This study uses a field experiment to resolve the difficulties of quantifying personal appearance and identify a direct causal relationship between appearance and employment in China. The experiment reveals that taste-based pure appearance discrimination exists at the pre-interview stage. There are significant gender-specific heterogeneous effects of education on appearance discrimination: having better educational credentials reduces appearance discrimination among men but not among women. Moreover, attributes of the labor market, companies, and vacancies matter. Beauty premiums are larger in big cities with higher concentrations of women and in male-focused research positions. Similarly, the beauty premium is larger for vacancies with higher remuneration.


Customers discriminate by race and gender, with considerable negative consequences for female and minority workers and business owners. Yet anti-discrimination laws apply only to discrimination by firms, not by customers. We examine efficacy and privacy reasons for why this may be so, as well as changing features of the market that, by blurring the line between firms and customers, make current law increasingly irrelevant. We conclude that, while there are reasons to be cautious about regulating customer behavior, those reasons do not justify acceding to customer discrimination altogether. To open a discussion of the regulatory options that take account of the most significant concerns, we offer a modest proposal. This proposal does not create a legal obligation on the part of customers themselves, but rather requires firms that already have nondiscrimination obligations to do more to reduce the occurrence, and consequences, of discrimination by customers.


My vote for the most important scientific revolution of all time would trace back 10,000 years ago to the Middle East, when people first noticed that new plants arise from seeds falling to the ground from other plants—a realization that led to the birth of agriculture. Before that observation, the human race had based its diet on fruits, nuts, tubers and occasional meats. People had to move to where their food happened to be, putting them at the mercy of events and making long-term settlements impossible.


Natural voice transformation will reduce the need for authentic voices in many situations, ranging from vocal services via education and entertainment to artistic applications. Transformation of one voice to correspond to that of another person has been studied for decades but still suffers from limitations that we propose to overcome by an alternative approach. It consists in modifying pitch, spectral envelope, durations etc. in a global way. While it sacrifices the possibility to attain a specific target voice, the approach allows the production of new voices of a high degree of naturalness with different sex and age, modified vocal quality (soft, breathy, and whisper), or another speech style (dullness and eagerness). The transformation of sex and age has been evaluated by a listening test.


In situ formation of nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles on hollow carbon spheres (NHCSs) were successfully realised via a simple, scalable emulsion polymerization route using melamine as the nitrogen precursor, followed by thermal treatment at 1000 °C in N2. All NHCSs show large BET specific surface areas (648.2-837.7 cm2 g-1) and pore volumes (0.91-1.16 cm3 g-1), evidently superior to N-free hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) (524.3 cm2 g-1 and 0.48 cm3 g-1, respectively). This unique nanocomposite has hierarchical micro-/mesoporosity (1.9 nm and 16.2-19.0 nm). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate the successful introduction of N atoms into the carbon framework and that the N-doping level can be controlled by changing the amount of melamine. The N-doping by adding melamine during the hydrothermal process not only affects the morphologies and porosities of the final samples, but also improves the electrocatalytic activity compared to N-free HCSs. NHCS-2, prepared with the molar melamine/hexamethylentetramine ratio of 1, showed the best electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in terms of onset potential, half-wave potential and limit current density. The NHCS-2 exhibited not only excellent activity with a mainly four-electron reaction pathway, but also superior long-term durability and methanol tolerance to that of commercial Pt/C in alkaline solution. The excellent electrocatalytic activity of the NHCS-2 is mainly due to its high relative content of pyridinic- and graphitic-N groups as well as unique hierarchical micro-/mesoporosity and a large specific surface area, advantageous for mass transfer and thus improving the electrocatalytic activity.


The efficient implementation of metal nanoparticles in bioanalytical detection schemes, biological imaging and phototherapy requires these particles to be stable against aggregation and chemical desintegration. The functionalisation of these particles with specific (bio)molecular units is a further necessity. These requirements may be met by covering the particle surface with self-assembled monolayers of functional thiols and disulfides. We have synthesised organic disulfides carrying alkyl-oligoethylene glycol chains that self-assemble into a molecular monolayer on the surface of gold nanoparticles to give rise to robust water-soluble nano-objects. These monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles can be purified using centrifugation, dialysis and gel permeation chromatography. The number of available disulfide binding sites on the gold nanoparticles was determined experimentally, and found to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical estimates, indicative of the formation of a dense protecting monolayer. The introduction of molecular functions through amino-terminated oligoethylene glycol disulfides is exemplified using a fluorescent chromophore, fluorescein. The quenching of the fluorescence of fluorescein by the metal nanoparticle core is investigated quantitatively, and employed as a fluorimetric tool for the investigation of the monolayer chemistry of these water-soluble functionalised gold nanoparticles.


Abstract. This article describes the methodology used to collect data on sociolinguistic representations in an urban situation - and, specifically, in Rouen (France) - by relying on a detailed study of the relationships between epilinguistic discourse and social space. In the discussion, emphasis is put not only on the initial assumptions of the research, on the problems which arose during the inquiry and the answers one can offer to those problems, but also on the methodological quandaries of any such work. Collecting the data involved two phases, the first qualitative and the second quantitative. A pre-inquiry which took the form of semi-directive interviews was carried out in order to select those items that the local speakers consider as sociolinguistically qualifying. Next, a written questionnaire was submitted to a second identical sample of local speakers who had to evaluate the items selected by the first group of speakers. The procedure was the same for both assessment recordings: the subjects heard pre-recorded representative verbal samples uttered by representative local speakers. In conclusion, it appears that a methodology combining the social evaluation of verbal samples and the measurement of attitudes could be appropriate in accounting for the complex encounters between several representations of urban space.


The Synchronised Nutrition and Activity Program for Adults (SNAPA™) was developed to address the need for accurate, reliable, feasible, inexpensive and low-burden methods for assessing specific dietary and physical activity behaviours in adults. Short-term test–retest reliability of SNAPA™ was assessed in forty-four adults (age 41·4 (sd 17·3) years) who completed SNAPA™ twice in 1 day. Concurrent validity against direct dietary observation and combined heart rate and accelerometry was assessed in seventy-seven adults (age 34·4 (sd11·1) years). Test–retest reliability revealed no substantial systematic shifts in mean values of the outcome variables: percentage of food energy from fat (% fat), number of portions of fruit and vegetables (FV) and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). For lunchtime dietary intake, the mean match rate between food items reported using SNAPA™ and those observed was 81·7 %, with a phantom rate of 5·6 %. Pearson's correlations between SNAPA™ and the reference methods ranged from 0·27 to 0·56 for % fat, FV portions and minutes of MVPA. For % fat and FV intake, there was no fixed or proportional bias, and mean differences between the methods (SNAPA™ − reference) were 5·1 % and 0 portions, respectively. For minutes of MVPA, a fixed bias of − 28 min was revealed when compared with all minutes of MVPA measured by combined heart rate and accelerometry, whereas a proportional bias (slope 1·47) was revealed when compared with minutes carried out in bouts ≥ 10 min. SNAPA™ is a promising tool for measuring specific energy balance behaviours, though further work is required to improve accuracy for physical activity behaviours.


Metal Matrix ceramic-reinforced composites are rapidly becoming strong candidates as structural materials for many high temperatures and aerospace applications. Metal matrix composites combine the ductile properties of the matrix with a brittle phase of the reinforcement, leading to high stiffness and strength with a reduction in structural weight. The satisfactory performance of metal matrix composites depends critically on their integrity, the heart of which is the quality of the matrix-reinforcement interface. The nature of the interface depends on the processing of the metal matrix composite component. The Al/SiCp composites studied, processed in specific thermo-mechanical conditions in order to attain higher values of interfacial fracture strength, due to precipitation hardening and segregation mechanisms, also exhibited enhanced bulk mechanical and fracture resistant properties. An analytical model to predict the interfacial fracture strength in the presence of material segregation was also developed during this research effort.


Tame the very latest Mac OS X cat, Snow Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard moves faster and roars louder than its predecessor, and this comprehensive guide shows you all the ways to get the most out of this powerful new cat. Explore everything from its muscular handling of applications and streaming media to its new, game-changing support of Microsoft's ActiveSync technology. Get set up on Snow Leopard 10.6, learn professional-level security tools, and discover secret tricks and workarounds with this essential guide. Install, set up, secure, and explore Mac OX 10.6 Snow Leopard Connect to a network, work with MobileMe, and share files Meet Grand Central Dispatch and jet-propel your apps with parallel processing Get up to speed on Open CL, for faster general performance Run Windows applications and exchange files with Windows PCs Go beyond the basics with AppleScript, the Automator, and Unix commands


Decisions take time if information gradually accumulates to a response threshold, but the neural mechanisms of integration and thresholding are unknown. We characterized a decision process in Drosophila that bears the behavioral signature of evidence accumulation. As stimulus contrast in trained odor discriminations decreased, reaction times increased and perceptual accuracy declined, in quantitative agreement with a drift-diffusion model. FoxP mutants took longer than wild-type flies to form decisions of similar or reduced accuracy, especially in difficult, low-contrast tasks. RNA interference with FoxP expression in αβ core Kenyon cells, or the overexpression of a potassium conductance in these neurons, recapitulated the FoxP mutant phenotype. A mushroom body subdomain whose development or function require the transcription factor FoxP thus supports the progression of a decision toward commitment. Fruit flies engage a subset of mushroom body neurons to gather information before committing to a choice Decisions, decisions, decisions… Flies, like humans, deliberate before making perceptual judgments: They ponder difficult decisions longer than they do easy ones. DasGupta et al. measured reaction times in flies choosing between different smells. Mutations in a particular gene, they found, could cause indecision. Mutations in the same gene are implicated in intellectual disability, learning deficits, and language impairment. Science, this issue p. 901.


