This paper focuses on brittle deformation and fluid-rock interaction, for enhancing permeability in carbonate geothermal reservoir. The relationships between fractures and fluid flow at different structural levels within a geothermal circuit are described through examples from exhumed geothermal systems cropping out in southern Tuscany, with emphasis on the carbonate reservoirs, located within the late Triassic evaporite level and/or at the base of the Tuscan Nappe. The description is based on the fact that geothermal fluids are mainly made up of meteoric water channelled to depth through structural conduits, affecting regionally hot rocks. In this pathway, the meteoric water is transformed in geothermal fluid, becoming chemically aggressive, thus favouring leaching of hosting rocks, and enhancing and maintaining permeability. The fluid-rock interaction is promoted by existing fractures and/or by unhomogeneities in the rock-textures, as it is the case of the Miocene cataclasite located within the late Triassic evaporite. Travertine deposits can occur if fluids reach the surface after having circulated in carbonate reservoirs. Since permeability is controlled by fluid-rock geochemistry and by the possibility to have fluids continuously renewed, we conclude that the fluid-rock interaction and high temperature of hosting rocks make the geothermal issue a specific case of study and therefore the conclusion on oil reservoirs formation cannot be completely transferred to geothermal exploitation issue.


Linkable ring signatures is a useful cryptographic tool for constructing applications such as ones relative to electronic voting (e-voting), digital cashes (e-cashes) as well as cloud computing. Equipped with linkable ring signatures, e-voting, e-cash systems can simultaneously enjoy the privacy and the unreusability properties thanks to the anonymity and the linkability of linkable ring signatures. Likewise, cloud servers can enjoy a privacy-preserving ability, a flexible access control and an efficient security management with linkable ring signatures. Moreover, linkable ring signatures built in the identity-based setting would help to remove the expense of using the conventional public key infrastructure and also could be applied to the user management. This primitive hence would be suitable for huge-scale applications. In this paper, we present the first identity-based linkable ring signatures (IdLRS) in both integer lattice and ideal lattice setting. The proposed IdLRS is proved secure in the random oracle model and based on the hardness of the short integer solution and ring short integer solution assumption. We also implement the proposed idLRS as a proof of concept and then do some experiments to evaluate the running times and the sizes.


As textual, iconographic, and archaeological evidence shows, travel and mobility were an essential force within Egyptian culture. Not only the elite, including the pharaoh himself, but members of all social strata were also on the move. Travels to very distant destinations have been recorded since earliest times. The frequency of travel, as well as the travel distances of individual voyagers, differ considerably, the latter ranging from long treks to local jaunts. Various modes of travel and transport are attested, from journeys by foot up to trips with exclusive and expensive vehicles such as the chariot. While practical aspects are occasionally highlighted in the Egyptian sources, the emotional consequences for the individual travelers are hardly ever mentioned and remain diffuse for the modern observer.


Historians have debated whether or not the First World War in Palestine and the battle between the British-led Egyptian Expeditionary Force and the Ottoman army was considered by contemporaries as a modern, twentieth-century crusade. But did British soldiers who fought in the First World War in Palestine actually view the war as a religious crusade against the Muslim Ottoman Empire? Or did they consider it a war of liberation, conducted to free Palestine's oppressed population from the clutches of Ottoman misrule? This article argues that British soldiers, at least retrospectively, believed that they had fought in Palestine to liberate its population and to bring forth the righteous rule of the British Empire. Wartime propaganda that painted the Turk as an enemy of civilization had a far greater effect on shaping the memory of the campaign than did any language of religious conflict. With British rule, argued ex-servicemen, came all the benefits of liberal imperialism: democracy, religious freedom, and a free-market economy.


Early modernity's rise during the seventeenth century in England created a shift in culture
including literary artistic expressions. This paper proposes that the rise of modernity limited the
communicative power of language within literary art due to the overpowering influence of New
Science and empirical explanations of reality. Underpinning the elevation of empirical reality
was the impact of Northern humanism that greatly influenced and empowered the Protestant
Reformation. As a result, the building blocks for secularizing Western Civilization were laid by a
religious movement rooted in scholastic rigor. This paper examines the sacramental ontology of
premodern England in contrast to the early modern influence of the late seventeenth century to
propose that a return to premodern, sacramental examinations of texts provides unique and useful
scholarly conclusions. By examining William Shakespeare's The Tempest, written at the
beginning of the seventeenth century, in contrast to John Dryden's adaptation, written in the
latter half of the seventeenth century, an understanding of modernity's impact on literary
expression and communicative power of language will be conveyed and a path to reenchantment
proposed.


Light field imaging enables post-capture actions such as refocusing and changing view perspective by capturing both spatial and angular information. However, capturing richer information of the 3D scene results in a huge amount of data. To improve the compression efficiency of the existing light field compression methods, we investigate the impact of light field super-resolution approaches (both spatial and angular super-resolution) on the compression efficiency. To this end, firstly, we downscale light field images over (i) spatial resolution, (ii) angular resolution, and (iii) spatial-angular resolution and encode them using Versatile Video Coding (VVC). We then apply a set of light field super-resolution deep neural networks to reconstruct light field images in their full spatial-angular resolution and compare their compression efficiency. Experimental results show that encoding the low angular resolution light field image and applying angular super-resolution yield bitrate savings of 51.16% and 53.41% to maintain the same PSNR and SSIM, respectively, compared to encoding the light field image in high-resolution.


Objective: Scientific studies of specific training interventions to evoke adaptive biomechanical, aerobic and oxygen-independent cellular responses for improving cycling performance in already well-trained cyclists are limited. Consequently, related research of metabolic markers and underlying mechanisms found to be potential determinants of best competitive cycling performance are reviewed. Applicable specific training strategies which may have an impact on performance are discussed.
Data sources: For this review, scientific texts, peer-reviewed journals, electronic (Web) publications and published abstracts of papers presented at conferences were identified through Highwire Press and PubMed.
Study section and data extraction: The selected papers examined were from peer review established sports science and physiology journals specifically related to exercise physiology.
Conclusions: Achieving the best competitive cycling performance requires the understanding and implementation of sound research in support of successful training paradigms. Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms following a training regime will allow valid training practices to be implemented. The inclusion of a combination of strategies focusing on pedalling dynamics, post-exercise recovery, hypoxia training, and sprint interval training may prove responsible for observed increases in exercise performance at sea level and at altitude.


The Alternative Energy Lab at GE Global Research has fully developed a functional power plant to recover waste heat from a Jenbacher engine using a Cascaded Organic Rankine Cycle. This solution is required to produce additional electricity, by using the heat rejected by an engine without changing
or disturbing its way of functioning. Therefore, it is particularly important
that such systems can adapt to changes in the gas engine operating point and
hence changes in the amount of waste heat given to the system. Moreover the system has to conserve a good e ciency when ambient conditions are changing.
This novel cycle concept reaches a high e ciency by separating the recovery of high and low temperature sources of the J420 GS Jenbacher engine. Indeed the J420 GS is a 1451 kW gas engine working with biogas and rejecting heat to the ambient atmosphere through two temperature sources, which are
potential sources for the CORE cycle: a low temperature source, constituted by the engine cooling water system and a high temperature source constituted by the exhaust gas stream going out of the engine.
Scope of this thesis is the establishment of a thermodynamic model of the CO.Ra product. EBSILON will be the platform for the development of the model. This thesis is the rst work at GE Global Research Munich using
this simulation software. Therefore, the main scope of this work is to nd out whether EBSILON is suitable or not to run ORC simulations both under design and off-design conditions. For this purpose, the current EBSILON component capabilities will be studied. To match the simulation requirements
the standard components will be extended.
Once the model is assembled in design and off-design mode, off-design simulations
will be performed. The focus of the steady-state off-design simulations carried out in this study is on the one hand, the sensitivity analysis of the model and on the other hand the calculation of the rotary speed of pumps in order to operate the plant close to the design point.


Abstract. The gaming industry is at a tipping point, where the real world is becoming the playground. In 2018, we could see many location-based games (LBG) such as Yokai Watch World, Jurassic World Alive, and Walking Dead Our World in the gaming market (Figure 1), after Google launched the Google Maps Platform for Real World games4) at Game Developer Conference 2018. Further, the location-based element can be added for the existing game or made the other genre of the game as well. Hence, it realized that the LBG could provide huge potential for gaming industry.In the presentation, I am going to discuss about how maps work for Real world game throughout the existing game and demo. It includes the basic requirement of the Mapping features from Game developers and its future collaboration with related technology such as AR (Augmented Reality)/ VR (Virtual Reality). Here are the main requirements that most of game developers needed when they build a LBG.Easy to deploy without geospatial knowledge The platform should provide a Vector 3D mapping data via Native Game Engine such as Unity3D and Unreal Engine or even original game engine. So, it should be provided by a native plug-in for the game engine loaded in client side to make a game object.Styling features for all vector data (Point, Polyline, and Polygon) The main components of the vector data should be roads, buildings, and parks, where game developers need to customize any game element. For example, fill parks with trees, oceans with waves, and beaches with umbrellas. They also request to customize colours, textures, and the sizes of objects to create a game all their own.Appropriate POI (Point of Interest) data suitable for the game worldGame developers might request to find player-friendly and appropriate places for game play. The POI data will support game developers drive your players to the real-world locations that make sense for your game. In addition, many game developers are interested in the LBG and try to create new genre of the game. They will notice about the value of Maps as a reference point between a real world and Gaming world. For example, I believe that the location based Ads will become their next generation revenue resources instead of In-App purchase that they currently gained. Further, the combination of the real-world data, maturing AR capabilities and the explosive user growth on mobile are starting to enable experiences that span realities, leading to dramatically higher engagement.


