PURPOSE: To measure and evaluate the temporal enhancement characteristics of the normal pituitary gland and pituitary adenoma. METHODS: Thirty healthy subjects and 10 patients with sellar pituitary adenomas were studied prospectively using dynamic MR imaging with a 5-or 1 O see temporal resolution during a bolus injection of gadolinium. RESULTS: Qualitative visual analysis demonstrated a consistent sequential pattern of pituitary enhancement in which the posterior lobe enhanced earlier than the anterior lobe by approximately 35 sec. Quantitative analysis revealed that posterior lobe enhancement occurred 9.8 ± 1.5 sec (mean ± SEM) before the anterior lobe in healthy subjects, whereas tumor enhancement occurred significantly before the anterior lobe but only slightly before the posterior lobe in patients with adenomas. CONCLU SION: The sequential enhancement pattern of the normal pituitary gland was found to be consistent with its vascular anatomy. In contrast to previous reports, pituitary adenomas were found to enhance earlier than the anterior lobe. These results suggest that pituitary adenomas have a direct arterial blood supply, similar to that of the posterior pituitary lobe.


In a work of striking breadth and clarity, Paul Conkin offers an even-handed and in-depth look at the major American-made forms of Christianity--a diverse group of religious traditions, each of which reflects a significant break from western Christian orthodoxy. Identifying six distinctive types, Conkin examines the major denominations representative of each original variety of American Christianity: restoration (Churches of Christ, Disciples of Christ); humanistic (Unitarians, Universalists); apocalyptic (Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses); Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints); spiritual (Christian Science, Unity); and ecstatic (Holiness and Pentecostal denominations). Focusing on the early years and maturation of these groups, he discusses their founders and leaders, origins and Old World roots, and essential doctrines and practices. Conkin closes each chapter with a guide to further reading. The first comprehensive survey of these American originals, this book will serve as a valuable resource on a number of religious traditions whose members not only comprise a significant percentage of the American population but also make up an increasing proportion of Christian converts worldwide.


The lnuvialuit Final Agreement (IFA} is a comprehensive land claim that was finalized in 1984 by the inuvialuit of the Western Arctic. One of the principal motives for the land claim was the preservation of lnuvialuit culture. This thesis attempts to determine if the lnuvialuit have been successful in their bid to preserve their culture in a rapidly changing Northern society, and what role, if any, the IFA has played in those efforts. It also addresses the potential for employing postmodern theory in examining Aboriginal land claims such as the I FA. The research revealed that the culture highly spatial and place oriented and that lnuvialuit culture identity is closely tied to land-based activities, such as hunting and fishing, and specific locations. The redevelopment of Shingle Point on the Yukon coast of the Beaufort Sea, since the signing of the IFA, is a positive indicator of the culture's survival. This historical location has been used by the lnuvialuit for hunting, trapping and fishing for over a thousand years, and has recently experienced a resurgence as a summer community for lnuvialuit from lnuvik and Aklavik. While Shingle Point was always used by the lnuvialuit, there has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of cabins built there since the signing of the IF A, and especially since the reinstatement of the bowhead whale hunt. The redevelopment of Shingle Point as a location for harvesting and preparing country food, its traditional spatial groupings, and social practices suggests that the efforts to preserve the culture have been successful. The research reveals that the IFA has played and important in role in achieving that success.


The electromagnetic scattering from an impedance cylinder embedded in a nonconcentric dielectric cylinder is derived rigorously by using the boundary value technique. The two cylinders are assumed to be infinite in length and of circular cross section. The incident electromagnetic field is in terms of an electric or a magnetic field component parallel to both cylinder axes. The problem is two dimensional and the solution to either type of polarization (TM or TE) can be done independently. Plane wave and line source excitations are considered in this analysis. The effects of various geometrical and electrical parameters (such as frequency, cylinder radii, permittivity, surface impedance, and eccentricity) on the near-field distribution and the far-scattered-field pattern are examined. Bistatic and monostatic scattering cross sections of the composite cylinder are also investigated in order to minimize or maximize the radar cross section.<<ETX>>


In her paper, "Twain's novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and U.S. Imperialism," Jennifer A. O'Neill argues that while it Twain's text is commonly viewed as an attack on monarchy and the Catholic church, one of the book's primary focuses is U.S. imperialism. In the scholarship of Twain's text some have acknowledged the text as a discussion of colonialism, most tend to see it as an exaltation of "civilizing" efforts rather than the scalding indictment it was clearly intended to be. Indeed, Twain embraced U.S. colonial efforts in the Pacific early in his life but by the time he wrote his novel, he was opposed to U.S. expansionist efforts. O'Neill argues that Twain's later public speeches and letters indicate dissatisfaction with colonial efforts. In O'Neill's analysis, a careful reading of the novel and other pertinent sources show that this work has not been received in the manner Twain intended. Jennifer A. O'Neill, "Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and U.S. Imperialism" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 9.3 (2007):


Scale inhibitor squeeze treatments are used to prevent scale deposition in production wells. A treatment consists of injecting a scale inhibitor slug at a concentration between 5 and 15%, referred to as the main treatment, followed by an overflush, which will push the chemical slug deeper into the reservoir. During injection, the stages might undergo some degree of mixing in the tubing. This paper addresses the impact such mixing would have on the squeeze lifetime. A consequence of mixing between main treatment and overflush stages in the well tubing would be that although the same overall mass of scale inhibitor was injected, it would be distributed over a larger volume of water and therefore be exposed to the rock formation at a lower concentration than planned in the design. The degree of mixing in the tubing depends on a number of factors, such as tubing length and diameter, and the pumping rate. The phenomenon is described by the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, which may be calculated.
 The resulting calculation may be defined as the spreading of a solute along the longitudinal axis, which leads to the spread of an initial high concentration slug with a low spatial variance to a final stage of low concentration with high spatial variance. The main objective of the paper is to study the effect of the degree of mixing of the main and overflush stages on the squeeze treatment lifetime. The net effect of full mixing would be that instead of there being two different stages at very different scale inhibitor concentration, a single stage at a lower concentration might be exposed to the rock formation. Two mixing profiles were considered, a short and long tubing; where the total injected volume is greater than and less than the total tubing volume, respectively. A number of levels of mixing were considered and compared to the base case, where no mixing was allowed. The results showed that squeeze lifetime is not significantly reduced if mixing occurs in a short tubing interval, whereas it can be reduced by up to 20% in a longer tubing interval.


For industrial gas providers, fleet planning is important to their financial and operational performance. This article considers long-term vehicle purchase decisions, medium-term vehicle relocation decisions, and short-term rental decisions that are useful for increasing flexibility to meet time-varying demand. A mixed-integer programming model is developed to minimize total distribution costs and fleet investment costs over multiple time periods and multiple depots. To solve the industrial-sized problem efficiently, a two-phase approach is proposed. In Phase I, routes are generated to capture the characteristics of typical gas delivery operations. A reduced model is solved to select routes for meeting customer demands, estimate distribution costs, and determine the preferred fleet size. Phase II addresses the trailer purchase, relocation, and rental decisions based on the outputs of Phase I. The numerical studies, conducted using a data set from a leading industrial gas company, demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the decomposition approach. Different routing algorithms are compared to evaluate the impact of candidate routes. When compared with the integrated optimization model, the two-phase approach obtains quality solutions within reasonable computational time.


1. The extent of the reflex hypoxic respiratory drive was investigated in a group of patients who were hypoxaemic because of chronic bronchitis. 2. Oxygen was substituted for the inspired air for periods of 1–2 min. This produced a rise in arterial P o 2 ( P a,o 2 ) which varied considerably from patient to patient, but in each case the rate of rise was effectively linear with time. The resulting fall in ventilation, measured over 15 s periods, was compared with the P a,o 2 achieved. 3. In most patients the P a,o 2 did not reach hyperoxic levels. The total contribution of their peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes to their resting ventilation could not therefore be measured. The fraction of the ventilation abolished when the P a,o 2 was corrected to near-normal levels was measured instead. In two patients whose P a,o 2 on air was 6·0 and 6·5 kPa (45 and 49 torr) this fraction was 25 and 27%. In three patients whose initial P a,o 2 was 8·0–8·8 kPa (60–66 torr), it was 18–21%. In three patients with an initial P a,o 2 of more than 9·3 kPa (70 torr), it was 5–16%. 4. Each of these patients therefore had a reflex hypoxic respiratory drive. In the more severely hypoxaemic patients the fraction measured was an important part of the overall efferent drive to the respiratory muscles.


Background. Scrub typhus, a potentially fatal rickettsial infection, is common in Asia. Although serologic surveys suggested that as many as one-fourth of cases of scrub typhus might be in children, very few reports of childhood scrub typhus are available in the medical literature. Objectives. To document the clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic characteristics of pediatric patients with scrub typhus. Methods. From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001, all pediatric patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital who had obscure fever for >5 days were tested for indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) against Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative organism of scrub typhus. Scrub typhus was diagnosed on the basis of either a single IFA titer against O. tsutsugamushi ≥1/400 or a 4-fold or greater rise in IFA titer to at least 1/200. Results. Thirty children with scrub typhus were enrolled. Most were diagnosed during the rainy months of June to November. Common physical signs included lymphadenopathy (93%), hepatomegaly (73%), eschar (68%), conjunctival hyperemia (33%), maculopapular rash (30%) and splenomegaly (23%). Eleven patients had interstitial pneumonitis and 1 patient had meningitis. All patients responded well to doxycycline or chloramphenicol. The average interval to defervescence after treatment was 29 h (range, 6 to 72). Conclusions. Clinical and epidemiologic features of 30 pediatric patients with scrub typhus are reported in a prospective study. The presence of eschar was helpful in making the diagnosis. Complications included pneumonitis and meningitis. All cases responded well to treatment with antibiotic.


