The effects of the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid [(1S,3R)-ACPD] on ionic current responses produced by ionotropic glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor activation in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) were examined. Recordings were made in the dorsomedial subdivision of the NTS adjacent to the area postrema in transverse brainstem slices of the rat. (1S,3R)-ACPD produced a small inward current (IACPD) associated with a decrease in conductance in approximately 50% of recordings. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by electrical stimulation in the region of the tractus solitarius in the presence of D-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and bicuculline were reversibly reduced by (1S,3R)-ACPD in > 90% of cells. The inward current evoked by pressure application of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) (IAMPA) was potentiated in the presence of (1S,3R)-ACPD, whereas the outward current evoked by the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (IMUSC) was inhibited. We have previously demonstrated that these effects may involve the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. The diffusible second messengers nitric oxide and carbon monoxide are known to activate soluble guanylate cyclase. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-omega-nitroarginine failed to inhibit responses to (1S,3R)-ACPD. The selective heme oxygenase inhibitor Zn-protoporphyrin-IX, which would be expected to block the production of carbon monoxide, antagonized the effects of (1S,3R)-ACPD on EPSCs, IAMPA, and IMUSC. However, IACPD was not blocked. A relatively inactive metalloprotoporphyrin, Cu-protoporphyrin-IX was ineffective. A cell-permeant form of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP inhibited EPSCs, IAMPA, and IMUSC in the presence of Zn-protoporphyrin-IX but did not induce an inward current. These results further support the hypothesis that multiple metabotropic glutamate receptors exist in the NTS, and they suggest that one of these may be coupled to the activation of a soluble guanylate cyclase via the liberation of an easily diffusible second messenger such as carbon monoxide.


To make forest biomass more competitive, increased efficiency in the handling and supply system is needed, thus producing high-quality fuel at a lower cost. Operating costs can be reduced if the target chip size is increased, as this increases productivity and reduces chipper fuel consumption. However, the chips need to be stored in order to meet fluctuating seasonal demand and maintain high machine utilisation. Due to biomass degradation, storage of comminuted biomass can lead to high energy losses, but can also increase fuel quality, e.g. by reducing moisture content and increasing net calorific value. This study evaluated the effects of storage on dry matter losses and differences in fuel quality of the stored biomass for three target chip sizes and three materials during six months of storage. The results showed that coarse chips had significantly lower moisture content and lower energy losses after storage than fine chips. Overall, changes during storage resulted in an economic loss of 3-4% per oven-dry ton for fine chips, but an economic gain of 2-6% for coarse chips. Thus increased target chip size can increase the competitiveness of forest biomass through decreased production costs and reduced storage costs. It can also ensure higher, more consistent fuel quality.


Drawing on James Kent's law library, this Essay illuminates one aspect of the post-colonial British influence on early American legal culture: a revolution in books in the Atlantic world that coincided with the American Revolution. This book revolution was a condition precedent for the way that leading jurists like Chancellor Kent of New York conceived of law and also shaped the media through which they communicated law. The book revolution had many causes and resulted in an explosion of English print that spread across the Atlantic through the copyright-free haven of Dublin. This transatlantic network of copyright arbitrageurs - they should not be called "pirates" because they did not violate British law - made it possible for James Kent and other young lawyers with no personal connections to Great Britain to fill their libraries with the latest English law books at discount prices. As Kent struggled to make sense of these books, he developed an unusually print-oriented vision of the ideal legal order. He then translated what he learned - the substance as well as the vision - into his own reports and his four-volume Commentaries on American Law (1826-1830), which were available everywhere in the Union throughout the nineteenth century. In sum, this revolution facilitated the development of a trans-jurisdictional conception of law that Federalist jurists like Kent used to promote a new kind of empire: an empire of law in which law was conceived as a set of legal principles that should operate everywhere in the Union.


We consider lifted importance sampling (LIS), a previously proposed approximate inference algorithm for statistical relational learning (SRL) models. LIS achieves substantial variance reduction over conventional importance sampling by using various lifting rules that take advantage of the symmetry in the relational representation. However, it suffers from two drawbacks. First, it does not take advantage of some important symmetries in the relational representation and may exhibit needlessly high variance on models having these symmetries. Second, it uses an uninformative proposal distribution which adversely affects its accuracy. We propose two improvements to LIS that address these limitations. First, we identify a new symmetry in SRL models and define a lifting rule for taking advantage of this symmetry. The lifting rule reduces the variance of LIS. Second, we propose a new, structured approach for constructing and dynamically updating the proposal distribution via adaptive sampling. We demonstrate experimentally that our new, improved LIS algorithm is substantially more accurate than the LIS algorithm.


With abundant aggregate network bandwidth, continuous data streams are commonly used in scientific and commercial applications. Correspondingly, there is an increasing demand of authenticating these data streams. Existing strategies explore data stream authentication by using message authentication codes (MACs) on a certain number of data packets (a data block) to generate a message digest, then either embedding the digest into the original data, or sending the digest out-of-band to the receiver. Embedding approaches inevitably change the original data, which is not acceptable under some circumstances (e.g., when sensitive information is included in the data). Sending the digest out-of-band incurs additional communication overhead, which consumes more critical resources (e.g., power in wireless devices for receiving information) besides network bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy, DaTA, which effectively authenticates data streams by selectively adjusting some interpacket delay. This authentication scheme requires no change to the original data and no additional communication overhead. Modeling-based analysis and experiments conducted on an implemented prototype system in an LAN and over the Internet show that our proposed scheme is efficient and practical.


Synchrony between reproduction and food availability is important in mammals due to the high energetic costs of gestation and lactation. Female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) must accumulate sufficient energy reserves during spring through autumn to produce and nurse cubs during the winter months in snow dens. Adequate time in a den is important to optimize cub development for withstanding harsh Arctic spring conditions and to synchronize emergence with peak prey availability, which occurs in May and June. During 1985–2013, den phenology was investigated using temperature data collected on satellite collars deployed on adult female polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea (SB) and Chukchi Sea (CS). We examined relationships between den phenology, reproductive success (cub production and post-emergence survival), and environmental factors (weather and sea-ice conditions). Females observed with cubs emerged later and remained in dens on average 15.0 ± 7.6 (SE) days longer than females seen without cubs. Females occupying land-based dens, where estimated snowfall was greater, had higher reproductive success. Recently, female polar bears have increased land-based denning in the SB. Females in CS emerged later from dens than SB females, consistent with better female body condition and higher cub survival in the CS. During years with a greater area of autumn sea ice, reproductive success was higher at land-based versus sea-ice dens, suggesting continued decline in sea ice could negatively affect recruitment. However, further research is needed to better understand mechanistic relationships. Because females emerging later from dens had higher reproductive success, den duration could be a useful metric in population monitoring.


The northern fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis ) is a common seabird of the North Atlantic Ocean and marine areas of eastern Nunavut. We studied attendance patterns of fulmars at two colonies in the Canadian High Arctic to assess variation in attendance at high latitudes, to compare these patterns to those found for fulmars breeding at colonies to the south, and to determine how weather conditions and breeding status might influence attendance. Colony attendance patterns shared similarities across the species' range, although local variation in the timing of food supplies may explain differences in the seasonal timing of peak counts at colonies. Stronger winds and extreme inclement weather resulted in lower counts of birds at colonies. Seasonal and daily variation in attendance was attributable to differences in the numbers of failed breeders or non-breeding birds. Changes toward earlier breakup and reduced extent of sea ice should lead to earlier peaks and continued short periodicities in colony attendance cycles of Arctic fulmars.


Fine-grained cycle sharing (FGCS) systems aim at utilizing the large amount of computational resources available on the Internet. In FGCS, host computers allow guest jobs to utilize the CPU cycles if the jobs do not significantly impact local host users. Such resources are generally provided voluntarily and their availability fluctuates highly. Guest jobs may fail unexpectedly, as resource becomes unavailable. We present empirical studies on the detection and predictability of resource availability in FGCS systems. A multi-state availability model is derived from a study of resource behavior. The model combines generic hardware-software failures with domain-specific resource behavior in FGCS. To understand the predictability, we traced resource availability in a production FGCS system for three months. We found that the daily patterns of resource availability are comparable to those in recent history. This observation suggests the feasibility of predicting future resource availability, which can be applied for proactive management of guest jobs


TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Premise - 2. Italy: the relevance of the possibility of satisfying religious feeling through the alternatives offered by computer tools - 3. Germany: the non-belonging of the public exercise of worship to the Wesensgehalt of the right to religious freedom - 4. France: the suspension of religious ceremonies as a "serious and manifestly unlawful interference" with religious freedom - 5. United States of America: the participation in religious services as the "heart of the First Amendment's guarantee of religious liberty" - 6. Concluding remarks.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the position and the scope of the right to religious freedom in the case law of the national courts of some European and non-European countries, which are called upon to establish the legitimacy or otherwise of the balancing realized by the emergency regulation against Covid-19 between this interest and the equally important one of health. Such evaluations, essentially conducted by the judges using the principle of proportionality (as well as that of reasonableness), betray, in fact, in the phase of verification of the adequacy of the measure (so-called Verhälntismäßigkeit im engeren Sinne) the identification of the sphere of intangibility within the right, removed from further balancing. The systems taken into consideration for this purpose are the Italian, German, French and American ones, identified as significant expressions of different regimes of relations between the State and religious denominations, and, therefore, tending to a different overall attitude of the State towards religious experience.