Abstract. Using the NORSTAR riometer and CANOPUS magnetometer arrays we have investigated the modulation of high energy electron precipitation by ULF waves in the Pc5 frequency band. We conducted two separate studies of Pc5 activity in the riometers. The first is an independent survey of three riometer stations in the Churchill line (one at each sub-auroral, auroral, and typical polar cap boundary latitudes) in which we identified all riometer Pc5-band pulsations over 11 years. All had a corresponding magnetometer pulsation implying that a magnetic pulsation, is a necessary condition for a riometer pulsation (in the Pc5 Band). We find seasonal and latitude dependencies in the occurrence of riometer pulsations. By a factor of two, there are more riometer pulsations occurring in the fall-winter than the spring-summer. At higher latitudes there is a tendency towards noon pulsations during the spring-summer, suggesting that the criteria for riometer pulsations is affected by the dipole tilt. Our second study was based on the previous magnetometer study of Baker et al. (2003). Using the database of Pc5 activity from that study we were able to select the riometer Pc5 pulsations which adhere to the strict Pc5 definition in the magnetometer. We find that roughly 95% of the riometer pulsations occurred in the morning sector compared to 70% in the magnetometer. Given a magnetometer pulsation at Gillam in the morning sector, there is a 70% chance of there being a corresponding riometer pulsation. The morning sector probabilities at Rankin (geomagnetic (PACE) latitude 74°) and Pinawa (61°) are 3% and 5%, respectively. These statistics suggest there is a localized region in the pre-noon magnetosphere where Pc5 band ULF activity can modulate high energy electron precipitation. We also find that riometer pulsations display a K p selection towards mid (i.e. 3–4) activity levels which mimics the product of the K p dependence of high-energy electron fluxes on the dawn side (from CRRES) and all magnetic Pc5 activity. A superposed epoch analysis revealed that the elevated electron flux needed to produce a riometer pulsation is most likely provided by substorm injections on the nightside. We also find that the amplitude of modulated precipitation correlates well with the product of the background absorption and the magnetic pulsation amplitude, again leading to the idea that a riometer pulsation needs both favorable magnetospheric electron flux conditions and large enough magnetic Pc5 wave activity. We further separate our pulsations into field line resonances (FLRs), and non-field line resonances (non-FLRs), as identified in the Baker et al. (2003) survey. We find that FLRs are more efficient at modulating particle precipitation, and non-FLRs display an amplitude cutoff below which they do not interact with the high energy electron population. We conclude that the high energy electron precipitation associated with Pc5 pulsations is caused by pitch angle scattering (diffusion) rather than parallel acceleration. We suggest two future studies that are natural extensions of this one. Keywords. Energetic Particles/Precipitating; Wave-Particle Interactions; Auroral Phenomena


This paper, not only, reflects on the crucial feature of global connectedness when it comes to addressing Climate Change in an effective way. It also reflects on the just as important feature of connectedness to future generations. Arguably these two features could be at odds with, or at least be a challenge for, the most typical and espoused features of Participatory Design (PD); i.e. its focus on present and local conditions. Underpinned by this tension, this paper discuss possible ways for PD-inspired designers to scale up its present local approaches to more glocal ones, that also takes future generations into account. As a mere example, the paper introduce an attempt to nurture public democratic discourses by back-casting future scenarios to present day. The paper is not conclusive but hope to nurture a creative debate about climate related issues being necessary in, and beyond, all strands of design.


The unveiling in October 2004 of the remains of a pygmy-sized hominin recovered from a cave on the island of Flores, Indonesia, sparked an intense series of debates within the palaeoanthropology community. The discoverers diagnosed it to be a new species of Homo, which they called Homo floresiensis, and they interpreted the postcranial morphology as being 'consistent with human-like obligate bipedalism'. We have examined the morphology with the aim of determining whether biomechanical evidence supports the claim that this hominin - known as LB1 - was indeed habitually bipedal. LB1's innominate bone differs from that of modern humans through the marked lateral flaring of the ilium, while her femur has a small head and a relatively long neck. Although these features are also found in australopithecines and are commonly regarded as 'primitive' traits, we concluded that none would have prevented her from exhibiting an efficient, bipedal gait. Having established that LB1 walked on two legs, we employed the principle of dynamic similarity to speculate how she might have walked. Assuming the gait of LB1 was dynamically similar to that of modern Homo sapiens, we used known dimensionless parameters, together with her leg length (0.55 m), to estimate her fundamental gait parameters : step length = 0.45 m, step frequency = 2.48 steps / second and speed = 1.11 m/s. Our review has provided insights regarding the way in which LB1 and her fellow diminutive hominins walked about the island of Flores over 18 000 years ago.


The case-series design is being used increasingly to explore associations between environmental risk factors and genetic markers. It is demonstrated that the odds ratio derived from a case-series study is the ratio of the relative risk for developing marker-positive disease to the relative risk for developing marker-negative disease. This parameter is an empirical manifestation of etiological heterogeneity with respect to the risk factor under study, and it can be used to construct a statistical significance test. Presence of etiological heterogeneity, as reflected in departures of this parameter from unity, could be a result of either the presence of distinct causal mechanisms for the two categories of cases, or a different strength of effect via the same mechanism. The case-series approach represents an efficient and valid approach for evaluating gene-environment associations, especially in referral centers where it is difficult to identify a valid control group.


Pr ocessing problems in textile mills have been linked to seed coat fragments (SCF), and prevention of SCF during ginning is one important goal of cotton ginning research. The primary objective of this experiment was to determine if seed-cotton cleaners used prior to the extractor-feeder/gin stand change SCF levels in ginned lint. Several cottons were processed at different moisture contents with different seed cotton cleaners, and lint samples collected at the battery condenser were analyzed manually for SCF and motes. Samples were also analyzed with the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) for seed coat neps (SCN) and neps. Analysis of lint samples revealed that SCF content for cotton processed with either a cylinder cleaner (14.4 SCF/g lint) or stick machine (13.7 SCF/g lint) before the extractor-feeder/gin stand was not found to differ statistically (p<0.05) from cotton processed with only the extractor-feeder/ gin stand (14.0 SCF/g lint). In most cases the same was true for the number of AFIS SCN, but AFIS neps were increased with the cylinder cleaner or stick machine. Also, the SCF content of 15.4 SCF/g lint for cotton processed with a standard machine sequence (cylinder cleaner, stick machine, cylinder cleaner, extractor-feeder/ gin stand, and two lint cleaners) was not found to be statistically higher than lint processed with only an extractor-feeder/gin stand and two lint cleaners (15.2 SCF/g lint). Again, this was generally true for the number of AFIS SCN, but AFIS neps were increased with the additional seed cotton cleaners. In conclusion, seed cotton cleaners were not found to increase SCF levels in comparison to the extractor-feeder/gin stand. Since the baseline treatment for comparison (the extractor-feeder/gin stand) included some seed cotton cleaning, the conclusion could not be made that seed cotton cleaners do not produce SCF, but the finding that additional seed cotton cleaners produced no additional SCF was important due to the importance of these machines in removing other unwanted material from seed cotton.


In his essay, "The Garden City Idea and Modern Planning," Lewis Mumford heralds the Garden City as the single most influential planning document of the twentieth century.[1] Rooted in the romantic socialist tradition, the Garden City scheme addressed the overwhelming degradation of the urban environment and the resultant decline in physical health and social morale that had occurred during the rapid industrialization of English cities. The concept was met with overwhelming enthusiasm both at home and abroad, which generated an international planning movement in the early twentieth century. The Garden City provided a template for town planning that ultimately resulted in the building of thirty-two new towns in the United Kingdom and many more around the world. Howard's model was instrumental in establishing the Town and Country Planning Association, which has had a significant influence on planning legislation, elevating the Garden City "from its origins in a cheap book…to the status of an act of parliament."[2]

More than a century has passed since Ebenezer Howard first proposed the Garden City. While the worst of the insalubrious conditions of the industrial city have dissipated, a new and equally formidable environmental crisis has arisen that emphasizes human impact on the environment and the central role humans have assumed in shaping the planet. A critical analysis of the historic Garden City reveals a complex urban form whose guiding principles share an almost surreal affinity with contemporary sustainable planning, perhaps making it more relevant to present day than any other time since its inception. This thesis explores the potential of the celebrated Garden City model to address the unfolding environmental crisis of the twenty-first century. With the aid of contemporary ecological theories, the model is reinterpreted and updated to respond to the current environmental crisis. The result is the twenty-first century Garden City, that demonstrates a new highly adaptable urban framework that structures relationships between the man-made and natural environments.

Through the exploration of the Garden City, a methodology is developed for the study of historic precedents. By challenging the model to respond to the twenty-first century crisis, it is first deconstructed and evaluated, and then reconceptualized toward contemporary interests. This method of approach suggests that an historic model maintains something of value that can be offered in contemporary times. It provides an alternative way to study and learn from historic models, while projecting their values in to the future.

 [1] Lewis Mumford, "The Garden City Idea and Modern Planning," in Garden Cities of To-morrow, ed. Frederic J. Osborn (London: Faber and Faber, 1970), 29.
 [2] Ebenezer Howard, To-Morrow a Peaceful Path to Real Reform, Original Ed. with Commentary by Peter Hall, Dennis Hardy & Colin Ward (London; New York: Routledge, 2003), 185.


