This article is written to caution that while we pat each other on our backs and bask pleasantly with these favorable developments, experience from elsewhere indicates, nevertheless, that we have to guard our achievements with care. An unprecedented backlash can become a possibility. Suggestions presented here are, therefore, intended, not only to forestall or even delay this prospect, but also to enhance the role of geography and geographers especially in national development efforts. A strong regional grouping is suggested as well, if only to facilitate the flow and exchange of geographical research experiences and ideas. In a word, an admixture of a cautionary yet purposeful role with a prime tenor on relevance.


Numerous churches decorated with medieval wall paintings can be found in Lebanon and Syria, especially in the former Crusader County of Tripoli and the Muslim-controlled Damascus area. In particular the first half of the thirteenth century turned out to be a period of intensive artistic activities. This book addresses the matter of identity formation in the decoration of Maronite, Melkite and Syrian Orthodox churches during this artistic 'Syrian Renaissance', and explores the differences and similarities between the arts of these communities. Attention is given to the interaction between Latins and local Christians, the attribution of works of art to local and Byzantine artists, and the relationship with Islamic art. Furthermore, recent discoveries have revealed that indigenous painters and workshops involved in the embellishment of churches also produced icons which were formerly attributed to Latin artists, thus adding a new dimension to the research on the production of Christian art in the Middle East during the Crusader era.


Tax systems have changed considerably in the past three decades. These fundamental changes have been the result of economic globalization, new political stances, and also of developments in public finance thought. The chapters in this volume offer a critical review of those changes from the perspectives of tax theory, policy and tax administration practice, and the political economy of taxation. The authors also consider what sort of reforms are worth undertaking in tax policy design, tax administration and enforcement, and the assignment of sub-national taxes.


The whole of physics is predicated on the primacy of Nothing, multidimensional opposites space. The premise is metasymmetry, a self-consistent and unassuming notion which yields only zero-sum statements. Therefore, a theory of everything (TOE) also defines a theory of nothing (TON). What does pre-physical-existence mean in a largely material physics tuned to the meta-physics of the intangible? To be an accurate description of reality, a theory of everything must necessarily include consciousness. The turn-over of matter in the body means there is no single, stable structure over time -- just a duration of consciousness, pure disembodied information. Consciousness is mediated by the entire cortex, so no single gestalt contains the entire envelope of experience. The turn-over of matter in the body means there is no single, stable structure over time--just a duration of consciousness, virtually disembodied information or vacuum energy. Physical matter is actually is nothing but energy and equivalent to light, which resides outside of space and time, therefore, matter = energy = stabilized light. Light and consciousness are virtually interchangeable. Universe is comprised consciousness which manifests itself in infinite physical and nonphysical forms and fields. Experience, as well as its interpretations, may be encoded in a field, but a computed model of the natural world and the natural world are not the same thing.


Agroecology, as a social movement and scientific discipline, applies ecological principles to the design and management of agricultural systems to improve environmental outcomes and livelihoods for farmers and rural communities. However, little research to date has assessed the policy mechanisms that could facilitate increased adoption of agroecological management practices. We investigated if and how public food procurement programs that provide financial incentives for organic and agroecological production can mitigate key constraints to agroecological transition. We explored the experience of participants in Brazil's National School Feeding Program (PNAE) in Santa Catarina, which offers both a structured market for small-scale family farmers and a price premium for certified agroecological production systems. We found that the PNAE provides an economic incentive for small-scale farmers to begin an agroecological transition by creating a price-differentiated market that is otherwise absent in the regional context. However, without external network linkages – such as participation in farmers' associations, cooperatives, and non-governmental agricultural extension programs that support agroecological practices – the influence of PNAE is limited in stimulating a broader scaling up of agroecological production.


In this work, a sample of planetary nebulae located in the inner-disk and bulge of the Galaxy is used in order to find the galactocentric distance which better separates these two populations, from the point of view of abundances. Statistical distance scales are used to study the distribution of abundances across the diskbulge interface. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to find the distance at which the chemical properties of these regions better separate. The results of the statistical analysis indicate that, on the average, the inner population has lower abundances than the outer. Additionally, for the α-element abundances, the inner population does not follow the disk radial gradient towards the galactic center. Based on our results, we suggest a bulge-disk interface at 1.5 kpc, marking the transition between the bulge and inner-disk of the Galaxy as defined by the intermediate mass population.


Few-shot learning refers to understanding new concepts from only a few examples. We propose an information retrieval-inspired approach for this problem that is motivated by the increased importance of maximally leveraging all the available information in this low-data regime. We define a training objective that aims to extract as much information as possible from each training batch by effectively optimizing over all relative orderings of the batch points simultaneously. In particular, we view each batch point as a `query' that ranks the remaining ones based on its predicted relevance to them and we define a model within the framework of structured prediction to optimize mean Average Precision over these rankings. Our method achieves impressive results on the standard few-shot classification benchmarks while is also capable of few-shot retrieval.


This work discusses the effects of the minimum wage on Colombian Manufacturing labor using the estimation of conditional and unconditional labor demand models, as well as the panel structure of the Colombian Annual Manufacturing Survey (AMS). Findings show significant long-run minimum wage elasticities in labor demand: 0.638, -0.774, and -0.6 for skilled, unskilled, and total workers, respectively; meaning that minimum wage pressures the substitution of unskilled for skilled workers. The substitution effect, however, is not enough to prevent a negative reaction on aggregate labor demand due to the predominantly unskilled composition of the manufacturing workforce. The minimum wage negative effect on labor demand is especially sizable for unskilled temporary workers. The largest employment generating sectors are more sensitive to minimum wage and own price variations revealing the presence of heterogeneity within the manufacturing. Additionally, a positive TFP elasticity of labor demand is found in the unconditional labor demand model but it is not statistically significant implying the link between TFP and labor demand could potentially be affected by the increased prevalence of temporary contracts among workers.


I'm grateful to the editor of Style for finding room in this issue for Marie-Laure Ryan's response to the target essay. I believe her thoughts on the concept of social minds are of great importance, particularly in the context of her views on the relationship between narrative theory and cognitive science generally. I said in the essay that some literary scholars "are interested from the beginning in the concept of intermental thought, but resist the concept of an intermental mind. It is a step too far" (221). I sense that this fits Ryan's response. Although she appears to accept that bee swarms and ant colonies are collective entities that can behave intelligently, she balks at the idea of regarding the town of Middlemarch as an intermental mind. For this reason, in terms of my classification of the responses, I would put her into group B. The best way to explore our differences of view might be to focus on the question of criteria. What are some of the criteria that an entity must satisfy before it can properly be called a "mind"? In particular, can the undeniable differences between individual minds and intermental minds be restated as criteria that the latter don't satisfy and therefore disqualify them as minds? Let's start with Wertsch's "shoes" example. Ryan argues that it is the daughter only who is doing the remembering because "the father merely acts as a helper." (By the way, the same doubt was expressed to me once at a conference by Peter Rabinowitz.) She adds, though, that the father's "brain circuits are not connected to the daughter's." The criterion implicit in this remark is that a mind must consist of physically connected brain circuits. Ryan then refers to two "fundamental" differences between individual and social minds. First, the former "form ideas that cannot be said to be contained in any of their individual elements" (e.g. the neurons and synapses of the brain) and so are creative. By contrast, the latter are merely aggregates of ideas such as the beliefs which exist in individual minds. Secondly, the former "are capable of making decisions," while the latter merely contain the general principles which form the basis of individual decisions. So three criteria appear to me to be implicit in these concerns (now listed in a different order): to qualify as a mind, an entity must consist of physically connected brain circuits; it must be capable of making decisions; and it must be able to form ideas that are not already contained within its individual components and so be creative. The implication is that these are necessary conditions which have to be met before something can be considered as a mind. With regard to the first, I tried in the essay to counter this argument by saying that some cognitive theorists are imaginative about considering alternatives to the simple one-mind/one-brain correspondence, I think my pre-emptive defense still holds good. Without further justification, simply to assert this correspondence is to beg the question. On the second, I don't accept the suggested difference, I think that small groups in particular are capable of making decisions and that these decisions are often different from the ones which individuals would have taken on their own. I can see the appeal of the final criterion--the argument that a mind must be creative and viable, i. …


This report is a terminal evaluation of a UN Environment-GEF project "Developing core capacity to address adaptation to climate change in productive coastal zones of Tanzania" The project was implemented between 2012 and 2019. The project aimed to reduce the vulnerability of livelihoods, ecosystems, infrastructure and the economy in Tanzania and to develop institutional capacities to manage climate change impacts, through improved climate information, technical capacities and the reduction of climate change vulnerability at selected sites with adaptation measures. The evaluation sought to assess project performance (in terms of relevance, effectiveness and efficiency), and determine outcomes and impacts (actual and potential) stemming from the project, including their sustainability.


The growth of specialism in a field can be considered a healthy response to emerging evidence, technology and skills, yet it risks creating unhelpful barriers to collaborative working and fragmented patient pathways. Mental health services in England have experienced this tension in recent years through the national implementation of local specialist community teams that aim to reduce the need for in-patient admission through a focus on crisis resolution, early intervention and assertive community treatment (ACT). In response to the results of studies assessing its effectiveness, there has been disinvestment in ACT. This risks marginalising people with severe and complex mental health problems by depriving them and their families of the intensive support they need for successful community living, as well as discouraging researchers from undertaking further high-quality studies that can inform the intelligent evolution of the ACT model within different contexts.