EVERY CITY AND TOWN in South Africa has a daily logistical challenge, of an order of magnitude that is at times quite mind-blowing. Besides the wide range of services they provide, there is electricity, a fundamental resource that is so essential to keeping a city or town running all day, every day, in every month of every year. And the demand is growing. At an average urbanisation growth rate of 2.4% per annum, this translates into 330 000 new households every year, or over 1 320 000 people who make cities and towns their home.


This is a qualitative study of how teachers of Quetzaltenango in Guatemala view their role as teachers in relation to the pupils and their families, as well as their opinions of the Teacher Education, their colleagues and the government. Finally, we attempt to answer the question of what role school and teachers play in a new democracy like Guatemala. The results of our study show that the teachers see school as a way to a better future for their pupils yet they lack a sense of pride for their profession. They are facing challenges in their work related to a lack of resources and the family situations. Leftovers from dictatorship, such as mistrust between people and towards the government and low power of initiative affect the teachers in a negative way. These leftovers are undesirable in a democracy. Power of initiative is a vital quality of the citizens in a country that wants to develop itself economically and socially and trust is necessary for people to be able to cooperate. Therefore, the design and quality of the Teacher Education is crucial, since the new teachers will act as a link between the democratic ideals and the young citizens who constitute the future of Guatemala. However, the Teacher Education does not only attract students who want to work as teachers. This has a negative affect on the ability to create a sense of mutual identity between the future teachers, which we believe is needed in order for the teachers to realize their great importance. We come to the conclusion that the teachers engaged in horizontal relationships of mutuality and cooperation manage to accomplish more in their profession. They have the ability to involve the parents and make them conscious of the importance of school, which makes it possible for education to have a positive impact on democracy. However, the vertical relationships of authority and dependence, which derive from authoritarian systems keep influencing teachers and prevent them to exert the positive influence they have the ability to do.


The main problem of the research is development of a conceptual framework for investment and innovation security as well as the methodological approach to its assessment, which will allow monitoring and identifying the threats and achieving the desired security state of the national economy. It has been proved that investment and innovation security is a multi-level phenomenon, consisting of the following levels: global, national, corporate and household ones. Investment and innovation security is determined by three components, such as: state security at the external and internal markets, security of enterprises (corporations) and individual households, which requires their balancing. The methodical approach to the integrated assessment of the investment and innovation security level is developed, which involves the development of integral index as the geometric mean of 3 sub-indices, which include single indices under the national, corporate and household level. The results of this methodological approach approbation allowed forming the preconditions for finding ways of growth, forecasting trends and building scenarios for strengthening the investment and economic security of Ukraine


UPC buildings host a large number of staff: administrative personnel and services (APS), teaching and research staff (TRS), interns, visiting professors, phd students and post-doc students among others. It is often necessary to find people in a multitude of possible scenarios. The most common situation is when a new visitor to the building needs to find the office where somebody is located.
The technology used in the UPC is now obsolete and gives a very inferior service to the capabilities of current computer technology: currently used physical location panels are generally decorations. Needless to say, the hardware has numerous limitations that range from the static nature of the information, to the high cost of maintenance.
The possibility of using computer technology expands exponentially the possible uses of a directory. First it occupies little space. The occupied space is limited to the need for a computer terminal. Typically a location panel can take between 4 m2 and 1m2 on walls in the lobby. It is not always possible to find its optimal position in the spatial distribution of the lobby. In addition, the computerized location panel can be interactive, so that it only presents information relevant to the user. Another advantage of computerized panel is its ease of maintenance and the marginal cost of information updating.
Therefore, the objective of PFC is to create a tool with a graphical user interface that allows interactive access to the directory staff of the buildings of the UPC, also to do a study on existing technologies and how to use them for our purpose.


The effects of age and blood pressure on fibronectin expression in the rat heart were studied in the normotensive Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strains and in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Fibronectin mRNA expression decreased threefold between 10 and 40 weeks of age in Wistar hearts, with changes of similar magnitude occurring between 6 and 24 weeks in WKY rats. In contrast, no decrease in fibronectin mRNA was observed in SHR hearts during this time span. These results are in contrast to changes observed previously in the aorta, where an increase in fibronectin mRNA occurred with age in all three rat strains. Ribonuclease protection analysis showed a small age-specific increase in the relative content of EIIIA+ fibronectin mRNA isoforms in hearts from Wistar rats, whereas no change was found in the relative amount of either EIIIA or EIIIB isoforms in SHR hearts. Changes similar to those observed for fibronectin mRNA, although of different magnitudes, were observed in mRNA levels for collagen alpha 1(III) and beta 1 integrin. In Wistar hearts, collagen alpha 1(III) mRNA levels decreased fivefold to sixfold between 10 and 40 weeks of age, whereas a twofold to threefold decrease in beta 1 integrin was observed in WKY hearts between 6 and 24 weeks of age. Western blot analysis revealed a positive correlation between fibronectin mRNA and protein for age-dependent changes in ventricular tissue but not in the atria, suggesting that the regulation of fibronectin expression during the changes common to both aging and hypertrophy could involve both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.


This report presents the findings of longitudinal research commissioned by Linking London, a partnership organisation of forty-one higher (HE) and further education (FE) institutions, into the progression to higher education of 120,625 students from all FE Colleges and Sixth Form Colleges in London in 2014-15. The research provides evidence that London FE and Sixth Form Colleges play an important function in supporting large numbers of young and adult students in the capital to realise their potential, progress to university and gain higher education qualifications. It also demonstrates that these transitions are not smooth, especially for students from more deprived neighbourhoods and from some ethnic groups.

Developed from a unique 'fuzzy matching' research methodology, the report analyses the progression of three cohorts of London college students, starting with the 2011-12 cohort and culminating in the 2013-14 cohort entering HE in 2014-15. Of 120,625 students tracked between 2011 and 2013, 52,145 (43%) progressed to higher education between 2012 and 2014; 39% of whom progressed immediately following Level 3 qualification.

The methodology was developed over several years by the team to track students longitudinally by matching ILR (Individualised Learner Record) datasets with HESA (Higher Education Statistics Agency) and ILR datasets for entrants to higher education. Longitudinal research provides more accurate overall progression rates than short-term analysis, as cohorts of students are tracked for their entry into and achievement within higher education over a period of several years. This is particularly important for vocational education students, some of whom tend to progress into higher education later than those studying academic subjects in school sixth forms.

FE and Sixth Form Colleges in London educate an economically deprived cohort where around three in four students come from deprived neighbourhoods. The report's findings demonstrate that London colleges improve the academic capital of students from these deprived neighbourhoods as well as those with low attainment at school. The high percentage of Level 3 students who progress to higher education achieve this with varying academic capital, a range of entry qualifications and sometimes low prior school attainment. Key differences in cultural capital, combined with the complex demography across the London boroughs, play an important role in participation. The report reveals that 64% of the Level 3 cohorts in 2013-2014 are from BME group students, while many have working class backgrounds with little familial experience of higher education.

The research used the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) (National Statistics, 2015) as a metric for disadvantage, identifying that around three in four of the London college students in the study were classified as living in the top 40% most deprived UK neighbourhoods. The study found seemingly paradoxical evidence of higher progression rates of college students from the most deprived neighbourhoods in London. This may be explained by higher proportions of younger students and BME students in IDACI Quartile 1 (Q1) neighbourhoods, where these groups have higher progression rates. These factors play into progression in various ways, including choice of Level 3 programmes and destinations. It is important to keep in mind the distinctiveness of the London FE and Sixth Form College student body when making comparisons with the school sector generally and with other regions and national averages for England.

Sponsored by Birkbeck, Goldsmiths, King's College London and Kingston University, and commissioned by forty-one Linking London partner institutions, this is the third in a series of major research reports analysing the progression of college students in London, carried out by Smith, Joslin and Jameson, University of Greenwich. The report follows two reports analysing prior cohorts over the six years 2005-2011. Taken together, the three reports provide an overview of the progression of London college student cohorts between 2005 and 2014, a span of nine years. The report provides an overview of trends over these nine years, extracting key data from each of them. It highlights trends in progression rates, identifying progression to both universities and HE in FE. Matched records include demographic information on sex, age, ethnicity, domicile, courses and achievement data. The University of Greenwich team worked with Dr Suzie Dent, Analytical Services Manager, HESA, on the development of the research methodology, with David MacKay, Head of Stakeholder Relationships (HE) at Pearson UK on the changes to BTEC qualifications over the period of the study and with Rachel Thompson on the analysis of the databases and tables.
(Jill Jameson)


There is described a new disordered nanoporous crystalline form of syndiotactic polystyrene, characterized by a specific X-ray diffractrogram, the process for its preparation and various articles comprising this form of s-PS. This disordered nanoporous crystalline form exhibits empty crystalline cavities of nanometric sizes, and in this case performs the function of absorbing molecules with low molecular mass and is useful in particular as functionally active packaging for plant products.


