athematic participles, and defective verbs), that are carried out with experimental tasks using wug-words, jointly demonstrate that choices in the realization of morphological categories may depend on submorphemic (features) and supramorphemic (phrasal syntax) principles, and show that both morphology-internal and interface considerations may modulate the extent of productivity of generalizations.


In the decades before World War II, U.S. antitrust law was anything but settled. Considerable pressure for antitrust revision came from the states. A perhaps unlikely leader, Edna Gleason, organized California's retail pharmacists and coordinated trade networks to monitor and enforce Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) contracts, a system of price-fixing, then known as "fair trade." Progressive jurists, including Louis Brandeis and institutional economist E. R. A. Seligman, supported RPM as a protection to independent proprietors. The breakdown of legal and economic consensus regarding what constituted "unfair competition" allowed businesspeople to act as intermediaries between heterodox economic thought and contested antitrust law, ultimately tailoring federal policy to accommodate state regulations.


The next G20 Summit will take place in Hamburg on 7/8 July 2017. Under the Chinese Presidency, the G20 adopted the Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the 2016 Summit in Hangzhou. The 2030 Agenda had been signed by heads of state and government during the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2015. The German Presidency is now planning a 'Hamburg update' of the G20 Action Plan. What kinds of contributions from G20 countries could boost the implementation of the ambitious 2030 Agenda? How can the G20 and UN processes be meaningfully linked, particularly with regard to policy coherence and accountability measures?


Climate change studies are often interdisciplinary by nature, incorporating many domains of science, economics, and political theory. Integrated assessment (IA) aims to bring diverse scientific, economics and social science expertise together to provide analysis and advice that comprehensively addresses all or at least many aspects of the climate change issue. IA methods have been applied to many areas of climate change providing insights into areas such as optimal timing of emission reductions, weighting of different greenhouse gases, or impacts of biofuel policies. Additionally, IAs have identified key uncertainties that should be priorities of future research, such as the need to understand oceanic heat uptake in order to better constrain climate sensitivity and predict future timing of temperature change. These assessments have also served to establish ongoing communication within the community of researchers, and between researchers and policy makers. In complex scientific issues it is often difficult for policy makers and the public to sort out conflicting scientific views, and an authoritative assessment process can provide consensus views on the issue, accepting that in some cases the "consensus" may be that some aspects of the issue remain unresolved. This review explores the history and applications of these IAs, and identifies avenues for future emphasis. We briefly review the whole field of IAs of climate change, but focus on the role of formal computational frameworks in IA models. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 27–44 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.93


Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are the foundation of basic organism functions and understanding them is key in determining the importance of different proteins in a wide array of complex networks and processes [1]. The variety underlying PPIs is immense and some residues are more essential in interface stabilization than others [2]. Such is the case of hot-spots (HS), residues whose mutation to alanine is detrimental for the stability of the PPI, as opposed to null-spots (NS), which constitute the remaining interfacial residues [3]. Considering the complex landscape in protein interfaces, some patterns and characteristics arise when a high amount of data is considered, by minimizing the effect of less prevalent interactions and characteristics. In this work, the SpotOn pipeline [4] - developed by our group - custom scripts and conservation servers were used to determine structural features of interfacial residues and to classify them as HS and NS in the PPI4DOCK database [5], comprising over 1400 non-redundant complexes. This study allowed us to further understand the structural differences between HS and NS and will be available in a web-server in the near future.
References

Jones, S. and J.M. Thornton, Principles of protein-protein interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996. 93.
Stites, W.E., Protein-Protein Interactions: Interface Structure, Binding Thermodynamics, and Mutational Analysis. Chem Rev, 1997. 97(5): p. 1233-1250.
Bogan, A.A. and K.S. Thorn, Anatomy of hot spots in protein interfaces. J Mol Biol, 1998. 280(1): p. 1-9.
Moreira, I.S., et al., SpotOn: High Accuracy Identification of Protein-Protein Interface Hot-Spots. Scientific Reports, 2017. 7(1): p. 8007.
Yu, J. and R. Guerois, PPI4DOCK: large scale assessment of the use of homology models in free docking over more than 1000 realistic targets. Bioinformatics, 2016. 32(24): p. 3760-3767.


