Some authors have argued net primary production on coral reefs is nutrient limited. However, over the past several decades coral reefs throughout Florida and the Caribbean have undergone a transition from coral to algal dominance, without proportional changes in the nutrient concentrations of surrounding water. Recent research has recognized the importance of benthic nutrient sources for the growth of some coral reef algae and observed the accumulation of dissolved nutrients within algal mats. In this study algae and associated detritus were sampled to investigate and compare the ability of the dominant algae on Florida Keys Reefs, Halimeda opuntia, Dictyota spp. and turf algae, to accumulate detrital material, an important source of dissolved nutrients. Dissolved nutrient concentrations of water occurring within these algae were measured in order to compare the ability of these algae to impede the flux of benthic nutrients to the water column and establish nutrient enriched microenvironments. Finally, growth experiments were conducted to compare the benefits of this localized nutrient enrichment to the growth of two algae with different morphologies, H. tuna and Dictyota spp. Results indicated that all three algal types examined are capable of trapping detrital material. The depleted nitrogen content of this detritus suggested that significant remineralization had occurred. Elevated nutrient concentrations were observed in water collected from within clumps of H. opuntia and Dictyota spp., and suggested the remineralization of detrital material was a source of these dissolved nutrients. In the growth experiments, enrichment of NH4 and NO3, to concentrations observed within these algae, increased the growth rate of Dictyota spp. above that observed in control treatments. A similar treatment effect was not observed in H. tuna. These results suggest that Dictyota spp. was N-limited at ambient nutrient concentrations, and likely benefits from the microenvironment nutrient enrichment observed to occur within this alga. Growth of H. tuna may have been P-limited since concentrations of PO4 were not elevated in enrichment treatments, however is unlikely based on ambient PO4 concentrations. The differences observed here suggest the ability to establish and take advantage of internal, nutrient enriched microenvironments may be related to algal morphology.


We analyzed 70 voice traces collected from IP-telephony applications, multicast lectures, and multimedia conferencing sessions which involve multiple speakers and different dynamics of interaction beyond two-way conversations. Results show that application differences have significant impact on the traffic characteristics. The conventional exponential model, established for telephone conversations, fails to capture accurately the packet level activity observed in these traces, e.g., the heavy-tail distributions of the talk-spurt and silence periods. We classify the traces into four types based on their audio contents: audience, lecture, multi-party conferencing and conversation. Further analysis shows that Weibull is a better matching statistical model and achieves lower mean-square-error than the exponential model (by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude) in approximating the audio streams for all four cases.


A ZnO nanoparticle layer was synthesized by the sol-gel method on ITO glass. Devices with a ZnO nanoparticle layer/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) heterojunction structure were then fabricated and the room temperature electroluminescence (EL) spectra were studied. Under DC bias, ultraviolet (UV) EL at 390 nm from the ZnO band edge emission was observed, and defect-related emission of ZnO at 600 and 760 nm were also detected. The EL mechanisms are discussed in terms of the carrier tunneling process.


Over the last few decades, the rate of breastfeeding has increased steadily in the developed countries of the world. During this time, opioid use in the general population has steadily increased as well. Despite this, clinicians remain unclear whether opioid use is safe during breastfeeding. While the vast majority of medications used during breastfeeding occur without incident, case reports and studies have reported possible opioid toxicity in breast-fed infants. Multiple enzymes are involved in the metabolism of opioids. CYP2D6 catabolizes O-demethylation of codeine, tramadol, oxycodone, and hydrocodone to more potent metabolites. CYP3A4 inactivates methadone, meperidine, and buprenorphine. Glucoronide conjugation by the UGT enzyme family inactivates morphine and hydromorphone. Genetic polymorphisms and interfering medications affect the maternal metabolism, which in turn determines the exposure and risk to the breast-fed neonate. We review the production of breast milk, the transfer of xenobiotics from blood to milk, the characteristics that alter xenobiotic breast-milk concentrations, and we review the evidence of specific common opioids and infant toxicity. The short-term maternal use of prescription opioids is usually safe and infrequently presents a hazard to the newborn.


Photometry of KIC 10483436 was obtained continuously with 1-min exposures over a 27-d period from the Kepler satellite. The light curve shows rotational variations from surface spots with a period of 4.303 ± 0.002 d, an amplitude of about 6 mmag and eight pulsation frequencies typical of roAp stars. The high-frequency pattern consists of a quintuplet of equally spaced peaks where the frequency of the dominant central peak (68 μmag amplitude) is 1353.00 μHz (P = 12.32 min). A second set of three peaks of lower amplitude are also visible. These appear to form part of a quintuplet centred on 1511.6 μHz with the central peak and one side peak missing. The equidistant frequency spacing is 2.69 μHz, which corresponds to the 4.303 d rotation period. However, the amplitudes (12 μmag) of these peaks are too close to the detection level to allow definite identification of the multiplets. Although no spectrum is available, the character of the pulsations shows that this is a roAp star with two high-frequency modes modulated in amplitude in accordance with the oblique pulsator model. The 4.303-d variation in the light curve, which is interpreted as rotational modulation, shows harmonics as high as the 26th. These harmonics are probably a result of many patches of varying surface brightness associated with surface abundance variations characteristic of Ap stars.


This paper analyses the impact of terrorism on tax enforcement policies by focusing on the case of the Basque Country. The presence of externalities in tax administration attributable to the costs of terrorism is investigated by undertaking a theoretical analysis. The findings of this are tested using Spanish data extracted from repeated surveys and other sources. By employing ordered response models, evidence is found of the negative impact of terrorism on tax enforcement as it is perceived by residents in the Basque Country and Navarre. In particular, this impact is found to be stronger for entrepreneurs and liberal professionals. No significant impact is found for individuals resident in the rest of Spain.


Justice Kennedy observed in dissent in Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 98 (2000), a grandparent visitation case, that "the conventional nuclear family...is simply not the structure or prevailing condition in many households." From there he observed that American states may choose to give to some child caretakers "de facto" parent status. Illinois lawmakers, both legislators and judges, have made such choices recently. Some of these choices involve guardianships.Effective January 1, 2011, the Illinois Probate Code allows an appointment of a guardian for a minor whose "parent or parents voluntarily relinquished physical custody." In 2011, the Illinois Appellate Court recognized the legitimacy of a coguardianship of a minor child in the birth mother and the mother's female partner that was founded on a "lengthy relationship" between the coguardians beginning before the child was born via artificial insemination. In re T.P.S., 2011 IL App (5th) 100617. And in 2012, the Illinois Supreme Court further recognized possible new guardianship roles that are not expressly noted in the Probate Code, but that may be "implied" if the goals of the Code are served. Karbin v. Karbin, 2012 IL 112815.Families with children now come in an array of configurations. New guardianship laws can preserve healthy childcare relations even when the families are reconfigured.


In Spring 2011, the Lick AGN Monitoring Project observed a sample of 15 bright, nearby Seyfert 1 galaxies in the V band as part of a reverberation mapping campaign. The observations were taken at six ground-based telescopes, including the West Mountain Observatory 0.91 m telescope, the 0.76 m Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope, 0.6 m Super-LOTIS at Kitt Peak, the Palomar 60 inch telescope, and the 2 m Faulkes telescopes North and South. The V-band light curves measure the continuum variability of our sample of Seyferts on an almost daily cadence for 2–3 months. We use image-subtraction software to isolate the variability of the Seyfert nucleus from the constant V-band flux of the host galaxy for the most promising targets, and we adopt standard aperture photometry techniques for the targets with smaller levels of variability. These V-band light curves will be used, with measurements of the broad emission line flux, to measure supermassive black hole masses and to constrain the geometry and dynamics of the broad-line region through dynamical modeling techniques.


BACKGROUND
Depression has substantial effects on cancer patients' quality of life. Estimates of its prevalence vary widely. We aimed to systematically review published studies to obtain the best estimate of the prevalence of depression in clinically meaningful subgroups of cancer patients.

DESIGN
Systematic review that addressed the limitations of previous reviews by (i) including only studies that used diagnostic interviews; (ii) including only studies that met basic quality criteria (random or consecutive sampling, ≥70% response rate, clear definition of depression caseness, sample size ≥100); (iii) grouping studies into clinically meaningful subgroups; (iv) describing the effect on prevalence estimates of different methods of diagnosing depression.

RESULTS
Of 66 relevant studies, only 15 (23%) met quality criteria. The estimated prevalence of depression in the defined subgroups was as follows: 5% to 16% in outpatients, 4% to 14% in inpatients, 4% to 11% in mixed outpatient and inpatient samples and 7% to 49% in palliative care. Studies which used expert interviewers (psychiatrists or clinical psychologists) reported lower prevalence estimates.

CONCLUSIONS
Of the large number of relevant studies, few met our inclusion criteria, and prevalence estimates are consequently imprecise. We propose that future studies should be designed to meet basic quality criteria and employ expert interviewers.


Deciphering the nature of dark matter has great scientific importance. A leading hypothesis is that dark matter is made of Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMPs), which may result from supersymmetry or additional spatial dimensions. The underground search for elastic scattering of WIMPs on suitable targets (the so-called "direct detection") is currently led by the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search II (CDMS II) experiment. Its sensitivity is ten times better than any other experiment and we hope to obtain another factor ten in the coming two years. After a brief recall of our recent results, I will describe the complementarity between direct detection experiments, the LHC and the ILC and I will outline the role that SLAC could play in this SuperCDMS program.


