At the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Charles II inherited the existing interregnum navy. This was a persistent, but loosely defined organization that included a professional community of officers, a large number of warships, and substantial debts. From the beginning Charles II used royal prerogative to define the Royal Navy. In 1661, Parliament created legislation that simultaneously defined the English state and the Royal Navy. These actions closely linked the Royal Navy's development to that of the English state, and the use of both statutes and conventions to define the Navy provided the foundation for its development in the 'Westminster Model'. This thesis considers the Royal Navy's development from the Restoration to the replacement of the Articles of War in 1749 in five distinct periods. The analysis shows emphasizes both the consistency of process that resulted from the creation and adoption of definitions in 1660, as well as the substantial complexity and differences that resulted from very different institutional, political and geopolitical circumstances in each period. The Royal Navy's development consisted of the ongoing integration of structural and professional definitions created both in response to crises and pressures, as well as deliberate efforts to improve the institution. The Royal Navy was integrated with the English state, and became an institution associated with specific maritime military expertise, and the foundations laid at the Restoration shaped how the Navy's development reflected both English state development and professionalization. In particular, the aspects of the Royal Navy that Charles II and Parliament respectively defined in 1660 provide important context for when first Parliament, then the Board of Admiralty later stepped outside those bounds.


Asbestos claims continue to taunt and torment the American legal system. The taunting comes from the fact that at its heart, an asbestos injury claim is a relatively uncomplicated tort of the sort handled by the civil liability system for many centuries. The torment comes from the sheer volume of cases, some 500,000 to date according to Professor Hensler and her RAND collaborators,1 with no sign of abating any time soon. By all accounts, as demonstrated by Professor Hensler, not only is the system far from resolving asbestos cases, but the peak of the litigation is not yet in sight. To get a sense of the pervasiveness of the asbestos crisis, one need look no further than the data of date of first exposure by individual claimants maintained by the Manville Trust, the largest and most systematic data set on filings against one company. Over the past decade of paying claims, the Manville Trust has moved the average date of first exposure to asbestos among its resolved claims from about 1953 to about 1960.2 Since Manville continued to manufacture and distribute asbestos and asbestos products into the 1980s, we would expect several decades more of litigation to move the docket of claims to the end point of original exposure to Manville products. Compound that by the long latency of asbestos diseases and the continued circulation of asbestos products well past the end date of Manville manufacturing, and it is readily apparent that the end of asbestos litigation is decades away. Accompanying the siege of the courts is an ongoing debate over what should be done. The debate broke into the forefront of procedural jurisprudence with the Supreme Court's rejection of the use of class-action IMAGE FORMULA4 settlement devices in Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor3 and Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp.4 As the battle lines were drawn over whether class actions should serve as the organizing vehicles for closure of asbestos liability, a secondary debate came to the fore. On one side were the proceduralist critics of the use of class actions shorn of the protective representation of the absent class members. On the other side were the distributionalist critics of the haphazard and wasteful fashion in which the litigation system responded to the asbestos crisis. For the proceduralists, the critical issues were the process distortions that emerged from conflicted representation and the seemingly inescapable temptation to forego the interests of the victims of tomorrow in exchange for compensation for the claimants of today.5 On the other side were those whose interests were primarily dictated by the compensatory and distributive concerns underlying the foundations of the tort system.6 The distributionalists argued that there was no escaping the facts of asbestos litigation, as summarized in Amchem: "[T]ransaction costs exceed the victims' recovery by nearly two to one; exhaustion of assets threatens and distorts the process; and future claimants may lose altogether."7 A fuller picture of the debate on the procedural side would extend to problems of rule integrity and the power of courts under the Rules Enabling Act.8 For the proceduralists, these concerns crystallized in the very structure of class actions and their inevitable removal from any familiar model of IMAGE FORMULA6 litigation. In scholarship and case law, the concern over unmoored class actions found expression in the debates over reverse auctions, allocative decisions made by unaccountable agents, and the risk of outright collusion at the expense of the absent and the uninformed. Nor was the distributivist arsenal by any means exhausted. Distributionalists kept returning to the tort system's extraordinary transaction costs, the peculiarity of repeated punitive damages awards, and litigation's overall distributive distortions of compensation. The big showdown occurred in Amchem and Ortiz and, to put it mildly, the proceduralists won hands down. …


As a prime target of the quality of privacy in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), location privacy is imperative for VANETs to fully flourish. Although frequent pseudonym changing provides a promising solution for location privacy in VANETs, if the pseudonyms are changed in an improper time or location, such a solution may become invalid. To cope with the issue, in this paper, we present an effective pseudonym changing at social spots (PCS) strategy to achieve the provable location privacy. In particular, we first introduce the social spots where several vehicles may gather, e.g., a road intersection when the traffic light turns red or a free parking lot near a shopping mall. By taking the anonymity set size as the location privacy metric, we then develop two anonymity set analytic models to quantitatively investigate the location privacy that is achieved by the PCS strategy. In addition, we use game-theoretic techniques to prove the feasibility of the PCS strategy in practice. Extensive performance evaluations are conducted to demonstrate that better location privacy can be achieved when a vehicle changes its pseudonyms at some highly social spots and that the proposed PCS strategy can assist vehicles to intelligently change their pseudonyms at the right moment and place.


ABSTRACT Epizootic shell disease (ESD) is a recently described form of shell disease affecting the American lobster (Homarus americanus, H. Milne Edwards). The disease has caused serious losses to the American lobster fishery. Affected lobsters are unmarketable as a result of the severe biofouling present on the carapace surface. Eukaryotic micro- and macro-organisms have been observed in ESD lesions, but their identity and the extent of their presence has not been determined. We amplified 18S rRNA gene sequences from eukaryotic communities in ESD lesions and separated them for sequencing using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The diversity of the eukaryotic communities was surprisingly high, with as many as 7 different organisms detected in a number of lesions. The eukaryotes identified belonged to broad taxa, including Metazoa, Protozoa, and Fungi. Some organisms were detected in a number of samples and may have a specific role in ESD lesion development and biofouling, including the nematode Geomonhystera disjuncta, various barnacles, stramenopiles, and bryozoans. Aside from G. disjuncta, the other eukaryotes were only sporadically detected and were, therefore, likely opportunistic. However, G. disjuncta is a known bacterivorous nematode; thus, it, too, is likely opportunistic because high numbers of bacteria are known to exist in ESD lesions. Although the eukaryotic organisms in ESD lesions are likely secondary invaders, they may contribute significantly to the biofouling of the carapace seen in severe ESD.


