Title of dissertation: MICROSCOPIC REARRANGEMENTS WITHIN GRANULAR SHEAR FLOWS: SEGREGATION, SUBDIFFUSION, & ROTATION Matthew John Harrington Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Dissertation directed by: Professor Wolfgang Losert Department of Physics Granular materials constitute a class of complex systems that can exhibit global behaviors that are reminiscent of solids, liquids, gases, or otherwise uniquely their own. The macroscopic size of individual grains tends to render the standard tools of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics inapplicable, while opening the possibility of directly measuring and probing individual particle motion. This thesis details three investigations in which the characterization of microscopic motion provides a bridge to understanding bulk phenomena. The first study explores size-segregation in a cyclically shear-driven granular system, as observed using the refractive index matched scanning (RIMS) technique for three-dimensional (3D) imaging. While convective flows are implicated in many granular segregation processes, the associated particle-scale rearrangements are not well understood. A bidisperse mixture segregates under steady shear, but the cyclically driven system either remains mixed or segregates slowly. Individual grain motion shows no signs of particle-scale segregation dynamics that precede bulk segregation. Instead, we find that the transition from non-segregating to segregating flow is accompanied by significantly less reversible particle trajectories, and the emergence of a convective flow field. A granular system undergoing cyclic forcing is also seen to undergo subdiffusion beneath some threshold shear amplitude. The transition from subdiffusive to diffusive motion is rigorously tested in a simulated two-dimensional (2D) granular system. Motion in the subdiffusive regime is also seen to exhibit some behavior reminiscent of cage-breaking models, which had developed in the context of thermal systems. However, analysis of local displacements of a grain relative to its cage of neighbors reveals key distinctions from thermal systems. Finally, we have made progress in the measurement of rotational motion of individual grains. While 2D experimental systems readily yield both translational and rotational motion, a challenge in 3D experiments is the tracking of rotational motion of spherically symmetric particles. We propose an extension of the RIMS technique as a method of simultaneously measuring particle-scale translation and rotation. Partial measurements of 3D rotations indicate that shear-driven rotational motion may stem from gear-like motion within the shear zone. This suggests that the prevalence of collective rotation between grains can play a significant role in dictating bulk phenomena such as reversibility and segregation. MICROSCOPIC REARRANGEMENTS WITHIN GRANULAR SHEAR FLOWS: SEGREGATION, SUBDIFFUSION, & ROTATION


Non ferrous amorphous metallic alloys (Co100-x Bx (40≤ x ≤17) system of glassy alloys) were prepared by rapid quenching of the melt. The dynamic temperature X-ray diffraction (DTXD), dynamic temperature resistivity measurement (DTRM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning electron microscopy microcopy (SEM), magnetometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to investigate the electrical , structural, thermal, magnetic and optical properties of Co-B system of glassy alloys. The preliminary theoretical calculations were also performed by using the drude model and Kramers-kronig equations for the measurement of optical properties.

The crystallization behavior of co-B glassy alloy was observed of four types. In concentration range, 40≤ X ≥31 , a-co and tet- co2 B phases were detected as primary phases. At higher temperature. Tet-co2 B was observed as stable phase. In concentration range. 30≤ X ≥27. Hex-co was detected as primary phase contrary to the previously reported bet-co3 B phase. In case of X=25 at. % B. phase was detected as primary phase. with the increase of temperature . o-Co3 B and bet- Co2 B phases along with fee-co phase were found. In 26≥ X ≥ 20.5 concentration range bet co3 B phase was primary phase while at higher temperature complex phase like bet-Co3+B and pt Co3+ B were detected. In the concentration range 20≤ X ≥17. hep – co was found as primary phase and the origin of crystallization process at eutectic point was explained on the basis of mathematical equations. At higher temperatures. O-co2 B and fee- co phases were detected from the analysis of crystallization behavior, a crystallization behavior. a crystallization phase diagram is presented for the Co-B system glassy alloys. In DTRM curves. Sharp peaks at the crystallization temperatures and the subsequent phase transition temperatures were detected and were to supplement the DTXD results. From DTXD. DTRM results. It was observed that the crystallization temperatures of Co-B system of glassy alloys vary with the change of boron concentration in the 570 k to 660 k. in DTAresults. Temperature change due to Tg was found insignificantly small and tg was masked by the exothermic trend. The exothermic trend of co-B glassy alloy is significantly high to suppress any endothermic effect on heating. Activation energy was found 190 Kj/mole. The SEM results show some voids of crystalline nature present on the surface of co-B23 glassy alloy. Heating at 1073 k. the formation f boron rich crystal flakes about 15 um long at surface. As was to analysis the thermal, structural and SEM results. From the as results. It was observed that the crystallization of co-b glassy alloy commences at the interface between oxygen and the amorphous matrix. The carbon and oxygen impurities were detected on the surface. The impurities sharply

The carbon and oxygen impurities were detected on the surface. The impurities sharply decrease with the increase of sputtering time . Heating at 973 k results the excess of boron at the co content of the surface layer decreases with the increase of temperature and this makes the surface more unstable. The saturation magnetization and magnetic moments decrease with the increase of boron content. Curie temperature after x ≥ at. % B sharply drops with the increase of boron concentration. the saturation magnetization is maximum at the liquid nitrogen temperature. The results indicate that the saturation magnetization decreases with the increase of temperature. The drude models correctly explicate infrared optical experimental studies of co-B alloy at low frequencies but deviations at higher frequencies are observed. Higher absorption is observed at lower frequencies. Both the plasma frequency and the inverse scattering time decrease with increasing boron content. The results are found consistent with the rigid band model proclaiming gradual filling of co-d bands by electrons from boron. Thereby decreasing the plasma frequency and total density of state at the Fermi level. These and electron density of stated enter additively in to a single drude term. The results are described the superposition of interurban and an interband processes. At higher concentration of boron. The co-b glassy alloy has been found to have prosperities resembling to those of amorphous semiconductors.


Granulocyte [polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN)] migration to sites of infection and subsequent activation is essential for host defense. Gene-targeted mice deficient for integrin-associated protein (IAP, also termed CD47) succumbed to Escherichia coli peritonitis at inoccula survived by heterozygous littermates. In vivo, they had an early defect in PMN accumulation at the site of infection. In vitro, IAP−/− PMNs were deficient in β3 integrin-dependent ligand binding, activation of an oxidative burst, and Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Thus, IAP plays a key role in host defense by participating both in PMN migration in response to bacterial infection and in PMN activation at extravascular sites.


This book examines in detail the features and dynamics of sectoral systems of innovation and production in developing countries. Processes of rapid growth are usually associated with specific sectors such as automobiles, electronics or software, as well as with the transformation of traditional sectors such as agriculture and food. The book shows, however, that the variations across all these sectors in terms of structure and dynamics is so great that a full understanding of these differences is necessary if innovation is to be encouraged and growth sustained.


Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and associated with a poor clinical prognosis, due to development of recurrent tumors and metastasis. Tumor recurrence and low patient survival are strongly linked with the ability of tumor cells to invade and infiltrate the surrounding tissue. Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK), particularly p38, are known to regulate a wide range of cellular phenotypes, including cell invasion via the activity of secreted proteases. The proliferation-associated Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) transcription factor, a p38 downstream target, plays a role in the development and growth of many cancer types. However, only very little is known about the role of p38 and FOXM1 in invasive processes of head and neck cancer and the exact mechanism underlying this process. In this work we examined the downstream events of p38 signaling primarily focusing on the role of FOXM1 transcription factor in regulation of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene and invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Using different HNSCC cell lines, we confirm that p38 regulates FOXM1 expression and provide evidence that p38 signaling driven in vitro invasion of HNSCC cells requires FOXM1 expression. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated FOXM1 knockdown is sufficient to inhibit the invasive behavior of HNSCC cells in vitro. By using reporter gene assays, bioinformatical analysis of the publically available ChIP-Seq data, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and transplantation-based mouse model of oral cancer, we identified the molecular mechanism of FOXM1-mediated invasion of HNSCC cells. FOXM1 controls the uPA-dependent invasion via activation of c-Fos and thus drives AP-1 activity on the uPA promoter, which enhances its expression and proteolytic activity. Further, an activated Ras signaling is necessary for a potent FOXM1-mediated uPA activity and tumor formation. The data are supported by a bioinformatical study, demonstrating concomitant up-regulation of FOXM1 and uPA in oral dysplasia and SCCs of head and neck, oesophagus, lung and cervix. In the mouse model of oral cancer we show that uPA expression is upregulated in recurrent tumors compared to primary tumors, giving further evidence for a crucial role of the p38-FOXM1-uPA axis in the development of recurrent tumors. Taken together, we conclude that the stress signalling cascade requires a FOXM1-dependent intermediate step preceding the activation of AP-1 transcription factor to enhance invasive behaviour of tumor cells. This novel mechanism promotes invasion of HNSCC and may provide a potential target for the adjuvant therapy of these highly invasive cancers.


