This report provides information on Azerbaijan on behalf of the implementation of the DECISIONS FOR LIFE project in that country. The DECISIONS FOR LIFE project aims to raise awareness amongst young female workers about their employment opportunities and career possibilities, family building and the work-family balance. This report is part of the Inventories, to be made by the University of Amsterdam, for all 14 countries involved. It focuses on a gender analysis of work and employment. _History (2.1.1)_. In the 1880s, the first oil boom took place in Azerbaijan. After brief independence from 1918 to 1920, the country realised independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. This was overshadowed by the Nagorno-Karabakh war with Armenia and an economic crisis that hit women dramatically. The 2000s witnessed spectacular economic growth, led by growing oil exports and high oil prices. _Governance (2.1.2)._ Azerbaijan is a secular and unitary republic with a presidential system. Recently the government's human rights record remained poor. The Constitution guarantees equality and rights for all citizens, but enforcement of human and women's rights is weak. With the 2009 elections, women representation in parliament came at 11.4%. Domestic violence and sexual harassment are widespread. _Prospects (2.1.3)._ Though Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) fell drastically in 2008-09, the global economic crisis has had a modest impact on Azerbaijan's economy. A further decline in jobs in manufacturing sub-sectors like textiles, garment and leather has negatively affected female employment. _Communication (2.2)._ Thoiugh the coverage of fi xed telephone connections has recently grown, this is dwarfed by the expansion of the incidence of cell phones, to over three in four of the population in 2008. By that year, 181 per 1,000 were Internet users. Nearly all households have a TV set. Freedom of press, be it TV, radio or printed press, is a recurrent problem. _The sectoral labour market structure - Population and employment (2.3.1)._ Between 2003 and 2008 a growing "informalisation" of the economy has taken place, in particular concerning women's employment. With 66% in 2008, women's Labour Participation Rate (LPR) was 91% of men's. _The sectoral labour market structure - Unemployment (2.3.2)_. In the 2000s unemployment fell from 10-13% to 6-7%. The differences between the male and female unemployment rates are marginal. In 2006 unemployment was highest for girls and young women aged 15-24 (17%), followed by their male peers (15.5%). Most likely this picture is structural. _Legislation (2.4.1)._ Azerbaijan has ratifi ed the eight core ILO Labour Conventions. The Constitution provides for the right to strike, but there are exceptions. The State prohibits unions from carrying out political activities. In the informal economy the government did not enforce contracts or labour legislation. _Labour relations and wage-setting (2.4.2)._ Depending on how many members the affi liates of the ATUC, the only union confederation, have, union density may vary between 42 and 91%. The national process of wage-setting seems to be orchestrated top-down, but some reservations should be made, like on bilateral government agreements with multinational enterprises (MNEs), setting aside labour laws. Unions also rarely participate in determining wage levels in the state sector. _The statutory minimum wage (2.5.1)._ Since 2008 the administratively set minimum wage is AZN 75, or 27% of the country's average monthly wage. Since 2004, the value of the MW has been about this level. In practice the MW is not effectively enforced. Poverty (2.5.2). For 2008, it was officially estimated that less than 13% of the population lived below the national poverty line. This is questioned by various research outcomes, suggesting a more grim picture, though the trend towards less poverty and greater equality cannot be denied. Economic independence is far-away for many women, in particular for many young women. Female-headed households are much more locked in poverty than male-headed households. _Population and fertility (2.6.1)._ Azerbaijan has a rather low and decreasing population growth, currently lower than 0.8% yearly. The 2009 sex ratio at birth is 1.13 male/female. The total fertility rate (slightly above 2.0 children per woman) and the adolescent fertility rate (44 per 1,000) are rather low but the adolescent rate is increasing. Early marriage is uncommon but increasing too. _Health (2.6.2)._ In 2007, the number of people in Azerbaijan living with HIV was estimated at 7,800. Though HIV/AIDS is much more a men's disease, female risk groups include trafficked women and girls and injecting drug users. Levels of public awareness of HIV/AIDS are very low, as is the case for knowledge on contraceptive prevalence. Health disparities are large, including urban - rural divides. _Women's labour market share (2.6.3)._ Women make up nearly half of the country's labour force. In 2008 five of the 15 industries showed a female share above this average. Nearly half of all women employed could be found at the bottom of the labour market, in elementary occupations. Among legislators, senior officials and managers the female share was with 6% very low, but women made up majorities among professionals (54%) and among technicians and associate professionals (53%). _Literacy (2.7.1)._ The adult literacy rate -those age 15 and over that can read and write—in 1999-2006 was 98.7%, with hardly any gender gap: 99.0% for men and 98.3% for women. In 2007 literacy rate for 15-24-year-olds stood at 99.9%; young females even scored 100%. Education of girls (2.7.2). In 2006 the combined gross enrollment rate in education was 66.2%, divided in 65.3% for females and 67.2% for males. In the 2000s school life for girls has been prolonged substantially. Net enrollment in primary education was for 2006 set at 83.3% for girls and for boys 86.2% for boys; in secondary education these rates were 76.4% and 79.2%. Beyond the age of 16, enrollment rates drop off sharply, with 13% of young adults in tertiary education. In 2006-2007, female students made up 47% of all tertiary enrolled. _Female skill levels (2.7.3)._ Gender differences in the country's education structure are rather small. Women are less represented at the highest level, but more at the second highest level. Women 25-29 of age are highest educated. Especially for women a serious underutilization of skills is at hand. We estimate the size of the target group of DECISIONS FOR LIFE for Azerbaijan at about 90,000 girls and young women working in urban areas in commercial services. _Wages (2.8.1)._ We found for 2008 large differences between wages across industries, as well as a large gender pay gap, totaling 43% -- fitting in the picture of a highly segmented labour market. Remarkably small was the gender pay gap in wholesale and retail, where men had quite low earnings. _Working conditions (2.8.2)._ Overall, gender differences in hours worked are small. Nearly one in four women works parttime i.e. less than 31 hours per week. In 2008, in eight of 15 industries the average monthly hours of females were longer than those of males, in four industries even considerably.


Abstract In space radiation calculations it is often useful to calculate the dose or dose equivalent in blood-forming organs (BFOs), the eye, or the skin. It has been customary to use a 5-cm equivalent sphere to approximate the BFO dose. However, previous studies have shown that a 5-cm sphere gives conservative dose values for BFOs. In this study we use a deterministic radiation transport with the Computerized Anatomical Man model to investigate whether the equivalent-sphere model (ESM) can approximate organ doses in space radiation environments. We have determined the organ-specific constant radius parameters and the corresponding average errors of using the ESM at those radius parameters. We find that for galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environments, the ESM with a constant radius parameter works well in estimating the dose and dose equivalent in BFOs, the eye, or the skin, and the average errors of using the ESM are all <2%. For solar particle event (SPE) environments, however, the radius parameters for organ dose or dose equivalent increase significantly with the shielding thickness, and the model works marginally for BFOs but is unacceptable for the eye or the skin. To estimate the dose equivalent in BFOs, for example, the constant radius parameter is determined to be ˜10.5 cm for GCR environments and ˜7.8 cm for SPE environments, and the corresponding average error of using these radius parameters in the ESM is 0.7% and 17%, respectively.


Abstract Microfabrication techniques, derived from the semiconductor industry, can be used to make a variety of useful mechanical components for targets. A selection of target components fabricated using deep-etched materials including supporting cooling arms for prototype cryogenic inertial confinement fusion targets, and stepped and graded density targets for materials dynamics experiments is described. Microfabrication enables cost-effective, simultaneous fabrication of multiple high-precision components with complex geometries.


Children's participation, justice and equality are among the main implications of the UN Convention of children's rights and inevitable basis for school democracy (democratization). The study focuses on Lithuanian students (age 12-14 and 16-18) and analyses their perceptions of democracy (children's participation, justice, equality) in the school setting. Research was conducted in Lithunia in 1998 and 2009, as well in Sweden in 1998. The main purpose of the study is to comparatively and chronologically analyse changes in Lithuanian students' perceptions, which reflect the inner tendencies of the school democratisation proces. The current state in reforming Lithunian schools is compared to the situation in Swedish schools. Research revealed that students' experience of democracy in the school is not changing significantly, even though democratisation of the school is one of the main aims of the Lithuanian Educational Reform. Unfortunately, Lithuanian students' experience of democracy in the school in 1998 and 2009 is significantly differerent (is more negative) if compared to the Swedish students' experience in 1998.


This article discusses one approach to producing social change used in a transformative education project carried out in 2007/08 in Kaduna, Nigeria. Its participants were Muslim and Christian youth and the setting one in which, in the wake of recent inter-sectarian riots, the possibility of new outbreaks of community violence is ever present. The project aimed to open up spaces for reflection and citizen action at community level and increase participants' ability to analyse the local political situation, in order to reduce violence in the community. The success of transformative education depends on the ability of the facilitator to use pedagogy to support people to make fundamental changes in their frames of reference. In those instances where the methodology of the project was truly transformative and not merely participatory, it produced changes in thought processes – increased capacity for critical thinking.