The purpose of this study was to understand the nature and extent of subject content and curriculum knowledge that part-time Post Graduate Certificate in Education students in one South African university, brought to the classroom, and the kind and level of knowledge that they expected and sought from the programme. The study employed a qualitative design and data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 146 part-time students on this programme. These students were teaching in different contexts: urban, rural and, township high schools. The findings indicated that teachers within the 0-3 years' professional life phase expected to gain knowledge of the curriculum. The student teachers did not believe that they possessed adequate content knowledge, despite their previous undergraduate training and thus expected to learn the subject content knowledge from the programme. Many of the students however had adequate understanding of teaching practice although they still expected to learn more, including learning about aspects of professional teacher attributes. The coreeducational modules in the programme exposed students to knowledge of curriculum and assessment requirements. However, these findings suggest a need to establish individual needs of students to ensure that their classroom practice needs are addressed by the time they graduate. Given the link between teacher content knowledge and student achievement, and the need to improve the content knowledge of PGCE part-time teacher-students, the study recommends inclusion of content knowledge in the curriculum.


A systematic approach for performing a holistic reactivity insertion analysis in research reactors using the RELAP5/MOD3 code is proposed. The intention is to demonstrate, in an orderly manner, a method for determining the limiting reactivity insertion in a research reactor facility. Indispensable constituents of the algorithmic approach are the introduction of the "time-to-failure" parameter, the selection of the reactivity insertion duration, the evaluation of the control rod drop time, and the computation of engineering factors. The methodology is demonstrated through a RELAP5/MOD3 parametric study performed to determine the limiting reactivity insertion values for the Greek Research Reactor-1 (GRR-1). In the framework of this study, the core nodalization effect on reactivity limits and the degree of conservatism introduced by the engineering factors are discussed. The results obtained confirm the applicability of the approach and reveal the effect of the parameters mentioned above on the performance of reactivity insertion analysis.


Subsidence analysis of wells in the central North Sea and Labrador-Grand Banks and oft the West Greenland, Scotian shelf and United States Atlantic margin shows distinct quantitative stratigraphic correlation patterns of circum North Atlantic sites. A significant departure from the overall decrease in subsidence for the Pliocene occurs in many wells, when the rate is found to have increased one or more orders of magnitude from Oligocence/Miocene rates. Wells were selected along transects from shore to basin to find if relative basin position is influenced by differential basin subsidence. Although stratigraphic resolution is not detailed, more basinward sites experienced up to four times larger subsidence rates in the late Neogene than in the Oligocene/Miocene, with a peak in the Pliocene. Wells at the basin edge experienced much less subsidence or showed uplift. The observations are consistent with a rapid change of intraplate stress at the cause for this observed transition in Neogene subsidence. Major reorganizations of spreading direction and rate occurred during the Pliocene along the entire Atlantic spreading system, possibly in conjunction with more global changes in plate motions. We propose that the associated changes in intraplate stress caused the excess margin subsidence. Relative uplift along basin edges is consistent with this mechanism of relative movement and may explain apparent eustatic changes in sea level.


This thesis investigates the impact of solar shading devices on energy use and daylight quality in office rooms. The impact on energy use is analysed through computer simulations with the dynamic energy simulation program Derob-LTH while the impact on daylight quality is investigated through measurements in full-scale experimental office rooms and simulations with the program Radiance. This thesis also includes a literature review of research on solar shading as well as design tools to incorporate shading devices at an early stage in the design of buildings. This thesis indicates that, in cold countries, shading devices may provide more annual energy savings than any solar-protective (reflective, tinted) glazing and that the optimum glazing transmittance is orientation- and climate-dependent. For example, high annual energy savings are obtained on the south facade with higher transmittance glazings (compared with the east and west facade) because the potential for passive solar gain utilisation in the winter is high in comparison with the annual cooling demand. Exterior shading devices like awnings and overhangs may reduce the cooling demand dramatically but they are not suitable as daylight (glare) control devices. Devices like screens and venetian blinds are preferable because they cover the entire window area, which prevents sunlight patches in the room and the direct view of the bright sky. Screens and venetian blinds also reduce daylight in the room to levels that are suitable for computer work. However, it is essential that the screen be of a diffusing type since screens with a strong (specular) transmittance component result in poor daylight quality. The study on daylight quality also indicated that a screen transmittance of around 15 % may be optimum for a standard (3.5 by 6.0 m2) south-oriented office room with a window covering around 25 % of the facade area (12 % of the floor area). (Less)


If truth hurts, this is no doubt because it is often enough forced on us. And the question as to whether the reception of "nice," "easy" truths is similarly an outcome of coercion negates itself in its very formulation — we do not ask "why are things the way they are?" from a feeling of comfort; the plaintiff cry of "how, then, shall we live?" does not come to us out of a sense of security. Indeed, insofar as truth overtakes us and interrupts the conventions of our lives, it occurs to us quite apart from our ordinary desires and wants. We are thus faced with a paradox: what claim can truth make on a bein g that "doesn't need it and doesn't care about it—since it doesn't at all concern his needs"? When one considers that the awareness of truth is indexed to lived experience, the paradox is only heightened.


Crescent City, located in Del Norte County on the California coast about 460 k north of San Francisco (Figure 1), has suffered more impacts from historic tsunamis than any other community on the west coast of the United States (Dengler and Magoon 2006). Thirty-one tsunamis have been observed at this small coastal city (population 7,542) since a tide gauge was established in 1933, including 11 events with maximum peak-to-trough wave range exceeding 1 meter and four that caused damage (National Geophysical Data Center 2008; http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml). The most recent damaging tsunami, and the first tsunami to cause significant property damage in the United States since 1964, occurred on 15 November 2006. It was caused by an Mw 8.3 earthquake on the central Kuril trench and produced strong currents in Crescent Harbor that damaged docks in the small-boat basin.