A prenatal screening program for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was examined prospectively in a cross-sectional population. Routine screening was performed on 3,241 women during the first trimester. Serum samples yielding repeatedly positive results on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (n = 6) were subjected to confirmatory Western blot testing. All the specimens were determined to be false positive with atypical banding regions not consistent with HIV-1 infection. This false-positive rate was higher than in previous reports of screening programs in low-risk populations (P less than .005). Since antibody to HIV may not be detectable for several months after infection, we serially tested 984 of the women in different trimesters of pregnancy to determine whether repeat testing would yield seroconversion undetected at the first screening. No patient who initially tested negative on the ELISA tested positive later in gestation. We therefore recommend that routine screening be performed only once during pregnancy, preferably in the first or early second trimester, in the general population.


This paper presents a new method, Minimax Tree Optimization (MMTO), to learn a heuristic evaluation function of a practical alpha-beta search program. The evaluation function may be a linear or non-linear combination of weighted features, and the weights are the parameters to be optimized. To control the search results so that the move decisions agree with the game records of human experts, a well-modeled objective function to be minimized is designed. Moreover, a numerical iterative method is used to find local minima of the objective function, and more than forty million parameters are adjusted by using a small number of hyper parameters. This method was applied to shogi, a major variant of chess in which the evaluation function must handle a larger state space than in chess. Experimental results show that the large-scale optimization of the evaluation function improves the playing strength of shogi programs, and the new method performs significantly better than other methods. Implementation of the new method in our shogi program Bonanza made substantial contributions to the program's first-place finish in the 2013 World Computer Shogi Championship. Additionally, we present preliminary evidence of broader applicability of our method to other two-player games such as chess.


All urban drainage networks are designed to manage a maximum rainfall. This situation implies an accepted flood risk for any greater rainfall event. This risk is often underestimated as factors such as city growth and climate change are ignored. But even major structural changes cannot guarantee that urban drainage networks would cope with all future rain events. Thus, being able to forecast urban flooding in real time is one of the main issues of integrated flood risk management. Runoff and hydraulic models can be essential elements of flood forecast systems, as an active part of the system or as studying tools. This paper gives an overview of current available options for pluvial flood modelling in urban areas, from basic estimations with a one-dimensional urban drainage model to detailed flood process representation with one dimensional–two dimensional hydrodynamic coupled models. Each type of modelling solution is described with pros and cons regarding urban flood analysis. The paper then elaborates on real-time flood forecast systems and the influence of their main components. A classification of real-time urban flood systems is given based on the use of urban models, i.e. empirical scenarios, pre-simulated scenarios and real-time simulations. A review of existing operational systems is done using this classification.


This research examines antecedent and consequent of work motivation. Variables in antecedent are perceived organizational support and job satisfaction, while variables in consequent are job performance and intention to leave. The respondent are 80 employees (civil servants) of Riau Archipelago's mining and energy agency. The method used in this research is survey method, which uses questionnaire and it is distributed to the respondents.  The result indicates the perceived organizational support positively affects job satisfaction, work motivation positively affects job performance, and there is a  negative affects between work motivation and intention to leave. Job satisfaction is not affecting work motivation, perceived organizational support is not affecting motivation and job performance is not affecting intention to leave.


RLScore is a Python open source module for kernel based machine learning. The library provides implementations of several regularized least-squares (RLS) type of learners. RLS methods for regression and classification, ranking, greedy feature selection, multi-task and zero-shot learning, and unsupervised classification are included. Matrix algebra based computational short-cuts are used to ensure efficiency of both training and cross-validation. A simple API and extensive tutorials allow for easy use of RLScore.


Continued improvements in life expectancy and fiscal insolvency of public pensions have led to an increase in pension entitlement ages in several countries, but its consequences for subjective well-being are largely unknown. Financial consequences of retirement complicate the estimation of effects of retirement on subjective well-being as financial circumstances may influence subjective well-being, and therefore, the effects of retirement are likely to be confounded by the change in income. At the same time, unobservable determinants of income are probably related with unobservable determinants of subjective wellbeing, making income possibly endogenous if used as control in subjective wellbeing regressions. To address these issues, we estimate a simultaneous model of retirement, income, and subjective well-being while accounting for time effects and unobserved individual effects. Public pension arrangements (replacement rates, eligibility rules for early and full retirement) serve as instrumental variables. We use data from HRS and SHARE for the period 2004-2010. We find that depressive symptoms are negatively related to retirement while life satisfaction is positively related. Remarkably, income does not seem to have a significant effect on depression or life satisfaction. This is in contrast with the correlations in the raw data that show significant relations between income and depression and life satisfaction. This suggests that accounting for the endogeneity of income in equations explaining depression or life satisfaction is important.


Living, working, leisure, and well-being are of increasing concern to educators, policy-makers, governments and people generally. The aim of this research note is to investigate the relationships between paid work, life work and leisure in terms of well-being associated with activity. The research used a modified experience sampling method for a one-week period with a staff group based in an educational institution. The data collection period included a bank holiday (three days holiday and four days work). A mobile phone was used to collect data eight times a day, over seven days, on activity, enjoyment, interest, visual interest, challenge, skill and happiness. Data analysis showed a significant correlation between enjoyment and happiness; enjoyment and interest; and visual interest, which also correlated with happiness. Enjoyment and happiness were experienced more in leisure than in paid work and life work. Level of enjoyment was greatest when skills were greater than moderate challenge in activity, though high enjoyment was more frequent when moderate and high challenge were met with equal skills (satisfying conditions of 'flow'). High enjoyment came as much from paid work as from leisure. The findings replicate and extend earlier research, and the research note emphasises the importance of measures of enjoyment in the investigation of national wellbeing.


The EU and most aid donors invoke a strong normative power face by explicitly connecting foreign aid with human and social development. However, how well the EU's rhetoric is consistent with its practices as a multilateral development actor has not been explored extensively. In this study, we challenge the normative dimension of the EU's development policy and explore whether the EU's Official Development Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa is based on objective deprivation on the part of recipient countries or whether it is "interest driven". We use a least squares dummy variable model regression to examine aid flows from the EU to all 48 Sub-Saharan African states for the period 2000 to 2010. The evidence found indicates that in certain instances, aid allocation contradicts the normative rhetoric that the EU uses to describe its development policy, as the donor's own interests in the region seem to supersede priority given to the needs of the aid recipient states. A limitation to the findings is the fact that normative values and strategic interests are not mutually exclusive. Nevertheless, the present study suggests that the EU's portrayal as a force for good in international relations requires cautious critique.


INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the incidence of chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) and to examine the influence of the etiological cause, location, and severity of a mesenteric artery stenosis on the probability of having CMI. METHODS: A prospective database, containing the details of all patients with suspected CMI referred to a renowned CMI expert center, was used. Patients residing within the expert centers' well-defined region, between January 2014 and October 2019, were included. CMI was diagnosed when patients experienced sustained symptom improvement after treatment. RESULTS: This study included 358 patients, 75 had a ≥50% atherosclerotic stenosis of 1 vessel (CMI 16%), 96 of 2 or 3 vessels (CMI 81%), 81 celiac artery compression (CMI 25%), and 84 no stenosis (CMI 12%). In total, 138 patients were diagnosed with CMI, rendering a mean incidence of 9.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2–13.7) per 100,000 inhabitants. Atherosclerotic CMI was most common, with a mean incidence of 7.2 (95% CI 4.6–11.3), followed by median arcuate ligament syndrome 1.3 (95% CI 0.5–3.6) and chronic nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia 0.6 (95% CI 0.2–2.6). The incidence of CMI was highest in female patients (female patients 12.0 [95% CI 7.3–19.6] vs male patients 6.5 [95% CI 3.4–12.5]) and increased with age. CMI was more prevalent in the presence of a ≥70% atherosclerotic single-vessel stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery (40.6%) than the celiac artery (5.6%). DISCUSSION: The incidence of CMI is higher than previously believed and increases with age. Probability of CMI seems highest in suspected CMI patients with multivessel disease or a ≥70% atherosclerotic single-vessel superior mesenteric artery stenosis.


This thesis presents the findings from one of the most comprehensive research studies on
residential burglary undertaken to date in Australia. One of the key strengths of the study
is the use of different methods to examine various aspects of the burglary problem in
Tasmania. The study involved interviews with 60 imprisoned burglars, 50 repeat burglary
victims, ten insurance industry representatives and ten police officers. In addition, police
data relating to the residential burglaries committed in Southern Tasmania over the threeyear
period from 2000-2002 were analysed, with a particular focus on six suburbs, three
of which were public housing areas.
The study makes an important empirical contribution to the existing research on burglary.
The empirical findings relate to various aspects of the residential burglary problem in
Tasmania, such as the different profile of burglary in public housing areas compared to
other suburbs, the_nature and extent of repeat victimisation, the reasons why people make
false reports to police, the nature and extent of insutance fraud and the main methods of
disposal of stolen goods. The study also tests some of the theoretical assumptions about
burglary, such as the importance ofthe drug-crime relationship, and the relevance of flag
and boost accounts of repeat victimisation, and explores the extent to which burglars are
rational decision-makers.
The study provides a range of new insights into the burglary problem and confirms some
of the findings from research conducted elsewhere. The analysis of the six suburbs
reveals that both the burglary rate and the proportion of repeat burglaries are much higher
in the three public housing areas. The high burglary rate in these areas is partly
attributable to the large number of burglaries of vacant public housing dwellings, usually
involving the theft of household items such as wood heaters, stoves and hot-water
cylinders. Various research and policy implications emerge from the study, such as: the
need to address police data quality issues; the need for greater clarification in defining
what is meant by repeat burglary victimisation; the need to review public housing
allocation policies and implement strategies to facilitate the development of social
capital; the need to provide rehabilitative programs for offenders; the need for greater
cooperation between the police and lhe insurance industry to enhance fraud prevention;
and the potential benefit of focusing more attention on collecting forensic evidence at the
burglary scene.


