In this joint Bank of England and Behavioural Insights Team study, we test the effectiveness of different approaches to central bank communications. Using an online experiment with a representative sample of the UK population, we measure how changes to the Bank of England's summaries of the Inflation Report impact comprehension and trust in its policy messages. We find that the recently introduced Visual Summary of the Inflation Report improves comprehension of its main messages in a statistically significant way compared to the traditional executive summary. We also find that public comprehension and trust can be further improved by making the Visual Summary more relatable to people's lives. Our findings thus shed light on how central banks can improve communication with the public at a time when trust in public institutions has fallen, while the responsibilities delegated to central banks have increased.


Abstract Airframe–propulsion integration concepts that use boundary-layer ingestion (BLI) have the potential to reduce aircraft fuel burn. One concept that has been recently explored is NASA's STARC-ABL aircraft configuration, which offers the potential for fuel burn reduction by using a turboelectric propulsion system with an aft-mounted electrically driven BLI propulsor. So far, attempts to quantify this potential fuel burn reduction have not considered the full coupling between the aerodynamic and propulsive performance. To address the need for a more careful quantification of the aeropropulsive benefit of the STARC-ABL concept, we run a series of design optimisations based on a fully coupled aeropropulsive model. A 1D thermodynamic cycle analysis is coupled to a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation to model the aft propulsor at a cruise condition and the effects variation in propulsor design on overall performance. A series of design optimisation studies are performed to minimise the required cruise power, assuming different relative sizes of the BLI propulsor. The design variables consist of the fan pressure ratio, static pressure at the fan face, and 311 variables that control the shape of both the nacelle and the fuselage. The power required by the BLI propulsor is compared with a podded configuration. The results show that the BLI configuration offers 6–9% reduction in required power at cruise, depending on assumptions made about the efficiency of power transmission system between the under-wing engines and the aft propulsor. Additionally, the results indicate that the power transmission efficiency directly affects the relative size of the under-wing engines and the aft propulsor. This design optimisation, based on computational fluid dynamics, is shown to be essential to evaluate current BLI concepts and provides a powerful tool for the design of future concepts.


Can a mediator play a constructive role in helping citizens confront and resolve the most divisive issues of our times? We believe the answer is affirmative, but we worry that such a view, though richly grounded in our historical tradition, is now neither widely endorsed nor effectively implemented. We belong to a group of dispute resolution professionals who learned both from mentors and experience that ADR—and mediation, in particular-offers a philosophical map for conducting problem—solving activities among fellow citizens that systematically supports and advances our most noble aspirations for a fair society. Be it the urban riots of the 1960s or the recent, polarizing events from Ferguson to Baltimore, we thought-and were inspired-by the perhaps naive notion that a mediator, in the soaring terms of our Constitution's Preamble, could effectively trigger disputants to become "We, the people;" assist citizens to "... form a more perfect union;" work collaboratively with multiple stakeholders to "... establish justice;" and, in so doing, "... secure the blessings of liberty to [themselves] and to [their] posterity." At its core, this approach to mediation-this philosophical map-embraces the right of each participant to be treated with respect; participate in the decision-making process; have an equal voice in determining the outcome of the controversy; assume a meaningful role in shaping the fundamental structures of his or her community; and, significantly, shoulder personal responsibility for the progress and outcome of his or her engagement and dialogue. That map-emphatically-affirms that all participant conduct, including the mediator and all stakeholders, and activities that occur within the mediation process are, constitutionally, justice-based events. Two questions, then, arise about this mediator's map that we find persuasive: first, is it coherent? Second, if coherent, does it comport with contemporary mediation practice? We believe that the answers are, respectively: yes-and not entirely. Our hesitation to answer affirmatively stems from our deep concern that the approach to mediation that seems widely embraced by law-trained mediators—what Riskin and Welsh describe as a 'thin vision' of mediation—appears to operate at cross purposes with this conception of the mediator's philosophical map. Specifically, a "thin" approach eliminates as inappropriate the use of mediation in matters laced with social justice dimensions.


To the Editor: Identification of vascular structures during regional anesthesia procedures with ultrasound can help to identify target nerves and plan for an appropriate needle approach to avoid puncture and intravascular injection. Arteries can be identified by their relative resistance to collapse from pressure exerted by the ultrasound probe along with the characteristic pulsatile flow demonstrated by color or pulse wave Doppler. Veins often go unidentified, leading to patient morbidity and potential mortality. Because of their ease of collapse with minimal ultrasound probe pressure and their low-velocity-flow states that are not always well represented on ultrasound by color Doppler, veins can be difficult to recognize with ultrasound. We describe a novel technique to identify small or collapsed veins using any standard ultrasound with color Doppler. Once an area is identified that could contain venous structures, color Doppler is activated. During real-time ultrasound, any distal part of the patient's corresponding extremity is compressed or squeezed. This compression of the distal muscles and veins significantly increases venous blood flow that is then represented more reliably by color Doppler on ultrasound (Fig. 1). This technique may be repeated several times for complete evaluation of veins in an area and is well tolerated by patients. Other techniques can be used to visualize low-flow blood vessels such as probe tilt, adjustment of pulse repetition frequency, and increasing color gain, but none of these are effective in evaluating veins that are collapsed. Squeezing a distal extremity, as described here, results in the ability to evaluate both low-flow and completely collapsed venous structures. We have found this distal compression technique to be very useful in the identification of veins that are often closely associated with nerves. We routinely use this technique in the axillaq and the popliteal regions by squeezing the arm and calf, respectively.


In the context of the global financial crisis and after inheriting a record budget deficit, the British Coalition Government decided in 2010 that the best way forward was a programme of austerity. What followed were major cuts to public expenditure, including a substantial reduction in police budgets. Whether this was the right decision is beyond the remit of this chapter. However, the effect on the police has been substantial. The police in Britain had enjoyed a sustained period of growth – both in terms of police numbers and increased responsibilities undertaken by police personnel – despite increases in competition and falls in recorded crime (Millie and Bullock, 2012; Millie, 2013). This was to change. In Scotland cuts came through the merging of all eight forces into a single Police Service of Scotland (Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012). With the 2010 Comprehensive spending Review (HM Treasury, 2010) government funding of the police in England and Wales was reduced by 20 per cent through to 2015. The scale of these cuts was unprecedented and has required police services to reconsider their priorities. At the same time the police have had to deal with major change in governance structures with the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners in November 2012 – albeit following an election where only 15 per cent of the electorate turned up to vote (Rogers and Burn-Murdoch, 2012). The new policing landscape of fewer resources and (assumed) greater democratic accountability has generated a lot of uncertainty among serving police officers and questions over what form policing will take post-austerity. In this context the question of what the police are for becomes pertinent and is the focus for this chapter.


Aim: The aim of this research has been to explore trainee educational psychologists' experience of attending a group relations conference and their perception of any influence on their behaviour.

Design: Four participants were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed on two occasions. Interview data was analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Findings: Themes that emerged through analysis indicated
that participants' described their experience, of attending a group relations conference, as involving chaos, confusion,
conflict and coping. Participants also indicated that they
gained an enhanced awareness of behaviours within groups and engaged in significant levels of self-reflection, exploring
concepts of identity and the self in role. These findings were
related to the literature and it is proposed that psychosocial theory can help in offering a coherent understanding of the intersubjectivity influencing the interrelated internal and external experiences. The influence of anxiety, defences and splitting in particular are discussed. Limitations of the research are considered.

Impact: It is argued that group relations conferences can support the development of knowledge and understanding
of groups, relationships and interpersonal skills, which are included in the requirements of professional training in educational psychology. More broadly, it is argued that attending a group relations conference can support self-reflection and exploring issues of identity and the self in role. It is suggested that this learning can support trainees in understanding the complex contexts in which they work.
It is also suggested that this approach to experiential learning may be of interest to more experienced professionals and to trainees and practitioners from a
range of professions. This research may also be of interest to those designing and delivering group relations conferences in terms of theory and practice. A range of
possible future directions for research are considered.


A slope efficiency of 40% from an Er3+:LiYF4 laser is demonstrated under pulsed Ti:sapphire pumping at 973 nm. With reduction of the pump-pulse duration a significant decrease of the slope efficiency and an increase of the threshold is observed in the experiment and confirmed with high accuracy in a computer simulation. This behavior is due to interionic upconversion from the lower laser level, which leads to energy recycling into the upper laser level. The upconversion rate is negative at threshold but increases strongly with rising pump pulse energy, thus enhancing the slope efficiency. The conditions are derived that are necessary for achieving the high slope efficiency of the energy-recycling regime.


During the early 21st century, the developments in library automation and the internet have made its impact on library operations and information access in majority of the libraries across the globe. The technology has profound effect on academic institutions and has enabled users to access library resources from any location. It has enabled and led the libraries in transformation of its services from traditional to new services and also delivery models, incorporating various electronic resources. User demands are major driving force in collection development. Information users are no longer solely reliant upon physical storehouses of information and therefore, libraries must look into subscribing to e-resources such as e-journals, e-books and databases. In order to meet the changing needs of the users, libraries continue to use new technologies and offer services in innovative ways. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to explorer some of these new and emerging technological and service paradigms in the use of electronic resources in TIFR Libraries.