Although group theory is a mathematical subject, it is indispensable to many areas of modern theoretical physics, from atomic physics to condensed matter physics, particle physics to string theory. In particular, it is essential for an understanding of the fundamental forces. Yet until now, what has been missing is a modern, accessible, and self-contained textbook on the subject written especially for physicists. Group Theory in a Nutshell for Physicists fills this gap, providing a user-friendly and classroom-tested text that focuses on those aspects of group theory physicists most need to know. From the basic intuitive notion of a group, A. Zee takes readers all the way up to how theories based on gauge groups could unify three of the four fundamental forces. He also includes a concise review of the linear algebra needed for group theory, making the book ideal for self-study. * Provides physicists with a modern and accessible introduction to group theory* Covers applications to various areas of physics, including field theory, particle physics, relativity, and much more* Topics include finite group and character tables; real, pseudoreal, and complex representations; Weyl, Dirac, and Majorana equations; the expanding universe and group theory; grand unification; and much more* The essential textbook for students and an invaluable resource for researchers* Features a brief, self-contained treatment of linear algebra* An online illustration package is available to professors* Solutions manual (available only to professors)


Objective: A pair of simulated driving experiments studied the effects of cognitive load on drivers' lane-keeping performance. Background: Cognitive load while driving often reduces the variability of lane position. However, there is no agreement as to whether this effect should be interpreted as a performance loss, consistent with other effects of distraction on driving, or as an anomalous performance gain. Method: Participants in a high-fidelity driving simulator performed a lane-keeping task in lateral wind, with instructions to keep a steady lane position. Under high load conditions, participants performed a concurrent working memory task with auditory stimuli. Cross-spectral analysis measured the relationship between wind force and steering inputs. Results: Cognitive load reduced the variability of lane position and increased the coupling between steering wheel position and crosswind strength. Conclusion: Although cognitive load disrupts driver performance in a variety of ways, it produces a performance gain in lane keeping. This effect appears to reflect drivers' efforts to protect lateral control against the risk of distraction, at the apparent neglect of other elements of driving performance. Application: Results may inform educational efforts to help drivers understand the risks of distraction and the inadequacies of compensatory driving strategies.


Miniatured machines has open up a new dimension of chemistry, studied
usually as an average over numerous molecules or for a single molecule bound on
a robust substrate. Mechanical motions at a single molecule level, however, are
under quantum control, strongly coupled with fluctuations of its environment --
a system rarely addressed because an efficient way of observing the
nanomechanical motions in real time is lacking. Here, we report sub-ms sub-Å
precision in situ video imaging of a single fullerene molecule shuttling,
rotating, and interacting with a vibrating carbon nanotube, using an electron
microscope, a fast camera, and a denoising algorithm. We have realized high
spatial precision of distance measurement with the standard error of the mean
as small as ± 0.01 nm, and revealed the rich molecular dynamics, where motions
are non-linear, stochastic and often non-repeatable, and a work and energy
relationship at a molecular level previously undetected by time-averaged
measurements or microscopy.


This paper is devoted to fiscal shock identification based on the assumption of nonGaussianity of the errors, which can be easily tested. We use additional co-kurtosis conditions in GMM estimation of the AB-model to estimate the dynamic effects of fiscal shocks and find fiscal multipliers in the U.S. economy. Our approach results in higher tax multipliers on average relative to Blanchard and Perotti 2002 and Leeper, Walker, and Yang 2013. Testing the restrictions, we are not able to reject them in Blanchard and Perotti 2002 model. Once we control for fiscal foresight, we can reject restrictions both individually and all together. Finally, comparing elasticities of tax revenue to output to elasticities found in the literature, rejecting most of them, we are not able to reject the one of Caldara and Kamps 2017.


Ethnicity and the Church are two vital subjects in mission studies. However, the focus has always been on the latter. As a result the Church's theology of ethnicity is weak. Fear, ethnocentrism and theological blindness account for the little interest in the subject of ethnicity. However, a Church that neglects ethnicity does so at her own peril. God's dealings with IsraeL a history of the growth of the Church from one culture to another makes the study of ethnicity imperative. Failure to acknowledge and harness ethnicity can lead to ethnocentrism or tribalism which is an enemy to God's mission. God's mission essentially reconciles, unites and enriches people from different ethnic groups whilst ethnocentrism or tribalism excludes, divides and impoverishes them. The Presbyterian Church of Ghana like the wider society has to cope with ethnicity. Whereas the Church has harnessed ethnicity in her mission, she has, nonetheless, failed always to do away with ethnocentrism or tribalism. The PCG has not been faithful to her parent missionaries' strategy of planting indigenous churches among the non-Akan and non-Ga. The current PCG's strategy amounts to Akan-Ga cultural mission. Ethnicity and Christian identity are crucial to providing people with their true secure identity. A Christian always has to come to terms with his dual identity, that is, belonging to an ethnic group as well as to Christ. A theology that affirms this dual identity will be in a position to have healthy multi-ethnic churches and be effective in mission. Andrew Walls' Three Tests of Christian expansion: The Church, The Kingdom and The Gospel Tests serve as our measuring instrument. The PCG has not passed these Tests satisfactorily. She needs the Pentecost experience, that is a fresh touch of the Holy Spirit. The thrust of this thesis is that, when the PCG experiences this Pentecost, integration, reconciliation and embrace will be achievable among her multi-ethnic membership.


Sharing knowledge in policing remains a significant challenge for police forces around the world. The Bichard Inquiry examined the effectiveness of police forces' information sharing and found it to be severely lacking. This unique book sets out the conceptual framework for knowledge management and explains how a greater understanding of the subject can help policing at an operational level. The book is split into a clear and logical three part structure: Part I covers the foundations of knowledge management and the key security issues in relation to a 'globalised' world of crime and terrorism, Part II looks at the building of structures and the use of applications and Part III integrates the first two parts by providing illustrative examples of working applications of police-specific knowledge management systems. Drawing on examples from around the world, the book takes the reader through the range of different systems and approaches and shows how they can be implemented in practice using illustrative case studies and practical diagrams. This is an ideal purchase for all police professionals and policing academics with an interest in, or role in knowledge management systems.


We studied morphological traits of Psammobates oculifer over its range to evaluate patterns in sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and geographic variation. Females were larger than males for 40 of the 44 characters measured and the growth trajectories of female parameters, scaled to body size (ANCOVA and MANCOVA on carapace length), most often followed juvenile patterns. For males, either the slopes or elevations of morphometric parameters were lower than in females. These divergent growth trajectories resulted in shape differences with female shells being higher and wider than the shells of males. Males matured at a smaller age and size, and had wider hind feet and larger shell openings relative to females; the latter being due to a shorter and narrower plastron, a shorter bridge length, and a bigger anal gap and cranial space. These male characteristics possibly enhance mobility for mate searching and combat, as well as courtship and mating behaviour. Small sample sizes for females in two of the three regions restricted geographic evaluations to males, for which shell shape, front foot width and hind leg length of the eastern group differed from the others. We interpreted these variations as the consequence of differences in the substratum and vegetation openness over the range of the species.


Ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) play important roles in cell signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Each of the four RSK isoforms (RSK1-4) is a single polypeptide chain containing two kinase domains connected by a linker sequence with regulatory phosphorylation sites. Here, we demonstrate that full-length RSK2—which is implicated in several types of cancer, and which is linked to the genetic Coffin-Lowry syndrome—can be overexpressed with high yields in Escherichia coli as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP), and can be purified to homogeneity after proteolytic removal of MBP by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified protein can be fully activated in vitro by phosphorylation with protein kinases ERK2 and PDK1. Compared to full-length RSK2 purified from insect host cells, the bacterially expressed and phosphorylated murine RSK2 shows the same levels of catalytic activity after phosphorylation, and sensitivity to inhibition by RSK-specific inhibitor SL0101. Interestingly, we detect low levels of phosphorylation in the nascent RSK2 on Ser386, owing to autocatalysis by the C-terminal domain, independent of ERK. This observation has implications for in vivo signaling, as it suggests that full activation of RSK2 by PDK1 alone is possible, circumventing at least in some cases the requirement for ERK.


This volume is a bilingual collection of shaman oral texts from the Bhuji Valley of Western Nepal, in the original Nepali and with line-by-line English translation. It includes 20,000 lines of material recorded in 1962, 1967, 2000, and 2001. Shaman texts address issues as diverse as abuses of political power, caste relations, and the status of women. Extending beyond therapeutic and linguistic concerns, these texts contribute to a better understanding of social issues in contemporary Himalayan societies. Accompanying the book is a DVD of audio recordings of the shaman oral texts, supplementary texts not included in the published volume, videos of shaman performances, and additional video and photographic documentation of the social context in which these shamans are found.