The Escherichia coli uhp T gene encodes an active transport system for sugar phosphates. When the uhp T gene was carried on a multicopy plasmid, amplified levels of transport activity occurred, and growth of these strains was inhibited upon the addition of various sugar phosphates. Two different mechanisms for this growth inhibition were distinguished. Exposure to glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate or mannose-6-phosphate, which enter directly into the glycolytic pathway, resulted in cessation of growth and substantial loss of viability. Cell killing was correlated with the production of the toxic metabolite, methylglyoxal. In contrast, addition of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, galactose-6-phosphate, glucosamine-6-phosphate or arabinose-5-phosphate, which do not directly enter the glycolytic pathway, resulted in growth inhibition without engendering methylglyoxal production or cell death. Inhibition of growth could result from excessive accumulation of organophosphates in the cell or depletion of inorganic phosphate pools as a result of the sugar-P/Pi exchange process catalysed by UhpT. The phosphate-dependent uptake of glycerol-3-phosphate by the GlpT antiporter was strongly inhibited under conditions of elevated sugar-phosphate transport. There are thus two separate toxic effects of elevated sugar-phosphate transport, one of which was lethal and related to increased flux through glycolysis. It is likely that the control of uhpT transcription by catabolite repression exists to limit the level of UhpT transport activity and thereby prevent the toxic events that result from elevated uptake of its substrates.


It is unclear how frequently life and intelligence arise on planets. I consider a Bayesian prior for the probability P(ETI) that intelligence evolves at a suitable site, with weight distributed evenly over ln(1 - ln P(ETI)). This log log prior can handle a very wide range of P(ETI) values, from 1 to 10^(-10^122), while remaining responsive to evidence about extraterrestrial societies. It is motivated by our uncertainty in the number of conditions that must be fulfilled for intelligence to arise, and it is related to considerations of information, entropy, and state space dimensionality. After setting a lower limit to P(ETI) from the number of possible genome sequences, I calculate a Bayesian confidence of 18% that aliens exist within the observable Universe. With different assumptions about the minimum P(ETI) and the number of times intelligence can appear on a planet, this value falls between 1.4% and 47%. Overall, the prior leans towards our being isolated from extraterrestrial intelligences, but indicates that we should not be confident of this conclusion. I discuss the implications of the prior for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, concluding that searches for interstellar probes from nearby societies seem relatively effective. I also discuss the possibility of very small probabilities allowed by the prior for the origin of life and the Fermi Paradox, and note that similar priors might be constructed for interesting complex phenomena in general.


The central aim of this study is to combine theorist Roland Barthes' ideas on visual and textual thinking with leading contemporary approaches to Western advertising design with a view to their possible application in China. The result is a newly coined concept the present author refers to as 'Advertising Thinking'. This new term puts forward a fresh method that goes beyond the conventional way of dealing with advertising design.

At present, there are very few in-depth studies of advertising in China, making it crucial for Chinese designers, creative directors, design tutors, entrepreneurs and business people to gain a better understanding of the subject. The intention is for this understanding developed in the current study to enable China's advertising industry and its discourse to go beyond the superficial stage it is presently at.

In order to achieve this an in-depth analysis of the status quo of China's story creative advertising history is needed. From this it can be seen that imitation, celebrity endorsement and the lack of aesthetic appeal in Chinese advertising design are issues that urgently need to be addressed. Through an in-depth study of advertising theory key concepts in advertising need to be explored. Following an introduction that outlines the key concepts in Barthes' writing – hidden meaning, narrative, and emotion - numerous case studies are explored in the chapters that follow to demonstrate different approaches to Advertising Thinking. These case studies include: Sandy Hook 'Even' (USA) 2016; Stay in School (Australia) 2014; Coca Cola 'Pool Boy' (USA) 2017; and Black Currant Tango 'St George' (UK) 1996. Following this, the research analyses five Chinese advertisements. From the analysis of these case studies it can be seen that Chinese advertisers and advertising professionals need to critically explore Chinese traditional culture and apply key concepts in contemporary Western advertising theory - a number of points are made that are crucial to moving Chinese advertising design forwards so that it can realise its potential.