PURPOSE
To assess the accuracy of three wavefront analyzers versus a validated binocular open-view autorefractor in determining refractive error in non-cycloplegic eyes.

METHODS
Eighty eyes were examined using the SRW-5000 open-view infrared autorefractor and, in randomized sequence, three wavefront analyzers: 1) OPD-Scan (NIDEK, Gamagori, Japan), 2) WASCA (Zeiss/Meditec, Jena, Germany), and 3) Allegretto (WaveLight Laser Technologies AG, Erlangen, Germany). Subjects were healthy adults (19 men and 21 women; mean age: 20.8 +/- 2.5 years). Refractive errors ranged from +1.5 to -9.75 diopters (D) (mean: +1.83 +/- 2.74 D) with up to 1.75 D cylinder (mean: 0.58 +/- 0.53 D). Three readings were collected per instrument by one examiner without anticholinergic agents. Refraction values were decomposed into vector components for analysis, resulting in mean spherical equivalent refraction (M) and J0 and J45 being vectors of cylindrical power at 0 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively.

RESULTS
Positive correlation was observed between wavefront analyzers and the SRW-5000 for spherical equivalent refraction (OPD-Scan, r=0.959, P<.001; WASCA, r=0.981, P<.001; Allegretto, r=0.942, P<.001). Mean differences and limits of agreement showed more negative spherical equivalent refraction with wavefront analyzers (OPD-Scan, 0.406 +/- 0.768 D [range: 0.235 to 0.580 D] [P<.001]; WASCA, 0.511 +/- 0.550 D [range: 0.390 to 0.634 D] [P<.001]; and Allegretto, 0.434 +/- 0.904 D [range: 0.233 to 0.635 D] [P<.001]). A second analysis eliminating outliers showed the same trend but lower differences: OPD-Scan (n=75), 0.24 +/- 0.41 D (range: 0.15 to 0.34 D) (P<.001); WASCA (n=78), 0.46 +/- 0.47 D (range: 0.36 to 0.57 D) (P<.001); and Allegretto (n=77), 0.30 +/- 0.62 D (range: 0.16 to 0.44 D) (P<.001). No statistically significant differences were noted for J0 and J45.

CONCLUSIONS
Wavefront analyzer refraction resulted in 0.30 D more myopia compared to SRW-5000 refraction in eyes without cycloplegia. This is the result of the accommodation excess attributable to instrument myopia. For the relatively low degrees of astigmatism in this study (<2.0 D), good agreement was noted between wavefront analyzers and the SRW-5000.


Septic shock can occur as a result of Gram-negative or Gram-positive infection and involves a complex interaction between bacterial factors and the host immune system producing a systemic inflammatory state that may progress to multiple organ failure and death. Gram-positive bacteria are increasingly becoming more prevalent especially Staphylococcus epidermidis in association with indwelling devices. Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) is the key Gram-negative component involved in this process, but it is not clear which components of Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for progression of this often fatal disease. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of bacterial components on the immune systems. Lipid S, a short chain form of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) found to be excreted from bacteria during growth in culture medium was examined along with other Gram-positive cell wall components: LTA, peptidoglycan (PG) and wall teichoic acids (WTA) and LPS from Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid S, LTA, PG and LPS but not WTA all stimulated murine macrophages and cell lines to produce significant amounts of NO, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-1 and would induce fever and tissue damage seen in inflammatory diseases. Lipid S proved to be the most potent out of the Gram-positive samples tested. IgG antibodies in patients serum were found to bind to and cross react with lipid S and LTA. Anti-inflammatory antibiotics, platelet activating factor (PAF), PAF receptor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to LTA, CD14 and toll-like receptors were utilised to modulate cytokine and NO production. In cell culture the anti-LTA and the anti-CD14 mAbs failed to markedly attenuate the production of NO, TNF-a, IL-6 or IL-1, the anti-TLR4 antibody did greatly inhibit the ability of LPS to stimulate cytokine production but not lipid S. The tetracyclines proved to be the most effective compounds, many were active at low concentrations and showed efficacy to inhibit both lipid S and LPS stimulated macrophages to produce NO.


This paper explores the production of sustainable communities from an interdependency network perspective (Newton, 2001). Drawing on fieldwork that examined how planners worked collaboratively with other professionals to address the challenges of delivering New Labour's Growth Point Initiative, the paper fuses insights from Actor Network Theory with Figurational Sociology to examine the requirements of the skills agenda for building sustainable communities (ODPM, 2004). Through an exploration of the ways in which planners adapted their working practice to facilitate the dual task of delivering growth and sustainable development, we argue that the learning and skills agenda is problematic for understanding how new knowledge and learning emerges.


Based on analytical scattering theory, we develop a multipolar expansion method to investigate systematically the near-field enhancement, far-field scattering and Local Density of States (LDOS) spectra in concentric metal-insulator-metal (MIM) cylindrical nanostructures, or coaxial plasmonic nanowires (CPNs). We demonstrate that these structures support distinctive plasmonic resonances with strongly reduced scattering in the far-field zone and significant electric field enhancement in deep sub-wavelength dielectric regions. Additionally, we study systematically the effects of geometrical parameters and dielectric index on the near-field and far-field plasmonic response of CPNs in the visible and near infrared spectral range. Finally, we demonstrate that CPNs provide a convenient approach for engineering strong (almost three orders of magnitude) LDOS enhancement in sub-wavelength dielectric gaps at multiple frequencies. These results enable the engineering of multiband optical detectors and CPNs-based light emitters with simultaneously enhanced excitation and emission rates for nanoplasmonics.


Alternaria brown spot (ABS) is a serious fungal disease of mandarin in the Mediterranean Basin. Due to the rigorous fruit quality standards, models for ABS should avoid false negatives. Experiments were conducted with susceptible 'Fortune' and 'Nova' inoculated at different temperatures and leaf wetness durations, including interrupted periods. Effects of temperature and time elapsed after inoculation were also studied. Disease incidence data were fitted to generalized additive models and a generic infection model. Exposure of trap plants in affected orchards was used for model evaluation, including the Alter-Rater and a simple rule system (SRS). The predictive ability of the models was analyzed using the partial area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in the high-sensitivity range between 0.9 and 1. Postinoculation temperature had a significant effect on disease incidence, with maximum symptom expression after 30 h on Fortune and 60 h on Nova. ABS incidence did not increase after a leaf wetness interruption of 1 h on Nova and 2 h on Fortune. All the models evaluated had high false-positive rates on Fortune. Only the SRS showed a substantial strength of agreement in Nova, with a true-positive rate of 0.93 and false-positive rate of 0.16.


Ecomuseums are museums for, by, and about people at home in their own environment (Keyes, 1992). Since their establishment in 1971, community involvement has been a defining characteristic of ecomuseums. Such community involvement does not just preserve artefacts, but also protects and creates its own physical environment in the form of landscape. In ecomuseums, landscape is both a setting and a feature; however, there have been relatively few studies of landscape in ecomuseology. Furthermore, despite the centrality of community involvement, in many ecomuseums there is an overemphasis on economic development rather than community involvement in heritage protection and local development.

 This thesis contributes to a new theoretical and interdisciplinary field of landscape research, focusing on the significance of involvement in ecomuseums. The connection between ecomuseum and landscape could serve to guide the work of ecomuseum management and landscape administrators. Various approaches, both quantitative and qualitative, have been used to elucidate different aspects and applications of the proposed theoretical framework.

 The findings demonstrate the dual role of landscape, for it is not only conceptual or visual, observed from the outside, but also comprise the insider's landscape, with all its experience and local involvement. The dual role is also evident in the cultural and economic development of ecomuseums—the questions here being whose heritage is represented in ecomuseums, and who is in control of their economic development.

 The findings show how heritage held in ecomuseums serves to create a sense of place, turning a conceptual space into a place of experience. Community development in ecomuseums is based on community involvement in administrative procedures, and not only involvement in the ecomuseums' cultural and economic development.

 The thesis proposes a new theoretical field of ecomuseum landscape within an interdisciplinary approach. The thesis steps away from administrative, top-down approaches and instead adopts an open-ended process that involves different levels of involvement, encompassing volunteers, administrators, and researchers.


The effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 3 g/day for 3 days) and of indomethacin (IND, 150 mg/day for 3 days) on diuresis and on the excretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was studied in six healthy, male volunteers. After overnight deprivation the subjects received an oral water load (20 ml/kg) and hourly urine volumes were replaced by an equivalent volume of water by mouth for 4 h. Pretreatment with both ASA and IND induced a comparable suppression (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001) in the excretion of PGE2, but only IND also reduced (P less than 0.05) diuresis, free water clearance and the excretion of sodium. The excretion of creatinine was uninfluenced by both ASA and IND. These data indicate that a mechanism other than cyclo-oxygenase inhibition is involved in the effect of IND and ASA on diuresis in man.


Code review is the process of having other team members examine changes to a software system in order to evaluate its technical content and quality. A lightweight variant of this practice, often referred to as Modern Code Review (MCR), is widely adopted by software organizations today. Previous studies have established a relation between the practice of code review and the occurrence of post-release bugs. While the prior work studies the impact of code review practices on software release quality, it is still unclear what impact code review practices have on software design quality. Therefore, using the occurrence of 7 different types of anti-patterns (i.e., poor solutions to design and implementation problems) as a proxy for software design quality, we set out to investigate the relationship between code review practices and software design quality. Through a case study of the Qt, VTK and ITK open source projects, we find that software components with low review coverage or low review participation are often more prone to the occurrence of anti-patterns than those components with more active code review practices.