Optical fibres have been developed as an ideal medium for the delivery of optical pulses ever since their inception (Kao & Hockham, 1966). Much of that development has been focused on the transmission of low-energy pulses for communication purposes and thus fibres have been optimised for singlemode guidance with minimum propagation losses only limited by the intrinsic material absorption of silica glass of about 0.2dB/km in the near infrared part of the spectrum (Miya et al., 1979). The corresponding increase in accessible transmission length simultaneously started the interest in nonlinear fibre optics, for example with early work on the stimulated Raman effect (Stolen et al., 1972) and on optical solitons (Hasegawa & Tappert, 1973). Since the advent of fibre amplifiers (Mears et al., 1987), available fibre-coupled laser powers have been increasing dramatically and, in particular, fibre lasers now exceed kW levels in continuous wave (cw) operation (Jeong et al., 2004) and MW peak powers for pulses (Galvanauskas et al., 2007) in all-fibre systems. These developments are pushing the limits of current fibre technology, demanding fibres with larger mode areas and higher damage threshold. However, it is increasingly difficult to meet these requirements with fibres supporting one single optical mode and therefore often multiple modes are guided. Non-fibre-based laser systems are capable of delivering even larger peak powers, for example commercial Ti:sapphire fs lasers now reach the GW regime. Such extreme powers cannot be transmitted in conventional glass fibres at all without destroying them (Gaeta, 2000), but there is a range of applications for such pulses coupled into hollow-core capillaries, such as pulse compression (Sartania et al., 1997) and high-harmonic generation (Rundquist et al., 1998). For typical experimental parameters, these capillaries act as optical waveguides for a large number of spatial modes and modal interactions contribute significantly to the system dynamics. In order to design ever more efficient fibre lasers, to optimise pulse delivery and to control nonlinear applications in the high power regime, a thorough understanding of pulse propagation and nonlinear interactions in multimode fibres and waveguides is required. The conventional tools for modelling and investigating such systems are based on beam propagation methods (Okamoto, 2006). However, these are numerically expensive and provide little insight into the dependence of fundamental nonlinear processes on specific fibre properties, e.g., on transverse mode functions, dispersion and nonlinear mode coupling. For such an interpretation a multimode equivalent of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the standard and highly accurate method for describing singlemode nonlinear pulse propagation (Agrawal, 2001; Blow & Wood, 1989), is desirable. In this chapter, we discuss the basics of such a multimode generalised nonlinear Schrodinger equation (Poletti & Horak, 2008), its simplification to experimentally relevant situations and a few select applications. We start by introducing and discussing the theoretical framework for fibres with chi(3) nonlinearity in Sec. 2. The following sections are devoted to multimode nonlinear applications, presented in the order of increasing laser peak powers. A sample application in the multi-kW regime is supercontinuum generation, discussed in Sec. 3. Here we demonstrate how fibre mode symmetries and launching conditions affect intermodal power transfer and spectral broadening. For peak powers in the MW regime, self-focusing effects become significant and lead to strong mode coupling. The spatio-temporal evolution of pulses in this limit is the topic of Sec. 4. Finally, at GW peak power levels, optical pulses can only be delivered by propagation in gases. Still, intensities become so high that nonlinear effects related to ionisation must be taken into account. An extension of the multimode theory to include these extreme high power effects is presented in Sec. 5 and the significance of mode interaction is demonstrated by numerical examples pertaining to a recent experiment. Finally, we end this chapter with conclusions in Sec. 6


Four silvered leaf monkeys, inoculated with a virus-like infectious agent (VLIA) derived from transformed NIH/3T3 cells (sb51) transfected with Kaposi's sarcoma DNA of an AIDS patient, showed wasting syndromes and died in 7-9 months. Two monkeys had a transient lymphadenopathy in earlier stages. Two moribund animals showed lymphopenia. Although 3 of the VLIA inoculated monkeys had persistent low grade fever early in the infection, the animals became afebrile in the later stages. One VLIA inoculated animal had a prominent antibody response, which occurred 7 months after VLIA inoculation. The other 3 monkeys had a transient or poor antibody response in the later stages. These 3 animals revealed periodic VLIA antigenemia during the course of the experiment. A control monkey was killed 8 months after the last VLIA inoculated monkey succumbed and showed neither an antibody response nor evidence of antigenemia. VLIA-specific DNA could be directly detected in necropsy tissues of all 4 monkeys inoculated with VLIA using the polymerase chain reaction method. VLIA infection was identified in all 4 spleens, 2 of 4 livers, 1 of 2 kidneys, and all 3 brains tested from these 4 animals, but not in the tissues from the control monkey. The necropsy examination of the 4 VLIA inoculated animals revealed no opportunistic infections, acute inflammatory lesions, malignancy or cause of death other than VLIA infection. We believe that the VLIA caused a fatal systemic infection in these monkeys.


Gain saturation is a significant phenomenon of fiber Raman amplifiers (FRAs). Gain figures versus signal power are well explained. For the small signal, the coupled ordinary differential equations are used, and for the large signal, the Raman gain coefficient is modified. It is shown that the saturation power of FRAs decreases with the pump power, and gain saturation is easier to occur in the forward pump scheme than in the backward pump scheme. These phenomena are well explained by the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect. This research provides a guide to the fabrication of practical FRAs.


This paper proposes and surveys genetic implementations of algorithms for selection and partitioning of attributes in large-scale concept learning problems. Algorithms of this typ eappl yrelevanc edeterminatio ncriteri at oattributes from those specified for the original data set. The selected attributes are used to define new data clusters that are used as intermediate training targets. The purpose of this change of representationstep is to improve the accuracy of supervised learning using the reformulated data. Domain knowledge about these operators has been shown to reduce the number of fitness evaluations for candidate attributes. This paper examines the genetic encoding of attribute selection and partitioning specifications, and the encoding of domain knowledge about operators in a fitness function. The purpose of this approach is to improve upon existing search-based algorithms (or wrappers) in terms of training sample efficiency. Several GA implementations of alternative (search-based and knowledge-based) attribute synthesis algorithms are surveyed, and their application to large-scale concept learning problems is addressed.


Abstract. Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant produced photochemically from reactions of NO x with peroxy radicals produced during volatile organic compound (VOC) degradation. Chemical transport models use simplified representations of this complex gas-phase chemistry to predict O 3 levels and inform emission control strategies. Accurate representation of O 3 production chemistry is vital for effective prediction. In this study, VOC degradation chemistry in simplified mechanisms is compared to that in the near-explicit Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) using a box model and by "tagging" all organic degradation products over multi-day runs, thus calculating the tagged ozone production potential (TOPP) for a selection of VOCs representative of urban air masses. Simplified mechanisms that aggregate VOC degradation products instead of aggregating emitted VOCs produce comparable amounts of O 3 from VOC degradation to the MCM. First-day TOPP values are similar across mechanisms for most VOCs, with larger discrepancies arising over the course of the model run. Aromatic and unsaturated aliphatic VOCs have the largest inter-mechanism differences on the first day, while alkanes show largest differences on the second day. Simplified mechanisms break VOCs down into smaller-sized degradation products on the first day faster than the MCM, impacting the total amount of O 3 produced on subsequent days due to secondary chemistry.


Background: Poorer survival from endometrial cancer in blacks than in whites is well documented. The aims of this study were to determine whether diabetes, hypertension, or other conditions influence survival and whether accounting for these conditions reduces this racial disparity. Methods: Using the SEER-Medicare database, we investigated the influence of diabetes, hypertension, and other comorbid conditions on survival in black and white women age ≥66 with endometrial cancer. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate the influence of comorbidities on survival for blacks and whites separately and to study survival differences between blacks and whites after adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, and other medical conditions, as well as for demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment. Results: In both racial subgroups, women with diabetes or other conditions had poorer overall survival, whereas hypertensive black women experienced better survival [HR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60–0.92]. For disease-specific survival, diabetes was associated with poorer survival in white women (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.35) but not in blacks (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.73–1.30); hypertension and other conditions were not significantly related to survival. After adjustment, black women had poorer survival than white women, with HRs of 1.16 (95% CI, 1.05–1.28) for overall and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.08–1.49) for disease-specific survival. Conclusions: Diabetes influences disease-specific survival in white women but not in blacks. The racial disparity in survival is not explained by the presence of other health conditions. Impact: Further research should focus on the unknown factors that lead to poorer survival in black women compared with whites. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(5); 753–60. ©2012 AACR.


A research was conducted to investigate the effects of vaccination protocols for Infectious Bronchitis (IB) on egg production, egg quality, and IB antibody titres of laying hens. Different initial vaccination (Control, VicS eye, VicS spray, VicS water, A3 eye, A3 spray, and A3 water) for IB were administered to day-old Isa Brown hens.  Half the hens were revaccinated regularly during lay whereas the other hens were not vaccinated. Results showed that initial vaccination treatment had significant effects on hen day egg production and egg quality of egg weight, shell reflectivity, shell breaking strength, shell thickness, albumen height, Haugh Units, and IB antibody titre levels, but had no effect on percentage of shell and yolk colour. Egg weight and shell reflectivity were less favourable in the control hens.  In contrast, shell breaking strength and shell thickness were highest for the group that initially received A3 vaccine in water. However, regular revaccination had some deleterious effects on egg production and egg quality. There were no significant effects of revaccination on IB antibody titres. It is concluded that there was little advantage in regularly revaccinating laying hens for IB virus, since they had received appropriate initial vaccination.