Structured prediction makes coherent decisions as structured objects to present the interrelations of these predicted variables. They have been widely used in many areas, such as bioinformatics, computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing. Machine Learning with reduced supervision aims to leverage the laborious and error-prone annotation effects and benefit the low-resource languages. In this dissertation we study structured prediction with reduced supervision for two sets of problems, sequence labeling and dependency parsing, both of which are representatives of structured prediction problems in NLP. We investigate three different approaches. The first approach is learning with modular architecture by task decomposition. By decomposing the labels into location sub-label and type sub-label, we designed neural modules to tackle these sub-labels respectively, with an additional module to infuse the information. The experiments on the benchmark datasets show the modular architecture outperforms existing models and can make use of partially labeled data together with fully labeled data to improve on the performance of using fully labeled data alone.The second approach builds the neural CRF autoencoder (NCRFAE) model that combines a discriminative component and a generative component for semi-supervised sequence labeling. The model has a unified structure of shared parameters, using different loss functions for labeled and unlabeled data. We developed a variant of the EM algorithm for optimizing the model with tractable inference. The experiments on several languages in the POS tagging task show the model outperforms existing systems in both supervised and semi-supervised setup.The third approach builds two models for semi-supervised dependency parsing, namely local autoencoding parser (LAP) and global autoencoding parser (GAP). LAP assumes the chain-structured sentence has a latent representation and uses this representation to construct the dependency tree, while GAP treats the dependency tree itself as a latent variable. Both models have unified structures for sentence with and without annotated parse tree. The experiments on several languages show both parsers can use unlabeled sentences to improve on the performance with labeled sentences alone, and LAP is faster while GAP outperforms existing models.


In Corwin v. KKR Financial Holdings LLC and its progeny, the Delaware courts made clear that a fully informed, uncoerced vote by disinterested stockholders triggers the waste standard. In Corwin, the Delaware Supreme Court also indicated that Revlon was only meant to provide stockholders with an expedited process for obtaining a preliminary injunction before the closing of a transaction. However, more recent cases indicate that Revlon in fact does apply after the closing of a transaction. Unfortunately, the Delaware courts have not been given an opportunity to determine which standard of review should apply at this stage—enhanced scrutiny, waste, or the traditional business judgment rule. This Note argues that both doctrinal evolution and modern corporate governance developments support the application of the traditional business judgment rule. In practice, this means that the plaintiff would need to prove a breach of the duty of loyalty by showing bad faith. This provides an appropriate balance between accountability and authority—courts should not reward corporate defendants with the waste standard in the post-closing context where Corwin obligations have not been met. Applying the bad faith standard to post-closing Revlon claims where Corwin does not apply also reflects the typical process by which corporate actions are reviewed by courts: by separating the standard of conduct from the standard of review. Recognizing Revlon as a standard of conduct—not as a conflation of a standard of conduct with a particular standard of review— highlights the doctrine's importance in serving as a guide for corporate actors in the M&A context.


This article describes a framework for incorporating referential semantic information from a world model or ontology directly into a probabilistic language model of the sort commonly used in speech recognition, where it can be probabilistically weighted together with phonological and syntactic factors as an integral part of the decoding process. Introducing world model referents into the decoding search greatly increases the search space, but by using a single integrated phonological, syntactic, and referential semantic language model, the decoder is able to incrementally prune this search based on probabilities associated with these combined contexts. The result is a single unified referential semantic probability model which brings several kinds of context to bear in speech decoding, and performs accurate recognition in real time on large domains in the absence of example in-domain training sentences.


This volume, which completes the new "Loeb Classical Library" edition of Hesiod, contains "The Shield" and extant fragments of other poems, including the "Catalogue of Women", that were attributed to Hesiod in antiquity. None of these is now thought to be by Hesiod himself, but all have considerable literary and historical interest. "The Catalogue of Women" is a systematic presentation in five books of a large number of Greek legendary heroes and episodes, organized according to the genealogy of the heroes' mortal mothers. "The Shield" provides a Hesiodic counterpoint to the shield of Achilles in the "Iliad", with Heracles as the protagonist. The volume concludes with a comprehensive index to the complete edition.


Mandatory use of swaps clearinghouses represents the principal regulatory response to the systemic risk from credit derivatives. Scholars are divided on the merits of clearinghouses; some scholars see them as reducing systemic risk, others contend they increase it. The case for swaps clearinghouses comes down to two related propositions: (1) clearinghouses are better able to manage risk than dealer banks in the over-the-counter derivatives market, and (2) clearinghouses are better able to absorb risk than dealer banks. Both propositions are heavily dependent on the details of clearinghouse design, the structure of the clearinghouse market, and the manner of clearinghouse regulation. In theory, a well-designed clearinghouse boasts one significant advantage over dealer banks: capital. Clearinghouses can have deep capital structures, including callable capital from their members. Clearinghouses thus diffuse losses across their membership, thereby avoiding catastrophic losses to any single institution. If designed properly, a clearinghouse should be much more resilient to losses than an individual dealer bank. Clearinghouse owners, however, are likely to pursue lower capitalization, leaving it up to regulators to ensure sufficient capitalization. Clearinghouses potentially encourage greater risk taking — via underpricing and reduced capital — to gain market share and increase returns on equity. Therefore, because clearinghouses also concentrate risk, they can present a dangerous increase in systemic risk relative to dealer banks. Thus, the case for clearinghouses remains tenuous and ultimately dependent upon the still-to-be- determined particulars of their regulation.


Glyceollin-related metabolites produced in rats following oral glyceollin administration were screened in plasma, feces, and urine, and these metabolites were identified by precursor and product ion scanning using liquid chromatography coupled online with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Precursor ion scanning in the negative ion (NI) mode was used to identify all glyceollin metabolites based on production of a diagnostic radical product ion (m/z 148) upon decomposition. Using this approach, precursor peaks of interest were found at m/z 474 and 531. Tandem mass spectra of these two peaks allowed us to characterize them as byproducts of glutathione conjugation. The peak at m/z 474 was identified as the deprotonated cysteinyl conjugate of glyceollins with an addition of an oxygen atom, whereas m/z 531 was identified as the deprotonated cysteinylglyceine glyceollin conjugate plus an oxygen. These results were confirmed by positive ion (PI) mode analyses. Mercapturic acid conjugates of glyceollins were also identified in NI mode. In addition, glucuronidation of glyceollins was observed, giving a peak at m/z 513 corresponding to the deprotonated conjugate. Production of glucuronic acid conjugates of glyceollins was confirmed in vitro in rat liver microsomes. Neither glutathione conjugation byproducts nor glucuronic acid conjugates of glyceollins have been previously reported.


Characterizing the content and understanding the distribution of organic carbon in sediments is a key element for the exploration and the production of new or revisited petroleum prospects. Developed by Total, the LIPS has a set of unique features: ∘ it is poorly destructive: indeed, the laser impact affects only 1 mm3 of material, ∘ it generates very large datasets / big data (typically 10,000 data points and more for 100 meters of core). Statistical treatment on such data sets provide more significant and more representative description than discrete and low resolution sampling. This opens completely new perspectives to understand organic matter deposition and distribution. Thus, descriptive and inductive statistics may be used to infer laws and to detect: - trends, behaviors and dependencies, - relationships with lithology, rock type, Milankowitch cycles … ∘ it provides high resolution data allowing more accurate location and a better quantitative evaluation of the organic carbon in cores. The LIPS equipment currently installed in Doha (Fig. 1) addresses typical issues in the Middle East. Figure 1: LIPS equipment installed in TRC-Q, Doha, Qatar The high resolution data acquisition allows exhaustive location of permeability barriers in carbonate reservoirs also known by petroleum engineers as tar mats. It also contributes to the identification of all the sweet spots in source rocks layers for non conventional plays in exploration and development. As such it is a tool contributing significantly to the economical exploitation of shales gases and shale oils. "Milankovic-type" climate cycles are due to variation of Earth rotation. They are known to control fluctuation of sedimentary organic carbon. The data presented in Fig. 2 indicate that the resolution of LIPS data is high enough to highlight the climate change induced variations of organic carbon in the Jordan oil shale play. It also shows the added value of the LIPS in comparison with the conventional Rock Eval data. Figure 2: High resolution LIPS data (1/cm) highlights the climate induced variations of organic carbon in the Jordan oil shale In light of successful results obtained for GCC issues, new developments involving local staff are expected in Doha with the support of Total's Headquarter. Indeed, specific applications to carbonate reservoirs and resources are underway, for instance: ∘ new methods for performing quantitative analysis of bitumen forming tarmat in carbonate reservoirs. Middle East is the ideal trial field, since all tarmat configurations and formation pathways exist in these countries, ∘ new and simple devices for specific compound detection (e.g. CO2, organo-sulfur compounds...). The goal is to make a distinction between fossil organic carbon, tarmat, heavy oil and oil. Automatic measurement High resolution correlation between TOC and of residual permeability may be performed, ∘ hyphenated techniques from the coupling of the LIPS with on-line spectroscopic detection technologies (e.g. isotope ratios mass spectrometer). The LIPS is a real breakthrough in terms of both its technological originality and its unique ability to characterize carbon deposits.