The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) uses DNS procedures to allow a client to resolve a SIP Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) into the IP address, port, and transport protocol of the next hop to contact. It also uses DNS to allow a server to send a response to a backup client if the primary client has failed. This document describes those DNS procedures in detail.


Stocking of native fishes is conducted to augment riverine fisheries in many parts of the world, yet most stocking activities are conducted without empirical information on their effectiveness or impacts. In the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, stocking has been underway for several decades to maintain recreational fisheries. We stocked chemically tagged golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) fingerlings in three rivers to determine the proportions of stocked fish within populations of the species. Stocked sites were monitored for up to 5 years in the Murrumbidgee River, Edward River and Billabong Creek and non-stocked sites were monitored in the Murray River. Catch per unit effort of stocked year classes increased substantially in Billabong Creek, with stocked fish contributing 100 (2005), 79 (2006) and 92% (2007). Chemically tagged fish comprised 18–38% of the respective age classes in the Murrumbidgee and Edward rivers and there was little evidence of natural recruitment in the non-stocked Murray River. Tagged fish generally attained the legal minimum size within 4 years and had dispersed up to 60km from the original release location. Our results demonstrate that artificial stocking has the potential to strongly influence the abundance and population structure of golden perch in rivers of the MDB.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the presence of crystalline opacities located at the level of the inner retina in patients with chronic retinal detachment.

METHODS
We reviewed the clinical records, fundus photographs, and fluorescein angiograms of patients with superficial retinal crystals in the presence of a chronic retinal detachment.

RESULTS
Eleven eyes in 11 patients with chronic retinal detachment were found to have these peculiar crystalline opacities on the inner retinal surface. In 5 patients, the crystalline opacities were noted on initial assessment prior to surgery and persisted without change in appearance or number after surgical repair. In 6 eyes, the crystals were not appreciated until after surgical repair of the retinal detachment. The crystals appeared similar in all 11 eyes, were highly refractile, and were located in the posterior pole. Eight of the eyes had retinal detachment associated with retinal dialysis and 6 of these had a history of trauma. There was a definite history of vitreous hemorrhage in 2 eyes. The crystals did not seem to be associated with any visual deficit.

CONCLUSIONS
Chronic retinal detachment can be associated with crystals on the inner retinal surface. The cause and composition of these crystals are unknown. They seem to be visually inconsequential and unchanging.


Throughout the last decades, the global economy has been completely sophisticated. It has evolved in an increasingly more and more complicated context, given the mechanism of free trade, free haw of capital and goods; investment has become important for developing countries. In this respect, it is necessary to study the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the economic growth of the host country, especially in Tunisia. By using recent techniques of time series analysis over the period 1975-2009. Our empirical results thus suggest that FDI could help boost the process of long-term economic growth.


The study determined the species components of the diets of small ruminants grazing mountain ranges of the Montseny Biosphere Reserve (Catalunya, NE Spain). Three mixed flocks of sheep and goats, led by shepherds, were monitored for a year. Animals grazed a mountain rangeland composed of Quercus ilex woodland and Calluna-Erica heathland during the day and were returned to their corrals every night. Diet selection was estimated using fecal analysis. Of the 111 species that were identified, 71 were common to both sheep and goat. Of these, 23 were represented in proportions of more than 1% of the annual diet. Even though goats and sheep grazed together, their diets were significantly different (p < 0.0001), the animal factor accounting for 18% to 60% of the total variation among the main diet components. Variation between seasons was also a major (5% to 56%) highly significant factor, while differences between flocks accounted for a significant, but relatively small part (3 % to 10% ) of the total variation in diet. The outstanding difference was the avoidance of the tree, Quercus ilex, by the sheep while the goats selected it throughout the year. Sheep selected graminoids throughout the year while goats tended to avoid them. For the rest there was substantial overlap in species composition between the diet of sheep and goats, especially when analysed over an entire cycle.