Third generation cellular communication systems based on CDMA techniques have shown great scope for improvement in system capacity. Over the last decade, there has been significant interest in DS-CDMA detectors. The conventional detector, the optimal detector and a number of sub-optimal multi-user detectors (MUD) have been extensively analyzed in the literature. Recently, the reduction of power consumption in DS-CDMA systems has also become another important consideration in both system design and in implementation. In order to support wireless multimedia services, all CDMA-based systems for third generation systems have a large bandwidth and a high data rate, therefore the power consumed by the digital signal processor (DSP) is high. This thesis focuses on power consumption in the adaptive Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) detector which is based on the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm. This thesis presents a literature survey on MUD and adaptive filter algorithms. A system model of the quantized LMS-MMSE MUD is proposed and its performance is analyzed. The quantization effects in the finite precision LMS-MMSE adaptive MUD including the steady-state weight covariance, mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) versus wordlength of data and coefficient are investigated when both the data and filter coefficients are quantized. The effects of wordlength size on power consumption are investigated and the tradeoff between the power consumption and performance degradation and the optimal allocation of bits to data and to LMS coefficients under power constraint is presented.


This paper will briefly reflect on the progress of driver education and training as evidence-based road safety interventions and then report and discuss data from an online driver training initiative. In the last decade, new Goals of Driver Education (GDE matrix) have been formulated, which place a greater emphasis on the training of higher-order driving skills, such as visual search, hazard perception, risk management and the ability to self-evaluate. New state-of-the-art technologies have been made available to deliver some of the training safely on computers, via video-based traffic simulations. Our previously conducted studies showed that inexperienced drivers performed significantly poorer than experienced drivers on a laboratory-based hazard perception dual task, but they were able to improve their performance to the level of experienced drivers via road commentary training. We also showed that higher-order driving skills training was more effective than traditional vehicle handling skills training on several safety related measures, including an on-road driving assessment. As a follow up from this research, the present paper will focus on hazard perception performance data collected from 634 drivers, after having received online training via leDriver, developed by eDrive Solutions Ltd. The training programme improved driversr hazard perception time by at least 10 per cent and therefore has the potential of delivering effective online training of skills that are directly related to crash risk.


South Africa is a major sea trading nation with a relatively open economy that accounts for approximately six per cent of real world seatrade. This performance places South Africa within the top 12 international maritime trading nations. The literature reviewed clearly shows the importance of maritime transport costs and their ability to significantly impede international trade. South Africa's atypical increasing transport cost rate on imports is identified, along with some of the potential determinants. South African shipping policy is shown to be one of the most liberal maritime policy regimes in the world. Regulatory intervention is all but absent, although maritime fiscal policy is less favourable as the international policy environment has evolved to a point where South African shipowners and operators now compete internationally on an inequitable fiscal basis. South African ports policy is investigated with the focus on the changing tariff environment. In addition, some of the benefits and costs of the new tariff structure on cargo owners and ports are revealed. South Africa's Seabourne Commerce 1


Zachary Chesser (alias Abu Talhah al-Amrikee), a prolific 20-year-old online jihadist pundit, was arrested on 21 July 2010 for allegedly attempting to join the Somali jihadist group Al-Shabab. Before his arrest, Chesser produced numerous analytical and strategic writings aimed at ensuring that the transnational jihadist movement represented by Al-Qaeda's Senior Leadership (AQSL) continues to exist beyond the present generation. In his last major essay, Chesser attempted to develop and propose a grassroot-based, inclusive approach toward jihadist recruitment, drawing upon the writings of prominent jihadists such as Yusuf al-Uyairi. It remains unclear as to whether Chesser is representative of a new breed of American jihadist pundit-operatives.


This paper presents a method to recover land surface emissivity and temperature from radiance measurements without a priori assumptions on these parameters. The model combines spectral radiances in the short wave infrared (SWIR) domain (such as AVHRR channel 3: 3.55-3.93 /spl mu/m) and the thermal infrared (TIR) domain (such as AVHRR channels 4: 10.5-11.5 /spl mu/m or 5: 11.5-12.5 /spl mu/m). The model assumes that the data have been previously accurately corrected for atmospheric effects and that emissivity separation from temperature can be decoupled from the atmospheric correction procedure. The approach is based on the estimation of the reflected component of the SWIR channel radiance after computing its thermal emitted component derived from a TIR channel brightness temperature. A correction factor is introduced to account for the emissivity difference between the spectral channels, and the authors propose two methods for estimating it. In the first method, referred to as the TS-RAM model, this factor is estimated using a linear regression model from the ratio of the atmospherically corrected radiances of the SWIR and TIR channels. The regression model is established from theoretical simulations computed with the acquisition conditions and using a reference emissivity database. In the second method (the /spl Delta/day model), the correction factor is estimated from consecutive data sets acquired the same day, assuming that the emissivity remains constant between the two acquisition times. Knowing the surface emissivity in the SWIR channel, the land surface temperature (LST) and other channel emissivities can then be easily retrieved. The results obtained from simulations in the context of AVHRR data show that rms errors for the TS-RAM model are around /spl plusmn/0.005 for channel 3 emissivity, /spl plusmn/0,01 for channels 4 and 5 emissivities and /spl plusmn/0.5 K for surface temperature. The /spl Delta/day model performs better, with rms errors of /spl plusmn/0.002 and /spl plusmn/0.3 K, respectively, for the channel 3 emissivity and LST as the basic model assumption is held. The performance and sensitivity of the model were assessed for a wide range of surface types and ground thermal conditions as well as for different measurement conditions, i.e., viewing and solar zenith angles and atmospheric conditions. This assessment shows that an uncertainty of /spl plusmn/0.5 g cm/sup -2/ in atmospheric integrated water vapor content, under standard thermal conditions (280 K/spl les/LST/spl les/300 K), will introduce errors of the order of 2.5% in SWIR emissivity and 2.5 K in LST. The authors suggest that the model be applied to data acquired in near-nadir conditions (view angles up to 30/spl deg/) to reduce the influence of directional effects. An application using some selected cloudless NOAA-AVHRR 10 and 11 images over Quebec shows that the proposed approach is promising for characterizing heterogeneous land surfaces.


The establishment and growth of 'Stamina 5' lucerne (Medicago sativa) seed sown with three inoculant carriers (ALOSCA®, coated, and peat slurry treated) or as bare seed (control) on five dates (21 October 2010, 9 November 2010, 8 December 2010, 13 January 2011 and 3 February 2011) was investigated on a Lismore stony silt loam soil at Ashley Dene dryland research farm in Canterbury. Initial lucerne populations were 300 plants m-2 from coated seed and on average 200 ± 11.2 plants m-2 from bare seed, ALOSCA® and the peat slurry inoculated seed. The higher population from coated seed treatments did not confer a herbage yield advantage. In the establishment year, yield was lowest (0.59 t DM ha-1) from the last sowing (3 February 2012) and highest from sowing dates (SD) 2 and 3 (2.6 ± 0.12 t DM ha-1). Yields were restricted by the low volumetric soil moisture content from November until March. The declining autumn photoperiod (14.9 to 14.1 hours) probably increased the partitioning priority of assimilates to the roots, reducing the above ground DM in the later sowing dates. In most cases, DM yields in Year1 were unaffected by seed inoculant treatments. In Year 2, DM production from the peat slurry treated seed (8.0 t ha-1) was highest, while coated seed crops were lowest (6.0 t ha-1). The effects of sowing date carried through to the second year with lower DM yields from SD4 and SD5 (6.0 ± 0.18 t ha-1) compared with 7.3 ± 0.18 t ha-1 from the earlier sowing dates.


Description: Focusing on day one competencies , this book offers essential guidance to the most common problems encountered in small animal general practice. Addressing 100 core scenarios, it is ideal for the undergraduate or newly qualified vet, and for those seeking an up–to–date refresher. Organized by presenting sign (e.g. diarrhoea, itching) or disease (e.g. diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis), and with colour illustration throughout, each chapter explains:-how to make a diagnosis-which interventions are most appropriate in general practice-what the vet should say to the client before and after examination The authors also offer invaluable advice on other key topics such as annual health checks, neutering and euthanasia, and they tackle the tough questions: What if it doesn t get better? What is the low cost option? When should I refer? Never before has so much practical information been brought together in a single volume. Like having an experienced or specialist clinician standing by your side in the consulting room, 100 Top Consultations will become a trusted companion for students and practitioners alike.


ABSTRACT Professionally produced wedding videos are evocative artefacts. Capturing the ritual of the wedding, the wedding video stands as a postcard that showcases the conspicuous display of emotion that assumes a central place in the memorialization and indeed the very praxis of the modern wedding ritual. The role of music in the wedding video is crucial; representing a key partner to the imagery of the wedding, the musical dimensions emotionally charge the artefact in perpetuity. In this article we argue that the musical soundtrack of wedding videos services manifold functions, including the enabling of narrative continuity, providing a sense of propulsive rhythm, pacing and supporting the successful communication of emotions that sits at the centre of the compressed iconography of the wedding. Although the visual elements play a lead role, we contend that the unseen qualities of the musical materials also play an integral function; undergirding the images of the wedding and mediating the emotional and affective display. The argument presented is based on an analysis of 132 selected publicly available videos, sourced from wedding videographers based in the Australian cities of Sydney and Melbourne.