Many of the prisoners held by the Japanese during the Second World War were so scarred by their experiences that afterwards they could not discuss them even with their families. They believed that their brutal treatment was, literally, incomprehensible. But some prisoners were determined that posterity should know how they were starved and beaten, marched almost to death or transported on 'hellships', used as slave labour - most notoriously on the Burma-Thailand railway - and how thousands died from tropical diseases. They risked torture or execution to keep secret diaries and make drawings that they hid wherever they could, sometimes burying them in the graves of lost comrades. The diaries tell of inhumanity and degradation, but there are also inspirational stories of courage, comradeship and compassion. When men have unwillingly plumbed the depths of human misery, said one prisoner, the artist Ronald Searle, they form a silent understanding of what solidarity, friendship and kindness to others can mean. The diaries and interviews with surviving prisoners drawn on in SURVIVING THE SWORD will tell a new generation about that solidarity, friendship and kindness.


Clause 13 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children have the right 'to seek, receive or impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in art or in any other media of the child's voice'. However, there is one area in which this directive is constrained in various countries by domestic regulations curtailing children's access to information. That area is human sexuality. The arguments for and against children's access to sex education are well rehearsed. In this article, the author pursues a different angle, looking instead at the increasing restrictions placed upon young people's ability to imagine and communicate with each other about sexual issues, particularly in online settings. The advent of the internet and a range of social networking sites have not only enabled young people to access previously quarantined information about sexuality, but also to actively engage in forms of 'intimate citizenship' online. In this article, the author focuses on young people's online fan communities which use characters from popular culture such as Harry Potter or a range of Japanese manga and animation to imagine and explore sexual issues. 'Child abuse publications legislation' in Australia and elsewhere now criminalizes the representation of even imaginary characters who are or may only 'appear to be' under the age of 18 in sexual scenarios. Hence these children and young people are in danger of being charged with the offence of manufacturing and disseminating child pornography. Despite research into these fandoms that indicates that they are of positive benefit to young people in developing 'sexual literacies', there is increasingly diminishing space for young people under the age of 18 to imagine or communicate about sexuality, even in the context of purely fictional scenarios.


Objective: To describe our experience with endoscope-assisted stapedotomy in a patient with congenital absence of stapes.
Patient: Female patient with bilateral congenital absence of stapes.
Intervention: Endoscopic stapedotomy.
Results: The patient recovered well with closure of air-bone gap on pure-tone audiogram postoperatively.
Conclusion: A rare case of congenital absence of stapes managed by endoscopic-assisted surgery is presented. The aetiology of this condition and the relative benefits of using the endoscope in such cases of congenital middle ear malformation are discussed.


The subject of this thesis is primary music in-service education in the Republic of Ireland. The central aims are to investigate what can be learned from the study of
historical and recent aspects of music in-service education and to reflect on how this knowledge might be used to inform future policy and practice. There are therefore
two distinct strands in this study - the historical research and the research on presentday practice.

Historical research was undertaken on the music curriculum and music in-service education from 1900, when music was first introduced as a compulsory subject, to the present day. Three periods in the history of the music curriculum were investigated, leading to the music in-service programme scheduled for 2004 to introduce the 1999 music curriculum.

The perspectives of present day teachers and trainers were investigated. Questionnaires were used to elicit the views of teachers who have attended music courses as well as those who have never attended music courses. Following
evaluation of this data, semi-structured interviews were held with a sample of music trainers. The research focused on how the current model of music in-service courses
could be improved, so that they might be more responsive to the needs of the participants.

Finally, the outcomes of the historical research were related to those of the research on the current provision. The findings highlight the fact that certain themes have
recurred since music was first introduced as a compulsory subject to the primary curriculum. These issues are: the status of music, the curricular content, the lack of
confidence of many generalist teachers, gender and music in schools, and the provision of an advisory service and graded music in-service courses. The study concludes with a set of recommendations for future practice as well as some
reflections on the outcomes of the thesis.


This research project, undertaken on behalf of the Highways Agency and the Strategic Rail Authority, was designed to improve understanding of the reasons for mode choice for long-distance and regular medium-distance journeys, and indicate how mode choice might be influenced by various types of development in public transport services. Some 2800 travellers, living in seven study areas, were questioned about recent journeys and reasons for mode choice. The public transport alternatives available to car users were also examined and compared with travel by car. This analysis provided a means of explaining current mode choice in terms of individual travel needs, preferences and constraints. Some 600 of these then took part in further interviews, including Transfer Value and Stated Preference exercises, to establish how they might react to possible future changes in public transport services. This led to the development of mode choice models. Finally, these models were used to compare the relative effectiveness, in terms of mode shifts from car travel to public transport, of different possible types of improvement in transport systems. (A)


Thelen et al. offer an inspiring behavior-based theory of a long-standing cognitive problem. They demonstrate how joining traditions, old (the Gestaltist field theory) and new (dynamical systems theory) may open up the path towards embodied cognition. We discuss possible next steps. Self-organization theory (synergetics) could be used to address the formation of gaze/reach attractors and their optimality, given environmental control parameters. Finally, some clinical applications of the field model are advocated.


When Henry Tudor defeated king Richard III at Bosworth Field in 1485, he claimed the English throne as Henry VII by right of conquest and dynastic descent. Although the crown worked assiduously to diffuse this perception and ensure that the Tudors' claim appeared legitimate, many of Henry VII's subjects perceived him as a usurper and a tyrant throughout his reign. Details of Henry VII's regime were recorded in several contemporary narrative accounts, most notably during the reign of his son Henry VIII. Since Henry VIII's claim to the throne was through his father, he had to straddle a fine line between distancing his reign from the previous regime and stressing dynastic continuity. This created a conundrum for contemporary writers and scholars looking back at the beginning of the Tudor dynasty during the tumultuous political climate of Henry VIII's reign in the 1510s and 1530s. Through an analysis of Polydore Vergil's Anglica Historia as well as Thomas More's History of King Richard III and Utopia, this thesis explores the links between the political climate of Henry VIII's court and the choices that contemporary writers made in writing and publishing their representations of the early Tudors. Ultimately, it was fear and pressure that ensured that Polydore Vergil and Sir Thomas More altered their narratives and censored any open accusations of tyranny towards Henry VII and Henry VIII. In both cases, patronage played a large role in shaping the creation of these representations so that the work reflected the wishes of the patron.


OBJECTIVES
The short-term results of subclavian artery cannulation (SC) for acute type-A dissection repair have been reported to be superior in regard to mortality and neurological outcomes when compared to femoral cannulation (FC). This study evaluates the long-term results of subclavian artery cannulation versus femoral cannulation for repair of acute type-A dissection with particular regard to neurological deficits, mortality and the need for re-operations.

METHODS
From 1992-2005, 346 patients underwent surgical repair of acute type-A dissection of which 290 patients survived the operation. SC was performed in 114 patients and FC in 176 patients. Follow-up (FU) was completed in 89.5% (n = 259) and the medium FU-period was 42 months (SC) and 69 months (FC). Endpoints were persistence of neurological-deficits, mortality, major complications and necessity for re-operations.

RESULTS
Overall survival and disease-free survival at 5 years were significantly higher in the SC group (83% vs. 71%; p = 0.022 and 74% vs. 61%; p = 0.044). Freedom of re-operation also appeared to be higher in the SC group (89% vs. 79%; p = 0.125). During the follow-up period, 28 patients (11/114 vs. 17/176; p = 0.58) suffered from neurological deficits of which 16 patients had permanent neurological-deficits at the 5 year follow-up. Of these patients, significantly more belonged to the FC group indicating an improved neurological-outcome for the SC group (3/11 vs. 13/17; p = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates excellent long-term outcomes after emergency surgery for acute type-A dissection. Subclavian artery perfusion represents an excellent approach to repair acute type-A dissection. Beside a significantly reduced long-term mortality, this technique provides an improved neurological outcome and a higher disease-free survival-rate.


Using recent data on a cross-section of Swedish chemical and pulp and paper firms, this paper provides novel empirical insights into the Porter hypothesis. Well-designed environmental regulation can stimulate firms' innovative capabilities, while at the same time generating innovation offsets that may both offset net compliance costs and yield a competitive edge over those firms that are not affected by such regulations. In doing so, we also test the alleged effectiveness of regulatory time strategies in stimulating innovation activities of regulated firms. We find evidence for the effectiveness of such well-designed regulations: announced rather than existing regulation induces innovation and some innovation offsets. Our results imply that empirical tests of the Porter hypothesis that do not account for its dynamic nature, and that do not measure well-designed regulations, might provide misleading conclusions as to its validity.


How do low real interest rates constrain monetary policy? Is the zero lower bound optimal if the real interest rate is sufficiently low? What is the role of forward guidance? A model is constructed that can in- corporate sticky price frictions, collateral constraints, and conventional monetary distortions. The model has neo-Fisherian properties. Forward guidance in a liquidity trap works through the promise of higher future inflation, generated by a higher future nominal interest rate. With very tight collateral constraints, the real interest rate can be very low, but the zero lower bound need not be optimal.


The degree of development and operability of the indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) using Descriptor 1 (D1) Biological Diversity was assessed. To this end, an overview of the relevance and degree of operability of the underlying parameters across 20 European countries was compiled by analysing national directives, legislation, regulations, and publicly available reports. Marked differences were found between countries in the degree of ecological relevance as well as in the degree of implementation and operability of the parameters chosen to indicate biological diversity. The best scoring EU countries were France, Germany, Greece and Spain, while the worst scoring countries were Italy and Slovenia. No country achieved maximum scores for the implementation of MSFD D1. The non-EU countries Norway and Turkey score as highly as the top-scoring EU countries. On the positive side, the chosen parameters for D1 indicators were generally identified as being an ecologically relevant reflection of Biological Diversity. On the negative side however, less than half of the chosen parameters are currently operational. It appears that at a pan-European level, no consistent and harmonized approach currently exists for the description and assessment of marine biological diversity. The implementation of the MSFD Descriptor 1 for Europe as a whole can therefore at best be marked as moderately successful.