Background The literature about medical chaperones in primary care is limited to a handful of English-speaking countries. It remains largely unknown to what extent chaperones are offered (and used) outside the published literature. Objective The current study aimed to explore the attitudes and experiences of a group of general practitioners (GPs; family doctors) attending an international primary care conference regarding their use of medical chaperones. Methods Ninety international GPs completed a validated questionnaire, providing information on their current practice, availability and preferred choice of chaperone. Participants expressed their opinion on the importance of, and facilitators and barriers for chaperone use. Results Although most participants had knowledge of the term 'medical chaperone' (75%), those with a qualification from Europe (other than the UK) were less likely to offer a chaperone. Two-thirds of all participants would consider offering a chaperone and were more likely to work in the public sector (p = .04; Cramér's V = 0.27). A practice nurse was most commonly used as chaperone. Chaperone users ranked the 'medico-legal protection of doctors', 'doctors' professional practice' and 'protection of patients' as the most important factors for using a chaperone. Non-users reported 'personal choice of the doctor', 'confidentiality' and 'impact on the doctor–patient relationship' as the main areas influencing their decision not to use a chaperone. Conclusion International doctors hold different views about the use (or not) of chaperones within their clinical practice and its effect on the doctor–patient consultation. Further research is needed to tease out the reasons for this.


Weld inspection for surface breaking defects detection has been traditionally performed by using NDT methods such as Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection (FPI), Visual Inspection (VI) or Eddy Currents (EC). All those wellknown techniques have as common drawback the need of skilled operator intervention in order to analyse obtained results. In the specific case of inspection of welds with limited access, the application of those traditional methods is even more complex, thus increasing inspection time and reducing the defect detection capability. Therefore, the development of a fully automated non-contact method overcoming these limitations is desired. Active thermography (IRT) represents one of the most promising techniques for replacing traditional techniques for surface breaking defect detection in welds. This technique makes use of an excitation source in order to heat the sample under test and an infrared camera for thermal evolution monitoring. With the combination of these excitation-monitoring techniques, heterogeneities in the heat flow caused by surface breaking cracks can be detected. In this work, a robotic solution was developed and demonstrated for the inspection of welds with real cracks in a representative environment with limited access. The system consists of a continuous laser-line excitation source together with a FLIR SC 655 microbolometer thermographic camera. In order to access limited areas, two different aluminium polished mirrors have been used for both infrared radiation monitoring and laser excitation respectively. The inspection results, analysis and comparison with traditional methods will be shown.


Broadband has a potential impact on the base of the pyramid (BOP), a segment of the population previously excluded from markets, and which lacks access to quality goods and services. Broadband facilitates the development of new business models that are more effective and efficient in terms of accessing, creating, and distributing goods and services to the BOP. A variety of private-sector-led broadband initiatives involving the BOP around the world have demonstrated profitability, while also providing social and economic returns along the value chain. Without the use of such technology, these solutions in some cases would not be available to this segment of the population. The Broadband Effect examines, at a global level, how companies that serve the BOP are deploying the use of broadband to improve the efficiency of their operations and better reach this market segment. This report sheds light on these broadband-enabled BOP business models, the ecosystem in which they operate the benefits and challenges of broadband adoption, and the role of public policy and regulation. The business cases studies therein are sustainable models that directly target the BOP and are enhanced by the use of broadband- and Internet-enabled technologies. The case studies come from a variety of developing economies in different regions around the world, as well as from different sectors such as financial services, education, and health.


Many countries have reduced refugee admissions in recent years, in part due to fears that refugees and asylum seekers increase crime rates and pose a national security risk. Existing research presents ambiguous expectations about the consequences of refugee resettlement on crime. We leverage a natural experiment in the United States, where an Executive Order by the president in January 2017 halted refugee resettlement. This policy change was sudden and significant—it resulted in the lowest number of refugees resettled on US soil since 1977 and a 66% drop in resettlement from 2016 to 2017. In this article, we find that there is no discernible effect on county-level property or violent crime rates.


Basic operative terms of visual phenomenology are analyzed to develop a holistic strategy for public action within the new culture of communicating in the global context. New arenas of visual communication are observed as a sociocultural process of adjusting visual technology. Creating a new strategy for public action will enhance daily life and understanding between all citizens, about questions concerning human development and society in general. A theoretical discussion is conducted through diachronic and synchronic analysis of visual communication content. The main goal is to establish a new communicative paradigm for a holistic strategy of public action. Observing visual digitalization, the authors develop a holistic strategy for public action, not only in the technical sense of the transmission and adjustment of analog signal into digital signal. The future of visual communication is a powerful source for creating images, the transmission of pictures via images, and the description or manipulation of reputation, dominance, subjection, and media exhaustion within the convergent environment. The authors identify technical and sociocultural questions regarding visual communication from the perspective of the usage of new information and communication technologies (ICT). The holistic public action strategy seeks to preserve cultural identity within the context of global communication.


Transition metal nitride TixM1−x−yNy (M = Al or AlSi) based thin films are evaluated as solar selective surfaces by correlating their spectral selective features with their crystal structure and chemical bonding state including mechanical strength. Ti0.5N0.5, Ti0.25Al0.25N0.5, and Ti0.25Al0.2Si0.05N0.5 films were synthesized on AISI M2 steel substrates via closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering technology. These were investigated using XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-Vis, FTIR and nanoindentation techniques. Analysis of the optical properties showed the solar absorptance, in the visible range, of the TixM1−x−yNy films improved significantly from 51% to 81% with AlSi-doping and an increase of solar absorptance of up to 66% was recorded from films doped with Al. Moreover, the Al doping can reduce the thermal emittance in the infrared range from 6.06% to 5.11%, whereas doping with AlSi reduces the emittance to ca. 3.58%. The highest solar selectivity of 22.63 was achieved with TiAlSiN films. Mechanical studies showed enhanced hardness by ∼32%; enhanced yield strength by ∼16% and enhanced plastic deformation by ∼110% of Al and AlSi doped TiN matrix.


This article, based on two books (Barr and Diamond 2008, forthcoming), sets out a series of principles for pension design rooted in economic theory: pension systems have multiple objectives, analysis should consider the pension system as a whole, analysis should be framed in a second-best context, different systems share risks differently, and systems have different effects by generation and by gender. That discussion is reinforced by identification of a series of widespread analytical errors – errors that appear in World Bank work, but by no means only in World Bank work: tunnel vision, improper use of first-best analysis, improper use of steady-state analysis, incomplete analysis of implicit pension debt, incomplete analysis of the impact of funding (including excessive focus on financial flows, failure to consider how funding is generated, and improper focus on the type of asset in trust funds), and ignoring distributional effects. The second part of the article considers implications for policy: there is no single best pension design; earlier retirement does little or nothing to reduce unemployment; unsustainable pension promises need to be addressed directly; a move from PAYG towards funding in a mandatory system may or may not be welfare improving; and implementation matters – policy design that exceeds a country's capacity to implement it is bad policy design. We illustrate the ranges of designs of pension systems that fit the fiscal and institutional capacity constraints typical at different levels of economic development. The potential gains from simplicity imply that a country capable of implementing an administratively demanding plan does not necessarily gain from doing so. New Zealand has a simple pension system through choice, not constraint.


We show that popular hardness conjectures about problems from the field of fine-grained complexity theory imply structural results for resource-based complexity classes. Namely, we show that if either k-Orthogonal Vectors or k-CLIQUE requires n k time, for some constant > 1/2, to count (note that these conjectures are significantly weaker than the usual ones made on these problems) on randomized machines for all but finitely many input lengths, then we have the following derandomizations: • BPP can be decided in polynomial time using only n random bits on average over any efficient input distribution, for any constant α > 0 • BPP can be decided in polynomial time with no randomness on average over the uniform distribution This answers an open question of Ball et al. (STOC '17) in the positive of whether derandomization can be achieved from conjectures from fine-grained complexity theory. More strongly, these derandomizations improve over all previous ones achieved from worst-case uniform assumptions by succeeding on all but finitely many input lengths, as is wanted for asymptotics. Previously, derandomizations from worst-case uniform assumptions were only know to succeed on infinitely many input lengths. It is specifically the structure and moderate hardness of the k-Orthogonal Vectors and k-CLIQUE problems that makes removing this restriction possible. Via this uniform derandomization, we connect the problem-centric and resource-centric views of complexity theory by showing that exact hardness assumptions about specific problems like k-CLIQUE imply quantitative and qualitative relationships between randomized and deterministic time. This can be either viewed as a barrier to proving some of the main conjectures of fine-grained complexity theory lest we achieve a major breakthrough in unconditional derandomization or, optimistically, as route to attain such derandomizations by working on very concrete and weak conjectures about specific problems


We report a biosensing method based on magnetic particles where coated magnetic particles are used for immunomagnetic separation, and uncoated magnetic particles are used for signal enhancement. To quantify the signal amplification, optical micrographs are analyzed to measure changes in pixel area and pixel intensity. Microcontact-printed surface receptors are arranged in alternating lines on gold chips, enabling differential calculations. In a model experiment, target molecules-streptavidin-are first captured and separated by biotin-coated magnetic particles, and then exposed to a gold surface functionalized with biotin-coupled bovine serum albumin, forming a sandwich assay. Applying a magnetic field and introducing uncoated magnetic particles resulted in accumulation around magnetic particles in the sandwich assay and enhancement of the contrast to noise ratio at least by eight-fold in a range of 0.1–100 μM.