MRSA is a bacteria that is known to cause a wide range of different infections in humans, some more severe than others. In recent years different strains of the bacteria, mainly the MRSA CC398, has been found in many pig farming operations across Europe. Most of Sweden's pork imports come from Denmark and Germany and the estimation of the prevalence of MRSA in pig farms throughout both countries are more than 50 percent. For this study Sweden were chosen due to the fact that no pigs have been found to carry the infection in this country. The purpose of this study was to find out if legislation and use of antibiotics in each of the countries somehow influence the spreading of the infection, but also to investigate how MRSA transmits between different individuals. The study is split in two parts, namely a literature review and a small survey that were sent to Swedish pig producers. The survey showed that disease protection is important and that 67 percent of the pig producers that answered are worried that MRSA might come to Sweden. From the comparison of the legislation no real conclusion could be made, but antibiotic group treatments of pigs can be linked to an increased incidence of MRSA in pig farms.


Gender Mainstreaming (GM) is an issue of growing concern in the world community. Presence of women/females in the parliament around the world has already become a reality that is impacting on the social, cultural, political, and economic fabric of the world's nations. Despite the limited improvements made by very few countries, gender inequalities are on the increase in the developing countries, including Ethiopia.On the other hand, representation of women and inclusion of their perspectives and experiences into the decisionmaking processes can result to the solutions that satisfy larger number of the society. Economic and social empowerment of women is greatly reliable on their integration into the political decision-making process through involving them in the political and public offices. Women can enjoy their political and civil rights through political representation and/or participation in the public life, as ensuring women's political participation is essential to bring legitimacy to the government and establish democracy in a practical sense which may lead to validity and trustworthiness of democracy and democratic process by the public and stakeholders.Women remain under-represented in the executive and political leadership positions mostly in the world regardless of their advanced educational levels and political participation. Policy-makers have responded through the introduction of 'gender quota'for females' representation in the governments. Adoption of gender quotas is related with attitudes about women within a particular country, calling for increased levels of democratic freedoms to improve women's access to public and political decision making positions. Proportional (descriptive) representation systems offer greater opportunities of gaining political access for women. Gender quotas are good policy tool to achieving equitable representation of women in the policy-making positions, serving as a tool for consolidating strong female representation. They facilitate the process of change for women's political inclusion in the political arena. They can increase female leadership; influence policy outcomes, and reduce gender discrimination. Thus, introduction and adoption of gender quotas in the political and public service offices do increase female leadership in both political and executive/public offices.This study has revealed that there exists a "wider gender gap" in the representations of women in the ministerial positions than the national parliamentary representation in Ethiopia. The study has also shown that Ethiopian women's executive representation is lagging behind the parliamentary representation, and repelling women from the executive positions.It has also foundthat Ethiopia lacks relatively proportional regional shares of women in the national parliamentary representation. However, there had been a remarkable progress in the number/percentages/ of women in national parliamentary standing committees and presiding higher officials in the house of peoples' representatives. Finally, the study had also shown that women's representation in the House of Federation (HoF) at national levelrelatively lacks proportional regional shares in both 3 rd and 4 th election terms.This paper, therefore, explores the status of women's political empowerment/ representation in the public and political decision-making positions in Ethiopia in line with creating conducive conditions for policy implications ("National Gender Equality Policy") towards the achievement of effective gender equality and/or reducing gender inequalityspecifically in the Gambella region as well as in Ethiopia in general.


Our contribution is dedicated to the empirical testing of alleged regional variants of object clitic clusters in modern French in France, Belgium and Switzerland. We provide some intriguing new insights into the regional distribution of non-standard variants and discuss one hypothesis on their nature and two hypotheses to explain their coming into being: language-contact (with Francoprovencal, Occitan and Oil dialects, H1) and/or analogical leveling (H2), on the one hand, and their postsyntactic, rather than syntactic, nature, on the other (H3). Our main results reveal that the three non-standard variants where order in object clitic clusters is concerned are not regionally well-distributed, i.e. the observed distribution does not correspond to any cohesive area. In contrast, only one variant where the selection of the form (me vs. moi) is at issue seems to be regionally confined: it is found in French-speaking Switzerland, in Gascony, plus some rare attestations of it in the North of France. All in all, variation in object clitic clusters indicates a genuinely new geographical articulation of regional French that does not coincide with traditional dialectal areas.


Field-scale pilot tests were performed to evaluate enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) of dissolved chlorinated solvents at a former manufacturing facility located in western North Carolina (the site). Results of the site assessment indicated the presence of two separate chlorinated solvent–contaminated groundwater plumes, located in the northern and southern portions of the site. The key chlorinated solvents found at the site include 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, trichloroethene, and chloroform. A special form of EHC® manufactured by Adventus Americas was used as an electron donor at this site. In this case, EHC is a pH-buffering electron donor containing controlled release carbon and ZV Iron MicroSphere 200, a micronscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) manufactured by BASF. Approximately 3,000 pounds of EHC were injected in two Geoprobe® boreholes in the saprolite zone (southern plume), and 3,500 pounds of EHC were injected at two locations in the partially weathered rock (PWR) zone (northern plume) using hydraulic fracturing techniques. Strong reducing conditions were established immediately after the EHC injection in nearby monitoring wells likely due to the reducing effects of ZV Microsphere 200. After approximately 26 months, the key chlorinated VOCs were reduced over 98 percent in one PWR well. Similarly, the key chlorinated solvent concentrations in the saprolite monitoring wells decreased 86 to 99 percent after initial increases in concentrations of the parent chlorinated solvents. The total organic carbon and metabolic acid concentrations indicated that the electron donor lasted over 26 months after injection in the saprolite aquifer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Abstract The time‐averaged shear‐wave velocity in the upper 30 m of a site ( V S 30 ) is commonly used for ground‐motion prediction. When measured velocities are unavailable, V S 30 is estimated from proxy‐based relationships developed for application on global or local scales. We describe the development of a local relationship for Greece, which begins with compilation of a profile database (PDB) from published sources and engineering reports. The PDB contains 314 sites; 238 have profile depths≥30  m and 59 are within 100 m of accelerographs. We find existing relations for extrapolating a time‐averaged velocity for depths less than 30 m to V S 30 to overpredict V S 30 . We present equations for these extrapolations. We then compile proxies for PDB sites, including terrain type, surface geology, and surface gradients at 30 and 3 arcsec resolution (from radar‐derived digital elevation models [DEMs]). When checked against ground survey data, we find ground elevations from 3 arcsec DEMs to be more accurate relative to survey data than alternative 30, 9, and 1 arcsec DEMs. Drawing upon expert opinion, we develop geologic categories based on age, gradation, and depositional environment and assign such categories to PDB sites. We find an existing 30 arcsec gradient‐based global model to be biased relative to local V S 30 data for gradients >∼0.05  m/m. Bias relative to a California model is also found for four of the eight well‐populated geomorphic categories, and new (local) values are provided. We find statistically significant effects of the 3 arcsec gradient on V S 30 for Quaternary and Tertiary materials but no gradient effect for those from the Mesozoic. Among Quaternary sediments, Holocene, mapped Quaternary (age unspecified), and mixed/fine‐gradation materials exhibit consistent V S 30 ‐gradient trends, whereas Pleistocene and coarse‐gradation sediments have faster velocities. For the study region, we recommend use of the modified terrain‐ and geology‐based methods in combination for proxy‐based V S 30 estimation. Online Material: Profile database (spreadsheet) and figures of elevation residuals.


Red root disease of tea is a primary root disease in Sabah Tea Plantation. The causal pathogen was successfully isolated and was identified as Schizopora flavipora, which previously known as Poria hypolateritia. The crude ethanolic
extracts of tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) seed, root, stem and leaf; as well as their correspondence fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol,
and aqueous) were screened in vitro for antifungal activities using disc diffusion technique. Extracts from tea leaf and young immature green stem were more fungistatic than the root and seed extracts. Hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions obtained from the ethanolic leaf • extracts by liquid-liquid extractions were more effective than the butanol or aqueous fraction when tested against the pathogen. The compounds that are responsible for fungitoxicity were identified by thin layer chromatography and high performance chromatography to be essential oils, alkaloids, phenolic acids and catechins. The constituents of essential oil that are responsible for fungitoxicity were identified to be geraniol, nerol, nerolidol, linalool, linalool oxide and benzyl acetate by the vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent, with the first two being the more potential, having a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.25 mg.mL�¹. The groups of non-volatile active compounds were identified as caffeine, gallic acid, catechins and Gallic acid esterified catechins, with the first two having the lowest MIC value (0.10 mg.mL�¹). The general distribution pattern of the non-volatile active compounds on thirteen parts of the tea plant were further determined and were found to contain highest in leaf bud and lowest in old root cortex. In this , study, neither phytoalexins
production nor active compounds accumulation was recorded after elicitation treatment using 0.1% (w/v) chitosan on leaves and roots of two years old tea seedlings. The study demonstrated that leaf extracts of c. sinensis exhibit strong fungitoxicity against Schizopora flavipora, and have potential to be used as mulching materials in infested soils through integrated pest management (IPM) strategy in organic farming, as well as formulating into biopesticide product for the control of red root disease in conventional farming.


Mathematics is considered as an important subject of elementary curriculum throughout the world due to its use in different fields of life. The compulsory component of mathematics is mathematical word problems. Word problems are considered as the difficult part of mathematics not only by students but mathematics teachers as well. Special teaching strategies are required to teach mathematical word problems to cope with the recent educational standards. Metacognitive instruction for teaching word problems has been proved affective by different educationists and researchers of world. Metacognitive instruction uses the hypothetical definition of metacognition, metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills and practicing of self addressed questions. Students are practiced to ask a series of self addressed questions while solving word problems about: understanding, connection, strategies, and reflection. The present study was an attempt to experiment metacognitive instruction for teaching mathematical word problems on sixth class students at Govt. High School Abbottabad and to check its effectiveness as compared to traditional method of teaching. The study used true experimental research design; specifically the pretest-posttest control group design with 80 subjects (40 + 40) and data was collected and analyzed by t-test and descriptive analysis. The finding of study proved metacognitive instruction as an effective method for teaching mathematical word problems at elementary level.