"Assessment and feedback lies at the heart of the learning experience, and forms a significant part of both academic and administrative workload. It remains however the single biggest source of student dissatisfaction with the higher education experience" (Ferrell, 2012).

In recent years, UK agencies such as Jisc (2010), NUS (2010, 2011) and the HEA (2012) have dedicated time and resources to researching and supporting the enhancement of assessment and feedback. The NUS has argued that institutions must consider ways of making university administration more accessible through technology including online submission of assessment (NUS, 2010), and that the use of technology in institutional administration will simplify and improve processes, including assessment and feedback (NUS, 2011). For Jisc (2010), a holistic approach which considers the technical, administrative and pedagogic elements of assessment and feedback is necessary.

The HEA's 2012 paper "A Marked Improvement" presents a strong pedagogic argument for updating and transforming assessment methods in higher education. The paper concludes that "it is clear that there is need for institutions to continue to adopt robust technological solutions to support assessment and feedback" since it has an impact on both supporting administrative processes, and moreover in influencing the student experience (HEA, 2012).

It is evident that online assessment and feedback methods and processes are increasingly essential to the student experience and must be regarded as a priority for education institutions. This session considers the experiences of the members of the Bloomsbury Learning Environment (BLE) consortium (a group of geographically-close HE institutions based in London) in which there has been an increasing interest – and concern – in this area. For example, low scores in the National Student Survey relating to feedback (common across the sector) provided a driver to place greater attention on improving assessment mechanisms (technology, process and quality). Learning technologies play an important role in offering efficient, accessible ways of managing assessment and providing feedback but the affordances of specific technologies can also constrain practice.

This presentation describes a cross-institutional project conducted by members of the BLE, which aimed to explore and improve online assessment and feedback processes, practices, opportunities and technologies available to the member institutions. In the project, we sought to identify the expectations and goals of key stakeholders regarding the deployment and use of e-assessment and feedback (for example academic administrators, teaching staff and learning technologists). We assessed and evaluated appropriate technologies to support e-assessment across the consortium, producing documentation and case studies. We also arranged practice-sharing and CPD events for academic and support staff. By working collaboratively, we aimed to facilitate a collective sharing of knowledge, expertise and resourcing to ensure the individual partners could learn from each other and improve practice.

The presentation will report and comment on the approaches taken to disseminate lessons learned and highlight areas of good, innovative and interesting practice. We will also discuss the question of impact: some projects are implemented with very specific, quantifiable targets in mind. In terms of the more pedagogic aspects of this project, there is less evidence to go on. When evaluating a collaborative project of such wide scope, understanding how to identify and quantify improved practice is an ongoing challenge.

References

Ferrell, G (2012) A view of the Assessment and Feedback Landscape: baseline analysis of policy and practice from the JISC Assessment and Feedback programme.

JISC. (2010) Effective Assessment in a Digital Age: A guide to technology-enhanced assessment and feedback [online], Bristol, HEFCE. Available: www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/elearning/digiassass_eada.pdf

HEA (2012). A Marked Improvement. Available: https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resource/marked-improvement

NUS (2010) Student Perspectives on Technology. Available: https://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/hefce/content/pubs/2010/rd1810/rd18_10.pdf

NUS (2011) NUS Charter on Technology in Higher Education. Available: https://www.ucisa.ac.uk/~/media/Files/about/news/2012/ICT_Charter_Final1.ashx


P elements containing a 7 kb DNA fragment from the middle of the Drosophila bithorax complex insert preferentially into the bithorax complex or into the adjacent chromosome regions. This 'homing' property is similar to that reported for the engrailed promoter (Hama, C., Ali, Z. and Kornberg, T. B. (1990) Genes Dev. 4, 1079-1093). The 7 kb fragment does not contain any known promoter, but it acts as a boundary element separating adjacent segmental domains. An enhancer-trap P element was constructed with the homing fragment and the selectable marker flanked by FRT sites. P insertions can be trimmed down by Flp-mediated recombination to just the lacZ reporter, so that the (beta)-galactosidase pattern is not influenced by sequences inside the P element. Twenty insertions into the bithorax complex express (beta)-galactosidase in segmentally limited patterns, reflecting the segmental domains of the bithorax complex where the elements reside. The mapping of segmental domains has now been revised, with enlargement of the abx/bx, bxd/pbx, and the iab-3 domains. The FRT sites in the P elements permit recombination between pairs of elements on opposite chromosomes, to generate duplications or deletions of the DNA between the two insertion sites. Using this technique, the length of the Ultrabithorax transcription unit was varied from 37 to 138 kb, but there was surprisingly little effect on Ultrabithorax function.


Deborah A. Ciapanna A Study of Learning Disabled Dropouts who have Returned to Adult Basic Education 1995 Dr. Stanley Urban Learning Disabilities The first purpose of this study is to identify common characteristics in a sample population of learning disabled dropouts who have returned to an adult basic education program. The second purpose is identify characteristics of this same population which are attributed to their success in an adult education program. If we examine the information as reported by those learning disabled individuals who have been unsuccessful in completing their education, warning signals may be identified for other potential dropouts. Intervention strategies could also be created to encourage learning disabled students to stay in school. In addition, strategies may be developed for the recruitment of learning disabled dropouts who would benefit from an adult education program. The sample population of this study consists of 15 adults, 5 men and 10 women, who have identified themselves as having a learning disability. All members of the sample dropped out of school prior to receiving their high school diploma and subsequently returned to an adult education program. Instrumentation included a survey and self-report identifying learning problems, perceptions of early school experiences, and characteristics of adult learning. Results of the survey were consistent with other results related to this field and documented in this research. The majority of participants indicated that their early experience in school was characterized by high frustration, significant learning difficulties, poor social relations, low self esteem, and decreased motivation as attributed to unsuccessful efforts in education. After the same population was enrolled in adult basic education, the majority indicated that the experience has improved their self-esteem, social relations, and level of mortvation. There are many intrinsic qualities which cannot be formally studied, and the learning disabled student has the ability to harness the most important resource -self.


Echinococcus granulosus is characterized by high intra-specific variability (genotypes G1–G10) and according to the new molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus, the E. granulosus complex has been divided into E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3), E. equinus (G4), E. ortleppi (G5), and E. canadensis (G6–G10). The molecular characterization of E. granulosus isolates is fundamental to understand the spatio-temporal epidemiology of this complex in many endemic areas with the simultaneous occurrence of different Echinococcus species and genotypes. To simplify the genotyping of the E. granulosus complex we developed a single-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) allowing three levels of discrimination: (i) Echinococcus genus, (ii) E. granulosus complex in common, and (iii) the specific genotype within the E. granulosus complex. The methodology was established with known DNA samples of the different strains/genotypes, confirmed on 42 already genotyped samples (Spain: 22 and Bulgaria: 20) and then successfully applied on 153 unknown samples (Tunisia: 114, Algeria: 26 and Argentina: 13). The sensitivity threshold of the mPCR was found to be 5 ng Echinoccoccus DNA in a mixture of up to 1 µg of foreign DNA and the specificity was 100% when template DNA from closely related members of the genus Taenia was used. Additionally to DNA samples, the mPCR can be carried out directly on boiled hydatid fluid or on alkaline-lysed frozen or fixed protoscoleces, thus avoiding classical DNA extractions. However, when using Echinococcus eggs obtained from fecal samples of infected dogs, the sensitivity of the mPCR was low (<40%). Thus, except for copro analysis, the mPCR described here has a high potential for a worldwide application in large-scale molecular epidemiological studies on the Echinococcus genus.


Inverse problems – the process of recovering unknown parameters from indirect measurements – are encountered in various areas of science, technology and engineering including image processing, medical imaging, geosciences, astronomy, aeronautics engineering and machine learning. Statistical and probabilistic methods are promising approaches to solving such problems. Of these, the Bayesian methods provide a principled approach to incorporating our existing beliefs about the parameters (the prior model) and randomness in the data. These approaches are at the forefront of extensive current investigation. Overwhelmingly, Gaussian prior models are used in Bayesian inverse problems since they provide mathematically simple and computationally efficient formulations of important inverse problems. Unfortunately, these priors fail to capture a range of important properties including sparsity and natural constraints such as positivity, and so we are motivated to study non-Gaussian priors. In this thesis we provide a systematic study of the theory and applications of Bayesian approaches to inverse problems with non-Gaussian priors. We develop the theory of wellposedness of infinite-dimensional Bayesian inverse problems with convex, heavy-tailed or infinitely divisible prior measures. We also introduce new prior measures that aim to model compressible or sparse parameters. Next, we demonstrate the applications of Bayesian approaches to important inverse problems in industrial applications: the estimation of emission rates of particulate matter, and the estimation of acoustic aberrations in ultrasound treatment. We propose two Bayesian approaches for the problem of estimating the emission rates of particulate matter into the atmosphere from far field measurements of deposition. Next, we present a Bayesian method for estimation of acoustic aberrations in high intensity focused ultrasound treatment of tissue in the brain using magnetic resonance images. The final contribution of this thesis is a systematic construction and convergence analysis of regularizations of the Dirac delta distribution. Point sources arise naturally in many models and we discuss smooth regularizations of these.


