OBJECTIVE
To examine the biological behavior of ulnar osteosarcoma and evaluate predictors of survival time in dogs.

DESIGN
Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS
30 dogs with primary ulnar osteosarcoma.

PROCEDURES
Medical records were reviewed. Variables recorded and examined to identify predictors of survival time were signalment, tumor location in the ulna, tumor length, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, surgery type, completeness of excision, tumor stage, tumor grade, histologic subtype, development of metastases, and use of chemotherapy.

RESULTS
30 cases were identified from 9 institutions. Eleven dogs were treated with partial ulnar ostectomy and 14 with amputation; in 5 dogs, a resection was not performed. Twenty-two dogs received chemotherapy. Median disease-free interval and survival time were 437 and 463 days, respectively. Negative prognostic factors for survival time determined via univariate analyses were histologic subtype and development of lung metastases. Telangiectatic or telangiectatic-mixed subtype (n = 5) was the only negative prognostic factor identified via multivariate analysis (median survival time, 208 days). Dogs with telangiectatic subtype were 6.99 times as likely to die of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The prognosis for ulnar osteosarcoma in this population was no worse and may have been better than the prognosis for dogs with osteosarcoma involving other appendicular sites. Partial ulnar ostectomy was associated with a low complication rate and good to excellent function and did not compromise survival time. Telangiectatic or telangiectatic-mixed histologic subtype was a negative prognostic factor for survival time. The efficacy of chemotherapy requires further evaluation.


The rapid growth of population combined with rising levels of consumption and pollution has increased water insecurity in urban India. The depleting water sources on the one hand, higher financial and technological costs to refine and transport water from far off sources on the other, leave limited possibilities to augment the water supply in the near future. Climate change may further adversely impact the available sources of fresh water supply. Intra-urban and inter-class water supplies are also issues in Indian towns and cities. A large section of population in urban India collects water from public and private sources located far away from their residence and bears direct and indirect enormous opportunity cost. The present paper discusses these aspects of water security and sustainability in urban India and highlights monitory and social costs of collection of water located away from premises.


Abstract. Geophysical studies and real-time monitoring of natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions or severe weather events, benefit from the joint analysis of multiple geophysical parameters. However, typical geophysical measurement platforms still provide logging solutions for a single parameter, due to different community standards and the higher cost per added sensor. In this work, the Infrasound and Environmental Atmospheric data Recorder (INFRA-EAR) is presented, which has been designed as a low-cost mobile multidisciplinary measurement platform for geophysical monitoring. In particular, the platform monitors infrasound but concurrently measures barometric pressure, accelerations, and wind flow and uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) to position the platform. Due to its digital design, the sensor platform can be readily integrated with existing geophysical data infrastructures and be embedded in geophysical data analysis. The small dimensions and low cost per unit allow for unconventional, experimental designs, for example, high-density spatial sampling or deployment on moving measurement platforms. Moreover, such deployments can complement existing high-fidelity geophysical sensor networks. The platform is designed using digital micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors embedded on a printed circuit board (PCB). The MEMS sensors on the PCB are a GPS, a three-component accelerometer, a barometric pressure sensor, an anemometer, and a differential pressure sensor. A programmable microcontroller unit controls the sampling frequency of the sensors and data storage. A waterproof casing is used to protect the mobile platform against the weather. The casing is created with a stereolithography (SLA) Formlabs 3D printer using durable resin. Thanks to low power consumption (9 Wh over 25 d), the system can be powered by a battery or solar panel. Besides the description of the platform design, we discuss the calibration and performance of the individual sensors.


Research background: The food system is central to a wide range of outcomes such as food security, nutrition and economic development. In this wise, the food systems must meet the needs of a growing and increasingly urbanized population. However, food system in developing countries is undergoing a rapid transformation towards high value products and food safety. Yet, the consumer demand drive towards the transformation has received much less attention. Hence, improvement in the agricultural and food systems must be viewed in the context of household food consumption patterns. Purpose of the article: This paper examined household food demand and food choice preferences among urban households in southwest, Nigeria. Understanding Nigeria's Agrofood structure through urban eating pattern will proffer knowledge required for better policy design and implementation. Methods: The paper applies a quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) model to a cross-sectional household survey data from two urban areas, and estimate price and expenditure elasticities as indicators of household sensitivity to market shocks. Findings & Value added: Analysis of frequency distribution on urban household's preferences shows that convenience, availability, safety were important attributes influencing decisions to purchase foods. Demand estimations show positive expenditure elasticities for food groups with values close to unity. The animal-source foods and cereals were more expenditure-elastic in high urban areas (HUA) and low urban areas (LUA), respectively. All own-price elasticities are negative and LUA are more price-sensitive to most food groups compared to HUA. The price and expenditure results suggest that transformation of agro food products will come in place if convenience and food safety attributes are incorporated in food value chain.


This paper examines the common approach reached between Commodities Future Trading Commission (CFTC) and the European Commission (EC) on derivatives regulation. The paper reviews issues resolved and explores the issues that remain which are leading to fragmentation of the $553tn global derivatives market. While many differences have been resolved, it would have been better for the markets had both the European Union [EU] and United States [US] adopted a collaborative approach when reforming derivatives after the Financial Crisis (2008). This decision of the EU and US to proceed separately and draw up their own respective versions of the over the counter [OTC] derivatives regulatory landscape was a misstep which affected the efficient operation of capital markets. The question now is whether co-operation between US and EU regulators can survive the disruption posed by Brexit and the Trump Administration and the new directions the UK and US might take in terms of derivatives regulation.

The long-term effect that Brexit may have on the regulation of derivatives will depend on the new post-Brexit relationship that the UK and the EU agree upon. It is essential that the smooth functioning of the international derivatives trading market and the critical role that London plays as the global centre for Euro denominated clearing must continue without regard to whether a political agreement can be reached on the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. A discussion as to the post-Brexit role that the City of London should play in respect of Euro denominated clearing and the services the City performs for EU clearing members and trading venues needs to be had to give the EU the assurance it requires to have oversight over central counterparties (CCPs) operating in third countries (such as post-Brexit UK) that perform systematically important functions for EU clearing members and trading venues.

In the US, if the Trump Administration can reform current CFTC regulation to reduce the extraterritorial impact that current US swaps trading rules have on non-US market participants, this could be beneficial to reduce the fragmentation that is occurring in the global swaps trading pool. It is encouraging to see CFTC Chairman Giancarlo propose implementing a two-tier system that would separate foreign jurisdictions into those that are "comparable" and those that are "non-comparable" in order to afford comparable jurisdictions greater control over their own regulatory matters so long as such matters do not pose a risk to the US financial system. However, such a reform will require Congress to act and they will look to what the EU is doing in respect of its European Market Infrastructure Regulation on derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories (EMIR 2.2) reforms before committing the CFTC to reducing the control it asserts on non-US market participants. The role of European Security and Markets Authority (ESMA) and its plans to introduce EMIR 2.2 at this juncture will play a pivotal role in determining whether the possibility of further reducing the extraterritorial application of derivatives regulation globally will continue.


The Citrix Certified Administrator (CCA) credential is the first tier of Citrix certification. The CCA is most often sought out by IT professionals whose networks employ Citrix virtualization technology, and for those IT professionals who are seeking a broad base of general network expertise. The number of CCAs is estimated at between 65 and 70K, up from 45,000 in 2003. Citrix recently released a new version of its most popular product, XenApp (formerly Presentation Server). This new version is fully compatible with Windows Server 2008. To retain their CCA credential, all current CCAs will need to upgrade to the new software. This will be particularly important to those companies enrolled in Citrix partner programs, as current certification is a requirement of the program. When packaged with practice exams, this prep kit will offer an affordable, effective solution for CCA certification and re-certification. *Complete exam-prep package includes full coverage of new XenApp 5.0 objectives*Authored by a Citrix expert with hundreds of implementations to his credit*This preparation kit can also be used as a reference guide for administrators who need to integrate XenApp 5.0 with their networks


This essay explores ways in which cultures at different levels and in different historical circumstances employ different modes of discourse to deal with conflict and with ways to resolve it. The study is based on ethnographic observations of the Tsimshian myth of Asdiwal, collected by Boas and made famous by Lévi-Strauss; the story of Sakuntala, from a Sanskrit epic, the Mahabharata; and Remarque's war novel of 1929, All Quiet on the Western Front. In the first case, no resolution of the conflicts comprising the narrative is required, because in mythical thinking adversaries are united in the strife that divides them. In the second example, the conflict is between the contested realities, colliding ideologies, and divergent social practices of the priestly and warrior castes; the discourse of the epic illuminates the differences in explicit detail in order to permit negotiation. The final instance is of a modern European narrative in which the specific causes and consequences of the Great War are obscure to the soldiers fighting in it. It is random chance, rather than the negotiation or transcendence of difference, that is thought, in this mode, to determine who lives and dies. The essay concludes with speculation about why this third and present mode has been less successful than the other two in dealing with conflict and its resolution.


The article discusses what professional personal development means, with respect to teacher students and professionally active teachers. To begin with, the discussion on teacher socialization is placed in a larger societal context, where changed conditions for the teacher profession are taken note of. Furthermore, in order to position the concept and interpret its meaning, the concepts "learning" and "reflection" are questioned. In conclusion, it is suggested that the conceptual pair "creativity/ relationship" can constitute a fruitful complement to dominating discourses about the teacher profession.