This report examines the triggers and dynamics of drug-related death in the seven EMCDDA Member States with the highest drug-related death (DRD) rates per population. The report explores whether between-country variations might be explained in part by differences in the number of drug users at risk of DRD, and by differences in the level of DRD risk among those who are at risk. The analysis is based on a series of multi-indicator country profiles developed in consultation with the national experts. Several recommendations emerge, designed to help place the DRD data within the proper context.

Also on this page can be found three related reports on coding, focusing on codification practices and data flow between the different mortality registries. It highlights the complexity and differences of coding practices of the causes of deaths across Europe, including the practices following the World health Organisation (WHO) revision of the ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems). Recommendations are made to improve the level of accuracy and coverage of reporting on DRD. The reports also review the information flow (i.e. transmission of autopsy and toxicology results) from the forensic registries to the general mortality registries. Both pitfalls and examples of good practices are identified in the reports.


Dinoflagellates are one of the most abundant and functionally diverse groups of eukaryotes. Despite an overall scarcity of genomic information for dinoflagellates, constantly emerging high-throughput sequencing resources can be used to characterize and compare these organisms. We assembled de novo and processed 46 dinoflagellate transcriptomes and used a sequence similarity network (SSN) to compare the underlying genomic basis of functional features within the group. This approach constitutes the most comprehensive picture to date of the genomic potential of dinoflagellates. A core proteome composed of 252 connected components (CCs) of putative conserved protein domains (pCDs) was identified. Of these, 206 were novel and 16 lacked any functional annotation in public databases. Integration of functional information in our network analyses allowed investigation of pCDs specifically associated to functional traits. With respect to toxicity, sequences homologous to those of proteins involved in toxin biosynthesis pathways (e.g. sxtA1-4 and sxtG) were not specific to known toxin-producing species. Although not fully specific to symbiosis, the most represented functions associated with proteins involved in the symbiotic trait were related to membrane processes and ion transport. Overall, our SSN approach led to identification of 45,207 and 90,794 specific and constitutive pCDs of respectively the toxic and symbiotic species represented in our analyses. Of these, 56% and 57% respectively (i.e. 25,393 and 52,193 pCDs) completely lacked annotation in public databases. This stresses the extent of our lack of knowledge, while emphasizing the potential of SSNs to identify candidate pCDs for further functional genomic characterization.


Charles Simic, who served as 2007-2008 United States Poet Laureate, is one of the nation's most honored and distinguished poets. Born in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1938, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1954. Over the last few decades, he has published dozens of books of poetry and prose, including Selected Poems: 1963-1983, The Voice at 3:00 AM: Selected Late and New Poems, The World Doesn't End, which received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, and, in the past year, his most recent volume o poetry, That Little Something, a collection of notebook entries, The Monster Loves His Labyrinth. Simic has been prolific not just as a poet but as an editor, translator, and reviewer, and he has received numerous awards, including Guggenheim, National Endowment for the Arts, and MacArthur fellowships, and, in 2007, the Wallace Stevens Award. He lives in Strafford, New Hampshire, and is Emeritus Professor of English at the University of New Hampshire. This conversation with Butler Assistant Professor of English Chris Forhan took place before a group of Butler students in April 2009 and was continued through email correspondence.


In "Explorations in Law and Society", Alan Hunt seeks to transform the relationship between law and the other social sciences. One of the foremost theorists of the sociology of law, Hunt has been at the forefront of the "Law and Society" and "Critical Legal Studies" movements. In this work, he directs his arguments against the illusion of law as a self-sufficient discipline which involves a lack of intellectual vitality and leads to a narrowly technical legal education. The addition of a measure of social science or philosophy is not enough to compensate for the deficiencies of orthodox legal studies. Much of the sociological work on law has put forth an image of law as the passive reflection of social, economic and political forces. This view of the legal process stands in direct opposition to the legal orthodoxy that law is an autonomous force able to check economic and political power. Hunt provides the approach needed to avoid these polarities. He draws on a range of intellectual resources, including the sociology of law, liberal jurisprudence, Marxism and Foucauldian social theory.


Since trust correlates with economic development and in turn economic development associates with political regime, we conjecture that there may be a relationship between trust and political regime. Without looking for any casual inference, we investigate if trust aggregated on the country level correlates with the country's political regime. Specifically, we are interested whether trust correlates positively with the level of democracy in cross-sectional observations. We analyse data on trust from 76 countries using the Global Preference Survey and investigate the correlations with five separate democracy indices (Polity2, Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy, Freedom House, MaxRange and Unified Democracy Score). We do not find any significant association, with or without taking into account other factors (e.g., regional location, economic development, geographic conditions, culture) as well. Trust does not correlate with cornerstones of democracy either, measured by five components of the EIU index. A robustness check using an alternative measure of trust from the World Values Survey reaches the same results. The present study supersedes the working paper version (Khayouti et al., 2020).


Crowdsourcing is a very popular means of obtaining the large amounts of labeled data that modern machine learning methods require. Although cheap and fast to obtain, crowdsourced labels suffer from significant amounts of error, thereby degrading the performance of downstream machine learning tasks. With the goal of improving the quality of the labeled data, we seek to mitigate the many errors that occur due to silly mistakes or inadvertent errors by crowd-sourcing workers. We propose a two-stage setting for crowdsourcing where the worker first answers the questions, and is then allowed to change her answers after looking at a (noisy) reference answer. We mathematically formulate this process and develop mechanisms to incentivize workers to act appropriately. Our mathematical guarantees show that our mechanism incentivizes the workers to answer honestly in both stages, and refrain from answering randomly in the first stage or simply copying in the second. Numerical experiments reveal a significant boost in performance that such "self-correction" can provide when using crowdsourcing to train machine learning algorithms.


The effect of an enhanced subtropical surface cooling on El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through the ''ocean tunnel'' is investigated using a coupled model. Here, the term ''ocean tunnel'' refers to the water pathway that connects the equatorial upwelling water to the subtropical/extratropical surface water. The subtropical cooling is introduced through a reduction of the radiative-convective equilibrium SST (SSTp) in that region. The SSTp for the equatorial region is kept fixed. It is found that an enhanced cooling in the subtropics results in a regime with stronger ENSO. This is because an enhanced subtropical cooling reduces the temperature of the water feeding the equatorial undercurrent through the ocean tunnel. The resulting larger difference between the warm-pool SST and the temperature of the equatorial thermocline water—the source water for the equatorial upwelling—tends to increase the equatorial zonal SST contrast between the western and the eastern Pacific. In response to this destabilizing forcing to the coupled equatorial ocean-atmosphere, a stronger ENSO develops. ENSO is found to regulate the time-mean difference between the warm-pool SST and the temperature of the equatorial undercurrent. The findings provide further support for the ''heat pump'' hypothesis for ENSO, which states that ENSO is an instability driven by the meridional differential heating over the Pacific Ocean and that ENSO regulates the long-term stability of the coupled equatorial Pacific climate. The results also substantiate the notion that surface variability from higher latitudes may influence equatorial SST variability through the ocean tunnel.


Liquidity has always been a risk factor for investors on an individual security basis. But the financial crisis of 2008 provided a clearer picture of the existence of a macro, systemic, or systematic liquidity risk factor that is present at the portfolio level. We begin this issue of The Journal of Fixed Income with an article by Ren-Raw Chen, Wei He, and Wenling Lin that provides a liquidity index to compute the discount due to illiquidity apart from other risks. By applying this liquidity index to the financial sector, they find that large banks suffered more liquidity discounts than smaller banks. The financial crisis also created more suspicion concerning the usefulness of credit ratings. In the second article, Florian Kiesel empirically demonstrates that during the crisis, the credit default swap market did not respond to rating announcements and that stock prices had already anticipated rating announcements. The research literature has a long history of using stock market information to infer bond valuations (structural models). For trading strategies, the direction is predicated on information being first absorbed by the more liquid stock market and then transferred to the bond market. There are times, however, when the bond market leads the stock market. In the next article, Hans Byström considers an innovative approach to assessing stock prices through bond market information by inverting the CreditGrades model to back out credit-implied stock prices and volatilities from default swap spreads. Day-to-day movements are significantly correlated with actual stock prices. He also devises a credit-implied volatility index. In the following article, Michael B. McDonald IV investigates the relationship between investor demand for bonds and the capital structure decisions of firms. After controlling for other variables, he finds that management responds by increasing bond issuance when demand is higher as well as when spreads to Treasury rates are lower. Embedded options are what make bonds interesting and difficult to value. As a bond moves through time, its effective duration changes because of rate changes (an effect of prepayment and credit options) and the time to maturity diminishes. In their article, Vincenzo Russo and Frank J. Fabozzi propose a model in which the volatility of a coupon bond is a function of its stochastic duration. They then show that the price of an option can be derived in the context of the one-factor Hull–White model and applied to valuing bonds with information from swaptions. Finally, Jyh-Bang Jou and Tan (Charlene) Lee model and analyze the effects on the prepayment option as the interest rate differential between fixedand floating-rate mortgages changes. We hope you enjoy this issue of The Journal of Fixed Income. Your continued support is greatly appreciated.