● Little therapeutic progress was made in 2016, yet many medicines with no clinical value, uncertain efficacy or an unfavourable harm-benefit balance were authorised. This is due at least in part to the current system that drives pharmaceutical research and development. The primary focus is neither on patients' needs nor on delivering genuine therapeutic advances at affordable prices. Rev Prescrire 2017; 37 (400): 132-136


Sea anemones of the genus Aiptasia are used as biological models for research and as a prey for the culture of the highly priced ornamental nudibranch Aeolidiella stephanieae. Symbiotic Aiptasia display a remarkable trophic plasticity, being able to fulfil their energetic demands heterotrophically and autotrophically. Consequently, they display a highly variable fatty acid (FA) profile. The objective of the present study was to analyse how light regime (12 h light : 12 h dark versus 24 h darkness), water temperature (22 versus 26 °C) and diet (Artemia nauplii versus enriched Artemia metanauplii) affect the FA composition of A. pallida. The FA profile of wild specimens was also analysed. The dominant FAs of cultured A. pallida were 16:0, 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3. Higher FA levels were recorded when anemones were exposed to light, with this factor explaining the largest amount of variation in the composition of FA profiles. Cultured A. pallida that best mimicked wild anemones were obtained when using a regular light regime, Artemia metanauplii and 22 °C water temperature. Higher FA levels were obtained at a higher temperature and by providing nauplii to cultured anemones. The present study also indicated that A. pallida has the potential to recycle nutrients in marine aquacultures.


Aim: Aging is the greatest risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases. Cardiovascular circulatory system is an important part of maintaining normal human life activities. The core of the aging process is DNA damage, a food additive called Anthocyanin which has shown high efficacy in preventing aging, We examine whether anthocyanins could keep young mice from accelerated ageing of the heart. Materials and Methods: In order to accelerate ageing, Mice of Kunming were injected with D-galactose and they were given anthocyanins of 20 and 40 mg/kg as an intervention. Results: The whole function and structure of heart were evaluated after eight weeks and the expression levels of genes involved in the DNA damage signalling pathway were evaluated through Western blot analysis. Reduction of the heart index and the heart tissue damage was delayed by Anthocyanins. it maintained the stability of the redox system in serum such as GSH-PX, T-SOD and MDA and heart tissue. In the DNA damage signalling pathway, the expression levels of sensors such as ATM and ATR and effectors such as Chk1 and Chk2 were reduced. Conclusion: Anthocyanins can be diffusely used to slow ageing-related deterioration of heart structure and function by inhibiting DNA damage in the field of health products.


Structural Macroeconometrics provides a thorough overview and in-depth exploration of methodologies, models, and techniques used to analyze forces shaping national economies. In this thoroughly revised second edition, David DeJong and Chetan Dave emphasize time series econometrics and unite theoretical and empirical research, while taking into account important new advances in the field. The authors detail strategies for solving dynamic structural models and present the full range of methods for characterizing and evaluating empirical implications, including calibration exercises, method-of-moment procedures, and likelihood-based procedures, both classical and Bayesian. The authors look at recent strides that have been made to enhance numerical efficiency, consider the expanded applicability of dynamic factor models, and examine the use of alternative assumptions involving learning and rational inattention on the part of decision makers. The treatment of methodologies for obtaining nonlinear model representations has been expanded, and linear and nonlinear model representations are integrated throughout the text. The book offers a rich array of implementation algorithms, sample empirical applications, and supporting computer code. Structural Macroeconometrics is the ideal textbook for graduate students seeking an introduction to macroeconomics and econometrics, and for advanced students pursuing applied research in macroeconomics. The book's historical perspective, along with its broad presentation of alternative methodologies, makes it an indispensable resource for academics and professionals.


Abstract Emerging as a new epidemic, long COVID or post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a condition characterized by the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms beyond 3 months, is anticipated to substantially alter the lives of millions of people globally. Cardiopulmonary symptoms including chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and autonomic manifestations such as postural orthostatic tachycardia are common and associated with significant disability, heightened anxiety, and public awareness. A range of cardiovascular (CV) abnormalities has been reported among patients beyond the acute phase and include myocardial inflammation, myocardial infarction, right ventricular dysfunction, and arrhythmias. Pathophysiological mechanisms for delayed complications are still poorly understood, with a dissociation seen between ongoing symptoms and objective measures of cardiopulmonary health. COVID-19 is anticipated to alter the long-term trajectory of many chronic cardiac diseases which are abundant in those at risk of severe disease. In this review, we discuss the definition of long COVID and its epidemiology, with an emphasis on cardiopulmonary symptoms. We further review the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying acute and chronic CV injury, the range of post-acute CV sequelae, and impact of COVID-19 on multiorgan health. We propose a possible model for referral of post-COVID-19 patients to cardiac services and discuss future directions including research priorities and clinical trials that are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy of treatment strategies for long COVID and associated CV sequelae.


Pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a leading cause of death among hospitalized patients, and it is well accepted that fatal PE can be pre- vented by the placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. The progressive refinement of percutaneous insertion techniques for placement of IVC filters has led to a more widespread use of these devices, particularly in high-risk patients in whom other forms of prevention have been ineffective. Even percu- taneous insertion, though, has required fluoroscopic guidance with the need for patients to be moved to an operating room or interventional suite. The transport of critically ill or multitrauma patients requires numerous ancillary staff, which is costly and may be hazardous. Advances in color-flow duplex ultrasound scanning have allowed routine imaging of the iliac veins, and the IVC and IVC filters can be visualized by duplex scan. This combined with the portability of modern ultrasound equipment allows bedside insertion of an IVC filter using ultrasound guidance alone. When technologically feasible, rapid, accurate placement of an IVC filter can be performed without moving the patient from the critical care environment. This strategy reduces the com- plexity of managing these patients and may also reduce the costs and the over- all risks of the procedure. This discussion reviews the indications, technique, complications, and some early follow-up of duplex ultrasound-guided IVC fil- ter insertion (DGFI).


ABSTRACT New public transport infrastructure is expected to improve accessibility for local residents, and thus contribute to increased land value. The contribution that a bus rapid transit (BRT) system can make to increased land value is less certain than for rail-based systems, with the literature mostly containing bus-based examples from developing countries with extensive BRT networks. This article considers a BRT system named the Liverpool–Parramatta Transitway (LPT) that was implemented in southwestern Sydney in 2003 to improve public transport accessibility in the local area. A repeat sales model is constructed to investigate the impact of the LPT on residential housing prices and accessibility changes using repeat sales data from before and after the opening of the LPT. This identified little price difference between properties close to LPT stations and outside of the area that could be considered as affected by the LPT service coverage. This outcome is at variance with the theoretical underpinning of land value uplift and other empirical evidence relating to the LPT. Hedonic models using the same repeat sales data investigate the study area in more detail, stratifying the sample by housing type and by comparing separate before and after models. These research outcomes identify the extent to which the BRT system has an impact on local housing prices through accessibility improvements to the study area and provide a deeper understanding as to how the quantification of land value uplift from BRT represents one element of the wider economic benefits of a BRT system.


A landmark contribution to our understanding of economic development. This significant book argues that fundamental changes in deeply rooted institutions do not happen because of outsiders' money, advice, pressures, or even physical force; which explains why foreign aid has not, and can not, improve institutions. The impetus for changing institutions must come from within a society, and the author shows how groups of local scholars contribute to institutional change and development when the political opportunity presents itself.


The Southern Harmony & Musical Companion Containing a Choice Collection of Tunes, Hymns, Psalms, Odes, and Anthems Selected from the Most Eminent Authors in the United States and Well Adapted to Christian Churches of Every Denomination, Singing Schools, and Private Societies, by William Walker. Ed. Glenn C. Wilcox. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1987. 342 + xvi, xxxii pages, introduction, errata list, fascimile of 1854 edition, index of first lines, index of tunes, index of meters. $20 Devout students of Southern literature will have heard of Donald Davidson's libretto Singin' Billy: A Folk Opera or even have read it in an edition issued by The Foundation for American Education in 1985. But many of them probably have no familiarity with the historical figure on whom Davidson based this libretto, the South Carolina singing master and tunebook compiler William Walker (1809-1875). Ironically, William Walker's celebrity in the South has been far greater and of longer duration than that of Donald Davidson. Folklorists and musicologists have been aware of him since 1933, when Davidson's friend and colleague at Vanderbilt University George Pullen Jackson announced his "rediscovery" of Walker's tunebooks in White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands. Among plain people in the rural South Walker has in fact never been wholly forgotten. Since the 1830's his musical compositions have held continuous popularity, and they remain favorites still in hundreds of Sacred Harp Singing Conventions in the Deep South and in a smaller number of Christian Harmony Singings in northern Alabama and western North Carolina. Walker's The Southern Harmony has for 104 years served the annual "Big Singing" at Benton, Kentucky. In Walker's lifetime the book went through five editions and numerous printings and was far more popular than any contemporaneous work of Southern literature: Walker claimed that it sold 600,000 copies, and the tattered and thumb-stained condition typical of surviving copies of these early editions testifies that they had a degree of use unequaled by Southern novels and books of verse. The present facsimile of the 1854 edition is the third issued since 1939. Walker's title page describes the users he hoped for--"Christian churches of every denomination, singing schools, and private societies"--but it appears that singing schools were his chief customers. The locally trained, itinerant, part-time "singing masters" (including William Walker himself) who sold and taught from these books were paradoxical figures. On the one hand they led working-class Southerners into more educated tastes. They taught them how to read music, and in singers who held a traditional preference for unaccompanied monophonic song they developed a new taste for harmonized music. They introduced them to a repertory of American religious compositions gathered from tunebooks published in New England, the Middle Atlantic states, and the South since the last third of the 18th century. In all this they appealed to an aspiration for education and social advancement. At the same time the singing master championed an unorthodox (and, in genteel circles, despised) form of musical notation, "shaped notes," in which the circular, rectangular, triangular, or diamond-shaped heads of the notes indicate their relative positions within the scale. And the singing masters themselves published collections featuring their own transcriptions of melodies then current in Baptist and Methodist worship or borrowed from ballad and dance tunes, harmonized in unconventional but appropriate three- and four-voice settings. …


In this review we discuss the recent discoveries in polyhalide anion chemistry with the main focus on polybromide, -chloride, and -fluoride anions. Based on novel synthetic strategies either in ionic liquids or in neat halogens several new polyhalides of bromine and chlorine were synthesized. Beyond these discoveries the chemistry of polyfluoride monoanions is reviewed. Such species were investigated under cryogenic conditions at 4 K in conjunction with quantum-chemical calculations. In addition to these bonding and structural discussions, an overview of possible applications of such polyhalide anions is provided.