Lynch's essay explores the divergence between the symbolic imaginary of nuclear power and the imaginative terrain of environmentalism through a look at documentary film about the civilian nuclear industry. Lynch first analyzes several films about US antireactor activism produced in the 1970s and 1980s, showing how they manifest the codependence of antireactor activism and environmentalism. She then turns to recent films that look more broadly at the industrial processes involved in nuclear power creation. Drawing on disparate strands of scholarly inquiry- including ecocriticism, documentary theory, and science studies- Lynch reads these newer documentaries to illuminate how changing political, material, and economic realities have reshaped how opponents of nuclear energy imagine the relationships between body, place, and planet. She suggests that this reimagining is predicated on a complex global sensibility far more sophisticated than that embraced by past US opponents of nuclear power, as these newer films bring to mind what ecocritic Ursula Heise has described as "eco-cosmopolitanism" or "environmental world citizenship." This latter group of films, in fact, serves as a model for cosmopolitan environmental discourse, thus broadening the applicability of Heise's revisionary critique into a reconsideration of environmentalism as represented in documentary film.


With the tremendous introduction of internet protocol (IP) applications, the quality-of-service (QoS) becomes more and more an emergent issue. Concrete solutions can be adopted (IP/ATM/SONET/WDM) opening the way to new types of applications (interactive applications through the exploitation of voice and video) in a short-term approach. However, all the telecommunication community tries to provide new solutions offering capacity and flexibility in a simpler manner. In this paper, we present the concepts of a multiservice optical network studied in the framework of a French Research Program. The QoS could be offered through the combined exploitation of electronic memories in the edges and optical resources in the core of the optical network and through the coexistence of different types of connections. In particular, the traffic shaping in the edges is highlighted through simulation and demonstrates the real impact of this function to maintain the logical performance at its highest level. To propose concrete solutions for its implementation, two network scenarios are proposed. The first one, for the backbone, exhibits a novel optical packet switching architecture taking benefit of the massive presence of wavelengths to solve the contention. The second one, for the metro, shows a second optical packet switching architecture really adapted to the cost constraints (upgradability, compactness, granularity).


Richard Posner's new book, Law and Literature: A Misunderstood Relation, is a defense of "liberal legalism" against a group of modern critics who have only one thing in common: their use of either particular pieces of literature or literary theory to mount legal critiques. Perhaps for that reason, it is very hard to discern a unified thesis within Posner's book regarding the relationship between law and literature. In part, Posner is complaining about a pollution of literature by its use and abuse in political and legal argument; thus, the "misunderstood relation" to which the title refers. At times, Posner suggests that this is the major thesis of the book-he simply wants to rescue literature from its misuse by critics of legalism. By the end of the book, however, it is clear that Posner has no real passion for his claim that great literature is never really about law, that it is always about more exalted things, and that its use in legal or political arguments therefore is improper. Rather, Posner's real concern is the celebration and vindication of liberal legalism, and he is as happy using literature to celebrate liberal legalism as are its critics in making their attack. I will argue that Law and Literature ought to be read primarily as an impressionistic and impassioned celebration of legalism-liberal or conservative-and that the book contributes little to an understanding of either the works of literature or the legal and literary theories which it discusses. Although Posner's interpretations of pieces of literature that deal with legal themes are sometimes surprising and often interesting, those interpretations are transparently dependent on his main agenda, which is a spirited celebration of legalist virtues. Posner's book nevertheless should be of great interest to professional and academic legal audiences. It tells us something important about the distinguishing commitments of liberal legalism and the type of personality which it attracts. That alone, and entirely apart from the merits or demerits of the literary interpretations Posner presents, makes the book's celebration of legalism of great interest.More specifically, I will argue that the "liberal legalism" celebrated and passionately defended in Law and Literature rests on two essentially conservative convictions: (1) that our present law is, for the most part, as it should be, and (2) that our present law is, for the most part, as it must be. Legal authority, as it is presently constituted, Posner teaches, is generally both necessary and desirable; neither can we, nor should we, make fundamental changes in our law. Indeed, the book's impassioned celebrations of legal authority and of what Posner calls the "morality of obedience" to legal authority well illustrate the Critical Legal Studies movement's central and most controversial claim about liberal legal orthodoxy: that it is an essentially conservative and "Panglossian" faith in the virtue and necessity of existing authority-including, but not limited to, legal authority-that motivates as well as defines liberal legalist thought. The lasting importance of Law and Literature may turn out to be that its celebratory and conservative endorsement of authority unwittingly proves at least this aspect of the critics' case.I will also argue in this review that Law and Literature tells us something important about what motivates liberal legalism and what kind of personality is attached to it. It is often assumed, at least in the Critical Legal Studies movement, that the "Panglossian attitude" unique to liberal legalism-the distinctive faith in the virtue and necessity of legal authority-is motivated by "sentimentality," and, more specifically, by a sentimental view of the relation between our ideals and our law. According to the critics, this sentimentality is reflected in a paradigmatic type of argument, which I will call the "sentimental argument," in liberal legalist discourse. Thus, liberal legal arguments, according to their critics, typically begin with some independent value or moral ideal, such as efficiency, procedural fairness, or legal equality, as the first premise.The emotional need expressed by this second argument for liberal legalism-and the need which, I will argue, Posner's book makes fairly explicit-is not the sentimental need to see actual authority as perfectly congruent with our moral ideals; rather, it is the need to constrain the individual will by an external authority. If Posner's account of liberal legalism is at all representative, then the appeal of liberal legalism may be that it gives voice to the deep and human need to identify the individual's will, worth, power, and fate with the judgment of a higher, nonnatural, or simply "other" authority. If so, then liberal legalism may continue to resonate in the law school culture despite the barrage of debunking criticism directed against it, because it is the only ideology to do so.


Organisations operate in an increasingly dynamic environment. Consequently, the business models span several organisations, dealing with multiple stakeholders and their competing interests. As a result, the enterprise information systems supporting this new market setting are highly distributed, and their components are owned and managed by different stakeholders. For successful businesses to exist it is crucial that their enterprise architectures are derived from and aligned with viable business models. Business model ontologies (BMOs) are effective tools for designing and evaluating business models. However, the viability perspective has been largely neglected. In this paper, current BMOs have been assessed on their capabilities to support the design and evaluation of viable business models. As such, a list of criteria is derived from literature to evaluate BMOs from a viability perspective. These criteria are subsequently applied to six well-established BMOs, to identify a BMO best suited for design and evaluation of viable business models. The analysis reveals that, although none of the BMOs satisfy all the criteria, e3-value is the most appropriate BMO for designing and evaluating business models from a viability perspective. Furthermore, the identified deficits provide clear areas for enhancing the assessed BMOs from a viability perspective.


The approach to the problem of the alcohol impaired drivers to date has been directed at driver education and increased police enforcement. A complementary and parallel approach is presented here that engineering countermeasures to improve the roadway environment may more directly influence driver performance and contribute to reduced numbers of accidents. This paper will address the cost-effectiveness of roadway delineation as one of the engineering approaches to reduce night time single-vehicle accidents and particularly, those involving driver impairment. Current Canadian, American and European delineation practices, current research in the advancement of delineation devices and recommendations on effective maintenance standards will also be discussed.


Spectral evolution of a laser beam propagated in a planar waveguide filled with a Kerr medium is studied. A significant spectral broadening appears at the soliton threshold power. This broadening becomes asymmetric on the Stokes side in an excitation higher than two times the soliton threshold. We show clearly that self-phase modulation and stimulated Rayleigh scattering contribute together to this broadening and prove that the later limits the generation of a high-order soliton.


The most popular sentiment analysis task in Twitter is the automatic classification of tweets into sentiment categories such as positive, negative, and neutral. State-ofthe-art solutions to this problem are based on supervised machine learning models trained from manually annotated examples. These models are affected by label sparsity, because the manual annotation of tweets is labour-intensive and time-consuming. This thesis addresses the label sparsity problem for Twitter polarity classification by automatically building two type of resources that can be exploited when labelled data is scarce: opinion lexicons, which are lists of words labelled by sentiment, and synthetically labelled tweets. In the first part of the thesis, we induce Twitter-specific opinion lexicons by training words level classifiers using representations that exploit different sources of information: (a) the morphological information conveyed by part-of-speech (POS) tags, (b) associations between words and the sentiment expressed in the tweets that contain them, and (c) distributional representations calculated from unlabelled tweets. Experimental results show that the induced lexicons produce significant improvements over existing manually annotated lexicons for tweet-level polarity classification. In the second part of the thesis, we develop distant supervision methods for generating synthetic training data for Twitter polarity classification by exploiting unlabelled tweets and prior lexical knowledge. Positive and negative training instances are generated by averaging unlabelled tweets annotated according to a given polarity lexicon. We study different mechanisms for selecting the candidate tweets to be averaged. Our experimental results show that the training data generated by the proposed models produce classifiers that perform significantly better than classifiers trained from tweets annotated with emoticons, a popular distant supervision approach for Twitter sentiment analysis.