Harvesting residues collected from the final cuttings of boreal forests are an important source of solid biofuel for energy production in Finland and Sweden. In the Finnish supply chain, the measurement of residues is performed by scales integrated in forwarders. The mass of residues is converted to volume by conversion factors. In this study, weather based models for defining the moisture content of residues were developed and validated. Models were also compared with the currently used fixed tables of conversion factors. The change of the moisture content of residues is complex, and an exact estimation was challenging. However, the model predicting moisture change for three hour periods was found to be the most accurate. The main improvement compared to fixed tables was the lack of a systematic error. It can be assumed that weather based models will give more reliable estimates for the moisture in varying climate conditions and the further development of models should be focused on obtaining more appropriate data from varying drying conditions in different geographical and microclimatological locations.


This thesis describes the work that has been done on the project "Design and optimization of silicon nanowire for chemical sensing", including Si-NW fabrication, electrical/electrochemical modeling, the application as ISFET, and the build-up of Si- NW/LOC system for automatic sample delivery. A novel top-down fabrication technique was presented for single-crystal Si-NW fabrication realized with conventional microfabrication technique. High quality triangular Si-NWs were made with high wafer-scale yield and scalable lateral dimensions down to 10 – 20 nm and lengths up to 100 m. The thick microscale electrical contact regions formed a continuous layer of single crystal silicon, which provide an easy way for ohmic contact formation. The importance of impurity doping concentration control, ohmic contact formation, and interface charge/surface states reduction during fabrication was demonstrated with either electrical measurements or finite-element simulation. In order to understand the behavior of Si-NW device in solution, an electrical/electrochemical model was developed and discussed. Both 2D analytical model and 3D numerical model were developed to describe the conductance behavior of multigate Si-NW devices. The fitting to the experimental data for both models with the same dimensions and doping profiles proved the accuracy of both models. Finally, the 3D numerical model was used for the sensitivity analysis. Since we are working with Si-NW sensor for surface potential change measurements in solution, the most popular method, which is pH measurement, was used to characterize the sensor behavior. Three variations of SiO2 gate oxide and an ALD Al2O3 gate oxide had been deposited on the nanoISFET and titration experiments were used to assess the pH behavior and sensitivity. The data was analyzed with the well-established site-binding model and demonstrated the near ideal Nernstian pH response of the Si-NW nanoISFET with an Al2O3 gate oxide. Finally, an integrated LOC label-free biosensing platform was presented for automatic small volume sample transport and sensing. The entire platform consists of a Si-NW biosensor chip, integrated with a PDMS microfluidic channel, and a chip holder with all electrical read-out, which is ideal for biosensing application.


123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) has independent prognostic value for risk stratification among heart failure patients, but the use of concomitant medication should not affect its quantitative information. We evaluated whether the 4 classes of antidepressants currently most prescribed as first-line treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) have the potential to alter 123I-MIBG imaging results. Methods: The inhibition effect of desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine, and bupropion on 131I-MIBG uptake was assessed by in vitro uptake assays using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of tracer uptake was determined from dose–response curves. To evaluate the effect of intravenous pretreatment with desipramine (1.5 mg/kg) and escitalopram (2.5 or 15 mg/kg) on 123I-MIBG cardiac uptake, in vivo planar 123I-MIBG scanning of healthy New Zealand White rabbits was performed. Results: The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine, and bupropion on 131I-MIBG cellular uptake were 11.9 nM, 7.5 μM, 4.92 μM, and 12.9 μM, respectively. At the maximum serum concentration (as derived by previous clinical trials), the inhibition rates of 131I-MIBG uptake were 90.6% for desipramine, 25.5% for venlafaxine, 11.7% for bupropion, and 0.72% for escitalopram. A low inhibition rate for escitalopram in the cell uptake study triggered investigation of an in vivo rabbit model: with a dosage considerably higher than used in clinical practice, the noninhibitory effect of escitalopram was confirmed. Furthermore, pretreatment with desipramine markedly reduced cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake. Conclusion: In the present in vitro binding assay and in vivo rabbit study, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram had no major impact on neuronal cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake within therapeutic dose ranges, whereas other types of first-line antidepressants for MDD treatment led to a significant decrease. These preliminary results warrant further confirmatory clinical trials regarding the reliability of cardiac 123I-MIBG imaging, in particular, if the patient's neuropsychiatric status would not tolerate withdrawal of a potentially norepinephrine-interfering antidepressant.


Frankincense and myrrh have been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies since the beginning of written history. Their common medicinal properties are used in the treatment for inflammatory conditions, some cancerous diseases, and wound healing. In the course of our characterization of the anti-inflammatory constituents from frankincense and myrrh, several terpenoid constituents were found to inhibit nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Here we review the structure of those terpenoid constituents from the gum resins of frankincense and myrrh and evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects by their nitric oxide production inhibitory activity.


This text starts with a diagnosis of the inadequacy of the dispossession theory for the analysis of the relationship between capital involved in academic publishing and academic labour. It assumes that it is necessary to develop a Marxian theory of productive and unproductive labour within the field of higher education. For this purpose, an Autonomist Marxist perspective on productive labour is proposed, to facilitate analysis of the contemporary subsumption of academic labour under capital, and to organise resistance against it. The essence of this approach is rooted in an exposition of the two-sided perspective on Marxist categories of the critique of political economy. It is used here to approximate the concept of directly productive academic labour and to indicate its apparent limitations. The next step is to present a view on the systemic productivity of academic labour. This is the only way to address the issue of truly productive academic work in the Marxian sense, and the obstacles standing in the way to its full implementation, the key to which is the smooth functioning of capitalist measurement exercised within the field of science and higher education.


This paper explores the dynamics of income and poverty of rural Indian households, 1994-2005. The estimation strategy consists of convergence analysis to test whether poor households are catching-up in terms of income, followed by transition analysis to test whether poor households are more likely to exit poverty than to remain poor. The identification strategy explicitly addresses issues pertaining to the potential endogeneity and measurement error of initial income and poverty. We find evidence of income convergence and a higher probability of exiting poverty than of remaining poor. The key variables driving these results are education, occupation and asset ownership.


Educators are beginning to work with students whose lives have been immersed in the 22st century media culture. Many of these tools include cell phones, game consoles, laptops, iPads, handheld game devices and television, just to indicate a few. This growing technology has been used mainly for enteltainment purposes by the 21st century student and seen by others, especially educators, as a detriment to education and the intellectual abilities of these students. This paper describes the potential uses of Short Message Service otherwise known as text messaging in the high school English classroom, particularly how it might encourage interactions and increase engagement in the classroom. Since Short Message Service SMS requires reading and writing, exploration and further research in the ways this technology can assist adolescents in the development of literacy abilities is critical to truly reach the 21st century student. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department English Language and Literature First Advisor W. Douglas Baker


Congress is considering legislation that would reauthorize the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. This overview summarizes the programs created by this act and its amendments, and outlines issues associated with reauthorization. These issues include reauthorizing funding, altering grant programs, changing the National Estuarine Research Reserve system, funding to implement nonpoint water pollution requirements, protecting private property rights, expanding program evaluation efforts, and examining effects of personal water craft on the coastal requirement. A reauthorization bill has been reported by the House Resources Committee (H.R. 2669, H. Rept. 106-485), and floor action is anticipated soon. In the Senate, no action has been taken.


Basically the lossless reversible data hiding schemes are able to carryover up to 256 characters only. In this case the space also considered as a character. Since low data are only able to hide in an audio signal. And there is no more proof for extraction of the data in another node after transmission through a communication channel. In a proposed system maximum of 1,000 characters are able to embed in an audio signal and a different frame work for hiding and extracting are provided at both end of the channel. A simple lossless data hiding method based on the coefficient-bias algorithm by embedding bits in both spatial domain and frequency domain is proposed. In spatial domain, each pixel in a host audio signal is first subtracted from the block-mean. Then, a stego audio signal is generated by embedding a large amount of bits (or the primary message) in the mean-removed blocks via the coefficient-bias algorithm. To provide an extra security and robustness, the stego signal is transformed to frequency domain by integer wavelet transform (IWT).The whole project is going to implement using MATLAB software.


a summary is given of the principal results on air forces for a wing undergoing unsteady motion in an incompressible fluid and of methods followed by various investigators, as of 1941. Part I contains results for a wing of infinite aspect ratio; part II deals with procedures for wings of finite aspect ratio; part III contains results for force components in the direction of motion (propulsion or drag); part IV considers the results of some experimental investigations. Each part contains an evaluation of existing publications.