This article discusses approaches in artist-led research and practice within communities where there have been issues with cohesion and conflict. In particular where those artists' practices have sought to engage people in direct discourse with their communities past. The objectives of such approaches being grounded in the assumption that reflecting on the past will inform the present and impact upon future behaviours. Such assumptions inform much of the current cultural policy and debate within the United Kingdom, however this paper will argue the complexities of 'communities', which may have perceived commonalities, may require a framework of engagement informed by a service design approach. A case study is presented of such a framework of engagement with post-primary children in Northern Ireland; what informed the design, its implementation and how the effects were measured. In addition the challenges faced surrounding inter-generational perceptions and beliefs highlighted the importance of understanding value systems if this form and process of creativity within communities' is to truly become a cultural and/or social catalyst for change.


The University of California, Santa Barbara, is developing a 40 gigabit per second ATM switch as part of its Thunder and Lightning network project. To use the high bandwidth efficiently, new network protocols are being developed and simulated on the Thunder and Lightning network protocol simulator. Due to the extreme memory and computational requirements of the simulator, the display, unlike most Tcl/Tk interfaces, must be implemented as a distinct process capable of running on a remote machine. This paper discusses some of the issues that arise with such a physical separation of application and interface, and describes the implementation of the simulator's display application, with an emphasis on the use of the Tcl language. One module of the GUI for the simulator is discussed in detail, demonstrating the use of XDR (external data representation) with Tcl sockets to provide for cross-platform binary data exchange between the simulator and its display application. We also discuss our experience in building the simulator GUI and propose ways in which XDR might be incorporated into Tcl. We discuss some shortcomings of the canvas widget and describe mechanisms to overcome them.


BACKGROUND
Given the increase in the number of deaths within long-term care facilities (LTCFs), the need for palliative and end-of-life (EOL) care education among such facilities has been increasing. As such, a systematic synthesis of global palliative and EOL care educational approaches and evaluation can aid further educational development.

OBJECTIVE
To synthesise the current literature on palliative and EOL care educational interventions for staff working in LTCFs and identify barriers to, and facilitators of, intervention implementation.

METHODS
The study used an integrative review framework wherein indexed databases, namely, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Japan Medical Abstract Society, were systematically searched for studies published in English and Japanese between 2007 and 2019. Search terms that are related to palliative care, LTCF, and education were combined to increase search sensitivity. The quality of the papers was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools and the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool.

RESULTS
A total of 52 studies were included in the review. Our results suggested that although studies in this area and setting have been evolving, suboptimal developmental research and educational practices, global variability and unstandardised approaches to education and lacking viewpoints from service users have remained. Barriers to intervention implementation were also reported due to the specific characteristics of LTCFs, which include high staff turnover and considerable variation in professional skills and experience.

CONCLUSIONS
Given the different LTCF types, systems and policies across each country or region, further research on standardised educational interventions with contextual considerations using large-scale studies with robust methodology is needed to meet the increasing demand for palliative and EOL care among the global ageing population.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Palliative and EOL care educational intervention for LTCF staff need to include more consideration of context, organisational culture and the user involvement throughout the process of education and research to enhance the quality of care in this complex setting.


The United Nations' Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) received a mixed reception. Some commentators viewed it as setting important normative standards for the recognition of Indigenous human rights within the international law framework, whilst others have been critical of the declaration for unduly limiting the nature and scope of Indigenous rights (Anaya 2004; Churchill 2011; Davis 2008; Moreton-Robinson 2011; Pitty 2001; Watson and Venne 2012). Indigenous Nations' Rights in the Balance: An Analysis of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by Charmaine White Face (2013) makes an important contribution to this debate by methodically charting the key changes made during the passage of the declaration through the United Nations process and highlighting the significance of these changes for the recognition and realisation of Indigenous rights.


Sesamoid bones are a special group of small auxiliary bones that form in proximity to joints and contribute to their stability and function. Sesamoid bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species. Therefore, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for sesamoid bones is challenging. Here, we examine the developmental mechanisms of three anatomically different sesamoid bones, namely patella, lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis at the cellular, molecular and mechanical levels, we demonstrate that all three types of sesamoid bones originated from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independent of mechanical stimuli from muscles. We show that BMP4 was necessary specifically for differentiation of patella but not of lateral fabella or digit sesamoids, whereas BMP2 regulated the growth of all examined sesamoids. Next, we show that whereas patella and digit sesamoids initially formed in juxtaposition to long bones, the lateral fabella formed independently at a distance. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that while patella detached from the femur by formation of a synovial joint, digit sesamoids detached from the phalanx by a fibrocartilage joint. Collectively, these findings highlight both common and divergent molecular and mechanical features of sesamoid bone development, thereby advancing our understanding of their evolutionary plasticity.


Although scientists typically insist that their research is very exciting and adventurous when they talk to laymen and prospective students, the allure of this enthusiasm is too often lost in the predictable, stilted structure and language of their scientific publications. I present here, a top-10 list of recommendations for how to write consistently boring scientific publications. I then discuss why we should and how we could make these contributions more accessible and exciting.


What if you stopped renting time or space ("advertising") and started investing in valuable content--content that you'll own? What if you tapped a trend or created a movement? What if you authentically embraced your most loyal fans? What if...you became a brandscaper?Brandscaping is a big, infectious idea--a new marketing methodology that begins with one simple observation: a rising tide lifts all ships. In this groundbreaking book, media and marketing visionary Andrew Davis shows you how to partner with other brands and undiscovered talent to create content that drives demand for the products and services you sell. Davis dishes up dozens of case studies showing how all types of individuals, companies, and brands have tapped into the power of brandscaping to achieve unparalleled success, often using resources already at their disposal.Successful brandscapers think more like television producers and less like marketers. In the new media world, everyone has an audience. No one needs the traditional media monarchies to access their audience anymore. Davis encourages you to reconsider your spend on advertising, forget about trying to obtain PR one-hit wonders, and start seeking out valuable replacements for inauthentic celebrity "endorsements." Reinvest that money, he says, on creating valuable content and watch your marketing expenses turn into powerful content assets.Brandscaping trains you to unearth authentic, talented "spokespeople" in a world where everyone is a publisher, podcaster, YouTuber, or digital photographer; people whose existing audiences, no matter how small, will become your future customers. Davis demonstrates how electronics manufacturers, retailers, home builders, associations, non-profits, individuals, and many others have benefited from the ability to tap into the power of niche markets.Davis also shows you how to identify and appeal to the passion points that inspire digital influencers, prosumers, and consumers to take action. Your marketing will be more effective and you'll fill your pipeline with higher-quality leads. Brandscaping will transform the way you market.Brandscaping is symbiotic marketing that can fund start-ups, aid non-profits, even change entire industries. Once you begin thinking like a brandscaper, you'll be able to easily see the benefits of connecting computer consulting to game shows; insurance sales to motorcycle parts; 'Foreman Grills to dorm-room cuisine; transportation professionals to hit television shows; backyard poultry to suburban hardware stores; watercraft sales to music videos; and so much more. In Brandscaping, you'll uncover opportunity at every turn. Davis' entertaining and artfully-crafted stories each deliver on a clear lesson and an optimistic business challenge to ask yourself, 'what if?'Brandscaping is both an intellectual exercise and a practical guide. It's a refreshing, insightful take on how marketing and media will work together in the future. It is specifically crafted to be embraced by C-suite executives and implemented by savvy marketing professionals.Get ready to brandscape!


Desalination is probably the only means for fresh water supply to countries in decertified climate. The majority of GCC counties rely on desalinated water for fresh water supply to major cities. Over 70% of the desalinated water in the GCC comes from thermal desalination plants including Multi Stage Flash (MSF) and Multi Effect Distillation (MED). The new trend in the desalination plant in the GCC is 30% Reverse Osmosis (RO) and 70% thermal. However, these percentages vary from one to another country depending on feed water quality and expertise. For example, Oman Sea has lower salinity than the Gulf water and hence Oman uses more RO for desalination than MED and MSF. This decision is also driven by economy as RO process less energy intensive and hence the produced water is less expensive as compared to thermal plants. On the contrary, Qatar and Kuwait use more MSF followed by MED due to the high salinity and low quality feed water. This is also because trials of RO in both Qatar and Kuwait were not successful because of the problems of membrane fouling and restrict pre-treatment requirements due to the quality of the water intake. The advantages of RO over thermal technologies are well known in terms of lower energy consumption and the cost of produced water; but are not yet taken advantage of in the GCC zone. One of the reasons is blamed on high feed water salinity and bad water quality; other reasons such as lack of experience, red tides and reliability are contributed to the dominance of thermal plants. However, field experience showed that good pretreatment and optimized RO design may overcome the problems of high feed salinity and bad water quality. Several RO plants, such as Fujairah in UAE, are good examples of a working RO technology in the harsh water environment. Good RO design includes design and optimization of both pretreatment and post-treatment. Field experience showed that most of RO plants failure was due to inefficient pretreatment which resulted in providing low quality water to the RO membrane that caused fouling. Fouling, including biological and scaling, can be handled once an efficient pretreatment process is available. Recent advances in pre-treatment techniques include the combination of Forward Osmosis (FO) with RO among other methods. Recent studies by the authors including commercial implantations have shown that the combination of FO with RO addresses the most technical challenge of RO process and that is fouling, which results in lower energy consumption and less chemical additives. Experience showed fouling in FO process in reversible, i.e. can be removed by backlashing while fouling in conventional RO process is irreversible. In this study, the feasibility of integrating FO with RO process for the desalting of the Gulf water in Qatar is presented. The results are expressed in terms of specific energy consumption, process recovery, produced water quality, chemical additives and overall process cost. The implementation of RO for desalination is not only reducing the cost of desalination but also the environmental impact. More R&D should be done to provide useful data about RO application and suitability for the Gulf water. The R&D should be focused on laboratory to market development of RO technology using rigorous lab scale and pilot plant testing program.