The influence of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) on the mechanical properties of high density rigid polyurethane (PU) has been investigated. The palm kernel oil-based polyester (functionality of 3) is mixed with tetramethylhexanediamine as curing agent, silicone-type of surfactant and EFB fibre as a filler to make the resin. This resin is then reacted with 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) to produce high density rigid PU. The ratio of EFB fibre to PU matrix is varied from 25:75 to 30:70 and 35:65. The mechanical properties determined are the shore D hardness, impact and flexural strengths and percentage of water absorption. Excellence water resistance and optimum flexural and impact strengths are observed in the biocomposites with the 35:75 ratio of PU matrix to EFB fibre. The PU matrix provides an encapsulating effect to the fibre that higher amount of PU matrix fully treated the surface of the fibre. The micrographs of the biocomposites indicate good adhesion of individual fibre strands to the PU matrix.


Photoluminescence is one of the processes by which photons are emitted after the absorption of incoming photons at a higher energy. But the yield and spectral band shape of the emission can be altered by the optical properties of the luminophore environment through scattering and absorption. To understand these effects on a photoluminescent turbid layer, the Kubelka–Munk model, which is a two-flux approximation of the radiative transfer equation, can be used. Compared to previous works, this translucent layer can be applied on a colored opaque background. The model takes into account the absorption, scattering, and luminescent properties of the layer and the reflection by the background, for both the light excitation and the light emission. The competition between these different optical interactions is studied; e.g., the model can predict the presence of an emission maximum by increasing the thickness of the luminescent layer on a light background. Moreover, the model is extended to two important cases: the presence of a photoluminescent background and the effect of a refractive index discontinuity.


With increasing clock frequencies and silicon integration, power aware computing has become a critical concern in the design of embedded processors and systems-on-chip. One of the more effective and widely used methods for power-aware computing is dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). In order to obtain the maximum power savings from DVS, it is essential to scale the supply voltage as low as possible while ensuring correct operation of the processor. The critical voltage is chosen such that under a worst-case scenario of process and environmental variations, the processor always operates correctly. However, this approach leads to a very conservative supply voltage since such a worst-case combination of different variabilities is very rare. In this paper, we propose a new approach to DVS, called Razor, based on dynamic detection and correction of circuit timing errors. The key idea of Razor is to tune the supply voltage by monitoring the error rate during circuit operation, thereby eliminating the need for voltage margins and exploiting the data dependence of circuit delay. A Razor flip-flop is introduced that double-samples pipeline stage values, once with a fast clock and again with a time-borrowing delayed clock. A metastability-tolerant comparator then validates latch values sampled with the fast clock. In the event of timing error, a modified pipeline mispeculation recovery mechanism restores correct program state. A prototype Razor pipeline was designed in a 0.18 /spl mu/m technology and was analyzed. Razor energy overhead during normal operation is limited to 3.1%. Analyses of a full-custom multiplier and a SPICE-level Kogge-Stone adder model reveal that substantial energy savings are possible for these devices (up to 64.2%) with little impact on performance due to error recovery (less than 3%).


BACKGROUND
Persons with blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in the absence of symptoms are considered to be clinically immune. We hypothesized that asymptomatic subjects with P. falciparum parasitemia would differentially recognize a subset of P. falciparum proteins on a genomic scale.

METHODS AND FINDINGS
Compared with symptomatic subjects, sera from clinically immune, asymptomatically infected individuals differentially recognized 51 P. falciparum proteins, including the established vaccine candidate PfMSP1. Novel, hitherto unstudied hypothetical proteins and other proteins not previously recognized as potential vaccine candidates were also differentially recognized. Genes encoding the proteins differentially recognized by the Peruvian clinically immune individuals exhibited a significant enrichment of nonsynonymous nucleotide variation, an observation consistent with these genes undergoing immune selection.

CONCLUSIONS
A limited set of P. falciparum protein antigens was associated with the development of naturally acquired clinical immunity in the low-transmission setting of the Peruvian Amazon. These results imply that, even in a low-transmission setting, an asexual blood-stage vaccine designed to reduce clinical malaria symptoms will likely need to contain large numbers of often-polymorphic proteins, a finding at odds with many current efforts in the design of vaccines against asexual blood-stage P. falciparum.


Water pollution by textile azo dyes is a serious problem worldwide. Local white-rot fungi isolated from soil and wood samples were screened for the ability to degrade textile azo dyes. Seventy one white-rot fungi isolated from various locations in Peninsular Malaysia such as Selangor, Kelantan, Perak and Terengganu were screened for their ability to degrade four textile azo dyes namely Orange G (C.I. 16230), Ponceau 2R (C.I. 16450), Biebrich Scarlet (C.I. 26905) and Direct Blue 71 (C.I. 34140). Forty five isolates gave positive results with varying degrees of
degradation. Based on these results, an unidentified white-rot fungus (Isolate S17-UPM) isolated from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) campus in Selangor was selected for further studies due to its ability to completely degrade all four azo dyes in the shortest time. Nutritional studies on defined solid media showed that Isolate S17-UPM was only able to degrade the four azo dyes under nitrogen-limiting
conditions and an additional carbon source in the form of glucose was needed to provide sufficient energy for the degradation to occur. When grown in two-stage liquid culture, Isolate S17-UPM was able to degrade 84 to 99% of 0.2 g/L azo dyes in one to ten days with each dye being degraded at different rates. Orange G was degraded the fastest followed by Ponceau 2R, Direct Blue 71 and Biebrich Scarlet. Generally, azo dye degradation rates were shown to be higher in shake cultures compared to static cultures, with rates almost twice those in static cultures. Isolate
S17-UPM degraded the four azo dyes optimally when incubated at temperature between room temperature to 30°C in static cultures. The initial pH of the degradation medium (pH 4.0 to 5.9) had significant effects on the degradation rates,
where the highest degradation rate was found to be at pH 4.5. The final pH of all cultures dropped to approximately 4.0. Optimum degradation of the four azo dyes was observed when glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose and fructose were used separately as additional carbon source. The degradations rates were higher at lower concentrations (0.05 g/L) as compared to higher concentrations (1 g/L) except for Biebrich Scarlet. Assays for lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) involved in azo dye degradation showed the presence of laccase (E.C. 22.214.171.124) only while lignin
peroxidase (E.C. 188.8.131.52) and manganese peroxidase (E.C. 18.104.22.168) were not detected. Laccase activity profile in static liquid degradation cultures showed correlation to the azo dye degradation profile and was highest in cultures incubated at room temperatures except for Orange G cultures, which was highest at 30 °C. The initial pH of the degradation medium (pH 4.0 to 5.9) did not have any significant effect on laccase activity except in Ponceau 2R and Biebrich Scarlet cultures where it is highest at pH 5.9. Additional carbon sources such as glucose (6C), sucrose
(12C), maltose (12C), lactose (12C) and fructose (6C) which were used separately in cultures incubated with Orange G, Ponceau 2R and Direct Blue 71 gave much higher laccase activity compared to other carbon sources used. Dye concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.00 g/L have significant effects on the laccase activity especially Ponceau 2R. Staining activities of laccase in non-denaturing sodium dodecyl sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed highlighted green bands around 66 kDa. Laccase produced by Isolate S17-UPM during
azo dye degradation was partially purified using Macro-Prep High-QTM strong-anion exchanger and SuperoseTM gel filtration column, when 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) was used as the substrate, it was shown to have a Km (app) value of 1.6 mM, Vmax (app) value of 16.5 μmol/min.ml, optimum activity at 55 to 75°C and pH 2.0 to 3.0 while being most stable at room temperature and pH 6.0 to 7.0. Conclusively, an azo dye-degrading fungus was isolated and the decolourisation process was optimized, while the enzyme involve was partially purified and characterized.


ABSTRACT Some European countries offer tax incentive schemes to investors and companies in crowdfunding. On one hand, they could be seen as a tool to reduce the system's dependence on banks and increase the availability of credit for start-ups and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). On the other hand, there is the counterweight of disadvantages that investors may face by investing in crowdfunding (i.e. complex and incomplete laws, and weak protection). This paper is primarily intended as a primer on the use of tax incentives for crowdfunding in Europe. In this study, we first examine the implementation of tax incentive schemes in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Belgium. Then, we analyse and compare the characteristics of such schemes along three dimensions: the incentives structure; the business characteristics; and the type of investor. We find that tax incentive schemes for crowdfunding vary widely in their form and other features of their design. Moreover, the most used forms of tax incentives are those that provide for an up-front tax credit on the amount invested in early-stage ventures. These incentives have an immediate effect on the annual income tax of the investor. A central implication is that the more tax incentive schemes are properly designed and tailored for crowdfunders, the more investors, start-ups and other firms with low liquidity could use crowdfunding as a source of funding.