Recent technological advances in online and mobile communications have enabled collaborative consumption or product sharing among consumers on a massive scale. Collaborative consumption has emerged as a major trend as the global economic recession and social concerns about consumption sustainability lead consumers and society as a whole to explore more efficient use of resources and products. We develop an analytical framework to examine the strategic and economic impact of product sharing among consumers. A consumer who purchased a firm's product can derive different usage values across different usage periods. In a period with low self-use value, the consumer may generate some income by renting out her purchased product through a third-party sharing platform as long as the rental fee net of transaction costs exceeds her own self-use value. Our analysis shows that transaction costs in the sharing market have a non-monotonic effect on the firm's profits, consumer surplus, and social welfare. We find that when the firm strategically chooses its retail price, consumers' sharing of products with high marginal costs is win-win for the firm and the consumers whereas their sharing of products with low marginal costs can be lose-lose. Further, in the presence of the sharing market, the firm will find it optimal to strategically increase its quality, leading to higher profits but lower consumer surplus.


This study is an exploration of collective patterns of conscious experience, as described by various psychological models, using a self-report questionnaire: The Consciousness Quotient Inventory (CQ-i). The CQ-i evaluates patterns of behaviors, attitudes, and attentional styles as well as the usage of conscious skills, awareness, and the capacity to "feel awake and alive," providing a complex exploration of conscious experience. A set of 237 items covering major aspects of the subjective conscious experience was selected to detect the phenomenal patterns of subjective conscious experience. An exploratory factor analysis on a large sample (N = 2,360), combined with our previous meta-research on conceptual convergence of conscious experiences, revealed that these experiences appear to have 15 patterns common to all of us. A sample with a quasi-normal distribution (n = 2,266) was employed for standardization and classification of scores (M = 100; SD = 15). The study provides a conceptual framework for future in-depth studies on collective patterns of self-awareness, inner growth dynamics, and psychological maturity.


Almost every aspect of how we create, transmit, and consume video has changed, but video interfaces still mimic those from video's inception. We extend Temporal Semantic Compression for interactive video browsing, which uses an arbitrary frame-by-frame interest measure to sub-sample video in real time, with user interface elements that visualize these measures and the effect of compressing on them. We experiment with a novel interest measure for popularity, and design novel visualizations for expressing interest measures and the compression interaction. We conduct the first formative evaluation of the TSC paradigm, with 8 subjects, and report design implications arising from it.


There is to date no comprehensive theoretical account of how PTSD develops in children. Theories of adult PTSD (e.g. Brewin, Dalgleish and Joseph, 1996, Ehlers and Clarke, 2000) exist yet their applicability to childhood PTSD is somewhat limited, as they fail to account for the developmental level of the child and the child's context (dependency on their parent/s). Previous research in the field has demonstrated the influential role of family risk factors. Further, parent-child interaction has been found to be influential in many other childhood mental health problems, though has not been studied in children who have experienced a trauma. The present study aims to investigate the influence of parent-child interaction on the development of PTSD using observational methods. The current sample of children presenting to A E following a traumatic event was observed completing two interaction tasks with their primary caregiver within four weeks of the event. The tasks consisted of a difficult anagram task and a discussion task about the trauma. Both interactions were analysed and coded for warmth/criticism and over-involvement. The discussion task was also analysed for parental avoidance, help in re-appraising the child's sense of threat, and parental management of fear. The parents and children were re-assessed at a 3-month follow up. Parental avoidance, poor management of fear and little help with reappraising threat were strongly associated with child PTSD symptoms at Time 1. Warm/critical and over-involved parenting behaviours were not significantly associated with child PTSD symptoms. None of the parenting behaviours significantly affected the rate of change of the child's symptoms, yet there was a trend between parental involvement in the discussion task and change in child PTSD symptoms over time.


The importance to research the linguistic creativity phenomenon, manifested in all communication areas, lead the linguists on the fertile land created by the media language. By replacing the literary text with the media text, the linguists tend to focus their research on the language in its use, as interconnection between individuals, for the newspapers show, from this point of view, the oral character of the language. We start our study on this linguistic background, focusing our attention on a certain type of journalism, the editorial. We rely on the idea that, unlike the information journalism (or any other type of journalism) who has several linguistic constraints related to objectivity, concision, clarity, interdiction of using metaphors or other terms that could generate sense ambiguity, in the opinion press there are no restrictions related to a particular discursive method, structure, form or substance. Thus, in this paper we are searching for the linguistic forms that mark the editorialists' creativity, according to their imaging capacity and ability to transpose the reality into words. For that, we base on a corpus consisting of fifteen editorials, published on the online Romanian newspapers Dilema veche and Adevrul. From a linguistic point of view, the journalistic discourse, impregnated with oral elements, shows several features, related to the use of the language as an instrument of imagistic representation of the reality. Thus, the editorial language deserves a special attention in terms of semantics, metaphors, linguistic creations that put their imprint on the evolution of the dynamic of the language.


A regularization technique based on adversarial perturbation, which was initially developed in the field of image processing, has been successfully applied to text classification tasks and has yielded attractive improvements. We aim to further leverage this promising methodology into more sophisticated and critical neural models in the natural language processing field, i.e., neural machine translation (NMT) models. However, it is not trivial to apply this methodology to such models. Thus, this paper investigates the effectiveness of several possible configurations of applying the adversarial perturbation and reveals that the adversarial regularization technique can significantly and consistently improve the performance of widely used NMT models, such as LSTM-based and Transformer-based models.


Recent economic developments have shown the importance of spillover and contagion effects in financial markets. Such effects are not limited to relations between the levels of financial variables but also impact on their volatility. I investigate Granger causality in conditional mean and conditional variances of time series. For this purpose a VARMA-GARCH model is used. I derive parametric restrictions for the hypothesis of noncausality in conditional variances between two groups of variables, when there are other variables in the system as well. These novel conditions are convenient for the analysis of potentially large systems of economic variables. Such systems should be considered in order to avoid the problem of omitted variable bias. Further, I propose a Bayesian Lindley-type testing procedure in order to evaluate hypotheses of noncausality. It avoids the singularity problem that may appear in the Wald test. Also, it relaxes the assumption of the existence of higher-order moments of the residuals required for the derivation of asymptotic results of the classical tests. In the empirical example, I find that the dollar-to-Euro exchange rate does not second-order cause the pound-to-Euro exchange rate, in the system of variables containing also the Swiss frank-to-Euro exchange rate, which confirms the meteor shower hypothesis of Engle, Ito & Lin (1990).


This commentary on Isabelle Stengers's article, "Comparison as a Matter of Concern" is an assessment of her stance toward experimental psychology. At the various points in her work where she considers that discipline, she tends to accuse it of failing to embrace the "risk" that she sees as defining the "collective games" of science. Brown invokes the behavioral approach to experimental psychology of the early to mid-twentieth century to contextualize Stengers's treatment of continuous comparison conducted by scientists around "matters of concern." Her use of the metaphor of predator/prey relationships between practices is seen as reversing the usual direction of critique within psychology, such that experimental psychology appears to have, in the Wistar rat, an object grounding a community that is capable of performing continuous comparison, which its critics contrastingly lack. Stengers's ecological view of practices may then ultimately lead to a reappraisal of branches of the human sciences, such as experimental psychology, which she tends, on occasion, to dismiss.


This paper critically analyses the construction of eco-cities as technological fixes to concerns over climate change, Peak Oil, and other scenarios in the transition towards "green capitalism". It argues for a critical engagement with new-build eco-city projects, first by highlighting the inequalities which mean that eco-cities will not benefit those who will be most impacted by climate change: the citizens of the world's least wealthy states. Second, the paper investigates the foundation of eco-city projects on notions of crisis and scarcity. Third, there is a need to critically interrogate the mechanisms through which new eco-cities are built, including the land market, reclamation, dispossession and "green grabbing". Lastly, a sustained focus is needed on the multiplication of workers' geographies in and around these "emerald cities", especially the ordinary urban spaces and lives of the temporary settlements housing the millions of workers who move from one new project to another.


In light of new historical evidence regarding ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson's correspondence with art historian Erwin Panofsky, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the presence of entheogenic mushroom images in Christian art within the context of the controversy between Wasson and philologist John Marco Allegro over the identification of a Garden of Eden fresco in the 12th century Chapel of Plaincourault in France. It reveals a compelling financial motive for Wasson's refusal to acknowledge that this fresco represents Amanita muscaria, as well as for Wasson's reluctance to pursue his hypothesis regarding the entheogenic origins of religion into Christian art and artifacts. While Wasson's view – that the presence of psychoactive mushrooms in the Near and Middle East ended around 1000 BCE – prevailed and stymied research on entheogens in Christianity for decades, a new generation of 21st century researchers has documented growing evidence of A. muscaria and psilocybin-containing mushrooms in Christian art, consistent with ethnobotanist Giorgio Samorini's typology of mushroom trees. This article presents original photographs, taken during fieldwork at churches and cathedrals throughout Europe and the Middle East, that confirm the presence of entheogenic mushrooms in Christian art: in frescoes, illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, sculptures, and stained glass windows. Based on this iconic evidence, the article proposes a psychedelic gospels theory and addresses critiques of this theory by art historians, ardent advocates, medieval historians, and conservative Catholics. It calls for the establishment of an Interdisciplinary Committee on the Psychedelic Gospels to independently evaluate the growing body of evidence of entheogenic mushrooms in Christian art in order to resolve a controversial question regarding the possible role of entheogens in the history and origins of Christianity.