Wafer-level three-dimensional (3D) integration is an emerging technology to increase the performance and functionality of integrated circuits (ICs). Aligned wafer-to-wafer bonding with dielectric polymer layers (e.g., benzocyclobutene (BCB)) is a promising approach for manufacturing of 3D ICs, with minimum bonding impact on the wafer-to-wafer alignment accuracy essential. In this paper we investigate the effects of thermal and mechanical bonding parameters on the achievable post-bonding wafer-to-wafer alignment accuracy for polymer wafer bonding with 200 trim diameter wafers. Our baseline wafer bonding process with soft-baked BCB (similar to 35% cross-linked) has been modified to use partially cured (similar to 43% crosslinked) BCB. The partially cured BCB layer does not reflow during bonding, minimizing the impact of inhomogeneities in BCB reflow under compression and/or slight shear forces at the bonding interface. As a result, the non-uniformity of the BCB layer thickness after wafer bonding is less than 0.5% of the nominal layer thickness and the wafer shift relative to each other during the wafer bonding process is less than 1 mu m (average) for 200 mm diameter wafers. The critical adhesion energy of a bonded wafer pair with the partially cured BCB wafer bonding process is similar to that with soft-baked BCB.


This paper explores the implications of a distinctive feature of the value added tax (VAT) that is stressed by practitioners but essentially ignored by theorists: that it functions, in part, as a tax on the purchases of informal operators from formal sector businesses and, not least, on their imports. It stresses too the potential importance of the creditable withholding taxes that are levied by many developing countries-which have also been ignored. If both of these instruments are optimally deployed, it is shown, then the usual prescription that a small economy should not deploy tariffs remains valid even in the presence of an informal sector; and indeed a simple strategy is established-generalizing the standard prescription developed in models without informality-for deploying these instruments so as to preserve government revenue and increase welfare in the face of efficiency-improving tariff cuts. Conditions are established under which a VAT alone is fully optimal, precisely because it is in part a tax on informal sector production. But they are restrictive: more generally, an efficient tax structure requires deploying both a VAT and withholding taxes.


We report on the measurement of freeze-out radii for pairs of identical-charge pions measured in Pb-Pb collisions at √ sNN = 2.76 TeV as a function of collision centrality and the average transverse momentum of the pair kT. Three-dimensional sizes of the system (femtoscopic radii), as well as direction-averaged onedimensional radii are extracted. The radii decrease with kT, following a power-law behavior. This is qualitatively consistent with expectations from a collectively expanding system, produced in hydrodynamic calculations. The radii also scale linearly with 〈dNch/dη〉1/3. This behavior is compared to world data on femtoscopic radii in heavy-ion collisions. While the dependence is qualitatively similar to results at smaller √ sNN , a decrease in the ratio Rout/Rside is seen, which is in qualitative agreement with a specific prediction from hydrodynamic models: a change from inside-out to outside-in freeze-out configuration. The results provide further evidence for the production of a collective, strongly coupled system in heavy-ion collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider.


Cellular transplantation, a current therapy for cardiac failure, does not consider the need for a physical support or biochemical factors required by the cardiomyocyte. The aim of this project was to establish the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM), architectural and mechanical properties of a flexible scaffold to assist the maintenance of a cardiac cell line cultured under mechanical stimuli. Previously, mechanical stimulation has been proved to have an effect in cardiomyocytes similar to that of growth factors on other cells and promotes protein expression, differentiation and survival [1]. Poly-(1,8-octanediol-co-citric acid) [POC] is an elastomer that can be processed into scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mechanical properties of the POC were compared at different porosity, storage method and strain rate. POC, with an ultimate elongation of 60-160%, did support cardiac cell attachment when coated with fibronectin. Seeding strategies were evaluated to find optimal conditions and static seeding resulted more favourable for cell adhesion and survival than other dynamics approaches. In collaboration with the University of Leeds, cardiomyocytes were cultured in a dynamic bioreactor, Tencell, under continuous and discontinuous stretching regimes. Mechano-stimulation of cardiac constructs encouraged cell survival in the discontinuous regime and up-regulated the expression of actc1 and nppa genes regardless of the treatments. It was concluded that although mechanical stimulation had a positive effect on cell survival and gene expression, tissue formation was not promoted.


This chapter focuses upon a case study of an online higher education intervention – an interactive resource the author has devised as an aid to the teaching and learning of undergraduate digital video editing (DVE). This resource specifically addresses drama and fiction postproduction principles, practice and techniques. The repository, which includes streamed materials available to download, guides the student through the film production process in a step-by-step way (for students), with suggested class based activities and tasks using the materials (for tutors). The resources include the script, all planning documentation, all production paperwork, and all rushes shot for different productions. The student/ tutor navigates through these materials guided by a combination of voice-overs, video tutorials by those personnel involved in the production, and clips taken from the "making of" documentaries. This chapter explores the intervention within the wider context of higher education online teaching and through the lens of virtual learning environment pedagogic theory.


Sulfide‐rich materials comprising the waste at the abandoned Montalbion silver mine have undergone extensive oxidation prior to and after mining. Weathering has led to the development of an abundant and varied secondary mineral assemblage throughout the waste material. Post‐mining minerals are dominantly metal and/or alkali (hydrous) sulfates, and generally occur as earthy encrustations or floury dustings on the surface of other mineral grains. The variable solubility of these efflorescences combined with the irregular rainfall controls the chemistry of seepage waters emanating from the waste dumps. Irregular rainfall events dissolve the soluble efflorescences that have built up during dry periods, resulting in 'first‐flush' acid (pH 2.6–3.8) waters with elevated sulfate, Fe, Cu and Zn contents. Less‐soluble efflorescences, such as anglesite and plumbojarosite, retain Pb in the waste dump. Metal‐rich (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) acid mine drainage waters enter the local creek system. Oxygenation and hydrolysis of Fe lead to the formation of Fe‐rich precipitates (schwertmannite, goethite, amorphous Fe compounds) that, through adsorption and coprecipitation, preferentially incorporate As, Sb and In. Furthermore, during dry periods, evaporative precipitation of hydrous alkali and metal sulfate efflorescences occurs on the perimeter of stagnant pools. Flushing of the streambed by neutral pH waters during heavy rainfall events dissolves the efflorescences resulting in remobilisation and transport of sulfate and metals (particularly Cd, Zn) downstream. Thus, in areas of seasonal or irregular rainfall, secondary efflorescent minerals present in waste materials or drainage channels have an important influence on the chemistry of surface waters.


'Is anyone religious here?' Educational drama as methodology in religious education teacher training In recent years, both school and teacher education have been much debated in Sweden and a vast amount of reforms has been implemented. One of the modi fi cations in the policy documents of teacher training is that the concept of methodology was reintroduced in teacher education. This means that the responsibility to educate teachers both in subject knowledge, as well as in didactics and methodology are the concerns of the departments where the teacher students study their specialized subjects. An example of a methodology used in a variety of ways, with different purposes and in different groups, is educational drama. Educational drama is commonly used in professional programs, for example in legal education, medical education, nursing education, social work education, physical therapist education and teacher training. What arguments for educational drama are there to be found in research? How could this methodology be part of the teacher training program in religious education? What would possible advantages and disadvantages of this kind of methodology be? These questions will be discussed in this article.