Rhizophytic green algae of the genus Caulerpa are potential competitors with seagrass-dominated habitats. At Cadiz Bay Natural Park, Caulerpa prolifera and the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa co-occur in overlapping patches, which may be considered as transition zones. In these zones, changes in microtopography are stepped because patches of C. prolifera normally occur at 5 to 10 cm above the adjacent C. nodosa patches. We hypothesized that hydrodynamics influenced by this microtopography may foster sedimentation on the C. nodosa side, which in turn would facilitate the spreading of C. prolifera. To test this hypothesis, an experiment simulating the flow between both species was conducted in a race-track flume tank, allowing us to study the influence of unidirectional free stream velocity (low velocity, LV = 0.065 m s-1, vs. high velocity, HV = 0.14 m s-1) and microtopography (flat bottom, FB, vs. stepped bottom, SB) on shear stress (τ), turbulent kinetic energy above the canopy (TKEabove) and volumetric flow rate through the canopy (Qc). Under our experimental conditions, comparison of τ-values with theoretical thresholds revealed sedimentation scenarios. However, at HV, the probability of sedimentation was higher in C. nodosa than in C. prolifera patches. Moreover, Qc was higher within C. nodosa canopies than within C. prolifera, ensuring a higher source of sediment with potential to be trapped within the canopy. Although we found no species-specific differences in TKEabove values, they increased with HV increasing the vertical mixing. Overall, conditions for sedimentation seemed more facilitated in C. nodosa than in C. prolifera in SB only under HV conditions.


"Cross cultural differences create such a high degrees of friction and frustration that they put business deals in jeopardy" 1
However ' ... the realisation, that the future will belong to ADR " is a '… view … more in tune with the growing feeling in the international business community: "Don't litigate, don't arbitrate, but settle".2 This paper seeks to determine, whether participant's engaged in construction disputes, are compelled to choose mediation as their preferred dispute resolution procedure as a consequence of change in litigation culture or are they more likely to use mediation as their foremost preference, due to influences from their cultural background? A mixture of qualitative methodologies has been used in the sourcing of reputable research materials, with some supporting use of existing and relevant, quantitative empirical research data. Short excerpts inform of the evolution in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedures with in UK construction, in the European Union and internationally, worldwide and of the legislative / judicial changes and ADR developments, which have influenced their use by people from different cultures, whilst affording a specific focus on mediation. The term 'Cultural Norm' is interpreted by employing Cultural Dimension Interests from American Negotiation Theory, which can be linked to ADR, by supporting substantive empirical data, which provides the basis for statements subsequently given, which are correlated to other reputable academic works, in which opinion regarding preferred choice of ADR has been addressed. The 'Cultural Norm' for the most preferred choice of ADR procedure, by persons of different cultures, is thus derived. This paper's conclusion confirms that on the whole, participants in construction dispute are not forced to choose mediation, nor is it the 'Cultural Norm' to choose mediation, as the foremost preferred ADR procedure, despite there having been a noticeable change in litigation culture on the worldwide stage, resulting in the greater use of mediation procedures and the introduction of some innovative ADR concepts. The existence or lack of a settlement culture has proven to be key in the success or failure of ADR. This paper's recommendation is that further empirical research should seek to procure substantive data on the frequency of, background behind, preference in choice and success of outcome of ADR meetings, which if used, will aid ADR administrators worldwide to better focus their time, effort and resources on those ADR procedures best suited to a particular background. Recording outcomes might also provide for key performance indicators in ADR procedure.


BACKGROUND
The development of a recruitment strategy requires nurse researchers to consider the avenues available to them to fully investigate a phenomenon. In many cases, this will mean that they invite members of the public to be participants in their research. Successfully advertising the research project to potential participants requires a targeted approach, so that the participants will contribute to a data set that is sufficiently representative and analysis will elicit answers to the research questions. Societal changes in communication patterns and in media consumption have led to a downturn in traditional forms of media, such as television, radio and printed newspapers, magazines and newsletters. Increasingly, the public is using social media instead of traditional media. This change has implications for the design of research and researchers will have to adapt their recruitment strategies to include social media, if they are to collect representative rich data that can be analysed and reliably inform the findings of research.

AIM
To discuss the importance of rigorous research designs and to provide an example of a study that demonstrates how mental health researchers, investigating help and support for young people's mental health, can adapt their traditional recruitment practices and applied this new knowledge to recruitment using social media.

DISCUSSION
A carefully designed social media recruitment process was particularly useful in attracting informative participant respondents who were able to provide meaningful and rich data relevant when responding to particular research questions. Engineering the participant user experience, such as using a minimum number of keyboard clicks to enter the online survey, mitigated the risk of drop out or incomplete responses.

CONCLUSION
Recruitment to a research study requires a strategy that matches the dynamics of the communication media used by potential participants. Nurse researchers need to be adept in the use of social media applied to health research contexts to ensure that data sets obtain representative samples and to reveal trustworthy, reliable, dependable and valid evidence to support clinical research and practice.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
The general popularity of social media has led to the public expectation that health information, and in some cases treatment, will be available online. Such a change in communication dynamics in recent times requires that nurse researchers develop new researcher skills and expertise in the proficient use of social media for the purpose of ethical recruitment of participants to health research projects.


This country profile reviews the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia, sets out the institutional, political and economic environment within which REDD+ is being implemented in Indonesia, and documents the process of national REDD+ policy development during the period 2007 - early 2012. While Indonesia is committed at the national and international level to addressing climate change through the forestry sector, there are clearly contextual challenges that need to be addressed to create the enabling conditions for REDD+. Some of the major issues include inconsistent legal frameworks, sectoral focus, unclear tenure, consequences of decentralisation, and weak local governance. Despite these challenges, however, REDD+ opens up an opportunity for improvements in forest governance and, more broadly, in land use governance. More democratic political-economic processes in general, greater freedom of civil society and the press, and heightened awareness of environmental issues can help build support and solidify policies in this direction.


One of the critical global environmental problems is human and ecological exposure to hazardous wastes from agricultural, industrial, military and mining activities. These wastes often include heavy metals, hydrocarbons and other organic chemicals. Traditional field and laboratory detection and monitoring of these wastes are generally expensive and time consuming. The synoptic perspective of overhead remote imaging can be very useful for the detection and remediation of hazardous wastes. Aerial photography has a long and effective record in waste site evaluations. Aerial photographic archives allow temporal evaluation and change detection by visual interpretation. Multispectral aircraft and satellite systems have been successfully employed in both spectral and morphological analysis of hazardous wastes on the landscape and emerging hyperspectral sensors have permitted determination of the specific contaminants by processing strategies using the tens or hundreds of acquired wavelengths in the solar reflected and/or thermal infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This paper reviews the literature of remote sensing and overhead imaging in the context of hazardous waste and discusses future monitoring needs and emerging scientific research areas.


The regulation of a yeast cell-growth enzyme is dynamic rather than on-off. How do fission yeast cells decide when to grow at a single end (or pole) of the cell or whether to grow in a multipolar manner? Das et al. found that accumulation of the active form of the small guanine nucleotide–binding protein Cdc42 at the growing tip of the cell oscillated with a period of a few minutes. In cells growing at one pole, the oscillations were primarily present at that pole, and during bipolar growth symmetrical anticorrelated oscillations were observed. Dynamic competition for Cdc42 between multiple growth zones could represent a flexible mechanism to modulate cell growth asymmetry. M. Das, T. Drake, D. J. Wiley, P. Buchwald, D. Vavylonis, F. Verde, Oscillatory dynamics of Cdc42 GTPase in the control of polarized growth. Science 337, 239–243 (2012). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Some organization theorists argue that prevailing theories of organizing are based primarily on detailed observations of bureaucratic work, but that the nature of work today is sufficiently different to bring the applicability of these theories into question. They note in particular the growth in white collar and service workers, the rise of "contingent work" and the increased application of computer technologies. While various kinds of non-bureaucratic work such as project-based work and non-traditional employees such as contractors is not new, the pace and intensity of work enabled by communications technologies suggest that a postbureaucratic theory of work may be appropriate. Indeed, "virtual" has become shorthand for novel work arrangements involving telecommuters or virtual organizations. We propose that an increasingly important characteristic of non-bureaucratic work settings is the fact that the workers in these environments face discontinuities, that is, a lack of coherence in aspects of their work, such as the work setting, task, relations with other workers or managers. In this paper, we argue that studying how discontinuities have been managed in a variety of settings may offer insights into the nature of post-bureaucratic work. The first contribution of this paper is a framework that illuminates commonalties in diverse non-bureaucratic work settings and thus suggests how the existing research in these settings might be integrated. Based on this framework, we then consider how various existing theories might be integrated into a theory of post-bureaucratic organizing. We conclude by proposing a set of questions for future research based on this perspective.


Parkinson's Law states that 'work expands to fill the time available'. While strenuously denied by management consultants, bureaucrats and efficiency experts, the law is borne out by disinterested observation of any organization. The book goes far beyond its famous theorem, though. The author goes on to explain how to meet the most important people at a social gathering and why, as a matter of mathematical certainty, the time spent debating an issue is inversely proportional to its objective importance. Justly famous for more than forty years, Parkinson's Law is at once a bracingly cynical primer on the reality of human organization, and an innoculation against the wilful optimism to which we as a species are prone.


This article studies an ecclesiastical census, the Relación de sacerdotes, that was compiled by the Secretariat of the Interior during Mexico's Cristero War in 1929. We propose that this statistical device ultimately helped the Catholic Church and the Portes Gil government to plot a way out of the religious crisis. It did so by providing a mutually acceptable means for priests to register with the postrevolutionary state and by providing a discursive mechanism for the Catholic clergy to present itself to the regime as a national, less Rome-oriented body. The Relación can therefore give historians insights into the contingent and bureaucratic ways that revolutionary and ecclesiastical elites renegotiated the contours of Mexico's secular order. The second half of the article contains an analysis of the Relación. There we argue that the Relación offers a kind of prosopographical and political snapshot of the Mexican clergy during the Cristero Rebellion.