The archaeological site of Zawyet Sultan (Middle Egypt), corresponding to the ancient Egyptian town of Hebenu, the capital of the sixtheenth administrative district of Upper Egypt during the Old Kingdom (ca. 2700-2200 BC), has the great potential to shed light on the life of a provincial community over a long period of time (ca. 3500 BC-900 AD) and to explore an ancient Egyptian settlement together with the cemeteries of its inhabitants. From 2015 the joint archaeological mission of the University of Cologne, the University of Pisa and the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities began an archaeological project at Zawyet Sultan in order to understand better the topography of the site, and to establish the relations between the different areas within it. The paper presents the preliminary results of the surveys carried out at the site so far, with a special focus on the work accomplished by the Laboratorio di Disegno e Restauro (LADIRE) on behalf of the German- Italian-Egyptian mission in spring 2019. The aim of the mission was mainly to carry out a topographical survey of the entire site using a dual frequency differential satellite receiver (GNSS) and to realise a 3D model of the tomb of Khunes (ca. 2320-2300 BC) through photogrammetry.


Criminal jurisdiction in Indian country is defined by a central, ironic paradox. Recent federal laws expanding tribal criminal jurisdiction are, in many respects, enormous victories for Indian country, as they acknowledge and reify a more robust notion of tribal sovereignty, one capable of accommodating increased tribal control over safety and security on Indian reservations. At the same time, the laws make clear that sovereignty comes at a price, potentially working to effectuate further assimilation of tribal courts and Indian people. As a result, at the same time that tribal sovereignty gains ground in ways critical to autonomy and self-governance, it is simultaneously threatened by exogenous forces that have the potential to homogenize tribal justice systems legally, politically, and — in particular — culturally.This Article offers the first comprehensive assessment of the Tribal Law and Order Act and the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act, respectively, to show how they relate to one another on the ground and the implications for tribal sovereignty and self-determination. Ultimately, based on data compiled for the first time as well as extensive secondary sources, I argue that expanded criminal jurisdiction and punishment authority have, perhaps paradoxically, enhanced the ability of tribes to develop and enforce policies, laws, and procedures that are consistent with tribal custom and tradition. This presents a unique opportunity worthy of further exploration. In other words, rather than sovereignty and assimilation expanding in tension with one another, I find that the application of the laws has been experienced in tribal communities, as least anecdotally and preliminarily, as greatly enhancing — not threatening or destroying — tribal sovereignty and Indian cultural survival.


Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has lately used in wireless communication systems for its high transmission data rate and robustness against frequency selective fading. However, OFDM system suffers from a major drawback at the transmitter that is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted OFDM signal. Selected mapping (SLM) technique is used to achieve a good PAPR reduction without signal distortion. In this paper, an efficient PAPR reduction technique using SLM Wavelet-OFDM (WOFDM) based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed. Wavelet-OFDM (WOFDM) system has the same advantages of conventional OFDM with high PAPR reduction. GA is applied to SLM-WOFDM for searching the optimum phase rotation factors to give more reduction in PAPR. The simulation results show that the proposed system provides better PAPR reduction compared to the conventional SLM-OFDM and SLM-WOFDM systems.


summary This paper reviews most important properties of a location-scale multivariate t-distribution. A conditional representation of the distribution is exploited to outline moments, characteristic function, marginal and conditional distributions, distribution of linear combinations and quadratic forms. Stochastic representation is also used to determine the covariance matrix of the distribution. It also makes an attempt to justify an uncorrelated t- model and overviews distribution of the sum of products matrix and correlation matrix. Estimation strategies for parameters of the model is briefly discussed. Finally the recent trend of linear regression with the uncorrelated t- model is discussed.


A new generation algorithm of two-dimensional triple-codeweight asymmetric optical orthogonal codes for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks is proposed. The code cardinality is obtained and the error-probability performance for corresponding OCDMA system is analyzed. The codes with two constraints (i.e., auto- and cross-correlation properties) being unequal are taken into account. On the premise of fixed system resources, the code cardinality can be significantly improved. By analysis of the error-probability performance, it is shown that the codes with different parameters have different performances. Therefore, this type of codes can be applied to support diverse quality of service (QoS) and satisfy the quality requirement of different multimedia or distinct users, and simultaneously make the better use of bandwidth resources in optical networks.


HYD1 is a D–amino acid peptide that was previously shown to inhibit adhesion of prostate cancer cells to the extracellular matrix. In this study, we show that in addition to inhibiting adhesion of multiple myeloma (MM) cells to fibronectin, HYD1 induces cell death in MM cells as a single agent. HYD1-induced cell death was necrotic in nature as shown by: (a) decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), (b) loss of total cellular ATP, and (c) increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, HYD1 treatment does not result in apoptotic cell death because it did not trigger the activation of caspases or the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G from the mitochondria, nor did it induce doublestranded DNA breaks. HYD1 did initiate autophagy in cells; however, autophagy was found to be an adaptive response contributing to cell survival rather than the cause of cell death. We were further able to show that N-acetylL-cysteine, a thiol-containing free radical scavenger, partially protects MM cells from HYD1-induced death. Additionally, N-acetyl-L-cysteine blocked HYD1-induced as well as basal levels of autophagy, suggesting that ROS can potentially trigger both cell death and cell survival pathways. Taken together, our data describe an important role of ROS in HYD1-induced necrotic cell death in MM cells. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(8):2441–51]


Traffic classification is a process which categorizes computer network traffic according to various parameters (for example, based on port number or protocol) into a number of traffic classes such as Sensitive, BestEffort, and Undesired etc. Each resulting traffic class can be treated differently in order to differentiate the service implied for the user. Due to growth in Internet users and bandwidth-hungry applications; the amount of Internet traffic data generated is so huge. It requires scalable tools to analyze, measure, and classify this traffic data. Traditional tools fail to do this task due to their limited computational capacity and storage capacity. Hadoop is a distributed framework which performs this task in very efficient manner. Hadoop mainly runs on commodity hardware with distributed storage and process this huge amount of traffic data with a Hive. Hadoop-based Traffic Analysis Measurement and Classification tool which perform Traffic Analysis, Measurement, and Classification with respect to various parameters at packet and flow level. The results can be used by Network Administrator and ISP's for various usages. Internet traffic measurement and analysis has long been used to characterize network usage and user behaviours, but faces the problem of scalability under the explosive growth of Internet traffic and high-speed access. We proposed a traffic monitoring system that performs IP, ICMP,TCP, HTTP, and UDP analysis of multi-terabytes of Internet traffic in a scalable manner. This can achieve the performance challenges such as accuracy, scalability.


This paper investigates the inuence of Galileo's natural philosophy on the philosophical and methodological doctrines of Thomas Hobbes. In particular, I argue that what Hobbes took away from his encounter with Galileo was the fundamental idea that the world is a mechanical system in which everything can be understood in terms of mathematically-specifiable laws of motion. After tracing the history of Hobbes's encounters with Galilean science (through the Welbeck group connected with William Cavendish, earl of Newcastle and the Mersenne circle in Paris), I argue that Hobbes's 1655 treatise De Corpore is deeply indebted to Galileo. More specifically, I show that Hobbes's mechanistic theory of mind owes a significant debt to Galileo while his treatment of the geometry of parabolic figures in chapter 16 of De Corpore was taken almost straight out of the account of accelerated motion Two New Sciences


This article attempts to connect the literature regarding queer perspectives of the professoriate. While many universities have taken steps to be welcoming to gay and lesbian individuals, the actual experiences of those within the academy find issues of hostility and marginalization. Consequently, this article examines the work environment and its challenges for gay and lesbian faculty members along with a discussion of the reactionary measures taken by colleges and universities.


Southeast Asia represents a valuable playground for studying the mechanisms of supra subduction mountain building. Fast relative plate velocities induce rapid geodynamic changes, so that the parameters for the convergence can be constrained, whereas the recently inactivated systems are still accessible. We make use of the GPS-controlled motion of major plates together with that of smaller units within the deformed belts, to explore the Neogene evolution of SE Asia. We present simplified synthetic sections for the structural control, and used GIS-based reconstructions to support the relative location of the plates and distances between them, so that at a given time, location of units can be confronted to the tectonic observations.

Pericratonic mountain ranges are the result of long lasting convergence which was responsible for both the fragmentation of continental landmasses by the opening of marginal basins, and the shortening of these supra subduction units, which ultimately jammed them back against the motherland, or transferred them to the neighbouring plate. Because the obliquity of the convergence generated strain partitioning, new paired trench and strike-slip systems are created, moving blocks further away from the locus of accretion, so that continental or oceanic fragments may be chopped, transported and eventually severely sheared during final docking. We present simplified cross sections of the margins of the SE Asian regions prior and after the accretions of blocks and reconstructions at 2, 4, 6, 10, 15 and 20 Ma.


A focus in this thesis is the study of Investigation the Photochemical Properties of Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In chapter 1, topics relevant to the studies presented in this thesis are introduces. An introduction highlights the literature relevant to the topic.