Five tsunamis generated by earthquakes in the Kuril Islands have been recorded at Crescent City since the tide gauge was installed, but only the 2006 event caused damage. The earthquakes were similar in magnitude (7.9 to 8.4) and varied slightly in location relative to Crescent City. This study examines what happened in the 2006 tsunami at Crescent City and why this tsunami was more damaging than other recent events. We use the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST) model (Titov and Gonzales 1997; Titov and Synolakis 1998) to simulate three recent tsunamis triggered by similar-sized earthquakes on the Kuril trench and examine which segments of the Kuril-Japan subduction zones have the greatest potential to impact Crescent City.

The Kuril Islands trench in the northwestern Pacific marks the convergent plate boundary between the Pacific and North American plates (Figure 2). The Pacific plate is subducting underneath the Kuril Islands arc in a WNW direction of 81 mm/yr; subduction occurs more rapidly only along …


Territorial feelings and behaviors are important, pervasive, and yet largely overlooked aspects of organizational life. Organizational members can and do become territorial over physical spaces, ideas, roles, relationships, and other potential possessions in organizations. We examine how territorial behaviors are used to construct, communicate, maintain, and restore territories in organizations. We then go on to discuss the organizational consequences of these behaviors, including their effects on organizational commitment, conflict, preoccupation, and individual isolation.


INTRODUCTION The role of social relationships in health outcomes is an area of growing research importance. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has begun to encourage research programs that explore the role of family members in veterans' health outcomes, particularly after the deployed veteran has been away from the family for an extended time. Research shows that contentious postdeployment interactions with civilian family members are linked with poor mental health outcomes [1-3]. However, supportive and emotionally intimate civilian family interactions with the returning veteran seem to protect against mental health problems. Family therapy sessions that include both the veteran and his or her family have been shown to successfully improve returning veterans' mental health outcomes [4-7]. Postdeployment family reintegration literature focuses on the family's role in helping the veteran transition from Active Duty military deployment to civilian society. This focus may miss other important personal connections that affect the veteran's life. One such connection is the relationship many veterans have with former military unit members who served with them when deployed. Former military unit members are typically cited as obstacles to civilian family reintegration [8] because of the emotional and experiential ties that bind military unit members. However, we argue that these same ties could be used strategically to create a supportive transition from Active Duty to civilian society. Drawing on interviews with Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) veterans conducted from 2008 to 2009, we propose that the members of a military unit, especially those who participated as a group during a period of armed conflict, should be considered a resource to help rather than impede family reintegration. This proposal has implications for current reintegration policy and for the best way to help veterans transition into civilian society. Postdeployment Reintegration As of December 2009, 179,090 Active Duty (i.e., fulltime) and 71,217 Reserve Component servicemembers were on Active Duty as part of OIF/OEF [9]. In all, about 2,052,405 servicemembers have been deployed to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars [10]. An estimated 2 to 3 percent of the total American population, including family members, has been directly touched by the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Postdeployment reintegration is stressful for veterans and their families, and family upheaval is common [8,11]. When the family environment is acrimonious, anger, distrust, and alienation can create veteran mental states that contribute to negative mental health outcomes [12]. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses are more likely for those veterans whose family lives are characterized by low levels of expressiveness, low family cohesiveness, and high interpersonal conflict [1-3]. Contentious family relationships are also related to veteran interpartner violence [13], increased rates and severity of child abuse [14], marital dissolution, and divorce [15-17]. At the worst, family dysfunction and dissolution are linked to veteran homelessness [18-22]. Reintegration and Former Military Unit Members "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers. For he today that sheds his blood with me, shall be my brother...." [23]. Western culture has long recognized military friendships to be among the strongest relationships a veteran forms. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle noted that military camaraderie was essential for dealing with the emotional strains of combat [24]. Research supports the idea that being part of a military unit creates an uncommonly strong bond between military members. Both formal military training and military culture are built around the concept of servicemembers developing profound reliance on their comrades [25], and reliance can foster deep friendships. Physical and social isolation, an experience of shared risks, and deprivations of deployment encourage servicemembers to rely heavily on military unit members for social and emotional support, forging strong friendships [25-27]. …


Background & Aim: Moral intelligence is linked with doing right work and adherence to ethics. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and quality of work life of nurses in Tabriz hospitals. Material & Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of all nurses working in hospitals of Tabriz in 2014. Using stratified random sampling, 186 nurses were recruited as the research sample. Lennick and Kiel's (2005) moral intelligence questionnaire and Brooks and Anderson's (2005) quality of work life survey were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods including Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis using SPSS-PC (v. 20). Results: According to findings, there was significant positive relationships between the elements of moral intelligence and quality of work life - home , quality of work context and quality of work world (P = 0.001). There was no significant relationship between moral intelligence and quality of work design. The regression analysis showed that moral intelligence could predict the quality of work life/home life, the quality of work context and the quality of work world. However, it did not have a significant role in the prediction of quality of work design. Conclusion: Considering that the quality of nursing work life is predictable through moral intelligence, it seems that appropriate levels of moral intelligence could lead nurses to play a significant role in hospitals. Meanwhile, approaches such as encouraging moral behavior would improve the present situation.


This book is a collection of papers given at the seventh biennial conference held at the University of Cambridge in March 2008, and is the fifth in the series Modern Studies in Property Law. The Property Law conference has become well-known as a unique opportunity for property lawyers to meet and confer both formally and informally. This volume is a refereed and revised selection of the papers given there. It covers a broad range of topics of immediate importance, not only in domestic law but also on a worldwide scale. [Book Synopsis]


One of the visionary architects of the twentieth century, John Lautner designed dramatically innovative buildings with a rare sensitivity to site, vista, and structure. Accompanying a full-scale exhibition on Lautner at Los Angeles's Hammer Museum, this is the first publication to comprehensively explore his work, including his apprenticeship with Frank Lloyd Wright and the cultural and geographical context of Los Angeles, through an intensive examination of the archives of the John Lautner Foundation. Although Lautner's dramatic houses are well-known, this is the first time his work has been seriously examined by scholars. Historian Nicholas Olsberg contributes an analysis of Lautner's evolution, providing social and cultural context. Architect Frank Escher covers the relationship between his experiments in structure and poetics of space, and Jean-Louis Cohen discusses Lautner's place in new design tendencies.This richly illustrated monograph includes previously unpublished sketches, drawings, construction images, and Lautner's own photographs to unveil the evolution, originality, and logic of his designs, focusing on the atmospheres and vistas they establish and the connections to landscape and sensory fluidity that mark their innovative spatial arguments.