American Indian/First Nations Schooling: From the Colonial Period to the Present Citation: Charley, E. (2013). Review of the book American Indian/First Nations schooling: From the colonial period to the present, by C.L. Glenn. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 28(1), 1-5.American Indian/First Nations Schooling: From the Colonial Period to the Present is Charles L. Glenn's analysis of the schooling of the North American Indian through an educational policy and administration perspective. While the title implies a chronological outline of Indian education, each chapter title presents a particular subject within Indian education, while the chapter explores the historical background with regard to the subject.Within the preface of the book, Glenn identifies himself as an educational policy and administration specialist, a participant in the 1960s social justice movement, and a former government official, all of which inform his historical perspective on American Indian education. While I appreciated this professional introduction to Glenn, I found the author's perspective to be highly controversial, and will likely astound American Indian scholars sensitive to the historical and ongoing miseducation of American Indians. In particular, I raise issue with a number of problematic assertions in the book regarding Indian identity, the social, cultural and educational outcomes of residential, missionary, and boarding schools, and finally Glenn's "ideal world" regarding Indian education. I address each of these points in the review that follows.My contention with the book has nothing to do with the research that Glenn conducted. The book effectively presents the various, often-opposing perspectives of the purpose of Indian education, from government agents, tribal leaders, and general educators (including missionary, residential, and boarding school educators), giving appropriate space to each view. I also appreciated the identification of several different problems within Indian education, including inner group divisiveness, differing opinions on the appropriateness of tribal culture and language in the curriculum, and funding issues. However, Glenn's analysis and conclusions offer superficial solutions, in the process criticizing American Indians, while rationalizing the motives of educators. Largely this is due to a misunderstanding of identity, an issue with which I believe rural educators and researchers will empathize.IdentityIn order to understand my critique of Glenn's analysis, an understanding of Native identity is important. Faircloth and Tippeconnic III (2011) explain that Native identity is tied to the place one comes from. This place is not so much geographical in nature, but rather is epistemological, in which language, culture, and place of origin, within the context of historical experiences, shape one's identity (Faircloth & Tippeconnic III, 2011). Within the book, Glenn never explores this definition of identity, but instead challenges the notions of those who insist on its importance and significance in understanding Indian education.Within the concluding chapter, Glenn argues that over time a pan-Indian identity has emerged, an identity borne of a shared historical experience of persecution and marginalization at the hands of the (White) majority society, transcending specific tribal identities and cultures. Glenn argues however that it is the professionals working directly with ethnic minority students, including teachers, social workers, community organizers, ethnic elected and appointed officials, and professors and researchers specializing in minority language and culture, who are complicit in producing and promoting a continued separation from the "host" society (p. 197). In particular, he argues that these individuals become "experts in the 'manipulation of the symbolic, the instrumental, and the affective" and, in so doing, "may themselves achieve a high level of participation in the host society while depending on the continued existence of a group of followers who are precisely not integrated" (p. …


Aims B3 lesions of the breast represent a difficult management dilemma. The umbrella term 'B3' incorporates lesions with little associated malignancy risk as well as lesions with significant risk of concurrent neoplasia. Diagnosis of B3 lesions in screening populations is largely made on needle core biopsy, which provides little tissue to adequately diagnose pathologically diverse lesions. The advent of vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) provides the multidisciplinary team with a more representative pathology sample to direct management. Methods In this unit, in 2009, a pathway to guide management of B3 lesions detected on needle core biopsy in screening patients was implemented to assess whether VAB was a safe and viable alternative to surgery in selected cases. Here we present the 5-year follow-up results of this pathway. Results 398 patients with B3 lesions were suitable for this pathway, of which 321 went on to have second-line VAB. 24% of these patients subsequently required surgery for malignancy or ongoing concerns, and thus 245 avoided surgery being subsequently referred for 5-year mammographic surveillance or back to screening. Median follow-up was 3 years (IQR 2), and no cancers were detected at the original B3 site during follow-up. Conclusions We have demonstrated here that with large volume tissue sampling for indeterminate lesions of the breast surgery can be safely avoided in selected B3 lesions with and without atypia.


Sue is the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton currently known. The 14+ meter biped dominates Stanley Field Hall at the Field Museum. A sea of people moved in on the day it was unveiled to the public in 2000, almost like a mob rushing the gates of a castle, the moment the museum doors opened. The crowds have diminished, but they remain crowds nonetheless.

That Sue drew public interest is self-evident, but it also caught the gaze of professional paleontologists. Sue was an immediate, if inanimate, celebrity; and large sums of money were involved in its acquisition. The controversy over its ownership, starting with its collection in 1990, seizure by federal agents, complex legal battle, and ultimate sale at auction boosted the specimen's notoriety (Fiffer, 2000; Larson, 2002). But it represented a species known for nearly a century—a species that surely had been the focus of extensive research. How much new information could we really expect? Was it worth the cost?

These are the most common questions I have been asked about Sue. This essay is, in part, a response to those questions. We absolutely learned new things about tyrannosaurids from Sue, but its real educational value comes from its taxonomic status as a cultural icon, the resulting media attention it acquired, and ultimately, the opportunity it gave us to present the scientific method to the public. Sue is a big T. rex . This naturally attracts dinocentric 5-year-olds, but adults also stand in awe as Sue's 5-foot-long skull stares them down. A wonderfully complete crocodile, bony fish, trilobite, or bivalve will simply not attract the same public interest as a tyrannosaurid, and any science we do with it can thus be done in the public eye.

This is also a set of observations made by a naive …


This study was set in the context of an English local authority's ambition to expand telecare use at a time when resources were rationed, demographic demands were rising and technologies of care, despite evidential uncertainties, were increasingly seen as potential care 'solutions'. My ethnographic approach was multi-sited, had depth as well as breadth, and involved observation of installations, document analysis, in-depth interviewing, shadowing care assessments and the work of control centre staff, as well as examining call data. Telecare was provided 'at scale' and celebrated as an accomplishment, but telecare and scale are considered here as multiple, only coming into being through complex material-discursive practices and multifaceted entanglements of people, feelings and things. My thesis disturbs and unsettles the celebratory account, highlighting hidden frictions and tensions that emerged along the way. Although I found collaboration and co-operation for some, 'person-centred-tele-care' was always in the making, and for some it was hardly made at all. Telecare's intelligent, automatic fall detection systems, were also not that stable nor predictable, failing to concede fully to the social and technological ideal with older people's personal care needs not always addressed as envisaged in the care planning process. I draw on Barad's agential realist ideas, particularly her notion of 'agential cuts' and boundary making practices, attending not only to matters of fact, matters of concern, matters of care, but also to matters of ethics and consequence. The focus on at-scale provision, I argue, obscures telecare's complexities and contingencies and creates more scale, more uncertainty and more indeterminacy. Telecare at- scale provision also diverts attention, ambition and aspiration away from more creative human and non-human centred care alternatives. In my thesis I try to re-imagine a future for care, for older people, particularly for those living alone, with or without the use of telecare.


The directional preference of neurons sampled from all layers of the striate cortex was determined using the responses to drifting grating stimuli of optimal spatial and temporal frequency. In addition, contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency was measured and from the resulting spatial contrast sensitivity function the peak contrast sensitivity and optimal spatial frequency were obtained. The distribution of directionally selective cells showed a distinct laminar pattern. Upper layer 4 (4a, 4b, and 4c alpha) and layer 6 were the only cortical layers with neurons that showed a pronounced preference for the direction of stimulus motion. The directionally selective cells in these layers are among those with the highest contrast sensitivities but had optimal spatial frequencies that were confined to the low and middle range of the optimal spatial frequency distribution. These findings suggest that the directionally selective cells may fall into at least 2 distinct populations, which may be the first stages in the visual pathway that correspond to those channels, inferred from psychophysical experiments, that underlie the detection of movement.


While the Indian legal profession has been widely acclaimed for leading socio-political movements during the country's independence-era and for some years thereafter, it has since been perceived as largely aloof from policy advocacy, and has been accused of restricting its advocacy role to courtrooms. The litigating bar is often applauded for limited policy outcomes achieved through what is known as the 'PIL' route in India. On the other hand, the relatively small and nascent corporate bar is often criticized for its lethargy in policy activism in its specialized fields, let alone the general policy advocacy sphere. The influence on law and policy that 'Washington law firms' exercise in the US, and the magic circle law firms exercise in UK and the Eurozone have been extensively documented by academia and the media. Subject to a few exceptions, the successful Indian corporate bar is lesser known to possess these attributes. The last decade has, however, witnessed a remarkable shift in this trend, with corporate law firms in India taking a deeper interest in formulation and reform of the country's policy and legal frameworks in their areas of practice. By increasingly showcasing 'policy affairs' in their suite of transactional and advisory services, they are following the footsteps of their American and British counterparts. Taking cue from these and other trends, this essay hypothesizes that the current policy frameworks allow wide latitude for the corporate legal services sector to influence policy formulation, implementation and reform in India. Analyzing practices of law firms that are already using these opportunities strategically, it proceeds to predict the implications of these opportunities for India's Big Law.


Mathematical theory for soil erosion and deposition processes on a plane land element was applied to data on runoff and sediment concentration as a function of time for nine runoff events from a small (1.3 ha) arid watershed in Arizona. Sediment concentration (and therefore sediment flux) vs. time measured at the exit to the watershed could be matched by the theory using particular values of two physically defined parameters. These two parameters are essentially the detachability of soil to rainfall, and the efficiency of sediment entrainment by overland flow. The first parameter had greatest effects on sediment concentration early in any runoff event, and the second parameter dominated later concentrations, thus allowing almost independent assessment of both parameters. The variation in soil detachability with mean depth of overland flow derived from the field data bore similarities to controlled laboratory observations.