markdownabstractPeople with a rheumatic disease (RD) can still experience many problems in both physical and psychosocial areas despite the good treatments. These problems can change over time. The people must be able to deal with the disease and the consequences in daily life, thus self-management of the disease.
The main questions of this thesis were:
___1) What do patients with an RD prefer with regard to self-management support and what are the unmet needs that might impede self-management (support)?___
Several studies were conducted to investigated the (unmet) needs of patients with any rheumatic disease. We could conclude that the current care does not meet the (self-management)needs for adolescents with a RD in the phase of transition.
Patients primarily see self-management as their own task, but they still appreciated support to help achieve this. Self-management support must coaches patients in developing problem-solving skills for managing the medical, emotional and social challenges experienced in dealing with a rheumatic disease in daily life.
Patients have difficulties to cope with topic like stress, finding balance, social roles etc. These topics can lead according to the patients to a discrepancies of the perceived disease activity between health professionals and patients.
Fatigue is an unmet need with a large impact on quality of life, and it is still unmanageable in many patients. Despite a strict treat-to-target strategy, fatigue is in almost 50% present at the start of the disease and remained an overall problem during the first year of treatment. Monitoring fatigue may be important in managing fatigue.

___2.What self-management support interventions can improve the care for adult and young patients with an RD?___
We developed a model for self-monitoring by predicting the disease activity with patient reported outcomes. Self-monitoring is an important self-management skill. Using the score and evolvement different patient reported outcomes over time to predict future DAS28 moderate to high disease activity resulted in a moderate performance (sensitivity 0.61, specificity 0.75).
To support patients' self-management, we developed and implemented a smartphone-application (RD-app). A before-after study was designed to measure the effects of use of the RD-app on patients' self-management behavior after implementation of the RD-app. The self-management scale did not changed after 3 months. The RD-app seemed to be beneficial for participants in their need to get more grip on the disease by receiving tips, information on exercises and gaining insight in self-reported disease activity. A quantitative cross-sectional observational study was performed to evaluate the clinical transition pathway. This study showed that the implementation of the clinical transition pathway has led to a substantial improvement of patient care during the transitional process – leading to a low drop-out rate and a high satisfaction with transition. High scores on the self-reported self-efficacy scale suggest that these youngsters have achieved sufficient skills and are confident to successfully manage their disease.


A large-plot study located in Halfway, TX, was conducted from 2007 to 2013 in an irrigated field infested with Verticillium wilt. Management options (crop rotation, irrigation amount, variety selection) and combinations of options that can reduce this disease were compared using returns above variable costs (RVC) analysis. A continuous cotton system was compared with a crop rotation system (2-yr cotton and 1-yr sorghum). Irrigation rates consisted of a base (1.0B), base + 50% (1.5B), and base - 50% (0.5B) rates. From 2007 to 2009, 1.0B targeted 80% of the evapotranspiration (ET) needs of cotton, and from 2010 to 2013, 1.0B targeted 60% ET. Varieties planted were tolerant or susceptible to Verticillium wilt. Data collected included wilt incidence, cotton lint yield, loan value for lint, sorghum yield, fertilizer types and amounts, and total irrigation applied. Cotton prices were approximately $1.15 and $1.54/kg lint ($0.52 to $0.70/lb) (adjusted up or down by actual loan value of cotton fiber), and sorghum was valued at $0.185/ kg ($8.40/cwt). Crop rotation generally resulted in higher RVC than continuous cotton, although higher cotton prices, and ET = 60% (drier conditions) could result in both systems having similar RVC. The 1.5B rate had higher RVC, but as irrigation increased above 80% of cotton needs, RVC was reduced compared with 1.0B. The 0.5B rate resulted in lower RVC than the 1.0B rate, except when ET = 80% and a susceptible variety was grown. The 1.5B rate combined with a tolerant variety always had higher RVC than growing a susceptible variety. The combinations of 1.5B rate and growing continuous cotton resulted in the most Verticillium wilt. Conditions that aggravated Verticillium wilt resulted in lower RVC.