Abstract. Given the importance of Amazon rainforest in the global carbon and hydrological cycles, there is a need to parameterize and validate ecosystem gas exchange and vegetation models for this region in order to adequately simulate present and future carbon and water balances. In this study, a sun and shade canopy gas exchange model is calibrated and evaluated at five rainforest sites using eddy correlation measurements of carbon and energy fluxes. Results from the model-data evaluation suggest that with adequate parameterisation, photosynthesis models taking into account the separation of diffuse and direct irradiance and the dynamics of sunlit and shaded leaves can accurately represent photosynthesis in these forests. Also, stomatal conductance formulations that only take into account atmospheric demand fail to correctly simulate moisture and CO2 fluxes in forests with a pronounced dry season, particularly during afternoon conditions. Nevertheless, it is also the case that large uncertainties are associated not only with the eddy correlation data, but also with the estimates of ecosystem respiration required for model validation. To accurately simulate Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and energy partitioning the most critical parameters and model processes are the quantum yield of photosynthetic uptake, the maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, and simulation of stomatal conductance. Using this model-data synergy, we developed scaling functions to provide estimates of canopy photosynthetic parameters for a range of diverse forests across the Amazon region, utilising the best fitted parameter for maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, and foliar nutrients (N and P) for all sites.


The purpose of this paper is to use Song's 2004 survey to assess this institution's international business students' perceptions and expectations of library services to improve the quality of services provided.,The authors of this study deployed Song's 2004 survey, with his permission, to 775 international undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in the Fall 2016 semester using the online survey tool Qualtrics.,The current study compared Song's 2004 survey results (n = 143) with the researchers' results (n = 149). The response rate of the current survey deployment was 19.2%. This research focused on the comparison of this institution's Chinese business students' (n = 71) perceptions of library use and services in 2016 with Song's Chinese students' perceptions (n = 24) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne (UIUC) in 2004. The researchers asked the international business students (UG and GR) to rate their perceived importance of five topics of library services: personal study area, public computers, electronic resources, group meeting space and virtual reference. Overall students (n = 149) rated personal study area as being the most important library service (4.34; moderately important) and virtual reference as being the least important library service (3.33; neutral).,Overall the library literature is limited with respect to studies that compare the perceptions and expectations of library services of international students from China, who are studying business at universities or colleges in the USA.


Much has been written about the possible effects on different-sex marriage of legally recognizing same-sex marriage. This article looks at the defense of marriage from a different angle: It shows how rejecting same-sex marriage results in political compromise and the proliferation of "marriage light" alternatives (e.g., civil unions, domestic partnerships or reciprocal beneficiaries) that undermine the unique status of marriage for everyone. In the process, it examines several aspects of the marriage debate in detail. After describing the flexibility of marriage as it has evolved over time, the article focuses on recent state constitutional amendments attempting to stop further development. It categorizes and analyzes the amendments, showing that most allow marriage light experimentation. It also explains why ambiguous marriage amendments should be read narrowly. It contrasts these amendments with foreign constitutional provisions aimed at different-sex marriages, revealing that the American amendments result largely from anti-gay animus. But they also reflect fear of change. This article gives reasons to fear the failure to change. Comparing American and European marriage alternatives (from covenant marriage to various forms of marriage light) reveals that they all have distinct advantages over traditional marriage. The federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) adds even more. Unlike same-sex marriage, these advantageous alternatives are attractive to different-sex couples. This may explain why new marriage light regimes increasingly extend to all couples, and why these gender-neutral marriage alternatives – once established – tend to become permanent. In the end, all couples could be left with cafeteria options for legal relationship recognition. This may be a good solution, but it is certainly not a conservative one.


In the spring of 1989, the Harvard Journal on Legislation sponsored a symposium on legislative approaches to work and the family. Scholars and political figures from across the country gathered to discuss families, child care, and the government's role in easing the conflict between work and family. As part of that conference, the author used the examples of Sweden and France to present a comparative analysis of family-support policies from an international perspective.Four years later, Professor Dowd now revisits the subject of family leave, but on the domestic level. The transition to a Democratic administration has already brought changes to federal policy in this area. In this Article, she combines a history of family-leave legislation with a vision for the future. Although the new family-leave legislation is a positive step, she argues that a comprehensive family policy must include more than just parental leave. To that end, she provides insights and suggestions for how to craft a family policy that responds to the nation's needs.


A variety of human solid tumors, including breast cancer, are considered to embrace a hierarchical organization in which only rare tumor-initiating cancer stem cells are truly responsible for tumor formation. Cultivation of tumorspheres in non-adherent conditions is widely employed for enriching these putative cancer stem cells in vitro. However, the absence of a defined culture medium has handicapped further characterization and isolation of this cell population. In this study, we used mouse mammary tumor virus MMTV-HER2/neu transgenic mice that mimic the HER2/Neu-positive subtype of human breast cancer as a model system, and cultured primary tumor cells and tumorspheres from these mice under non-adherent conditions. In addition to essential growth factors, we found that B27 supplement played an important role in promoting tumorsphere formation and maintaining cultures through passaging. A tumorsphere-formation assay and measurements of average tumorsphere size provided insight into the characteristics of the putative breast cancer stem cells. Tumorspheres were enriched for cancer stem cells through serial passaging, while sphere size was determined by the innate properties of cancer stem cells and independent of the culture condition. Our study identifies B27 as an essential component of culture medium necessary for sustained propagation and enrichment of breast cancer stem cells in vitro.


Recently, distributed space-time coding over half duplex wireless relay networks has been proposed to achieve higher diversity at the receiver. The use of orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal designs in such relay networks has the advantage of providing maximum diversity at a low decoding complexity. However, similar to their originating space-time codes, these designs are restricted in terms of rate and number of relays. In order to alleviate such restrictions, we propose an extension of group-coherent codes (GCCs) to wireless relay networks. As will be shown, with a very limited amount of feedback from receiver to the relays, it is possible to achieve a distributed code that is applicable for any number of relays without an additional rate loss. In addition, our approach offers the advantages of linear ML decoding complexity, maximum diversity, lower delay, and increased power gain. We further show that it is possible to improve the performance at the price of a higher feedback rate. Finally, the robustness of our scheme against node failures is verified.


In this, the first comprehensive one-volume survey of the economies of classical antiquity, twenty-eight chapters summarise the current state of scholarship in their specialised fields and sketch new directions for research. The approach taken is both thematic, with chapters on the underlying determinants of economic performance, and chronological, with coverage of the whole of the Greek and Roman worlds extending from the Aegean Bronze Age to Late Antiquity. The contributors move beyond the substantivist-formalist debates that dominated twentieth-century scholarship and display a new interest in economic growth in antiquity. New methods for measuring economic development are explored, often combining textual and archaeological data that have previously been treated separately. Fully accessible to non-specialist, the volume represents a major advance in our understanding of the economic expansion that made the civilisation of the classical Mediterranean world possible.


We propose a cross-layer strategy for resource allocation between spatially correlated sources in the uplink of multi-cell FDMA networks. Our objective is to find the optimum power and channel allocation to the different sources, in order to minimize the maximum distortion achieved in decoding any source data in the network. This problem is NP-hard and finding the optimal solution is not computationally feasible. We propose a three-step algorithm to be performed separately in each cell, which finds cross-layer resource allocation in simple steps. This method separates the problem into inter-cell resource management, grouping of sources for joint decoding, and intra-cell channel assignment. For each of these steps we propose methods that satisfy different design constraints and analyze them by simulations. We show that, while using correlation in compression and joint decoding can achieve 25% distortion reduction over independent decoding, the improvement grows to 37% when correlation is also utilized in resource allocation. This significant distortion reduction motivates further work in correlation-aware resource allocation. Overall, our solution is able to achieve a 60% decrease in 5 percentile distortion compared to independent allocation methods.


In the midst of a period of economic transition, community organizers across Appalachia are working towards a just future that privileges community growth over corporate gain. A recent turn towards social justice concerns in Professional and Technical Communication suggests that efforts of community organizers might be of interest to scholars focused on addressing wicked problems in disenfranchised communities. This dissertation draws from results of a participatory photovoice study in which 11 community organizers took photos, wrote narratives, and responded in focus groups, and site visits to several communities. These methods call for deep engagement with community knowledges, producing rich visual and textual portraits of life in Appalachia that challenge stereotypical renderings of the region and its residents. After providing a heuristic for uncovering and re-valuing community knowledges, this dissertation looks at how place, technology, and community factor into the experiences of community organizers. Results from gathered qualitative data suggest that community members are experts on their own experiences, as participants revealed understandings of complex problems that call into question standard development practices lauded by technical experts. Second, participants demonstrated a capacity for embracing the very elements of their communities that had been used to marginalize them, pointing to the power of unexpected and creative tactics. Lastly, their reflections revealed the need for more attention to be placed upon community organizing in rural contexts and what kinds of community knowledges exist beyond expected parameters. By documenting their experiences organizing around public problems, participants confronted monolithic representations of their region, articulated their own nuanced accounts of life in rural areas, and crafted strategies for community-focused development that privileges people. Ultimately this project argues that by inviting community knowledges into the academic sphere, we might craft more effective coalitions to tackle complex public problems.


Increasingly researchers are advocating the need of integration between the demand and supply value chains. The motive behind it is the creation of supply chains capable of delivering superior value propositions to each type of customer served by the company. While the concept of demand-supply integration is relatively new, many researchers have studied the interface between internal departments or functions and explored how they can align their efforts. We therefore conducted a systemic literature review of the papers that studied the interface between at least one demand-oriented and one supply-oriented function. The focus was to understand how the knowledge of inter-functional interaction management could be used to understand the main managerial challenges in the integration of supply and demand value chains. The analysis of 76 papers showed that interdepartmental integration has two main dimensions: cooperation and collaboration. We also identified the factors that drive functions to work together, how this can be achieved and the conditions that make its implementation smoother. These findings were then used to expand the idea of demand-supply integration and grounded reflections on the concept from both a marketing and an operations management perspective. This research could interest researchers and practitioners willing to adopt such strategy.