Recognizing the importance of information management systems, Bahirdar University introduced its student information management system in 2009. However, studies had not been conducted on the functioning of this system. This study, therefore, examined the information management practices of the University. The academic leaders, core process owners, and the system administrators were the research participants selected purposely, for they are main actors in initiating and managing the information system of the university. The information collected using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion was analyzed using thematic analysis. Accordingly, it was revealed that apart from achievements made, lack of required resources, the centralized nature of the system, poor culture of the academic staff in meeting deadlines stipulated in the system, and lack of adequate computer skills on the part of the users were the major challenges encountered in the implementation of the existing student information management system, which has not yet been implemented in managing the information of distance, summer, extension, and graduate program students. Worst of all, this practice was not extended to the library and other administrative core processes. Hence, the University should revisit the functioning of its student information management system, and also take initiatives in automating the information management systems of the other administrative core processes.

 Key words: Information, management, system, university.


The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is considering new regulation of payday lending and bank overdraft protection. The Dodd-Frank Act, which established the CFPB, recognizes that consumers benefit from competition among providers of consumer credit products. That law requires the CFPB to preserve fair competition by providing consistent regulatory treatment of similar products offered by both bank and nonbank lenders. We illustrate how this mandate for fair competition applies to the regulation of payday lending and bank overdraft protection, products that are offered by different entities but attract an overlapping customer base, compete with each other directly, and raise similar consumer protection concerns. Unequal regulation would provide a competitive advantage for one product over another, resulting in reduced choice and higher prices for consumers, without a corresponding increase in consumer protection. Therefore, as the CFPB considers new regulation of these products, it should be careful to regulate them similarly to preserve fair competition.


A nonplanar, reentrant two-spherical-mirror ring cavity is demonstrated. It is compact and free of astigmatism. Unidirectional operation is achieved by use of reciprocal and nonreciprocal polarization rotators to differentiate round-trip loss. A single-frequency green laser is generated by intracavity frequency doubling. Amplitude noise as low as 0.25% is achieved.


This report presents an approach to assess the effect of vehicle traffic volumes and speeds on pedestrian safety. It shows that the probability of standardized pedestrian conflict resulting in a collision can be computed given data on the distribution of vehicle speeds and headways on a residential street. Researchers applied this method to data collected on a sample of 25 residential streets in the Twin Cities and found that collision rates varied between 4 and 64 collisions per 1,000 pedestrian conflicts, depending primarily on the street's traffic volume. Using a model that relates the impact speed of a vehicle to the severity of pedestrian injury, they computed the probabilities of a severe collision. Sensitive to both traffic volume and traffic speed, the severe collision rate varied between 1 and 25 collisions per 1,000 conflicts. Using the same data, researchers also computed the crash reduction factor, used to assess the potential safety effect of a 25 miles per hour speed limit on the sample of residential streets. The estimated crash reductions ranged between .2% and 45%, depending primarily on the degree to which the vehicle speeds currently exceeded 25 miles per hour. Researchers also showed how this computation assists with the reconstruction of actual vehicle/pedestrian collisions.


Vaccines based on live viruses are attractive because they are immunogenic, cost-effective, and can be delivered by multiple routes. However, live virus vaccines also cause reactogenic side effects such as fever, myalgia, and injection site pain that have reduced their acceptance in the clinic. Several recent studies have linked vaccine-induced reactogenic side effects to production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in humans. Our objective was therefore to determine whether IL-1β contributed to pathology after immunization with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine vectors, and if so, to identify strategies by which IL-1β mediated pathology might be reduced without compromising immunogenicity. We found that an rVSV vaccine induced local and systemic production of IL-1β in vivo, and that accumulation of IL-1β correlated with acute pathology after rVSV immunization. rVSV-induced pathology was reduced in mice deficient in the IL-1 receptor Type I, but the IL-1R−/− mice were fully protected from lethal rechallenge with a high dose of VSV. This result demonstrated that IL-1 contributed to reactogenicity of the rVSV, but was dispensable for induction of protective immunity. The amount of IL-1β detected in mice deficient in either caspase-1 or the inflammasome adaptor molecule ASC after rVSV immunization was not significantly different than that produced by wild type animals, and caspase-1−/− and ASC−/− mice were only partially protected from rVSV-induced pathology. Those data support the idea that some of the IL-1β expressed in vivo in response to VSV may be activated by a caspase-1 and ASC-independent mechanism. Together these results suggest that rVSV vectors engineered to suppress the induction of IL-1β, or signaling through the IL-1R would be less reactogenic in vivo, but would retain their immunogenicity and protective capacity. Such rVSV would be highly desirable as either vaccine vectors or oncolytic therapies, and would likely be better tolerated in human vaccinees.


PURPOSE
A novel, low cost, and fast acquisition fluorescence tomography (FT) system was designed and built for preclinical focal radiation research to provide soft tissue guidance as well as to support highly sensitive functional imaging.

MATERIALS & METHODS
The cone beam (CB) CT/FT system was designed and tested in a standalone form. The mouse is placed prone on a rotation stage. The x-ray source and flat panel detector for the CBCT are aligned perpendicular to the mouse anterior-posterior axis. The anatomical information obtained from CBCT is used as prior information to enhance subsequent optical reconstruction by limiting the solution space. Prior to FT acquisition, diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is performed to reconstruct the animal optical properties. Optical fibers at fixed positions in contact with the animal deliver the source light of different wavelengths for DOT. For FT, a diode laser replaces the lamp as the excitation source. A CCD camera with f/1.4 lens is used as the optical detector. The CCD camera response readout was calibrated using an integrating sphere to provide the absolute light fluence rate at the desired wavelength. A mirror system capable of 90 degree rotation around the animal reflects the optical signal to the CCD camera.

RESULTS
To test the FT system, pre-drilled holes in a tissue-simulating phantom were filled with a solution of indocyanine green (ICG). Several scenarios were used to test the optical system, such as examining the spatial resolution by placing the same fluorophore at variable separations, and reconstructing the ICG and another infrared fluorophore simultaneously to simulate multiple color functional imaging. Our initial results show that FT can localize the ICG source to within 1 mm.

CONCLUSION
The novel CBCT/FT system presents new research opportunities for image guided pre-clinical radiation research.


We introduce and describe the results of a novel shared task on bandit learning for machine translation. The task was organized jointly by Amazon and Heidelberg University for the first time at the Second Conference on Machine Translation (WMT 2017). The goal of the task is to encourage research on learning machine translation from weak user feedback instead of human references or post-edits. On each of a sequence of rounds, a machine translation system is required to propose a translation for an input, and receives a real-valued estimate of the quality of the proposed translation for learning. This paper describes the shared task's learning and evaluation setup, using services hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS), the data and evaluation metrics, and the results of various machine translation architectures and learning protocols.


Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals using structural processes known as dendrites and axons. Dendrites receive information for the cell to interpret while the exceedingly long axon transmits the processed information to its target destination. To ensure the neuron properly carries out its extracellular functions, the orchestration of intracellular cargo (e.g. mitochondria) is critical. This is especially true in the axon, which can be up to a meter in length. There are many challenges involved in the spatial and temporal regulation of cargo over such vast cellular distances. In order to accomplish cargo transport between the cell body and axon terminus the neuron has developed an efficient process to overcome this challenge called axonal transport. Axonal transport utilizes a system of molecular motors coupled to cargo, creating a multi-motor complex, which walks along a set of tracks to position the cargo at the right time and place. One class of molecular motors, called kinesin, are used to traffic cargo away from the cell body and walk along microtubule tracks. These motors work in teams to navigate a complex microtubule landscape that is rich in microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). One MAP abundantly found within the axon is called Tau and is implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease). Much attention has been focused on the kinesin-1 motor while investigating the axonal transport process. However, kinesin-2 plays an equally important role and is not as well characterized as kinesin-1. Previously, it has been demonstrated, in vitro, that Tau disrupts kinesin-1 transport, even below physiological concentrations, however, in vivo evidence suggests the contrary. Given this discrepancy, there are likely other cellular systems in place to provide the necessary navigation of Tau obstacles. One solution may involve multi-motor complexes using two kinesin family members attached to cargo, as both kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 have been observed coupled to cargo. In order to peel away the complex layers of kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 coupled cargo inside the axon, single-molecule imaging techniques were employed to observe the individual behavior of both kinesin-1 and kinesin-2, in vitro. Further, using a combination of genetic engineering, single-molecule analysis and mathematical modeling has helped elucidate differences between these two motors. Kinesin-2 was found to be insensitive to Tau obstacles, unlike kinesin-1, which is in part due to a longer region of the motor called the neck-linker. This region connects the motor domain, which interfaces with the microtubule track, to the coiled-coil stock, which interfaces with the cargo. When the necklinker lengths were swapped between the motors their behavior in the presence of Tau also switched, and kinesin-2 became sensitive to Tau. To understand kinesin-2's mechanism of navigating Tau obstacles, we looked at the lateral stepping characteristics of both motors. We observed kinesin-2's lateral stepping frequency to be higher than kinesin-1 and independent of the microtubule obstacle concentration. Thus, kinein-2's longer necklinker allows a more agile walk along the microtubule surface to navigate obstacles more efficiently than kinesin-1. In a multi-motor complex containing both motors, kinesin-2 is more efficient at maneuvering around MAPs while kinesin-1, which has previously been demonstrated to sustain a higher stall force, is more efficient at towing cargo. This work demonstrates how teams of directionally similar motors may work together to position cargo during axonal transport.