Cloaked in its brilliant mantle of red brick, fiery terracotta and red sandstone, the University of Pennsylvania Library stood, at its dedication on 7th February 1891, as the mature-period masterwork of Philadelphia's premier Victorian-era architect, Frank Furness. Conceived by Furness in consultation with two eminent library theoreticians, the library plans evolved from practical experience with the fundamental inadequacies of 19th-century institutional library buildings. The result was a modern factory for learning - a machine for the use and storage of books. Furness's highly rationalized plan, expressed on the exterior as bold, ecclesiastical design, was challenged for decades, and anti-Victorian sentiment threatened the edifice with demolition as late as the 1960s. Renewed appreciation has since come full circle, however, culminating in a dramatic interior restoration and rehabilitation by the eminent Philadelphia architect, Robert Venturi.


This article presents Axiom, a DTLS-based approach to efficiently secure multicast group communication among IoT-constrained devices. Axiom provides an adaptation of the DTLS record layer, relies on key material commonly shared among the group members, and does not require one to perform any DTLS handshake. We made a proof-of-concept implementation of Axiom based on the tinyDTLS library for the Contiki OS and used it to experimentally evaluate performance of our approach on real IoT hardware. Results show that Axiom is affordable on resource-constrained platforms and performs significantly better than related alternative approaches.


Clinically meaningful efficacy in the treatment of brain tumors, including melanoma brain metastases (MBM), requires selection of a potent inhibitor against a suitable target, and adequate drug distribution to target sites in the brain. Deregulated constitutive signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been frequently observed in melanoma, and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK) has been identified to be an important target. E6201 is a potent synthetic small-molecule MEK inhibitor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate brain distribution of E6201, and examine the impact of active efflux transport at the blood-brain barrier on the central nervous system (CNS) exposure of E6201. In vitro studies utilizing transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells indicate that E6201 is not a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp). In vivo studies also suggest a minimal involvement of P-gp and Bcrp in E6201's brain distribution. The total concentrations in brain were higher than in plasma, resulting in a brain-to-plasma AUC ratio (Kp) of 2.66 in wild-type mice. The brain distribution was modestly enhanced in Mdr1a/b−/−, Bcrp1−/−, and Mdr1a/b−/−Bcrp1−/− knockout mice. The nonspecific binding of E6201 was higher in brain compared with plasma. However, free-drug concentrations in brain following 40 mg/kg intravenous dose reach levels that exceed reported in vitro half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, suggesting that E6201 may be efficacious in inhibiting MEK-driven brain tumors. The brain distribution characteristics of E6201 make it an attractive targeted agent for clinical testing in MBM, glioblastoma, and other CNS tumors that may be effectively targeted with inhibition of MEK signaling.


The consequences of toxigenic fungi associated with stored seed have stimulated these investigations aimed at developing treatments to minimise this mycoflora, without significantly reducing seed quality or viability. The effects of immersion in water at 55, 57 and 60 QC for durations of 5 to 60 min were assessed for maize (Zea mays L.) seed in terms of fungal status, water uptake, electrolyte leakage, germination and seedling establishment. These assessments were conducted immediately after treatment, after re-dehydration for 2 days in an ambient air stream, and following a 1 month storage period under either cold (4 QC) or ambient (25 QC) conditions (33% and 91% RH, respectively). In all cases, the results are compared with those of control seeds and seeds pre-imbibed for 4 h at ambient temperature. The level of internal contamination, represented almost entirely by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, declined significantly when assessed immediately after treatment, the efficacy of which increased with increasing temperature and duration of treatment. Seeds immersed in water at 55 QC for a duration of 15 min exhibited an 85% reduction in infection levels, when compared with those of the control, while those treated at 57 and 60 QC (same duration) were uninfected. Immersing seeds in hot water, however, resulted in a lag in germination rate and drop in germination totality, the degree of which was enhanced by increasing duration and temperature of treatment, suggesting the status of the manipulation to be an accelerated ageing treatment. The electrolyte leakage studies indicated that the reduced germination performance of these seeds was not due to plasmalemma disorganisation. These deleterious effects, however, were counter-balanced as seeds treated at 55, 57 and 60 QC for durations up to 60, 30 and 10 min, respectively, produced plants of superior quality than those of the control, which is ascribed to the reduction of systemically transmitted pathogens. The efficacy of the hot water treatment in reducing the levels of seed infection and improving seedling quality was enhanced by subsequent re-dehydration. The reduction in seed-associated mycoflora was maintained following storage for 1 month at both 4 QC (33% RH) and 25 QC (91% RH). However, both seed and seedling quality were adversely affected following storage even under cold, dry conditions, which may be a consequence of the pre-treatment history of the seeds, v which had been cold-stored for two years prior to the experiments. Applied as a pre-sowing treatment, therefore, hot water treatment shows promise for producing a crop of superior quality, less prone to fusarial pathogenesis. This treatment may be of particular importance to Third-World subsistence communities.


Background: Exagerated immune activation has a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum can interact directly with host immune cells through infected red blood cells (PfiRBCs), or indirectly by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we compared the impact of PfiRBCs and P. falciparum small-sized EVs (PfsEVs, also known as exosomes) from a Kenyan clinical isolate (PfKE12) adapted to short-term laboratory culture conditions on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PfsEVs were isolated from cell-free culture-conditioned media by ultracentrifugation while mature trophozoite PfiRBCs were purified by magnetic column separation. The PfsEVs and the PfiRBCs were co-cultured for 18 hours with PBMC. Cellular responses were quantified by cell surface expression of activation markers (CD25, CD69) and cytokine/chemokine levels in the supernatant. Results: Relative to negative control conditions, PfsEVs induced CD25 expression on CD4+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells, while PfiRBCs induced on CD19+ and CD14+ cells. Both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs induced CD69 on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In addition, PfiRBCs induced higher expression of CD69 on CD14+ cells. CD69 induced by PfiRBCs on CD4+ and CD19+ cells was significantly higher than that induced by PfsEVs. Secretion of MIP1α, MIP1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were significantly induced by both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs whereas MCP-1, IL-10, IL-17α  were preferentially induced by PfsEVs and IP-10 and IFN-γ by PfiRBCs. Prior exposure to malaria (judged by antibodies to schizont extract) was associated with lower monocyte responses to PfsEVs. Conclusions: PfsEVs and PfiRBCs showed differential abilities to induce secretion of IL-17α  and IFN-γ, suggesting that the former are better at inducing Th17, whilst  the latter induce Th1 immune responses respectively. Prior exposure to malaria significantly reduces the ability of PfsEVs to activate monocytes, suggesting immune tolerance to PfsEVs may play a role in naturally acquired  anti-disease immunity.


Communities of poor, low-income immigrants with limited English proficiency and disproportionate health burdens pose unique challenges to health providers and policy makers. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital developed the Regional Health Collaborative, a population-based health care model to improve the health of the residents of Washington Heights-Inwood. This area is a predominantly Hispanic community in New York City with high rates of asthma, diabetes, heart disease, and depression. NewYork-Presbyterian created an integrated network of patient-centered medical homes to form a "medical village" linked to other providers and community-based resources. The initiative set out to document the priority health needs of the community, target high-prevalence conditions, improve cultural competence among providers, and introduce integrated information systems across care sites. The first six months of the program demonstrated a significant 9.2 percent decline in emergency department visits for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions and a 5.8 percent decrease in hospitalizations that was not statistically significant. This initiative offers a model for other urban academic medical centers to better serve populations facing social and cultural barriers to care.


In this paper, we consider the problem of designing personalised museum visits. Given a set of preferences and constraints a visitor might express on her visit, the aim is to compute the tour that best matches her requirements. The museum visits problem can be expressed as a planning problem, with cost optimization. We show how to bound the number of steps required to find an optimal solution, via the resolution of an instance of the shortest complete walk problem. We also point out an alternative encoding of the museum visits problem as an optimization problem with pseudo-Boolean constraints and a linear objective function. We have evaluated several constraints solvers, a planner and a tailored solver on a number of benchmarks, representing various instances of the museum visits problem corresponding to real museums. Our empirical results show the feasibility of both the planning and the constraint programming approaches. Optimal solutions can be computed for short visits and ``practically good'' solutions for much longer visits.