Microfluidic technology has great potential as a solution to the increasing demand for environmental monitoring, by producing autonomous chemical sensing platforms at a price level that creates a significant impact on the existing market. The development of sensing platforms for ammonium, nitrate and nitrite in water and wastewater using colorimetric techniques are being investigated. Our approach is to combine microfluidic technology with colorimetric chemical assays; low cost LED/photodiode-based optical detection systems; and wireless communications, developing low cost systems which can be deployed for extended periods.
 The objectives of this project are:
(i) to develop and optimise colorimetric detection methods for nitrate, nitrite and ammonia, and (ii) to integrate polymeric actuator valves into the microfluidic chip, significantly driving down the overall cost of the platform for a fully integrated, multi-target 'matchbox' analyser ready for field deployment.
The colorimetric study of nitrite was performed using the Griess test, and an autonomous nitrite analyser has also been developed. The work described in this paper shows that this forms the basis of a highly sensitive, low cost, simple colorimetric technique that can be integrated into a field deployable platform.
A simplified colorimetric technique for nitrate has also been established and optimised using chromotropic acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. The method shows great relevance as a linear range was achieved from 0-80mg/L NO3-. The kinetics, reproducibility, limit of detection and reagent stability was investigated. A blind test using real samples was performed and results showed excellent agreement to ion chromatography. The chromotropic method for nitrate determination has been demonstrated to be a direct, simple technique. It was also shown that it is possible to reduce the concentration of the sulphuric acid used in the assay, reducing risk factors and component cost while maximising the lifetime of the system.
A colorimetric method for the determination of ammonium was also investigated. The reagent cocktail includes a variation on the Berthelot method which employs salicylic acid instead of phenol, thereby eliminating a toxic and unstable reagent component. The intense colour generated is detected at a wavelength of 630nm.
Results for the direct determination of nitrite and ammonia achieved also suggest that these may be suitable for integration into a similar field deployable platform to that of a phosphate monitoring platform which was previously developed1. Results from recent deployments of the phosphate platform in situ at Broadmeadow Water Estuary, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and at a constructed wetlands wastewater treatment system at Glaslough, Co. Monaghan, Ireland from May to June 2012 are also presented.


This study provides evidence regarding the relationship between price changes and volume of trading of firms
listed on the KLSE. Absolute price changes were found to have a strong relationship with trading volume
compared to price changes. Transaction volume associated with a price upturn was, on the average, larger
than the transaction volume associated with a price downturn which probably explained the positive
correlation between price changes and trading volume. Causality tests indicated that price changes cause
volume changes but not vice versa. The interaction test showed that large transaction volume coupled with
an increasing trend in price will further gather momentum and result in a further increase in price. This
fll1ding, however, does not suggest that the KLSE is weak-form inefficient which provides an opportunity to
investors to devise strategies as there is evidence that the KLSE is weak-form efficient and pockets of
inefficiencies observed are not economically viable. The findings defy the basic tenet of technical analysis that
past price volume data can be consistently used to design profitable investment strategies.


3D Printers are playing a huge role in helping to fight against COVID-19.3D Printing also known as additive manufacturing, refers to processes used to create a three-dimensional object in which layers of material are formed under computer control to create an object. With 3D printing innovation these days, we can easily transform any design into a 3D model. The utilization of 3D Printers in medical fields are growing quickly and are required to reform human services. The corona virus infection-19 has spread all over the world and stances diverse challenges to healthcare offerings. Health care staff rely on Personal Protective Equipment to protect themselves and their patients from infection. Hospitals around the globe are running out of PPE for treating COVID Patients. The constrained accessibility of PPE has impacted many countries ability to react to the emergency. The 3D printing network is ready to overcome this international scarcity. The target of the current work is to examine the 3D printing innovation with regards to a Covid-19 pandemic and to analyze which kind of PPE can be printed utilizing 3D Printers. The beneficial 3D prints for Covid-19 are Face shield mask, Safety goggles, nasal swabs, Ventilators, Oxygen Venturi valves, hands-free door openers, Tweezers, Handy tool for buttons, Respirator mask, 3D Printing pill dispenser, medical devices and surgical tools and so on.


General equilibrium theory has been proposed for resource allocation in computational markets. The basic procedure is that agents submit bids and that a resource (re)allocation is performed when a set of prices (one for each commodity) is found such that supply meets demand for each commodity. For successful implementation of large markets based on general equilibrium theory, efficient algorithms for finding the equilibrium are required. The authors discuss some drawbacks of current algorithms for large scale equilibrium markets and present a novel distributed algorithm, CoTREE, which deals with the most important problems. CoTREE is communication sparse, fast in adapting to preference changes of a few agents, has minimal requirements on local data, and is easy to implement.


Now in its thirteenth year of publication, Human Molecular Genetics has become one of the leading journals in this exciting frontier of scientific research. The journal concentrates on full-length research papers covering a wide range of topics in all aspects of human molecular genetics. These include: the molecular basis of human genetic disease; developmental genetics; cancer genetics; neurogenetics; chromosome and genome structure and function; gene therapy; mouse and other models of human diseases; functional genomics; and computational genomics. In addition, the journal also publishes research on other model systems for the analysis of genes, especially when there is an obvious relevance to human genetics.


Given their vulnerability to external economic events, small developing countries (SDEs) are particularly cognizant of their place in the world economy. Moreover, given their reliance on international trade for prosperity, SDEs are also concerned about the rules and institutions governing the multilateral trading system. in this paper, the author reviews and evaluates the participation of SDEs in the governance of the multilateral trading system, with a particular focus on the WTO. he suggests how SDEs can improve the efficacy of their participation in the WTO's decision-making process, and proposes ways in which the WTO could be adapted to better integrate SDEs in its governance.


The genus Alluaudomyia was erected in 1913 by Kieffer for imparunguis collected by Alluaud and Jeannel in British East Africa. Since bellus Coq. is regarded as a synonym of splendida (Winn.), Malloch's Neoceratopogon: falls away under Alluaudomyia. Carter, Ingram and Macfie in erecting the genus Prionognathus, pointed out that it was very like Alluaudomyia, but differed chiefly in the character of the wing microtrichia. Prionognathus being preoccupied, the generic name was changed to Thysanognathus. Macfie (1924) in a footnote to his paper on some Egyptian midges pointed out that Hoffman had found Thysanognathus and Neoceratopogon to be congeneric. Johannsen (1934) gives Isoecacta poeyi Garrett as a synonym of C. bellus Coq.


ABSTRACT Background: Adolescent cannabis use is associated with increased risk for psychological problems, with evidence for more severe problems among youth who use cannabis in combination with other substances (i.e., polysubstance use). Juvenile offenders engage in both cannabis use and polysubstance use at higher rates than the general adolescent population. Yet, limited research has examined the relationship between cannabis poly-use (e.g., cannabis and alcohol use) and functional or psychological problems among juvenile offenders. Objectives: The current study addresses this gap by examining the association of polysubstance use of cannabis compared to cannabis only use with cognitive functioning, psychological distress, and substance-related problems among juvenile detainees. Methods: Participants were 238 detained youth ages 12–18 (80.4 % male, 77.3% non-White) who completed assessments of substance use, intellectual functioning, psychological symptoms, and substance-related problems. Youth were also assessed by a clinical psychologist for substance use disorder. Results: Four cannabis-use typologies were identified; cannabis and alcohol use was the largest class, followed by cannabis only use, cannabis, alcohol and other drug use, then cannabis and other drug use. Polysubstance use was associated with lower scores on measures of intellectual functioning, more externalizing and internalizing symptomology, and more substance-related problems relative to cannabis only use. However, the relationship between polysubstance use and problems varied by typology. Conclusions: Findings suggest that justice-involved youth engaged in polysubstance use may be at greater need for concurrent academic, affective, and behavioral support in their rehabilitation and transition back to the community.


Introduction This thesis describes the application of mass-spectrometry-based approaches on the cytosolic red blood cell (RBC) proteome in gaining improved understanding and insight into the metabolic effects and mechanisms of rare hereditary RBC defects that result in hemolytic anemia. Whilst the responsible mutation or molecular defects resulting in RBC enzymopathies may readily be identified using complementary techniques such as next‐generation sequencing, the particular challenge that we address in these studies is in understanding and linking together the observed physiological presentation to the respective RBC metabolic pathways that are affected. In chapter 2, we review the challenges faced when performing mass spectrometry based proteomics on RBCs as an in‐depth discussion following this general introduction. Here we explore the unmet need to understand rare hemolytic anemias and further detail recent approaches and attempts by experts in the field at solving the well‐known dynamic range problem in RBC proteome analysis. Successes and limitations in using more traditional approaches for biomarker discovery in red blood cell based disorders are also reviewed. Chapter 3 describes the discovery of a potential biomarker that could lead to more comprehensive diagnosis in hereditary non‐spherocytic hemolytic anemia (HNSHA). We sought to use validated quantitative proteomics on the RBC cytosolic proteome of a number of patients with pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase deficiency. These findings are important in shedding more insight on the pathophysiology i.e. red cell clearance, in pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase deficiency anemia, and further demonstrate the potential benefit of coupling quantitative proteomics strategies with currently established and routine HNSHA diagnosis procedures. In chapter 4, a similar approach is applied in MS‐based quantification of the enzymatic changes in RBCs obtained from a unique family in which the entire members are affected by a genetic mutation in PIEZO1 protein which is responsible for causing hereditary xerocytosis. In this family only the male members demonstrated physiological characteristics of hereditary xerocytosis, while the female member is asymptomatic. We thus used comparative proteomics to explore the downstream effects of molecular defects in PIEZO1 on RBC function. From our findings we further explore the broad effects of hereditary xerocytosis on RBC energy metabolism, which would be complementary in understanding interrelated protein function in the RBC cytosol. Summary By increasing our understanding on the diagnosis, pathophysiology and molecular basis of RBC enzymopathies, such as in the studies described in this thesis, we can establish robust diagnostic approaches that lead to correct and timely identification of hereditary hemolytic anemias. To a patient suffering from prolonged hemolytic anemia of unknown origin, finally being able to understand the cause and development of their illness may be beneficial in providing peace of mind. More importantly, a better understanding of specific diagnoses would allow for the development of tailored disease treatment regimens which would mitigate possible complications and also allow for appropriate genetic counseling.