This study examines the attitudinal impact of an Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)-based training curriculum on local public health department (LHD) workers' willingness to respond to representative public health emergency scenarios. Data are from 71 U.S. LHDs in urban and rural settings across nine states. The study explores changes in response willingness and EPPM threat and efficacy appraisals between randomly assigned control versus intervention health departments, at baseline and 1 week post curriculum, through an EPPM-based survey/resurvey design. Levels of response willingness and emergency response-related attitudes/beliefs are measured. Analyses focus on two scenario categories that have appeared on a U.S. government list of scenarios of significant concern: a weather-related emergency and a radiological "dirty" bomb event (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2007). The greatest impact from the training intervention on response willingness was observed among LHD workers who had low levels of EPPM-related threat and efficacy perceptions at baseline. Self-efficacy and response efficacy and response willingness increased in intervention LHDs for both scenarios, with greater response willingness increases observed for the radiological "dirty" bomb terrorism scenario. Findings indicate the importance of building efficacy versus enhancing threat perceptions as a path toward greater response willingness, and suggest the potential applicability of such curricular interventions for boosting emergency response willingness among other cadres of health providers.


I document that cross-country productivity differences in retail trade, which employs around 20% of workers, are accounted for in large part by compositional differences. In richer countries, most retailing is done in modern stores, with high measured output per worker, whereas in developing countries, retail trade is dominated by less-productive traditional stores. I hypothesize that developing countries rationally adopt few modern stores since car ownership rates are low. A simple quantitative model of home production supports the role of cars in determining the composition of retail technologies used and retail-sector productivity differences across countries.


Abstract. The Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) at 34.5° S in the South Atlantic carries a significant fraction of the cold deep limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), and therefore its variability affects the meridional heat transport and consequently the regional and global climate. Nearly 6 years of observations from a line of pressure-equipped inverted echo sounders (PIESs) have yielded an unprecedented data set for studying the characteristics of the time-varying DWBC volume transport at 34.5° S. Furthermore, the horizontal resolution of the observing array was greatly improved in December 2012 with the addition of two current-and-pressure-equipped inverted echo sounders (CPIESs) at the midpoints of the two westernmost pairs of PIES moorings. Regular hydrographic sections along the PIES/CPIES line confirm the presence of recently ventilated North Atlantic Deep Water carried by the DWBC. The time-mean absolute geostrophic transport integrated within the DWBC layer, defined between 800–4800 dbar and within longitude bounds of 51.5 to 44.5° W, is −15 Sv (1 Sv  =  106 m3 s−1; negative indicates southward flow). The observed peak-to-peak range in volume transport using these integration limits is from −89 to +50 Sv, and the temporal standard deviation is 23 Sv. Testing different vertical integration limits based on time-mean water-mass property levels yields small changes to these values, but no significant alteration to the character of the transport time series. The time-mean southward DWBC flow at this latitude is confined west of 49.5° W, with recirculations dominating the flow further offshore. As with other latitudes where the DWBC has been observed for multiple years, the time variability greatly exceeds the time mean, suggesting the presence of strong coherent vortices and/or Rossby Wave-like signals propagating to the boundary from the interior.


Vinasse is among the byproducts of alcohol production factories. In this research, the aim has been to identify the volatile compounds present in vinasse, which are the cause of a stinking odor. Head space solid phase microextraction using PDMS/CAR/DVB commercial fiber as sorbent is used for absorption of the volatile compounds. The PDMS/CAR/DVB fiber was exposed to the headspace above the sample for 30 min. thereafter, the fiber was transferred to the injection port ofgass chromatograph (GC), and its components were separated. 32 separated compounds on the GC equipped with mass detector with a frequency percentage of over 0.9% were determined by the instrument library and by comparing their Kovat's index in the literature. Among the major compounds in vinasse were ethanol gasoline (26.52%), 2-hydroxy benzoic acid (6.49%), decanoic acid ethyl ester (5.32%), and Limonene (4.02%). Therefore it was concluded that the present headspace micro extraction is well able to separate and detect the volatile compounds present in vinasse. It was found that eight of the detected compounds generate the stinking odor of vinasse.


The admissibility of neuroscientific evidence is becoming an increasingly important issue for American courts. Scholars have suggested that in the context of neuroscientific evidence generally, and brain evidence related to deception in particular, Rule 403 concerns may be particularly salient. Yet despite concerns under Rule 403 about the prejudicial effects of neuroscientific evidence, the scholarly empirical literature on the effects of such evidence is decidedly mixed.
This article reports on new results from a study examining the effect of neuroscientific evidence on subjects' evaluation of a fictional criminal fact pattern, while manipulating the strength of the non-neuroscientific evidence. By manipulating the strength of the case, we are able to estimate the marginal effect of introducing neuroscientific evidence. We do this in the context of brain-based memory recognition with electroencephalography (EEG) evidence.
In two experiments, one using 868 online subjects and one using 611 in-person subjects, we asked subjects to read two short, fictional vignettes describing a protagonist accused of a crime. We manipulated (i) the expert evidence (none, incriminating brain evidence, exculpating brain evidence, incriminating polygraph evidence, and exculpating polygraph evidence), and (ii) the strength of the non-neuroscientific facts against the defendant (weak facts with an alibi, medium facts, and strong facts with a motive).
We found that although there is a statistically significant relationship between exposure to neuroscientific information and subjects' evaluations of the fictional defendant, the neuroscientific evidence was not as powerful a predictor as the overall strength of the case in determining outcomes. Our primary conclusion is that subjects are cognizant of, but not seduced by, brain-based memory recognition evidence. Subjects consider the evidence, and it has an effect in some contexts on their evaluations, but they generally weigh it as just one of many facts on the record.


In the United States, lawbreakers are treated as social isolates, and the sentences imposed upon them are conceived of as affecting a discrete individual. However, people who commit or are suspected of committing crimes are generally embedded in kinship webs and social networks that draw others into the ambit of the state's punishment apparatus. Through their association with someone convicted of a crime, legally innocent people have firsthand and often intense contact with criminal justice authorities and correctional facilities, they experience variants of the direct and indirect consequences of incarceration, and they are confronted by the paradox of a penal state that has become the primary distributor of social services for the poor in the United States. Collectively, studies investigating punishment beyond the offender contribute to the understanding of the wide and multi-faceted impact of punitive sanctions and spotlight the importance of considering this full range of repercussions when evaluating...


Although predation has likely played a central role in the evolution of primate socioecology, we currently lack a thorough understanding of how fine-scale variation in perceived predation risk affects primates' short-term space use patterns and predator avoidance strategies. We examined the spatial and ecological characteristics of predator encounters, as well as behavioral responses to perceived predation risk, in 5 groups of wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica over a 1.5-year period. Alarm-calling bouts directed at birds were more likely to originate in high forest strata, whereas alarm-calling bouts at snakes and terrestrial quadrupeds were more likely to originate near the ground. Relative risk maps based on the locations of predator encounters revealed that high-risk areas for birds and for all guilds combined consisted of more mature forest, whereas low-risk areas for these predators consisted of relatively younger forest. The animals were most vigilant near the ground, which may reflect greater perceived exposure to snakes and terrestrial predators in lower vertical levels. Incorporating the combined risk function into a predictive model of vigilance behavior improved prediction relative to null models of uniform risk or habitat-specific risk. Our results suggest that capuchin monkeys in this study system perceive reduced predation risk in the high and middle forest layers, and they adjust their vigilance behavior to small-scale spatial variation in perceived risk.


We here present an optical method for monitoring the activity of the inducible aldo-keto reductases AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 in living human cells. The induction of these enzymes is regulated by the antioxidant response element (ARE), as demonstrated in recent literature, which in turn is dependent on the transcription factor Nrf2. The activation of ARE leads to the transcription of a coalition of cytoprotective enzymes and thus represents an important target for the development of new therapies in the area of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Through the use of Coumberone, a metabolic fluorogenic probe, and isoform-selective inhibitors, the upregulation of cellular stress markers AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 can be quantitatively measured in the presence of ARE activator compounds, via either a fluorimetric assay or fluorescence microscopy imaging of intact cells. The method has both high sensitivity and broad dynamic range, as demonstrated by induction studies in three cell lines with dramatically different metabolic capabilities (transfected monkey kidney COS-1 cells, human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells, and human liver HepG2 cells). We applied the new method to examine a number of neurotrophic natural products (spirotenuipesine A, spirotenuipesine B, scabronine G-methylester, and panaxytriol), and discovered that panaxytriol, an active component of red ginseng extracts, is a potent ARE inducer. The upregulation of AKR1C enzymes, induced by chemically homogeneous panaxytriol, was partially dependent on PKC and PI3K kinases as demonstrated by the application of selective inhibitors. This cellular mechanism may account for panaxytriol's neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. The protective effects of ARE inducers against tumorgenesis and neurodegeneration fuel the growing interest in this area of research and the method described here will greatly enable these endeavors.