Virtual environments have the potential to become important new research tools in environment behavior research. They could even become the future (virtual) laboratories, if reactions of people to virtual environments are similar to those in real environments. The present study is an exploration of the comparability of research findings in real and virtual environments. In the study, 101 participants explored an identical space, either in reality or in a computer-simulated environment. Additionally, the presence of plants in the space was manipulated, resulting in a 2 (environment) 2 (plants) between-subjects design. Employing a broad set of measurements, we found mixed results. Performances on size estimations and a cognitive mapping task were significantly better in the real environment. Factor analyses of bipolar adjectives indicated that, although four dimensions were similar for both environments, a fifth dimension of environmental assessmenttermedarousalwas absent in the virtual environment. In addition, we found significant differences on the scores of four of the scales. However, no significant interactions appeared between environment and plants. Experience of and behavior in virtual environments have similarities to that in real environments, but there are important differences as well. We conclude that this is not only a necessary, but also a very interesting research subject for environmental psychology.


Shieber's abstract parsing algorithm (Shieber 1992) for unification grammars is an extension of Earley's algorithm (Earley 1970) for context-free grammars to feature structures. In this paper, we show that, under certain conditions, Shieber's algorithm produces what we call a nonminimal derivation: a parse tree which contains additional features that are not in the licensing productions. While Shieber's definition of parse tree allows for such nonminimal derivations, we claim that they should be viewed as invalid. We describe the sources of the nonminimal derivation problem, and propose a precise definition of minimal parse tree, as well as a modification to Shieber's algorithm which ensures minimality, although at some computational cost.


Electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) electrodes are conventionally based on carbon materials, which provide increased chemical stability and the possibility of a large number of charge and discharge cycles. However, their specific capacitance is generally much lower than pseudo-capacitors based on metal oxide or conductive polymer electrodes. Carbon-based electrodes for electrochemical devices can be hybridized with metal oxide functionalities in order to provide catalytic activity that increases their electrochemical performances. We report the preparation of a conductive hybrid electrode of reduced graphene oxide and molybdenum oxide by a facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. A three-dimensional network structure comprising graphene and molybdenum oxide was obtained when phosphomolybdic acid was used as a precursor for molybdenum oxide. The hybrid material contains polycrystalline nanoparticles of molybdenum (IV) oxide (MoO2) that covers the surface of reduced graphene oxide. Compared to graphene electrodes, the hybrid electrodes showed significantly improved specific capacitance, as good as three times higher (381 vs. 140 F/g), and considerable reduction of the equivalent series resistance (by about half) when they were used in a supercapacitor with sodium containing aqueous


Although Bayesian density estimation using discrete mixtures has good performance in modest dimensions, there is a lack of statistical and computational scalability to high-dimensional multivariate cases. To combat the curse of dimensionality, it is necessary to assume the data are concentrated near a lower-dimensional subspace. However, Bayesian methods for learning this subspace along with the density of the data scale poorly computationally. To solve this problem, we propose an empirical Bayes approach, which estimates a multiscale dictionary using geometric multiresolution analysis in a first stage. We use this dictionary within a multiscale mixture model, which allows uncertainty in component allocation, mixture weights and scaling factors over a binary tree. A computational algorithm is proposed, which scales efficiently to massive dimensional problems. We provide some theoretical support for this geometric density estimation (GEODE) method, and illustrate the performance through simulated and real data examples.


GitHub projects attract contributions from a community of users with varying coding and quality assurance skills. Developers on GitHub feel a need for automated tests and rely on test suites for regression testing and continuous integration. However, project owners report to often struggle with implementing an exhaustive test suite. Convincing contributors to provide automated test cases remains a challenge. The absence of an adequate test suite or using tests of low quality can degrade the quality of the software product. We present an approach for reducing the effort required by project owners for extending their test suites. We aim to utilize the phenomenon of drive-by commits: capable users quickly and easily solve problems in others' projects - even though they are not particularly involved in that project - and move on. By analyzing and directing the drive-by commit phenomenon, we hope to use crowdsourcing to improve projects' quality assurance efforts. Valuable test cases and maintenance tasks would be completed by capable users, giving core developers more resources to work on the more complicated issues.


Objects are integral to a robot's understanding of space. Various tasks such as semantic mapping, pick-and-carry missions or manipulation involve interaction with objects. Previous work in the field largely builds on the assumption that the object in question starts out within the ready sensory reach of the robot. In this work we aim to relax this assumption by providing the means to perform robust and large-scale active visual object search. Presenting spatial relations that describe topological relationships between objects, we then show how to use these to create potential search actions. We introduce a method for efficiently selecting search strategies given probabilities for those relations. Finally we perform experiments to verify the feasibility of our approach.


Abstract

This work is devoted to high order harmonic generation (HOHG) on steep plasma density gradients during the interaction of relativistic femtosecond laser pulses with solid density plasma. A qualitative change to the specular reflected HOHG mechanism has been observed when the intensity of the p-polarized excitation pulse increases beyond the relativistic threshold. It has been experimentally verified that harmonic generation takes place in the case of the s-polarized relativistic excitation beam. A wave mixing experiment has been carried out. The behaviour of HOHG efficiency as a function of the scale length is measured. The results of the first three experiments have been explained with the help of the "oscillating mirror" model and the "resonance" mechanism of HOHG which are presented in the first chapter. The recorded dependence of HOHG efficiency on the scale length is qualitatively in good agreement with the predictions of the particle in cell (PIC) simulations.


We present a versatile and complete free-form shape modeling framework for point-sampled geometry. By combining unstructured point clouds with the implicit surface definition of the moving least squares approximation, we obtain a hybrid geometry representation that allows us to exploit the advantages of implicit and parametric surface models. Based on this representation we introduce a shape modeling system that enables the designer to perform large constrained deformations as well as boolean operations on arbitrarily shaped objects. Due to minimum consistency requirements, point-sampled surfaces can easily be re-structured on the fly to support extreme geometric deformations during interactive editing. In addition, we show that strict topology control is possible and sharp features can be generated and preserved on point-sampled objects. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system on a large set of input models, including noisy range scans, irregular point clouds, and sparsely as well as densely sampled models.


Research within interpersonal pragmatics highlights the relational aspect oflanguage in use (Locher and Graham 2010). While this focus has especiallybeen dealt with in politeness research, it can also be fruitfully combined withthe study of identity construction through language (see Locher 2008). Theuse of humour is such a means of identity construction since showing a senseof humour in interaction is valued in many contexts. This chapter reports ona project on Facebook status updates (see Bolander and Locher 2010, Locherand Bolander 2014) and thus provides insights into identity construction in aninteractive Web 2.0 social network site, where the participation framework issuch that status updates are written in a semi-public environment in front of anaudience of ratified Facebook friends, who can decide to move from the role ofoverhearer/eavesdropper to participating actively. We conducted a qualitativediscourse analytic study of how humour is used in status updates by participantsof two Facebook focus groups. These humorous acts of microblogging(Zhao and Rosson 2009; Yus 2011; Zappavigna 2012) are contrasted with differenttypes of identity construction in the other status updates. While some butnot all convey that they have a sense of humour, others also evoke identities inconnection with other personality traits, as well as making pastime, work, andrelationships claims.


The Cu-Si system is of primary interest for many industrial applications, especially for waste applications. Due to eutectic reactions and the congruent melting of intermetallic phases, these binary alloys exhibit specific behaviors as a function of temperature and composition. A complete investigation of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of such liquid metals that may form is required to optimize such a process at the industrial scale.
To better predict the thermophysical properties of these metallic alloys, measurements of the surface tension are carried out for bulk mole fractions of up to 32%at Si. These experiments were conducted by means of the oscillating drop technique using the electromagnetic levitation method [1]. To better predict the thermodynamics of such liquids during the experiments, these tests were complemented by chemical activity calculations using the Calphad method.
The experimental results obtained from the electromagnetic technique are compared and discussed taking into consideration the Egry model [2], the most suitable one in case of formation of high-temperature intermetallic compounds.


The interplay between commerce and sensibility has been well documented: commercial activity is celebrated in eighteenth-century sentimental rhetoric for its ability to incite civility, reform manners and promote virtue. In the same way, the transformative effects of commerce informed discourses of sympathy and national identity throughout the latter half of the eighteenth century and into the Romantic period. This article considers Sydney Owenson's focus on commercial improvement in post-union Ireland in her 1814 novel O'Donnel: A National Tale. As Owenson developed her formal experimentations with the national tale, she made a series of revisions to the 1812 edition of St Clair (originally published in 1803) in which she echoes contemporary political discussions about Ireland's potential for trade through the navigation of its waterways, suggesting an emerging interest in Irish commercial progress that would go on to influence her subsequent novels. O'Donnel appraises the value of English schemes for Irish improvement in the form of canals, aqueducts and road building within the context of Enlightenment models of historical progress and sympathy. In doing so, Owenson provides an extended critique of ascendancy schemes of improvement and of the role of geography in the formation of Irish national identity, revealing a profound anxiety about both the ideological 'mapping' of the Irish landscape in the post-union period and the formation of international communities based on sympathetic identification.


Purpose
The preparation of gluten-free bread is a challenge because the gluten in wheat is the main ingredient responsible for the retention of the gases which cause the bread to rise. This paper aims to develop breads without gluten and fat, and to evaluate the effect of the use of chia (Salvia hispanic L.) flour on the physical, nutritional and sensory properties of the breads that were developed.