Objective: To determine the phenology, dry matter yield, grain yield and yield components of chickpea under four tillage methods and three sowing times within a semi-arid area of Kenya. Methodology and results: Field experiments were carried out at the National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, Naivasha, Kenya, between 2005 and 2007. Four tillage methods (Conventional, Strip, Furrow tillage, and double digging) and three sowing times (at onset, one week, two weeks after onset of rains) were evaluated. The experiment was a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated thrice in a split plot treatment design with tillage methods as main plots and sowing times allocated to the subplots. Days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity was 61 and 120 respectively irrespective of tillage method or sowing time in both seasons. Shoot biomass varied from 3242.1 to 4231.3 kg ha-1 in Season 1 and 3035.8 to 4556.1 kg ha-1 in Season 2 under tillage treatments, but, no significant differences in season 1 among sowing times. In season 2, the crop sown 2 weeks after onset of rains had significantly lower biomass yield. Plants in strip tilled plots had 36% more pods than other tillage methods in season I but not in 2. Sowing time had no significant effect on number of pods in season 1 but in season 2; the crop sown 2 weeks after the onset of rains had fewer pods. Grain yield was not influenced by tillage method or sowing times in season 1, but in season 2, strip tillage and sowing at the onset of rains yielded significantly higher grain yield than the other respective treatments. Mean grain yield were 1604kg /ha and 1895.95 kg/ha for season 1 and 2 respectively. Conclusion and application: Tillage methods and sowing times independently influenced growth, biomass development, yield components and grain yield in Kabuli chickpea, Var ICCV 95423 under semi-arid conditions in Kenya. The results were season -dependent. Sowing within two weeks after the onset of rains did not significantly lower biomass and grain yield. Strip tillage was superior to conventional tillage in the parameters measured. The time to 50% flowering and 50% maturity were not affected by tillage methods and sowing times. These results indicate that there is good potential for chickpea production (1.4 to 2.5 tonnes/ha) in this area which could be exploited to diversify grain legume production in Kenya.


Remote sensing and geographical information science (GIS) have advanced considerably in recent years. However, the potential of remote sensing and GIS within the environmental sciences is limited by uncertainty, especially in connection with the data sets and methods used. In many studies, the issue of uncertainty has been incompletely addressed. The situation has arisen in part from a lack of appreciation of uncertainty and the problems it can cause as well as of the techniques that may be used to accommodate it.
This book provides general overviews on uncertainty in remote sensing and GIS that illustrate the range of uncertainties that may occur, in addition to describing the means of measuring uncertainty and the impacts of uncertainty on analyses and interpretations made.
Uncertainty in Remote Sensing and GIS provides readers with comprehensive coverage of this largely undocumented subject:
* Relevant to a broad variety of disciplines including geography, environmental science, electrical engineering and statistics
* Covers range of material from base overviews to specific applications
* Focuses on issues connected with uncertainty at various points along typical data analysis chains used in remote sensing and GIS
Written by an international team of researchers drawn from a variety of disciplines, Uncertainty in Remote Sensing and GIS provides focussed discussions on topics of considerable importance to a broad research and user community. The book is invaluable reading for researchers, advanced students and practitioners who want to understand the nature of uncertainty in remote sensing and GIS, its limitations and methods of accommodating it. Table of Contents: List of Contributors.
Foreword. Preface. Uncertainty in Remote Sensing and GIS: Fundamentals (P. M. Atkinson and G. M. Foody). Uncertainty in Remote Sensing (C. E. Woodcock). Toward a Comprehensive View of Uncertainty in Remote Sensing Analysis (J. L. Dungan). On the Ambiguity Induced by a Remote Sensor's PSF (J. F. Manslow and M. S. Nixon) . Pixel Unmixing at the Sub-pixel Scale Based on Land Cover Class Probabilities: Application to Urban Areas (Q. Zhan, M. Molenaar and A. Lucieer). Super-resolution Land Cover Mapping from Remotely-Sensed Imagery using a Hopfield Neural Network (A. J. Tatem, H. G. Lewis, P. M. Atkinson and M. S. Nixon). Uncertainty in Land Cover Mapping from Remotely Sensed Data using Textural Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks (A. M. Jakomulska and J. P. Radomski). Remote Monitoring of the Impact of ENSO-related Drought on Sabah Rainforest using NOAA AVHRR Middle Infrared Reflectance: Exploring Emissivity Uncertainty (D. S. Boyd, P. C. Phipps, W. J. Duane and G. M. Foody). Land Cover Map 2000 and Meta-data at the Land Parcel Level (G. M. Smith and R. M. F uller). Analysing Uncertainty Propagation in GIS: Why is it not that Simple? (G. B.M. Heuvelink). Managing uncertainty in a Geospatial Model of Biodiversity (A. J. Warren, M. J. Collins, E. A. Johnson and P. F. Ehlers). The Effects of Uncertainty in Deposition Data on Predicting Exceedances of Acidity Critical Loads for Sensitive UK Ecosystems (E. Heywood, J. R. Hall and R. A. Wadsworth). Vertical and Horizontal Spatial Variation of Geostatistical Prediction (A. Wameling). Geostatistical Prediction and Simulation of the Lateral and Vertical Extent of Soil Horizons (B. Warr, I. O. A. Odeh and M. A. Oliver). Increasing the Accuracy of Predictions of Monthly Precipitation in Great Britain using Kriging with an External Drift (C. D. Lloyd). Conditional Simulation Applied to Uncertainty Assessment in DTMs (J. Senegas, M. Schmitt and P. Nonin). Current Status of Uncertainty Issues in Remote Sensing and GIS (G. M. Foody and P. M. Atkinson). Index.


This paper presents an approach for semi-autonomous product-centric information management based on the Product Avatar concept, discussing the overall concept of distributed and decentralised information management relevant to individual product items and analyses the requirements the concept generates. In that context, it aims at stimulating discussion on the pragmatic utilisation of emerging technologies, such as RFID, wireless networking and ubiquitous computing. This paper further illustrates the benefits of the application of the Product Avatar concept in examples related to PLM against a scenario based on a network of organisations connected to the maintenance, repair and operation processes of a product.


This article focuses on the arguments against statutory underpinning that have been made following the publication of the Leveson report in the UK. In particular, it examines the way that the watchdog function of the press has been asserted to construct a prophylactic rule against any statutory input. The article warns that such an argument is misguided, and could in practice undermine the independence of the press from private sources of power. The article also argues that the independence of the press does not just require protection from direct legal interventions, but demands greater caution and transparency in the informal relations between senior media figures and politicians.


To stay ahead of the competition, firms must continuously learn from their customers and swiftly adopt those lessons to improve their products. A unit at Ubisoft, a leading game publisher headquartered in Paris, has established a three-pronged approach to drive product innovation based on three practices: data-driven exploration, data-augmented ideation, and data-informed validation. By establishing processes and capabilities for these practices and blending them in a portfolio approach to product design, they maximize the value generation potential of the data at their disposal. Product development in a variety of industries can benefit from the lessons of these data-oriented innovation practices.


Electrophilic fluorinating reagents derived from fluoride are desirable for the synthesis of 18F-labeled molecules for positron emission tomography (PET). Here, we study the mechanism by which a Pd(IV)-complex captures fluoride and subsequently transfers it to nucleophiles. The intermediate Pd(IV)-F is formed with high rates even at the nano- to micromolar fluoride concentrations typical for radiosyntheses with 18F due to fast formation of an outer-sphere complex between fluoride and Pd(IV). The subsequent fluorine transfer from the Pd(IV)-F complex is proposed to proceed through an unusual SET/fluoride transfer/SET mechanism. The findings detailed in this manuscript provide a theoretical foundation suitable for addressing a more general approach for electrophilic fluorination with high specific activity 18F PET imaging.


A survey of museums in the United States sought to identify evidence of broad impact on the organisational culture and practices of museums in their relatioships with indiginous peoples as a result of the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 1990 (NAGPRA).

NAGPRA establishes a process for the repatriation of human remains and other specified items held in museum collections to Native Americans who can prove they are lineal descendants or members of tribes which are culturally affiliated with identified items covered by the legislation.

Effective repatriation programs are characterised by:

* a genuine belief in the primary rights of indigenous people in the management of their cultural material presently held in museum collections;

* a commitment to greater collaboration between the museum and indigenous people in the management of scientific research and public programs pertaining to items of indigenous cultural heritage;

* practices which are indicative of an organisational culture which acts in ways which go beyond the minimum requirements of the legislation.