ABSTRACT For much of Oklahoma, augmentation of the seismic network with new public stations in the activated areas has followed rather than preceded the spread of seismicity across the state, and consequently the network geometry is often unfavorable for resolving the underlying fault structures. With this study, we reanalyze the existing earthquake catalog with additional data from two industry‐operated networks for the period May 2013 to November 2016. These networks include 40 seismic stations and cover seismically active north‐central Oklahoma with a station spacing on the order of 25 km. Relative locations obtained from waveform cross correlation reveal a striking pattern of seismicity, illuminating many previously unmapped faults. Absolute depths are usually well constrained to within 1 km. Relative locations provide about one order of magnitude better precision for resolving the structure of seismicity clusters. Relocated epicenters tend to cluster in linear trends of less than 1 km to more than 20 km in length. In areas with stations closer than about 10 km, we can resolve fault planes by strike and dip. These are generally in agreement with surface‐wave‐derived moment‐tensor solutions.


The impact of effective information flow in software ventures is analyzed through a recent case in which a hot, lucrative technology was lost on its way to the marketplace. The failure occurred despite the fact that the venture had many components crucial to success, including a proprietary intellectual property position, enormous market demand, a well-qualified, committed team, and sufficient funding. One reason for this failure is the lack of information flows among several parties critical to the success of the venture. This case suggests that in software markets that operate at breakneck pace and have short development cycles, effective information flow is a first-order priority. These blockages in information flows can stem from the nature of the cultures that are created to produce software ideas, especially proprietary technologies. The case also suggests that information can be affected by the clash between U.S. software market characteristics and Japanese business culture. Fortunately, there are inexpensive solutions that can substantially improve the return on investment, especially foreign investment, in new software technologies.


Provides a theory of decision making within business organizations. Contrary to the economic theory of the firm, which sees firms as profit-maximizing entities, the authors advocate a theory based on empirical observation of actual firm decision-making. Various features of firm decision-making are identified. First, firms are coalitions of participants whose individual goals may and often do conflict. How this conflict is resolved is determined by the firm's bargaining process. This process is constrained by past behavior and decisions. Second, the authors reject the notion that firms are one-dimensional profit-maximizers in favor of a view of firms as entities with many different objectives that will accept suboptimal outcomes if they are above a minimum level. Congruent with this, a firm's search activity occurs in response to a perceived problem and is limited in scope. The effect is that firm policies will change only incrementally. Also impeding radical policy change is the fact that firms react to uncertainty using standardized decision rules. Using this theory, two computer models of business decision-making are presented and compared with actual results. These models are shown to have especially good predictive power. (CAR)


In this study, the vibration of a cylindrical tank partially filled with liquid under motion modeled as mass lumped is investigated. A three-dimensional quasi-static model of a partially-filled tank of circular cross-section is developed and integrated into a comprehensive three-dimensional vehicle model to study its dynamic performance as a function of acceleration, and the fill volume. The liquid load movement occurring in the roll and pitch planes of the tank is derived as a function of the longitudinal acceleration, and then the corresponding shifted load is expressed in terms of center of mass coordinates and mass moments of inertia of the liquid bulk, assuming negligible influence of fundamental slosh frequency and viscous effects. The vibration characteristics of the partially filled tank vehicle are evaluated in terms of load shift, forces and moments induced by the cargo movement, and dynamic load transfer in the longitudinal direction. The semi analytical response is obtained by means of SimuLink? Matlab Software. The effects of longitudinal acceleration of the tank system on the liquid surface inclination and consequently shifting of centroids and moment of inertia are illustrated.


One of the most successful woman playwrights of her time, Virginie Ancelot (1792-1875) staged 21 plays at Paris theaters in the mid-nineteenth century. This exceptional writer and painter also left her mark on literature as one of the most prominent salonnières of her time. Often referred to as the new Hôtel de Rambouillet, Ancelot's salon attracted the most important authors of the day such as Stendhal, Vigny and Balzac. Her 1842 play L'Hôtel de Rambouillet, while set two centuries prior, bears reflection on Ancelot's own life as she simultaneously exalts the Marquise de Rambouillet while inserting herself into the same tradition of literary patronage. L'Hôtel de Rambouillet warrants rediscovery not only as an esteemed salonnière's homage to her predecessor, but also as a criticism of societal constraints imposed upon women. Ancelot staged the plight of women through a seemingly light-hearted play in which wit plays a pivotal role in subverting established patriarchal views of women and marriage.Ancelot states her intent in writing the play in the preface to her complete theatrical works: "L'Hôtel de Rambouillet représente avec la marquise une femme dans ses rapports avec la société des salons, et montre un esprit distingué, agissant sur la littérature de son siècle" (Dédicace 5). She incorporates writers such as Voiture and Tallament des Réaux among her cast of characters to emphasize the power of the salonnière as a protector and promoter of literary talent. Furthermore, the power of women in literary society takes center stage in Ancelot's presentation of exceptional women who overshadow the men in this play. L'Hôtel de Rambouillet provides a defense of maligned women associated with salon culture, namely Geneviève d'Urfé, while Ancelot's use of humor distances the esteemed Marquise de Rambouillet from the frivolous lifestyle associated with the précieuses. Ancelot's witty and poignant reinterpretation of salon life is an example of a subversive use of the theater to criticize the unequal treatment of women. Moreover, L'Hôtel de Rambouillet's focus on the importance of the salon in historical context combined with thinly veiled references to self allows Ancelot to laud the femme d'esprit while prompting a reconsideration of women's power in the salon.


Social status of and solidarity between participants in interaction are important for the way in which they formulate speech acts. The use of a particular language variety functions as a cue for the assessment of status and solidarity in intergroup interaction between strangers: speakers of a language variety are evaluated on these dimensions because of their use of that variety.In our research we compared the evaluations of language varieties, made by speakers of those varieties and made by relevant outgroups. Discongruency in evaluations is likely to prevent a smooth interaction between participants. Agreement in .evaluation can be the basis for a mutual nonproblematic interpretation of the interaction. Perceived differences between speakers can explain the use of certain accommodation strategies and politeness strategies.Our research concentrated on two accent varieties in relation to standard Dutch (AN), an ethnic variety Moluccan Dutch (MN) , and a regional variety Groningen Dutch (GN). There appeared to be interesting differences in the evaluations between the two accent groups in the city of Groningen. The Moluccan group evaluated the Correctness of MN and the Social Status of the MN-speaker more positively than the others did. The speakers of the regional GN however agreed with the AN-speakers about the low evaluation of GN and its speaker on this dimension. Moreover it turned out that the Moluccan group (by comparison) gave preference to the Moluccan speaker on the dimension of Solidarity, but that the GN-group preferred the AN-speaker. This result was similar to the degree of identification with speaker and language: the MN-group mostly with the MN-speaker, the GN-group with the AN-speaker.It is argued that these differences are the result of differences in the perception of the social identity of the groups.


This thesis is about change in foreign policy. It aims to develop the case study of Britain's entry to the European Community and theoretical perspectives of foreign policy change in a mutually helpful way. It contends that foreign policy change cannot be understood without both a theory of the international system and a theory of how governments make decisions and interact. A case will be made for adopting a cognitive theory of decision-making within a critical perspective of international structures. Where other approaches often force accounts of change into an analytical mould of movement towards a well-defined and predictable equilibrium, the critical/cognitive combination allows hypotheses to be formed about the uncertainties, imperfections and inchoateness of change. The case of British entry to the European Community, 1970-4, will illustrate the value of such hypotheses.


Abstract Autonomous underwater gliders are buoyancy propelled vehicles. Their way of propulsion relies upon changing their buoyancy with internal pumping systems enabling them up and down motions, and their forward gliding motions are generated by hydrodynamic lift forces exerted on a pair of wings attached to a glider hull. In this study lift and drag characteristics of a glider were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach and results were compared with the literature. Flow behavior, lift and drag forces distribution at different angles of attack were studied for Reynolds numbers varying around 105 for NACA0012 wing configurations. The variable of the glider was the angle of attack, the velocity was constant. Flow velocity was 0.5 m/s and angle of the body varying from −8° to 8° in steps of 2°. Results from the CFD constituted the basis for the calculation the equations of motions of glider in the vertical plane. Therefore, vehicle motion simulation was achieved through numeric integration of the equations of motion. The equations of motions will be solved in the MatLab software. This work will contribute to dynamic modelling and three-dimensional motion simulation of a torpedo shaped underwater glider.


I provide a visual representation of keyword trends and authorship for two flagship sociology journals using data from JSTOR's Data for Research repository. While text data have accompanied the digital spread of information, it remains inaccessible to researchers unfamiliar with the required preprocessing. The visualization and accompanying code encourage widespread use of this source of data in the social sciences.