This paper uses a yearly dataset of plant-level investment in Colombian firms during the period 1997 to 2007 to assess the impact of a tax incentive for firms that invest in fixed assets implemented in 2004. A positive and statistically significant correlation is found between the boom observed in investment and the adoption of the tax policy. However, the correlation vanishes when year-specific effects are controlled for. This result is robust to changes in the empirical specification, changes in estimation techniques, the inclusion of additional controls, and changes in the data set, among other tests. Overall, it is concluded that the tax stimulus analyzed was ineffective in promoting investment in Colombia.


The use of cold formed steel sections in building constructions has lately seen rapid growth due to their light weight and easier erection. Generally, lipped channel sections are used more frequently .Sigma sections while requiring more effort in fabrication, they exhibit high strength to weight ratios compared with the lipped channel sections. This work presents experimental as well as numerical study of the strength of pinned-pinned axially loaded columns utilizing sigma sections. The column section consists of two back to back sigma cold formed sections. The two sections are connected through their webs with connecting fasteners. Eight specimens with variable plate element width to thickness ratio, and having different member slenderness ratios were tested. Residual stresses and geometrical imperfections were recorded. Moreover, the specimens were simulated by a nonlinear finite element model using four node isoparametric shell element that accounts for both geometric and material non-linearities. The measured geometric imperfections and residual stresses were included in the numerical model. The parameters studied include the properties of the cross-section such as the flange, web, and lip dimensions as well as the spacing of the web fasteners. Furthermore, several column heights are considered to study the different modes of failure. Finally, the results are compared with the ultimate strength predicted by the American AISI, the Eurocode-3 and DSM specifications. Results reflect that sectional (local/distortional) buckling governs the failure mode of short columns. Moreover, the AISI, the Eurocode-3 and DSM can reasonably predict the ultimate load capacity of such sections. © 2019Faculty of Eng. & Tech., Future University in Egypt. Hosting by Elsevier. All rights reserved. Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Eng. & Tech., Future University in Egypt.


Two basic types of low voltage (LV) distribution exist in practice. The systems based on the European approach have long LV feeders whose sizing requires more careful design consideration than systems based on North American practice with shorter LV feeders. The most important criterion in conductor sizing is the correct estimation of the design loads. This paper describes the development and application of a probabilistic design method based on the Beta probability density function (pdf). The paper investigates an approximate approach for estimating load parameters in countries where a large load database is not available. This approach estimates the Beta parameters from the group after-diversity-maximum-demand (ADMD) for the customers.


Thin metal oxide films were investigated by a series of characterization techniques including impedance spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, Raman spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. Thin film deposition by reactive DC magnetron sputtering was performed at the Ångström Laboratory. W and Mo targets (5 cm diameter) and various oxygen gas flows were employed to prepare samples with different properties, whereas the gas pressure was kept constant at about 30 mTorr. The substrates were 5×5 cm2 plates of unheated glass pre-coated with ITO having a resistance of 40 ohm/sq. Film thicknesses were around 300 nm as determined by surface profilometry. Newly acquired equipment was used to study optical spectra, optoelectronic properties, and film structure. Films of WO3 and of mixed W- Mo oxide with three compositions showed coloring and bleaching under the application of a small voltage. Cyclic voltammograms were recorded with a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. Ellipsometric data for the optical constants show dependence on the amount of MoOx in the chemical composition. Single MoOx film, and the mixed one with only 8% MoOx have the highest value of refractive index, and similar dispersion in the visible spectral range. Raman spectra displayed strong lines at wavenumbers between 780 cm-1 and 950 cm-1 related to stretching vibrations of WO3, and MoO3. AFM gave evidence for domains of different composition in mixed W-Mo oxide films.


An important part of tritium facility waste management is estimating the residual tritium inventory in stainless steel. This was needed as part of the decontamination and decommissioning associated with the Tritium Systems Test Assembly at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In particular, the disposal path for three, large tanks would vary substantially depending on the tritium inventory in the stainless steel walls. For this purpose the time-dependant diffusion equation was solved using previously measured parameters. These results were compared to previous work that measured the tritium inventory in the stainless steel wall of a 50-L tritium container. Good agreement was observed. These results are reduced to a simple algebraic equation that can readily be used to estimate tritium inventories in room temperature stainless steel based on tritium partial pressure and exposure time. Results are available for both constant partial pressure exposures and for varying partial pressures. Movies of the time dependant results were prepared which are particularly helpful for interpreting results and drawing conclusions.


A share of a pensioner's Christmas 'Bonus' is an exhibition of work that has been created as part of collaborative research. The exhibition consists of:
· 26′ audio work by Esther Johnson and Debbie Ballin
· A photographic series by Esther Johnson
· Selection of artefacts, from the People's History Museum archive, curated by Johnson and Ballin

"We got presents that were donated…. I got a little cheap plastic watch and a coat that my auntie had made, but I just didn't even care 'cos I was having so much fun."
– Sam, Miner's Daughter aged 15 during the strike

The initial element of this research is an exhibition titled A share of a pensioner's Christmas 'Bonus'.

It's Christmas 1984. Sam, Gayle, Jayne and Craig are the children of striking miners. This is the story of how acts of generosity by total strangers made Christmas possible for them that year, and what it was like for them to grow up in the shadow of the Miners' Strike.

This exhibition bears witness to their untold stories, and includes artifacts from the People's History Museum archive, and a newly commissioned audio-visual work.

Exhibition Background
During the Miners' Strike in December 1984, the Thatcher government paid pensioners the same £10 Christmas heating bonus they had received since 1972. A nationwide appeal, in several national newspapers, invited pensioners to give up their bonus in support of the striking miners.

Hundred's of pounds worth of bonuses were donated to support this cause. Thanks to remarkable acts of generosity many children of Miners' and their families were able to celebrate Christmas that year.

Project Background
A share of a pensioner's Christmas 'Bonus' is part of a larger research project titled Echoes of Protest, investigating the legacy of being involved in significant protest movements from a child's perspective.

The project aims to understand the role protest can play in the politicization of children and the long-term impact of its aftermath on their lives.


On January 25th, 2011 thousands of protesters took to the streets of major cities in Egypt—referred to as the "day of wrath"—to express their grievances and frustration with the ruling regime, ultimately leading to the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak after three decades in power. The street, as a socially constructed space of discontent, had become the central locus of political change. In this paper, I will tackle the question of how and why policing strategies in Cairo failed to contain protesters, eventually leading to the withdrawal of security forces on January 28th. I will analyze the interactions between security forces and protesters in protest events during the uprising, focusing on policing strategies, tactical repertoires, and spaces of resistance. Through this, I hope to offer a way of looking at the politics of territorialization and space production in protest, and by extension, the negotiation of power relations between authority and resistance actors.


The Modern Anthropology of India is an accessible textbook providing a critical overview of the ethnographic work done in India since 1947. It assesses the history of research in each region and serves as a practical and comprehensive guide to the main themes dealt with by ethnographers. It highlights key analytical concepts and paradigms that came to be of relevance in particular regions in the recent history of research in India, and which possibly gained a pan-Indian or even trans-Indian significance.

Structured according to the states of the Indian union, contributors raise several key questions, including:

•What themes were ethnographers interested in?

•What are the significant ethnographic contributions?

•How are peoples, communities and cultural areas represented?

•How has the ethnographic research in the area developed?

Filling a significant gap in the literature, the book is an invaluable resource to students and researchers in the field of Indian anthropology/ethnography, regional anthropology and postcolonial studies. It is also of interest to students of South Asian studies in general as it provides an extensive and critical overview of regionally based ethnographic activity undertaken in India.


The concept of `green growth´ implies that a wide range of developmental objectives, such as job creation, economic prosperity and poverty alleviation, can be easily reconciled with environmental sustainability. This study, however, argues that rather than being win-win, green growth is similar to most types of policy reforms that advocate the acceptance of short-term adjustment costs in the expectation of long-term gains. In particular, green growth policies often encourage developing countries to redesign their national strategies in ways that might be inconsistent with natural comparative advantages and past investments. In turn, there are often sizeable anti-reform coalitions whose interests may conflict with a green growth agenda. We illustrate this argument using case studies of Malawi, Mozambique, and South Africa, which are engaged in development strategies that involve inorganic fertilizers, biofuels production, and coal-based energy, respectively. Each of these countries is pursuing an environmentally suboptimal strategy but nonetheless addressing critical development needs, including food security, fuel, and electricity. We show that adopting a green growth approach would not only be economically costly but also generate substantial domestic resistance, especially amongst the poor.