Many real-world complex networks, like client-product or file-provider relations, have a bipartite nature and evolve during time. Predicting links that will appear in them is one of the main approach to understand their dynamics. Only few works address the bipartite case, though, despite its high practical interest and the specific challenges it raises. We define in this paper the notion of internal links in bipartite graphs and propose a link prediction method based on them. We describe the method and experimentally compare it to a basic collaborative filtering approach. We present results obtained for two typical practical cases. We reach the conclusion that our method performs very well, and that internal links play an important role in bipartite graphs and their dynamics.


Aims: To assess contamination of drinking water in rural Zimbabwe and South Africa Methods: We conducted a cohort study of 254 children aged 12-24 months in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe. In dry and wet seasons, we measured water quality, using the indicator organism E. coli, at improved and unimproved sources, in household storage and drinking cups. We also recorded hygiene and socio-economic factors for each household. Results: For improved sources, samples with E. coli counts less than 10 cfu/100ml were as follows: at source: 165 (88%); in household storage 137 (59%); in drinking cups 91 (49%). The corresponding values for unimproved sources were: source 47 (29%); household storage 32 (19%); drinking cups 21 (18%). This significant deterioration in microbial quality of water from improved sources was seen in both countries and both survey rounds. Conclusion: Although improved sources generally delivered 'safe' water at the point-of-supply, 12% of source samples were contaminated and as such were 'unsafe'. Furthermore, in household storage, more than 40% of samples were 'unsafe'. For monitoring the Millennium Development Goal for water, UNICEF-WHO are assuming an equivalence between 'improved' sources and 'safe' water. Our findings suggest that this equivalence may be unsound.


Close view of the building's base; Rounded corner bays, a feature of many early skyscrapers, enliven the silhouette of this commercial structure. Continuous vertical piers divide the building's long Dearborn Street facade into tall, narrow sections, while continuous horizontal spandrels serve to visually widen the narrow Van Buren Street facade. The structure is a critical component of a dramatic stretch of landmark structures along South Dearborn that also includes the Fisher and Manhattan buildings. Source: Chicago Landmarks [website]; http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/ (accessed 1/1/2008)


This study analyzes the pattern and change of land use and land cover (LULC) during 2000−2015 and its relation to population and poverty in the semi-arid region of Indonesia in Timor Island, on the country border to Republic Dominica Timor Leste (RDTL). The analyzes employ visual interpretation using GIS to aid classification of Landsat imagery and find 14 classes of LULC.  The matrix of LULC change for the 15 years period indicates a substantial deforestation in which 1,309 ha or 13% of the forest in year 2000 has disappeared. In detail, 2 ha (7%) of primary mangrove forest has became mixed farming and 1,307 ha (19%) of secondary forest has become shrub. Within the nonforest classification, 1,288 ha (17%) of shrub in 2000 has turned into savannah, and 15 ha (10%) of shrub swamp has turned into bare land, while at the same time human settlement has expanded by 118% from the settlement area in year 2000. Spatial pattern of LULC changes in the study area for 15 years are dispersed, and tend to remained in the middle area that dominated by mix agriculture. The forest cover is weakly associated with level of poverty and rural population in the study area. However, the two latter variables were not significantly associated with deforestation.