A new nationwide public opinion research report finds that an overwhelming majority of Americans – 86 percent – believe the nation faces a retirement crisis.These findings are contained in a new research report, Retirement Security 2015: Roadmap for Policy Makers Americans' Views of the Retirement Crisis.More specifically, the research finds that:1. An overwhelming majority of Americans believe there is a retirement crisis. Some 86 percent agree that the nation faces a retirement crisis, and 57 percent strongly agree there is a crisis.2. Three in four Americans remain highly anxious about their retirement outlook, but the concern has dissipated slightly as the economy has recovered. Some 74 percent of Americans percent say they are concerned, down from 85 percent as reported in the 2013 study.3. Even though Americans feel slightly less stressed about their retirement prospects, support for steady and reliable retirement income from a pension is high and growing. In fact, 82 percent say a pension is worth having because it provides steady income that won't run out, while 67 percent of Americans indicate they would be willing to take less in pay increases in exchange for guaranteed income in retirement.4. Americans continue to feel that leaders in Washington do not understand their struggle to save for retirement, and they strongly support efforts by states to set up retirement plans for those workers without access to an employer sponsored plan. Some 87 percent of Americans say Washington policymakers do not understand how hard it is to prepare for retirement, while 84 percent say Washington needs to do more to help ensure retirement security.5. Americans see retirement benefits as a job feature that is almost as important as salary. Salary is viewed as important by 75 percent of American, and retirement benefits are close behind at 72 percent.6. Americans express strong support for pensions for public employees. Few Americans realize that 75 percent of public pension costs are paid for with employee contributions and investment returns. Some 87 percent of Americans say pensions are a good way to recruit and retain qualified teachers, police officers and firefighter. But, only one-fourth of Americans understood that public employers pay for 25 percent or less of public pension costs. More than eight out of ten — a vast majority of Americans — say that all employees, not just the public sector, should have a pension. Some 87 percent of Americans say pensions are a good way to recruit and retain qualified teachers, police officers and firefighters.7. Protecting Social Security benefits is increasingly important. Some 73 percent of Americans say it's a mistake to cut government spending in such a way as to reduce Social Security benefits for current retirees, up from 67 percent in 2013. When it comes to benefits for future generations, 69 percent oppose cutting government spending that reduces Social Security benefits. Americans are divided when it comes to increasing the amount of Social Security benefits by delaying the withdrawal of benefits at an older age: 42 percent agree with a delay while 52 percent disagree.This biennial nationwide public opinion research is the fourth poll that measures how Americans feel about their financial security in retirement and assesses their views on policies that could improve their retirement outlook. It is intended to serve as a tool for policymakers, thought leaders and retirement service providers as they work to stem the retirement crisis and re-fortify the U.S. retirement infrastructure.The polling was conducted by Greenwald & Associates as a nationwide telephone interview of 801 Americans age 25 or older. The data was balanced to reflect U.S. demographics for age, gender, and income. The margin of error is plus or minus 3.5 percent.


ANALYSIS OF AN AIR-SPACED PATCH ANTENNA NEAR 1800 MHz Hermine N. Akouemo Kengmo Kenfack, B. S. Marquette University, 2011 Microstrip antennas are a type of printed antenna which consists of a patch on top of a grounded substrate. A major limitation for the performance of the patch antenna is the dielectric substrate. The idea of using air as dielectric was therefore considered to overcome that limitation because air has the lowest permittivity and no loss. The goal of this work is to build an air-spaced patch antenna, with the minimum resonant frequency at 1800 MHz and with a return loss of at least 10 dB. This work is novel because the air-spaced patch antenna has not been extensively studied. Existing literature on patch antennas with dielectric were used for the design of the antenna (dimensions of the patch, ground plane and height) and to understand the principles of operation of microstrip patch antennas in general. Simulations using the NEC code and experiments in the RF laboratory were used for this air-spaced patch antenna study. The Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) was used as the simulation tool in this work. The air-spaced patch antenna was simulated to find a trend for the variation of the return loss and impedance with the resonant frequency. Simulation also helped determine cases that will not be meaningful to explore in the experiment. The experiment was done in the RF laboratory of Marquette University College of Engineering. Two procedures were used to calculate the patch dimensions using two different sources ([2], [3]). They lead to two patch antennas that were tested. For each antenna, the height of the dielectric substrate and the recess feed distance were varied. Antenna 2 (procedure 2 [3]) provided the best results with a resonant frequency of 1800 MHz and a return loss of 21 dB. It was found that the error between experimental and simulation resonant frequency is generally 5% or less. This error increases as the dielectric height increases, and as the recess distance increases. Simulation results roughly follow the experimental results trend.


We comprehensively review consumer empowerment, which has received increasing attention from academics and has given rise to inconsistent theoretical frameworks. Building on a multidisciplinary approach and a review of power models, we begin with a conceptualization of empowerment, identifying the concept's contours and origins. Then, we show how multidisciplinary advancements influence the marketing discipline through an assessment of the empowerment literature. We reveal important knowledge gaps on the topic related to different theoretical orientations and various levels of analysis and contexts. We then propose an organizing framework to help understand the underlying mechanisms induced in psychological empowerment by changes in the market structure and technological shifts, consumer-to-firm, state-to-consumer, and firm-to-consumer deliberate actions. Our critical review of the marketing literature reveals the limits of prior research, and we suggest directions for future theoretical and empirical research on the consumer empowerment theme.


Several seismic reflection surveys were conducted to investigate the seismogenic structure of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw=7.6) in central Taiwan. Two 40 km-long seismic profiles that crossed the area near the epicenter were acquired using the deep reflection method with a targeting depth of 10 km, to search for the decollement boundary. One of the obtained sections shows a clear reflection event that dips to the east by40° until reaching a depth of 8 km where the earthquake's source was located. This slant event is unambiguously related to the thrusting Chelungpu fault surface. The abundant eastward dipping reflectors on the deep reflection sections faithfully describe thrusting features predicted by the earthquake faulting model. Besides these deep reflections, we also used many shallow seismic reflection lines to delineate the structures in the northern portion of the fault zone, where large ruptures (about 10 m) occurred both on the surface and underground. The 3D structure of the fault surface can be deduced using this cost-effective approach. Although the depth imaged may be limited (e.g., 3 km), shallow seismic data still provides reliable information for the study of large ruptures, and to make better plans for deep wells that might be drilled in this area in the future.


We adopt the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) framework to handle cases of tablestructured data such as image blocks and image descriptors. This is achieved by coupling the regularization coefficients of rows and columns of features. We present two variants of this new gridRVM framework, based on the way in which the regularization coefficients of the rows and columns are combined. Appropriate variational optimization algorithms are derived for inference within this framework. The consequent reduction in the number of parameters from the product of the table's dimensions to the sum of its dimensions allows for better performance in the face of small training sets, resulting in improved resistance to overfitting, as well as providing better interpretation of results. These properties are demonstrated on synthetic data-sets as well as on a modern and challenging visual identification benchmark.


Organized around architectural projects, AutoCAD 2010 for Interior Design and Space Planning gives students an understanding of the commands and features of AutoCAD 2010 and demonstrates how to use the program to complete interior design and space planning projects. Building on fourteen years of updates, the book is appropriate for self-paced and lecture classes and covers both two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawings.


San Joaquin River Restoration Settlement Act - Directs the Secretary of the Interior to implement the terms and conditions of the Stipulation of Settlement dated September 13, 2006, in Natural Resources Defense Council, et al. v. Kirk Rodgers, et al. , in cooperation with the state of California, including measures to: (1) design and construct channel and structural improvements; (2) modify Friant Dam operations to provide Restoration Flows and Interim Flows; (3) acquire water, water rights, or options to acquire water from willing sellers; (4) implement terms and conditions related to recirculation, recapture, reuse, exchange, or transfer of water released for such flows; and (5) develop and implement the Recovered Water Account. Directs the Secretary to: (1) enter into agreements with California to facilitate or expedite Settlement implementation; and (2) identify impacts associated with such actions and measures to mitigate impacts on adjacent and downstream water users and landowners. Provides that Settlement implementation and the reintroduction of Chinook salmon shall not result in the involuntary reduction in contract water allocations to Central Valley Project long-term contractors apart from Friant Division contractors. Authorizes the Secretary to: (1) acquire through purchase from willing sellers property needed to implement the Settlement; and (2) dispose of such property. Requires proceeds from the disposal of such property to be deposited into the San Joaquin River Restoration Fund (established by this Act). Declares that the Settlement satisfies and discharges the Secretary's obligations under the Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustment Act of 1992. Provides for the reintroduction of Chinook salmon into the San Joaquin River.


"...prodigious research ...results in a perceptive analysis ...the outcome is an exemplary work and a major contribution in understanding the role of the Jacobin clubs in the history of the French Revolution." * Choice "...a solidly researched and well-written book. Kennedy has done much to provide new information regarding the inner workings of the Jacobin clubs in the Revolution." * Labour/Travail A pendant to two well-received books by the same author on the departmental clubs during the early years of the Revolution, this book is the product of thirty years of scholarly study, including archival research in Paris and in more than seventy departments in France. It focuses on the twenty-eight months from May 1793 to August 1795, a period spanning the Federalist Revolt, the Terror, and the Thermidorian Reaction. The Federalist Revolt, in which many clubs were involved, had momentous consequences for all of them and was, in the local setting, the principal cause of the Reign of Terror, a period in which more than 5,300 communes had clubs that reached the zenith of their power and influence, engaging in a myriad of political, administrative, judicial, religious, economic, social, and war-related activities. The book ends with their decline and final dissolution by a decree of the Convention in Paris. Michael Kennedy is Chair of the History Department at Winthrop University.


This study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of educating cognitive processing based social skills on improvement of social skills and life quality in students afflicted with dyslexia. This test was administered in a quasi-experimental method through pretests and post-test on the control group. The study population included all the male students of Kohhdasht city in the academic year 2014-15 aging 12 to 16. The research sample included 30 dyslexic male students chosen among dyslexic students after structural clinical interview and teacher's reports and placed randomly in the experiment and witness groups. Mathson's social skills scale (1983) and social life (SF-36) were used to sum up the data. The results of the multivariable covariance analysis (MANCOVA) shows that teaching cognitive processing based social skills has a positive effect on the improvement of the social skills and life quality in the dyslexic students (P<0.001). Since dyslexic students experience depression and loneliness in addition to educational problems and show lower levels of social interaction compared to the normal students, this intervention can help improve their social skills.