Design/methodology/approach
Three formulations were developed with different proportions of chia flour (2.5, 5 and 7.5%), fat-free. Physiochemical, sensorial analyses were performed out in three repetitions (p-value = 0.05).

Findings
In the nutritional assessment, the results demonstrated that 7.5% chia showed higher levels of protein (15.1%), lipid (3.43%), total fiber (7.04%) and lower levels of carbohydrates (22.49%), with significant nutrient enrichment (p-value = 0.05). The specific volume and the elevation of the dough decreased with the addition of chia flour. In the sensorial analysis, the treatments with chia flour showed no significant difference regarding flavor and texture when compared to the standard. The addition of chia improved the nutritional and sensory properties (p-value = 0.05).

Originality/value
The chia flour improved the nutritional characteristics of the breads, in the reduction of carbohydrate content and the increase in the content of protein, minerals and fiber. It presented good acceptability and good nutritional characteristics, providing a healthy and differentiated variation in this segment.


INTRODUCTION The organic-walled allogromiid genus Tinogullmia was established by Nyholm (1954) based on a single species, T. hyalina, from the Gullmar Fjord on the Swedish west coast. This distinctive species is characterized by an elongate, smoothly curved test with two terminal apertures located at the ends of tubular extensions. A similar species occurs in Kongsfjord, Svalbard (Gooday et al., 2005). Several other organic-walled allogromiids have been assigned to the genus Tinogullmia but are distinctly different from T. hyalina. A deep-water species from the NE Atlantic, described as Tinogullmia riemanni by Gooday (1990), has a relatively short, asymmetrical test and possibly represents a distinct genus. An undescribed sausageshaped species from Explorers Cove, Antarctica, assigned to Tinogullmia by Gooday et al. (1996), has a less elongate shape than T. hyalina and a thinner wall. The purpose of this note is to report the first record of this distinctive genus from the Black Sea. OBSERVATIONS During the 45th cruise of the Research Vessel Professor Vodyanitsky in 1994, three core samples were obtained using a multiple corer (Barnett et al., 1984) as part of an investigation of a methane seep area southwest of the Crimean peninsula (Station 5186; 44° 46.342′N, 31° 35.342′E, 78 m water depth). The sampling area bottom-water temperature is 8–10°C, rising to 13–15°C in summer; salinity is 17–18‰. The bottom sediment is phaseolinic silt (i.e. an alevrit silt associated live molluscs and dead molluscan shells). Each core was sub-sampled using a plastic tube, diameter 9.5 cm, length 5 …


Despite the significance of commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) as one of the fastest growing asset classes and the increasing interest in CMBS by institutional investors, available empirical evidence on CMBS is lacking. This article sheds light on the investment performance of CMBS, the driving forces behind CMBS return variability, and the relative importance of these variables in predicting CMBS returns. Using monthly data for the Lehman Brothers fixed income indices from January 1997 to June 2006, the author finds that mean return and total risk-adjusted return on investment-grade and high-yield CMBS clearly dominate those on investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds, Treasuries, and stocks. The autor uses a structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model to examine what drives the excess returns on CMBS and how. Impulse response analysis suggests that the growth in industrial production, inflation rate, change in 30-year mortgage rate, change in term structure spread, and excess return on the S&P 500 all have a significant and inverse contemporaneous effects on the excess returns on investment-grade and high-yield CMBS. Variance decomposition reveals that the change in mortgage rate and the term structure spread together explain 57% and 44% of the variance in investment-grade and high-yield CMBS excess returns, respectively. Changes in the amount of CMBS issuance show a significant negative lag effect on CMBS excess returns. The required returns on CMBS are positively driven by the changes in credit spread, but this positive effect is much stronger for high-yield CMBS than for investment-grade CMBS.


The Sunday Times Science Book of the Year, Anatomies by Hugh Aldersey-Williams, author of bestseller Periodic Tales, is a splendidly entertaining journey through the art, science, literature and history of the human body. "Magnificent, inspired. He writes like a latter-day Montaigne. Stimulating scientific hypotheses, bold philosophic theories, illuminating quotations and curious facts. I recommend it to all". (Telegraph). "Splendid, highly entertaining, chock-full of insights ...It inserts fascinating scientific snippets and anecdotes about our organs into the wider history of our changing understanding of our bodies". (Sunday Times). "A relentlessly entertaining cultural history of the human body ...brims with fascinating details, infectious enthusiasm ...the terrain he covers is so richly brought to life". (Guardian). "Elegant and informative ...For Aldersey-Williams, [the body] is a thing of wonder and a repository of fascinating facts". (Mail on Sunday). In Anatomies, bestselling author Hugh Aldersey-Williams investigates that marvellous, mysterious form: the human body. Providing a treasure trove of surprising facts, remarkable stories and startling information drawn from across history, science, art and literature - from finger-prints to angel physiology, from Isaac Newton's death-mask to the afterlife of Einstein's brain - he explores our relationship with our bodies and investigates our changing attitudes to the extraordinary physical shell we inhabit. "More than a science book - it's also history, biography and autobiography - Anatomies is writing at its most refined, regardless of genre". (Sunday Times). Praise for Periodic Tales: "Science writing at its best ...fascinating and beautiful ...if only chemistry had been like this at school ...to meander through the periodic table with him ...is like going round a zoo with Gerald Durrell ...a rich compilation of delicious tales, but it offers greater rewards, too". (Matt Ridley). "Immensely engaging and continually makes one sit up in -surprise' Sunday Times 'Splendid ...enjoyable and polished". (Observer). "Full of good stories and he knows how to tell them well ...an agreeable jumble of anecdote, reflection and information". (Sunday Telegraph). "Great fun to read and an endless fund of unlikely and improbable anecdotes ...sharp and often witty". (Financial Times). Hugh Aldersey-Williams studied natural sciences at Cambridge. He is the author of several books exploring science, design and architecture and has curated exhibitions at the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Wellcome Collection. His previous book Periodic Tales: The Curious Lives of the Elements was a Sunday Times bestseller and has been published in many languages around the world. He lives in Norfolk with his wife and son.


This paper presents a model to find out the breakdown voltage of solid insulating materials under AC excitation condition by employing the artificial neural network method. The paper gives a brief introduction to multilayer perceptrons and resilient back-propagation. A relation between input variables and output variables i. e. breakdown voltage is demonstrated. The inputs to the neural networks are the thickness of material, diameter of void, depth of void and permittivity of materials. Neural network methodology is the one of the most popular and widely used method for the analysis of voids. ANN is built to train the multilayer perceptrons in the context of regression analysis. Back-propagation algorithm is used for learning and to train the ANN and it is provides a custom choice of activation and error function. MATLAB software is used for designed, trained and tested in the ANN.


This review of Edward Tufte's second book about the graphic presentation of information focusses on concepts deployed and upon ideals. Key ideas are discussed and in some cases (the 'graphic duck' and 'complexity') are followed through to their use in Robert Venturi's writings. The fundamental impulse of Tufte's work is the wish to let information be envisioned: to be represented in a way that is true to its complex nature. This means raising it above the minimum levels of provision that have been usual in information design. This impulse is present in the design and material substance of Tufte's books, as well as in the literal content of their text and images. In conclusion, some historical placing of these books is considered.


This paper seeks to describe the process of developing a new FPGA architecture from nothing, both in terms of knowledge about FPGAs and in initial design material. Specifically, this project set out to design an FPGA architecture which can implement a simple state machine type design with 10 inputs, 10 outputs and 10 states. The open source Verilog-to-Routing FPGA CAD flow tool was used in order to synthesize, place, and route HDL files onto the architecture. This project was completed in terms of the spirit of the original goals of implementing an FPGA from scratch. Although, the project resulted in an architecture which slightly underperformed in its ability to route 100% of 10 input, 10 output, 10 state designs due to the general place and route algorithm used and the lack of non-contrived 10 input 10 output 10 state FSM designs.


Psychology, counseling psychology, and professional counseling are at a crossroad. The growing movement to establish professional counseling as a distinct profession, based on an increasingly narrow definition of professional identity, is particularly relevant to counseling psychologists and professional counselors and has implications for the broader field of psychology. A brief systematic historical analysis of these professional specialties in the U.S. provides the context to examine current challenges, including proposed restriction of master's level training, licensure or other authorization to practice, and employment to graduates of programs accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). These restrictions reduce services to the public and threaten the viability of counseling psychology and professional counseling in the U.S. These challenges also have significant implications for counseling psychologists in Europe and internationally given similar efforts. Going beyond a call to action, the article concludes with recommendations for counseling psychologists and allied professionals to address shared challenges, maximize shared opportunities, and foster enhanced intra- and inter-professional collaboration and cooperation.


This study is intended to find out the motives of cash holding in Chinese firms and theories associated with these motives. The study is unique because it not only estimates the adjustment speed of corporate cash holdings but also discuss several firm specific factors that affects cash holdings in Chinese firms with special reference to Chinese SOEs and NSOEs. An extensive set of panel data comprising 1632 A listed Chines firms, over a period from 2001 to 2013 are taken for analysis. The study reports a lower adjustment coefficient for Chinese firms compared to other developed nations. The study finds that target level of cash holdings in Chinese firms is better explained by Trade off and Pecking order theories. To cope with issues of endogeneity and serial correlation the study apply GMM and random effects model with an added AR (autoregressive) term.