Data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network of aerosol samplers and NOAA monitoring sites are examined for weekly cycles. At remote and rural sites, fine particle elemental carbon, crustal elements, and coarse particle mass had pronounced (up to 20%) weekly cycles with minima on Sunday or Monday. Fine particle organic carbon and mass had smaller amplitude cycles, also with Sunday or Monday minima. There was no statistically significant weekly cycle in fine particle sulfate despite a 5 to 15% weekly cycle in power plant SO 2 emissions. Although results for nitrate may be more susceptible to sampling artifacts, nitrate also showed a pronounced weekly cycle with an amplitude similar to elemental carbon. The only species found with a weekend maximum was Pb, probably from general aviation on weekends. Aerosol optical properties at NOAA monitoring sites were consistent with the IMPROVE chemical data, with significant weekly cycles in aerosol light absorption but not light scattering. These results support a large role of diesel emissions in elemental carbon aerosol over the entire United States and suggest that a large fraction of the airborne soil dust is anthropogenic. They also suggest that studies of weekly cycles in temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, or other meteorological variables should look for causes more in light-absorbing particles and possible ice nucleation by dust rather than sulfate or total aerosol. There are also implications for personal exposure and epidemiological studies of aerosol health effects.


War can have long-lasting effects on individual mental health through war trauma. In this paper, we explore the impact of constantly recalling painful episodes related to the 1992-1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict on individual mental health in 2001 using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Potential endogeneity and reverse causality issues are addressed using objective measures of war intensity recorded at the municipality level. We find that individuals experiencing war trauma have worse mental health six years after the end of the conflict. In particular, instrumental-variable estimates show that they score 16 points (more than 1.5 standard deviations) higher on the CES-D scale (with higher scores meaning more depression symptoms) and have a 60 percentage points higher probability of being at risk of depression. Our results are robust to a number of sensitivity checks accounting for individual geographical mobility and different treatment intensities, and suggest that the negative effects on mental health are not mainly mediated by physical health problems. Back-of-the envelope calculations show large economic costs of war-trauma.


This thesis is concerned with the processes of sociocultural
change set in motion when the Aboriginal people of
the Edward River reserve gave up their hunter-gatherer lifestyle
and joined with Anglican missionaries to form the
Edward River settlement in 1938. In opting for a sedentary
life, the Aborigines of the reserve were consciously adopting
the role of culture recipients who were dependent on change
agents (missionaries, and later government officials) from
the mainstream Australian society to provide the sources for
socio-cultural change as well as the direction in which it
should proceed.

The cultural patterns characterising reserve life
prior to the establishment of the settlement are reconstructed
from informants' memories and the observations of anthropologists
who conducted studies among the reserve's peoples
between 1925 and 1935. The pre-settlement patterns are then
compared with those which characterised settlement life in the
period 1968-75 when the author undertook his fieldwork. Two
independently formulated hypotheses concerning the degree,
direction and sources of socio-cultural change are tested
against the actual course of events. The first hypothesis
was developed by an anthropologist, Lauriston Sharp, who on
the basis of his investigations into the totemic ideology of
the Yir Yoront, came to the conclusion that sustained contact
between the people of the reserve and European Australians
would lead to the collapse of the indigenous cultural system.
The second hypothesis was implicit in Queensland state
Government policy and legislation. It stated that the
Aboriginal people of the Edward River settlement could be
transformed over time from a welfare-dependent, managed
community to one that was just like a normal country town in
Queensland by providing physical amenities similar to those
of country towns, and by imposing routines and social structure:
similar to those found in the economic systems and formal
processes of social control in the dominant society.

Neither hypothesis has accurately anticipated the
real outcome. Aboriginal belief systems have not collapsed nor have the people of Edward River achieved that level of
cultural competence that would permit them to manage their
community without help. It is argued in this thesis that the
first hypothesis failed because of an anthropological interpretation
that over-emphasized the comprehensiveness of the
indigenous totemic ideology and thus understated the resilience
of Edward River belief systems. It is argued that the second
hypothesis concerning the appropriate techniques for inducing
change is also failing despite the commitment of the Edward
River people to the development of their community. Edward
River people have adapted to their institutional environment
in such a way as to preserve some fundamental Aboriginal
values, and to create a permanent niche for outside managers.
There seems little prospect for change in this situation
unless certain prerequisites to fruitful socio-cultural change
are incorporated in basic planning strategies.


The aim of the work described in this thesis is to establish a theoretical and practical framework for evaluating courseware effort estimation models. Existing research into this area is thoroughly reviewed. Expert estimation, algorithmic and non-algorithmic estimation methods are evaluated in terms of well defined criteria adapted from software metrics research. Developers' opinion on courseware effort estimation and analysis of the significant factors in improving the estimation accuracy will be discussed. A rigorous measurement paradigm to describe and assist in data collection for courseware effort estimation is defined. The results from twelve studies in to courseware effort estimation are used to identify seventy seven productivity adjustment factors. The productivity adjustment factors are classified into six broad groupings. The rating scale used in existing effort estimation models are presented. Nineteen critical productivity adjustment factors which affect courseware effort estimation methods are also identified. The implementation of the measurement paradigm and productivity adjustment factors are evaluated using courseware development data in order to prepare effort estimation models. Four courseware development case studies are used to evaluate the measurement paradigm for standardising courseware development effort measures and data collection. In addition, effort estimation models are developed using courseware development data from existing studies and a large courseware development. Analysis of the effort estimation models indicated that significant relationships existed between effort, learner time, key productivity adjustment factors and code measures. The effort estimation models produced disappointing results when compared against established criteria for evaluating software effort estimation models. However, despite this a number of important points were highlighted which will result in the development of better models in the future. Finally, the results and methodology used in this thesis are critically evaluated before further work and future directions for research are explored.


Summary and Conclusions
The present study substantiates and adds to the earlier laboratory evaluation of DCHP and K604 (4) which has shown these compounds to possess certain attributes classing them as promising molluscacides. In this as well as in the above study, DCHP is definitely considered the superior of the two compounds since it fills in greater part the requisites of a suitable molluscacide:
(1)
DCHP is lethal to the majority of Biomphalaria and Bulinus in reasonably low concentrations, i.e. 3 to 5 ppm.
(2)
DCHP is not adversely affected in water with aquatic plants and unusual quantities of organic materials.
(3)
DCHP is sufficiently residual to kill a high percentage of snails exposed to treated water for 24 hrs. two to four weeks after application and its ovicidal properties surpass those of CuSO4 at much higher concentrations.
(4)
DCHP although moderately toxic to mammals in concentrated mixtures has shown no ill effects to livestock (sheep, goats, water buffalos, donkeys, etc.) drinking water from canals treated with quantities of the chemical sufficient to kill all molluscs.
(5)
DCHP although toxic to fishes has not shown any appreciable deleterious effects upon aquatic flora in canals treated at 3 to 10 ppm., or to crops watered from these canals. There have not been sufficient toxic effects upon invertebrate populations, other than molluscs, to cause a drastic biological imbalance as evidenced by the return of fish and the feeding of shore birds in test plots a few days following the disappearance of yellow coloring due to the presence of DCHP.
(6)
Although DCHP at present is not obtainable at a figure that would encourage extensive field use, its cost-efficiency ratio is quite favorable. It has been intimated that the present price probably would be reduced considerably if manufacturers could sell DCHP in large lots. As indicated the cost-efficiency falls well within the range of practicability, even at the current price of 70 cents a pound, when the molluscacidal merits of DCHP are compared with those of CuSO4 which now sells for 9 to 12 cents a pound. It must be repeated again, however, that the consideration of DCHP as a practical molluscacide is based upon the assumption that this compound would be employed in relatively still waters or be applied in those unusual situations where CuSO4 is none too successful because of dense growths of vegetation in water with large quantities of organic materials and debris.
(7)
Rather extensive testing in the field as well as in the laboratory with the dinitro-phenol and other compounds has demonstrated the importance of temperature in molluscacidal work and in snail control. Other factors being equal, molluscacidal activity is sufficiently increased during the seasons with elevated temperatures as to warrant a consideration of this finding in planning a snail control program.


Culture is the collective programming of the mind distinguishing members of one group or category of people from others [1]. Each culture is different. Therefore, there are five dimensions of culture and this article explains and explores one of these: Power Distance (PD). This paper will outline the impact of these dimensions in educational institutions. In the study participated students from three countries (Croatia, Denmark, and Romania). The goal of this research is to determine how the students deal with a structured hierarchy and formal communication with a high level of Power Distance, rules and regulations. Research shows what kind of communication and distance are in countries with low power distance (e.g. Denmark). A semantic differential instrument was used to process the survey results. We know that culture has an influence over education, i.e. Power Distance has an impact on the education of young people. The paper also examines the influence of professors over students as well as the consequences of these impacts (level of formality of relations, the level of respect for student opinion, etc.). The possible models of improving the quality of communication and reducing the power of distance at the institutions of higher education will be explored.


UF/IFAS researchers collected data from five growers to estimate the cost of production per acre for processed oranges in central Florida during 2014/15. The cost estimates in this 4-page fact sheet do not represent any individual operation. Instead, their purpose is to serve as a benchmark for the Florida citrus industry. Typical users of these estimates include growers, consultants, property appraisers, and researchers. Written by Ariel Singerman and published by the Food and Resource Economics Department, February 2016.
FE985/FE985: Cost of Production for Processed Oranges in Central Florida (Ridge), 2014/15 (ufl.edu)


This study aims at the sequential assembling of a nickel oxide (NiOx: cauliflower-like nanostructure, 90 nm) and gold (Au; spherical, 95 nm in an average particle size) onto the GC surface nanocatalyst on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode (will be abbreviated as Ni-Au/GC) for the glucose electro−oxidation (GO); the principal anodic reaction in the direct glucose fuel cells (DGFCs). The charge of the Ni deposition on the GC surface (will be abbreviated as Ni/GC electrode) was initially optimized to obtain the highest catalytic activity toward GO which attained at (339.8 Ag−) by applying 15 mC in the Ni deposition. Yet, the NiOx/GC could not maintain an enduring stability toward GO, which suggested a further modification with Au. Interestingly, this modification obviously improved the stability toward GO; sustaining the rate of current decay at the Ni-Au/GC catalyst much lower than that at the Ni/GC catalyst. After 1 h of continuous electrolysis, the current was 1.15 mA at the Ni-Au/GC electrode compared to 0.6 mA at the Ni/GC electrode (~ twofold higher).