The aim of this work is to investigate, using extensive Monte Carlo computer simulations, composite materials consisting of liquid crystals doped with nanoparticles. These systems are currently of great interest as they offer the possibility of tuning the properties of liquid crystals used in displays and other devices as well as providing a way of obtaining regularly organized systems of nanoparticles exploiting the molecular organization of the liquid crystal medium.
Surprisingly enough, there is however a lack of fundamental knowledge on the properties and phase behavior of these hybrid materials, making the route to their application an essentially empirical one.
Here we wish to contribute to the much needed rationalization of these systems studying some basic effects induced by different nanoparticles on a liquid crystal
host. We investigate in particular the effects of nanoparticle shape, size and polarity
as well as of their affinity to the liquid crystal solvent on the stability of the system,
monitoring phase transitions, order and molecular organizations. To do this we have proposed a coarse grained approach where nanoparticles are modelled as a suitably
shaped (spherical, rod and disk like) collection of spherical Lennard-Jones beads, while the mesogens are represented with Gay-Berne particles.
We find that the addition of apolar nanoparticles of different shape typically lowers the nematic–isotropic transition of a non-polar nematic, with the destabilization
being greater for spherical nanoparticles. For polar mesogens we have studied the effect of solvent affinity of the nanoparticles showing that aggregation takes places
for low solvation values. Interestingly, if the nanoparticles are polar the aggregates contribute to stabilizing the system, compensating the shape effect.
We thus find the overall effects on stability to be a delicate balance of often contrasting contributions pointing to the relevance of simulations studies for understanding these complex systems.


Extraction and electron irradiation (under transmission electron microscopy) of an epitaxial nanometer-thick α-PbO 2 -type TiO 2 slab between twinned rutile bicrystals in ultra-high pressure metamorphic rock caused phase changes into a modified fluorite-type and then an amorphous phase. This martensitic-type transition process accounts for the dislocations and stacking faults of the slab and disordering of Ti in the adjoined rutile bicrystals. Additional hydrothermal experiments of sol-gel TiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 performed at 8.5–9 kbar and 675–800°C in the piston-cylinder apparatus indicated that twinned rutile bicrystals were shaped in mirror image without the formation of α-PbO 2 -type TiO 2 slab at the twin boundary and with no other planar defects for the bicrystals. The twinned bicrystals can be rationalized by growth and/or coalescence processes. Accordingly, it is not justified to assume a precursor phase of α-PbO 2 -type structure for twinned rutile bicrystals when there is no such relic. Rutile, unless exsolved epitaxially from a host mineral such as garnet, does not constitute evidence for unusually deep burial for ultra-high pressure terranes.


On August 24, 2016, comedienne Leslie Jones's personal website was hacked and flooded with sexist and racist imagery stolen largely from her personal accounts. This attack came on the heels of months of online abuse from trolls on Twitter, most recently lead by Breitbart editor Milo Yiannopoulos. Through a multiplatform discourse analysis of the Leslie Jones hack, this paper examines the connections between platform vulnerabilities and the vulnerabilities of women, as well as the links between the rise of the alt-right and the mainstreaming of racist, misogynistic trolling behaviors. Building on Whitney Phillips's (2015) arguments about the connections between trolling and mainstream culture, this case study maps a moment when these subcultural behaviors were becoming more dominant and provides a microcosm through which to understand the interconnectedness between digital platforms, politics and Politics, race, and gender. Utilizing a qualitative interpretation of Jean Burgess and Ariadna Matamoros-Fernandez's (2016) multiplatform issue mapping, three key themes emerged: messages of support and affirmation; the need for intervention; and the connection between this incident, systemic racism and sexism, and the rise of the alt-right. Overall, the discourse around Leslie Jones's hack evinces the mainstreaming of both policy discourse around online harassment and the supposedly subcultural trolling culture that frequently aligns with the alt-right. While other instances of online harassment have garnered significant media attention, the hatred toward Jones surfaced at a cultural and political tipping point, speaking to larger political divides within the United States.


Let $F$ be a $k\times \ell$ (0,1)-matrix. We say a (0,1)-matrix $A$ has $F$ as a configuration if there is a submatrix of $A$ which is a row and column permutation of $F$. In the language of sets, a configuration is a trace and in the language of hypergraphs a configuration is a subhypergraph . Let $F$ be a given $k\times \ell$ (0,1)-matrix. We define a matrix to be simple if it is a (0,1)-matrix with no repeated columns. The matrix $F$ need not be simple. We define $\hbox{forb}(m,F)$ as the maximum number of columns of any simple $m$-rowed matrix $A$ which do not contain $F$ as a configuration. Thus if $A$ is an $m\times n$ simple matrix which has no submatrix which is a row and column permutation of $F$ then $n\le\hbox{forb}(m,F)$. Or alternatively if $A$ is an $m\times (\hbox{forb}(m,F)+1)$ simple matrix then $A$ has a submatrix which is a row and column permutation of $F$. We call $F$ a forbidden configuration .  The fundamental result is due to Sauer, Perles and Shelah, Vapnik and Chervonenkis. For $K_k$ denoting the $k\times 2^k$ submatrix of all (0,1)-columns on $k$ rows, then $\hbox{forb}(m,K_k)=\binom{m}{k-1}+\binom{m}{k-2}+\cdots \binom{m}{0}$. We seek asymptotic results for $\hbox{forb}(m,F)$ for a fixed $F$ and as $m$ tends to infinity . A conjecture of Anstee and Sali predicts the asymptotically best constructions from which to derive the asymptotics of $\hbox{forb}(m,F)$. The conjecture has helped guide the research and has been verified for $k\times \ell$ $F$ with $k=1,2,3$ and for simple $F$ with $k=4$ as well as other cases including $\ell=1,2$. We also seek exact values for $\hbox{forb}(m,F)$.


This paper presents an energy-based control strategy to be used in robotic systems working closely or cooperating with humans. The presented method bounds the dangerous behavior of the robot during the first instants of the impact by limiting the energy stored into the system to a maximum imposed value.Two critical physical human robot interaction (pHRI) cases are studied, these are the collision either against a free or a clamped head. Safe energy values that can be used as reference were retrieved by analysing experimental data of energy absorption to failure of cranium bones and cervical spinal cords.The energy regulation control is implemented in a series elastic actuator prototype joint. The model and the control scheme of the system are analysed. The proposed control scheme is a position-based controller that adjusts the position trajectory reference in function of the maximum energy value imposed by the user. Preliminary results are presented to show that the actuator unit and this control scheme are capable of limiting the energy to a maximum imposed value.


This study examined the relationship between Board diversity and financial performance of firms listed in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. Data on Boards' age, gender, educational qualifications, study specialization, and board specialization as well as the companies' financial performance were obtained from 40 companies using a structured questionnaire. Using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, the results show that there is a weak positive association between board diversity and financial performance. Overall, the results indicate a statistically not significant effect of board diversity on financial performance except for the independent effect of board study specialization on dividend yield. The results partially concur with agency and resource dependency theories of corporate governance as well as similar empirical studies. Ensuing implications for theory, policy and practice as well as methodology are also discussed.


The lateral load bearing capacity of masonry walls depends mainly on its slenderness and the applied axial load. Often the lateral load is not critical but when seismic activity, caused by the winning of natural gas, becomes perceptible, this is no longer the case. Seismic actions cause vibrations in walls which induce lateral forces, varying in time. To study the behaviour of walls under lateral loads, a test set-up was developed. This paper discusses practical aspects of this set-up and the results of preliminary tests on 100 mm thick unreinforced masonry walls. In these tests, the axial load, representing loading by floor loads, was kept as constant as possible during each test. At mid-height of the wall, the out-of-plane deformation, was controlled. At that position, the test wall was cyclically pushed and pulled over a distance of up to 50 mm. In this three point bending test set-up the behaviour was governed by a three hinged rigid body mechanism, as expected. The tests showed the effects of different axial load levels. The lateral resistance of walls increases when axial loads are higher. In the preliminary tests, resemblance is found between experimental and analytical results. After some improvements, the full experimental program, which involves both unreinforced and strengthened masonry walls, under dynamic cyclic loading, will be performed.


Abstract. Primary productivity of continental and marine ecosystems is often limited or co-limited by phosphorus. Deposition of atmospheric aerosols provides the major external source of phosphorus to marine surface waters. However, only a fraction of deposited aerosol phosphorus is water soluble and available for uptake by phytoplankton. We propose that atmospheric acidification of aerosols is a prime mechanism producing soluble phosphorus from soil-derived minerals. Acid mobilization is expected to be pronounced where polluted and dust-laden air masses mix. Our hypothesis is supported by the soluble compositions and reconstructed pH values for atmospheric particulate matter samples collected over a 5-yr period at Finokalia, Crete. In addition, at least tenfold increase in soluble phosphorus was observed when Saharan soil and dust were acidified in laboratory experiments which simulate atmospheric conditions. Aerosol acidification links bioavailable phosphorus supply to anthropogenic and natural acidic gas emissions, and may be a key regulator of ocean biogeochemistry.