Family Advocate, published by the American Bar Association Section of Family Law, offers practical, practice-oriented articles for family lawyers, their clients, and other professionals involved in divorce, child custody, adoption, and other family-law related issues. The articles in Family Advocate do not express the official policy of the ABA or the Section of Family Law. They represent the views of thoughtful members of the bench and bar who are interested in effective advocacy and the American family.


SummarySQL Server MVP Deep Dives, Volume 2 is a unique book that lets you learn from the best in the business - 64 SQL Server MVPs offer completely new content in this second volume on topics ranging from testing and policy management to integration services, reporting, and performance optimization techniques...and more. About this BookTo become an MVP requires deep knowledge and impressive skill. Together, the 64 MVPs who wrote this book bring about 1,000 years of experience in SQL Server administration, development, training, and design. This incredible book captures their expertise and passion in 60 concise, hand-picked chapters and offers valuable insights for readers of all levels.SQL Server MVP Deep Dives, Volume 2 picks up where the first volume leaves off, with completely new content on topics ranging from testing and policy management to integration services, reporting, and performance optimization. The chapters fall into five parts: Architecture and Design, Database Administration, Database Development, Performance Tuning and Optimization, and Business Intelligence. What's InsideDiscovering servers with PowerShell Using regular expressions in SSMS Tuning the Transaction Log for OLTP Optimizing SSIS for dimensional data Real-time BI and much moreManning Publications and the authors of this book support the children of Operation Smile, an international children's medical charity that performs free reconstructive surgery for children suffering from facial deformities such as cleft lips and cleft palates by mobilizing medical volunteers who provide education and training programs to local doctors on the latest surgical techniques.=============================================== Table of Contents PART 1 ARCHITECTURE Edited by Louis Davidson Where are my keys? by Ami Levin "Yes, we are all individuals" A look at uniqueness in the world of SQL by Rob Farley Architectural growth pains by Chris Shaw Characteristics of a great relational database by Louis Davidson Storage design considerations by Denny Cherry Generalization: the key to a well-designed schema by Paul Nielsen PART 2 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION Edited by Paul Randal and Kimberly Tripp Increasing availability through testing by Allan Hirt Page restores by Gail Shaw Capacity planning by Greg Larsen Discovering your servers with PowerShell and SMO by Joe Webb Will the real Mr. Smith please stand up? by John Magnabosco Build your own SQL Server 2008 performance dashboard by Pawl Potasinski SQL Server cost recovery by Peter Ward Best practice compliance with Policy-Based Management by Rod Colledge Using SQL Server Management Studio to the fullest by Rodney Landrum Multiserver management and Utility Explorer - best tools for the DBA by Satya Shyam K. Jayanty Top 10 SQL Server admin student misconceptions by Tibor Karaszi High availability of SQL Server in the context of Service Level Agreements by Tobiasz Janusz Koprowski PART 3 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT Edited by Paul Nielsen T-SQL: bad habits to kick by Aaron Bertrand Death by UDF by Kevin Boles Using regular expressions in SSMS by John Paul Cook SQL Server Denali: what's coming next in T-SQL by Sergio Govoni Creating your own data type by Hugo Kornelis Extracting data with regular expressions by Matija Lah Relational division by Peter Larsson SQL FILESTREAM: to BLOB or not to BLOB by Ben Miller Writing unit tests for Transact-SQL by Luciano Moreira Getting asynchronous with Service Broker by Mladen Prajdic Effective use of HierarchyId by Denis Reznik Let Service Broker help you scale your application by Allen White PART 4 PERFORMANCE TUNING AND OPTIMIZATION Edited by Brad M. McGehee Hardware 201: selecting and sizing database server hardware by Glenn Berry Parameter sniffing: your best friend...except when it isn't by Grant Fritchey Investigating the plan cache by Jason Strate What are you waiting for? An introduction to waits and queues by Robert Pearl You see sets, and I see loops by Linchi Shea Performance-tuning the transaction log for OLTP workloads by Brad M. McGehee Strategies for unraveling tangled code by Jennifer McCown Using PAL to analyze SQL Server performance by Tim Chapman Tuning JDBC for SQL Server by Jungsun Kim PART 5 BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE Edited by Greg Low Creating a formal Reporting Services report part library by Jessica M. Moss Improving report layout and visualization by Greg Low Developing sharable managed code expressions in SSRS by William Vaughn Designing reports with custom MDX queries by Paul Turley Building a scale-out Reporting Services farm by Edwin Sarmiento Creating SSRS reports from SSAS by Robert Cain Optimizing SSIS for dimensional data loads by Michael Coles SSIS configurations management by Andy Leonard Exploring different types of enumerators in the SSIS Foreach Loop container by Abolfazl Radgoudarzi and Shahriar Nikkhah Late-arriving dimensions in SSIS by John Welch Why automate tasks with SSIS? by Ted Krueger Extending SSIS using the Script component by Tim Mitchell ETL design checklist by Rafael Salas Autogenerating SSAS cubes by Johan Ahlen Scripting SSAS databases - AMO and PowerShell, Better Together by Darren Gosbell Managing context in MDX by Boyan Penev Using time intelligence functions in PowerPivot by Thiago Zavaschi Easy BI with Silverlight PivotViewer by Gogula Aryalingam Excel as a BI frontend tool by Pedro Perfeito Real-time BI with StreamInsight by Allan Mitchell BI solution development design considerations by Siddharth Mehta


Although the Lao People's Democratic Republic has speakers of up to 230 different languages belonging to four ethnolinguistic families, the Lao Government's policy as stated in its Education Law is that Lao is the official language of education at all levels. This creates a challenging situation for teachers in ethnic minority villages throughout the country, where students often begin school with no knowledge of the Lao language. This paper explores the language practices of one teacher in a combined Grade 3 and 4 ethnic minority classroom. It describes how this teacher balances the constraints on him to use Lao as the central language of teaching with his belief in using the students' mother tongue to allow effective teaching and learning to occur. The teacher uses the students' L1 not only in the ways expected of him by national-level policy-makers and planners, or in those often described in the literature on similar contexts, but also in unexpected and creative ways. This has important implications for education policy and planning, particularly in areas such as teacher recruitment, training and deployment, as well as for our understanding of bi- and multilingual classroom behaviour.


A local case study for the environmental impact of landfill leachate on groundwater quality along and across the Mediouna landfill is presented, based on physicochemical and statistical approaches. The landfill has been operational since 1986 and it receives municipal solid wastes produced by the city of Casablanca, whose the daily waste output exceeds 4000 t. This waste is stockpiled in old sandstone quarries; the site has never been sealed before its opening. The aim of this study is to update the knowledge about groundwater quality around the landfill, to determine the factors controlling the extent of groundwater contamination and compare the results with those of 1989 and 2001. To evaluate groundwater pollution due to this landfill, piezometric level and geochemical analyses have been carried out on 19 wells. The physicochemical data of groundwater down-gradient of the landfill site is showing a deterioration of its quality, to the point that the wells have become unusable. The statistical treatment of physicochemical data by principal components analysis allowed the mapping of three areas downstream of the landfill. The first is hardly polluted, the second is moderately polluted and the third is characterized by mineralization through their waters and the almost absence of organic matter. The extent of groundwater contamination from an area with a radius of 200 m in 1989, to an area with a radius of about 1 km in 2001 to more 2 km as of today. This extension is controlled by the structural factor of faults, by the lithology of aquiferous and the intensity of water pumping; the wells equipped with pumps exert pressure against the advanced front of the pollution.


The burden of pneumonia prevented by conjugate pneumococcal vaccine may be underestimated by consideration only of the vaccine impact against X-ray-confirmed pneumonia. An analyses of the South African data suggest that the burden of disease prevented, or vaccine-attributable reduction (VAR) in disease burden, is higher against clinically confirmed pneumonia than against X-ray-confirmed disease. The impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine on pneumonia in HIV-infected children has not been established, although the vaccine has activity against invasive Hib disease in these children similar to that of pneumococcal conjugate. There is abundant evidence that conjugate pneumococcal vaccines reduce the carriage of vaccine serotypes and in that way reduce the burden of invasive disease in the elderly. By inference, therefore, the vaccine should prevent both bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia by herd immunity. A consistent finding in studies of pediatric viral pneumonia has been evidence of bacterial coinfection. The mechanism of the interaction may be as varied as the synergy between the pneumococcus and the influenza virus on apoptosis of neutrophils; virus-induced interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor upregulation of the platelet-activating factor receptor, which mediates bacterial invasion; or the influenza virus strain neuraminidase activity, which degrades mucin and enhances secondary pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. The vaccine probe approach allows direct investigation of the concurrence of bacterial and viral pathogens in children with pneumonia. Children (and possibly adults) hospitalized with presumed viral pneumonia require antibiotics, even if the bacterial superinfection cannot be confirmed by culture.