We examine the growth of the stellar content of galaxies from z = 3 → 0 in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations incorporating parametrized galactic outflows. Without outflows, galaxies overproduce stellar masses (M * ) and star formation rates (SFRs) compared to observations. Winds introduce a three-tier form for the galaxy stellar mass and star formation rate functions, where the middle tier depends on the differential (i.e. mass-dependent) recycling of ejected wind material back into galaxies. A tight M * ―SFR relation is a generic outcome of all these simulations and its evolution is well described as being powered by cold accretion, although current observations at z ≳ 2 suggest that the star formation in small early galaxies must be highly suppressed. Roughly, one-third of z = 0 galaxies at masses below M * are satellites and the star formation in satellites is not much burstier than in centrals. All models fail to suppress the star formation and stellar mass growth in massive galaxies at z ≲ 2, indicating the need for an external quenching mechanism such as black hole feedback. All models also fail to produce dwarfs as young and rapidly star forming as observed. An outflow model following scalings expected for momentum-driven winds broadly matches the observed galaxy evolution around M * from z = 0 to 3, which is a significant success since these galaxies dominate cosmic star formation, but the failures at higher and lower masses highlight the challenges still faced by this class of models. We argue that central star-forming galaxies are well described as living in a slowly evolving equilibrium between inflows from gravity and recycled winds, star formation, and strong and ubiquitous outflows that regulate how much inflow forms into stars. Star-forming galaxy evolution is thus primarily governed by the continual cycling of baryons between galaxies and intergalactic gas.


Explicit reference is the communicative capacity to intentionally pick out a specific object in the environment and make that object a manifest topic for shared attention. Pointing is the quintessential example of non-verbal, explicit reference. Chimpanzees, and other apes in captivity, spontaneously point without overt training. Because wild apes almost never point, and because both captive and wild apes are sampled from the same gene pool, this implies that, for apes, hominoid genes interact with certain environments to elicit pointing. We propose that changes in the patterns of hominid development interact with ape-like cognitive capacities to produce features of explicit reference in human infants, a capacity that emerges in our nearest living relatives when they experience similar circumstances.


In this paper, a trajectory tracking control for a non-holonomic differential wheeled mobile robot (WMR) system is presented. A big number of investigations have been used the kinematic model of mobile robot which is a nonlinear model in nature, thus a hard task to control it. This work focuses on the design of fuzzy PID controller tuned with a firefly optimization algorithm for the kinematic model of mobile robot. The firefly optimization algorithm has been used to find the best values of controller's parameters. The aim of this controller is trying to force the mobile robot tracking a pre-defined continuous path with the least possible value of error. Matlab Simulation results show that a good performance and robustness of the controller. This is confirmed by the value of minimized tracking error and the smooth velocity especially concerning presence of external disturbance or change in initial position of mobile robot.


Drought is caused decrease by of rainfall, runoff and soil moisture and also increase of air temperature and water table compared to long time average condition. Drought can be divided into four major groups of Meteorological, Hydrological, Agricultural and Social- economical which meteorological drought will be evaluated by rainfall values comparing with its average. In this study, by use of monthly rainfall data of Babolsar, Noushahr and Ramsar synoptic Stations which are related to Mazandaran Meteorological Organization, Drought events was quantified by Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI), Percentage of Normal Index ( PNI), Deciles Index (DI), Chinese Z Index (CZI), Modified Chinese Z Index (MCZI) and Z- Score Index and Mohan & Rangacharia method. Results shows that PNI and DI in all stations have similar trends and the Curves of SPI, ZSI and CZI in all stations are well coincide with each other and have a very good fitness but MCZI. In Mohan & Rangacharia method, drought events characteristics consists of commencement, termination, duration and intensity were determined for all stations. Applying this method for preparing iso-duration and iso- intensity maps of drought (Drought zoning ) for determination of the drought susceptible area and also forecasting the future condition are recommended.


The purpose of this research is to know the factors of extracting and relationship between rubber farmers in the marketing of rubber traders (toke), for to know the mechanism of toke entry of the village as well as the problems faced by rubber farmers by using survey methods and questionnaires as a tool to answer purpose. The research was conducted at the Sawah Village Kampar Utara District of Kampar Region. In this study, the sampel was 3 people of toke in the village, 2 peoples of  toke out of village, and 15 peoples of rubber farmers. Data obtained from this study is primary data that interviews of sampels as well as secondary data from relevant agencies. Pull factors of the relationship between rubber farmers with Toke In the first factor is the provision of 100% holiday allowance, provision of debt factor 44.44%, factor family 22.22% and 11.11% factor of capital ownership which led to the patron-client relationship. The pull factor to the relationship between rubber farmers Toke Affairs is a higher price factor 100%. Factor driving the relationship between rubber farmers to toke in is because of low prices. factor driving the relationship between rubber farmers with the outside is because the good toke inside. The problems that occur in the rubber farmers sell to rubber because of debts of seller, short of capital, production facilities are not available and the price is determined unilaterally by toke. Keywords: marketing, patron-client, farmers, Toke


Wire bonding a die to a package has traditionally been performed using either aluminum or gold wire. Gold wire provides the ability to use a ball and stitch process. This technique provides more control over loop height and bond placement. The drawback has been the increasing cost of the gold wire. Lower cost Al wire has been used for wedgewedge bonds but these are not as versatile for complex package assembly. The use of copper wire for ball-stitch bonding has been proposed and recently implemented in high volume to solve the cost issues with gold. As one would expect, bonding with copper is not as forgiving as with gold mainly due to oxide growth and hardness differences. This paper will examine the common failure mechanisms that one might experience when implementing this new technology.


A high incidence (28 per 100,000 admissions) of liver abscesses is reported in children from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Of a total of 84 childhood hepatic abscesses over a 10-year period, 51 per cent (43 patients) were primary pyogenic, 30 per cent (25 patients) amoebic, 2 per cent (two patients) Ascaris, and 17 per cent (14 patients) were culture negative. Protein calorie malnutrition was evident in 56 per cent of cases. Amoebic abscesses originated in patients from rural areas, whereas pyogenic abscesses occurred in patients from urban and periurban environments. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 85 per cent of pyogenic liver abscesses. Gram negative organisms were identified in four cases of amoebic hepatic abscess where secondary infection occurred. Co-existing parasites of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were identified in the stools of 31 per cent of patients. A low (4.8 per cent) mortality is reported for this series.


This study investigates the impact of non-competition agreements on the type of R&D activity undertaken by companies. Non-competition agreements, by reducing outbound mobility and knowledge leakages to competitors, make high-risk R&D projects relatively more valuable than low-risk ones. Thus, they induce companies to choose riskier R&D projects, such that corporate inventions are more likely to lie in the tails of the inventions' value distribution (as breakthroughs or failures) and be in novel technological areas. This study uses data about U.S. patent applications from 1990 to 2000 and considers longitudinal variation in the enforcement of non-compete clauses. The results indicate that in states with stricter enforcement, companies undertake riskier R&D paths than in states that do not enforce non-compete agreements as strictly.


Asthma is an inflammatory disorder that results in the obstruction of air pathways and causes difficulty in breathing. Amongst the currently available means of treatment, oral dosage forms are associated with lag time and delayed onset of action. However, aerosols and parenterals have rapid onset of action but strongly affect patient compliance. Thus, an attempt was made to improve the onset of action of bronchodilator used commonly in the treatment of asthma. Fast dissolving tablets of salbutamol sulphate were prepared using sublimable ingredients. Selection of the filler also had an important role in deciding the disintegration time. Evaluation of the tablets showed that all the tablets were found to be within official limits and the disintegration time for the formulations ranged from 5 s to 40 s. Amongst all, the formulation containing microcrystalline cellulose and ammonium bicarbonate showed the least disintegration time of 5 s.


In recent years, anti-hail nets have been increasingly used to protect apple orchards. As they reduce the light intensity at canopy level, reflective ground covers are frequently placed on the soil surface before fruit harvest with the main aim to enhance color development in bicolored apples. It is not clear however, to which extent the light penetration inside the whole canopy is affected by the reflective ground covers. We performed a study in an intensively cultivated apple district of South Tyrol (northern Italy), with and without reflective ground covers. We measured light intensity at different heights from the ground and different distances from the tree trunk, using two instruments: an 80- cm long ceptometer and a point-like sensor capable of measuring the diffuse radiation component in addition to the total visible light. We found that the reflective ground cover significantly increased the quantity of diffuse light reflected from the orchard floor. The largest effect was recorded at 1 m height from the ground, but it was still significant at 2.5 m height. The influence of the reflective ground cover was particularly remarkable when sun and tree lines were aligned. The increase of total PAR inside the canopy due to the reflective material was however relatively small, suggesting a moderate effect on tree photosynthesis and therefore on apple yields.