Recent studies on endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute inflammatory response in the lung are reviewed. The acute airway inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin is mediated through Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 signalling as mice deficient for TLR4 or CD14 are unresponsive to endotoxin. Acute bronchoconstriction, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)‐12 and keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (KC) production, protein leak and neutrophil recruitment in the lung are abrogated in mice deficient for the adaptor molecules myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll/Interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR)‐domain‐containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), but independent of TIR‐domain‐containing adaptor‐inducing interferon‐beta (TRIF). In particular, LPS‐induced TNF is required for bronchoconstriction, but dispensable for inflammatory cell recruitment. Lipopolysaccharide induces activation of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inhibition of pulmonary MAPK activity abrogates LPS‐induced TNF production, bronchoconstriction, neutrophil recruitment into the lungs and broncho‐alveolar space. In conclusion, TLR4‐mediated, bronchoconstriction and acute inflammatory lung pathology to inhaled endotoxin are dependent on TLR4/CD14/MD2 expression using the adapter proteins TIRAP and MyD88, while TRIF, IL‐1R1 or IL‐18R signalling pathways are dispensable. Further downstream in this axis of signalling, TNF blockade reduces only acute bronchoconstriction, while MAPK inhibition abrogates completely endotoxin‐induced inflammation.


The global financial crisis in 2007 and 2008 revealed many flaws in European financial markets – including the financial supervisory system. In accordance with the recommendations made in the de Larosiere Report, the Commission proposed to set up a European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS). On 24 November 2010, the new system was established. For Iceland and the other EFTA states that form the internal market along with EU Member States through the EEA Agreement, this new system posed some problems. The system did not quite fit into the so-called two-pillar structure of the EEA agreement, which did not envisage such transfer of powers to 'supranational' bodies in the same way as the EU Member States. It was, therefore, necessary to adapt the new system to the EEA two-pillar structure, which meant a more complex system for the EEA EFTA states. The aim of this article is to clarify how the new European System of Financial Supervision has been incorporated into the EEA agreement and to describe how the supervisory structure has developed throughout the years from an EEA EFTA state´s perspective.


Discovering relevant input features for predicting a target variable is a key scientific question. However, in many domains, such as medicine and biology, feature selection is confounded by a scarcity of labeled samples coupled with significant correlations among features. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning approach to feature selection that addresses both challenges simultaneously. First, we pre-train the network using unlabeled samples within a self-supervised learning framework by solving pretext tasks that require the network to learn informative representations from partial feature sets. Then, we fine-tune the pre-trained network to discover relevant features using labeled samples. During both training phases, we explicitly account for the correlation structure of the input features by generating correlated gate vectors from a multivariate Bernoulli distribution. Experiments on multiple real-world datasets including clinical and omics demonstrate that our model discovers relevant features that provide superior prediction performance compared to the state-of-the-art benchmarks, in practical scenarios where there is often limited labeled data and high correlations among features.


Microbially derived lipids have recently attracted renewed interests due to their broad applications in production of green diesels, cosmetic additives, and oleochemicals. Metabolic engineering efforts have targeted a large portfolio of biosynthetic pathways to efficiently convert sugar to lipids in oleaginous yeast. In the engineered overproducing strains, endogenous cell metabolism typically generates harmful electrophilic molecules that compromise cell fitness and productivity. Lipids, particularly unsaturated fatty acids, are highly susceptible to oxygen radical attack and the resulting oxidative species are detrimental to cell metabolism and limit lipid productivity. In this study, we investigated cellular oxidative stress defense pathways in Yarrowia lipolytica to further improve the lipid titer, yield, and productivity. Specifically, we determined that coupling glutathione disulfide reductase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase along with aldehyde dehydrogenase are efficient solutions to combat reactive oxygen and aldehyde stress in Y. lipolytica. With the reported engineering strategies, we were able to synchronize cell growth and lipid production, improve cell fitness and morphology, and achieved industrially‐relevant level of lipid titer (72.7 g/L), oil content (81.4%) and productivity (0.97 g/L/h) in controlled bench‐top bioreactors. The strategies reported here represent viable steps in the development of sustainable biorefinery platforms that potentially upgrade low value carbons to high value oleochemicals and biofuels. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1521–1530. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The foundations for the modern textile industry were laid by the technical developments of the 18th century. Textile industries grew in Europe - especially England, Belgium, France - and in the USA. But after World War II, the textile industry underwent significant changes worldwide. Textile manufacturing expanded and China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea became competitive with European and United States industry. Restrictive quotas and tariffs were imposed by countries who felt their industries threatened, and countries automated their textile industries to combat lower priced competition. Stanley Chapman has selected more than 100 articles that identify the key historical developments and which reveal the complex issues within the textile industry today.


Background: The trends in medical publishing are towards electronic versions and the use of English language. The objective of this study was to compare general practitioners' ability to retain information when reading onpaper versus on screen, and in their mother tongue versus in the English. Material and methods: Randomized controlled trial of 114 Scandinavian general practitioners. They read a review article for ten minutes either on paper/in English, on screen/ in English, on paper/in their mother tongue, or on screen/in their mother tongue. Afterwards they completed a questionnaire with six open questions from the article. The main outcome measure was sum score on a scale from 0 (no correct answers) to 13 (all questions answered correctly). Results: We found no difference between readers of paper and screen versions (median [interquartile range] 4 [2-6] vs. 4 [2-5], p=0.97). Those who read their mother tongue scored significantly higher than those who read English (4 [3-6] vs. 3 [2-4], p=0.01). Conclusion: The medium (paper vs. screen) does not influence the ability of general practitioners to retain medical information. Doctors best retain medical information when reading it in their mother tongue.


The traditional theory of IP is that the prospect of future reward provides an ex ante incentive to innovate. An increasingly common justification for longer and more powerful IP rights is ex post - that IP will be "managed" most efficiently if control is consolidated in a single owner. This argument is made, for example, in the prospect and rent dissipation literature in patent law, in justifications for expansive rights of publicity, and in defense of the Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. Taken to an extreme, this argument justifies perpetual protection with no real exceptions. Those who rely on this theory take the idea of IP as "property" too seriously, and reason that since individual pieces of property are perpetually managed, IP should be too. But IP isn't just like real property; indeed, it gives IP owners control over what others do with their real property. The ex post justification is strikingly anti-market. We would never say today that the market for paper clips would be "efficiently managed" if put into the hands of a single firm. We rely on competition to do that for us. But that is exactly what the ex post theory would do. In this paper, I explore the sub rosa development of this ex post theory of IP. I argue that the basis for continued control is the assumption that the value of IP rights will be dissipated if they are used too much. This argument is fundamentally at odds with the public goods nature of information. It stems from a particular sort of myopia about private ordering, in which actions by individual private firms are presumed to be ideal and the traditional role of the market in disciplining errant firms is ignored.


Anecdotal evidence suggested that South African Small to Medium Enterprises (SME) who have access to Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools as part of their enterprise resource planning software are not adopting these tools. This was seen as a problem because the SME sector forms the foundation for economic growth and the adoption of AI in this sector could enhance its ability to compete on a global stage. Hence the purpose of this research is to understand this lack of adoption. This qualitative study follows an interpretive philosophy and an inductive approach. Seven medium sized companies were selected across a variety of industry sectors and executives from each company were interviewed. The findings reveal that even though the participants generally have a clear understanding of the benefits of AI adoption and can articulate use cases, there are inhibiting factors preventing adoption. Primary among these inhibiting factors is the fear of losing control of critical business processes to a machine-based algorithm and the perceived lack of IT maturity to adopt and manage these AI tools. The value of these findings is that they provide an understanding of the barriers to AI adoption as well us highlighting the South African characteristic of reliance on informal networks to guide adoption decisions.


There is a well-established theoretical and empirical literature that shows that exporters are more innovative than otherwise equivalent non-exporters. In this paper we ask whether this is also true when it comes to the effects of adopting greener production techniques. Using an instrumental variables strategy based on UK firm level data, we find robust evidence that exporters are more likely to report their innovation as having a 'high/very high' environmental effect.


This research aims to design three educational programmes based on blended learning delivery to students attending the "introduction to educational technology" course. Each programme differs in its blending proportion between traditional and e-learning. The objective is to determine the most suitable blending ratio between the two delivery formats for this course, and compare the effectiveness of the three blending levels to the traditional instruction in terms of developing students' academic achievement and their attitudes towards using blended learning at the College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University. The results show a statistically significant difference at the level of <0.05 between the mean scores of all the experimental groups and the three control groups in the post academic achievement test, in favour of the experimental groups. The research recommends using a blended learning strategy with all blending ratios in teaching and developing different learning variables, such as understanding and thinking.


Julian Stair's project Quietus : The vessel, death and the human body saw him tour a large group of monumental vessels, installations and ceramic objects to four prominent venues in the UK . The subject of the exhibition was Stair's development of funerary and cinerary ware, with the mode of presentation at each of the venues being highly specific to their very different atmospheres and curatorial approaches. This publication reviews some of the experiences of creating and seeing Julian Stair's work over 2012-13, and provides a unique model for ways in which exhibition making can be assessed. The texts include: an interview with Julian Stair by curator and writer Helen Waters, discussing the Quietus work within the context of Stair s practice; an essay by James Beighton, Curator at MIMA, on the relationship between 'Quietus' and MIMA's programme of large-scale ceramics installations; an essay by Andrew Renton of National Museum Wales, discussing how archaeology specialists contributed to the project, integrating Bronze age / Iron age funerary and cinerary ware; parallel texts by Sophie Hacker, arts consultant to Winchester Cathedral, and Roland Riems, Canon Chancellor of Winchester Cathedral, describing the Quietus display there; an assessment of Quietus by Michael Tooby using a commentary based on audience responses at each venue. The publication is designed by Geoffrey Winston of Graphics with Art, powerfully illustrated with installation photographs taken at each venue by Jan Baldwin. First published in 2013 by Wunderkammer Press in partnership with the Ceramics Research Centre, University of Westminster and MIMA Middlesbrough, and with the support of Amgueddfa Cymru National Museum Wales, and the Dean and Chapter, Winchester Cathedral.