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the ease of interpretation and usefulness of different modes of presenting quantitative tooth wear data to clinicians.

METHOD AND MATERIALS
A questionnaire that sought to ascertain both the ease of interpretation and usefulness of different modes of presentation for monitoring tooth wear was distributed to 67 clinicians. These modes (contour maps, surface topography and difference plots, and color-coded surface difference plots) were a product of ongoing development that used a mathematic algorithm to detect and quantify wear of teeth with time. A follow-up questionnaire, based on a fusion of the desirable features of surface topography and color-coded surface difference plots, was distributed to 40 of the original respondents to ascertain any improvement in clarity.

RESULTS
In all respects, contour maps were rated significantly more difficult to interpret and less useful than the other techniques evaluated. No significant difference was detected between the other modalities. The follow-up questionnaire demonstrated a significantly enhanced utility of the revised plot in informing the clinician as to the worn sites and quantity of wear.

CONCLUSION
The combined mode of presentation seems an excellent way of presenting wear results to clinicians for clinical application.


Managing Elites: Professional Socialization in Law and Business Schools. By Debra Schleef. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006. Pp. vii+243. $75.00 cloth; $26.95 paper. Reviewed by Robert Granfield, State University of New York, Buffalo Much of the scholarship on legal education has sought to articulate how professional training in law school reproduces dominant ideas about existing social relations. Several researchers have been occupied with the power of the capitalist marketplace and the expansion of large law firms in relation to the idealism of law students. Not surprisingly, much of this research tends to focus on the fate of public interest idealism in law school. Missing from much of this work is a systematic analysis of how social class privilege, not just professional dominance, is reproduced within professional socialization. While the reproduction of social class privilege is implicit in much of the work on professional socialization, including my own, the bulk of this work has not been as attentive to the subject of social class reproduction as it perhaps could have. Herein lie the contributions of Debra Schleef's new book on professional socialization in law school and business school. In this book, Schleef presents an analysis of the formation of elites in which she investigates how these "elites-in-training contest, rationalize, and ultimately enthusiastically embrace their dominant positions in society" (p. 4). Data for Schleef's study are drawn from randomly selected law and business students entering "Graham University" (a large elite and highly selective private university) in 1992. Interviews were conducted with 37 law students and 42 business students during their first year. Eighty-five percent of these respondents were reinterviewed in their second year of training. She also interviewed each of the deans and engaged in participant-observation of the "formal and informal educational processes" over the course of four years. In addition, Schleef distributed a survey to her sample in 2000, receiving completed questionnaires from 82 percent of her total sample. This follow-up survey collected data on job history, current employment, occupational goals, and marital status. Using these data, Schleef seeks to illuminate how the habitus of elite professional education contributes to the reproduction of social class privilege. As Schleef illustrates, student motivations for entering Graham reflect their elite social class background. A significant number of the students in Schleef's study indicate being from the uppermiddle or upper classes. She finds that students came to Graham primarily by default, not because they had a commitment to law or business but because of the cultural and social capital available through their entering an elite profession. As she notes, what appeared to students as a defaulted decision actually translates into class continuity. This social class privilege is also articulated in the expression of collective eminence among students that they are able to surmount the challenges and rigors associated with this elite academic environment (Granfield & Koenig 1992a). While most of these law and business students experienced some degree of anticipatory socialization related to the "horrors" of attending the school, Schleef suggests that such experiences actually serve to solidify elite social class status by reinforcing an ideology of meritocracy. By constructing a "worst-case scenario" about the challenges of professional education at Graham and then overcoming them, students come to accept the legitimacy of their own elite status without necessarily seeing their educational and future occupational achievements as being largely a function of their class privilege. However, part of elite training is to develop a consciousness that students have not really bought into the goals and values communicated through their elite educational experience. …


Porous silica-based nanocomposites are promising ceramics, as they exhibit high specific surface area, highly porous network, and a surface that can be easily functionalized. This dissertation describes the results of a study on the formation and properties of porous silica nanoparticle-based composites, using techniques of freeze casting and sintering. Kaolinite platelets and silica nanorods were added into the nanoparticle system, and their effects on modifying the porous microstructures and physical properties were investigated. During freeze casting, homogeneous microstructures with highly interconnected porosity are fabricated. Kaolinite addition results in large and more interconnected pores, while added silica nanorods cause a pore morphology evolution from circular to elongated spherical pores with increasing aspect ratio. The specific surface areas (area/mass) of the particles are conserved during freeze casting and values for the resulting composites can be accurately predicted using the area and mass of the components assuming conservation of area. Both kaolinite platelets and silica nanorods effectively improved the strength of the freeze cast green composites as they distribute any applied stress over a larger portion of the sample. Upon sintering, added kaolinite is found to modify the sintering behavior of the silica nanoparticles and a transitioning interfacial phase is identified when sintering temperature is above 1250°C. This new phase contributes to the further enhancement of strength and this strengthening effect depends on composition and initial solids loading. After sintering at 1250°C for 1 h, a ceramic containing 10 vol% kaolinite and 8 vol% silica has a maximum strength while maintaining a ~69% porosity. The kaolinite-silica composites with lower solids loading exhibit faster sintering (e.g. larger shrinkage, more extensive thickening of the pore walls), which, in turn, results in a rapid increase in mechanical strength. Based on the understanding of the composite properties and the underlying principles, a novel method for creating nanocomposites with precisely controllable specific surface area is developed. With repeated nanoparticle suspension infiltration, freeze drying, and sintering, the specific surface area can be varied from less than one to well over 100 m/g, demonstrating potential application as liquid membranes.


The aim of this study is to investigate eighth grade students' misconceptions related to heat and temperature, to compare the effectiveness of 5E model and traditional instruction on eighth grade students' understanding of heat and temperature concepts and their attitudes towards science and technology and, to determine whether consisting of conceptual change to be retentive. The subjects of the study were 37 eighth grade students at a primary school in Erzurum, who were in two different classes and taught by the same teacher at 2009-2010 education year. One of the classes was randomly selected as experimental group in which students were thought by means of activities which were prepared according to the 5E model, and the other was determined as the control group in which students were thought by traditional methods (teachercentered, based on straight narrative and question-answer method). The data were obtained through the use of three-phase Heat and Temperature Misconception Test (HTMT) and the Attitude Scale towards Science and Technology (ASST). The study results were analyzed by SPSS. To analyze data, independent and paired sample t-test, percentage and mean scores were conducted. Results of Heat and Temperature Concept Success Test revealed that 5E model is more successful on remediation of misconceptions and effective in providing a permanent conceptual change than the traditionally designed instructions. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control group in terms of students' attitude towards science and technology.


Background: Hospitalisation due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in the first 2 years after birth has been associated with increased healthcare utilisation and associated costs up to 5 years of age in children born prematurely at less than 32 weeks of gestation who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). A study was undertaken to determine whether hospitalisation due to RSV infection in the first 2 years was associated with increased morbidity and lung function abnormalities in such children at school age, and if any effects were influenced by age. Methods: Healthcare utilisation and cost of care in years 5–7 were reviewed in 147 children and changes in healthcare utilisation between 0 and 8 years were assessed also using results from two previous studies. At age 8–10 years, 77 children had their lung function assessed and bronchial hyper-responsiveness determined. Results: Children hospitalised with RSV infection (n = 25) in the first 2 years had a greater cost of care related to outpatient attendance than those with a non-respiratory or no admission (n = 72) when aged 5–7 years (p = 0.008). At 8–10 years of age, children hospitalised with RSV infection (n = 14) had lower forced expiratory volume in 0.75 s (FEV0.75) (p = 0.015), FEV0.75/forced vital capacity (p = 0.027) and flows at 50% (p = 0.034) and 75% (p = 0.006) of vital capacity than children hospitalised for non-RSV causes (n = 63). Healthcare utilisation decreased with increasing age regardless of RSV hospitalisation status. Conclusions: In prematurely born children who had BPD, hospitalisation due to RSV infection in the first 2 years is associated with reduced airway calibre at school age.


In many of the arid and semi-arid environments which are marginal for cropping, conventional agricultural commodities and technologies are not able to increase incomes reliably or to sufficient levels to attract smallholder interest. Population pressure increasingly prevents the use of such areas for low- productivity, large-scale ranching. Often, smallholders can exist in such environments only by seriously depleting the biological capital. There is much which can and ought to be done to improve conventional agriculture in marginal lands but unless we are able to increase the value of the output significantly, it is unlikely that we will reduce poverty. It has become imperative to test the hypothesis that a more intensive production system is possible on a sustainable basis in marginal lands if we include unconventional indigenous flora and fauna in the production systems.