Despite the lack of crash-based evidence, the development and application of driver educational/training programs continues to be advocated in the community as a measure to reduce novice driver crash risk. To influence and direct evidence-based practice in this popular area, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) has funded the development of a best-practice driver education/development program for Australian novice drivers with at least six months of solo driving experience. ATSB retained the authors to research and prepare a model novice driver curriculum program based on best road safety practice and contemporary psychological, educational theory. The authors were also required to develop specifications for a large-scale, crash-based trial of this program in a suitable Australian jurisdiction. This paper provides an overview of the model curriculum developed and the proposed evaluation plan. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E211985.


For autonomous systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles to successfully perform complex missions, a great deal of embedded reasoning is required at varying levels of abstraction. To support the integration and use of diverse reasoning modules we have developed DyKnow, a stream-based knowledge processing middleware framework. By using streams, DyKnow captures the incremental nature of sensor data and supports the continuous reasoning necessary to react to rapid changes in the environment. DyKnow has a formal basis and pragmatically deals with many of the architectural issues which arise in autonomous systems. This includes a systematic stream-based method for handling the sensereasoning gap, caused by the wide difference in abstraction levels between the noisy data generally available from sensors and the symbolic, semantically meaningful information required by many highlevel reasoning modules. As concrete examples, stream-based support for anchoring and planning are presented.


Accreditation was previously defined as a voluntary process in which recognition is granted to educational programs which meet or exceed established standards of educational quality. One of the inherent problems in the application of the accreditation process lies in the identification of educational quality, an elusive and subjective concept which creates the fear of the accreditation process becoming equally subjective. The author discusses this fear, along with other misconceptions regarding the implementation of accreditation in hospitality management programs at the baccalaureate level, concluding a two-part series begun in the Spring 1985 issue. Accreditation was previously defined as a voluntary process in which recognition is granted to educational programs which meet or exceed established standards of educational quality. One of the inherent problems in the application of the accreditation process lies in the identification of educational quality, an elusive and subjective concept which creates the fearof the accreditation process becoming equally subjective. The author discusses this fear, along with other misconceptions regarding the implementation of accreditation in hospitality management programs at the baccalaureate level, concluding a two-part series begun in the Spring 1985 issue.


This thesis summarises and discusses results of four separate studies on the combined effects of RN genotype and production system on technological and nutritional pig meat quality. That RN genotype considerably affects technological meat quality is well known but little attention has been directed towards potential effects on the nutritional quality of the meat. Mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in fried meat are an important nutritional safety issue and the high muscle glycogen content in RN¯ carriers could affect HCA formation. Further, despite an increased interest in alternative production systems for pig meat there are few and inconsistent reports on meat quality implications. Three animal materials, representing different aspects of alternative production systems, formed the basis for the experimental work. Besides production conditions, RN genotype and sex of the animals were known. The water-holding capacity, colour, texture and chemical composition of the meat were analysed. In two studies the meat was fried and the level of heterocyclic amines formed was determined and in one study the fatty acid composition and the level of the antioxidant α-tocopherol were analysed. In the last study, a questionnaire complemented with colour photographs was used to obtain information on dietary practices and preferences regarding home-prepared pork chops of different RN genotypes. The results stress the importance of combinatory effects of different production factors on final meat quality. Alternative production systems did not have a large impact on final pig meat quality, but in non-carriers of the RN¯ allele organic production with increased physical activity lead to impaired water-holding and texture of the meat. The high glycogen content of meat from RN carriers prevented negative effects of pre-slaughter treatment on meat quality. Free-range reared pigs with access to green feed resulted in more polyunsaturated fatty acids and α-tocopherol in the meat compared to indoor reared pigs. The high glycogen content in carriers of the RN¯ allele led to a browner crust and considerably lower levels of HCAs in fried meat compared to that of non-carriers. It was indicated that pork chops only marginally contribute to the daily intake of HCAs; nonetheless, by choosing meat of carriers of the RN¯ allele and by using lower cooking temperatures, this intake can be further reduced.


This thesis presents the findings of laboratory work on behavior of landfill liner using crushed siltstone and kaolinite. The selection of landfill liner are based on compatibility with the soil environment, resistance of load from waste, and also groundwater levels. Inspired by using waste material as engineering purpose,
therefore this study is to determine the physical properties of composite kaolinite clay-crushed siltstone liner, to predict the effect of composite on hydraulic conductivity and engineering characteristic of composite kaolinite clay-crushed siltstone liner and also to analyze the settlement result by using Plaxis Modelling.There is a paucity of the previous research, where the study on the liner material is lacking. Therefore, in the present study, an alternative liner made of composite material is studied and developed. The waste material that had been used in this
studied was crushed siltstone which then sandwiched with kaolinite layers and vice versa. The crushed siltstone and kaolinite clay was modeled in laboratory by sandwiching them in layer according to proportion thickness of intermediate layers range between 10% to 50%. Several geometry profiles were developed in which siltstone is placed at the middle and vice versa. All specimens were prepared and tested in accordance with BS 1377 standard. From the observation by conducting the testing, the physical properties of specimens was meet the requirement of
Environment Protection Health (EPA). Strength characteristics of each composite were analyzed and discussed accordingly. Furthermore, it was noticed that the composite material can influence the compressive strength of composite materials.
Strength is increased when the siltstone layer is located as an intermediate layer. Instead, the strength was decreased when the clay layer acts as an intermediate layer.Furthermore, it showed that the different geometric profiles had also influenced the
hydraulic conductivity of flow rate. The crushed siltstone permits higher permeability as compared to kaolinite which gives a low permeability. As conclusion, combination of these two materials as laminated material provided a good requirement in term of strength of liner and also hydraulic conductivity for liner. The finding has contributes some knowledge and information regards to the use of waste material in geoenvironmental engineering application


Purpose

Substance use prevalence varies considerably between schools, but to date, whole school approaches for reducing substance use have only been moderately effective. The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel multifaceted whole-school approach to reduce substance use primarily among teenagers aged 11-14 years.