Using a VAR model of the American economy from 1984 to 2003, we find that, contrary to official claims, the Federal Reserve does not target inflation or react to "inflation signals." Rather, the Fed reacts to the very "real" signal sent by unemployment, in a way that suggests that a baseless fear of full employment is a principal force behind monetary policy. Tests of variations in the workings of a Taylor Rule, using dummy variable regressions, on data going back to 1969 suggest that after 1983 the Federal Reserve largely ceased reacting to inflation or high unemployment, but continued to react when unemployment fell "too low." Further, we find that monetary policy (measured by the yield curve) has significant causal impact on pay inequality-a domain where the Fed refuses responsibility. Finally, we test whether Federal Reserve policy has exhibited a pattern of partisan bias in presidential election years, with results that suggest the presence of such bias, after controlling for the effects of inflation and unemployment.


Previous research has shown that the customer experience is a strategic differentiator leading to a competitive advantage for organisations. The customer experience is the interaction between customer and the organisation and should lead to value add. It is important though that value is added to the customer as well as to the organisation. The focus of this paper is first on what value is. The second part of the paper focuses on a measurement tool that was developed to measure the value to customer (VTC) and the value of the customer (VOC). The measurement tool is validated through application within a retail banking environment. By measuring the value to and of customers an organisation can determine if optimal value is added. The outcome of the measurement can be used by organisations to understand the customer value offering and the financial implications of value and establishing the relevant balance.


Hidden Markov random fields appear naturally in problems such as image segmentation, where an unknown class assignment has to be estimated from the observations at each pixel. Choosing the probabilistic model that best accounts for the observations is an important first step for the quality of the subsequent estimation and analysis. A commonly used selection criterion is the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) of Schwarz (1978), but for hidden Markov random fields, its exact computation is not tractable due to the dependence structure induced by the Markov model. We propose approximations of BIC based on the mean field principle of statistical physics. The mean field theory provides approximations of Markov random fields by systems of independent variables leading to tractable computations. Using this principle, we first derive a class of criteria by approximating the Markov distribution in the usual BIC expression as a penalized likelihood. We then rewrite BIC in terms of normalizing constants, also called partition functions, instead of Markov distributions. It enables us to use finer mean field approximations and to derive other criteria using optimal lower bounds for the normalizing constants. To illustrate the performance of our partition function-based approximation of BIC as a model selection criterion, we focus on the preliminary issue of choosing the number of classes before the segmentation task. Experiments on simulated and real data point out our criterion as promising: It takes spatial information into account through the Markov model and improves the results obtained with BIC for independent mixture models.


Mitochondrial CyP-D (cyclophilin-D) catalyses formation of the PT (permeability transition) pore, a key lesion in the pathogenesis of I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury. There is evidence [Malouitre, Dube, Selwood and Crompton (2010) Biochem. J. 425, 137–148] that cytoprotection by the CyP inhibitor CsA (cyclosporin A) is improved by selective targeting to mitochondria. To investigate this further, we have developed an improved mtCsA (mitochondrial-targeted CsA) by modifying the spacer linking the CsA to the TPP+ (triphenylphosphonium) (mitochondrial-targeting) cation. The new mtCsA exhibits an 18-fold increase in binding affinity for CyP-D over the prototype and a 12-fold increase in potency of inhibition of the PT in isolated mitochondria, owing to a marked decrease in non-specific binding. The cytoprotective capacity was assessed in isolated rat cardiomyocytes subjected to transient glucose and oxygen deprivation (pseudo-I/R). The new mtCsA was maximally effective at lower concentrations than CsA (3–15 nM compared with 50–100 nM) and yielded improved cytoprotection for up to 3 h following the pseudo-ischaemic insult (near complete compared with 40%). These data indicate the potential value of selective CyP-D inhibition in cytoprotection.


The aim of this study is to analyze investor response to different measures of pension plan performance. To do this, we implement a fixed effects panel data methodology corrected by heteroskedasticity, serial correlation and cross-sectional dependence, as proposed by Vogelsang (Heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, and spatial correlation robust inference in linear panel models with fixed-effects, 2011). The results obtained show that investors make their decision to invest in a specific pension plan depending on past returns and the type of management company administering the plan. However, participants do not react to risk measures, which may be because they consider all plans making up the equity category to entail the same risk. JEL C23 G23


In the title p-toluenesulfonate salt of the drug dapsone, C12H13N2O2S+·C7H7O3S−, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings of the dapsone monocation is 70.19 (17)° and those between these rings and that of the p-toluenesulfonate anion are 72.34 (17) and 46.43 (17)°. All amine and aminium H atoms are involved in intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding associations with sulfonyl O-atom acceptors as well as one of the sulfone O atoms, giving a three-dimensional structure.


Background— The extent to which recurrent events in patients with stable coronary artery disease is attributable to progression of an index lesion originally ≥50% diameter stenosis (DS) but not revascularized or originally <50% DS is unknown during optimal medical therapy (OMT). Methods and Results— In the COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) trial, 205 patients assigned to OMT plus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 284 patients assigned to OMT only had symptom-driven angiograms suitable for analysis. Percentages of patients in the OMT+PCI and OMT-only cohorts with index lesions originally <50% DS were 30% and 32%, respectively; 20% and 68% had index lesions originally ≥50% DS. In both groups, index lesions originally <50% or ≥50% DS represented <4% and <25% of all such lesions, respectively. The only angiographic predictor of myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome was the number of lesions originally ≥50% DS that had not been revascularized (odds ratio, 1.15; confidence limits, 1.01–1.31; P<0.04). Conclusions— Lesions originally <50% DS were index lesions in one third of patients referred for symptom-driven repeat angiography, but represented <4% of all such lesions. Nonrevascularized lesions originally ≥50% DS were more often index lesions in OMT-only patients, but still represented a minority (<25%) of all such lesions. These findings underscore the need for improved therapies to arrest plaque progression and reliable strategies for selecting stenoses warranting PCI. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00007657.


This paper explores how English universities operating in a 'quasi-market' are managing the tension between two policy expectations: the first that they should encourage social mobility by widening the social base of their student population; the second that they should compete with other universities to attract students and thereby remain financially viable, within the context of a stratified higher education system. In doing so we draw on widening participation access agreements submitted to the Office for Fair Access (OFFA) and other publicly available material produced by eight universities in one region of England to analyse how universities from different mission groups are responding to these conflicting demands. We explore the extent to which institutional and resource dependency theories offer a framework for analysing universities' responses to such policy uncertainty. We conclude that while institutional and resource dependency theories are a useful tool to understanding both conformity and variation in universities' responses, these responses are difficult to predict without also analysing the specifics of the historical and cultural context of any particular institution.


Because of scale effects and inappropriate hydrodynamic models, the nonlinear hydroelastic response of net cages used for fish-farming cannot be analyzed precisely with traditional model testing or combinations of finite element methods (FEMs) and load models. In this study, an innovative hybrid method is proposed to determine the hydroelastic response of full-scale floater-and-net systems more accurately. In this method, the net for the fish cage was vertically and peripherally divided into similar interconnected sections with different hydrodynamic parameters, which were assumed to be uniformly distributed over each section. A model of a typical section was subjected to various towing velocities, oscillation periods, and amplitudes in a towing tank to simulate the potential motions of all sections in the net under various currents, waves, and floater movements. By analyzing the measured hydrodynamic force from this test section, a hydrodynamic force database for a typical net section under various currents, waves, and floater motions was built. Finally, based on an FEM, the modified Morison equation and the hydrodynamic force database, the hydroelastic behavior of the full-scale fish cage was calculated with an iterative scheme. It is demonstrated that this hybrid method is able to produce correct hydroelastic response for both steady and oscillatory flows. The hydroelastic response of a two-dimensional example of a full-length net panel with steady currents and floater oscillations was studied in detail.


Synopsis The Lough Neagh Basin in Northern Ireland is the site of a Cenozoic depocentre defined by gravity measurements and a thick succession of Paleocene basaltic lavas and Upper Oligocene clays. Much of the Cenozoic outcrop is concealed by Lough Neagh, but the rhombic outline of the lough provides some indication of the underlying structural control of the depocentre. Several authors have inferred that a Cenozoic pull-apart basin lies within the Lough Neagh area and suggest it is one of a number of transtensional basins, including the Bovey and Petrockstow basins in SW England, associated with NW to NNW-trending strike-slip fault zones. Solid geology maps and gravity data show that the structure of the Lough Neagh Basin is dominated by a segmented, orthogonal pattern of offset NNW and NE-trending faults. It is proposed that pull-apart basin formation took place in the Mid-Paleocene by dextral movement on these offset faults. The potential link between strike-slip tectonics and Cenozoic volcanism in the north of Ireland is briefly considered.


This article explores the history of Chilean exiles in Cuba and their role in early resistance to the
Chilean dictatorship between 1973 and 1977. From the perspective of the Chilean exile–led Comite´ Chileno
de Solidaridad con la Resistencia Antifascista in Havana, the essay also examines Cuba's support for
resistance efforts. This involved not immediate training for armed insurgency in Chile but rather broader
support for solidarity work. Indeed, the Cuban government and the Chilean exiles whom it supported were
essential conduits for translating global activism into concrete resistance. They did this via the clandestine
distribution of funds to Chile, human rights campaigns at the United Nations to isolate the Chilean dictatorship,
and efforts to undermine US-Chilean bilateral relations. Simultaneously, Chilean left-wing parties
had to come to terms with defeat and devise strategies for the future. These were bleak years, but they were
essential precursors for later opposition to the dictatorship.