Background/Aims Cross-sectional studies have documented that 2-10% of patients who are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are also positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg). Data related to HCV-HBV coinfection are lacking in Korea. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics, the treatment efficacy of peginterferon alfa plus ribavirin, and the changes induced by such treatment in HBV status in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients coinfected with HBV. Methods Eighteen (2.37%) HBsAg-positive CHC patients were selected from among the 758 subjects from the K(G)yeonggi-Incheon Peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C Treatment (KIPECT) study, which evaluated the treatment efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa plus ribavirin in CHC patients. Data on changes in the status of HBV infections were obtained. Results HCV genotype 1b was the most common (44%). The overall sustained virologic response rate was 72% in all patients, and 60% and 87.5% in genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. Two of the 18 patients were positive for HBeAg, and 15 had baseline HBV DNA level of less than 2,000 IU/mL. Two of the three whose levels exceeded this threshold showed no detectable DNA after treatment. After the completion of treatment, serum HBV DNA levels were increased in the two patients whose baseline HBV DNA levels were less than 2,000 IU/mL. Conclusions The prevalence of HBV coinfection in CHC patients was 2.37% and most of the patients were inactive carriers. The treatment efficacy was similar to that of HCV mono-infection. Reactivation of HBV replication was observed in some patients after CHC treatment.


In the established field of leadership studies, Relational Leadership is a relatively new and under explored view of a familiar phenomenon. Scholars conceptualise Relational Leadership differently depending upon their philosophical position, in particular whether they privilege leaders' traits and characteristics (known as an entity perspective) or foreground the relationships and interactions that enable leadership to be accomplished (a social constructionist relational perspective). To date there have been relatively few empirical studies that research Relational Leadership from a social constructionist perspective. This thesis adds to this underdeveloped body of empirical literature.

The study uses data from an in-depth ethnographic single case study comprising the executive team of a large and complex UK local authority. The study took place as members of the executive team grappled with previously unheard of economic and social challenges following the global financial crash of 2007/8. Data is drawn from participant observation of the executive team's meetings over a one year period, a series of in-depth interviews with executive team members, and a contextual analysis incorporating a review of relevant press coverage during the time.
The study's research question was: How is leadership relationally accomplished? The question was subsequently operationalised through the following additional three questions:
Q1: How are relational strategies adopted by the case study team?
Q2: How do these relational strategies support the accomplishment of the team's strategic task?
Q3: What contextual factors impact and are impacted by the relational strategies that are commonly adopted within the team?
Adopting a Grounded Theory method, a theory of Relational Leadership as Meaningful Co-Action is developed. Meaningful Co-Action epitomises the ways in which the group went-on-together in socially and situationally developed ways through their moment-by-moment interactions. Social processes gave rise to individual process mediated through
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contextual constraining and enabling forces. It was adherence to relational group norms that allowed the collective accomplishment of their leadership task.

The study makes empirical, methodological and practice contributions. These are:

Empirical Contribution
Building on what is a relatively small body of theory on Relational Leadership, for the first time in a UK local authority Executive Team. Developing a theory of Relational Leadership as Meaningful Co-Action as the way that leadership was accomplished in the case study organization.

Methodological Contribution
Makes a contribution to Grounded Theory by explicitly utilising reflexivity towards disconfirming data as a mechanism for establishing theoretical sensitivity.

Practice Contribution
The findings from this study may inform the practice of management, particularly organization consultants working with leaders and teams.


Allozyme variation in New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Co querel), populations from Brazil was examined. Variability was observed in 8 of 13 enzyme loci and the frequency of the most common allele was <0.95 for seven loci. Observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.159 and 0.165, respectively. Comparisons of the Brazilian populations with previously studied populations from Costa Rica resulted in Nei's genetic distances of between 0.000 and O. 006~ with the greatest distance being between populations within Brazil. Comparisons with Mexican populations using only three loci resulted in genetic distances ~0.031. Goodness-of-fit statistics for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Wright's F statistics indicated small deviations from expected equilibrium genotype frequencies and low levels of differentiation between populations within Brazil. Differentiation among screwworm populations from Brazil, Costa Rica, and Mexico was minimal.


Freeform digital ink annotation allows readers to interact with documents in an intuitive and familiar manner. Such marks are easy to manage on static documents, and provide a familiar annotation experience. In this paper, we describe an implementation of a freeform annotation system that accommodates dynamic document layout. The algorithm preserves the correct position of annotations when documents are viewed with different fonts or font sizes, with different aspect ratios, or on different devices. We explore a range of heuristics and algorithms required to handle common types of annotation, and conclude with a discussion of possible extensions to handle special kinds of annotations and changes to documents.


Abstract In this paper the chord method is applied to the computation of Dancoff factors for doubly heterogeneous stochastic media, characteristic of prismatic and pebble bed designs of the Very High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (VHTR), where TRISO fuel particles are randomly distributed in fuel compacts or fuel pebbles that are arranged in a full core configuration. Previous work has shown that a chord length probability distribution function (PDF) can be determined analytically or empirically and used to model VHTR lattices with excellent results. The key observation is that once the chord length PDF is known, Dancoff factors for doubly heterogeneous stochastic media can be expressed as closed-form expressions that can be evaluated analytically for infinite and finite media and semianalytically for a collection of finite media. Based on the assumption that the chord length PDF in the moderator region between two fuel kernels in a VHTR compact or pebble is exponential, which was shown to be an excellent approximation in previous work, closed-form expressions for Dancoff factors are derived for a range of configurations from infinite stochastic media to finite stochastic media, including multiple finite stochastic media in a background medium (e.g., a pebble bed core). Numerical comparisons with Monte Carlo benchmark results demonstrate that the closed-form expressions for the Dancoff factors for VHTR configurations are accurate over a range of packing fractions characteristic of prismatic and pebble bed VHTRs.


ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY IN UNDERWATER MULTIVIEW RECONSTRUCTION by Igor Kozlov University of New Hampshire, September, 2018 Multiview reconstruction, a method for creating 3D models from multiple images from different views, has been a popular topic of research in the field of computer vision in the last two decades. Increased availability of high-quality cameras led to the development of advanced techniques and algorithms. However, little attention has been paid to multiview reconstruction in underwater conditions. Researchers in a wide variety of fields (e.g. marine biology, archaeology, and geology) could benefit from having 3D models of seafloor and underwater objects. Cameras, designed to operate in air, must be put in protective housings to work underwater. This affects the image formation process. The largest source of underwater image distortion results from refraction of light, which occurs when light rays travel through boundaries between media with different refractive indices. This study addresses methods for accounting for light refraction when using a static rig with multiple cameras. We define a set of procedures to achieve optimal underwater reconstruction results, and we analyze the expected quality of the 3D models' measurements.


Knowledge sharing is an essential part of interprofessional practice and will be even more important in the future in regard to the opportunities and challenges in practices for delivering safe and effective healthcare. The aim of this ethnographic study was to explore how professional knowledge can be shared in an interprofessional team at a spinal cord injury rehabilitation unit. A sociomaterial perspective on practice was used to analyse the data, and by theorizing upon this, we captured different aspects of interprofessional collaboration in health care. The findings illuminate how knowledge emerges and is shared between professionals, and how it passes along as chain of actions between professionals, in various ways. The findings offer a novel perspective on how interprofessional collaboration as a practice, involving ongoing learning, unfolds. This reveals the mechanisms by which different forms of expertise are mobilized between professions as health care work.


Holocene alluvial records have been established in many parts of the American Southwest but are lacking in the central Palomas Basin of south-central New Mexico. There, east-draining streams and arroyos feature three widespread main-stem deposits that are inset into one another and have distinct surface characteristics. These are flanked by alluvial fan deposits comparable in age to those on the main-stem. We use five new radiocarbon ages and pre-existing geochronology to compare cycles of aggradation and incision between the axial river, the Rio Grande, and the lower reaches of two of its tributaries. In lower Canada Honda, an alluvial fan at the mouth of a side drainage expe rienced soil development during the latest Pleistocene followed by early to middle Holocene aggradation. An adjoining alluvial fan was aggrading at approximately 2600 cal yr BP. After a poorly constrained incision event, an inset main-stem deposit aggraded approximately 600 cal yr BP and grades into an older Rio Grande terrace deposit previously dated at 5000–670 cal yr BP. Synthesizing geochronologic data for the basin, we infer probable incision during 850–550 cal yr BP in Rio Grande tributaries. This incision occurred after a relatively dry interval and during a period of enhanced summer monsoons, consistent with previously established climate-response models. Aggradation appears to have been relatively continuous along high-or der tributaries during most of the Little Ice Age (approximately 500–70 cal yr BP) to the present.


Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the most common female endocrine disorder of unknown etiology, is characterized by reproductive abnormalities and associated metabolic conditions comprising insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. We previously reported that transgenic overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF), a marker of sympathetic hyperactivity, directed to the ovary by the mouse 17α-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase promoter (17NF mice), results in ovarian abnormalities similar to those seen in PCOS women. To investigate whether ovarian overproduction of NGF also induces common metabolic alterations of PCOS, we assessed glucose homeostasis by glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin levels, and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan in young female 17NF mice and wild-type mice. 17NF mice exhibited increased body weight and alterations in body fat distribution with a greater accumulation of visceral fat compared with sc fat (P < .01). 17NF mice also displayed glucose intolerance (P < .01), decreased insulin-mediated glucose disposal (P < .01), and hyperinsulinemia (P < .05), which, similar to PCOS patients, occurred independently of body weight. Additionally, 17NF mice exhibited increased sympathetic outflow observed as increased interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature. This change was evident during the dark period (7 pm to 7 am) and occurred concomitant with increased interscapular brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 expression. These findings suggest that overexpression of NGF in the ovary may suffice to cause both reproductive and metabolic alterations characteristic of PCOS and support the hypothesis that sympathetic hyperactivity may contribute to the development and/or progression of PCOS.