Diarylmethylamines are of great interest due to their prevalence in pharmaceutical chemistry. As a result, new methods for their synthesis are in demand. Herein, we report a versatile protocol for the synthesis of diarylmethylamine derivatives involving palladium-catalyzed arylation of in situ generated 2-azaallyl anion intermediates. The 2-azaallyl anions are generated by reversible deprotonation of readily available aldimine and ketimine precursors. Importantly, the arylated aldimine and ketimine products do not undergo isomerization under the reaction conditions. Scale-up of the arylation and hydrolysis of the resulting products to furnish diarylmethylamines were also successfully performed.


This paper examines the relationship between the literary theories underpinning an English syllabus and teachers' personal epistemologies and pedagogical beliefs. The study discussed here used semi-structured interviews and an online survey to investigate 50 New South Wales teachers' views of the theoretical basis of a senior English syllabus that came into force in 2000, and represented a substantial change of emphasis for the subject. Participants described the extent of alignment between literary theories they saw as influencing the Syllabus and their preferred literary theories, and linked this to their epistemological beliefs and their teaching practices at senior secondary level. Where there was a mismatch between the perceived theoretical basis of the Syllabus and teachers' own preferred literary theories, this fuelled participants' perceptions that the Syllabus was unduly influenced by unstable and contradictory literary theories which were seen as undermining their existing conceptions of English as a school subject. The study's findings suggest the importance of considering teachers' beliefs in developing and implementing a new syllabus.


Little is known about how community dance influences well-being. Grounded in selfdetermination theory (SDT), this study examined the relationship between dancers' perceptions of the motivational climate, basic need satisfaction (competence, autonomy and relatedness) and motivation-related variables (intrinsic motivation, enjoyment and perceived effort) in community dance. A total of 84 dancers (mean age=44.28 years, SD=20.04) regularly attending community dance groups in any style, completed a questionnaire addressing the targeted variables. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses supported a model in which dancers' perceptions of a task climate positively predicted autonomy and relatedness satisfaction. In addition, a model in which dancers' intrinsic motivation, enjoyment and perceived effort were predicted by their perceptions of the motivational climate and need satisfaction was partially supported. This study provides preliminary evidence as to the applicability of SDT to community dance and indicates the importance of promoting task-involving climates in order to foster positive experiences from community dance participation.


The U.S. Export Enhancement Program (EEP) was built into the 1985 U.S. Food Security Act with a major objective being to increase sales of U.S. agricultural commodities. Through the EEP, the U.S. government subsidizes exports of agricultural commodities to targeted countries. The EEP was applied to the majority of U.S. wheat sales n 1987/88 and 1988/89. Coincident with the 1985 act and EEP legislation, U.S. wheat exports have increased significantly. This study uses a nonspatial, partial equilibrium model of world wheat trade to analyze the impact of the EEP on U.S. wheat exports and share of world wheat trade. The study indicates that the effect of the EEP on the wheat market over the period 1986/87 to 1988/89 has been a large displacement of commercial wheat sales (87-92%), with export additionally due to the EEP being only 8-13%. The impact of the EEP on other exporters' wheat trade and importer demand has been small relative to the magnitude of total EEP sales.


Young persons are disproportionately affected by the impact of HIV in Nigeria. This paper presents findings from an evaluation of a national youth HIV prevention program designed to determine the effects of HIV prevention intervention (HPI) on Youths on Compulsory National Service (YoCNS) and Adolescents in Secondary Schools (AiSS). Data were collected from 229 YoCNS who received training on HIV prevention and 231 of their counterparts who did not. Among AiSS, data were collected from 909 respondents who were trained as peer educators and among 1005 students who were not. Data were collected in six states namely Akwa-Ibom, Enugu, Gombe, Kaduna, Plateau and Osun using a questionnaire that explored knowledge on HIV and sexual behavior and supplemented by focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Results show that both youths and students who received HPI reported superior knowledge on HIV/AIDS than their counterparts who did not. Students in the intervention sites also reported fewer numbers of multiple sexual partners (9.7%) compared to those in the comparison sites (15.4%). The qualitative data shows that the project had positive effects on both youths and students who received the intervention. Given these positive outcomes, it is recommended that the project should not only be sustained but expanded to reach adolescents who are out of school.