ABSTRACT This article explores how commercialization of maternity care in Russia offers new opportunities and imposes new limitations on both mothers-to-be and doctors. The research is based on 35 in-depth interviews with patients and 24 with professionals in paid maternity car in St. Petersburg (2015–2017). It is a significant and illustrative case within the broader trends in the Russian health care system of the 2000s–2010s. This article's contribution is an understanding of maternity care's post-socialism market development from the perspective of women: mothers-to-be and mostly female doctors. The ongoing reforms and organization of paid maternity care in Russia are analyzed. I explore the position of mothers-to-be as consumers with growing demands, and of professional women as they respond to such demands. I depict how doctors, though improving their economic and working conditions, resist the symbolic decline of their status and seek to restore their power, and how mothers-to-be accept doctors' authoritative role in highly medicalized maternity care.


This article examines efforts made to challenge progress towards adequate service provision for delinquent African American girls in early 20th century North Carolina. This article seeks to explore the nuances of aid, from the African American community and by progressive whites, as it relates to legislative efforts, economic backing and public health issues. It also seeks to examine motivations for engaging in undermining activities. Keywords: African American girls; female delinquency; juvenile justice; legislative efforts; Progressive Era; syphilis ********** African American women were instrumental in developing social welfare services for African American girls as a means to uplift the race, and more specifically, as a means to protect "true Black womanhood". Through the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), these women united to formalize social welfare services to meet the needs of the community. They established orphanages, old age homes, kindergartens, homes for working girls, homes for wayward girls, as well as other programs (DuBois, 1898; Hodges, 2001; Lerner, 1974; Salem, 1994). These clubwomen provided services (e.g. literary clubs, mother's clubs, religious studies) to the African American community through women's and girl's clubs. They also provided activities for boys (e.g. literary clubs, supervised sports activities) as a means of protecting young girls (Carlton-LaNey, 1999). African American clubwomen were keenly aware of the negative perceptions that whites had of them. They were indefatigable in their efforts to improve the image of the race through the social uplift of its weakest elements, particularly delinquent African American girls. This quest for uplift motivated them to provide educational services, multilayered social welfare services, and refinement activities designed to teach social graces to those of the lower classes ("Charlotte Eugenia Hawkins Brown Papers, 1883-1961,"; Gilmore, 1994; Hodges, 2001; Hunter, 1983). During the early 20th century, North Carolina's African American clubwomen gained support from the African American community and from progressive whites as they sought to meet the increasing needs of delinquent African American girls. Despite the semblance of aid, these women also battled elements that worked against their efforts. According to Carlton-LaNey (1994), this was a common occurrence. In examining Birdye Haynes' pioneering settlement house work, Carlton-LaNey found that Haynes was required to be diplomatic, tactful, and reticent as she interacted with the professionals, educators, advisory boards, and clients who were all key players in demanding success, yet they expected failure. At the same time, as a middle-class professional, she was expected "to inspire and share training and experiences" (p. 269). Social welfare work among African American women required a skillful balancing act between interracial cooperation and commitment to the community. African American women have historically been accustomed to concerted efforts to weaken their child-saving efforts, particularly as they touch upon the sometimes conflicting agendas of gender and race (Lerner, 1972). Whites were not willing to openly address race issues due to the social and political customs of the era. Likewise, men were not willing to openly address gender issues. African American women, however, were concerned with issues of race and gender. Yet, loyalty to both race and gender issues threatened notions of white privilege and male privilege (Beale, 1970; Cooper, 1892; Lewis, 1977). While there were those who acknowledged the disparate situation of delinquent African American girls, the level of aid was dependent upon their willingness to relinquish some aspect of their own privilege. As a result, there was a 'comfortable level' of backing manifested through positive action towards these delinquent girls. However, beyond that comfort zone, a seemingly contradictory level of assistance was manifested. …


This study presents an application of the ETAS model to the first 20 days of the 2016 central Italy sequence. Despite of the provisional nature of data, the model is able to describe the occurrence rate, but for the first hours after the mainshock occurrence. A sensitivity analysis of the model to two uncertainty sources, the model parameters and the occurrence history, shows that the second has a main role in controlling the performance of the ETAS model, more than the uncertainty on parameters. Previous results, together with the clear inability of ETAS to forecast the occurrence of a sequence before its starting time, give important suggestions about possible improvements. Here, a very preliminary attempt in this sense is presented.


Abstract The Tertiary basin of Feres consists of sedimentary rocks, andesitic-rhyolitic volcanic rocks of K-rich calc-alkaline affinities, rocks with calc-alkaline and shoshonitic affinities and volcaniclastic fall and flow deposits. Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks have variable concentrations of LIL elements (Ba, Sr, Rb, Th) and HFS elements (Zr, V) due to their mode of origin. The pyroclastic flows frequently show more or less intense devitrification, vapour-phase crystallization and, in some cases, evidence of fumarolic activity, as is indicated by the presence of scapolite. The volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks display various types of alteration including formation of zeolites (clinoptilolite, heulandite, mordenite, and laumontite) and smectite, as well as hydrothermal alteration (development of silicic, argillic, sericitic and propylitic zones) associated with polymetallic mineralization. The behaviour of chemical elements during alteration varies. Some are immobile and their distribution is controlled by the conditions prevailing during parent-rock formation and emplacement, but others, such as Ba and Sr, are mobile and selectively fractionate in zeolite extra-framework sites. The formation of zeolite from alteration of volcanic glass is accompanied by an increase in Mg and Al content, and a decrease in Si and Na content, whereas Ca is not affected by alteration. In certain pyroclastic flows, there is a significant difference in K-content between incipient glass and altered rock, due to K-feldspar formation during devitrification and vapour-phase crystallization.


In Italy social enterprises include more than 7,000 institutions with around 250,000 workers serving more than three million people, a big share of which disadvantaged. Using the ICSI 2007 survey conducted by a pool of Italian universities on a representative sample of social enterprises, we analyze the determinants of nominal and real wages (adjusted for the cost of living in the area of residence). Our two main findings show that: i) low wages, absence of «direct» education premia and gender wage gaps may reduce attractiveness of this sector (beyond intrinsic motivations) for young talented workers even though indirect education premia in terms of higher probability of becoming manager exist; ii) cooperative wage differentials are sensitive to regional disparities in PPP even though they do not fully compensate for them: nominal wages are higher in Northern Italy but, after adjusting for the cost of living, they become higher in the South.


Aims: Degenerative joint diseases and decreased bone mass i.e.  osteoporosis are two common age related skeletal disorders  responsible for pain and disability. Bangladesh has a high incidence  of osteoporosis and the incidence particularly in women, occurs  among a relatively younger age group than in the developed world.  However little is known about the correlation between degenerative  changes and osteoporosis in lumbar spine of elderly women. The  purpose of this study was to clarify this relationship in elderly women  of Dhaka, Bangladesh.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the department  of radiology and imaging of Bangladesh institute of research and  rehabilitation in diabetes, endocrine and metabolic disorders  (BIRDEM), Dhaka during the period of 1st January, 2009 to 31st  December, 2010. DEXA scan of spine and BMD measurement were  done at a renowned private hospital of Dhaka. Total 63 elderly female  aged between 50-75 years were randomly selected for this study.  Results: An inverse relationship between osteoporosis and  spondylosis in postmenopausal women as evaluated by bone  mineral density and semiquantitative scoring of spinal degeneration  was observed. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.53:p<0.05)  was found between T-score and grade. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cdcj.v10i1.13740 City Dent. Coll. J Volume-10, Number-1, January-2013


A Brazilian ranch worker with encephalitis and flaccid paralysis was evaluated in the regional Acute Encephalitis Syndromic Surveillance Program. This was the first Brazilian patient who met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmation criteria for West Nile virus disease. Owing to the overlapping of neurological manifestations attributable to several viral infections of the central nervous system, this report exemplifies the importance of human acute encephalitis surveillance. The syndromic approach to human encephalitis cases may enable early detection of the introduction of unusual virus or endemic occurrence of potentially alarming diseases within a region.


OBJECTIVES
The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model of primary care is being implemented widely, with unclear effects on healthcare utilization. How much any effect is driven by electronic health records (EHRs), a core component of PCMHs, is unknown. Our objective was to determine any association between the PCMH model and healthcare utilization and to isolate that effect from any by the EHR alone.

STUDY DESIGN
We conducted a prospective cohort study (2008-2010) of 275 primary care physicians and 230,593 patients in the Hudson Valley, a multi-payer region in New York state with predominantly small practices.

METHODS
We considered 3 groups: physicians who implemented Level III PCMHs in 2009, as per the National Committee for Quality Assurance, all of whom also used EHRs (n = 92); physicians using paper medical records (n = 119); and physicians using EHRs without the PCMH (n = 64). We used negative binomial regression to determine associations between study group and change over time for each of 7 utilization measures, adjusting for 10 physician characteristics.

RESULTS
For every 100 patients whose physicians transformed to PCMHs, there were 21 fewer specialist visits over time compared with patients whose physicians used paper records (P = .03), and 22 fewer specialist visits over time compared with patients whose physicians used EHRs without the PCMH (P = .05). There were no significant differences over time in primary care visits, radiology tests, laboratory tests, emergency department visits, admissions, or readmissions.

CONCLUSIONS
The PCMH was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of specialist visits, the most expensive type of ambulatory visit, 1 year after PCMH implementation.