Pik1p, one of three phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, was found previously to interact with Cdc4p, a myosin essential light chain that is required for cytokinesis. The involvement of pik1 in cell cycle control was investigated. A fluorescently tagged Pik1p fusion protein was associated with Golgi throughout the cycle, and was found at the medial division plane of the cell during late cytokinesis. This latter distribution has not been reported previously. Gene deletion in diploid cells and tetrad analysis revealed that pik1 is essential for cell viability and is required for spore germination. The terminal phenotype of a temperature-sensitive, loss-of-function allele (pik1-td) indicated that pik1 is involved in cytokinesis: particularly for suppression of secondary septum material deposition, for suppression of initiation of supernumerary septa, and for cell separation. Contractile ring formation was normal in pik1-td cells at the restrictive temperature although the pattern of F-actin patches was disrupted. The F-actin patches were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Accumulation of extra inner membranous or vesicle-like structures was observed in these cells. The S. pombe nmt1 promoter and attenuated versions of it were found to be useful for complementation studies in S. cerevisiae. Heterologous expression of S. pombe pik1 complemented the essential functions of a temperature-sensitive allele (pik1101) of its orthologue in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that were lost at the restrictive temperature. A residue required for S. pombe Pik1p lipid kinase activity, D709, was also required for this complementation. A residue, R838, which is required for interactions between Pik1p and Cdc4p was not required for this complementation. The timing and localization of Pik1p to the division plane of the cell late in cytokinesis combined with analysis of the terminal phenotype of a loss-of-function allele, indicate that Pik1p and/or its derived phosphoinositides are required for regulation of septation and cell separation. Pik1p may be involved in the transport, possibly via vesicular transport, of enzymes required for hydrolysis of the primary septum. It may be involved in signaling pathways that lead to the initiation of septation and to the cessation of the deposition of secondary septum material.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the frictional properties of the plants-derived polyamide 11 (PA11) against microstructures on the metal counterpart fabricated by femtosecond laser in order to control the frictional properties of polymeric materials. This study discusses the frictional properties in terms of various factors: microstructure pattern, sliding direction, sliding speed and so on. The material used in this study was plants-derived polyamide (PA). Plants-derived PA was extruded by a twin screw extruder and injection-molded. Surface microstructures on SUS304 were fabricated by femtosecond laser. This SUS304 with microstructures using femtosecond laser was used as counterparts. Tribological properties were measured by a pin-on-plate type reciprocating-sliding wear tester under oil lubrication conditions. It was found that the frictional coefficient differs according to the type of the direction of microstructures on SUS304 and with or without microstructures. The frictional coefficient of PA11 against various microstructured SUS304 decreases in the following order: Textured (MD) > Non-textured > Textured (TD). The effect of sliding speed on the frictional coefficient decreases with increasing sliding speed. The frictional coefficient of PA11 against Textured (TD) is lower than that of Non-textured in wide sliding speed region. However, the wear loss of PA11 against Textured (TD) is heavier than that of Non-textured although the effect of sliding speed on the wear loss shows the complex behavior. These results may be attributed to the change in the mode of friction and wear mechanism by the microstructures.


For the efficient numerical solution of elliptic variational inequalities on closed convex sets, multigrid methods based on piecewise linear finite elements have been investigated over the past decades. Essential to their success is the appropriate approximation of the constraint set on coarser grids which is based on function values for piecewise linear finite elements. On the other hand, there are a number of problems which profit from higher order approximations. Among these are the problem of pricing American options, formulated as a parabolic boundary value problem involving Black-Scholes' equation with a free boundary. In addition to computing the free boundary (the optimal exercise price of the option) of particular importance are accurate pointwise derivatives of the value of the stock option up to order two, the so-called Greek letters. In this paper, we propose a monotone multigrid method for discretizations in terms of B-splines of arbitrary order to solve elliptic variational inequalities on a closed convex set. In order to maintain monotonicity (upper bound) and quasi optimality (lower bound) of the coarse grid corrections, we propose an optimized coarse grid correction (OCGC) algorithm which is based on B-spline expansion coefficients. We prove that the OCGC algorithm is of optimal complexity of the degrees of freedom of the coarse grid and, therefore, the resulting monotone multigrid method is of asymptotically optimal multigrid complexity. Finally, the method is applied to a standard model for the valuation of American options. In particular, it is shown that a discretization based on B-splines of order four enables us to compute the second derivative of the value of the stock option to high precision.


This is the first ever history of the idea of citizenship in India. Unlike the mature democracies of the west, India began as a true republic of equals with a complex architecture of citizenship rights that was sensitive to the many hierarchies of Indian society. In this provocative biography of the defining aspiration of modern India, Niraja Jayal shows how the progressive civic ideals embodied in the constitution have been challenged by exclusions based on social and economic inequality, and sometimes also, paradoxically, undermined by its own policies of inclusion. Citizenship and Its Discontents explores a century of contestations over citizenship from the colonial period to the present, analyzing evolving conceptions of citizenship as legal status, as rights, and as identity. The early optimism that a new India could be fashioned out of an unequal and diverse society led to a formally inclusive legal membership, an impulse to social and economic rights, and group-differentiated citizenship. Today, these policies to create a civic community of equals are losing support in a climate of social intolerance and weak solidarity. Once seen by Western political scientists as an anomaly, India today is a site where every major theoretical debate about citizenship is being enacted in practice, and one that no global discussion of the subject can afford to ignore.


Contextual information is important for sequence modeling. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) and extensions, which have been widely used for sequence modeling, make simplifying, often unrealistic assumptions on the conditional independence of observations given the class labels, thus cannot accommodate overlapping features or long-term contextual information. In this paper, we introduce a principled layered framework with three implementation methods that take into account contextual information (as available in the whole or part of the sequence). The first two methods are based on state alpha and gamma posteriors (as usually referred to in the HMM formalism). The third method is based on conditional random fields (CRFs), a conditional model that relaxes the independent assumption on the observations required by HMMs for computational tractability. We illustrate our methods with the application of recognizing group actions in meetings. Experiments and comparison with standard HMM baseline showed the validity of the proposed approach.


This paper introduces the concept of participatory risk management (PRM). By involving community members and netizens in the risk management process we believe the community will become safer and participants will become smarter in dealing with risks. A PRM gaming system concept for incentivizing community risk management through rewarding play is presented as an example application of PRM.


Augmented reality is nowadays a novel technology that is acquiring great relevancy as a research area. This technology complements the perception and interaction with the real world and allows placing the user in a real environment augmented with additional information generated by computer. Throughout last years it is increasing the interest and the results reached in the technologies of augmented reality on desktop environments. However there are numerous environments of application of these technologies that require mobility of the user, need of access to the in-formation at any time and any place, in these cases there becomes necessary the utilization of mobile devices. Construc-tion Sector is a clear example. The development of mobile computing solutions is crucial in construction sites. The per-manent change of the site (workers, activities, work place, etc.) implies that users need to get permanently updated in-formation. Mobile computing solutions make this information available without reducing or disturbing the mobility and agility of the users. In this paper we present the mobile augmented reality as an advanced and innovative tool for the construction sector. This technology has a high potential to achieve more sustainability, profitability and higher quality level in this sector. It is structured in two main sections. An initial one that analyses the current status of the augmented reality technologies using mobile devices and describes the benefits provided by these technologies, the most recent challenges achieved, the novel applications and the problems not yet solved. And a second one that analyses the poten-tial applications of the mobile augmented reality in the construction sector and describes a scenario in which the use of mobile computing solutions makes possible to increase efficiency and safety in construction sites.


The riddle of melancholia has stumped generations of doctors. It is a serious depressive illness that often leads to suicide and premature death. The disease's link to biology has been intensively studied. Unlike almost any other psychiatric disorder, melancholia sufferers have abnormal endocrine functions. Tests capable of separating melancholia from other mood disorders were useful discoveries, but these tests fell into disuse as psychiatrists lost interest in biology and medicine. In the nineteenth century, theories about the role of endocrine organs encouraged endocrine treatments that loomed prominently in practice. This interest faded in the 1930s but was revived by the discovery of the adrenal hormone cortisol and descriptions of its abnormal functioning in melancholic and psychotic depressed patients. New endocrine tests were devised to plumb the secrets of mood disorders. Two colorful individuals, Bernard Carroll and Edward Sachar, led this revival and for a time in the 1960s and 1970s intensive research interest established connections between hormone dysfunctions and behavior. In the 1980s, psychiatrists lost interest in hormonal approaches largely because they did not correlate with the arbitrary classification of mood disorders. Today the relation between endocrines and behavior have been disregarded. This history traces the enthusiasm of biological efforts to solve the mystery of melancholia and their fall. Using vibrant language accessible to family care practitioners, psychiatrists and interested lay readers, the authors propose that a useful, a potentially live-saving connection between medicine and psychiatry, has been lost.