Since I'm about to discuss a problem related to colors and surfaces, I would like to separate certain unwanted elements from my essential point of focus. Colors are characteristically said to be nonextensional entities in constitution, because they have an intensity and a frequency. Neither of which is a spatial property. A red so faint that it is but one step before total extinction can occupy the very same section of space that the brightest of reds can. Hence the brilliance or dimness of a color gains or loses nothing, whether it occupies a surface the width of Sahara or one the width of a postal stamp. Similarly with frequency. Whether something is red (a lower frequency) or blue (a higher frequency) can be fully decided by looking at something the size of a stamp without having to look at something the size of Sahara. Calling something blue rather than red is not to say anything about its size. Therefore the essence of colorhood has nothing spatial in its constitution. This is a perfectly sound argument, provided it is not exaggerated to the point of divorcing colors from surfaces. At best, what it say s is that the notion of a surface is not a sufficient condition for the presence of a color. It does not say that it is not even a necessary one. Colors are things attributed to surfaces, if attributed to anything. That colors are not defined spatially is hardly like saying that colors are not exemplified spatially either. Pains are also entities of this kind. They too have a degree instead of an extension. But this is not to say that when I feel a pain I do not feel this pain somewhere (e.g., a toothache.) To instantiate a certain color is to instantiate a certain surface of which it is the color, and one cannot encounter the instantiation of a color that occupies no surface, intensity, frequency and all notwithstanding. A color has to be somewhere, to be a color, and something can be somewhere, if and only if it occupies the "somewhere," where it is. The link may be "extrinsic" but it is still unbreakable. This is all I require for the argument which follows. Suppose I begin with a certain red surface and wonder how far I can proceed with its subdivision. I can certainly break it up into, say, four even (or uneven) smaller red surfaces. Its color will not be affected, precisely because of the other, nonspatial properties of red. (Which shows I'm on the right track.) Then I subdivide those latter and so on, until I will either conclude that the red surface is no longer divisible, whereupon I have reached its ultimate subdivision, or else conclude that no matter how far I subdivide, there will always be smaller red surfaces before me to do the very same thing with. The former supposition is the atomistic one. There is an atom at the rock bottom of this surface and hence, since this (happened to) be a red surface, a red atom of the surface. The latter is the "plenum" supposition. There is no part of this surface which is the smallest one and hence, since this (happened to) be a red surface, no red part of which is the smallest. Both suppositions have their own problems. The plenum supposition is plagued by the problem of smallness before it is plagued by anything else. If the surface, red or what have you, is infinitely divisible, its smallest parts will accordingly be infinitesimal and then one would have a hard time reconstructing the initial surface back again. One cannot add literally dimensionless parts of (what used to be) an extension and get back to an extended anything. This is not a new problem with infinite divisibility, but it is a problem. Zeno was well aware of this problem and we will see that he has some things of unique importance to say about it. However, the atomistic supposition has a different problem. Leibniz, Kant, and Bohr seem to be fully aware of this problem, each in his own way, though few others seem to be. And this problem, unlike the previous, does involve "red. …


A successful garden comes from choosing plants that work well together. Ideas for plant combinations are presented here, from garden designers from the past and present. They range from maples and bamboos of Chinese gardens to contemporary designs such as beth Chatto's groupings of hostas and heucheras. They include traditional cottage gardens of foxgloves and oriental poppies and well-known pairings devised by designers like Gertrude Jekyll and artists such as Claude Monet. The text gives a history of the pairing and how it was used, with advice for different areas of the garden such as borders, walls and containers.


A new autosomal recessive mutation of the house mouse developed generalized alopecia associated with breakage of abnormal hair shafts. This mutation, named 'lanceolate hair' (symbol: lah), arose in a mutagenesis experiment using ethylnitrosourea. Hair shafts were short with a focal degeneration at the breakpoint characterized by a pronounced enlargement at the apex, resembling a lance head. Plucked hair fibers were 2.0 to 3.5 mm in length with a normal base, suggesting that there was a synchronized developmental defect. Histologic examination of anagen follicles revealed abnormal cornification of the matrix region with degeneration resulting in the focal hair shaft deformity. Catagen follicles showed pronounced follicular dystrophy but telogen follicles were almost normal. There was a marked, persistent thickening of the epidermis associated with a non-scarring, relatively non-inflammatory ichthyosiform dermatitis. These features are found in the Netherton's syndrome of the human, for which this mouse mutation may represent a model. The lah mutation has been localized to the centromeric end of mouse Chromosome 18.


Theme: Collection of Advanced Therapies: Prevention of Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome World Summit on Diabetes and Metabolism 2020 is designed to provide an exclusive international forum for all the participants and entrants to introduce and talk about the latest advancements, challenges encountered, trends, concerns, applications and the solutions taken up for mitigating diabetes and metabolism. The conference will be held on March 23-24, 2020 at Toronto, Canada. Diabetes Metabolism 2020 will provide a concentrated learning on circulation of information; chances to arrange and talk about science, drug on diabetes, medicinal services and the current advances and innovations related to diabetes and metabolism. The main centre of focus will be at the latest updates on clinical and basic scientific advances in key areas of diabetes, obesity and metabolism, important historical overviews, discussion of controversial issues and opinions from prominent researchers and clinicians regarding translational and basic research closely related metabolic disorders and the conference will be also concerned with treatment and management of issues related to patient care. Diabetes Metabolism 2020 incorporates plenary lectures, keynote talks, courses by eminent personalities from around the world in addition to poster presentation, young researcher sessions, symposiums, workshop and exhibitions.


Fibromyalgia is a complex chronic condition characterized by pain, physical fatigue, sleep disorder and cognitive impairment. Evidence-based guidelines recommend antidepressants as treatments of fibromyalgia where tricyclics are often considered to have the greatest efficacy, with amitriptyline often being a first-line treatment. Amitriptyline evokes a preferential reduction in pain and fatigue of fibromyalgia, and in the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) score, which is a quality of life assessment. The multimodal profile of the mechanisms of action of amitriptyline include monoamine reuptake inhibition, receptor modulation and ion channel modulation. Several of the actions of amitriptyline on multiple nociceptive and sensory processes at central and peripheral locations have the potential to act cumulatively to suppress the characteristic symptoms of fibromyalgia. Greater understanding of the role of these mechanisms of action of amitriptyline could provide further clues to the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and to a preferable pharmacological profile for future drug development.


The HathiTrust Research Center (HTRC), founded in 2010, is managed by Indiana University Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign under an agreement with the HathiTrust Board of Governors and the University of Michigan. The HTRC mission supports new knowledge creation through novel computational uses of the Hathitrust Digital Library (HTDL). Through the introduction of the concept of distant publishing, this short paper will discuss ideas for data and software publication that support the HTRC non-consumptive research methodologies and offer scholars new methods for research inquiry.


Habitat selection in amphibians has typically been investigated using species that breed in medium-sized to large bodies of water. So far, few studies have focused on tropical, phytotelm-breeding species. We examined habitat selection in the context of reproductive resource use by Ranitomeya biolat (Morales, 1992), a poison frog that uses bamboo internodes as breeding sites. We conducted field observations and experiments using bamboo and PVC sections to test the effect of physical and biotic factors on tadpole deposition. Our field observations indicated that water volume, as well as internode length, height, and angle, may be important for tadpole deposition. We predicted that adult R. biolat would deposit tadpoles in pools that are close to the ground, pools with high water volume, pools contained in long structures, and pools without conspecific tadpoles or heterospecific predators. Our experiments demonstrated that water volume and the length of the structure containing the pool affect the pattern of...


A suite of four new benthic foraminiferal (Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi) stable carbon isotope records produced from South China Sea (SCS) sediment cores ranging in water depth from 1515 and 3766 m are used here to evaluate deep-water circulation in the SCS over the last complete glacial-interglacial cycle (i.e., the last 200 kyrs). A common pattern of benthic δ13C variations is observed between cores, with pronounced δ13C depletions recorded during glacial periods and δ13C enrichments during interglacials. The overall similarity of δ13C values between sites indicates a homogeneous water mass below 1500 m in the SCS basin through time, except for the interval between 120 and 65 ka. Temporal changes in ventilation and exchange between the SCS and western Pacific are indicated by comparison with records from the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP). The presence of Pacific Intermediate Water can be inferred based on the bathymetric gradient of δ13C between SCS and OJP (Δδ13C). The Δδ13C patterns do not appear to be correlated with glacial-interglacial cycles. However, the Δδ18O is greater in warm intervals (late MIS 4 and early MIS 3; MIS 1) than during cold intervals.