The design, fabrication and characterization of a new shape memory polymer (SMP) with built-in temperature sensing capabilities are reported. The material was prepared by incorporating a fluorescent, chromogenic oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) dye into a cross-linked poly(cyclooctene) (PCO) matrix via guest diffusion. The dye concentration was chosen to allow for self-assembly of the dye upon drying, resulting in the formation of excimers. Exposure of these phase-separated blends to temperatures above the melting point (Tm) of the PCO leads to dissolution of the dye molecules, and therefore causes a pronounced change of their absorption and fluorescence color. The optical changes are reversible; i.e., the aggregate absorption and emission are restored upon cooling below Tm. The color is dictated by the phase behavior and is independent of the mechanical state of the SMP. Thus the effect allows one to monitor reaching of the set/release temperature of the polymer.


This paper builds on the analysis in Akcigit et al. (2017) by using US patent and Census data to examine macro and micro-level aspects of the relationship between immigration and innovation. We construct a measure of foreign born expertise and show that technology areas where immigrant inventors were prevalent between 1880 and 1940 experienced more patenting and citations between 1940 and 2000. We also show that immigrant inventors were more productive during their life cycle than native born inventors, although they received significantly lower levels of labor income than their native born counterparts. Overall, the contribution of foreign born inventors to US innovation was substantial, but we also find evidence of an immigrant inventor wage-gap that cannot be explained by differentials in productivity.


The paper discusses the impact of Christianity on the institutions of divine kingship and chiefship among the Asante people of Ghana during the late pre-colonial and colonial periods. The thrust of the paper is that separate categories of religion and politics emerged in Asante society as the colonial administration sought to facilitate missionary work and conversion while at the same time they supported the chiefs as the secular rulers of the country. The analysis is based on Dumont's ideas on the differentiation of the political category and the characteristics of the modern state. Dumont's own work on secularization focused on long-term historical developments that were markedly different from the abrupt changes described here. Nevertheless, his ideas help us significantly in comprehending the profoundness and radicality of this transformation. Additionally, the aim of the paper is to provide some historical background for understanding debates about the nature and value of traditional chieftaincy in present-day Ghana.


The Frankish Annals of Lindisfarne and Kent lie at the root of the 'making of history' in Anglo-Saxon England. They are brief 'paschal annals', recording mainly the accession or burials of Kentish and Northumbrian kings between 616 and 704, and are found in the margins of Easter tables in one Anglo-Saxon and six Frankish manuscripts dating from c. 740-c. 830. These annals are not well known, but they deserve close attention since they provide factual details not just of 'what happened' in early Anglo-Saxon England, but also how such historical data was collected, copied, and transmitted across generations. Crucially, the annals contain chronological details that are not found in any other source, not even in Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, and they are a unique source for those details. The evidence points to the variety of formats and contexts in which precise chronological details were first recorded in Anglo-Saxon England, and shows that these annals are a very rare piece of independent evidence not just for the history of the seventh century, but also for the type of 'raw material' that was available to Bede at Jarrow in the early decades of the eighth.


Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by all cells. Extensive research over recent years has now shown these vesicles to be important players in intercellular signalling and to have a role in tissue regeneration, immunomodulation and other biological functions. A lipid bilayer protects the exosome cargo of nucleic acids and proteins from degradation and permits signalling over long distances. The signalling characteristics of the cargo have led to exosomes being evaluated as therapeutics in their own right, while the protective lipid envelope and tissue tropism of exosomes suggests potential use as delivery vehicles for drugs that are usually rapidly degraded in the body. This range of potential uses raises interesting regulatory questions and challenges. Although derived from cells and containing nucleic acids, exosomes will not be considered as Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) in Europe, unless they are used to deliver gene therapy. As biological medicinal products, whether exosomes would fall under the mandatory scope of the Centralised Procedure in Europe or fall under the jurisdiction of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) or the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) in the USA would depend on what they are being used to deliver. The legal classification and jurisdiction will go on to impact regulatory strategy and development plans. Characterisation of the exosome, reproducibility of production, potency assays, viral safety, toxicology study design and starting dose in man will be critical considerations as for other biological products.


Leaching of dissolved C in arable hummocky ground moraine soil landscapes is characterized by a spatial continuum of more or less erosion‐affected Luvisols, Calcaric Regosols at exposed positions, and Colluvic Regosols in depressions. Our objective was to estimate the fluxes of dissolved C in four differently eroded soils as affected by erosion‐induced pedological and soil structural alterations. In this model study, we considered landscape position effects by adapting the water table as the bottom boundary condition and erosion effects by using pedon‐specific soil hydraulic properties. The one‐dimensional vertical water movement was described with the Richards equation using HYDRUS‐1D. Solute fluxes were obtained by combining calculated water fluxes with concentrations of dissolved organic and inorganic C (DOC and DIC, respectively) measured from soil solution extracted by suction cups at biweekly intervals. In the 3‐yr period (2010–2012), DOC fluxes in the 2‐m soil depth were similar at the three non‐colluvic locations with −0.8 ± 0.1 g m−2 yr−1 (i.e., outflow) but were 0.4 g m−2 yr−1 (i.e., input) in the depression. The DIC fluxes ranged from −10.2 g m−2 yr−1 for the eroded Luvisol, −9.2 g m−2 yr−1 for the Luvisol, and −6.1 g m−2 yr−1 for the Calcaric Regosol to 3.2 g m−2 yr−1 for the Colluvic Regosol. The temporal variations in DOC and DIC fluxes were controlled by water fluxes. The spatially distributed leaching results corroborate the hypothesis that the effects of soil erosion influence fluxes through modified hydraulic and transport properties and terrain‐dependent boundary conditions.


This chapter will focus on the use of evaluative research in higher education policy analysis. The approach will be illustrated by reference to higher education policy in Scottish higher education, with particular reference to the longitudinal evaluative research of support of teaching and learning (T&L) (the Quality Enhancement Framework or QEF). The chapter will discuss the features of the research process which are shaped by evaluation theory. We adopt a theoretical position on policy research which foregrounds the situated experience of policy as a core research focus. Policy is depicted as being underscored by an implicit theory of change which is used to structure and orientate the research focus. The design of the research is characterised by the involvement of potential users of the research output, with implications on the way in which findings are articulated, presented and ultimately used, along with aspects of the evaluative research design. The case study of the QEF will be contextualised, and the intersection between the design features and theoretical approaches, and the use and usability of research outputs, will be established.


"Philosophy is the art of reflecting on that what we think we
already know"
This quote from my supervisor Harry Kunneman, starkly
addresses the problem of any interdisciplinary enterprise, such as
is the case when philosophy meets engineering and vice versa.
It is hard to reconsider the obvious, or at least those issues that
our training and experience have made us believe that are obvious
[1], such as reliance on formal, preferably mathematical, truths in
the case of engineering versus the continuum of critical stances
based on established scholastic traditions in philosophy; or the
focus on tackling actual problems in a clearly defined context,
versus reflection on potential risks that may or may not become a
real (future) threat.
There are also many rules of practice that are taken for granted;
the truth of progress at lightning speed that many fields of
engineering face, and of course also by the philosophers who
reflect on the consequences of such progress. One group is
desperately trying to keep up to date with the steady stream of
publications on specific issues on their field of interest, while
others just as desperately try to understand the long term social or
ethical consequences of the rapidly expanding products of these
areas –complex systems theory, neural science, genetic
engineering and many, many more.
These matters are the current focus of an interdisciplinary team of
researchers at the University for Humanistics (UH) in Utrecht, the
Netherlands. In this team, sponsored by the NWO, the
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through their
program "The Societal Component of Genomics Research" [2],
the problem of communications between various stakeholders in
the genomics debate is being tackled by a motley crew of
scientists, with contributions from philosophy to engineering (one
researcher, with a background in computer science and
electronics, engaged in a research for a PhD in Humanistics). This
project, "Towards a Lingua Democratica for the Public Debate
on Genomics" [3] both addresses, as experiences the problems of
interdisciplinary research –miscommunication, established, often
'coagulated' mindsets and expectations on what 'the other' should
know or should consider scientifically viable. The notion behind
the central theme in this project, the Lingua Democratica, is that
the problem between any inter- or cross disciplinary
communication is not specifically a problem of distinct scientific
languages –such that a lingua franca could capture-, but is already
manifest at more fundamental levels. These levels range from
various dialects that can be more or less closed to others, occur at
intermediate levels where presuppositions, expectations, beliefs
and intentions are formulated, and eventually end at the level of
abstract relationships and interactions. These contributions may
help to enhance awareness of the strengths and limitations of the
individual stakeholders and hopefully provide means of a more
inclusive –democratic- approach to face the challenges of
genomics. The individual contributions of this project focus,
amongst others, on issues as the use of metaphors in science [4]
and various modes of scientific practices [5]. The specific project
that spawns this paper –the contribution from engineering- is
looking into various patterns that can be identified in the
interactions between stakeholders with different backgrounds and
stakes in an interdisciplinary micro-society.
This paper aims to introduce the current state of the engineering
contribution –evidently work in progress- that aims to 'reverseengineer'
problems at the boundaries of two distinctly different
societies, for instance between engineering and philosophy, with
the tools that are available within engineering itself. It aims
explore the issues that one faces and argues that these problems
are similar to those which the maturing field of complex systems
theory faces.