Background and Purpose Microvascular perfusion defects occur after occlusion and reperfusion of the middle cerebral artery in examples of focal cerebral ischemia. In addition to cellular (eg, polymorphonuclear leukocyte) contributors to the focal "no-reflow" phenomenon, activation of coagulation may also play a role. We have tested a potential role of tissue factor-mediated coagulation in the microvascular perfusion defects seen after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in a baboon model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion with the murine anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody TF9-6B4. Tissue factor is the principal resident procoagulant substance in cerebral tissues and has a distinct perivascular distribution. Methods Microvascular patency in the basal ganglia after 3-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion and 1-hour reperfusion was quantified by computerized video imaging of carbon-tracer perfused tissues. Animals were randomized to receive intravenous TF9-6B4 (10 mg/kg) 10 minutes before middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=6) or no treatment (n=6) in an open study. Results In the control animals, a significant decrease in patency was confirmed in microvessels less than 30 μUm in diameter. Infusion of TF9-6B4 before middle cerebral artery occlusion produced a stable maximal level of circulating antibody within 10 minutes, which lasted the duration of ischemia and reperfusion. An increase in reflow in microvessels of all size classes occurred after TF9-6B4 infusion, which was significant in those 7.5 to 30 μUm (P=.038) and 30 to 50 μUm (P=.013) in diameter. Conclusions These results indicate that tissue factor-mediated events may also contribute to no-reflow in noncapillary microvessels after focal cerebral ischemia.


Although seafood is considered to be an important part of a healthy and balanced diet, many Australians still do not consume the recommended amounts for good health. Fish is an excellent source of protein, omega‐3 fatty acids and other nutrients, and studies have shown that seafood‐rich diets can have a lower impact on the environment than diets high in other animal proteins. Concerns about health and sustainability have led to an increased interest in understanding consumers' attitudes toward seafood. This review aims to assess the current knowledge on drivers and barriers to seafood consumption in the Australian context. Systematic search strategies were used to identify relevant peer‐reviewed journal articles from three electronic databases (SCOPUS, Web of Science and Science Direct) and grey literature reports from targeted government and industry websites. Accepted studies investigated drivers and/or barriers to seafood consumption in Australia through qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method designs. Initial searches identified 504 publications from which fourteen met the criteria for the review process. The reviewed studies revealed that influences on seafood consumption in Australia are similar to those identified in other developed countries. The leading drivers of seafood consumption are health, taste, and convenience, while the main barriers are price, availability, concerns about quality, and a lack of confidence in selecting and preparing seafood. Some possible intervention strategies targeted toward these factors are explored in the discussion. Future research should focus on designing and implementing specific interventions so that their effectiveness in increasing seafood consumption in Australia can be assessed.


Why do seemingly irrational superstitions persist? We analyze the widely held belief among Asians that children born in the Year of the dragon are superior. We use pooled cross section data from the U.S. Current Population Survey to show that Asian immigrants to the United States born in the 1976 year of the dragon are more educated than comparable immigrants from non-dragon years. In contrast, no such educational effect is noticeable for dragon-year children in the general U.S. population. We also provide evidence that Asian mothers of dragon year babies are more educated, richer, and slightly older than Asian mothers of non-dragon year children. This suggests that belief in the greater superiority of dragon-year children is self-fulfilling since the demographic characteristics associated with parents who are more willing and able to adjust their birthing strategies to have dragon children are also correlated with greater investment in their human capital.


According to the Royal Academy of Engineering (2014) engineering education is changing in a way that stifles, and indeed suppresses the creative and innovative capacities of students at a time when the UK Government (2017) maintains innovation is key to delivering prosperity in the global digital economy. In order to support the digital economy effectively, we do, of course, need the support and talents of designers and engineers. Indeed, in a report by the Design Commission (2014) we must "… nurture innovative digital work throughout the UK, specifically through their strategic use of design."

If the key to a successful digital economy is innovation, and the key to innovation is creativity, then surely we need to nurture creativity in the disciplines of design and engineering?

This apparent need is set against a backdrop of primary and secondary education systems that have seen some debate over the very nature of creativity. According to educationist Sir Ken Robinson (2006), our education system is outdated, unfit for purpose and killing the very quality required for innovation – creativity. This view is juxtaposed with the UK Department for Education Chief Scientific Adviser, Tim Leunig's (2016) hypothesis that "True creativity is based on knowledge which in turn is based on literacy." Whatever the truth at this level of education, the truth at the tertiary level – at least according to the RAE – is that engineering students are leaving university less creative than when they arrived. Clearly, tertiary level design and engineering education needs a 'creative revolution' if the UK is to flourish in the digital economy.

Embedding creativity, and therefore innovation, at the heart of the disciplines of design and engineering is something that the current authors have achieved in not only the design of the curriculum of the programme but also where, in Liverpool John Moores University, Product Design Engineering resides.

This paper describes the rationale for situating the undergraduate degree programme within the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering – an unusual home for this discipline – and details the results of a study that sought an answer to the question: "Can creativity be nurtured and blossom in design engineering?"

Based on the 100 Day Design Challenge and inspired by Sir Ken Robinson's book Finding Your Element (2014), this small study of some 30 first-year students followed their journey along paths of serious play, experimentation, creativity, innovation and educated risk-taking.

Findings from the study mirror observations of graduates from this programme entering the world of work – not in a state of diminished creativity – but rather the opposite. Product Design Engineering graduates blossom over 3 years to become capable, confident and innovative engineers adding real value wherever they end up – despite, not thanks to, the current state of higher education.

This paper shows how innovation and creativity could be embedded in any design or engineering degree programme and how these qualities could not only improve degree programme outcomes for graduates, but also the UK's role in the global digital economy.


DETERMINATION OF CAP MODEL PARAMETERS USING NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR POWDER COMPACTION Cong Lu Marquette University, 2010 Many advantages are inherent to the successful powder metallurgy (P/M) process especially in high volume manufacturing. The strength/density distribution of the compacted product is crucial to overall success. The finite element analysis (FEA) method has become an effective way to numerically simulate strength/density distribution in a P/M compact. The modified Drucker-Prager cap (DPC) model has been shown to be a suitable constitutive relationship for metal powder compaction simulation. The calibration of the modified DPC model involves a procedure known as a triaxial compression test. Equipment for completing a triaxial compression test on metal powders is neither readily available nor standardized in the P/M industry. A robust calibration procedure that requires only simple experimental tests would increase the usability of the simulation procedure. This research created a universal cost/time-effective calibration method to accurately determine all parameters of a modified DPC model by using a combination of numerical simulation methods, numerical optimization methods and common material testing techniques. The use of the triaxial compression test is eliminated and the new method relies only upon conventional compaction equipment, standard geometry and readily available metallographic techniques. The DPC parameters were determined by applying the proposed method on ferrous powders. The predicted DPC parameters were verified on a compressed product with complex geometry.


Vanilloideae as currently circumscribed comprises nine genera and two tribes: Vanilleae and Pogonieae. The pantropical genus Vanilla has been frequently assumed to be natural on the basis of its climbing habit and lateral inflorescences. However, the inclusion of the rare Dictyophyllaria dietschiana in phylogenetic analyses makes the genus Vanilla paraphyletic. Within Pogonieae, phylogenetic analyses show that inclusion of Pogoniopsis turns the tribe paraphyletic. All analyses reveal that Pogoniopsis is closely related to members of Epidendroideae. Members of Pogonieae are pollinated by several groups of solitary and social bees, two pollination systems being recognized: reward-producing and deceptive. Molecular phylogeny suggests that the common ancestor to Pogonieae gave rise to two evolutionary lineages: one tropical with a condition of reward production; and one predominantly temperate-invading line with deceptive flowers. Reward-producing flowers characterize South and Central American clade (= Cleistes), while deceptive pollination is prominent in the clade including North American-Asiatic taxa plus Amazonian Duckeella . Species of "orchid bees" have been recorded as pollinators of the genus Vanilla ( V. planifolia group and V. pompona group) in the Neotropics. In species of the V. pompona group, these bees are attracted by the fragrance of the flowers. Hummingbirds have been reported to pollinate some species of Vanilla . Vanilla insignis, V. odorata and V. planifolia are known to be pollinated through generalized food deception. Some species of Vanilla yield fruits through spontaneous self-pollination. This form of autogamy has been reported for V. griffithii, V. palmarum, V. planifolia, V. savannarum and V. bicolor . In Brazil, data on the pollination biology of Vanilla are scarce, but conclusive data are available for V. edwallii , which is pollinated by Epicharis (Apidae: Centridini). This species is rewardless, but male Epicharis are attracted to its flowers by their fragrance. Additionally, the Brazilian V. dubia and E. sclerophyllum are pollinated by bees. The mentum region of V. dubia and V. edwallii is dry, whereas that of E. sclerophyllum presents a small quantity of nectar. Flowers of E. sclerophyllum are scentless, while those of V. dubia are odoriferous. Vanilla dubia and V. edwallii are self-compatible and need a pollinator to yield fruits. In contrast, Epistephium sclerophyllum sets fruits through spontaneous self-pollination, but biotic pollination also occurs. Both species are primarily adapted to pollination by euglossine bees. Pollination by Euglossini seems to have evolved at least twice along the evolution of Vanilleae. Furthermore, shifts between rewarding and rewardless flowers and between autogamous and allogamous species have been reported among vanillas.


The Himalaya mountains contain not only one of the largest concentrations of ice outside the polar regions, but contribute to the hydrological requirements of large populations spread over seven nations. The exceptionally high elevations of this low-latitude cryosphere presents a natural laboratory and archives to study climate–tectonics interactions as well as regional v. global climate influences. The existing base-level data on the Himalayan cryosphere are highly variable. Several climate fluctuations occurred during the late Quaternary (MIS1–MIS5, especially the last c. 100 ka), which led to the evolution of the Himalayan landscape. Detailed studies of these archives, along with those of the present cryosphere and related hydrosphere, are essential for understanding the controls on present and future hydrology of the glacial-fed mountain rivers. This volume, a follow-up of the XII International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Science, Goa (A SCAR symposium), provides new data from locales spread over the entire Himalaya region and from Tibet. It provides a glimpse of the late Quaternary cryosphere, as well as a discussion in the last section on sustainability in the context of geohazard mitigations as well as the hydrological budget.