The study presented here attempts to estimate the effect of increased price of cigarettes on the corresponding consumption in Tanzania. The study is based on household panel survey data that were conducted over three periods in 2008, 2010 and 2012. For each period price is estimated indirectly. The price increase was substantial and higher than the corresponding aggregate Consumer Price Index (CPI). An attempt is made to relate the increase in price with a possible decrease in cigarette consumption. The methods of analysis are descriptive tabular statistics and the «two-equation econometrics» approach. Over the study period, the descriptive approach showed a substantial increase in price but a modest decrease in cigarette consumption prevalence rate, intensity rate and per capita consumption. When a more robust and powerful econometric method was applied, the results showed a substantial decrease in consumption. There was a significant reduction in intensity compared to participation. Between 2008 and 2010 total price elasticity of demand decreased from –0.686 to –0.727. In 2012 the value was –1.139. The reduction in consumption was much higher among the very poor and the poor (–2.387 and –1.967 respectively). When cross classified by age group the youth (20 years or less) showed a high elasticity of –1.672. The results suggest that in a typical African country smokers (who are relatively poor) will react to substantial price increase in a predictable manner. Price elasticity of demand greater than absolute unity need not be unusual.


The Himalayas have experienced several glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), and the risk of GLOFs is now increasing in the context of global warming. Poiqu watershed in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, also known as the Bhote Koshi and Sun Koshi downstream in Nepal, has been identified as highly prone to GLOFs. This study explored the distribution of and changes in glacial lakes, past GLOFs and the resulting losses, risk from potential future GLOFs, and risk reduction initiatives within the watershed. A relationship was established between lake area and volume of lake water based on data from 33 lakes surveyed within the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, and the maximum possible discharge was estimated using this and other previously developed empirical equations. We recommend different strategies to reduce GLOF risk and highlight the need for a glacial lake monitoring and early-warning system. We also recommend strong regional cooperation, especially on issues related to transboundary rivers.


Phenotypic plasticity may be favored in generalist populations if it increases niche width, even in temporally constant environments. Phenotypic plasticity can increase the frequency of extreme phenotypes in a population and thus allow it to make use of a wide resource spectrum. Here we test the prediction that generalist populations should be more plastic than specialists. In a common-garden experiment, we show that solitary, generalist populations of threespine sticklebacks inhabiting small coastal lakes of British Columbia have a higher degree of morphological plasticity than the more specialized sympatric limnetic and benthic species. The ancestral marine stickleback showed low levels of plasticity similar to those of sympatric sticklebacks, implying that the greater plasticity of the generalist population has evolved recently. Measurements of wild populations show that those with mean trait values intermediate between the benthic and limnetic values indeed have higher morphological variation. Our data indicate that plasticity can evolve rapidly after colonization of a new environment in response to changing niche use.


This text sums up the author's personal experiences and insights as former staff member responsible for the Managing Global Governance (MGG) Programme, funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development / Bundesministerium fur wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) and implemented by the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut fur Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). The overarching goal of the MGG Programme is to enhance transnational knowledge cooperation for global sustainable development, based on a behavioural theory of change. As the extensive collaboration under the MGG umbrella demonstrates, partner countries share with the German side a preference for the global common good, despite the predominance of domestic concerns for poverty reduction and growth on their side. Over the years, MGG has generated a broad canvas of joint activities in knowledge creation, policy dialogue and training by engaging with a diverse set of actors from governments, think tanks, academia and, to a lesser extent, civil society and business. Two independent evaluations commissioned by DIE, as well as numerous statements by partners and alumni, provide ample evidence that the MGG Programme has fulfilled the defined goals. With an increased number of activities and integration of new sectors, it seems advisable to consolidate MGG by introducing formal arrangements for membership and governance through a memorandum of understanding to be signed by interested institutions.