ABSTRACT
 A critical aspect of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) aquaculture is industry dependence on a highly variable supply of wild seed. The objective of this study was to investigate responses of cultured pediveligers of blue mussels to different types of rope collectors. The study consisted of two trials in which competent larvae (approximately 5,000 per experimental tank—400 L) were exposed to rope collectors (polyethylene and polypropylene) exhibiting diverse structural features such as long loops, short loops, long filaments, short filaments, and smooth (Trial I—four rope types; Trial II—five rope types). In Trial I, rope segments (3 cm long) were placed at two different levels in four culture tanks (top and bottom of water column). In Trial II, segments were placed in the middle of the water column in six culture tanks. After 5 days, rope collectors were removed from experimental tanks and the number of settled larvae on each segment was counted. Rope collectors with the highest structural complexity/greatest surface area (long loops) elicited the strongest settlement response (highest densities) of mussel larvae, whereas those with the lowest complexity/least surface area (smooth) elicited the weakest response. Position within tank (top versus bottom; Trial I) had no significant effect on settlement density. Hatchery-reared mussel seed could be a reliable alternative to wild seed, and ropes with complex features should be used as larval collectors as they enhance settlement density which, in turn, could reduce production costs.


Today's global marine diversity hotspot is located in the Indo-Malayan region of the Indo-West Pacific. Numerous groups of marine organisms including mollusks contribute to this high taxonomic richness that is thought to have originated in the Early Neogene. Because the available fossil data to document patterns of diversification in the Cenozoic of SE-Asia are comparatively sparse, the collection of new data is needed. To perform this task, the Marie-Curie Initial Training Network Throughflow was formed in 2010, focusing on the Miocene of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This thesis represents one of eleven projects of the Throughflow program. The initial aim of the presented research was the reconstruction of marine mollusk biodiversity in the Miocene of Indonesia. To make useful comparisons of species diversity over time it is necessary to compare faunas from the same paleohabitat, because species richness varies considerably among different environments. For the following reasons seagrass meadows and associated mollusk assemblages were selected as a model habitat and model group for this research: significance of seagrass meadows as ecologically important marine habitats; abundance and species richness of mollusks in seagrass meadows; high biodiversity of seagrasses and associated mollusks in the study region; excellent preservation of fossil material; availability of fossil seagrass-associated mollusk faunas in the study area that represent different stratigraphic intervals. The focus on a specific paleohabitat also comes with challenges; in particular the addressed paleohabitat has to be reliably identified. Seagrasses have a poor fossil record and their former presence has to be inferred using other approaches. This is why the focus of this research shifted towards investigating possibilities of the successful identification of paleo-seagrass meadows as a base for future biodiversity studies. Therefore, a suite of indirect paleo-seagrass indicators has been established in order to differentiate paleo-seagrass meadows from other shallow marine habitats in the geological record. This also includes the detailed characterization of two mollusk assemblages from a seagrass meadow and a coral carpet environment in the study area as well as studies on the potential of mollusk assemblages as paleoenvironmental indicators. Especially, assessments of feeding ecology, δ13C signals of shells and the presence of the obligate seagrass feeder Smaragdia enable the identifications of paleo-seagrass habitats.Using these indicators paleo-seagrass meadows can be discriminated and the study of timing and context of diversification of associated mollusk assemblages becomes possible. High species richness and high numbers of undescribed taxa make such studies challenging. In order to investigate the timing and context of diversification standardized analyses are required, and material from existing museum collections appears to be of limited use as unknown collecting biases may apply.


Chapter 4 describes the synthesis and development of a Conceptual Design Evaluation Method (CDEM) that is an amalgam of a number of methods and approaches taken principally from the probability, reliability, and quality domains. Decomposition of design is employed to enable evaluation at design characteristic level with the total design evaluation being achieved via recomposition by means of Conceptual Design Factor Ratings (CDFR) and Conceptual Design Solution Ratings (CDSR).

This methodology is next tested, within a controlled design environment, in order that its validity can be assessed. The experimental approach used is described in Chapter 5. The results of this experiment, which uses students along with technical and academic staff from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Glasgow as subjects, indicate that the developed Conceptual Design Evaluation Methodology does exhibit validity within the limits of the experimental environment. It is shown that the CDEM can match expert selection of preferred concept options thus offering the potential of enhancing novice capability and of providing advisory support to experienced designers. The experiment also exposes the problem of objectivity in design evaluation however it is also shown that the CDEM approach acts to mitigate against this tendency by effectively reminding the designer of the benefits of a range of conceptual options. In parallel, the experiment also exposes the limits of human objective evaluation in terms of the complexity of criteria addressed as well as the number of conceptual options considered. Once again CDEM is shown to enable evaluative objectivity to be maintained with increasing complexity.

It is also suggested that the CDEM approach is appropriate for a concurrent engineering environment since it displays a capacity to enhance traceability of design decision making. Finally, conclusions are provided regarding the specific outcomes of the described research along with implications for the wider issues of coherent design research strategy and professional engineering design practice.


Partially linear models (PLMs) are important generalizations of linear models and are very useful for analyzing high-dimensional data. Compared to linear models, the PLMs possess desirable flexibility of nonparametric regression models because they have both linear and non-linear components. Variable selection for PLMs plays an important role in practical applications and has been extensively studied with respect to the linear component. However, for the non-linear component, variable selection has been well developed only for PLMs with extra structural assumptions such as additive PLMs and generalized additive PLMs. There is currently an unmet need for variable selection methods applicable to general PLMs without structural assumptions on the non-linear component. In this paper, we propose a new variable selection method based on learning gradients for general PLMs without any assumption on the structure of the non-linear component. The proposed method utilizes the reproducing-kernel-Hilbert-space tool to learn the gradients and the group-lasso penalty to select variables. In addition, a block-coordinate descent algorithm is suggested and some theoretical properties are established including selection consistency and estimation consistency. The performance of the proposed method is further evaluated via simulation studies and illustrated using real data. ∗Supported by NIH grants P30 CA016087 and P30 AG008051. The authors thank the editor, the associate editor and the referees for insightful comments and suggestions.


Serial concatenation of Hamming codes and an accumulator has been shown to achieve near capacity performance at high code rates. However, these codes usually exhibit poor error floor performance due to their small minimum distances. To overcome this weakness, we propose to replace the outer Hamming codes by product codes constructed from Hamming codes and single-parity-check codes. In this way, the minimum distance of the outer code can be doubled, which is expected to increase the minimum distance of the serially concatenated code and thus to improve error floor performance. Three-dimensional EXIT chart is used for their convergence analysis and the derived thresholds are shown to be close to Shannon limit. Low weight distance spectrum of the proposed code is also calculated and compared with the original code. Simulation results show that the proposed codes can lower the error floor by two orders of magnitudes without waterfall performance degradation at short block length.


Abstract Effects of grazing management systems (GS) on biomass production and nutritional quality of rangeland vegetation in semiarid regions are extensively studied; however, limited information is available regarding their effects on diet digestibility and feed intake of grazing livestock. We therefore analyzed digestibility of ingested organic matter (dOM), organic matter intake (OMI), and live weight gain (LWG) of sheep in a grazing experiment established in the Inner Mongolian steppe of China, where two GS were tested for six different grazing intensities (GI) from very light to heavy grazing. For the continuous grazing system, sheep grazed the same plots each year, and for the alternating system, grazing and hay making were alternated annually between two adjacent plots. In July, August, and September 2009 and 2010, feed intake and live weight of sheep were determined. The GS did not affect dOM (P = 0.101), OMI (P = 0.381), and LWG of sheep (P = 0.701). Across both GS LWG decreased from 98 g · d−1 for GI1 to 62 g · d−1 for GI6 (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.42). There were no interactions between GS and GI for all measured parameters (P ≥ 0.061), indicating that alternating grazing did not compensate for negative effects of heavy grazing even after 4 yr of grassland use. In summary, our study showed that irrespective of GI, alternating grassland use does not improve dOM, OMI, and hence, LWG of sheep. However, it might enhance revenues and ecological sustainability in the long term when compared to the common practice of continuous grazing at very high stocking rates.


This study describes Australian year eight students' (13–14 years old) experiences with alcohol in terms of communication with parents, initiation into drinking, patterns of consumption, context of use, and harms experienced. The sample comprised 521 year eight students from four state government secondary schools in the state of Victoria. Three of the schools are in Melbourne, the capital of Victoria; the fourth is in a rural center. Female and rural students were more likely to talk to parents about alcohol, but this was not associated with safer drinking. Initiation into drinking was higher among rural students. Rural students also drank more, were more likely to drink without adult supervision, to drink to get drunk, and drink more than planned. Student drinkers experienced just over four alcohol-related harms on average in 12 months, with some indication of greater harm among rural students. Higher levels of drinking by rural students, accompanied by more risky patterns of consumption and the possibility of greater harm, supports prioritizing interventions in rural schools.