The article highlights the impact of agency and context in analyses of the theme of identification in texts produced on the levels of aesthetics, ethnic mobilisation, region-building and the European project. The connection between cultural heritage and identity is discussed with examples which elucidate the role of literature in nation-building in the period of modernity and industrialisation. Texts by the Tornedalian author Bengt Pohjanen are foregrounded as part of the ethnic revival emerging in the nineteen-eighties. Swedish examples of the use of history are contrasted against the discourse of the Council of Europe's Cultural Routes which is part of a supranational project aiming at the construction of a European identity in the political project of preparing the ground for European citizenship. The conclusion presented is that it is not viable to produce a " European identity cultural package " which runs the risk of conflating differences related to aspects such as language, ethnicity, gender, worldview and religion. Identities are fluid, they exist on various levels and shift in response to changing contexts. Sometimes they develop in overlapping discourses. One way of dealing with this is to think of identification as a constant negotiation of symbolic and concrete borders.


The prevalence of advanced mobile phones has increased the popularity of mobile data services (MDS). But, the flood of new MDS in the market has caused hyper-competition among MDS providers. While the market is fertile, only a few MDS providers make money. This research studies the question of MDS profitability (popularity) from two angles. First, the research posits that one strategic advantage of certain MDS providers is their ability to rapidly innovate. Second, the research posits that innovation inspiration can be derived from reviews ubiquitous in MDS download sites such as the Apple iStore and Appszoom. A statistical analysis of Appszoom data reveals that online reviews positively impact both MDS innovation and popularity. Also, MDS innovation is found to positively mediate the relationship between online reviews and MDS popularity. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.


This exhibition at Compton Verney Museum is developed from the 3 year research project 'The Erotic Cloth' undertaken by Professor Lesley Millar (University for the Creative Arts) and Professor Alice Kettle (Manchester Metropolitan University), the first outcome of which has been the book The Erotic Cloth published by Bloomsbury Academic in 2018.

Our argument in the book was concerned with the possibilities of cloth as a membrane through which we might experience the erotic and this exhibition will develop the theoretical discourse of the book through actual cloth as art and in art.

Drawing on works from Compton Verney's collection, as well as pieces by historic and contemporary artists, designers and makers, the exhibition will consider the varied uses of cloth as an expression of personal identity; through sexual identity, gender identity and otherness. Within the exhibition the works - like cloth itself - will flow and embrace many of the identified threads of connection between cloth and skin, making particular reference to the ways in which cloth often performs unspoken aspects of intimacy, pleasure, sensuality, love and tenderness. Of primary importance in the selection of the work has been the dialogue present in the work between the cloth, the body and the space between the cloth and skin.


The implementation of a Lambda scheme in superconducting artificial atoms could allow detec- tion of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and other quantum manipulations in the microwave regime. However symmetries which on one hand protect the system against decoherence, yield selection rules which may cancel coupling to the pump external drive. The tradeoff between efficient coupling and decoherence due to broad-band colored Noise (BBCN), which is often the main source of decoherence is addressed, in the class of nanodevices based on the Cooper pair box (CPB) design. We study transfer efficiency by STIRAP, showing that substantial efficiency is achieved for off-symmetric bias only in the charge-phase regime. We find a number of results uniquely due to non-Markovianity of BBCN, namely: (a) the efficiency for STIRAP depends essentially on noise channels in the trapped subspace; (b) low-frequency fluctuations can be analyzed and represented as fictitious correlated fluctuations of the detunings of the external drives; (c) a simple figure of merit for design and operating prescriptions allowing the observation of STIRAP is proposed. The emerging physical picture also applies to other classes of coherent nanodevices subject to BBCN.


We give a complete solution of the combinatorial game of two-person single-suit whist. This game is played with a deck consisting of a single totally ordered suit of $2n$ cards. Each of the two players receives $n$ cards. Hence both players have complete information about the distribution of the cards. One of the players is said to be on lead. Play proceeds in rounds called tricks. The player on lead plays one of his cards, and with knowledge of this card, the other player plays one of his cards. The player with the higher card wins the trick, and obtains the lead. The cards that are played are then removed. Play continues until all cards are exhausted. Each player tries to win as many tricks as possible. Our solution provides an efficient algorithm for calculating the game theoretical value of any distribution of the cards.


Against the backdrop of shifting views on the role of government in the provision of infrastructure, this paper distinguishes between the payment for and financing of the South African Government's infrastructure investment programme. The paper argues for a clear distinction between loan financing by the government for macroeconomic considerations and the benchmark approach to the financing of infrastructural projects. It presents a classification system that enables a systematic mapping of all prospective projects, with reference to considerations of efficiency and equity, and uses this system to question the government's financing strategy and identify alternatives. The Gautrain Rapid Rail project is used as a case study to demonstrate these alternatives.


At the enterprise level, the project will collaborate with an international garment brand (Hennes & Mauritz, H&M) to seek commitments to implement in selected enterprises a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Improving Industrial Relations in the Garment within those enterprises, and to eliminate so-called 'unfair labour practices'. At the industry level, the project will work with the Garment Manufacturers of Cambodia (GMAC) and major union con/federations to raise awareness of the MOU and of relevant aspects of the labour law. At the national level, the project will work with the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training to improve conciliation skills, clarify rules and procedures concerning industrial relations, and continue to build a database on union registration and Most Representative Status certifications, and collective bargaining agreements.


During April to July 2007 a combination of 10 spacecraft provided simultaneous monitoring of the dayside magnetopause across a wide range of local times. The array of four Cluster spacecraft, separated at large distances (10 000 km), were traversing the dawn-side magnetopause at high and low latitudes; the five THEMIS spacecraft were often in a 4 + 1 grouped configuration, traversing the low latitude, dusk-side magnetosphere, and the Double star, TC-1 spacecraft was in an equatorial orbit between the local times of the THEMIS and Cluster orbits. We show here a number of near simultaneous conjunctions of all 10 spacecraft at the magnetopause. One conjunction identifies an extended magnetic reconnection X-line, tilted in the low latitude, sub-solar region, which exists together with active anti-parallel reconnection sites extending to locations on the dawn-side flank. Oppositely moving FTE's are observed on all spacecraft, consistent with the initially strong IMFBy conditions and the comparative locations of the spacecraft both dusk-ward and dawn-ward of noon. Comparison with other conjunctions of magnetopause crossings, which are also distributed Correspondence to: M. W. Dunlop (firstname.lastname@example.com) over wide local times, supports the result that reconnection activity may occur at many sites simultaneously across the sub-solar and flank magnetopause, but linked to the large cale (extended) configuration of the merging line; broadly depending on IMF orientation. The occurrence of MR therefore inherently follows a "component" driven scenario irrespective of the guide field conditions. Some conjunctions allow the global magnetopause response to IMF changes to be observed and the distribution of spacecraft can directly confirm its shape, motion and deformation at local noon, dawn and dusk-side, simultaneously.


Institutional repository (IR) has the potential of increasing the visibility, prestige, ranking and public value of researchers and universities. Despite the potential benefits associated with the establishment of institutional repositories (IRs) by universities, observations have showed that it is as if most universities in Nigeria have not keyed into this laudable innovation. The study therefore examined from the library staff point of view, the factors that could contribute to the adoption of IRs in Universities in South-West Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted and the population consisted of 32 library staff in seven universities in South-West Nigeria. The total enumeration method was used and the questionnaire was the data collection method used. Results showed that most of the respondents (86.7%) had high level of awareness and also majority had a favourable perception of IR. Most of the respondents also acknowledged that IR is easy to use and also very useful. Majority of the library staff also identified licensing agreement, deposit and withdrawal services and issues relating to copyright and intellectual property as factors that could influence adoption of IR. It was recommended that capacity workshops should be organised to educate relevant stakeholders on issues of IR adoption.


Cirrus clouds play an important role in the earth's energy balance. To quantify their impact, information is needed on their microstructure and more precisely on the number and size of the ice crystals. With the anthropogenic activity, more and more aerosol particles and water vapor are released even at the altitude where cirrus clouds are formed. Cirrus clouds formed in a polluted air mass may have different microphysical properties and, therefore, a different impact on the climate system via the changed radiative properties compared to background cirrus clouds. To study this aspect, the European project called the Interhemispheric Differences in Cirrus Properties due to Anthropogenic Emissions (INCA) measured the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds together with the physical and chemicals properties of aerosol particles in clean air (at Punta Arenas, Chile) and polluted air (at Prestwick, Scotland). The goal of the present work was to develop a detailed microphysics model for cirrus clouds for the interpretation and the generalization of the INCA observations. This model considers moist aerosol particles through the Externally Mixed (EXMIX) model, so that the chemical composition of solution droplets can be followed. Ice crystal formation is described through homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation. The crystals then grow by deposition. With this model, the interactions between the microphysical processes, simulated ice crystal concentrations, and dimensional distributions of the INCA observations were studied, and explanations were provided for the observed differences between background and polluted cirrus clouds.