Our research shows that museums are engaging in consultation with indigenous people in the management of collections of indigenous cultural heritage, and that this engagement is influencing conservation strategies. Museums espouse goals which promote external consultation, the involvement of indigenous people in their activities, respect for the cultural goals of indigenous people and a commitment to increasing public awareness of indigenous cultural heritage and social issues. However, only in the areas where NAGPRA has mandated it should happen—collections of human remains and secret/sacred material—is there evidence of communication and consultation, commitment of resources and sharing of authority with indigenous people consistent with the outcomes intended under NAGPRA.


A number of second‐generation non‐sedating antihistamines are used in clinical practices over the world. However, long‐term safety and efficacy have not been proved high level evidence based medicine. We have performed an open‐label, multicenter, phase III study to evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of bilastine, a novel non‐sedating H1‐antihistamine for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) or pruritus associated with skin diseases (trial registration no. JapicCTI‐142528). Patients aged 18–74 years were treated with bilastine 20 mg once daily for up to 52 weeks. Safety and tolerability were assessed on the basis of adverse events (AE), bilastine‐related AE, laboratory tests and vital signs. Efficacy was assessed based on rash score, itch score, overall improvement and quality of life. One hundred and ninety‐eight patients enrolled, 122 of whom (61.6%) completed the 52‐week treatment period. AE were reported in 64.5% and bilastine‐related AE in 2.5% of patients throughout the 52‐week treatment period. All AE were mild to moderate in severity. AE associated with the nervous system occurred in 10 patients (5.1%) including seven patients (3.6%) with headache. Somnolence reported in two of these patients (1.0%) was related to bilastine. All efficacy variables improved during treatment with bilastine. In conclusion, long‐term treatment with bilastine 20 mg once daily for 52 weeks is safe and well tolerated in Japanese patients with CSU or pruritus associated with skin diseases. Bilastine improved disease symptoms of both conditions early in treatment, and the efficacy was maintained throughout the treatment.


Congenital toxoplasmosis is a disease with sever clinical manifestations in newborns so screening of pregnant women is crucial. This study was aimed at evaluating the latest status of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and its respective risk factors in the northeast of Iran. This survey was conducted between 2013 and 2015 on 350 pregnant women. Blood samples were taken from the participants and their serums were separated. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM were assessed in the serum samples using ELISA method. Moreover, a questionnaire about toxoplasmosisrelated risk factors and other information was completed by each participant. Of the 350 pregnant women studied, 110 (31.42%) were positive for IgG and 12 (3.42%) for IgM. The IgM-positive subjects were also positive for IgG. Age of pregnancy, residence area, contact with cat, degree of meat cooking, unwashed raw vegetable or fruit consumption, raw milk consumption, and history of miscarriage were toxoplasmosis-related risk factors considered in this study, the results showed that all these factors were statistically significant in IgG-positive subjects. In IgMpositive subjects, contact with cat, degree of meat cooking, unwashed raw vegetables, fruits consumption, and history of miscarriage were among the more important risk factors. The new cases of toxoplasmosis are being occurring in the pregnant women in the region under the study and therefore these pregnancies are uncertain.


Agriculture is expanding into regions that are affected by salinity. This review considers energy costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants and provides a framework for a quantitative assessment of costs. Different sources of energy, and modifications of root system architecture that would maximise water versus ion uptake are addressed. Energy requirements for transport of NaCl to leaf vacuoles for osmotic adjustment could be small if there are no substantial leaks back across plasma membrane and tonoplast in root and leaf. The coupling ratio of H+ -ATPase is also a critical component. One proposed leak, that of Na+ influx across the plasma membrane through certain aquaporin channels, might be coupled to water flow, thus conserving energy. For the tonoplast, control of two types of cation channels is required for energy efficiency. Transporters controlling the Na+ and Cl- concentrations in mitochondria and chloroplasts are largely unknown and could be a major energy cost. The complexity of the system will require a sophisticated modelling approach to identify critical transporters, apoplastic barriers and root structures. This modelling approach will inform experimentation and allow a quantitative assessment of the energy costs of salt tolerance to guide breeding and engineering of molecular components. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


This Article untangles the effects of the Supreme Court's latest word on the Erie doctrine. First, Shady Grove lightly confirms the limited role of constitutional constraints. Second, it sheds only a little light on judicial choice-of-law methodology. Third, by contrast, it does considerably clarify the conflict between Federal Rules and state law: if a Rule regulates procedure, then it is valid and applicable without exception in all federal cases, to the extent of its coverage; in determining the Rule's coverage, federal courts should read it, when alternative readings are defensible, to minimize its intrusion on substantive rights (that is, they should construe a Rule in a fashion that includes considering the impact on the generalized congressional and state interests in regulating substance, but they should not adopt a narrowed construction to avoid conflict with the state's interests peculiarly in play in the particular situation presented by the case at bar). In the end, Shady Grove has not fundamentally altered Erie, but it mercifully makes it more comprehensible.


The overarching aim of the Student Academic Partners (SAP) Project Scheme is to integrate students into University communities which actively support student learning. A planned audit of current team working practices was considered to be a suitable vehicle for such a partnership.

The notion of team working is particularly highly prized by employers. University tutors increasingly utilise strategies to enhance team working experience and practice. Such skills are important in a curriculum which places an emphasis on enhancing employability and engagement skills. Whilst not all students see the benefit, prospective employers are keen to recruit those with a high level of skill. Employability skills in general are now routinely embedding in modules.

An audit of undergraduate modules found that approximately one third of modules include some element of team working theory, practice and/or assessment. A position early in the academic year was found to be prevalent, suggesting an impact on future practice. Not all modules where team working is a part of the assessment pattern were found to include theory and practice, but the mandatory nature of such modules suggests that previous learning has taken place before the commencement of the module under scrutiny. Some subjects were found utilise individual working practices throughout.


We report, for the first time to our knowledge, the presence of concentration-induced nonuniform power in tunable erbium-doped fiber lasers. A theoretical model is proposed with pair-induced quenching taken into account. We obtain good agreement between numerical and experimental results of a high-concentration erbium-doped fiber ring laser with a large tuning range of over 100 nm. These findings are useful for the design of lasers with doped fibers.


Edward Douglass White (1844-1921) was appointed associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1894 when he was a sitting U.S. senator, and was elevated to chief justice in 1910. Given his background — White was a Democrat, Confederate veteran, sugar planter, and lawyer from New Orleans, and son of a Louisiana governor — one would have expected White to share the legal and political views of others of his background, class, and region, which were generally hostile to federal power and fervently in favor of white supremacy. Yet White was a nationalist on the Supreme Court. He was considered a de facto Republican by many prominent northern Republicans, and was elevated to the chief's seat by William Howard Taft. As a justice White voted repeatedly to uphold expansive uses of Congress's regulatory and taxing powers, including powers first exercised by the Union during the Civil War to tax income and raise armies by conscription. White did not have enlightened racial views, and joined the majority of the Court in Plessy v. Ferguson and other decisions that denied equal rights to African-Americans. But he also wrote the Court's decisions holding unconstitutional that so-called "grandfather clauses" that were used in the South after the war to prevent African-Americans from voting, and voted in favor of civil rights in other important cases. Previous biographers have recognized the importance of White's experience as a Confederate soldier to his life and later judicial and political outlook. But the details they have published about White's military service have been only brief and vague, and sometimes simply wrong. Relying on a far broader array of original and secondary sources than any previous study, this paper explores what exactly White did, saw, and experienced during the Civil War. Crucially, though, the story is also one about omissions and even deception by White. A newly-discovered document shows that he lied to Federal interrogators about his war service when he was captured in 1865. In later life White rarely spoke of the war, and when he did he offered almost no details about his service. He failed to correct the record when inaccurate biographical details about his service were published. His actual war service was almost certainly much less extensive and honorable than previous biographers have claimed. The most detailed information we possess shows him joining a marauding guerrilla band in rural Louisiana in the closing months of the war. Later in life, the one thing that White clearly and honestly expressed about the war was deep regret that it occurred at all, anguish about its human toll and effect on his beloved country, and self-criticism about his youthful service on the Confederate side. This picture that emerges of White and his war service is much more complex than offered in previous biographical studies, and provides a surer foundation for assessing his life and judicial work, and accurately understanding his place in the country's political and legal history.


Experiences have become a new trend within the world economy today and a new way to add value to companies. A new economy is emerging named the Experience Economy. The customers' demands of experiences are increasing and companies need to satisfy these demands and adapt them-selves to this emerging economy. The Experience Economy is today the fastest growing industry in Sweden and has grown steadily during the last decade. The Experience Economy is something that needs to be adapted within all industries in the society and is seen as the key factor towards economic success.Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study how Swedish compa-nies have implemented experiences in the society and give future recommendations for their industries.Frame of reference: In this section theories and definitions regarding the Experience Economy from a producer perspective are presented. The theoretical frame does also contain the evolvement, culture, design and added value of experiences in today's society.Method: In order to answer the purpose of the thesis a qualitative method has been utilized. The data collection contains of 14 companies within 13 sections of industries providing experiences in the Swedish market.Conclusion: The results presents the spreading of experiences in the Swedish society, the industries that are better suited for the Experience Economy and further more the future aspects of the development of this economy.