The purpose of this study is to understand how do some pre-school teachers and parents in Pakistan perceive the concepts of gender and gender equality. The study has been completed through interviews based on four key questions, which are: How do two pre-school teachers in Pakistan understand their teaching practice in relation to gender? How do two parents think of treating their children equally regardless gender in pre-school and how do they think girls and boys should be raised?The method I have used for this research is qualitative method. I have been interviewing two pre-school teachers and two parents in a pre-school environment, located in Karachi Pakistan. In order to analyze the result and to get a deeper understanding of the collective knowledge gathered from the interviews, theories surrounding gender equality and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory have been used. Earlier research done within this area has been used to put this study into perspective.The results of this study shows that the teachers perceive gender as a social construction and that gender is a creation of social interaction. In the study's results, shows that parents believe that boys and girls should get equal treatment at pre-school regardless their gender.


The usage of cellular phones, PDAs, and other mobile devices has increased dramatically over the past ten years. Java is targeted to be one of the most popular execution environments on such systems. However, since mobile devices are inherently limited in terms of local storage capacity and Java requires large amounts of library code to be present on each client device, it is crucial to reduce the code and memory footprint to ensure Java's success on such systems. SlimVM's approach eliminates all unnecessary code and meta information on mobile devices.
 We present a solution for the next generation of mobile computing environments for persistent connected embedded systems where all code resides on a network server and is requested at run time by the Java virtual machine on the client. All application and library code is analyzed on the server prior to execution on the mobile device, and only code essential for execution is sent to the client on demand. Java bytecode is manipulated and transferred to the client in the form of pre-linked basic blocks. Measurements show a reduction of the memory footprint of up to 70%.


The use of the Internet makes it possible to bring together learners and teachers from rural areas and academic centers and to deliver well-accepted educational materials quickly and effectively. The objective of this study was to determine feasibility and the effectiveness of a problem-based small-group learning (PBSGL) intervention conducted via the Internet in a randomized controlled trial. A group of 23 family physicians from rural Northern Ontario practices and across Canada were randomly assigned to a study group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 12). The study group spent two months discussing the topic of depression in the elderly with the help of a facilitator and two geriatric psychiatrists. The control group was given similar educational resources via the Internet but without the benefit of the small-group interaction. Outcome measures included qualitative feedback from the learners and teachers as well as a Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) test before and after the study. The study provided important insight into the feasibility, keys to success, utility of Internet-assisted education from an education and evaluation perspective. Although the MCQ testing used revealed no significant differences between the study group and the control group, the usefulness of the measure is considered within the context of the educational approach. It is unclear whether this method of continuing medical education (CME) represents an effective way to conduct such activities.


Neither the presence nor the specific role of secretory cytokines in in vivo allograft rejection has been extensively studied. We quantitated the levels of colony-stimulating factors, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1 within the rejecting allograft. BALB/c (H-2d) mice were implanted with polyurethane sponges containing either allogeneic C57BL/6 (H-2b) or syngeneic splenocytes. or splenocyte-free media. At various days postgrafting, the sponges were harvested, and the cells infiltrating the grafts were analyzed for specific antidonor cytolytic activity, while IL-1, TNF, and CSF levels were measured in the graft exudate fluid. Allogeneic grafts had significantly higher concentrations of CSF, TNF, and IL-1 than syngeneic of splenoeyte-free grafts. A speeific radioimmunoassay revealed that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is the primary CSF produced in the grafts. Peak TNF levels preceded peak M-CSF and IL-1 levels, which coincided with the initial appearance of allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Maximal CTL activity was seen on day 13, when the levels of these cytokines had already hegun to fall. Specific bioassays for multi-CSF (IL-3), granulocyte CSF, granulocyte-macrophage CSF, IL-2, and IL-4 failed to detect these eytokines in the sponge fluid at any time. We hypothesize that TNF, M-CSF, and IL-1 probably play regulatory roles in the immunologic events at the site of allograft challenge.


The natural course of untreated HIV / AIDS is characterised by a progressive deterioration of the underlying immune
system, punctuated by consequent opportunistic infections and cancers. ART is the most effective palliation for HIV / AIDS so far.
Patient care from the time of diagnosis should be multidisciplinary. Palliative care in AIDS is characterised by a
higher proportion of extremely emotive issues surrounding sexuality, reproduction, guilt, loss of vitality, loss of
productivity and death. Practical management of AIDS patients entails the formulation of individualised care plans for each patient and their
families, drawn up by the multidisciplinary team in conjunction with the patient and family or caregivers. Symptoms in the terminal phase may be due to the HIV itself, treatment of HIV or opportunistic infections,
associated debility or concomitant illness. Clinical care involves a detailed assessment to ascertain cause, followed
by treatment of reversible causes, drug and non-drug palliation of chronic symptoms, and re-evaluation to assess
response. Psychosocial care is facilitated by a family meeting involving relevant family members, with or without the patient,
which allows for the transfer of information, education of the family on the patient's condition and for support on a
practical and emotional level. Caring for terminally ill patients, especially young patients, can be a physically, psychologically and emotionally
exhausting task, with which health care workers need to feel confident and comfortable, as personal fears and
anxieties surrounding mortality are often conveyed to the patient. AIDS has provided a challenge to the medical fraternity at large, calling for closer collaboration between curative
and palliative care, demanding that curative medicine adopts a higher level of care, and that palliative medicine
adopt a reasonable measure of cure.


Summer daytime cooling efficiency of various land cover is investigated for the urban core of Phoenix, Arizona, using the Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS). We examined the urban energy balance for 2 summer days in 2005 to analyze the daytime cooling-water use tradeoff and the timing of sensible heat reversal at night. The plausibility of the LUMPS model results was tested using remotely sensed surface temperatures from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and reference evapotranspiration values from a meteorological station. Cooling efficiency was derived from sensible and latent heat flux differences. The time when the sensible heat flux turns negative (sensible heat flux transition) was calculated from LUMPS simulated hourly fluxes. Results indicate that the time when the sensible heat flux changes direction at night is strongly influenced by the heat storage capacity of different land cover types and by the amount of vegetation. Higher heat storage delayed the transition up to 3 h in the study area, while vegetation expedited the sensible heat reversal by 2 h. Cooling efficiency index results suggest that overall, the Phoenix urban core is slightly more efficient at cooling than the desert, but efficiencies do not increase much with wet fractions higher than 20%. Industrial sites with high impervious surface cover and low wet fraction have negative cooling efficiencies. Findings indicate that drier neighborhoods with heterogeneous land uses are the most efficient landscapes in balancing cooling and water use in Phoenix. However, further factors such as energy use and human vulnerability to extreme heat have to be considered in the cooling-water use tradeoff, especially under the uncertainties of future climate change.


In this paper a special combinatorial game with two players, called multiple Fibonacci Nim, is defined as below: There are n > 1 piles of chips. The number of chips in each pile is greater than 1. Two players take chips alternately. Each player in his turn first chooses one of the piles, and he can change his choice of piles in any his other turn. He then removes chips from the pile. The first player may remove any number of chips from the pile he chosen but not the whole pile. After that each player may remove at most twice as many as the previous player removed. The winner is the player who removes the last chip. Properties of general multiple Fibonacci Nim are researched. For n = 2 and n = 3, the algorithms or part of source codes to determine the P positions and to find the winning strategy are given.


Background Historically many of the medical orders concerning end-of-life (E-o-L) care and 'not for resuscitation' (NFR) were inadequate as they did not include evidence of the decision making process or the wishes and capacity of the patient. The introduction in Queensland of the Advance Health Directive and Enduring Power of Attorney (AHD and EPOA)(1998) and the Acute Resuscitation Plan (ARP) (2009)—and the Paediatric ARP (PARP)(2012) – has changed the care delivered to dying patients. Aim To review the impact of the introduction of the use of the ARP and the PARP across The Townsville Hospital, a tertiary hospital in provincial Queensland. Methods The use of the ARP or satisfactory equivalent documentation was audited in the medical records of all people who died in The Townsville Hospital over 3 months from 1 January 2013 to 31 March 2013. Staff from across the hospital, including the MET service, were interviewed to ascertain their opinions on the impact of the introduction of these documents. Results Preliminary results from a limited QA audit in 2012 indicate that about 80% of dying patients had a resuscitation plan in place when they died. Clinicians are very positive about the benefits. Conclusion The response of clinicians indicates that care has been improved by the ARP with patients' wishes being respected. The quantitative data are likely to confirm this. The introduction of these forms across the hospital has contributed to a changed culture of health care to the benefit of patients, their families and clinicians.


Over the last 30 years, the logic of market liberalization has increasingly permeated the social and economic facets of political and economic discourse to such an extent that the core values about the responsibilities and obligations of nation-states to their citizens have been strained. The welfarist ethos featuring in the public fi nance of some European and North American countries for much of the twentieth century included values such as equity and access, which manifested in the subsidization and aff ordability of social amenities. The welfarist concept, premised on the experience of western European economies, was based on the logic that if a large proportion of the population could not aff ord clean water, health care, or education for their children, long-term corporate interests of the society would be undermined. State-subsidized provision of these essentials was thus fully embraced because of the understanding of the short and long-term public interest involved. However, by the 1980s, changes in international markets fostered a precipitous decline in African economies. Many governments thus jett isoned its state-centered economic strategy since it could no longer fund public expenditure on sustainable basis. Nowhere was the shift in economic policy more pronounced as in Nigeria. The drastic decline in national revenue due to a dip in international price of oil led to Nigeria's balance of payment defi cit making the introduction of forced neoliberal economic policy inevitable. Analyzing the dynamics of policy formulation and implementation since the 1980s, this article argues that Nigeria's uncritical embrace of Western-styled neoliberal economic policy largely undermined the country's quest for a sustainable economic development.