Silviano Santiago has been a pioneer in the development of concepts crucial to the discourse of contemporary critical and cultural theory, especially postcolonial theory. The notions of "hybridity" and "the space in-between" have been so completely absorbed into current theory that few scholars even realize these terms began with Santiago. He was the first to introduce poststructuralist thought to Brazil—via his publication of the Glossario de Derrida and his role as a prominent teacher. The Space In-Between translates many of his seminal essays into English for the first time and, in the process, introduces the thought of one of Brazil's foremost critics and theorists of the late twentieth century.

Santiago's work creates a theoretical field that transcends both the study of a specific national literature and the traditional perspectives of comparative literature. He examines the pedagogical and modernizing mission of Western voyagers from the conquistadors to the present. He deconstructs the ideas of "original" and "copy," unpacking their implications for the notions of so-called dominant and dominated cultures. Santiago also confronts questions of cultural dependency and analyzes the problems involved in the imposition of an alien European history, the cultural displacements experienced by the Indians through their religious conversion, and the hierarchical suppression of native and Afro-Brazilian values.

Elegantly written and translated, The Space In-Between will provide insights and perspectives that will interest cultural and literary theorists, postcolonial scholars, and other students of contemporary culture.


This thesis will examine the nineteenth-century supernatural stories
written by women connected to Spiritualism. These include 'standard'
ghost stories, esoteric novels and works infused with Spiritualist and
occult themes and tropes.
The middle- and upper-class Victorian woman was already considered
something of a spirit guide within her own home; following the
emergence of Modern Spiritualism in the 1850s, women were afforded
the opportunity to become paid spirit guides (that is, mediums and
lecturers) in the public sphere. Spiritualism was an empowering force
for female mediums like Elizabeth d'Esperance and Emma Hardinge
Britten, and Spiritualist philosopher Catherine Crowe. In this thesis I will
examine how these new power dynamics—to use Britten's phrasing,
the 'place and mission of woman'—are reflected in society and
literature. This thesis sees Spiritualism as the impetus for several occult
movements which emerged near to the end of century, including Marie
Corelli's Electrical Christianity, Madame Blavatsky's Theosophy, and
Florence Farr's Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Each of these
women founded, or had significant input in the founding of, their
respective creeds.
There is an area of critical neglect around the fiction written by these
women. Corelli's works are often analysed in the New Woman
framework, but rarely in the spiritual or occult; scholarly interest in
Blavatsky focuses on the incredible power she consolidated, but her
Theosophical fiction tends to be dismissed in favour of her treatises;
d'Esperance's fiction has not been properly examined thus far.
With this thesis I hope to offer a re-reading or re-framing of this
supernatural literature by placing it, and its authors, in its socio-political
context at the tumultuous end of the nineteenth century.


Long tool bits are undergoing development that can be stowed compactly until used as rock- or ground-penetrating probes actuated by ultrasonic/sonic mechanisms. These bits are designed to be folded or rolled into compact form for transport to exploration sites, where they are to be connected to their ultrasonic/ sonic actuation mechanisms and unfolded or unrolled to their full lengths for penetrating ground or rock to relatively large depths. These bits can be designed to acquire rock or soil samples and/or to be equipped with sensors for measuring properties of rock or soil in situ. These bits can also be designed to be withdrawn from the ground, restowed, and transported for reuse at different exploration sites. Apparatuses based on the concept of a probe actuated by an ultrasonic/sonic mechanism have been described in numerous prior NASA Tech Briefs articles, the most recent and relevant being "Ultrasonic/ Sonic Impacting Penetrators" (NPO-41666) NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 32, No. 4 (April 2008), page 58. All of those apparatuses are variations on the basic theme of the earliest ones, denoted ultrasonic/sonic drill corers (USDCs). To recapitulate: An apparatus of this type includes a lightweight, low-power, piezoelectrically driven actuator in which ultrasonic and sonic vibrations are generated and coupled to a tool bit. The combination of ultrasonic and sonic vibrations gives rise to a hammering action (and a resulting chiseling action at the tip of the tool bit) that is more effective for drilling than is the microhammering action of ultrasonic vibrations alone. The hammering and chiseling actions are so effective that the size of the axial force needed to make the tool bit advance into soil, rock, or another material of interest is much smaller than in ordinary twist drilling, ordinary hammering, or ordinary steady pushing. Examples of properties that could be measured by use of an instrumented tool bit include electrical conductivity, permittivity, magnetic field, magnetic permeability, temperature, and any other properties that can be measured by fiber-optic sensors. The problem of instrumenting a probe of this type is simplified, relative to the problem of attaching electrodes in a rotating drill bit, in two ways: (1) Unlike a rotating drill bit, a bit of this type does not have flutes, which would compound the problem of ensuring contact between sensors and the side wall of a hole; and (2) there is no need for slip rings for electrical contact between sensor electronic circuitry and external circuitry because, unlike a rotating drill, a tool bit of this type is not rotated continuously during operation. One design for a tool bit of the present type is a segmented bit with a segmented, hinged support structure (see figure). The bit and its ultrasonic/sonic actuator are supported by a slider/guiding fixture, and its displacement and preload are controlled by a motor. For deployment from the folded configuration, a spring-loaded mechanism rotates the lower segment about the hinges, causing the lower segment to become axially aligned with the upper segment. A latching mechanism then locks the segments of the bit and the corresponding segments of the slider/guiding fixture. Then the entire resulting assembly is maneuvered into position for drilling into the ground. Another design provides for a bit comprising multiple tubular segments with an inner alignment string, similar to a foldable tent pole comprising multiple tubular segments with an inner elastic cable connecting the two ends. At the beginning of deployment, all segments except the first (lowermost) one remain folded, and the ultrasonic/sonic actuator is clamped to the top of the lowermost segment and used to drive this segment into the ground. When the first segment has penetrated to a specified depth, the second segment is connected to the upper end of the first segment to form a longer rigid tubular bit and the actuator is moved to the upper end of the second segnt. The process as described thus far is repeated, adding segments until the desired depth of penetration has been attained. Yet other designs provide for bits in the form of bistable circular- or rectangular- cross-section tubes that can be stowed compactly like rolls of flat tape and become rigidified upon extension to full length, in a manner partly similar to that of a common steel tape measure. Albeit not marketed for use in tool bits, a bistable reeled composite product that transforms itself from a flat coil to a rigid tube of circular cross section when unrolled, is commercially available under the trade name RolaTube(TradeMark) and serves as a model for the further development of tool bits of this subtype.


Background
Selective crossover (SCO) occurs when patients in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) are given the opportunity to switch from the arm in which they were initially allocated to the other arm. Problems in data analysis and interpretation may arise.
Objectives
Main objectives were to assess: (i) the prevalence of SCO in RCTs assessing the efficacy of therapies for breast cancer (BC); (ii) whether different statistical methods provide different results, in particular when the outcome of interest is a time-to-event outcome.
Methods
RCTs assessing the efficacy of therapies for BC were searched in the medical literature. Different methods for dealing with SCO exist. Among naive methods, the Intention-To-Treat analysis (ITT), the censored analysis and the analysis considering the treatment as a time-varying covariate were contemplated; among more complex methods, the inverse probability of censoring weighting analysis, the Loeys and Goetghebeur estimator, and the rank preserving structural failure time models were considered. The methods were evaluated trough simulations, considering twelve scenarios which differed by the proportion of patients crossing over, their underlying prognosis, and the magnitude of true treatment effect.
Results
Crossover occurred in the 23.5% of RCTs identified. Simulations highlighted that ITT analysis, always presented, tend to underestimate the actual treatment effect across all scenarios. Other naive methods are able to better estimate the treatment effect, but when the probability of crossover is assumed to depend on prognosis (i.e. patients with a poor prognosis cross over more frequently than patients with a good prognosis), they failed. More complex models work better, but each of them make assumptions not always verifiable or likely to occur in the considered context.
Conclusions
The present work aims to highlight the need for attention being paid on the phenomenon of SCO in RCTs, and underlines the concerns related to it.


False and nuisance alarms are major problems in the process industry. Techniques like deadbands, delay-timers, and filtering can significantly reduce these false and nuisance alarms. The down-side, however, is that using these techniques introduces some delay in raising the alarm (detection delay). In this paper, detection delays caused by deadband and delay-timer techniques are calculated using Markov processes. A design procedure is also proposed that compromises between detection delay, false alarm rate and missed alarm rate for an optimal configuration.


One approach to the study of language has been to describe people whose ability to communicate is impaired. Some researchers have argued that it is possible to identify the component mental processes that contribute to the ability to communicate by describing the ways in which language can break down. Other researchers have expressed doubts about the extent to which data from impairment reflects normal language function. This volume reflects the problems of constructing theory of how the normal brain deals with language from data from impaired individuals from the perspective of a range of disciplines: psycholinguistics, linguistics, neurophysiology and speech-language pathology. The chapters include critiques of methodology; application of new technology; the study of bilingual people; and cross-linguistic studies. A range of language skills is discussed (phonology, prosody, syntax, semantics, reading and spelling) in the context of both developmental and acquired impairments (hearing loss, cerebellar dysarthria, sub-cortical aphasia, cortical aphasia, phonological disorder, and dyslexia). This book icludes contributions from researchers and clinicians on both sides of the Atlantic as well as from Australia and Hong Kong.