We present three techniques for extracting entropy during boot on embedded devices. Our first technique times the execution of code blocks early in the Linux kernel boot process. It is simple to implement and has a negligible runtime overhead, but, on many of the devices we test, gathers hundreds of bits of entropy. Our second and third techniques, which run in the bootloader, use hardware features - DRAM decay behavior and PLL locking latency, respectively -- and are therefore less portable and less generally applicable, but their behavior is easier to explain based on physically unpredictable processes. We implement and measure the effectiveness of our techniques on ARM-, MIPS-, and AVR32-based systems-on-a-chip from a variety of vendors.


Hand1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in cell fate determination. One of its roles is in the differentiation of trophoblast stem cells to trophoblast giant cells (TGs), a process critical for the formation of the placenta. Martindill et al. show that Hand1 is localized in the nucleolus in a proliferating trophoblast-like cell line and is released from the nucleolus to spread throughout the nucleus at the onset and during differentiation into TGs. This process appears to involve phosphorylation of Hand1 by the polo-like kinase Plk4, the abundance of which increases at the onset of differentiation, which is localized to the nucleolus during the G2-to-mitosis transition. (Plk4 is also involved in exit from the mitotic cycle and the onset of endoreplication, which are involved in TG specification.) In addition, the regulatory subunit (B56δ) of protein phosphatase 2A was present in the nucleus, including the nucleolus in proliferating cells, and redistributes to the cytoplasm during TG differentiation. Overexpression of B56δ prevented nucleolar release of Hand1 and TG differentiation. The sequestration of Hand1 in the nucleolus appeared to involve a protein of the HIC family of transcriptional repressors, HICp40, because knockdown of this protein promoted release of Hand1 from the nucleolus and promoted TG differentiation, whereas overexpression prevented these events. Thus, it appears that dynamic subnuclear movement of Hand1, controlled by phosphorylation by Plk4, couples Hand1 to TG differentiation (see Tanenbaum and Medema for commentary). D. M. J. Martindill, C. A. Risebro, N. Smart, M. Del Mar Franco-Viseras, C. O. Rosario, C. J. Swallow, J. W. Dennis, P. R. Riley, Nucleolar release of Hand1 acts as a molecular switch to determine cell fate. Nat. Cell Biol. 9, 1131-1141 (2007). [PubMed] M. E. Tanenbaum, R. H. Medema, Cell fate in the hand of Plk4. Nat. Cell Biol. 9, 1127-1129 (2007). [PubMed]


This case describes the physiological maturation from ages 21 to 28 yr of the bicyclist who has now become the six-time consecutive Grand Champion of the Tour de France, at ages 27-32 yr. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2 max)) in the trained state remained at approximately 6 l/min, lean body weight remained at approximately 70 kg, and maximal heart rate declined from 207 to 200 beats/min. Blood lactate threshold was typical of competitive cyclists in that it occurred at 76-85% Vo(2 max), yet maximal blood lactate concentration was remarkably low in the trained state. It appears that an 8% improvement in muscular efficiency and thus power production when cycling at a given oxygen uptake (Vo(2)) is the characteristic that improved most as this athlete matured from ages 21 to 28 yr. It is noteworthy that at age 25 yr, this champion developed advanced cancer, requiring surgeries and chemotherapy. During the months leading up to each of his Tour de France victories, he reduced body weight and body fat by 4-7 kg (i.e., approximately 7%). Therefore, over the 7-yr period, an improvement in muscular efficiency and reduced body fat contributed equally to a remarkable 18% improvement in his steady-state power per kilogram body weight when cycling at a given Vo(2) (e.g., 5 l/min). It is hypothesized that the improved muscular efficiency probably reflects changes in muscle myosin type stimulated from years of training intensely for 3-6 h on most days.


To evaluate the impact of hypoxia (<2 mg O2 l �1 ) on habitat quality of pelagic prey fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico, we used a spatially explicit, bioenergetics-based growth rate potential (GRP) model to develop indices of habitat quality. Our focus was on the pelagic bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli and Gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus. Positive GRP was considered high-quality habitat (HQH) and negative GRP was considered low-quality habitat (LQH). Models used water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), zooplankton biomass, and phytoplankton con- centration collected during the peak periods of hypoxia in 2003, 2004, and 2006 to estimate fish GRP. Results showed that hypoxic areas were always LQH. However, with respect to the entire water column, hypoxia had only a minor impact on overall habitat quality, with habitat quality being driven primarily by prey availability followed by water temperature. These results are in contrast to other ecosystems, such as the Chesapeake Bay, where hypoxia affects a larger fraction of the water column than in the Gulf of Mexico and has a significant impact on overall habitat quality. Differences in the effect of hypoxia on habitat quality between these 2 ecosystems suggest that the vertical extent of hypoxia relative to water column depth (i.e. hypoxic volume) is a funda- mental consideration when evaluating the impacts of hypoxia on pelagic fish production.


An iterative receiver for a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system is considered to jointly decode the transmitted bits and estimate the channel state. The receiver consists of a list detector, a turbo decoder, and a channel estimator that is based on the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. This paper proposes a way to improve the convergence of the iterative detection and decoding by using a priori information to also recalculate the candidate list, aside from the log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) of the coded bits. A new list parallel interference cancellation (PIC) detector is derived to approximate an a posteriori probability (APP) algorithm with reduced complexity and minimal losses of performance. Furthermore, the organization of spectrally efficient decision-directed (DD) SAGE channel estimation under a constrained number of detector-decoder iterations is optimized by computer simulations, and the SAGE algorithm itself is modified for nonconstant envelope constellations. The list recalculation is shown to improve convergence. It is also shown that the list PIC detector with good initialization outperforms the K-best list sphere detector (LSD) in the case of small list sizes, whereas the complexities of the algorithms are of the same order. Despite the low preamble density and fast-fading channel, the proposed iterative receiver shows robust performance.


The enteropathogenic bacterium Yersinia pseudotuberculosis binds to β1 integrins on a host cell via its surface protein invasin. This event stimulates signal transduction to the actin cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cell, which allows the cell to engulf the bacterium that is attached to its surface. However, the pathogen Y. pseudotuberculosis can evade such phagocytosis by injecting virulence effectors that interfere with the antipathogenic machinery of the host cells. One of these virulence effectors is the tyrosine phosphatase YopH. Through its enzymatic activity, YopH blocks phagocytosis by affecting the signalling that is associated with cytoskeletal rearrangements. Cas is a substrate of YopH in both professional and non-professional phagocytes. We showed that YopH binds to the central substrate domain of Cas and that this interaction is required for YopH to target focal adhesion structures in host cells. We also demonstrated that YopH binds another substrate, FAK, through Cas. Moreover, we suggested that targeting of Cas is necessary for the cytotoxic effects mediated by YopH. The protein Fyb is specific to immune cells, and it has been identified as a substrate of YopH in macrophages. We discovered that both the N-terminal substrate-binding domain and the C-terminal catalytic region of YopH bind Fyb in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. Moreover, we observed that both the substrate-binding domain and the phosphatase activity of YopH are essential for the effects of this protein on macrophages, which include dephosphorylation of Fyb, blocking of phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity. The role of Fyb in macrophages is largely unknown, although there is evidence that this protein is involved in integrin-linked actin organization. We identified a novel interaction partner of Fyb, mAbp1, which is a protein that binds to F-actin. Studies in vitro indicated that mAbp1 binds to the N terminus of Fyb via a C-terminal SH3 domain. We also found that both Fyb and mAbp1 co-localize with F-actin at the leading edges of macrophages. Further studies suggested that mAbp1 influences the spreading of macrophages and the antiphagocytosis mediated by pathogenic Yersinia. These results support a role for Fyb in signalling that affects F-actin dynamics, and they also provide additional insight into the mechanisms involved. Fyb has been shown to form a complex with SKAP-HOM, another substrate of YopH in macrophages. Our data implied that the level of SKAP-HOM protein depends on the presence of Fyb, but the function of the Fyb/SKAP-HOM complex in macrophages has not been determined. However, since Fyb is the only known haematopoietic-specific substrate of YopH, it is possible that Fyb is involved in other antimicrobial functions.


This dissertation argues for reading the myth at the end of Plato's Phaedo as part of the overall argumentative structure of the dialogue. Using the Toulmin method of argument analysis, I analyze each of Socrates' proofs for the immortality of the soul, as well as the myth and the argument before the proofs. These analyses show that each of Socrates' arguments rely on the hypothesis of the Forms, and that some of them also employ the hypothesis that the soul is immortal. I then analyze the demonstrative status of each argument, by which I mean how strongly or weakly Socrates claims to have 'proven,' 'shown,' etc. the conclusion of the argument. The result of this analysis is that the arguments that do not use the hypothesis of the soul's immortality all have a higher demonstrative status than those that do, suggesting that the hypothesis of immortality leads to somewhat less sure conclusions than the hypothesis of the Forms. I then argue that we should read the argumentative structure of the dialogue as an example of the method of hypothesis as Socrates characterizes it in Phaedo: the hypothesis of the Forms is a higher hypothesis while the hypothesis of the soul's immortality is a lower hypothesis, and the progression of arguments in the dialogue (including the myth) first ascends from the lower hypothesis used in the preliminary argument to the higher hypothesis used in the proofs of immortality, then descends to the lower hypothesis again through the myth. Finally, I argue that the myth has both a rational persuasive function and a non-rational one. Its rational persuasive function is to show the consequences of the hypothesis of immortality, which should give us greater confidence in that hypothesis. Its non-rational persuasive function is to charm away the fear of death and draw its hearers toward a philosophical life. I conclude by identifying several structural and thematic elements of the Phaedo myth that are present also in the myths of Phaedrus and Republic, suggesting that Socrates' eschatological myths have some structural and thematic consistency across dialogues.