In this paper, an area-optimized polyphase digital down converter (DDC) architecture is introduced, where the mixers can be completely merged into the polyphase decimation filter under certain conditions. We also introduce an interface architecture, called synchronizer, between the back-end of an extremely high-speed time interleaved ADC (TI-ADC) and the front-end of a polyphase DDC. The synchronizer enables safe downsampling for a polyphase DDC, when the TI-ADC's sampling rate is above tens of GS/s. We show that the proposed interface architecture prevents any potential timing constraint violations that might occur in the interface between a TI-ADC and a polyphase DDC for extremely high frequency (EHF) wireless communication applications.


The Islamic waqf appears to have emerged as a credible commitment device to give property owners economic security in return for social services. Throughout the Middle East, it long served as a major instrument for delivering public goods in a decentralized manner. In principle, the manager of a waqf had to obey the stipulations of its founder to the letter. In practice, the founder's directives were often circumvented. An unintended consequence was an erosion of the waqf system's legitimacy. In any case, legally questionable adaptations proved no substitute for the legitimate options available to corporations. As it became increasingly clear that the waqf system lacked the flexibility necessary for efficient resource utilization, governments found it ever easier to confiscate their resources. In the nineteenth century, the founding of European-inspired municipalities marked a formal repudiation of the waqf system in favor of government-coordinated systems for delivering public goods.


The case discusses the money laundering scandal at the Estonian branch of Danske Bank, the largest financial institution in Denmark.

Danske Bank money laundering scandal is one of the largest money laundering scandal in European history. It began in 2007 following the acquisition from Danske Bank of Finnish Sampo Bank, which also had an Estonian branch. Between 2007 and 2015 over €200bn of suspicious transactions originating from Russia, former Soviet states and elsewhere flowed through its Estonian branch non-resident portfolio.

Danske Bank stock price has been declining since March 2017 when the newspaper Berlingske first issued a series of articles on money laundering claims resulting in a significant destruction of shareholder value. Media reports widely misinterpreted the €200bn figure as representing entirely money laundering rather than a combination of legal and illicit transactions.

In September 2018, Danske Bank admitted that its procedures for oversight failed completely in this case and that its money laundering controls in Estonia has been insufficient. As a result, the CEO and the Chairman of the Board of Directors stepped down and a number of employees both at the Estonian branch and at Group level were found not in compliance with legal obligations forming part of their employment with the bank and therefore dismissed. On February 2019 the Estonian Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) intimated Danske Bank to cease its activities in Estonia. At the same time, independently of the notification from the Estonian FSA, Danske Bank decided to cease its activities in Latvia, Lithuania and Russia in line with its strategy of focusing on its Nordic core market.

Danske Bank is currently under investigation from a range of authorities and it is expected that Danish, Estonian, European and US regulators will impose penalties. Moreover, twelve former employees in Estonia are under investigation by the Estonian State Prosecutor. Furthermore, in May 2019 the former CEO and other nine group senior managers were preliminarily charged in the case by the State Prosecutor for Serious Economic and International Crime (SOIK).

Other European banks (Deutsche Bank, Swedbank, Raffeisen Bank) are being drawn into the case for allegedly helping transfer illicit funds from Danske Bank. It is unclear at this time how long the Danske Bank money laundering case will last or how many entities it will draw in.


The present study deals with the cavernicolous Grylloidea of Chiapas. It details the composition of this fauna, which belongs exclusively to the Phalangopsid group Amphiacustae, and considers its troglobitic evolution in the methodological framework of Comparative Biology. This method consists in analysing the evolution of biological features in reference to phylogeny, using character state optimization. The material studied comes mostly from Italian biospeological expeditions, but also from the author's work in Mexico, from North American biospeological expeditions achieved in Central America and the West Indies, and from the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Museum National d'Histoire naturelle de Paris and the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. I first present a systematic and phylogenetic analysis of Amphiacustae. Six new genera are defined and the genus Amphiacusta Saussure, 1874 is crearly delimited; twenty-three of the twenty six species considered in the paper are new and described. A key for genera and species groups is given. Phylogenetic relationships among genera are established using cladistics (implicit enumeration of Hennig 86 program). The evolution of troglobitic Amphiacustae is then analyzed. Available data on the biology of Amphiacust genera are presented and compared with what is known on other Phalangopsidae. Three biological attributes are moreover defined (troglobitic versus non troglobitic; cavicolous versus non cavico!ous; leaf litter foraging versus leaf litter not foraging). The mapping of the attributes upon our cladogram shown that Amphiacustae evolved twice toward cave life and that their ancestral habitat could be characterized by cavicolous habits and leaf litter foraging. The results are discussed in reference to theories on troglobitic taxa evolution, and to the exaptation concept of Gould & Vrba (1982). This leads to three main conclusions: II Amphiacust adaptation to caves could be the result of a tentative to exploit karstic resources in Central America; 2/ An epigean dispersion by cave living species Min be hypothesized; 3/ For Grylloidea, having cavicolous habits at ground level appears to be exaptative to troglobitic life.


Combining the high mobility of graphene and surface electron depletion effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), graphene/ZnO-NP nanohybrids can be anticipated for significantly enhanced photoresponsivity and photoconductive gain in optoelectronics. Herein, a transfer-free and printable method was developed for the fabrication of wafer-size graphene/ZnO-NP nanohybrids for high-performance UV photodetectors. These photodetectors achieved the extraordinary photoresponsivity of up to 1000 A W−1 V−1 and high gain of 1.8 × 104, representing more than an order of magnitude improvement compared to that of previously reported UV photodetectors based on various ZnO nanostructures and transferred-graphene/ZnO nanohybrids. Our method provides a low-cost pathway for the run-to-run wafer-size fabrication of high-performance graphene/ZnO optoelectronics.


By November 2017, as the civil war abated and the so-called Islamic State (IS) was all but defeated, Moscow increased its efforts to reach what it regards as conflict resolution in several fora beyond the UN-led Geneva process. Moreover, as the US administration made it clear that it would not be engaging in reconstruction efforts, Russia has sought European financial assistance to help cover the costs of rebuilding the country, together with Arab Gulf states. Although the European Union had, in April 2017, ruled out support for reconstruction without a political transition, calls have now been mounting in Europe to accommodate Bashar al-Assad, help in the reconstruction of Syria, and send back refugees. Yet, the fighting is far from over. More importantly, the mere reconstruction of physical infrastructure would do little to instill stability, but would rather raise the risk of fueling new conflicts. Europeans should therefore make clear to Russia that they will stick with their own approach. They should play the long game and develop leverage to make future contributions serve stateand peace-building purposes. Meanwhile, they should focus on increased levels of humanitarian aid, early recovery measures, such as de-mining and restoring basic water and health infrastructure, building human capital in Syria and among Syrian refugee communities, in addition to concentrating on civil society and local governance support where they have credible partners.


Black pearls have been found in Mexico's Gulf of California since the area was settled more than 2,000 years ago. Attempts at culturing pearls in this area have met with varying success over the past century. Today, a pearl farm in Guaymas is producing commercial quantities of mabe as well as bead-nucleated full-round cultured pearls from the indigenous pearl oyster Pteria sterna . This article provides an overview of the history of natural and cultured pearls from Mexico, describes pearl culturing at the Guaymas farm, and focuses on the properties of bead-nucleated cultured pearls from P. sterna . These cultured pearls have a brown or gray to dark gray bodycolor with various interference colors caused by the stacking of platy aragonite crystals and organic matter. One indication of their natural color (and their Mexican provenance) is a red fluorescence to long-wave UV radiation.


SUMMARY We report the results of experiments on the initiation of subduction, using stratified analogue models in a large centrifuge, where the experiments are driven only by the enhanced gravity of the centrifuge without the effect of external lateral stresses. The scaled density of the stratified components resembles that of the asthenosphere and the continental and oceanic lithospheres. The experiments demonstrate that under the effect of enhanced gravity, the layers simulating the oceanic lithosphere detach from the front of the 'continental lithosphere' and plunge under it, pushing the more pliable asthenosphere downwards. Simultaneously, the 'continental lithosphere' is thrust over the downgoing slab; where friction is low, the 'continental lithosphere' extends considerably so that the 'ductile continental lithosphere' is exposed in some places. The rate of thrusting of the experimental continental slab over the oceanic one, as well as the amount of extension of the overriding slab and the extent of the rollback of the subduction zone that follows the initial lithospheric detachment, are controlled by friction and density differences between the subducting and the overthrust slabs. The analogue experiments emphasize the role of lateral density variations in incipient subduction and the effect of differential seismic friction along the subduction plane on the evolution of subduction zones, their shape and the evolution of their backarc basins. The morphological resemblance of the experimental results to various subduction systems seems to support their applicability to real subduction systems.