Design/methodology/approach

The outlined approach is premised on the proposal that schools can reduce the harms associated with substance use by promoting school connectedness and improving the school-related experiences of weakly connected and disconnected students. The aim of this approach is to develop students' autonomy so that they may act in their real and long-term interests. This may be attained by promoting the realisation of essential human capacities for: practical reasoning – through valued opportunities for cognitive development and affiliation – through valued opportunities for affective development that advance students sense of acceptance within school. Schools may achieve this, it is proposed, by providing outlined forms of appropriate formal support and formal control that are augmented by particular features of school organisation, curriculum and pedagogic practice, which are also described.

Findings

A theoretically driven understanding of a whole school approach for reducing teenage substance use is outlined.

Originality/value

The outlined approach may usefully inform the development of future whole school interventions aiming to reduce problematic substance use among school students. Additional potential benefits include more successful student life trajectories.


Current knowledge suggests that, to be successful, oral feeding in preterm infants should be initiated as soon as possible, often at an age where immature respiration still requires ventilatory support in the form of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). While some neonatologist teams claim great success with initiation of oral feeding in immature infants with nCPAP, others strictly wait for this ventilatory support to be no longer necessary before any attempt at oral feeding, fearing laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide a first assessment of the effect of various levels of nCPAP on bottle-feeding in a neonatal ovine model, including feeding safety, feeding efficiency, and nutritive swallowing-breathing coordination. Eight lambs born at term were surgically instrumented 48 h after birth to collect recordings of electrical activity of laryngeal constrictor muscle, electrocardiography, and arterial blood gases. Two days after surgery, lambs were bottle-fed under five randomized nCPAP conditions, including without any nCPAP or nasal mask and nCPAP of 0, 4, 7, and 10 cmH(2)O. Results revealed that application of nCPAP in the full-term lamb had no deleterious effect on feeding safety and efficiency or on nutritive swallowing-breathing coordination. The present study provides a first and unique insight on the effect of nCPAP on oral feeding, demonstrating its safety in newborn lambs born at term. These results open the way for further research in preterm lambs to better mimic the problems encountered in neonatology.


The authors explore the possibilities of a dense model-free three-dimensional (3D) face reconstruction method, based on image sequences from a single camera, to improve the current state of forensic face comparison. They propose a new model-free 3D reconstruction method for faces, based on the Lambertian reflectance model to estimate the albedo and to refine the 3D shape of the face. This method avoids any form of bias towards face models and is therefore suitable in a forensic face comparison process. The proposed method can reconstruct frontal albedo images, from multiple non-frontal images. Also a dense 3D shape model of the face is reconstructed, which can be used to generate faces under pose. In the authors' experiments, the proposed method is able to improve the face recognition scores in more than 90% of the cases. Using the likelihood ratio framework, they show for the same experiment that for data initially unsuitable for forensic use, the reconstructions become meaningful in a forensic context in more than 60% of the cases.


A critical challenge in robot learning from demonstration is the ability to map the behavior of the trainer onto a robot's existing repertoire of basic/primitive capabilities. In part, this problem is due to the fact that the observed behavior of the teacher may consist of a combination (or superposition) of the robot's individual primitives. The problem becomes more complex when the task involves temporal sequences of goals. We introduce an autonomous control architecture that allows for learning of hierarchical task representations, in which: (1) every goal is achieved through a linear superposition (or fusion) of robot primitives and (2) sequencing across goals is achieved through arbitration. We treat learning of the appropriate superposition as a state estimation problem over the space of possible linear fusion weights, inferred through a particle filter. We validate our approach in both simulated and real world environments with a Pioneer 3DX mobile robot.


The Trepca Pb-Zn-Ag skarn deposit in Kosovo is spatially and temporarily related to the phreatomagmatic breccia of Oligocene age (~23 Ma). The deposit shows features typical for skarn deposits worldwide, including a stage of isochemical metamorphism, a prograde stage of an anhydrous, low oxygen and low sulfur fugacity character and a retrograde stage characterized by an increase in the water activity as well as by an increase in oxygen and sulfur fugacities. The mineralization is hosted by the recrystallized Upper Triassic limestone. The prograde mineralization consists mainly of Ca-Fe-Mn±Mg pyroxenes. The host recrystallized limestone at the contact with the prograde (skarn) mineralization have the increased content of Fe, Mn, Mo, As, Au, Cs, Ga, REE and Y suggesting their transport by infiltrating magmatic fluids. The decreased  d13C and  d18O values reflect a contribution of magmatic CO2. The retrograde mineral assemblage comprises ilvaite, magnetite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, pyrite, Ca-Fe-Mn±Mg carbonates and quartz. Hydrothermal ore minerals, mostly galena, sphalerite and pyrite, were deposited contemporaneously with the retrograde stage of the skarn development. Syn-ore and post-ore carbonates reflect a diminishing influence of magmatic CO2. Syn-ore carbonates are enriched in Fe, Mg, Mn, many chalcophile elements, including Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn, as well as in Au, Y and REE. The post-ore stage accompanied the precipitation of significant amount of Ca-rich carbonates including the travertine deposits at the deposit surface. The phreatomagmatic breccia was developed along a NW dipping contact between the ore bearing recrystallized limestone and the overlying schist. It has an inverted cone shape with the vertical extension up to 800 m and diameter up to 150-m. The upper part of the diatreme (an underground segment of the phreatomagmatic breccia) is characterized by the presence of a hydrothermally altered rootless quartz-latite dike surrounded by an unsorted polymict breccia mantle. Despite the alteration processes, the dike has a preserved porphyritic texture. Partly preserved sanidine, accompanied with the mixture of muscovite and quartz, reflects a near-neutral to weakly acidic environment. The clasts of country rocks and skarn mineralization underwent intense milling and mixing due to repeated magmatic penetrations. Sericitization of the breccia matrix, locally accompanied with minor kaolinitization, point to an increased water activity under near-neutral to weakly acidic conditions. Large fragments originally composed of anhydrous skarn minerals (pyroxenes) are usually completely altered to a mixture of fibroradial magnetite, quartz and various amount of carbonates suggesting an increase in oxygen fugacity. Their pyrite rims reflect that the increase in oxygen fugacity was followed by an increase in sulfur fugacity. The clast predominantly composed of Fe-sulfides and minor Bi-sulfides point that the increase in sulfur fugacity was locally sufficient to complete sulfidation of hedenbergite to pyrrhotite and/or pyrite. Although the phreatomagmatic breccia at the Trepca Pb-Zn-Ag skarn deposit does not carry significant amounts of the ore mineralization, its formation was crucial for the ore deposition. Phreatomagmatic explosions and formation of the breccia turned the system from the lithostatic to hydrostatic regime and triggered the retrograde stage increasing the water activity and oxygen fugacity in the system. In addition, cooling and decompression of the system contributed to more effective degassing of magmatic sulfur increased the sulfur fugacity.