The facility layout is the main problem that will be focused in this paper. This problemaffects the efficiency of the assembly line, which also will give a direct impact to the production performance. The main objective is to design a new alternative plant layout based on existing plant layout studyand evaluation of the proposed alternative layouts using Systematic Layout Planning procedure (SLP). The performance of alternative layout wasdeterminedby using Line Balancing method. This project was conducted in one of military vehicle manufacturing company in Pahang, Malaysia. Nevertheless, this research managed to provide better understanding and valuable information on the effectiveness of plant layout, which can give impact on performance of the production. Recommendations were made to improve the plant layout in order to provide a better performance in production activity and product quality.


INTRODUCTION
Limited literature exists on oncological chest wall reconstruction in the paediatric population, with the field still largely undecided on the best surgical reconstructive techniques to employ. The use of biological grafts/meshes is gaining popularity in certain adult surgical procedures but their use in paediatric procedures is rarely reported in the literature. We present the outcomes of our institution's multidisciplinary approach to managing paediatric chest wall tumours as well as our experience with the use of biological grafts for chest wall reconstruction following oncological resections.

METHODS
Data were analysed retrospectively from eight paediatric patients who were treated for primary chest wall tumours between 2010 and 2018.

RESULTS
The tumours comprised two lipoblastomas, three Ewing's sarcomas, an undifferentiated sarcoma with osteosarcomatous differentiation, a high grade undifferentiated sarcoma and a myofibroma. Seven of the eight patients underwent chest wall reconstruction with a biological graft. There were no postoperative mortalities and no evidence of recurrence in any of the patients in the series. No further chest wall operations were required and there were no postoperative infection related complications.

CONCLUSIONS
We support the use of biological grafts for chest wall reconstruction after oncological resections and maintain that a multidisciplinary approach is essential for the management of paediatric chest wall tumours.


In the early 1980s both the British Labour Party and the West German Social Democrats (SPD), confronted with serious internal challenges from the political left, experienced an erosion of support that resulted in the emergence of new political parties-the British Social Democratic Party and the West German Green Party. Explicitly comparative, this study presents a theoretically innovative analysis while offering a sophisticated understanding of the political confrontations between social democrats, the new left, traditional socialists, and trade unionists in both Britain and West Germany. By focusing on the established parties rather than on external developments, Koelble departs from conventional methodology regarding the fortunes of political parties. In examining the fundamental processes of decision making and coalition building within the SPD and the Labour Party, he argues that it is the organizational structures within parties that shape political results by setting limits, creating opportunities, and determining strategies.


China has experienced large improvements in mortality rates, but there remain substantial variations at the provincial level. This paper develops new models to project mortality at both the national and provincial levels in China. We propose two models in a Bayesian hierarchical framework based on principal components and a random walk process, and compile a new comprehensive database containing mortality data for 31 provinces over the period 1982–2010. The baseline two-level model with a national–province hierarchy allows for information pooling across provinces, common national factors and consistency conditions. The extended three-level model with a national–region–province hierarchy pools information in the region and also allows for common factors within the region. Both models provide good estimates and reasonable forecasts for China and its provinces. The baseline two-level model provides good fit and reasonable forecasts with equal width intervals for the provinces. The three-level model has a better fit with a lower deviance information criterion and provides forecast intervals reflecting regional uncertainty. The sensitivity analyses show that the forecasts are robust when changing the trend assumptions and regional groups.


Recent developments have made available free software tools that would expedite local quality assurance (QA) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), incorporating established methodology. IQWorks is a software package for digital Imaging and communication in medicine image analysis, which was found to have highly appropriate functionality. Key advantages are provided by the definition of an analysis process via an 'analysis tree', which facilitates user-implementation (without the need for further programming) of automated or partially automated analysis schemes incorporating testing methodology. Aspects of the analysis tree include automated region of interest positioning relative to the position of a detected edge, and production of results as PDF reports. In this study analysis trees were built to analyse the Eurospin test objects in order to assess signal to noise ratio, uniformity, ghosting, slice width, geometric linearity and spatial resolution. We aimed to examine the robustness and general applicability of IQWorks for MRI QA, by obtaining results using images from multiple scanners (various models) in routine use, and compared with results obtained from propriety manufacturers' software and other image analysis software. The use of analysis trees in IQWorks was found to provide automated implementation of specified analysis protocols without reliance on manual placement of sampling regions of interest. Results obtained were highly congruent with those obtained using scanner console analysis tools. We conclude that IQWorks expedites development of local MRI QA incorporating nationally established methodology, and facilitates the implementation of QA procedures by staff without appropriate programming expertise. The analysis tree methodology would expedite implementation of revised protocols in new guidance documents.


A wide variety of machine learning problems can be described as minimizing a regularized risk functional, with different algorithms using different notions of risk and different regularizers. Examples include linear Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Logistic Regression, Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), and Lasso amongst others. This paper describes the theory and implementation of a highly scalable and modular convex solver which solves all these estimation problems. It can be parallelized on a cluster of workstations, allows for data-locality, and can deal with regularizers such as l1 and l2 penalties. At present, our solver implements 20 different estimation problems, can be easily extended, scales to millions of observations, and is up to 10 times faster than specialized solvers for many applications. The open source code is freely available as part of the ELEFANT toolbox.


Photograph of the teenagers at a 1956 B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO) district convention n Montgomery, Alabama. The conclave was at Huntingdon College. The male wing of the organization is called Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA), and the female wing is called B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). Text at the bottom of the photograph says, "BBYO District 7 Convention, Huntington College June 5-10, 1956 Montgomery, Ala."


Background: The emergence of minimally invasive techniques in foot and ankle surgery has aimed to reduce iatrogenic tissue insult by utilising the smallest possible incision area to achieve maximum correction of pathological structures. The objective of this study was to assess whether adequate hallux valgus correction can be achieved via the minimally invasive chevron akin (MICA) procedure.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted for a single-surgeon case series of 169 MICA procedures between June 2018 and June 2021 in Australia. Radiographic parameters were evaluated independently by two researchers using 1-2 intermetatarsal angle (1-2 IMA) and hallux valgus angle (HVA) as key measures of procedural outcome.
Results: 95% of participant-operations resulted in normal 1-2 IMA and HVA being obtained post-operatively in a cohort that largely consisted of moderate hallux valgus deformities; 1-2 IMA Reduction: 6.38° ± 3.24 (95% CI 5.89 to 6.87) and HVA Reduction: 20.17° ± 7.69 (95% CI 19.01 to 21.33).
Conclusion: The results of this study help to further strengthen support for the use of minimally invasive bunion surgery as a primary treatment approach in mild to moderate hallux valgus.


The Ju/'hoan Bushmen, or San, of Namibia and Botswana are sometimes characterized as a culture that emphasizes ambiguity and contradiction. What they articulate about important matters--whether it involves healing, storytelling, ritual, or myths of origin may on the surface appear to readily change with no apparent concern for alteration in either description or explanation. Guenther (1999, p. 246) proposes that this kind of thinking is "consistent with the mobility, openness, fluidity, flexibility, adaptability, and unpredictability of the forager's life." While acknowledging the unique challenge of trying to understand Bushman experience, our fieldwork finds that the Ju/'hoansi host a consistent worldview that is often outside the conceptual radar of conventional social science theory and practice. Bushmen emphasize shifting ways of being in the world and this dynamic provides an overarching contextual frame that helps clarify Bushman discourse. As the Ju/'hoan Bushmen come into contact with social service programs, social workers and other NGO professionals need to cultivate an appreciation for how members of this culture construe their life experience in a unique way, especially in matters that involve healing and help. In this paper we demonstrate that the Ju/'hoansi account of First and Second Creation is used to contextually frame important matters in their life. Using Recursive Frame Analysis (Keeney, 1991; Chenail, 1995), we will outline the ways in which shifting frames move back and forth between contextualizing experience as inside First or Second Creation. This oscillation between two phenomenological worlds underlies Bushman experience, discourse, understanding, and performance. Our work is informed by an examination of their puberty rites, which have been rarely observed by anthropologists. We find that these rites provide an exemplary way of making sense of their healing dance. In addition, we explore the way Bushman storytelling can be understood as a performance that emphasizes creative improvisation rather than narrated meaning. We address these experiential domains, demonstrating that they share the purpose of crossing the border between First and Second Creation, that is, the mythically connoted prelinguistic and linguistic ways of holding experience. In the shifting itself, what they regard as the changing or N!o'an-kal'ae that underlies life, is found n/om--the creative life force--which Bushmen value hunting in order to infuse their lives with vitality and inspired meaning. Following a brief discussion of First and Second Creation, a recursive frame analysis will map this border crossing so as to illuminate how previously assumed ambiguities actually are consistent and clear when seen as frame shifts rather than as static forms. We will propose that the Bushman way of utilizing narrative and ritual is arguably more complex and process oriented than the means through which social science narratives and descriptions are cast. We conclude with a brief discussion of some general implications for those offering mental health or social service programs with Ju/'hoan Bushman communities. First and Second Creation: An Origin Myth that Inspires Bushman Performance For two decades, we have conducted interviews with Bushman elders across Botswana and Namibia. Here we report the commentary of elders who reside at the Nyae Nyae Conservancy in Namibia. Interviews were mostly conducted between 2000-2012 (see Keeney, 1999; Keeney, 2002). Following years of establishing close relations with numerous members of several Bushman communities (that included being adopted and receiving Ju'/hoan names), we were accepted as members of their healing tradition and even called n/om-kxaosi. With this inclusion in their ritualistic life, we had conversations with elder healers in multiple roles including colleagues inside a healing fraternity and as scholars trying to understand the way they conceptualize their practice. …