The realization of aeronautic parts with strong mechanical properties requires the use of high performance materials. That's why, some new materials are used for landing
gears as refractory titanium (as Ti-5-5-5-3). The machining of this material leads to high cutting forces and temperatures. So, it is necessary to use low cutting conditions on the industrial machining process.
In order to increase the productivity, it is possible to increase the initial temperature of the workpiece. Hot machining is a new research track. The principle
consists in heating material before machining it, in order to take advantage of its mechanical properties reduction.
First, studying the state of the art permit us to determine all heating instruments used and the thermal alleviation that exists on conventional materials.
A heating by induction was chosen and a system capable to maintain a constant temperature into the workpiece during machining (turning) was conceived.
The measure of the temperature is achieved in the setup of the workpiece by thermocouples and by thermography camera.
Trails permit to identify the variation of cutting forces according to the initial temperature of the workpiece, with fixed cutting conditions according to the TMP (Tool-
Material-Pair) methodology at ambient temperature. Tool life and deterioration type are identified notably.
The results analysis shows a low reduction of specific cutting forces for a temperature area compatible with industrial process. The reduction is more important at
elevated temperature. However, it has bad consequences on quality of the workpiece surface (oxidation, problem on surface integrity and mechanical properties degradation).
In perspective, different ways of heating are studied to permit a localized and more
effective heath compatible with the industrial application.


The purpose of this study is to construct an experimental model to determine the dependence of lake-current velocity on the preceding wind velocity. The parameters of the model are determined by linear programming, using measured wind velocity data. The model is usable in studies, in which current field of a complex lake is estimated, for example in water quality studies. With the method it may be possible to compute current velocity in sounds directly from wind velocity, and then use numerical methods for each open area of the lake.


We define the new concept of an environmental neighborhood as the surrounding area influencing the environmental quality at a given point in a city, and propose a novel methodology to measure its spatial extent. We compute the spatial correlation of air quality and urban parameters from high spatial resolution datasets for New York City, where the urban characteristics are averaged over variable urban footprint sizes, ranging from 25 m × 5 m to 5000 m × 5000 m. The scale at which these correlations peak indicates the extent of the neighboring area that influences pollutant concentrations deviations from the city-wide average. The results indicate that the scale of these environmental neighborhoods ranges from ∼1000 m (for attributes such as road area or building footmark) down to ∼200 m (for building use or green area). Selecting this optimal neighborhood scale is thus critical for identifying the urban fabric and activity attributes that have the largest influence on air quality; smaller footprints do not contain all the pertinent urban surface information while larger footprints contain irrelevant, potentially misleading information. The quantification of this scale of influence therefore enables more effective and localized policies and interventions to improve urban environmental quality and reduce urban health disparities. More broadly, the findings indicate that, in a wide range of environmental and ecological applications where surface heterogeneity is a primary driver, the scale of analysis is not an external parameter to be chosen, but rather an internal parameter dictated by the problem physics.


The current challenges facing the provision of sanitation services to the poor are explained in terms of the MDGs, rigid discharge standards, increasing water stress, intermittent energy supply are outlined. They are contrasted with future responses and objectives such as sustainability targets, risk based approaches to the setting of effluent limits, the emphasis on water conservation, food security and the acknowledgement of excreta as a resource. In spite of these secondary objective it must be noted that the primary reason for sanitation systems is public health. The main pathogen load is in excreta which is traditionally dispersed in many times its mass of water. The large numbers of peoples to be served implies that the systems need to be standardized, prefabricated and to be capable of integrating into an upgrade trajectory. This implies that although the systems must be inexpensive, the technology which is used to developing the systems must be sophisticated. The upgrade trajectory needs to take into account aspects such as low flows, separated waste streams (source separation), the beneficial use of the components in excreta (possibly in agriculture) and the use of low energy processes - possibly to be even a net energy producer. Research challenges will include the splitting of streams so as to promote better treatment or reuse; the development of low pressure (or gravity driven) membrane systems and the integration of constructed wetlands and agricultural systems into the treatment process. The streams will become much more concentrated so that reactor design more sophisticated. The DEWATS system which consisting of an anaerobic baffled reactor followed by an anaerobic filter which feeds into a constructed wetland and incorporating gravity membrane filtration will provide different qualities of treated wastewater for use in horticulture. The inclusion of source separation will provide additional cost savings and agricultural benefits.


Fluoxetine is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. Two simple, rapid and sensitive first and second derivative spectrophotometric methods are developed for the determination of fluoxetine (FLX) in pharmaceutical dosage forms (capsules). The absorption minima was chosen (at 235 nm) in first order (Method A) and amplitude (229-238.5 nm) was selected in second order derivative spectral calculations. Fluoxetine follows Beer's law in the concentration range of 1-60 µg mL -1 (r 2 = 0.999) in first order as well as in second order (r 2 = 0.9994) derivative spectroscopy respectively. The proposed methods can be successfully applied for the determination of Fluoxetine in commercial brands of pharmaceutical formulations. No interferences were observed from the common excipients in the formulations. The methods were validated according to ICH guidelines.


Student ratings of satisfaction with feedback are consistently lower than other teaching and learning elements within the UK higher education sector. However, reasons for this dissatisfaction are often unclear to teaching staff, who believe their students are receiving timely, extensive and informative feedback. This study explores possible explanations for this mismatch between staff and students' perceptions of feedback quality. One hundred and sixty-six first year undergraduate students completed a questionnaire detailing their experiences of feedback on coursework before and throughout their first year at university. Results indicate that whilst procedural elements of feedback (timeliness and legibility) are considered satisfactory, past experiences (pre-university) may influence student expectations of feedback. Some students had a severe, negative emotional response to the feedback provided and few students engaged in self-help (independent learning) behaviours to improve their performance following feedback. We consider how changes in feedback practices could improve students' use of, and satisfaction with, their feedback.


Law on the screen gives rise to a distinct way of doing jurisprudence. In this sense, it is incumbent upon legal scholars to discern with great care the kind of reality and the way of being that cinematic and electronic screens invite us to assume. Jurisprudence theorizes law in accordance with the cultural and cognitive meaning making tools at its disposal: story frames, character types, social scenarios, metaphors, as well as cultural and socially embedded or constructed emotional patterns, among other narratival and purely sensational elements. Law and film studies thus may be viewed as encompassing a larger concern with mind and culture. It addresses how a specific set of communication tools in a given socio-legal context polices the production, maintenance, and suppression of meaning and discrete meaning making practices. This aspect of the field implicates a rich agenda for empirical research. And by showing how it is done - how the manifold ways of habituated meaning making produce, preserve, and exclude possible worlds as well as ways of being (seeing/experiencing) - visual legal studies may also help to clear a path toward creative reconstruction. In this respect, law on the screen scholarship invites an empirical as well as an emancipatory practice, a source of knowledge as well as a call to action against false necessity.


Characterization of the mechanical properties of interphases is essential when designing multicomponent materials such as fiber-reinforced matrices, protective coatings or multi-layered structures for integrated circuits. It can provide vital information about the durability of the finished product as a composite because failure is often initiated in the interfacial region induced by internal or external stress during fabrication or service. Nanoindentation is a powerful tool for investigating mechanical properties on the micro/nano scale. However, there are some challenges associated with conducting nanoindentation near interface regions. One main challenge is that the small thickness of the interphase region (typically 1-2µm) makes it difficult to apply several adjacent indents without overlap. Another issue is that the indentations are usually restricted by local reinforcement, and it becomes difficult to isolate the change in mechanical properties due solely to interphase formation. In this study we try to gauge the feasibility of nanoindentation for characterizing epoxy/Cu interphases. We develop a sample preparation method and optimize nanoindentation parameters in an attempt to avoid the restrictions mentioned above. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and finite element analysis are employed as reference techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of our technique. We show the influence of preparation method and nanoindentaion parameters on measurements of interphase properties and how they relate the mentioned challenges.


The origin story is an important element for any superhero/villain, as it provides context for a character's seemingly out-of-this-world abilities. A radioactive spider bit Spiderman, and the Penguin was bullied in his youth. It can also be beneficial for surveillance scholars, inasmuch as it provides context for a once invisible but superhuman body of digital information that circulates as a proxy for us in digital milieus. This body is best understood through contemporary surveillance practices, yet metaphors of the panopticon and George Orwell's 1984 proliferate in the surveillant imagination. I argue here that mapping an origin story onto a view of our data as a superhuman body not only creates a tangible representation of surveillance, but it also emphasizes and animates alternative surveillance theories useful for circulation in the surveillant imagination.


The lac repressor has been extensively studied for nearly half a century; this long and complicated experimental history leaves many subtle connections unexplored. This thesis sought to forge those connections from isolated and purified components up to functioning lac genetic switches in cells and even organisms. We first connected the genetics and structure of the lac repressor to in vivo gene regulation in Escherichia coli. We found that point mutations of amino acids that structurally make specific contacts with DNA can alter repressor-operator DNA affinity and even the conformational equilibrium of the repressor. We then found that point mutations of amino acids that structurally make specific contacts with effector molecules can alter repressor-effector affinity and the conformational equilibrium. All results are well explained by a Monod, Wyman, and Changeux model of allostery. We next connected purified in vitro components with in vivo gene regulation in E. coli. We used an in vitro transcription assay to measure repressor-operator DNA binding affinity, repressor-effector binding affinity, and conformational equilibrium. Only the repressor-operator DNA binding affinity disagreed with literature values from other in vitro experiments, however it did agree with a published value which should hold under in vivo conditions. We were able to use our in vitro thermodynamic parameters to accurately predict the in vivo gene regulation when cell crowding was considered. Finally we developed an autogenously regulated lac repressor for AAV-mediated gene therapy. We were able to improve the gene regulation of the autogenous switch by using multiple operator DNA sites, a tetrameric lac repressor, and point mutations to the lac repressor. The autogenous switch was shown to function in various cell types and was capable of reversible regulation of luciferase in living mice. Degree Type Dissertation This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1448 Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics First Advisor Mitchell Lewis


Today's organizations raise an increasing need for information sharing via on-demand access. Information brokering systems (IBSs) have been proposed to connect large-scale loosely federated data sources via a brokering overlay, in which the brokers make routing decisions to direct client queries to the requested data servers. Many existing IBSs assume that brokers are trusted and thus only adopt server-side access control for data confidentiality. However, privacy of data location and data consumer can still be inferred from metadata (such as query and access control rules) exchanged within the IBS, but little attention has been put on its protection. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to preserve privacy of multiple stakeholders involved in the information brokering process. We are among the first to formally define two privacy attacks, namely attribute-correlation attack and inference attack, and propose two countermeasure schemes automaton segmentation and query segment encryption to securely share the routing decision-making responsibility among a selected set of brokering servers. With comprehensive security analysis and experimental results, we show that our approach seamlessly integrates security enforcement with query routing to provide system-wide security with insignificant overhead.