Building-integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is one of the most promising technologies enabling buildings to generate on-site part of their electricity needs while performing architectural functionalities. A clear example of BIPV products consists of semi-transparent photovoltaic modules (STPV), designed to replace the conventional glazing solutions in building facades. Accordingly, the active building envelope is required to perform multiple requirements such as provide solar shading to avoid overheating, supply solar gains and thermal insulation to reduce heat loads and improve daylight utilization. To date, various studies into STPV systems have focused on their energy performance based on existing simulation programs, or on the modelling, normally validated by limited experimental data, of the STPV modules thermal behaviour. Taking into account that very limited experimental research has been conducted on the energy performance of STPV elements and that the characterization in real operation conditions is necessary to promote an energetically efficient integration of this technology in the building envelope, an outdoor testing facility has been designed, developed and built at the Solar Energy Institute of the Technical University of Madrid. In this work, the methodology used in the definition of the testing facility, its capability and limitations are presented and discussed.


We experimentally demonstrate a hybrid structure microlaser on chip with a single CdSe nanowire attached to a high-Q silica microdisk cavity at room temperature. When pumped by a 532 nm pulse laser, both single-longitudinal mode and multi-longitudinal mode lasers with linewidth of 0.18 nm are obtained from the hybrid structure with a 58-µm-diameter microdisk and a 250-nm diameter nanowire. The measured lasing threshold of the microlaser is as low as 100 μJ/cm².


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mamillary body and fornix asymmetry are frequent findings on MR imaging of the brain. We sought to determine the prevalence of asymmetry of the fornix and mamillary body on MR imaging in patients with or without seizures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR images were retrospectively evaluated for asymmetry of the mamillary body and fornix in 178 patients who had a history of seizures, of whom 35 had suspected mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Additionally, 353 patients who had no limbic system pathology were reviewed. All patients were examined with spin-echo MR imaging, consisting of contiguous axial and/or coronal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2-weighted, and sagittal T1-weighted imaging. Additionally, the patients with seizures had oblique coronal 3-mm T2-weighted, FLAIR, and 1.5-mm magnetization-preparation rapid gradient echo scanning through their temporal lobes. RESULTS: In the patients who had no limbic system pathology or seizure history, 6.5% (23/353) had MR imaging evidence of asymmetric mamillary bodies and 7.9% (28/353) had asymmetric fornix size. Asymmetry of the mamillary body and fornix size was found in 37.1% (13/35) and 34.3% (12/35), respectively, of subjects with suggested hippocampal sclerosis. The prevalence of asymmetry of the mamillary body and fornix was statistically significantly higher in the patients with MTS (χ2 test, P <.0001). CONCLUSION: Although asymmetry of the mamillary bodies and fornices is highly associated with MTS, this could also be seen as a normal variation or congenital abnormality.


I first came across Jerome McGann's name in Dissertation Abstracts, some time in the late 1960s. Since those very early days, I have considered myself a colleague of Jerry's (literally so during the time he spent at Royal Holloway in London), sometimes a friendly adversary and always an admirer of his immense scholarly energy. His great work for me remains Lord Byron: The Complete Poetical Works (1980-92), in the later stages of which he was helped by Barry Weller. I remember James Maxwell making sure that I, as a young literary critic, understood that any lasting contribution one might make to literary culture would be through the work of editing. This was not a message I particularly wanted to hear, but I have to admit that over the years I have recognised that there is a substantial element of truth in it. Criticism can inspire, and occasionally perhaps even clarify, but it is very nearly always of its time and place, and where it is more it usually aspires to literature rather than criticism. But a good edition, if not perhaps relevant for ever, is certainly relevant for a very, very long time indeed. As McGann himself puts it, 'textual theory and editorial practice [are] the foundation of all literary studies'.1 The lasting contribution of Fiery Dust: Byron's Poetic Development, first published in 1968, seems to be McGann's argument, now generally accepted, that Byron's poetry does actually develop in a coherent fashion, and does not suffer some kind of disjunctive gear-change around 1816. Thus perhaps an almost accidental organising factor of Fiery Dust, namely the essays on Childe Harold, came to represent a kind of coherence in Byron's own development. This was a view McGann himself (at least at one point) dismissed,2 but ironies of this kind abound. Fiery Dust ends with an essay on Beppo and thus it is reasonable to see Don Juan in Context, first published in 1976, as a sequel to Fiery Dust. McGann in a way makes this point himself in his preface to the later book, but also suggests (in contrast to the implication in Fiery Dust that Beppo can 'stand for' Don Juan)3 that Don Juan in some ways stands apart and could only be understood by McGann himself once he had appreciated it as 'both a critique and an apotheosis of High Romanticism', and in particular had appreciated 'the importance and meaning of context as a field of knowing, both in general and for Byron in particular'.4 This last remark of course gives us a clue to the way in which McGann's critical mind was going to develop. But one wonders whether the later McGann would agree with other striking formulations in Don Juan in Context, such as: 'the point of Don Juan's "piecemeal" [...] method is to prolong the experience, and activity, of learning in the human world'; 'to illustrate his argument for inflected poetry Byron wrote a poem which, from our point of view as inheritors of High Romantic and symbolist aesthetics, does not submit to the exegetical procedures we traditionally employ'.5 By the time we get to The Beauty of Inflections: Literary Investigations in Historical Method and Theory, first published in 1985, we find the following: Byron observes in this period a series of repetitions which suggest that the cycle of revolutionary disappointment is a general pattern which is found in many historical periods and which is replicated for the individual as well as for society. In terms of the narrator's historical frame (1818-1824) Don Juan is yet another revolutionary undertaking begun in a period of darkness.6 For McGann, in this book, 'historical explanation, in Byron, proceeds according to the mighty working of a poem which reveals [original italics] these odd and unapparent connections'.7 This certainly suggests an exegesis of some kind, even if it is not perhaps what McGann meant in the earlier work by 'traditional'. The earlier study brilliantly captures, and was one of the first to capture, not just the anti-teleological but the radically anti-theological nature of Don Juan - using the latter term with connotations that would be recognised by Coleridge. …


Despite the paramount importance of bacteria for biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients, little is known about the potential effects of climate change on these key organisms. The consequences of the projected climate change on bacterioplankton community dynamics were investigated in a Baltic Sea spring phytoplankton bloom mesocosm experiment by increasing temperature with 3°C and decreasing pH by approximately 0.4 units via CO₂ addition in a factorial design. Temperature was the major driver of differences in community composition during the experiment, as shown by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. Several bacterial phylotypes belonging to Betaproteobacteria were predominant at 3°C but were replaced by members of the Bacteriodetes in the 6°C mesocosms. Acidification alone had a limited impact on phylogenetic composition, but when combined with increased temperature, resulted in the proliferation of specific microbial phylotypes. Our results suggest that although temperature is an important driver in structuring bacterioplankton composition, evaluation of the combined effects of temperature and acidification is necessary to fully understand consequences of climate change for marine bacterioplankton, their implications for future spring bloom dynamics, and their role in ecosystem functioning.


The 12TH OHIO VOLUNTEER CAVALRY, 1863-65, was organized at Camp Cleveland (see CIVIL WAR CAMPS IN CLEVELAND) and mustered into federal service on 24 Nov. 1863. From Dec. 1863-Feb. 1864, the 12th was on duty at Camp Chase in Columbus, OH. Half of the regiment was on detached duty at Johnson's Island near Sandusky, OH, during that period. In Feb.-Mar. 1864, the 12th was on duty at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, OH. Seventy-five Clevelanders served in the regiment. During the remainder of the CIVIL WAR, the 12th was assigned to the following units: 2d Brigade, 5th Div., 23d Army Corps, Dist. of Kentucky (Apr.-July 1864); 4th Brigade, 1st Div., Dist. of Kentucky, Dept. of the Ohio (July 1864-Feb. 1865); and the Cavalry Brigade, Dist. of East Tennessee (July-Nov. 1865). The 12th Cavalry participated in the opposition to John Hunt Morgan's invasion of Kentucky, the Southwest Virginia Expedition, and Stoneman's raids into southwest Virginia. The 12th was mustered out on 14 Nov. 1865 in Nashville, TN, and its members discharged and paid off at Camp Chase shortly thereafter. The regiment lost 50 enlisted men to hostile causes and 112 to disease. Henry C. Jones Papers, WRHS.