Mining from neuroimaging data is becoming increasingly popular in the field of healthcare and bioinformatics, due to its potential to discover clinically meaningful structure patterns that could facilitate the understanding and diagnosis of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Most recent research concentrates on applying subgraph mining techniques to discover connected subgraph patterns in the brain network. However, the underlying brain network structure is complicated. As a shallow linear model, subgraph mining cannot capture the highly non-linear structures, resulting in sub-optimal patterns. Therefore, how to learn representations that can capture the highly non-linearity of brain networks and preserve the underlying structures is a critical problem. In this paper, we propose a Structural Deep Brain Network mining method, namely SDBN, to learn highly non-linear and structure-preserving representations of brain networks. Specifically, we first introduce a novel graph reordering approach based on module identification, which rearranges the order of the nodes to preserve the modular structure of the graph. Next, we perform structural augmentation to further enhance the spatial information of the reordered graph. Then we propose a deep feature learning framework for combining supervised learning and unsupervised learning in a small-scale setting, by augmenting Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with decoding pathways for reconstruction. With the help of the multiple layers of non-linear mapping, the proposed SDBN approach can capture the highly non-linear structure of brain networks. Further, it has better generalization capability for high-dimensional brain networks and works well even for small sample learning. Benefit from CNN's task-oriented learning style, the learned hierarchical representation is meaningful for the clinical task. To evaluate the proposed SDBN method, we conduct extensive experiments on four real brain network datasets for disease diagnoses. The experiment results show that SDBN can capture discriminative and meaningful structural graph representations for brain disorder diagnosis.


PREAMBLE The Health Education profession is dedicated to excellence in the practice of promoting individual, family, organizational, and community health. The Code of Ethics provides a framework of shared values within which Health Education is practiced. The responsibility of each Health Educator is to aspire to the highest possible standards of conduct and to encourage the ethical behavior of all those with whom they work. Article I: Responsibility to the Public A Health Educator's ultimate responsibility is to educate people for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, and improving individual, family, and community health. When a conflict of issues arises among individuals, groups, organizations, agencies, or institutions, health educators must consider all issues and give priority to those that promote wellness and quality of living through principles of self-determination and freedom of choice for the individual. Article II: Responsibility to the Profession Health Educators are responsible for their professional behavior, for the reputation of their profession, and for promoting ethical conduct among their colleagues. Article III: Responsibility to Employers Health Educators recognize the boundaries of their professional competence and are accountable for their professional activities and actions. Article IV: Responsibility in the Delivery of Health Education Health Educators promote integrity in the delivery of health education. They respect the rights, dignity, confidentiality, and worth of all people by adapting strategies and methods to the needs of diverse populations and communities. Article V: Responsibility in Research and Evaluation Health Educators contribute to the health of the population and to the profession through research and evaluation activities. When planning and conducting research or evaluation, health educators do so in accordance with federal and state laws and regulations, organizational and institutional policies, and professional standards. Article VI: Responsibility in Professional Preparation Those involved in the preparation and training of Health Educators have an obligation to accord learners the same respect and treatment given other groups by providing quality education that benefits the profession and the public.


The objective is to design an agent-based B2B trading system that has both the dynamic negotiation ability and knowledge management functionality. Achieving both agent negotiation and knowledge management (KM) is believed to be possible when the "knowledge" that is used to describe the product and the deal are commonly represented by an object-oriented ontology called Knowledge Bead (KB) [S. Fong, et al. (2002)]. We focus on the knowledge context of agent negotiation process in electronic marketplace, discuss how knowledge can be formulated and managed, and further be utilized to assist in the competent negotiation process. This is the continued research work on knowledge beads [S. Fong, et al. (2002)][Z. Yan, et al. (2003)]. The anticipated contribution will be a clearer understanding on knowledge management utilization for intelligent negotiation in electronic commerce.


Novel Iron Catalyst and Fixed-Bed Reactor Model for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Kyle M. Brunner Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy This work investigates a novel iron Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalyst preparation and describes the development of a trickle fixed-bed recycle reactor model (TFBRRM) for the FT synthesis applicable to both iron and cobalt catalysts. The iron catalyst preparation was developed using a novel solvent deficient precipitation reaction. Fifteen Fe/Cu/K/SiO2 catalysts were prepared to investigate key preparation variables including timing of promoter addition, washing or not washing after precipitation, and drying temperature. Adding promoters to starting materials before precipitation (1S) gives more uniform promoter distributions which gives higher water-gas shift activity and lower methane selectivity. Unwashed catalysts have smaller average pore and crystallite diameters (3.9–10.8 nm versus 15.3–29.5 nm) and 30% smaller pore volumes, but 65% higher rates of reaction than washed catalysts. Catalysts dried first at 100 ◦C have up to 50% smaller average pore and crystallite diameters, but 10–20% higher rates of reaction than catalysts dried first at 60 ◦C. Overall, 1S catalysts, left unwashed, and dried first at 100 ◦C are best suited in activity, selectivity, and stability for wax production from hydrogen-deficient feed stocks such as coal, biomass, or municipal waste. The activity of the most active catalyst of this study is greater than or equal to the activities of two of three catalysts reported in the literature. This dissertation describes in detail the TFBRRM, reports its validation, and presents results of varying fundamental, theoretically-based parameters (e.g. effective diffusivity, Prandtl number, friction factor, etc.) as well as physical process parameters (i.e. recycle ratio, pressure, flow rate, tube diameter, cooling temperature, and pellet diameter and shape). For example, the model predicts that decreasing effective diffusivity from 7.1 · 10−9 to 2.8 · 10−9 m2/s results in a lower maximum temperature (from 523 to 518 K) and a longer required bed length to achieve 60% conversion of CO (from 5.7 to 8.5 m). Using the Tallmadge equation to estimate friction losses as recommended by the author results in a pressure drop 40% smaller than using the Ergun equation. Validation of the model was accomplished by matching published full-scale plant data from the SASOL Arge reactors.


In the Stern–Gerlach experiment, silver atoms were separated according to their spin state (Gerlach and Stern 1922 Z. Phys. 9 353–355). This experiment demonstrates the quantization of spin and relies on the classical description of motion. However, so far, no design has led to a functional Stern–Gerlach magnet for free electrons. Bohr and Pauli showed in the 1930 Solvay conference that Stern–Gerlach magnets for electrons cannot work, at least if the design is based on classical trajectories (Pauli W 1932 Proc. of the 6th Solvay Conf. 2 (1930) (Brussels: Gauthier-Villars) pp 183–86, 217–20, 275–80; Pauli W 1964 Collected Scientific Papers ed R Kronig and V F Weiskopf, vol 2 (New York: Wiley)). Here, we present ideas for the realization of a Stern–Gerlach magnet for electrons in which spin and motion are treated fully quantum mechanically. We show that a magnetic phase grating composed of a regular array of microscopic current loops can separate electron diffraction peaks according to their spin states. The experimental feasibility of a diffractive approach is compared to that of an interferometric approach. We show that an interferometric arrangement with magnetic phase control is the functional equivalent of an electron Stern–Gerlach magnet.


The January 2010 articles in The New York Times generated intense focus on patient safety in radiation treatment, with physics staffing identified frequently as a critical factor for consistent quality assurance. The purpose of this work is to review our experience with medical physics staffing, and to propose a transparent and flexible staffing algorithm for general use. Guided by documented times required per routine procedure, we have developed a robust algorithm to estimate physics staffing needs according to center‐specific workload for medical physicists and associated support staff, in a manner we believe is adaptable to an evolving radiotherapy practice. We calculate requirements for each staffing type based on caseload, equipment inventory, quality assurance, educational programs, and administration. Average per‐case staffing ratios were also determined for larger‐scale human resource planning and used to model staffing needs for Ontario, Canada over the next 10 years. The workload specific algorithm was tested through a survey of Canadian cancer centers. For center‐specific human resource planning, we propose a grid of coefficients addressing specific workload factors for each staff group. For larger scale forecasting of human resource requirements, values of 260, 700, 300, 600, 1200, and 2000 treated cases per full‐time equivalent (FTE) were determined for medical physicists, physics assistants, dosimetrists, electronics technologists, mechanical technologists, and information technology specialists, respectively. PACS numbers: 87.55.N‐, 87.55.Qr


Israel's assault on an aid flotilla heading to Gaza is a decisive episode in the country's challenge to international humanitarian law and its advocates. But it may have unexpected results.

Many details remain to be established about the Israeli commando assault on the Mavi Marmara - the lead ship in a flotilla intent on carrying humanitarian aid to the Gaza strip - in the early hours of 31 May 2010. But whatever the investigation of the incident ultimately reveals, the killing of nine human-rights activists bears witness to two related developments: the increasing politiciisation of humanitarian aid, and the growing sense of threat that the Israeli government seems to feel from human-rights organisations and international law.

Translated to Italian (Internationale), French and German (Monde Diplomatique) and Swedish in Mikael Lofgren, ed. Gaza