Abstract This paper expands existing service design and customer experience discourse by critically viewing service design through the lens of design as a cultural intermediary. Through a mixed methods approach, a triangulation of theoretical frameworks examines service design as a cultural intermediary, and what this might mean for this developing field. Examples of culturally aware services are discussed, to unpack the term social awareness as a cultural phenomenon, in relation to trend forecasting and meaning-driven innovation. A design case is included to further explore service design and cultural transformation, and the translation of cultural trends into service concepts. The outcome supports service design as a cultural intermediary, resulting in four main analytical findings: triple semantic transformation, meaning-driven concept innovation, experiential touch-points and experiential evidencing. The paper concludes that service design needs to develop its role as a cultural intermediary. This view is currently lacking in today's service design discourse.


This paper focuses on the various demonstrative and relative constructions attested in the two Ju dialectal groups for which some level of documentation is available, viz. North-Central and South-Eastern, and proposes a unified diachronic account of the diversity of properties and uses of these constructions. The main claim is that exophoric demonstratives were verbs in Proto-Ju. Demonstrative and relative constructions in modern Ju dialects are shown to derive through various grammaticalisation pathways from these Proto-Ju verbal demonstratives and a relative construction still marginally attested in modern North-Central Ju. The complexity found in North-Central lects is due to numerous innovations (in particular the depredicativisation of non-canonical verbal categories) and the co-occurrence of many historical layers in synchrony. Juǀ'hoan, on the other hand underwent only minor changes, preserving most of the properties of the Proto-Ju demonstrative and relative constructions.


markdownabstractCancer is the generic term used to describe a group of diseases that involve a pathology characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation. Mechanistically, this group of diseases finds its etiology in a disturbance of the cellular signaling pathways that in physiology tightly control tissue compartment size homeostasis but in cancer lose feedback control. The studies presented in this thesis on gastric cancer appear to at least partially support this concept. The survival rate of a gastric cancer patient is dependent on the associated immune parameters within the tumor microenvironment. I feel it constitutes a prognostic marker that can be used to evaluate if an individual is at risk of cancer development, and if the disease has developed can assist in treatment selection. An important goal in this respect that has not yet been satisfactorily reached is to determine a mechanistic signature (expression patterns of immunomodulatory molecules, ratios of immune suppressive cell types over immune effector cell types etcetera) that is associated with either success or failure in immunotherapy. The absence of such a predictive signature now greatly hampers implementation of immune checkpoint therapy in gastric cancer. Hence patients that might benefit from such therapy are being denied access to it whereas patients are not benefiting from immunocheckpoint-directed therapy suffer its side effects. Nevertheless, the emerging capacity to better characterize both cancer cells for neoantigen expression and to precisely phenotype the tumor microenvironment will undoubtedly improve matters in this respect. It is important to stress. However, that final success in the battle against gastric cancer will depend not only on improved therapy in these late phases of the disease. Gastric cancer remains an important contributor to overall mortality and especially cancer-related mortality when viewed globally. To deal with this problem it will be necessary to improve prevention, e.g. by widening opportunities for more active screening of subjects which are predisposed to develop gastric cancer, to improve the efficacy of screening procedures involved and to better understand the gastric cancer process as to open novel avenues for the rational treatment of disease, in particular opportunities for preventive therapy when atrophic gastritis develops should exist. My thesis also contributes to gastric cancer prevention. Gastric atrophy is thought to be a precursor for malignant neoplasm formation. Therefore, enhancements in techniques used for atrophy diagnosis might help identifying individuals at risk for gastric cancer. My findings have thus relevance for recommendations with respect to the examination and grading of atrophy. This will envisage in-depth histologic atrophy and should function as a useful assessment tool for evaluation of premetastatic tumor conditions during an endoscopic investigation in routine clinical practice, particularly for patients in developing countries.