Introduction: Although growth hormone (GH) is essential for attainment of peak bone mass, bone health in prepubertal children with GH deficiency is not routinely evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate bone microarchitecture in GH-deficient (GHD) boys using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Methods: Fifteen control and fifteen GHD, GH naïve pre-pubertal boys were recruited for a case-control study at a major academic center. Subjects with panhypopituitarism, chromosomal pathology, chronic steroids, or stimulant use were excluded. Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD; total, cortical, and trabecular), bone geometry (total, cortical and trabecular cross-sectional area, cortical perimeter), bone microarchitecture, and estimated bone strength of the distal radius and tibia were assessed by HR-pQCT. Areal BMD and body composition were assessed by DXA. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), osteocalcin, C telopeptide, and P1NP levels were measured. Results: GHD subjects had a significantly smaller cortical perimeter of the distal radius compared to controls (p < 0.001), with the difference in cortical perimeter persisting after adjusting for height z score, age, lean mass, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (p < 0.05).No significant differences were found in vBMD. No significant differences were found in microarchitecture, estimated strength, areal BMD, body composition, or bone turnover markers. Analysis showed significant positive correlations between IGF-1 levels and cortical parameters. Discussion/Conclusions: Prepubertal GHD boys had deficits in bone geometry not evident with DXA. Larger prospective/longitudinal HR-pQCT studies are needed to determine the extent of these deficits, the need for routine bone evaluation, and the timing of GH replacement for prevention or restoration of these deficits.


The common central bank of a monetary union tends to lead a more accommodative monetary policy in order to avoid the default of the moderately indebted member countries whereas the most hardly indebted countries have to default. The optimal inflation rate increases the more numerous are the highly indebted countries in the union, the higher are the interest rates on the risk free capital and the smaller are the interest rates on nominal bonds in the fiscally weak countries. This study considers conflict and coordination between integrated public.


Liberty and freedom: Americans agree that these values are fundamental to our nation, but what do they mean? How have their meanings changed through time? In this new volume of cultural history, David Hackett Fischer shows how these varying ideas form an intertwined strand that runs through the core of American life. Fischer examines liberty and freedom not as philosophical or political abstractions, but as folkways and popular beliefs deeply embedded in American culture. Tocqueville called them "habits of the heart." From the earliest colonies, Americans have shared ideals of liberty and freedom, but with very different meanings. Like DNA these ideas have transformed and recombined in each generation. The book arose from Fischer's discovery that the words themselves had differing origins: the Latinate "liberty" implied separation and independence. The root meaning of "freedom" (akin to "friend") connoted attachment: the rights of belonging in a community of freepeople. The tension between the two senses has been a source of conflict and creativity throughout American history. Liberty & Freedom studies the folk history of those ideas through more than 400 visions, images, and symbols. It begins with the American Revolution, and explores the meaning of New England's Liberty Tree, Pennsylvania's Liberty Bells, Carolina's Liberty Crescent, and "Don't Tread on Me" rattlesnakes. In the new republic, the search for a common American symbol gave new meaning to Yankee Doodle, Uncle Sam, Miss Liberty, and many other icons. In the Civil War, Americans divided over liberty and freedom. Afterward, new universal visions were invented by people who had formerly been excluded from a free society-African Americans, American Indians, and immigrants. The twentieth century saw liberty and freedom tested by enemies and contested at home, yet it brought the greatest outpouring of new visions, from Franklin Roosevelt's Four Freedoms to Martin Luther King's "dream" to Janis Joplin's "nothin' left to lose." Illustrated in full color with a rich variety of images, Liberty and Freedom is, literally, an eye-opening work of history-stimulating, large-spirited, and ultimately, inspiring.


The novel human-derived pancreatic β-cell line, 1.1B4 exhibits insulin secretion and β-cell enriched gene expression. Recent investigations of the cellular responses of this novel cell line to lipotoxicity and cytokine toxicity revealed similarities to primary human β cells. The current study has investigated the responses of 1.1B4 cells to chronic 48 and 72 h exposure to hyperglycemia to probe mechanisms of human β-cell dysfunction and cell death. Exposure to 25 mM glucose significantly reduced insulin content (p < 0.05) and glucokinase activity (p < 0.01) after 72 h. Basal insulin release was unaffected but acute secretory response to 16.7 mM glucose was impaired (p < 0.05). Insulin release stimulated by alanine, GLP-1, KCl, elevated Ca2+ and forskolin was also markedly reduced after exposure to hyperglycemia (p < 0.001). In addition, PDX1 protein expression was reduced by 58% by high glucose (p < 0.05). Effects of hyperglycemia on secretory function were accompanied by decreased mRNA expression of INS, GCK, PCSK1, PCSK2, PPP3CB, GJA1, ABCC8, and KCNJ11. In contrast, exposure to hyperglycemia upregulated the transcription of GPX1, an antioxidant enzyme involved in detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and HSPA4, a molecular chaperone involved in ER stress response. Hyperglycemia-induced DNA damage was demonstrated by increased % tail DNA and olive tail moment, assessed by comet assay. Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis was evident from increased activity of caspase 3/7 and decreased BCL2 protein. These observations reveal significant changes in cellular responses and gene expression in novel human pancreatic 1.1B4 β cells exposed to hyperglycemia, illustrating the usefulness of this novel human-derived cell line for studying human β-cell biology and diabetes.


Credit risk is a critical issue that affects banks and companies on a global scale. Possessing the ability to accurately predict the level of credit risk has the potential to help the lender and borrower. This is achieved by alleviating the number of loans provided to borrowers with poor financial health, thereby reducing the number of failed businesses, and, in effect, preventing economies from collapsing. This paper uses state-of-the-art stochastic models, namely: Decision trees, random forests, and stochastic gradient boosting to add to the current literature on credit-risk modelling. The Australian mining industry has been selected to test our methodology. Mining in Australia generates around $138 billion annually, making up more than half of the total goods and services. This paper uses publicly-available financial data from 750 risky and not risky Australian mining companies as variables in our models. Our results indicate that stochastic gradient boosting was the superior model at correctly classifying the good and bad credit-rated companies within the mining sector. Our model showed that 'Property, Plant, & Equipment (PPE) turnover', 'Invested Capital Turnover', and 'Price over Earnings Ratio (PER)' were the variables with the best explanatory power pertaining to predicting credit risk in the Australian mining sector.


Excerpt] If you have ever had a job, you have probably had some questions about your rights as a worker. This booklet helps answer some of the most frequently asked questions about the laws that cover workers and workplaces. If your question is not answered, or you want more information about a particular topic or help with a problem, just check the back of the booklet for a list of agencies and organizations that can help answer your questions. The information in this booklet comes from several sources, most published by the U.S. Department of Labor or the New York State Department of Labor. The authors are not lawyers and the information in this booklet is not professional legal advice. If you are experiencing a problem at work, please contact one of the agencies or organizations that we have listed in the back of this booklet. In many cases, it is also a good idea for you to talk to a lawyer who deals with labor and employment law issues. Many lawyers will meet with you to talk about your problem for free, and some will represent you for free.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether or not it is ethical to use sexual appeals in advertising. The study also examines (1) if sex actually sells and if so, when and where is it being used in advertising, (2) the use of men and women in ads of a sexual nature, and (3) the role that ethics plays in the use of sexual appeals in advertising. It is important because it not only focuses on the use of sexual appeals in advertising, but also how ethical it is to do so. The study found that sexual appeals are used often in advertising. Sex does catch people's attention in advertisements, but usually without much brand recognition. Women have been the primary focus in sexual advertising in the past and present, but men are starting to be used more often as the sex object in advertisements. Ethics plays a definite role. There is no clear view of what is ethical and what is unethical when it comes to advertising, but with careful consideration and planning, it is possible for advertisers to find a common ground and use sexual appeals without offending people in the process. INTRODUCTION As stated by Richmond and Hartman (1982), "Every media consumer is alert to 'sex in advertising.' Its pervasive use and misuse are constantly before us, and typically elicit strong criticism" (p.53). As one can see, the use of sex in advertising has been happening for several decades and the reason for it? - It works. Advertisements that are sexy in nature tend to be remembered more often than advertisements that are not. The question to ask, though, is how ethical is it to use sexual appeals in advertisements? This research paper will discuss whether or not sex sells, when and where sexual appeals are used in advertising, who is the primary focus in the ads, and the ethical dilemma of using sexual appeals in advertising. The purpose of this study is to discuss whether or not it is ethical to use sexual appeals in advertising? The study also examines (1) if sex actually sells and if so, when and where is it being used in advertising, (2) the use of men and women in ads of a sexual nature, and (3) the role that ethics play in the use of sexual appeals in advertising. This study is important to its readers because it not only focuses on the use of sexual appeals in advertising but it also looks at how ethical it is to do so. Advertising draws people in and coaxes them into buying things based on how the ads make them feel. It is not always fair to assume that everyone knows what the advertisers are doing. DOES SEX SELL? "Does sex sell?" Actually, sex does not sell, but sexiness does (Cebr/ynski, 2000, p. 14). Using sex appeals in advertising is a good way to target certain market segments but not all. What is identified as sexual appeals in advertising? Where and when should sex be used in advertising? Does the use of sexual appeals lead to an advantage for brand remembrance? These questions will be the next topics of discussion for this paper. The use of sexual appeals in advertising has been happening for decades. Sex is everywhere. There are several different distinctions as to what is being categorized as sex appeal. A study conducted by Ramirez and Reichert (2000) revealed four characteristics of sexy ads: (1) physical features of models, (2) behavior/movement, (3) intimacy between models, and (4) contextual features such as camera effects (p.267). Ramirez and Reichert (2000) sought to find what people consider sexy in advertising. The most common referent was physical features (66%), followed by a model's movements and verbal and nonverbal communication (39%), contextual features (26%), and proxemics (15%) (p.269). They made an important note that what people referred to as sexy differed gender to gender. The study showed that females responded more to context than males did at 35% to 20%. It also showed that 28% of the females responded to proxemics or references to physical distance or relative interaction between models compared to 6% of the males (p. …