The history of mankind is replete with the issues of conflicts, wars, crises, intolerance as well as series of moves for peace, tolerance, understanding and mutual cohesion aimed at ensuring common good. Most times these activities hardly live out long lasting objectives. Therefore, this paper seeks to discuss the brief history of Usman dan Fodio and his 1804 jihad, the state of Hausa land before the jihad, some remote and immediate causes of the jihad, the outcomes of the jihad, the amalgamation of Nigeria and its effects on the inter-group relationships in Nigeria.


Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (Drp1), a large GTPase of the dynamin superfamily, is required for mitochondrial fission in healthy and apoptotic cells. Drp1 activation is a complex process that involves translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and assembly into rings/spirals at the MOM, leading to membrane constriction/division. Similar to dynamins, Drp1 contains GTPase (G), bundle signaling element (BSE) and stalk domains. However, instead of the lipid–interacting Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain present in the dynamins, Drp1 contains the so-called B insert or variable domain that has been suggested to play an important role in Drp1 regulation. Different proteins have been implicated in Drp1 recruitment to the MOM, although how MOM-localized Drp1 acquires its fully functional status remains poorly understood. We found that Drp1 can interact with pure lipid bilayers enriched in the mitochondrion-specific phospholipid cardiolipin (CL). Building on our previous study, we now explore the specificity and functional consequences of this interaction. We show that a four lysine module located within the B insert of Drp1 interacts preferentially with CL over other anionic lipids. This interaction dramatically enhances Drp1 oligomerization and assembly-stimulated GTP hydrolysis. Our results add significantly to a growing body of evidence indicating that CL is an important regulator of many essential mitochondrial functions.


Solvents and developers for the detection of phenol-like compounds and hydroxy acids in grape juice, wine, pomace wine, and wine-like beverages have been listed. The compounds are d-catechin, I-epicatechin, I-epigallocatechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ellagic acid, in addition, gallocatechin in apples. Among the polyphenols are: chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, cis- and trans-caffeic acid, and probably caffeic acid lactone. Among the phenols were found cis- and trans-coumaric acid and probably a coumaric acid lactone. The positions of the substances on the chromatograms, their Rf-values with various solvents and developers are reproduced. In juice of green grapes were found: d-catechin, I-epicatechin, I-epigallocatechin, ellagic acid, chlorogenic-and isochlorogenic acids and shikimic acid. Absent in juice from green grapes are: free gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, quinic acid, and flavonols. Catechins are mostly in seeds and stems and in lesser amounts in skins. Chlorogenic acid was not found in these parts. Chlorogenic acid is always present in wine and later also caffeic acid. Gallic acid disappears on maturation of wine. Old white wines contain as a rule no condensable tannins. In the pomace wine are present condensable tannins of the woody parts and of the seeds. Free gallic acid and ellagic acid are present in large amounts. Chlorogenic acid is present in pomace wine in an insignificant amount. A blend of wine and pomace wine cannot be identified with certainty because gelatine and egg white finings remove free gallic acid and catechins. When no condensabe tannins are present one is assured of the purity of grape wine. Young apple wine contains much more chlorogenic acid than grape wine. Caffeic acid and quinic acid are also present. d-Catechin and I-epicatechin are present in small amounts. Old apple wines contain no chlorogenic acid, instead very large amounts of caffeic, quinic, and shikimic acids are present. Some coumaric also is present. Strawberry dessert wine contains no chlorogenic acid and normal amounts of caffeic acid. There is much quinic acid, but no shikimic acid. Gallic acid, d-catechin and I-epigallocatechin were found. There is also present a red-violet fluorescent spot characteristic of oak extracts used in brandy manufacture. Cherry wine contains much chlorogenic, caffeic and quinic acids and little shikimic acid. d-Catechin, I-epicatechin and gallic acid were found. Gooseberry dessert wine contains practically no chlorogenic acid but much caffeic, quinic and shikimic acids. Small amounts of gallic acid were found, but no condensable tannins. Caffeic acid occupies a key position and serves, evidently, for the construction of the flavonoid structure. Chlorogenic acids are present in live plants in large amounts probably as reserve material for caffeic acid. Caffeic acid appears only in dead tissue of the plant—in must and in wine. It was possible to separate the isomers of caffeic and coumaric acids with 2% solution of acetic acid as second solvent. Since three spots appear in each instance along with the cis- and transforms, the formation of a lactone is assumed. Caffeic, p-coumaric, and ellagic acids are formed as secondary compounds. Acetaldehyde and glucose are not the only substances that bind sulfurous acid. Derivatives of cinnamic acid such as caffeic and p-coumaric acids can also bind the acid. The sulfurous acid is a poison for polyphenoloxidase and a reducing agent for the quinones formed from the polyphenols. Its reducing action can also be performed by ascorbic acid. The caffeic acid lactone is identical with esculetin and the p-coumaric acid lactone is identical with umbeliferon. Therefore, these two terms can be used for the designation of lactones.


Rabies is a viral fatal disease transmitted to humans mainly from dogs. Human deaths due to rabies have been increasing in recent years, especially in Africa and Asia where socioeconomic factors play an important role in the revival of the epidemic. In the current situation, it is unknown how the epidemic will evolve and which policies can prevent undesired futures. Therefore, the dynamics of rabies are investigated with a system dynamics model and several policy options are tested in this study. An exploratory approach is adopted to deal with uncertainties associated with model formulation, lack of data and the epidemic characteristics. The results showed a wide variety of future dynamics for possible human deaths, and following dog culling, human vaccination resulted to be the best policy to decrease the maximum possible number of casualties. However, when the cost effectiveness is taken into account, high rates of dog vaccination and high levels of human hospitalization upon exposure to a dog were found as the policy that maximizes the number of future favorable cases in terms of human casualties and costs. Future research can include extending the model with underlying socioeconomic factors and multiple species.


Abstract:Ever since Plato, the Sophists have been seen as teaching "the art of persuasion", particularly the art (or skill) of persuasive speaking in the lawcourts and the assembly on which success in life depended. I argue that this view is mistaken. Although Gorgias describes logos as working to persuade Helen, he does not present persuasion as the goal of his own work, nor does any other Sophist see persuasion as the primary aim of his logoi. Most sophistic discourse was composed in the form of antilogies (pairs of opposed logoi), in which category I include works like Helen where the other side—the poetic tradition Gorgias explicitly cites as his opponent—is implicitly present. The purpose of these works is primarily to display skill in intellectual argument, as well as to give pleasure. Persuasion may be a goal of some sophistic works, but it is not their primary goal; and teaching the art of persuasion was not a major concern of the Sophists.


We examine theoretically the emergence of participatory comanagement agreements that share between state and user the management of resources and the benefits from use. Going beyond useruser interactions, our state-user model addresses a critical question—when will comanagement arise?—in order to consider the right baseline for evaluating comanagement's forest and welfare impacts. We then compare our model's hypotheses concerning de facto rights, negotiated agreements, and transfers (all endogenous) with community-level data including observed agreements in a protected Indonesian forest. These unique data could refute the model, despite being limited, but instead offer support. (JEL Q28, Q57)


All integrated optical components and devices make use of "waveguides", where light is confined by total internal reflection. The elements in such "photonic chip" are interconnected through waveguides, and also the integrated optics components themselves are fabricated using waveguide configuration, such as couplers, switches, modulators, multiplexors, amplifiers and lasers, etc. These components are integrated in a single substrate, thus resulting in a compact and robust photonic device, which can be optically connected through optical fibres. With and increase in the number of integrated optical components and devices emerging from the research laboratories to the market place an up-to-date book is essential in collecting, summarizing and presenting the new developed photonic devices. This includes fundamental aspects, technical aspects (such as fabrication techniques and materials) and characterisation and performance. This is an advanced text aimed at specialists in the field of photonics, but who may be new to the field of integrated photonics. The fundamental aspects have been carefully considered, and all the topics covered by the book start at a medium level, making it highly relevant for undergraduate and post-graduate students following this discipline.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the population requirement for total knee replacement (TKR) in England.

METHODS
Population-based study using an age/sex-stratified random sample of 28 080 individuals aged 35 yr and over. Incident disease was estimated from prevalence by statistical modelling. The New Zealand priority criteria for major joint replacement were used for case selection.

RESULTS
Patients with knee disease were less likely than those with equally severe hip disease to have been referred to a specialist, to have consulted an orthopaedic surgeon or to be on a waiting list for joint replacement. The estimated annual requirement of TKRs in England, based on New Zealand Scores alone, was 55,800 (95% CI 40 700-70,900), contrasting sharply with an annual provision of 29,300 actually observed. However, in contrast to previously reported hip replacement data, when patient willingness to undergo surgery was considered, this estimate decreased considerably.