Grazing of mesozooplankton on phytoplankton, ciliates and other microplankton in the Mississippi River plume was studied by on-deck zooplankton addition incubations during March 2002. Diatoms, numerically predominated by the pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia pseudodelicatis- sima, were the most abundant microplankton in the plume. We observed that large cells of all types dominated the mesozooplankton diet and that phytoplankton generally comprised the largest dietary component. Microzooplankton contributed between 2 and 60% to the mesozooplankton diet. At the near-field station (nearest the discharge point of the river), P. pseudodelicatissimi concentration was low and consumption of diatoms, ciliates and dinoflagellates by mesozooplankton reflected available concentrations. In the mid-field stations, P. pseudodelicatissimi attained very high concentrations (17 000 cells ml -1 ) but comprised only a small portion of the mesozooplankton diet, which was instead dominated by ciliates and dinoflagellates. At the far-field station (approximately 60 km distance from the discharge point), P. pseudodelicatissimi concentration was intermediate but mesozooplankton clearance rates were still higher on ciliates and dinoflagellates at these stations. This pattern may have been established by changes in the composition of the mesozooplankton grazer community, by the inability of some mesozoopllankton to efficiently ingest the long (>100 µm) and large-sized diatoms, or by the production of toxins by P. pseudodelicatissimi that prevent it from been grazed by mesozooplankton. Our findings are consistent with an earlier published conceptual model in that (1) the abundance of microzooplankton (ciliates) was high in the near- to mid-field and then decreased toward the far-field, in parallel with phytoplankton stock; (2) mesozooplankton consumed large rather than small prey, thereby affecting the structure of the phytoplankton and microzooplankton community; (3) phytoplankton, dominated by diatoms, were the major food source for mesozooplank- ton in the plume.


Purpose: While several studies have investigated the tradeoffs between radiation dose and image quality (noise) in CT imaging, the purpose of this study was to take this analysis a step further by investigating the tradeoffs between patient radiation dose (including organ dose) and diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of appendicitis using CT. Methods: This study was IRB approved and utilized data from 20 patients who underwent clinical CT exams for indications of appendicitis. Medical record review established true diagnosis of appendicitis, with 10 positives and 10 negatives. A validated software tool used raw projection data from each scan to create simulated images at lower dose levels (70%, 50%, 30%, 20% of original). An observer study was performed with 6 radiologists reviewing each case at each dose level in random order over several sessions. Readers assessed image quality and provided confidence in their diagnosis of appendicitis, each on a 5 point scale. Liver doses at each case and each dose level were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation based methods. Results: Overall diagnostic accuracy varies across dose levels: 92%, 93%, 91%, 90% and 90% across the 100%, 70%, 50%, 30% and 20% dose levels respectively. And it is 93%, 95%, 88%, 90% and 90% across the 13.5-22mGy, 9.6-13.5mGy, 6.4-9.6mGy, 4-6.4mGy, and 2-4mGy liver dose ranges respectively. Only 4 out of 600 observations were rated "unacceptable" for image quality. Conclusion: The results from this pilot study indicate that the diagnostic accuracy does not change dramatically even at significantly reduced radiation dose.


Groups often act against threats to their kin, but what if one group denies the very existence of another's relatives? Among the people of Oceti Sakowin, what it means to care for 'relatives' starkly contrasts conventional non-Native ways of reckoning with water, land, and other beings. If, according to an indigenous view, sacred places are relatives, then words like 'emergency' or 'crisis' are apt to describe Indigenous people's feelings about clashes such as what recently occurred around Standing Rock, North Dakota. There, the matter of what counts as kin was a central ingredient to collective protests that, even if labeled as a one-off defeat, may empower those who have been historically disempowered. Led by a well-coordinated and social media-savvy Indigenous youth movement, the struggle to protect a relative—a river, in this case—may indicate a renewed sense of efficacy among Indigenous peoples, perhaps especially among those who had not previously identified as activists.


Detecting clouds and their shadows is one of the primaries steps to perform when processing satellite images because they may alter the quality of some products such as large-area orthomosaics. The main goal of this paper is to present the automatic method developed at IGN-France for detecting clouds and shadows in a sequence of satellite images. In our work, surface reflectance orthoimages are used. They were processed from initial satellite images using a dedicated software. The cloud detection step consists of a region-growing algorithm. Seeds are firstly extracted. For that purpose and for each input ortho-image to process, we select the other ortho-images of the sequence that intersect it. The pixels of the input ortho-image are secondly labelled seeds if the difference of reflectance (in the blue channel) with overlapping ortho-images is bigger than a given threshold. Clouds are eventually delineated using a region-growing method based on a radiometric and homogeneity criterion. Regarding the shadow detection, our method is based on the idea that a shadow pixel is darker when comparing to the other images of the time series. The detection is basically composed of three steps. Firstly, we compute a synthetic ortho-image covering the whole study area. Its pixels have a value corresponding to the median value of all input reflectance ortho-images intersecting at that pixel location. Secondly, for each input ortho-image, a pixel is labelled shadows if the difference of reflectance (in the NIR channel) with the synthetic ortho-image is below a given threshold. Eventually, an optional region-growing step may be used to refine the results. Note that pixels labelled clouds during the cloud detection are not used for computing the median value in the first step; additionally, the NIR input data channel is used to perform the shadow detection, because it appeared to better discriminate shadow pixels. The method was tested on times series of Landsat 8 and Pléiades-HR images and our first experiments show the feasibility to automate the detection of shadows and clouds in satellite image sequences


This paper describes the creation of a digital archive of railroad property valuation maps created for a railway line operated by the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad Company. The original maps were created by the railroad company in 1915 for the Interstate Commerce Commission. The Commission took data on railroad property into account in calculating passenger and freight rates. Property title schedules for parcels along the railway are provided with the maps. Linen copies of close to 3,000 original maps were donated to Archives and Special Collections, Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut Libraries by the New Haven Railroad Historical and Technical Association. The project to make these archival materials more widely available as digital surrogates involved a collaboration between the curator of the archive and the Dodd Research Center, the University of Connecticut's Map and Geographic Information Center (MAGIC), and Collections Services, Homer Babbidge Library, University of Connecticut.


The purpose of the study is to discuss the ongoing debate on the future of the EU, with reference to the scenarios formulated by the European Commission, as well as other interesting concepts, and to indicate the most probable scenario that the EU would follow. The method used in the research is studies of the scientific publications, comparison and evaluation of alternative integration scenarios and interpretation of selected legal issues related to the division of competences between the EU and the Member States (MS). The main tasks are as follows: (i) to prove that the concurrent debate about the future of the EU is not "new" and similar questions were asked since the birth of the integration processes, (ii) the usage of sovereignty concept to interpret different demand for integration of the MS, (iii) identification of links between globalisation, integration and the crisis as well as (iv) comparisons of different scenarios related to further (dis)integration within the EU and their consequences. The novelty of the paper is that it relates the integration scenarios formulated by the European Commission to the issue of sovereignty as well as to historical and legal background of the European integration. Out of the possible scenarios proposed, multi-speed Europe is the most probable one. The real challenge, if this scenario will evolve, is to safeguard the possibility for the "lagging countries", to join the (more integrated) leaders – if the former will be ready to do so. The challenge is to make the multi-speed Europe – an inclusive concept. Multiple speeds have in fact existed within the EU, as there always have been and will be those who are the laggards and the leaders. The awareness of the European issues has been increasing, as suggested by De Wilde & Zurn (2012). However, the EU will go through serious changes, consequences of which deserve thorough debate in order to disseminate knowledge on the consequences of the strategic choices ahead of the MS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.11.18955


The spreading of viruses in a population depends not only on biological factors and the availability of effective pharmaceutical products, but also on human behaviour. Since in the case of Covid-19, there are currently no pharmaceutical measures available, the discussion focuses on non-pharmaceutical measures such as social distancing and quarantines. However, whether and to what extent these measures achieve the desired effects, does not only depend on medical parameters but also on human behaviour: A sufficient number of individuals need to change their social behaviour to successfully contain the spreading of Covid-19. We offer an interactive computer simulation that allows us to compare different policy measures and social rules such as social distancing and quarantine in terms of their potential for virus containment. In the following text, we describe the basic structure as well as some implications of a simulation designed to model the effectiveness of different measures to contain the spreading of viruses like Covid-19.