The existing literature on willful breach has not been able to define what should count as "willful." I argue here that any definition we adopt has implications for just how high damages should be raised in those cases where a breach qualifies as willful. As a result, both of these issues -- the definition of "willful," and the measure of damages for willful breach -- need to be considered simultaneously. Specifically, if a definition of "willful" excludes all breachers who behaved efficiently, then in theory we can raise the penalty on the remaining inefficient breachers to any arbitrarily high level ("throw the book at them"). But if, instead, a given definition of willful would catch even some efficient breachers in its net, the damages assessed against willful breachers should be more limited. In that case, damages for willful breach might still justifiably be raised, but they should be raised only to the level that is economically efficient.


Mobile services (m-services) have become an important part of the e-commerce landscape. Although research has been conducted on which services people use and the benefits they attach to those services, the values associated with the adoption and use of m-services at the individual level is still unclear. This article addresses the question of why and how individuals adopt and appropriate m-services with a particular focus on m-communication? In the information systems field, various technology adoption models have been proposed and validated in relation to technology adoption within an organisational setting, but personal adoption and use of technology is less researched. We propose the use of means-end chains and laddering techniques to determine the basic primitive values that are fulfilled for the individual by using various m-services. The examples presented show that mobile services often fulfill such basic needs as selfesteem, achievement, individuality, belonging, and well-being. Exploring the realization of values as a theoretical framework offers researchers a way forward in environments characterised by individual technology decisions.


Most existing research related to a semi-submersible offshore floating platform focuses on the wave-structure interaction under either a regular or irregular wave condition. In order to numerically model the irregular wave impact on a semi-submersible platform hydrodynamic response with a low computational cost, in this study, a focused wave is utilized. The platform under this consideration is the DeepCwind semi-submersible platform. A high fidelity CFD numerical solver based on solving Navier-Stokes equations is adopted to estimate the dynamic response and the hydrodynamic loading of the platform. The focused wave is firstly generated based on a first order irregular wave theory in a numerical wave tank and validated against the linear wave theory results. Next, for CFD coding validation, the surface elevation of a fixed FPSO model associated with a focused wave is calculated and compared with the benchmark results. At last, the dynamic responses of the platform are numerically simulated under various focused wave parameters, and the results are compared with those obtained from an in-house potential flow theory tool at Électricité de France (EDF). It is found that the predicted CFD surge motion responses are close to those achieved with the second order potential theory while differ from the results obtained using linear potential theory. As to the pitch motion, differences are observed between two results, due to the different methods used for second order loads and viscous effects calculation. Turning to the results under different wave parameters, the surge and heave motion responses increase as the wave period goes up. However, the pitch motion is not affected significantly by varying wave periods. It may be due to the fact that the low-frequency effects have limited impact on the pitch motion. The strong nonlinearity at extremely large wave amplitude will be the task in our near future study.


A sonophoresis device with a flat flextensional ultrasound transducer is proposed. The optimum diameter, thickness and material types of vibration plate are simulated by FEM. The proposed flat flextensional ultrasound transducer has been fabricated and its characteristics are investigated. The simulation results of first resonance frequency and deformed profile obtained from FEM are compared with the experimental results which showed a reasonable agreement. When this proposed sonophoresis was operated at its first vibration mode by applying AC voltage 80 V, the transmission acoustic intensity, which was calculated from measured vibration velocity and transmission coefficient equation, reaches to 32.05 mW/cm.


Within a short timeframe, the notion of open innovation has been established as an important, if also contentious, topic for both researchers and practitioners. Thus some observers have suggested that open innovation is the next big thing in innovation, while others argue that it is merely old wine in new bottles. This paper investigates the extent and diffusion of open innovation practices in small and medium-sized Danish manufacturing firms, while hinting at some relations with innovative performance. Both quantitative survey data and qualitative interview data are used for analysing the extent of open innovation in Danish SME's. The paper finds that many firms are rather narrow in their adoption of open innovation whether defined as relationships or as open innovation practices. However, the paper also finds that there is a complementarity effect rather than a crowding out effect of utilising both interorganizational relationships and open innovation practices. The paper discusses these stimulating findings in the conclusion.


Abstract Magmas undergoing shear are prime examples of flows that involve the transport of solids and gases by a separate (silicate melt) carrier phase. Such flows are called multiphase, and have attracted much attention due to their important range of engineering applications. Where the volume fraction of the dispersed phase (crystals) is large, the influence of particles on the fluid motion becomes significant and must be taken into account in any explanation of the bulk behaviour of the mixture. For congested magma deforming well in excess of the dilute limit (particle concentrations >40% by volume), sudden changes in the effective or relative viscosity can be expected. The picture is complicated further by the fact that the melt phase is temperature- and shear-rate-dependent. In the absence of a constitutive law for the flow of congested magma under an applied force, it is far from clear which of the many hundreds of empirical formulae devised to predict the rheology of suspensions as the particle fraction increases with time are best suited. Some of the more commonly used expressions in geology and engineering are reviewed with an aim to home in on those variables key to an improved understanding of magma rheology. These include a temperature, compositional and shear-rate dependency of viscosity of the melt phase with the shear-rate dependency of the crystal (particle) packing arrangement. Building on previous formulations, a new expression for the effective (relative) viscosity of magma is proposed that gives users the option to define a packing fraction range as a function of shear stress. Comparison is drawn between processes (segregation, clustering, jamming), common in industrial slurries, and structures seen preserved in igneous rocks. An equivalence is made such that congested magma, viewed in purely mechanical terms as a high-temperature slurry, is an inherently non-equilibrium material where flow at large Péclet numbers may result in shear thinning and spontaneous development of layering.


Background: As the area of computing has thrived over the years, the participation of women in computing declined. Currently women represent less than 24% of the computing workforce and that number is declining. On the other hand, the ratios of women in Open Source Software (OSS) projects are even lower.Aims: The primary objective of this study is to determine the level of gender diversity among popular OSS projects and identify the presence of gender biases that may discourage females' participation.Method: On this goal, we mined the code review repositories of ten popular OSS projects. We used a semi-automated approach followed by a manual validation to identify the genders of the active contributors.Results: Our results suggest that lack of gender diversity remains an ongoing issue among all the ten projects as each of the projects had less than 10% female developers. However, many of the projects also suffer from lack of inclusion of females to leadership positions. Although none of the projects suggest significant differences between male and female developers in terms of productivity based on three different measures, data from three out of the ten projects indicate technical biases against female developers with lower code acceptance rates as well as delayed feedback during code reviews. However, biases against females are not universal as majority of the projects do not discriminate against females. The two projects with the least ratios of female contributors as core developers showed the most biases against females.Conclusion: Based on our findings, we conclude that promoting and mentoring females to leadership positions may be an effective solution to foster gender diversity.


ABSTRACT The growth of the photovoltaic market indicates that in the near future PV electricity generation may rise to a significant power source. As the proportion of electric power generated from PV systems becomes significant, the effect of these sources on transmission and distribution networks must be considered. This research work has investigated suitable representations of the PV resource and the output power of dispersed PV systems to study the effects of large-scale deployment of PV systems on the grid operation. The representation of solar radiation is very important since this dictates the output power of PV systems. In this work, the simple and reliable Markov Transition Matrix (MTM) method was selected to generate synthetic horizontal solar radiation data. A single MTM was developed to generate half-hour horizontal solar radiation data for different locations in the UK. Large-scale inclusion of PV systems in the UK electricity supply is expected to take the form of a large number of small, geographically dispersed building integrated PV systems. The study also developed a detailed PV cluster model to represent these dispersed PV systems. The variation of PV output power may impact the demand and generation balance on the network requiring additional reserve generation to ensure the system security. In this work, the variation of PV output power and the impact on the reserve requirement was analysed for different penetration levels. This is also the first study to analyse the correlation of solar radiation for different locations in the UK in regard to the impact on reserve requirements. Using data from three locations and according to the National Grid Company (NGC) requirements, it was found that PV capacities of 3750 MW could be added to the present network without additional reserve requirements. The additional reserve required is not on the basis of "MW of reserve per MW of PV capacity". Rather it is based on the aggregation of load demand and of PV output from all regions. The reduction in the reserve requirement by forecasting the weather profile of the day was also illustrated. In this case, a PV capacity of 22,500 MW, which can generate a little over 5% of the UK electricity demand, can be added with minimal increase in system cost. Therefore, the variation of PV output power is unlikely to be a threat to the system security.