CONCLUSIONS
There appears to be an underprovision of TKR in England. This may be due in part to differences in perception of disease severity and likely response to surgery between patients and general practitioners on one hand, and rheumatologists and orthopaedic surgeons on the other.


North Carolina is the only state in the United States that treats all sixteen- and seventeen-year-olds as adults when they are charged with criminal offenses and then denies them the ability to appeal for return to the juvenile system. Thirty-seven states cap juvenile court jurisdiction at age eighteen, while ten do so at seventeen. In addition, as reflected by international treaties and instruments, many nations of the world consider eighteen to be the most appropriate age for delineating between juvenile and adult court jurisdiction. Not surprisingly, the consequences of North Carolina's scheme for prosecuting minors can be particularly severe. The approximately 26,000 sixteen- and seventeen-year-olds who are convicted each year in North Carolina's criminal court system encounter significant barriers when attempting to secure employment or access higher education. According to empirical research, a less punitive approach to youth crime lowers recidivism rates and better protects public safety. Further, providing intensive probationary supervision and rehabilitation to young offenders, rather than incarcerating them with adults, is consistent with recent findings in the areas of brain development and adolescent psychology. Nonetheless, resistance to raising the age of juvenile court jurisdiction in North Carolina has been steadfast, with vocal opposition from law enforcement and prosecutors. This Article examines the repeated attempts by advocates and lawmakers to raise the age of juvenile court jurisdiction in North Carolina. Grounded in primary source materials and legislative records, the Article demonstrates that there has been a recurring pattern over the past century: despite the backing of scholars, child welfare experts, and prominent legislators, proposals to extend jurisdiction from age sixteen to ages seventeen or eighteen have been consistently defeated. Although the precise reasons for North Carolina's refusal to join the majority are difficult, if not impossible, to identify, this Article suggests several likely causes: the self-perpetuating claim by opponents of raising the age that an already-underfunded system should not be expanded; the enduring power of the specter of youth violence; and the continued reluctance of the bench and bar to view juvenile court as a critical forum requiring specialization and commitment from its participants, rather than a mere training ground for inexperienced judges and lawyers. Finally, the Article argues that an appreciation and understanding of the historical context should cause lawmakers to revisit the issue with a greater sense of urgency, providing them with the momentum needed to break with the status quo and to raise the age of juvenile court jurisdiction in North Carolina.


Purpose The 21-gene assay Oncotype Dx (Genomic Health, Redwood City, CA) test is used to aid the decision about chemotherapy in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer who received endocrine therapy. Economic studies to support test adoption used decision-analytic models with assumptions and data derived from disparate sources. The objective was to evaluate whether the 21-gene assay test resulted in an overall cost expense or saving to the health system. Patients and Methods One thousand participants enrolled in a field evaluation study, were linked to population-level health system administrative databases, and were observed for 20 months. The cost for the cohort, which included the cost of the test, subsequent treatments received, and health care encounters, was determined. The cost in the absence of the test was compared with the pretest recommendation about chemotherapy from the field study for a base case and under scenarios that reflected different adjuvant chemotherapy use. Overall health system costs and incremental costs were calculated. Results The 21-gene assay resulted in a net decrease in chemotherapy use of 23%. For the base case incremental analysis, the actual overall health system cost of this cohort, including the cost of 21-gene assay, was $29.2 million compared with $26.2 million in the absence of the test-an increase of $3.1 million. For three of the four scenario analyses, the actual overall cost to the health system exceeded the estimated cost in the absence of the test. Results showed that, when at least half of the population received adjuvant chemotherapy, the cost increased to $30.2 million. Conclusion The use of real-world administrative data showed that, despite lower rates of chemotherapy use, the 21-gene assay test results in an overall incremental cost to the health care system in the short-term under most assumptions.


The government has marked its intention to ensure that whenever possible both biological parents register the birth of their child, thus making joint birth registration the default position in law. The main concern is to encourage the current numbers of sole registered and unmarried births to become joint registered ones, thereby making it possible to identify and attribute parental responsibility to a wider range of men as fathers. There are a number of themes present in the White Paper's ministerial foreword which it is important to consider in terms of gendered power relations and also in terms of social class. This article critically reflects upon the move to mandatory joint registration by drawing upon these two theoretical lenses and also upon academic literature and social policy on parental responsibility more broadly. The themes outlined in the foreword include mothers' and fathers' rights in respect of registration, the concomitant attribution of paternal responsibilities and the interests of children in having fathers actively involved in their children's lives. Questions will therefore be addressed to the significance and purpose of the reform proposals, the relationship between them, the attribution of rights and responsibilities to mothers, fathers and to child welfare and the targeting of and impact upon the more socially vulnerable members of society.


Microchemical otolith analyses have been shown to provide valuable information on the life history, dispersal and stock characteristics of teleost fish. In the present study, the suitability of this technique for identifying the origin and distribution of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. from the Baltic Sea was examined using laser ablation-ICPMS. The capacity to distinguish individuals from different Baltic Sea stocks and from the adjacent North Sea stock based on incoporation of stock-specific elemental fingerprints along otolith growth axes was investigated. It was further tested if different origins led to spawning-site specific element concentrations in otolith cores. The results indicate that microchemical analyses of Baltic cod otoliths are applicable for differentiating individuals of different stocks. Analyses of similarities including 12 element/calcium ratios resulted in significant differences between individuals from the eastern and the western Baltic Sea and between North Sea and Baltic Sea samples. Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Y/Ca, Mg/Ca, Zr/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios had the strongest discriminatory power. A further separation of individuals caught in 3 different spawning grounds of the eastern Baltic, however, was not possible. Elemental compositions from the core regions of otoliths from young of the year cod caught in eastern and western Baltic Sea spawning grounds showed significant differences in Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca and Mg/Ca concentrations. Analyses of similarities again showed significant differences between these areas for juveniles. This study demonstrates the potential of otolith microchemical analyses to provide important information about the stock structure and connectivity of G. morhua in the Baltic Sea.


In 'The Rejection of Objective Consequentialism' I argued against objective consequentialism on the grounds that it requires us to do what we cannot do and hence violates the principle that 'ought' implies 'can'. Erik Carlson and Mozaffar Qizilbash have raised objections to my arguments, chiefly by distinguishing different senses of 'can' and 'ought'. I here attempt to rebut those challenges.


Libraries are continually developing innovative and creative services to keep pace with the fast changing society. ICT developments, particularly those providing easy access to information on the Web, have considerably increased the expectations of library users, who expect the same speed, breadth, and comprehensiveness in information services provided by libraries. To meet these challenges, libraries are coming up with specialized, innovative and value-added information services, such as provision of environment intelligence. This paper introduces the concept of environment intelligence and its scope, and discusses how environmental knowledge can be used for problem solving, developing new initiatives, tactical and strategic planning, and organizational learning and restructuring. This paper also provides an overview of efforts made by library and information education programs in imparting new competencies to their graduates for undertaking environmental scanning and other related activities.


Motivated by a search for alternative ways of addressing the issues of how we think about corporations and whether there is a legitimate basis upon which to argue that a corporation has an obligation to behave in an ethical and socially responsible way, this article looks to what Catholic legal theory contributes to our thinking about the nature of the corporation. Scholars such as Michael Novak, Steve Bainbridge and Mark Sargent have argued for competing visions of a Catholic vision of a corporation. This Article articulates a particular Catholic vision of the corporation, a communitarian vision that sees the corporation both as a community and as existing as part of a larger community, a vision that emphasizes the corporation's social responsibilities. It then elaborates on what this vision means about a corporation's obligations and the role of law in regulating corporations. Finally, the Article defends the value of proposing a Catholic vision of the corporation, addressing the question why Catholic social thought has something useful to add to public debate in a pluralist society.


Leachate treatment is a part of an integrated and environmentally solid waste treatment problems
which could never be separated from them. Benowo landfill is the only solid waste landfill to
Surabaya's people, which is placed in the center area of Benowo's potential shrimp and salt
embankment. Leachate treatment plant which has built in Benowo landfill is expected to be able
to treats leachate well even if safe for the environment. But the actual fact and the design
evaluation show that the discharge of leachate have not meet the requirements of the wastewater
treatment regulation on SK Gubernur Jawa Timur No 45 Tahun 2002 Tentang Baku Mutu
Limbah Cair Bagi Industri atau Kegiatan Usaha Lainnya ; especially for five major parameters,
which are include : TDS (12195 mg/L), COD (2000 mg/L), BOD (840 mg/L), oil & grease
(127,50 mg/L), and N (629,51 mg/L). Therefore, redesign of Benowo leachate treatment plant
have to be done in order to minimizes the environmental problems which may be arisen. The
redesign proccess of Benowo leachate treatment plant will be done by using several steps as
follows : 1)evaluation and analysis of leahate quantity (leachate flowrates), 2)evaluation and
analysis of leahate quality, 3)evaluation and analysis of pollutants removal procentation in each
treatment unit, 4)evaluation and analysis of leachate treatment plant existing design condition,
5)optimation alternatives and improvement recommendation for each treatment unit. Benowo
leachate treatment plant which has been redesigned must be able to treats leachate so that the
leachate effluent discharge can be met the wastewater regulation on SK Gubernur Jawa Timur
No 45 Tahun 2002 Tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Industri atau Kegiatan Usaha Lainnya.
Keywords : leachate, leachate treatment plant Benowo, redesign, wastewater quality standard.