This note offers theoretical insight into and practical suggestions for a new approach to financial regulation, based not on abstract theorizing but on lessons drawn from natural ecosystems. Ecosystems, like financial, information, and energy systems, are all complex. The way that all these systems function can be at least partially modeled through mathematics; therefore principles of resilience identified by observing ecosystems can be legitimately assumed to remain valid in other domains. Recent research shows that the longevity and self-regulating capacity of ecosystems rest on four principles of resilience: the existence of feedbacks, which keep the system within physically sustainable limits; a plasticity of relationships and flows due to appropriate degrees of connectivity, yet without generalized substitutability; a significant diversity of actor types; and looped material and energy cycles, allowing to preserve vital stocks. In the current dominant financial system, these sources of resilience are either missing or highly inadequate. Consequently, the way it functions is far from the balance between resilience and effectiveness achieved in ecosystems; in fact, the current system is spontaneously evolving in the opposite direction. As a solution, this note suggests regulations that are analogous to ecosystem's principles of resilience: control of excess quantities and volatility, rationalization of substitutability, increased actor and criteria diversity, and reconnecting with other systems. The goal is not to apply to the financial system an ecosystemic model, which would be no more than an analogy, and a reductive one at that, but, on the contrary, to identify more objectively the structural characteristics of financial systems by shedding light on how other complex systems operate, free of classical economics' theoretical assumptions. Dominique Dron – Ecosystems and Financial Regulation 2 "Ecosystems and Financial Regulation"


We develop a general economic framework for computing cartel damages claims by purchaser plaintiffs. We decompose the lost profits from the cartel in three parts: the direct cost effect (or anticompetitive price overcharge), the pass-on effect and the usually neglected output effect. The pass-on effect is the extent to which the plaintiff passes on the price overcharge by raising its own price, and the output effect is the lost business resulting from this passing-on. We subsequently introduce various models of imperfect competition for the plaintiffs industry. This enables us to evaluate the relative importance of the cost, pass-on and output effects. We show that an adjusted passing-on defense (i.e. accounting for the output effect) is justified under a wide variety of circumstances, provided that sufficiently many firms in the plaintiff's market are affected by the cartel. We derive exact discounts to the direct cost effect, which depend on relatively easy-to-observe variables, such as the pass-on rate, the number of firms, the number of firms affected by the cartel, and/or the market shares. We finally extend our framework to assess the cartel's total harm, further demonstrating the crucial importance of the output effect. Our results are particularly relevant in light of the recent developments by U.S. and European antitrust authorities to make cartel damages claims more in line with actually lost profits.


The newspaper press was an essential aspect of the political culture of the French Revolution. Revolutionary News highlights the most significant features of this press in clear and vivid language. It breaks new ground in examining not only the famous journalists but the obscure publishers and the anonymous readers of the Revolutionary newspapers. Popkin examines the way press reporting affected Revolutionary crises and the way in which radical journalists like Marat and the Pere Duchene used their papers to promote democracy.


The emergence of network technologies and the appearance of new varied applications in terms of services and resources, has created new security problems for which existing solutions and mechanisms are inadequate, especially problems of identification and authentication. In a highly distributed and pervasive system, a uniform and centralized security management is not an option. It then becomes necessary to give more autonomy to security systems by providing them with mechanisms that allows a dynamic and flexible cooperation and collaboration between the actors in the system.


About 150 UCI students staged a protests and demonstrations condemning a recent protests and demonstrations of a Muslim fundraising event at a north Orange County (Yorba Linda, Ca) community center.


The UNU-Wider project on 'Spatial disparities in development', directed by Ravi Kanbur and Anthony J. Venables, has analyzed evidence on the extent of spatial inequalities in over 50 developing countries. The peer reviewed papers published under the auspices of the project find that spatial inequalities are high, with disparities between rural and urban areas, and also between geographically advantaged and disadvantaged regions. In many countries such disparities are increasing, partly as a consequence of the uneven impact of trade openness and globalization. While there are efficiency gains from the concentration of economic activity in urban centers and in coastal districts, the associated regional inequalities are a major contributor to overall inequality. They are particularly worrying if they align with political or ethnic divisions. The broad outline of appropriate policy for managing high and rising spatial disparities is also clear. The case for policy interventions to ensure a more spatially equitable allocation of infrastructure and public services, and for policies to ensure freer migration, has been made powerfully in the papers in this project.


Epidemic Poliomyelitis is one of the diseases that emerged as major public health problems during the 20 th century, and can thus be suspected of being caused by artificial electromagnetic waves. Detailed examination reveals that early epidemic outbreaks coincided with changes in emissions of artificial electromagnetic waves, including the intentional emissions of wireless telegraphy and the unintentional emissions of wire telephony. The fundamental change from irregular outbreaks to yearly epidemics in the US also coincided with the onset of wireless voice communications. These facts provide strong support to the idea that epidemic Poliomyelitis was triggered by exposure to electromagnetic waves and had a high degree of sensitivity to exposure. Examination of further evidence reveals that Poliovirus PV3 is the ancestor of PV1, PV2 and two other group C enteroviruses, and that PV3 was the dominant Poliovirus serotype in 1875, before the onset of most electromagnetic emissions except wire telegraphy. The time coincidences of Poliomyelitis epidemiology and electromagnetic waves emissions, together with the evolution of Poliovirus, bring strong support to the hypothesis that exposure to electromagnetic fields triggered both epidemic Poliomyelitis and the diversification of Poliovirus.


Gold–sulfur interfaces, including self-assembled monolayers of thiol molecules on gold surfaces, thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters, and gold sulfide complexes, have attracted intensive interest due to their promising applications in electrochemistry, bioengineering, and nanocatalysis. Herein, we predict two hitherto unreported two-dimensional (2D) Au6S2 monolayer polymorphs, named as G-Au6S2 and T-Au6S2. The global-minimum G-Au6S2 monolayer can be viewed as a series of [–S–Au–]n and [–Au4–]n chains packed together in parallel. The metastable T-Au6S2 monolayer resembles the widely studied T-MoS2 monolayer structure with each Mo atom substituted with an octahedral Au6 cluster, while the S atom is bonded with three Au atoms in a μ3 bridging mode. The G-Au6S2 monolayer is predicted to be metallic. The T-Au6S2 monolayer is predicted to be a semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 1.48 eV and high carrier mobility of 2721 cm2 V−1 s−1, ∼10 times higher than that of semiconducting H-MoS2. Moreover, the T-Au6S2 monolayer can absorb sunlight efficiently over almost the entire solar spectrum. These properties render the G- and T-Au6S2 monolayers promising materials for advanced applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics.


Root development of two sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] maturity isogenic lines (early ✕ 60 SM and late ✕ 100 M) was closely studied in plants growing up to 38 days after emergence (DAE) in hydroponics. Each adventitious (crown) root was tagged upon appearance and periodically measured for length. Root diameters, root volume, leaf area, and transpiration were also measured periodically. Seminal roots and mesocotyls were removed on some plants at 10 DAE, in order to simulate the effect of some common fungal or insect damage in the field.

The onset of initiation of adventitious roots occurred at 4 and 6 DAE in the early and late genotypes, respectively. Root initiation rates cycled with time, within a range of 0 to 1.5 roots-plant-l−day−1. Cycling of root initiation rates appeared to correspond with the formation of concentric whorls of these roots in the crown. Total number of adventitious roots at 38 DAE was 17 and 23 in the late and early genotypes, respectively. In the early genotypes, growth rate of adventitious roots that were initiated at an early stage was the same as for roots initiated later, being about 3 cm day−1 In the late genotype, growth rate of later initiated roots was slower than that of roots initiated earlier. Although the early genotype had a greater total adventitious root length per plant than the late one, the latter had a greater root volume than the former, due to greater number and growth of lateral branches.

Removal of the seminal root and mesocotyl increased the number and growth of lateral branches of existing adventitious roots and subsequently increased root volume in the early genotype. Similar effects were not observed in the late genotype.


The study engages in a critical interpretation of the phenomenon of suicide and how it is represented in selected plays of three Nigerian authors. The purpose is to understand the discursive nature of suicide in Nigerian dramatic literature with particular focus on; Wole Soyinka's Death and the King's horseman (1975), Ola Rotimi's Kurunmi (1971) and Wale Ogunyemi's The Vow (1985). The study also looks at how the act of suicide is interpreted in the selected plays and foregrounds Yoruba cultural understanding against western hegemonic thought. Its central thesis is that ritual and culture significantly influence suicide in traditional African society and Yoruba society in particular. This study uses textual analysis as its methodology to probe the historical, cultural and social context of the selected plays. The approach is descriptive and interrogative as it illuminates the circumstances that surround the suicides of the protagonist characters in the selected plays as well as how the plays mediate the reality of suicide as perceived in Yoruba tradition in opposition to western epistemology. The study uses Marxist literary theory to probe the effects of social structure and how economic relations impact the acts of suicide in the plays. In addition, the study suggests that the suicides as manifest in the plays are not mainly an escape from shame but serve as a necessary and pragmatic step consonant with the Yoruba belief system and mythical tradition. Finally, the study explores yet another caveat, the abuse of the Yoruba mythical tradition for personal gain. It concludes by determining that the failure of traditional elites to manipulate culture and tradition for their political interests leads them to frustration, and subsequently motivates suicide as a form of escapism.


Feature interactions are essential for achieving high accuracy in recommender systems. Many studies take into account the interaction between every pair of features. However, this is suboptimal because some feature interactions may not be that relevant to the recommendation result and taking them into account may introduce noise and decrease recommendation accuracy. To make the best out of feature interactions, we propose a graph neural network approach to effectively model them, together with a novel technique to automatically detect those feature interactions that are beneficial in terms of recommendation accuracy. The automatic feature interaction detection is achieved via edge prediction with an L0 activation regularization. Our proposed model is proved to be effective through the information bottleneck principle and statistical interaction theory. Experimental results show that our model (i) outperforms existing baselines in terms of accuracy, and (ii) automatically identifies beneficial feature interactions.