Abstract We propose a new formula for the mineral nickelskutterudite, based on our observation that either (or both) Co or Fe3+ are essential structure constituents. The crystal structure of nickelskutterudite, (Ni,Co,Fe)As3, cubic, Im3¯, $Im\overline 3, $ Z = 8: a = 8.2653(6) Å, V = 564.65(7) Å3, has been refined to R1 = 1.4% for 225 unique reflections I > 2σ(I) collected on a Bruker X8 four-circle diffractometer equipped with fine-focus, sealed tube MoKα radiation and an APEX-II CCD detector. This is the first report of the crystal structure of nickelskutterudite. Nickelskutterudite, a member of the skutterudite group of isostructural minerals, adopts a distorted perovskite structure with notably tilted octahedra and an unoccupied to partially occupied icosahedral metal site. In the structure of nickelskutterudite, there is one metal (B) site occupied by Ni, Co, or Fe in octahedral coordination with six As atoms. Procrystal electron density analysis shows each As anion is bonded to two cations and two As anions, resulting in a four-membered ring of bonded As with edges 2.547 and 2.475 Å. The extreme tilting of BAs6 octahedra is likely a consequence of the As-As bonding. The nickelskutterudite structure differs from the ideal perovskite structure (A4B4X12) in that As4 anion rings occupy three of the four icosahedral cages centered on the A sites. There are reported synthetic phases isomorphous with skutterudite with the other A site completely occupied by a cation (AB4X12). Electron microprobe analyses of nickelskutterudite gave an empirical chemical formula of (Ni0.62Co0.28Fe0.12)Σ1.02(As2.95S0.05)Σ3.00 normalized to three anions. Pure NiAs3 nickelskutterudite, natural or synthesized, has not been reported. In nature, nickelskutterudite is always observed with significant Co and Fe, reportedly because all non-bonded valence electrons must be spin-paired. This suggests that nickelskutterudite must contain Co3+ and Fe2+, consistent with previous models since Ni4+ cannot spin-pair its seven non-bonded electrons, Co3+ and Fe2+, which can spin-pair all non-bonded electrons, are required to stabilize the structure. No anion deficiencies were found in the course of this study so, including the structurally necessary Co and Fe, the chemical formula of nickelskutterudite (currently given as NiAs3–x by the IMA) should be considered (Ni,Co,Fe)As3.


Molybdenum (Mo) is critical for the function of enzymes related to nitrogen cycling. Concentrations of Mo are very low in sandy, acidic soils, and biologically available Mo is only a small fraction of the total pool. While several methods have been proposed to measure plant-available Mo, there has not been a recent comprehensive analytical study that compares soil extraction methods as predictors of plant Mo uptake. A suite of five assays [total acid microwave digestion, ethylenediamenetetraaacetic acid (EDTA) extraction, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protocol 3050B, ammonium oxalate extraction, and pressurized hot water] was employed, followed by the determination of soil Mo concentrations via inductively coupled mass spectroscopy. The concentrations of soil Mo determined from these assays and their relationships as predictors of plant Mo concentration were compared. The assays yielded different concentrations of Mo: total digest > EPA > ammonium oxalate ≥ EDTA > pressurized hot water. Legume foliar Mo concentrations were most strongly correlated with ammonium oxalate–extractable Mo from soils, but an oak species showed no relationship with any soil Mo fraction and foliar Mo. Bulk fine roots in the 10- to 30-cm soil horizon were significantly correlated with the ammonium oxalate Mo fraction. There were significant correlations between ammonium oxalate Mo and the oxides of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al). Results suggest that the ammonium oxalate extraction for soil Mo is the best predictor of plant-available Mo for species with high Mo requirements such as legumes and that plant-available Mo tracks strongly with other metal oxides in sandy, acidic soils.


The present Issue comes to the light in May 2019, exactly twenty years after the signing of the Bologna Declaration on May 19th, 1999. For this important event, the Editorial Team of TJHE planned to edit an Anniversary Issue. Meanwhile, the Tuning Academy has also published an impressive book "REFORM! TUNING the Modernisation Process of Higher Education in Europe", by Robert Wagenaar, Director of the University of Groningen branch of the International Tuning Academy and cofounder of Tuning. Those interested in knowing more about the last three decades of HE policies in Europe will find real pleasure in reading those pages. In such a context, the present Issue relies on two invited papers, plus some ordinarily submitted manuscripts, which witness a grass-root situation, rich in critical awareness and creativeness.Published online: 29 May 2019


Objective. An analysis of a clinical trial to assess the effects of treatment reduction and withdrawal on patient-reported outcomes (PRO) in patients with early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who achieved 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) low disease activity (LDA) or remission with etanercept (ETN) plus methotrexate (MTX) therapy. Methods. During treatment induction, patients received open-label ETN 50 mg weekly plus MTX for 52 weeks. In the reduced-treatment phase, patients with DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ≤ 3.2 at Week 39 and DAS28-ESR < 2.6 at Week 52 in the open-label phase were randomized to double-blind treatment with ETN 25 mg plus MTX, MTX, or placebo (PBO) for 39 weeks (weeks 0–39). In the third phase, patients who achieved DAS28 remission (DAS28-ESR < 2.6) or LDA (2.6 ≤ DAS28-ESR ≤ 3.2) at Week 39 in the double-blind phase had all treatment withdrawn and were observed for an additional 26 weeks (weeks 39–65). Results. Of the 306 patients enrolled, 193 were randomized in the double-blind phase and 131 participated in the treatment-withdrawal phase. After reduction or withdrawal of ETN 50 mg/MTX, patients reduced to ETN 25 mg/MTX experienced slight, nonsignificant declines in the majority of PRO measures, whereas switching to PBO or MTX alone caused significant declines. Presenteeism and activity impairment scores were significantly better in the ETN reduced-dose group versus MTX monotherapy and PBO at Week 39 (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion. In patients with early RA who achieved remission while receiving full-dose ETN/MTX, continuing combination therapy at a lower dose did not cause a significant worsening of PRO response, but switching to MTX alone or PBO did. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00913458.


We have synthesized a Eu3+-activated KSr4(BO3)3 red phosphor by solid state reactions. Rietveld refinement on X-ray diffraction data indicates that Eu3+ ions are inclined to occupy Sr(2) (8c) site in the structure of KSr4(BO3)3. The composition-optimized KSr4(BO3)3:Eu3+ exhibits a dominant emission peak at 612 nm (5D0-7F2) with CIE coordinates of (0.64, 0.35) under the excitation at 394 nm. By codoping M+ ions (M = Li, Na, and K) in KSr4(BO3)3:Eu3+ to compensate the charge unbalance, the intensities of emission spectra at 612 nm can be increased greatly, but the CIE coordinates will not be changed. The red-emitting KSr4(BO3)3:Eu3+ phosphor may be potential candidate in the fabrication of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs).