In Chapter 2, the experimental and optimisation of conditions of the various methods of characterisation a setup of HPLC are described. A theoretical background for the experimental and computational techniques used is also given.
In Chapter 3, we have presented the separation of the tow stereoisomers of [(Ru(bpy)2)2(bpt)](PF6)3 the application of separation of dinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes is examined. In particular the importance of both by semi preparative HPLC using cation exchange column and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
after three hours of irradiation at 430 nm the isomers constituting fraction A are converted into the isomers forming fraction B as detected through 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC. For both fractions A and B of, further irradiation produces the fragmentation of the dimetallic complex into monometallic species. Such a photolytic reaction is catalysed by the presence of chloride anions. In particular, photofragmentation of complex consists of the loss of the ruthenium centre bound to the N4-site of triazole ring.


This paper reports on a study of post-graduate supervision in a professional field. It was designed in part to fill the gap in knowledge about supervision in disciplinary areas other than the sciences, and partly to look at supervision from both the students' and the supervisors' perspectives. Based on questionnaires and follow-up interviews, major issues are discussed, and a tentative model suggested to provide for better supervisor-student matching and further understanding of the nature of the higher degree process.


Objective : To present the chiropractic care of a patient with symptoms of myelopathy. Clinical Features : A 51 year old female presented with weakness/numbness of the left arm and hand with difficulty grasping and holding objects, weakness/numbness in the left leg and occasional right leg numbness. She had been dealing with these symptoms for approximately four months and was unsure of the cause. The day before presentation she had been push mowing her yard. The next morning the symptoms in her left arm had gotten worse and now she was having trouble ambulating. Invention and Outcome : High velocity, low amplitude, and contact specific adjustments using Gonstead protocol were utilized in the areas of vertebral subluxation. The patient also received functional rehabilitation. After twentyfour adjustments the patient's grip strength improved, reflexes improved, the patient was able to ambulate without any problems and her balance improved. Conclusion : The chiropractic care of an individual with neurological symptoms associated with myelopathy showed significant improvement within 5 months of care. It is postulated that the resolution of the patient's symptoms are due to reduction in subluxations at several levels within the spinal column, however more research is warranted.


The crew launch vehicle is a new NASA launch vehicle design proposed by the Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) to provide reliable transportations of humans and cargo from the earth's surface to low earth orbit (LEO). ESAS was charged with the task of looking at the options for returning to the moon in support of the Vision for Space Exploration. The ESAS results, announced in September 2005, favor the use of shuttle-derived launch vehicles for the goals of servicing the International Space Station after the retirement of the STS and supporting the proposed lunar exploration program. The first launch vehicle to be developed is the Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV), which will be operational by 2012, and will be derived from a foursegment Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) and an upper-stage powered by an expendable version of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). The CLV will be capable of sending approximately 60,000 lbs to LEO in the form of a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) as well as a Service Module (SM) to support the CEV. The purpose of this paper is to compare the published CLV numbers with those computed using the design methodology currently used in the Space System Design Laboratory (SSDL) at The Georgia Institute of Technology. The disciplines used in the design include aerodynamics, configuration, propulsion design, trajectory, mass properties, cost, operations, reliability and safety. Each of these disciplines was computed using a conceptual design tool similar to that used in industry. These disciplines were then combined into an integrated design process and used to minimize the gross weight of the CLV. The final performance, reliability, and cost information are then compared with the original ESAS results and the discrepancies are analyzed. Once the design process was completed, a parametric Excel based model is created from the point design. This model can be used to resize CLV for changing system metrics (such as payload) as well as changing technologies.


Ontology Population from texts and apply it to semi automatic instantiate a Generic Knowledge Base (Generic Domain Ontology) in the risk management domain. The approach is semi-automatic and uses a domain expert intervention for validation. The proposed approach relies on a set of Instances Recognition Rules based on syntactic structures, and on the predicative power of verbs in the instantiation process. It is not domain dependent since it heavily relies on linguistic knowledge. A description of an experiment performed on a part of the ontology of the PRIMA 1 project (supported by the European community) is given. A first validation of the method is done by populating this ontology with Chemical Fact Sheets from Environmental Protection Agency 2. The results of this experiment complete the paper and support the hypothesis that relying on the predicative power of verbs in the instantiation process improves the performance.


Confronted with images of distant suffering on a frequent basis, television viewers are often invited to take a moral stance. This article argues that illustrative of the viewers' moral engagement with such news stories is the way they remember them. It studies the practice of media remembering as the discursive reconstruction of events witnessed through the media. Drawing upon empirical material from focus group discussions with Greek audiences, the article argues that there is a moral hierarchy in the way viewers remember distant suffering. This hierarchy, constructed through the intertwined processes of remembering and forgetting, reflects the political and cultural frameworks viewers employ in making sense of distant disasters.


Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a standard method to estimate soil water content and bulk soil electrical conductivity. In many applications, several TDR probes are installed in soil columns or field setups, and TDR measurements are acquired using a multiplexing system. Commercially available multiplexers share a common ground, which might lead to inaccurate TDR measurements when probes are installed close together or at sites with high electromagnetic noise. Therefore, a new eight‐channel differential multiplexer (50C81‐SDM) was developed that allows communication with standard TDR equipment. In a first step, the new multiplexer was tested to analyze channel noise and channel to channel variability for open reflection coefficients and travel times. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between the channels for both the open reflection coefficient and travel times. Second, the 50C81‐SDM multiplexer was tested using TDR probes installed in electrolyte solutions and a sand tank. In contrast to multiplexers with a common ground, they showed no interference of closely spaced TDR probes (spacing ranging from 5 to 95 cm). On the other hand, the SDMX50 multiplexer showed absolute differences in bulk electrical conductivities of >0.001 Sm−1 for high volumetric water contents and high bulk electrical conductivities. Measurements at a test site with high electromagnetic noise showed the applicability of the 50C81‐SDM multiplexer in such environments, but only if the entire TDR setup was disconnected from the permanent power supply.


Recently, self-supervised learning for graph neural networks (GNNs) has attracted considerable attention because of their notable successes in learning the representation of graph-structure data. However, the formation of a real-world graph typically arises from the highly complex interaction of many latent factors. The existing self-supervised learning methods for GNNs are inherently holistic and neglect the entanglement of the latent factors, resulting in the learned representations suboptimal for downstream tasks and difficult to be interpreted. Learning disentangled graph representations with self-supervised learning poses great challenges and remains largely ignored by the existing literature. In this paper, we introduce the Disentangled Graph Contrastive Learning ( DGCL ) method, which is able to learn disentangled graph-level representations with self-supervision. In particular, we first identify the latent factors of the input graph and derive its factorized representations. Each of the factorized representations describes a latent and disentangled aspect pertinent to a specific latent factor of the graph. Then we propose a novel factor-wise discrimination objective in a contrastive learning manner, which can force the factorized representations to independently reflect the expressive information from different latent factors. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method against several state-of-the-art baselines.


From the work of the New Journalists in the 1960s, to the New Yorker essays of John McPhee, Susan Orlean, Atul Gawande, and a host of others, to blockbuster book-length narratives such as Mary Roach's "Stiff" or Erik Larson's "Devil in the White City", narrative nonfiction has come into its own. Yet writers looking for guidance on reporting and writing true stories have had few places to turn for advice. Now in "Storycraft", Jack Hart, a former managing editor of the Oregonian who guided several Pulitzer Prize-winning narratives to publication, delivers what will certainly become the definitive guide to the methods and mechanics of crafting narrative nonfiction. Hart covers what writers in this genre need to know, from understanding story theory and structure, to mastering point of view and such basic elements as scene, action, and character, to drafting, revising, and editing work for publication. Revealing the stories behind the stories, Hart brings readers into the process of developing nonfiction narratives by sharing tips, anecdotes, and recommendations he forged during his decades-long career in journalism. From there, he expands the discussion to other well-known writers to show the broad range of texts, styles, genres, and media to which his advice applies. With examples that draw from magazine essays, book-length nonfiction narratives, documentaries, and radio programs, "Storycraft" will be an indispensable resource for years to come.


Enforcement of law is at the core of the President's constitutional duty to "take Care" that the laws are faithfully executed, and it is a primary mechanism for effecting national regulatory policy. Yet questions about how presidents oversee agency enforcement activity have received surprisingly little scholarly attention. This Article provides a positive account of the President's role in administrative enforcement, explores why presidential enforcement has taken the shape it has, and examines the bounds of the President's enforcement power. It demonstrates that presidential involvement in agency enforcement, though extensive, has been ad hoc, crisis-driven, and frequently opaque. The Article thus reveals the need for institutional design reforms — namely more coordination across agencies and greater disclosure of enforcement policy. The seeds for such reforms can be found in several recent efforts that have yet to be made systematic. Concerns about politicization of law enforcement should not override the considerable benefits that would derive. Rather, by acknowledging the President's role in, and responsibility for, enforcement, we can better ensure the structure and transparency that promote appropriate presidential influence.


This chapter analyzes the language resources that writers have at their disposal to describe their experience of the web of sensory perceptions that are evoked in the wine tasting practice. The task of the writer is to provide a mental understanding of the sensations as well as a prehension of the experiences. We show that this involves the weaving together of the senses, starting with the sight of the wine followed by a description that is iconic with the wine tasting procedure. The descriptors are systematically used cross-modally both through ontological cross-overs and through longer stretches of mixed imagery. We also show how the socio-cultural context of wine consumption correlates with the types of imagery used in wine descriptions.