M. bovis is a zoonosis and is the aetiological agent of bovine TB. The incidence of bovine TB in the UK is increasing, demonstrating that the current test and slaughter policy is failing. M. bovis-BCG, the vaccine used against human TB, is not used in cattle as it interferes with the tuberculin skin test and only confers partial protection. The control of bovine TB will require the design of a more efficacious vaccine and discriminatory diagnostic test. To achieve this, a greater understanding of both the immune response induced by the mycobacteria and the protective immune response required to clear or control M. bovis infection in cattle is needed. In human and mouse studies, CD8+ T cells have been proposed to play an important role in immunity to mycobacteria. The aim of this study was to identify and define the CD8+ T cells induced by BCG vaccination and/or M. bovis infection in cattle. Initial experiments identified different subsets of CD8+ T cells present in cattle using expression of surface and effector molecules. The CD8+ population is heterogeneous and contains ap (TCR1"CD3+), y8 (TCR1+CD3+) and NK (TCRTCD3") cells. CD8+ cells could be divided into CD8hiCD3+ and CD8loCD3+/ The (CD8hiTCRT) ap+ T cells were analysed in this study as these form part of the adaptive immune response. Age-related increases in the percentage of activated/memory CD8hlTCRl" T cells were observed in blood as shown by increases in expression of the activation marker CD25 and memory marker CD45RO. Concomitant decreases were observed in the percentage of CD8hiTCRlT cells that express CD45RA, CD62L and CD27, surface molecules associated with naive T cells. The percentage of CD8hiTCRl" T cells in blood expressing perforin and IFN-gamma also increased with age. The CD8hlTCRlT cells present in the BAL were mainly activated/memory T cells as shown by a combination of expression of surface and effector molecules. In contrast, the CD8hlTCRlT cells present in the lymph nodes more resembled naive T cells with only a small percentage expressing perforin and IFN-gamma. A minor population of CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+CD62L+ T cells were present in the LN which may be the bovine equivalent of murine central memory cells. BCG vaccination of cattle induces mycobacteria-reactive CD8hlTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells. These cells mediated recall responses to BCG, detected by proliferation, production of IFN-gamma, up-regulation of perforin expression and lysis of BCG-infected hi + macrophages (M). M. bovis reactive-CD8mTCRl"CD45RO T cells were detected in non-vaccinated and BCG-vaccinated animals after infection with M. bovis. These cells proliferated and produced IFN-gamma in response to M. bovis-infected but not BCG-infected M( ), indicating that they were responding to an M. bovis-specific antigen. Post- challenge responses in the CD8hiTCRl'CD45RO+ T cells from BCG-vaccinees were considerably greater than those of non-vaccinated animals. M 6ov/s-reactive CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells reduced mycobacterial viability when cultured with BCG- or M. bovis-infected M( >. CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells present in the lungs of M. bovis-infected animals expressed IFN-gamma after culture with mycobacteria. These results demonstrate that mycobacteria-reactive CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells that express effector functions are present at the site of infection, and may contribute to the control of M. bovis infection in cattle. This study provides a basis to investigate the role of CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells in immunity to M. bovis infection in cattle and to evaluate the effectiveness of new TB vaccines at inducing CD8+ T cell responses.


Christianity at the crossroads Mission Christianity exercised a destructive effect on traditional African cultures. In the post-1994 era, all religious faiths are encouraged to engage in the process of moral transformation. The Christian church is well-placed to play a continued constructive role in keeping with the prophetic and constructive role it played in the struggle against apartheid. This should be done through constructive engagement and critical solidarity, despite its internal divisions which may raise questions about its integrity. Christianity can no longer be treated either as a foreign faith or as a superior faith to others, including African Traditional Religion. Dialogue and hospitality are vital components in the process of moral renewal and social transformation.


The effects of single additions of pyrene (low, medium or high) on a natural marine plankton community are reported in this study. Direct and indirect effects on the function and struc- ture of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were investigated using a food-web approach in a mesocosm. Phytoplankton communities suffered from direct effects of the exposure to pyrene and, after a lag-period of 2 d, so did the bacterial communities exposed to medium and high pyrene concentrations. Effects on the zooplankton community function were not as evident, mainly due to high variation in the measured prey uptake. Abundance of phytoplankton decreased, and the community composition changed in the exposed communities. The total phytoplankton community activity remained stable, resulting in high specific activity (activity per unit chlorophyll a), which could be interpreted as functional redundancy. However, we suggest that differences in nutrient availability between exposed and unexposed communities actually caused the indicated functional redundancy, as phytoplankton growth in control communities was nutrient limited during the exper- iment, whereas nutrient regeneration from the directly affected algae provided the exposed commu- nities with better growth conditions. The system function, which integrates the functions of the 3 trophic levels, was affected at all 3 exposures during the first 5 d of the experiment. The change in system function suggests that PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) might be an important stress factor for pelagic systems, as a one-time exposure of a single compound changes the development of a pelagic community.


Plant architecture is one of the key factors that affect plant survival and productivity. Plant body structure is established through the iterative initiation and outgrowth of lateral organs, which are derived from the shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem, after embryogenesis. Here we report that ADP1, a putative MATE (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) transporter, plays an essential role in regulating lateral organ outgrowth, and thus in maintaining normal architecture of Arabidopsis. Elevated expression levels of ADP1 resulted in accelerated plant growth rate, and increased the numbers of axillary branches and flowers. Our molecular and genetic evidence demonstrated that the phenotypes of plants over-expressing ADP1 were caused by reduction of local auxin levels in the meristematic regions. We further discovered that this reduction was probably due to decreased levels of auxin biosynthesis in the local meristematic regions based on the measured reduction in IAA levels and the gene expression data. Simultaneous inactivation of ADP1 and its three closest homologs led to growth retardation, relative reduction of lateral organ number and slightly elevated auxin level. Our results indicated that ADP1-mediated regulation of the local auxin level in meristematic regions is an essential determinant for plant architecture maintenance by restraining the outgrowth of lateral organs.


Background—We hypothesized that children with dilated cardiomyopathy who require hospital admission are at increased risk for death or transplantation during their first hospitalization and in the first year that follows. We also assessed the value of routine data collected during that time to predict death or the need for transplantation prior to discharge and within 1 year of admission. Methods and Results—We conducted a retrospective review of 83 pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy whose initial hospitalization fell between 2004 and 2009. The mean age at hospitalization was 7 years. The majority of patients demonstrated moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction on initial echocardiogram (80%) and/or the need for intravenous inotropes within 7 days of hospital admission (69%). Five patients (6%) died, and 15 (18%) were transplanted in the initial hospitalization. At 1 year, 11/71 (15%) had died, and 27/71 (38%) were transplanted. The overall freedom from death, transplantation, or rehospitalization at 1 year following admission was 21%. Fractional shortening, left ventricular ejection fraction, serum cholesterol, uric acid, mixed venous saturation, and atrial filling pressures were all predictive of death or transplantation during the initial hospitalization. Left ventricular ejection fraction was predictive of death or transplantation at 1 year. Conclusions—The first hospitalization for dilated cardiomyopathy marks a period of high risk for clinical decline, end stage heart failure, and the need for cardiac transplantation. Echocardiographic function and hemodynamic and serum measurements may aid in predicting outcomes. Despite medical management, most patients will be rehospitalized and/or require cardiac transplantation within 1 year of admission.


Title of Document: LONGITUDINAL SPACE-CHARGE WAVES INDUCED BY ENERGY MODULATIONS Brian L. Beaudoin, Master of Science, 2008 Directed By: Professor Patrick G. O'Shea and Professor Rami A. Kishek Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering High intensity beams that are space-charge dominated are important for applications such as free electron lasers that require high intensity and low emittance beams. Modulations in energy or density can induce space-charge waves at low energies which could be problematic at higher energies. This thesis is a study of longitudinal space-charge waves induced by energy modulations within a highly space-charge dominated beam propagating in the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER). Using an induction cell, we present the first UMER experimental results on the design and application of the cell to place energy perturbations. We compare the results to one-dimensional cold fluid theory and simulation. We allow the perturbation to propagate for over 60 m so that we can get a turn by turn measurement of the experimental sound speed. In some of the turn by turn data, we obtain a 4.8% disagreement between the experimentally measured sound speed and theory. LONGITUDINAL SPACE-CHARGE WAVES INDUCED BY ENERGY MODULATIONS


Gas lasers have shown to be capable of delivering tens of terrawatt aspeak power or tens of kilowatt as average power. The efficiencies of most high power gas lasers are relatively high compared with other types of lasers. For instance molecular lasers,oscillating on low lying vibrational levels, and excimer lasers may have intrinsic efficiencies above 10%. The wavelengths of these gas lasers cover the range from the far infrared to the ultra-violet region, say from 12000 to 193 nm. The most important properties are the scalability, optical homogeneity of the excited medium, and the relatively low price per watt of output power. The disadvantages may be the large size of the systems and the relatively narrow line width with limited tunability compared with solid state systems producing the same peak power.


Addiction remains a topic of much research and media attention. The link between social connection and addiction has been identified, yet is rarely researched. I examine this link from two theoretical frameworks: Bowlby's attachment theory and Alexander's (2008) theory of dislocation. Each theory is explained in terms of its major tenets, its conceptualization of addiction, and for the ways in which the link between addiction and connection might best be understood. Both models are evaluated for their respective strengths and limitations as well as for implications for practice. Guided by constructivist understandings, a proposal is drawn for how each theory serves to inform the other in research and practice. Areas for future research are identified as particularly salient to this topic.


Development of multimedia systems on heterogeneous platforms is a challenging task with existing design tools due to a lack of rigorous integration between high level abstract modeling, and low level synthesis and analysis. In this paper, we present a new dataflow-based design tool, called the targeted dataflow interchange format (TDIF), for design, analysis, and implementation of embedded software for multimedia systems. Our approach provides novel capabilities, based on the principles of task-level dataflow analysis, for exploring and optimizing interactions across application behavior; operational context; heterogeneous platforms, including high performance embedded processing architectures; and implementation constraints.


Breeding numbers of Laridae and other surface-nesting seabirds have been monitored at sub-Antarctic Marion Island since 1996/1997 and counts of breeding birds were made at nearby Prince Edward Island in December 2001 and December 2008. Four species are regular breeders at the islands: Subantarctic skua Catharacta antarctica, kelp gull Larus dominicanus, Antarctic tern Sterna vittata and Kerguelen tern S. virgata. The latter three species currently each have populations of below 150 breeding pairs at the islands. Kelp gull numbers appear to be relatively stable though they may have decreased since the 1980s. Kerguelen tern numbers decreased and then recovered at Marion Island, but numbers of the species have declined at Prince Edward Island and it maintains a tenuous foothold there. The small Antarctic tern population appears to be stable.