Bayesians model one's doxastic state by subjective probabilities. But in traditional epistemology, in logic-based artificial intelligence, and in everyday life, one's doxastic state is usually expressed in a qualitative, binary way: either one accepts (believes) a proposition or one does not. What is the relationship between qualitative and probabilistic belief? I show that, besides the familiar lottery paradox (Kyburg 1961), there are two new, diachronic paradoxes that are more serious. A solution to the paradoxes, old and new, is provided by means of a new account of the relationship between qualitative and probabilistic belief. I propose that propositional beliefs should crudely but aptly represent one's probabilistic credences. Aptness should include responses to new information so that propositional belief revision tracks Bayesian conditioning: if belief state B aptly represents degrees of belief p then the revised belief state K ∗E should aptly represent the conditional degrees of belief p( · |E). I explain how to characterize synchronic aptness and qualitative belief revision to ensure the tracking property in the sense just defined. I also show that the tracking property is impossible if acceptance is based on thresholds or if qualitative belief revision is based on the familiar AGM belief revision theory of Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson (1985).


This paper presents a conceptual framework for water accounting and provides generic terminologies and procedures to describe the status of water resource use and consequences of water resources related actions. The framework applies to water resource use at three levels of analysis: a use level such as an irrigated field or household, a service level such as an irrigation or water supply system, and a water basin level that may include several uses. Water accounting terminology and performance indicators are developed and presented with examples at all the three levels. Concepts and terminologies presented are developed to be supportive in a number of activities including: identification of opportunities for water savings and increasing water productivity; developing a better understanding of present patterns of water use and impacts of interventions; improving communication among professionals and communication to non-water professionals; and improving the rationale for allocation of water among uses. It is expected that with further application, these water accounting concepts will evolve into a robust, supporting methodology for water basin analysis.


Globalisation, liberalisation of trade, internationalisation of financial markets, and the information technology revolution are but some of the developments that organisations have had to contend with in the last few years. There are, therefore, huge challenges for business leaders in the wake of constantly shifting global competition and ever-increasing change, underpinned by complexity, unpredictability, instability, and ambiguity (Nixon, 2003). In dynamic and complex environments, it is essential for organisations to continually create, validate, and apply new knowledge in the development of their products, processes, and services to ensure they add value (Bhatt, 2001). In essence, organisations seek to differentiate themselves on the basis of what they know, and managers of successful organisations are consistently searching for better ways to improve performance and results. Indeed, frequent disappointments with past management initiatives have motivated managers to gain new understanding into the underlying, but complex mechanisms, like knowledge, which govern an organisation's effectiveness (Wiig, 1997). Knowledge is, however, not a rigid structure that excludes what does not fit—it can deal with complexity in a complex way (Davenport & Prusak, 2000). A variety of approaches to knowledge management (KM) exist, many relying heavily on technology. However, the focus of KM has moved from an early emphasis on technologies and databases to a keen appreciation of how deeply corporate knowledge is embedded in people's experience. Organisations have learned that technology is the easy part of supporting knowledge creation; the difficult aspect is working with people to improve collaboration and knowledge sharing (Allee, 2000). To sustain long-term competitive advantage, an organisation needs to ensure a fit between its technological and social systems. In effect, technologies can be used to increase the efficiency of the people and enhance the information flow within the organisation, while social systems facilitate better communications and understanding of complex issues by bringing multiple viewpoints to a variety of situations (Bhatt, 2001). This socio-technical view of KM has spawned a number of initiatives in recent years embracing organisational, cultural, and individual issues (Pemberton & Stonehouse, 2000). One in particular, the notion of a community of practice (CoP), has played, and continues to play, a significant role in knowledge exchange and creation. Indeed, CoPs are KM's mechanism of choice and are a valuable means of unlocking this hidden treasure (McDermott, 2000). In this sense, CoPs have an important role in the management of complexity within organisations; this is the focus of this particular article.


The effect of microbiological deconjugation of bile acids on total bile acid and neutral sterol fecal excretion by adult male rats has been studied. A screening method utilizing mice allowed selection of a Clostridium perfringens type A strain, which accelerated cholesterol catabolism in mice. When this species of bacteria was associated with germfree rats, the fecal bile acids were excreted as free bile acids (deconjugated), however the quantities of bile acids excreted were not increased compared with those of germfree rats. Conventional rats excrete twice as much bile acids (all deconjugated) as do the germfree and C. perfringens-associated rats. It is, therefore, unlikely that the microbiological deconjugation of bile acids is responsible for the increased fecal excretion of bile acids seen in conventional rats. The C. perfringens-associated rats excreted identical kinds and quantities of fecal neutral sterols as did the germfree rats.


An important challenge for policymakers worldwide is how to respond to increasing water demand while still assuring healthy ecosystems via 'environmental flows'. In the case of Chile, increasing water demand and frequent water supply shortages are putting pressure on ecosystem water requirements. On the other hand, new environmental regulations are being implemented to improve the quality of several bodies of water. Consequently, there is a call for water policies that can properly tackle these complex issues. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the costs of a programme to buy back water rights to restore an environmental flow in the Maipo River, as well as assess the performance of 'pollution-dilution' as a measure to comply with water quality standards in the river's basin. Results suggest that a programme that aims to buy back 440 l/s requires expending US$1.9 million, as a one-time expense. We also find that buying and leaving water flows in the river for the distinct purpose of pollution-dilution could be an efficient policy, albeit limited in impact, to reduce nutrient contamination costing about one-fifth of alternative measures to attain the same level of pollution reduction.


Abstract. Nowadays, in light of the latest development in three-dimensional (3D) modeling technology, an essential role is given to the research and development of fully-automated or semi-automated processes in order to increase workflow effectiveness. A key challenge is thus to automate the process leading to the geometric model which supports the Building Information Modeling (BIM) or 3D-Geographical Information Systems (3D-GIS). This 3D model usually originates from image-based or range-based point clouds. This research is the beginning of the development of a 3D modeling approach that is semi-automatic, and possibly fully-automatic, by combining polygon surface fitting (polyfit) technique and monoscopic multi-image measurement system. With the advent of dense matching and Structure from Motion methods (SfM), point clouds can be generated from multiple images obtained from digital cameras. Then, to reduce the data and to allow for efficient processing, it is necessary to extract polygonal surface data from point clouds delivered by the dense matching process. The polygonal surface is then used for the basis of further manual monoscopic measurements which are achieved separately on each image to obtain more detailed 3D model. Next, this approach analyzed the polygonal surface deformations in comparison to the initial point cloud data. It can be seen how the resolution and noise of the original point clouds affect the subsequent Polyfit-based modeling and monoscopic measurements. The deformations and the accuracy evaluation have been undertaken using different open source software. Also, the geometric error in the polyfit-derived polyhedral reconstruction propagating to the subsequent monoscopic-derived measurements was evaluated. Finally, our modeling approach shows that it can improve the processing speed and level of detail of the 3D models achieved using existing monoscopic measurements. Typically geometric accuracy itself doesn't have enough information to make accurate geometry model.


There is much controversy surrounding the poverty-environmental degradation nexus. The predominant school of thought argues that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation and if policy makers want to address the environmental issues, then they must first address the poverty problem. Another school of thought argues that this causal link is too simplistic and the nexus is governed by a complex web of factors. In this paper, a formal structure for analyzing the complex web of factors is formulated and used to review the existing literature on the links between poverty and the degradation of four natural resource sectors. The analysis highlights the institutional and market failures which encourage unsustainable activities, which in turn forces some income groups into poverty. Another important factor is the role of conflicts between different agents (income groups) in the poverty-environmental degradation nexus. The analysis also highlighted the presence of feedback loops between environmental degradation and poverty.*


Much has been written about the potential of participatory approaches to entrench and expand transitional justice processes. Yet, evidence-based research on how to understand, organize and evaluate victim participation has lagged behind. Empirical research, moreover, often lacks an explicit conceptualization of participation or adopts existing models that start from an institutional perspective and that normatively hierarchize forms and functions of participation. This article, instead, proposes an actor-oriented analytical framework that outlines participants' trajectories throughout the transitional justice ecosystem. This framework invites a more rigorous investigation of (a) participants' identities and interests, (b) the spaces they navigate, (c) the relation between various interests, spaces and temporalities and (d) the open-ended nature of outcomes. We apply this framework to Guatemalan indigenous women's quest for redress for conflict-related sexual violence. The framework facilitates a different way of understanding impact, rooted in local actors' multidirectional, context-specific and non-linear engagement with transitional justice.