Over the last couple of decades, global urban politics has experienced the increasing emergence of ambitious megaprojects aiming to create sustainable cities capable of facing severe ecological and economic crises. This essay argues that the genesis of eco-cities is grounded in a strong wave of utopianism that can have potential negative socioecological implications, and by looking at the current development strategies of Abu Dhabi, it aims to explore the interrelations among utopia, sustainability, and urban politics. Using empirical material, Abu Dhabi's development plans are examined to understand how visions of the good society and of the good city are theorized and integrated into the policy agenda. The focus is on Estidama, a program for social and urban change based on the sheik's dream of transforming Abu Dhabi into a sustainable global city, and on its main incarnation: Masdar City. In the analysis of convergences and divergences with western utopianism, this essay explains how images of the ideal city are used to boost the local economy and fulfill the political interests of the ruling class. Ultimately, the reasons behind the association eco-city/ideal city are elucidated, and the role of utopia in the quest for the sustainable society is questioned.


A new thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, 3-(9,9′-spirobi[fluoren]-6-yl)-9-(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (SFCC), was developed for blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and its thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties were systematically investigated. Upon introducing a 9,9′-spiro-bifluorene group through its C3 position to the C3 position of carbazole, the resulting new backbone had a more delocalized highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) than carbazole itself which led to a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) compared with that of the control material, 3-bromo-9-(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (TRTZ). The OLED based on SFCC as the blue TADF emitter has a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.59%, with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.17, 0.21), significantly surpassing the performance of the reference emitter TRTZ, indicating that the introduction of the 9,9′-spiro-bifluorene unit is a promising strategy for the modification of TADF materials.


Evidence-based methods to identify behavioural problems among children are not regularly used within the Swedish Child healthcare. A new procedure was therefore introduced to assess children through parent- and preschool teacher reports using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). This study aims to explore nurses', preschool teachers' and parents' perspectives of this new information sharing model. Using the grounded theory methodology, semi-structured interviews with nurses (n = 10) at child health clinics, preschool teachers (n = 13) and parents (n = 11) of 3-, 4- and 5-year-old children were collected and analysed between March 2014 and June 2014. The analysis was conducted using constant comparative method. The participants were sampled purposively within a larger trial in Sweden. Results indicate that all stakeholders shared a desire to have a complete picture of the child's health. The perceptions that explain why the stakeholders were in favour of the new procedure—the 'causal conditions' in a grounded theory model—included: (1) Nurses thought that visits after 18-months were unsatisfactory, (2) Preschool teachers wanted to identify children with difficulties and (3) Parents viewed preschool teachers as being qualified to assess children. However, all stakeholders had doubts as to whether there was a reliable way to assess children's behaviour. Although nurses found the SDQ to be useful for their clinical evaluation, they noticed that not all parents chose to participate. Both teachers and parents acknowledged benefits of information sharing. However, the former had concerns about parental reactions to their assessments and the latter about how personal information was handled. The theoretical model developed describes that the causal conditions and current context of child healthcare in many respects endorse the introduction of information sharing. However, successful implementation requires considerable work to address barriers: the tension between normative thinking versus helping children with developmental problems for preschool teachers and dealing with privacy issues and inequity in participation for parents.


The following contribution is a joint article by the above authors, which summarizes the results of a workshop on English as a lingua franca at the 13th annual IAWE conference. The authors critically examine the Kachruvian terminology and present five complementary perspectives on the use of English as a lingua franca.The Lingua Franca Movement has not only adopted the construct lingua franca, but has also redefined it. In doing so, the formal properties of a variety of a language, in this case Lingua Franca English (LFE), and its communicative function are both denoted by the term. However, this act of naming has initiated considerable discussion not only about the canonical meaning of lingua franca as a linguistic concept, but in addition has invited scrutiny of the assumptions and theoretical underpinnings of LFE research. This paper extends such scrutiny of the relationship of LFE to English in Europe and the adequacy of "lingua franca" to represent the sociolinguistic realities of World Englishes.


In this study, MoV mixed oxides with a molar ratio of 10:3 were prepared by reflux method. The samples were subjected to various calcination temperatures in order to investigate the physicochemical properties of the oxide affected by the
parameter. Samples were characterised by XRD, TG/DTA, BET surface area, SEM and TPR. By imposing various calcination temperatures, phase evolutions were observed. However, these changes do not significantly affect the morphology, surface area, particle size and reducibility of the oxide. Still, the best calcination temperature can be chosen to
arrive at the effective catalyst necessary for the desired catalytic reaction.


Global forces have shaped the world since the industrial and digital ages. A recent perspective on globalization acknowledges the growth of three supranational economic, social, and manufacturing blocs, namely the USA, the EU, and most recently, China. In this larger picture China contends with the US to become the largest economy in the world. Recent developments in the US–China trade conflict have centered on digital technology and have set the two countries on a path towards a technology separation. This technology separation will disrupt the unique and strategically important global value chains of digital technologies. We define digital technologies as the stack of integrated hardware and software systems that enable various end applications to emerge from computation. The technology separation will happen in the lower hardware levels of the technology stack, that is, in knowledge- and capital-intensive semiconductor technology, design and manufacturing. A separation within semiconductor technology could have serious implications for Europe, but especially for smaller open economies such as that of Finland. The key to designing Europe's semiconductor technology strategy is understanding the history, technologies, and dynamics of the semiconductor industry as well as understanding industrial policies regarding semiconductors in the USA and China. What are the different options for Europe if the technological separation continues?


Endoscopic surgery is a less invasive method of surgery as compared to open surgery. However, indirect vision, limited hand movement and lack of haptic sensation, combined with the tiring posture of holding long tools makes it a very difficult task for the surgeon to perform (Tendick, 93; Faraz, June, 95). Consequently, the surgeon has a fraction of the dexterity and sensing of that of open surgery. This is specially the case in laparoscopic surgery which is a specific branch of endoscopic surgery, and is performed on the abdomen. The dexterity problem associated with laparoscopic surgery arises from the fact that the present rigid stem extenders can approach the surgical site with some fix orientation (determined by the connecting line between the position of surgical site and the port of entry). Lack of 2 DOF at the stem, to orient the tool's tip to the desired orientation near the surgical site, prevents the surgeon from having the required dexterity and agility. By adding revolute/spherical joints on the stem, the required internal capability in orienting the tool can be achieved, and hence provide more dexterity for the surgeon. Although, there has been some publication in the literature about different design possibilities (e.g., Rinninsland, 93; Melzer, 93; Neisius, 94), as well as U.S. patents (Matsumaru, 92; Heimberger, 94), they are all dealing with special designs with specific design focus. There is a lack of general study of flexible endoscopic extenders with wider design objectives. For example, such objectives can be: (a) general type synthesis of the joint design, (b) formulation of workspace requirements of laparoscopic extenders, and (c) comparative study of different designs in search of the optimal design(s). The objective of this report is to have a systematic synthesis of the joints, as well as formulate the dexterous workspace for laparoscopic extenders with flexible stem, in order to find the optimum design.


In this paper we study a variant of the branched transportation problem, that we call multi-material transport problem. This is a transportation problem, where distinct commodities are transported simultaneously along a network. The cost of the transportation depends on the network used to move the masses, as it is common in models studied in branched transportation. The main novelty is that in our model the cost per unit length of the network does not depend only on the total flow, but on the actual quantity of each commodity. This allows to take into account different interactions between the transported goods. We propose an Eulerian formulation of the discrete problem, describing the flow of each commodity through every point of the network. We provide minimal assumptions on the cost, under which existence of solutions can be proved. Moreover, we prove that, under mild additional assumptions, the problem can be rephrased as a mass minimization problem in a class of rectifiable currents with coefficients in a group, allowing to introduce a notion of calibration. The latter result is new even in the well studied framework of the "single-material" branched transportation.


This study was done to determine the nature of utilization of dental auxiliaries and medical emergencies in private dental surgeries in Kenya. A self administering questionnaire with pre-paid postage was mailed to 138 dentists. 27.5% responded. 81.6% used dental auxiliaries and the main reason was to improve efficiency in managing patients. 93.5% of the auxiliaries were on job trained secondary school graduates. 63.2% of the respondents delegated duties which were mainly non-clinical. 26.3% did not delegate any duties. In a descending order, the reasons for non delegation were: that it would be risky to patients, not allowed by law, they did not find it necessary and that auxiliaries were not held responsible if something went wrong. The main duties delegated to the auxiliaries were cleaning of instruments and sterilization, mixing of restorative materials and preparing amalgam. Delegation was done primarily based on auxiliaries capability to perform the procedure and meet the set standards. 57.9% indicated that they rarely encountered medical emergencies. Syncope was the commonest emergency encountered. 72.7% indicated that auxiliaries could not handle medical emergencies because they were not trained. It is concluded that most dentists did not delegate clinical duties to dental auxiliaries and medical emergencies were rare.