Gleason grade is universally used for pathologic scoring of the differentiation of prostate cancer. However, it is unknown whether prostate tumors arise well differentiated and then progress to less differentiated forms or if Gleason grade is an early and largely unchanging feature. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has reduced the proportion of tumors diagnosed at advanced stage, which allows assessment of this question on a population level. If Gleason grade progresses as stage does, one would expect a similar reduction in high-grade tumors. We studied 1,207 Physicians' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study participants diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1982 to 2004 and treated with prostatectomy. We compared the distribution of grade and clinical stage across the pre-PSA and PSA screening eras. We re-reviewed grade using the ISUP 2005 revised criteria. The proportion of advanced stage tumors droppedmore than six-fold, from the earliest period (12/1982– 1/1993), 19.9% stage T3, to the latest (5/2000–12/2004), 3% stage T3, none T4. The proportion of Gleason score 8 decreased substantially less, from 25.3% to 17.6%. A significant interaction between stage and diagnosis date predicting grade (P1⁄4 0.04) suggests that the relationship between grade and stage varies by time period. As the dramatic shift in stage since the introduction of PSA screening was accompanied by a more modest shift in Gleason grade, these findings suggest that grade may be established early in tumor pathogenesis. This has implications for the understanding of tumor progression and prognosis, and may help patients diagnosed with lower grade disease feel more comfortable choosing active surveillance. Cancer Res; 73(16); 5163–8. 2013 AACR.


A case study is expected to capture the complexity of a single case, which should be a functioning unit, be investigated in its natural context with a multitude of methods, and be contemporary. A case study and, normally, history focus on one case, but simultaneously take account of the context, and so encompass many variables and qualities. When a physical artefact is the case the gap between case study and history tends to diminish and case studies often become more or less historical case studies. Case study methodology also bridges the gap between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences. Still the different concepts of validation in quantitative and qualitative research sometimes create confusion when they are combined, as they often are in case studies. The case might be studied with an intrinsic interest in the case as such, or with an interest in generalising. When a generalisation is based on the deductive principle, the procedure of testing hypothesis is used. A second mode of generalisation is inductive theory-generation, or conceptualisation. The third mode depends on the principle of abduction. Abduction is the process of facing an unexpected fact, applying some rule and, as a result, positing a case that may be. But there are two kinds of abduction: One is when a case is created from a few facts; for instance, historical data or clues. The other is operative when generalisations are made from known cases and applied to an actual problem situation by making appropriate comparisons. This is also called naturalistic generalisation. In a case study, the different modes of generalisation are often combined. The conclusion is that case studies has the potential for further development through the mastery of the combination on different levels of techniques, methodologies, strategies, or theories, like; the combination of case study and history, which is important when the case is an artefact; the combination of differing quality standards in qualitative and quantitative research, which are difficult to codify; and the combination of different modes of generalisation.


Today, organizations use of e-commerce tools for purchasing and sales have developed from e-catalogs and e-mail to e-auctions. This research simulated such a fully automated negotiation system for business transactions to test the best overtime policies to use with different decision rules for price and due date. Software within e-commerce systems negotiates prices and due dates using pre-thought out negotiation strategies. This research tests tested the effect of several overtime policies with different price and due date negotiation strategies. It used a simulation of a job shop and an imaginary market to demonstrate how one can compare different combinations of overtime policies and negotiation strategies in different markets. It extends previous research by including the option of using flexible overtime both at the quotation stage and during shop operation. The research suggested that simulation testing of negotiation and overtime strategies for firms and their markets is a practical way of choosing overtime policies.


This work is a welcome opportunity for students of Ricardo to examine the seminal literature on this important figure and assess his contribution to economic thought. Routledge is extending its chronological coverage of the Critical Assessments of David Ricardo. Since the publication of the original four volume set in 1985, new articles have come to light and are now published in three additional volumes.


Apple replant disease (ARD) has been reported in all major fruit-growing regions of the world and is often caused by biotic factors (pathogen fungi) and abiotic factors (phenolic compounds). Soil chemical fumigation can kill soil pathogenic fungi; however, the traditionally used fumigant methyl bromide has been banned because of its ozone-depleting effects. There is thus a need to identify greener fumigant candidates. We characterized the effects of different fumigants on the replanted soil environment and the growth characteristics of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. All five experimental treatments [treatment 1 (T1), metham-sodium; treatment 2 (T2), dazomet; treatment 3 (T3), calcium cyanamide; treatment 4 (T4), 1,3-dichloropropene; and treatment 5 (T5), methyl bromide] promoted significantly the biomass, root growth, and root respiration rate of M. hupehensis seedlings and the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3–-N) contents of replanted soil. Metham sodium (T1) and dazomet (T2) had stronger effects compared with 1,3-dichloropropene (T4) and calcium cyanamide (T3). At 172 days after T1, the height, root length, and root respiration rate of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings, and the NH4+-N and NO3–-N contents of replanted soil increased by 91.64%, 97.67%, 69.78%, 81.98%, and 27.44%, respectively, compared with the control. Thus, dazomet and metham sodium were determined to be the optimal fumigants for use in practical applications.


This paper focuses on the massacre at De La Salle College during the last days of the Japanese Occupation. It recounts the circumstances surrounding the martyrdom of the Christian Brothers, explaining how they suffered in the hands of the rampaging Japanese. At the same time, glimpses of academic life in the school are highlighted as warranted by the logic of the paper. Gruesome as it may appear, the martyrdom of Christian Brothers, far from highlighting Japanese atrocities during the war years, speaks about historical veracity that happened during the ghastly moment of the country's history during the Japanese Occupation.


Abstract. This paper provides compelling evidence for the importance of heterogeneous nucleation, likely on solid particles of meteoritic origin, and of small-scale temperature fluctuations, for the formation of ice particles in the Arctic stratosphere. During January 2010, ice PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds) were shown by CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) to have occurred on a synoptic scale (~1000 km dimension). CALIPSO observations also showed widespread PSCs containing NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) particles in December 2009, prior to the occurrence of synoptic-scale regions of ice PSCs during mid-January 2010. We demonstrate by means of detailed microphysical modeling along air parcel trajectories that the formation of these PSCs is not readily reconciled with expectations from the conventional understanding of PSC nucleation mechanisms. The measurements are at odds with the previous laboratory-based understanding of PSC formation, which deemed direct heterogeneous nucleation of NAT and ice on preexisting solid particles unlikely. While a companion paper (Part 1) addresses the heterogeneous nucleation of NAT during December 2009, before the existence of ice PSCs, this paper shows that also the large-scale occurrence of stratospheric ice in January 2010 cannot be explained merely by homogeneous ice nucleation but requires the heterogeneous nucleation of ice, e.g. on meteoritic dust or preexisting NAT particles. The required efficiency of the ice nuclei is surprisingly high, namely comparable to that of known tropospheric ice nuclei such as mineral dust particles. To gain model agreement with the ice number densities inferred from observations, the presence of small-scale temperature fluctuations, with wavelengths unresolved by the numerical weather prediction models, is required. With the derived rate parameterization for heterogeneous ice nucleation we are able to explain and reproduce CALIPSO observations throughout the entire Arctic winter 2009/2010.


Research in the field of clinical neuropsychology has greatly advanced understanding of the complex relationships between brain functions and human behavior. This edited collection, originally published in the early days of this dynamic field, draws from the findings of clinical study, animal experimentation, and developmental observation to clarify the relationships between brain and behavior. The result is a report on the state of knowledge at that time, and a barometer of how far the field has come. The book's contributors include some of the leading figures in the field of human and developmental neuropsychology. They present comprehensive reviews of salient topics on which they themselves have done important investigative work. An introduction by Klaus Poeck describes the historical evolution of clinical Neuropsychology and discusses the status of the field from both substantive and methodological standpoints. George Ettlinger and Colin Blakemore describe understanding of inter-hemispheric relations as demonstrated by studies in animals and man. Sidney Weinstein discusses the phenomenon of the "phantom" in patients with amputated body parts and its implications for the concept of body image. Norman Geschwind, who was instrumental in reviving interest in the anatomical approach to aphasia, focuses on some unsolved anatomical problems and suggests needed clinical and experimental study. Arthur L. Benton outlines questions concerning constructional apraxia. Josephine Semmes offers a brilliant reformulation on whether there are discrete basic types of somatosensory function. Luigi Vignolo presents a masterful analysis of the concept of auditory agnosia and describes his own research in this area. Concentrating on a few important problem areas, each of which is intensively probed, this book offers valuable insight into how research advances understanding of the neuroanatomical bases of behavior.


This issue's Works in Progress department lists eight projects with a focus on environmental sustainability. The first three projects explore sensing and pervasive computing techniques for monitoring environmental conditions in outdoor situations. The next four projects use pervasive computing in indoor environments to inform individuals about their energy and resource consumption with the goal of positively influencing their behaviors. The final project aims to develop an energy generation infrastructure that combines multiple types of renewable energy sources.


An open, randomized comparison of ofloxacin (200 mg, every 12 h) given orally for 5 days and ceftriaxone (3 g, once daily) given intravenously for 3 days in the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Salmonella paratyphi type A was isolated from six patients. Salmonella typhi was isolated from 41 patients; 63% of these isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and tetracycline. Of the culture-confirmed cases, treatment with ofloxacin resulted in complete cure of all 22 patients, whereas 18 of 25 patients treated with ceftriaxone were completely cured (P < 0.01). In the ceftriaxone group, there were six acute treatment failures and one relapse. Mean +/- standard deviation fever clearance times were 81 +/- 25 h for ofloxacin and 196 +/- 87 h for ceftriaxone (P < 0.0001). Short-course treatment with oral ofloxacin (5 days) is significantly better than that with ceftriaxone (3 days) and will be of particular benefit in areas where multiresistant strains of S. typhi are encountered.