The focus of this study is on integration processes in European R&D by analyzing the spatio-temporal dimension of three different R&D collaboration networks across Europe. These networks cover different types of knowledge creation, namely co-patent networks, project based R&D networks within the EU Framework Programmes (FPs) and co-publication networks. Integration in European R&D – one of the main pillars of the EU Science Technology and Innovation (STI) policy – refers to the harmonization of fragmented national research systems across Europe and to the free movement of knowledge and researchers. The objective of this study is to describe and compare spatio-temporal patterns of the observed networks at a regional level, and to estimate the evolution of separation effects over the time period 1999-2006 that influence the probability of cross-region collaborations in the distinct networks under consideration. By separation effects we refer to geographical, technological, institutional and cultural barriers between the regions under consideration. The study adopts a spatial interaction modeling perspective, econometrically specifying a panel generalized linear model relationship taking into account spatial autocorrelation among flows by using Eigenfunction spatial filtering methods to address the research questions. The European coverage is achieved by using 255 NUTS-2 regions of the 25 pre-2007 EU member-states, as well as Norway and Switzerland. For the construction of the three dependent variables that describe collaboration intensities between all region pairs in the three different types of R&D networks, we use data from the OECD Regpat database to capture cross-region co-patent networks, the AIT EUPRO database to capture cross-region project based R&D networks in the FPs, and the Scopus database to capture cross-region co-publication networks. The independent variables consist of one origin measure, one destination measure and seven separation measures. The separation variables focus on barriers that may hamper cross-region collaboration probability, accounting for spatial effects, cultural and institutional hurdles and economic or technological barriers. The results will provide novel and valuable empirical insight into ongoing integration processes in different types of R&D, reflecting knowledge diffusion in form of R&D collaborations from a longitudinal and comparative perspective. By this, the study will produce important implications regarding past success or failure of European R&D integration policies, and, thus, for future STI policy design. JEL Classification: C23, O38, L14, R15 Keywords: R&D Networks, European Framework Program, Patents, Publications, Large-Scale Networks, Spatial Interaction Modelling, Panel Econometrics, Eigenvector Spatial Filtering, Social Network Analysis


Intensive aquaculture recirculating systems produce effluents (dissolved and particulate solids) with concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, a potential source of pollution if they are not properly treated. The sludge and nutrient removal by anaerobic digestion has become an alternative for aquaculture sludge digestion and stabilization. In this study we determine the effect of four different pretreatments (alkaline, mechanical, thermal and biological) in sludge reduction and denitrification efficiency, biogas production and nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics from a hyper-intensive Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus , Linnaeus, 1758) culture in 15 days experiments, one per month for one year. After application of pretreatments in aquaculture sludge, an increase in the release of total ammonia nitrogen was obtained with respect to the control, in the same way nitrate removal was obtained in all pretreatments (˃90%), The increase in total suspended solids removal was higher in pretreatment (˃20.3%) compared to control (14.6%), As well as the biogas production increase, being the biological pre-treatment where the highest concentration was obtained (45.18 cm3 L -1 ) The results indicate thatthe application of pre-treatments in the aquaculture effluents improves the denitrification processes and anaerobic digestion and can reduce the hydraulic retention time.


The results of an analytical and experimental study on the behavior of simple and double diagonal cross-bracings in vertical stiffening trusses and in built-up open web beams are presented and discussed. Simple design expressions for the evaluation of the effective length of the compression members are presented. It is shown that the transverse stiffness provided by the tension members depends upon the flexural stiffness of the tension member and upon the ratio of the compression force to the tension force. A limited experimental study shows that the proposed equations slightly underestimate the transverse stiffness and overestimate the effective length factor.


In "Montage October," which appeared in Artforum in January 1973, Rosalind Krauss argues that Sergei Eisenstein's 1928 film was not only a celebration of a Marxist victory but also a demonstration of Marxist dialectical reasoning through montage. Krauss contends that rather than passively reconstructing the chain of circumstances that culminated in the storming of the Winter Palace in 1917, Eisenstein hoped to draw a filmic equivalence between the leap of revolutionary consciousness, which opens up access to the future by transcending the real, and the leap of visual consciousness, which goes beyond the normal bounds of filmic space.


It is not often that the Supreme Court of Appeal ('SCA') is called upon to pronounce on the revocation of a will. One such case is Pienaar v Master of the Free State High Court, Bloemfontein 2011 (6) SA 338 (SCA) in which that court had to decide whether a later will made by a testator was intended to revoke an earlier will even though the later will contained no express statement of revocation.
In what follows the facts of Pienaar will be set out in so far as is necessary and the principles relating to revocation of wills, and in particular implied revocation, will be summarised, with factual illustrations from the cases. Thereafter, the facts of Pienaar will be analysed to determine the possible competing interpretations thereof. The conclusions by the Master of the High Court and court a quo (on the one hand) will be compared and contrasted with the different conclusion that was reached by the SCA, with a view to highlighting how the SCA differed from the Master and the court a quo in the application of the relevant principles. The Pienaar judgment will then be evaluated, particularly in light of the previous decisions on the issue. Thereafter, the treatment of implied revocation in similar circumstances in English law will be explored with a view to highlighting an important point of difference between English and South African law relating to implied revocation. This is relevant because our courts from time to time refer to English cases as persuasive authority in the context of wills, owing to the considerable overlap between the two systems. Sonnekus has referred to the influence of English wills legislation on our 'wills-formalities' as substantial or fundamental. (J C Sonnekus 'Vereistes vir testamentsherroeping' 1982 TSAR 110. The translation is mine. The term actually used by him in this context is 'wesenlik'.) Finally, some conclusions will be drawn on lessons to be learned from Pienaar.


We introduce a finite family of nonspreading multivalued mappings and a finite family of nonexpansive multivalued mappings in Hilbert space. We establish some weak and strong convergence theorems of the sequences generated by our iterative process. Some new iterative sequences for finding a common element of the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem and the set of common fixed points it was introduced. The results improve and extend the corresponding results of Mohammad Eslamian (Optim. Lett., 7(3):547-557, 2012).


In order for a company to define a sustainability design space and become more sustainable it must know: what sustainability means; how sustainability can be achieved; and, how sustainability can be measured. The main contribution of this paper is an approach to define the design space for sustainability, with purpose to give support in the early product innovation process. A novel approach is presented for how to identify strategic sustainability criteria, tactical design guidelines and sustainability compliance index that are important parts of a sustainability design space. A case company within the aerospace industry has been chosen to test and validate the sustainability criteria and how it can give support in evaluating the current sustainability profile of a product component by using the suggested Sustainability Compliance Index (SCI). The result from company feedback and early pilot-testing showed that the sustainability criteria and sustainability compliance index can give support in decisions regarding sustainability perspective in early concept development. The pilot-tests also indicated that there is a need for further development and validation.


During the application of anaerobic processes to high sulphate concentration wastewaters, operational problems are expected due to the occurrence of sulphate reduction. Sulphide production reduces effluent quality and may produce inhibition. The application of Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) reactors for the combined removal of organic matter and sulphate was studied at different COD/sulphate and 3 values of pH. During the EGSB reactor operation, most of the sulphide remains in the liquid phase reducing effluent quality. The inclusion of a desorption column in the recirculation of the EGSB reactor promotes mass transfer to the gas phase, reducing the sulphide concentration in the liquid phase, significantly decreasing the chemical oxygen demand of the effluent.


ABSTRACT Two reef systems off south Molokai, Hale O Lono and Hikauhi (separated by only 10 km), show strong and fundamental differences in modern ecosystem structure and Holocene accretion history that reflect the influence of wave-induced near-bed shear stresses on reef development in Hawaii. Both sites are exposed to similar impacts from south, Kona, and trade-wind swell. However, the Hale O Lono site is exposed to north swell and the Hikuahi site is not. As a result, the reef at Hale O Lono records no late Holocene net accretion while the reef at Hikauhi records consistent and robust accretion over late Holocene time. Analysis and dating of 24 cores from Hale O Lono and Hikauhi reveal the presence of five major lithofacies that reflect paleo-environmental conditions. In order of decreasing depositional energy they are: (1) coral-algal bindstone; (2) mixed skeletal rudstone; (3) massive coral framestone; (4) unconsolidated floatstone; and (5) branching coral framestone-bafflestone. At Hale O Lono, 10 cores document a backstepping reef ranging from 8,100 cal yr BP (offshore) to 4,800 cal yr BP (nearshore). A depauperate community of modern coral diminishes shoreward and seaward of 15 m depth due to wave energy, disrupted recruitment activities, and physical abrasion. Evidence suggests a change from conditions conducive to accretion during the early Holocene to conditions detrimental to accretion in the late Holocene. Reef structure at Hikauhi, reconstructed from 14 cores, reveals a thick, rapidly accreting and young reef (maximum age 900 cal yr BP). Living coral cover on this reef increases seaward with distance from the reef crest but terminates at a depth of 20 m where the reef ends in a large sand field. The primary limitation on vertical reef growth is accommodation space under wave base, not recruitment activities or energy conditions. Interpretations of cored lithofacies suggest that modern reef growth on the southwest corner of Molokai, and by extension across Hawaii in general, is controlled by wave-induced near-bed shear stress related to refracted North Pacific swell. Holocene accretion patterns here also reflect the long-term influence of wave-induced near-bed shear stress from north swell during late Holocene time. This finding is consistent with other studies (e.g., Grigg 1998; Cabioch et al. 1999) that reflect the dominance of swell energy and sea level in controlling modern and late Holocene accretion elsewhere in Hawaii and across the Pacific and Indian oceans. Notably, however, this result is refined and clarified for Hawaii in the hypothesis of Rooney et al. (2003) stating that enhancement of the El Nino Southern Oscillation beginning approximately 5000 years ago led to increased north swell energy and signaled the end to net accretion along exposed coastlines in Hawaii. The exposure of Hale O Lono to north swell and the age of sea floor there (ca. 4,800 cal yr BP), coupled with the lack of north swell incidence at Hikauhi and the continuous accretion that has occurred there over the last millennium, strongly supports the ENSO reef hypothesis as outlined by Rooney et al. (2003). Other factors controlling Holocene reef accretion at the study site are relative sea-level position and rate of rise, and wave sheltering by Laau Point. Habitat suitable for reef accretion on the southwest shore of Molokai has shrunk throughout the Holocene.