The Legislative DrafterAes Desk Reference is a practical guide to the drafting of federal and state laws for law and public policy students, and legal, lobbying, and legislative professionals. It contains a treasure trove of information that sets forth solid drafting principles in language that is easy to understand. It offers an introduction to the concept and the process of bill drafting along with step-by-step details of all the issues associated with crafting legislative bills or agency regulations."The new and updated second edition captures how the work of legislative drafting has changed dramatically since the first edition because of the impact of word processing and the Internet in the drafting process. It features:" "Chapter length treatments of the issues associated with crafting bill preliminaries, provisions, amendatory provisions, and style and usage"Discussion of emerging issues such as pay/go, budget, appropriations procedures, practical political realities, court treatment of statutory construction principles, and other factors that have emerged to make the process of drafting and amending legislation more complex"Helpful compare/contrast exercises derived from poorly drafted bills"Coverage of new issues such as the unintended consequences of legislation and how to make technical corrections to statutes"New material on drafting regulations for federal and state executive branch personnel"


 Abstract—Distribution of Casuarina equisetifolia in Indonesia based on the examination of Bogoriense Herbarium specimen were Islands of Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Java, and Lesser Sunda. Recently C. equisetifolia had also been spreading with the aid of people into Parangtritis sand dune and 27 beaches in 21 coastal villages (65.5%) along the southern coast of Yogyakarta. Their locations and plantation patterns clarified by using exploring method and Google Earth reference images. Five plantation patterns were depicted i.e. oblique comb, untu walang, rows formation, individual, and rectangle. The first two constitute the early pattern, but not currently replicated. The largest numbers of rows formation and rectangle, which were established between fore-dune and landward in Bantul and Kulonprogo, proved associated with agricultural land. In individual, C. equisetifolia had been distributing in roadsides, yard of fishing villages, and tourism beaches as shady tree and greenery landscape.


This dissertation evaluates the earliest phase of American engagement in the Pacific Ocean through a close examination of the fur-trading ship Columbia during the years 1787-93. I argue that Columbia established the dominant pattern of American commerce in the Pacific and, in doing so, played a significant role in the integration of disparate shores into a single Pacific World. This study also reconstructs her pioneering, yet understudied voyages in order to challenge a historiographical neglect of the eighteenth-century foundations of American empire in the Pacific. My research unfolds on three scales. First, Columbia reveals a series of interconnected local histories that hinge upon individuals in Boston, on the Northwest Coast of America, and in Canton. Second, her expeditions show how American merchants and sea captains leveraged transnational variations in trade to reorient the United States toward the commerce of the Pacific Ocean. Third, Columbia demonstrates how entrepreneurs of the Early Republic established a global trade circuit integrating the markets of the United States, the Pacific World, and China. This study also stresses the experimental nature of the Columbia expeditions. By reconstructing the financial outcomes of her voyages, I emphasize improvisation and adaptation as vital strategies in the development of a successful enterprise in the ocean hemisphere. Columbia's success inspired a new generation of investors, imitators, and innovators to pursue similar profits in the Pacific World.


A subset of autosomal genes is preferentially or exclusively expressed from one of the parental alleles. This phenomenon, termed genomic imprinting, is highlighted by the neighboring Igf2 and H19 genes, which are monoallelically expressed on opposite parental chromosomes. These features are governed by a 2.2 kb differentially methylated domain, hereafter termed imprinting control region (ICR) in the 5'-flank of the H19 gene. It was shown that the H19 ICR displays unique chromatin conformation features with nuclease hypersensitive sites in linker elements flanked by positioned nucleosomes on the maternally derived allele. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the unmethylated ICR functions as a unidirectional chromatin insulator, which involves the chromatin insulator protein CTCF.The methylated and unmethylated states of the paternal and maternal H19 ICR alleles are known to be stably propagated in the soma throughout development. During in vitro organogenesis, however, the stability of the H19 ICR was demonstrated to be disturbed due to presence of environmental cues. The methylation plasticity of the H19 ICR was nevertheless tolerated without affecting the imprinted status of either Igf2 or H19 genes. It was also observed that some human cancer cell lines possess strong de novo methylation activities. Following transfection of an episomal construct, which contains the H19 miningene with the core H19 ICR and its human counterpart, the H19 reporter gene became rapidly do novo methylated and eventually silenced in choriocarcinoma cells (JEG-3), but not in heptoma cells (HEP3B). Although the H19 ICR was initially protected from being methylated by JEG3 cells, progressive waves of de novo methylation generated a heavily methylated H19 ICR in later passages, with concomitant loss of its insulator function. It is generally accepted that parental marks undergo erasure and reestablishment during gametogenesis. It was shown that CTCF and its paralogue, BORIS, are expressed in reciprocal patterns during adult male germline development. By means of laser-dissection and bisulfite genomic sequencing, it was observed that de novo methylation of CTCF target sites occurred in BORIS-expressing spermatocytes that exhibit repression of CTCF gene. It was also shown, by chromatin immunopurification analyses of adult mouse testes, that CTCF and BORIS were associated with H19 ICR. A model is proposed to explain the acquisition of differential methylation marks in molecular terms.


By any measure, a dramatic punishment gap today separates the United States from other Western countries. In this paper, I argue that the extreme punitiveness of American criminal law is at least partly attributable to the fact that in the United States the basic challenge of legitimating the state's punishment of its own citizens has not been addressed. The first and only attempt to derive a system of criminal law from the basic principle of political legitimacy driving the foundation of the American Republic, self-government or autonomy, was Thomas Jefferson's remarkable Virginia "Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments" of 1779. Jefferson's bill was not only limited in scope (dealing with punishments, not with crimes or principles of criminal liability, and only with punishments for a very few offenses at that), but also fell considerably short of its ambition to "deduc[e] from the purposes of society" a principle of proportionate punishment. Rather than setting out a republican approach to criminal law consistent with the principle of autonomy, Jefferson drew on Anglo-Saxon dooms to retain such penalties as ducking and whipping, while making general reference to the need to deter potential offenders through "long-continued spectacles" of penal servitude, to "reform" offenders "committing an inferior injury," and to "exterminate" anyone "whose existence is become inconsistent with the safety of their fellow citizens," albeit only as "the last melancholy resource." Jefferson, I argue in this paper, conceptualized punishment as a question of police, rather than of law. At the time, police and law represented two distinct modes of governance. Police was thought of as the householder's authority over members of his household transferred onto the political sovereign. Law, by contrast, was thought to consist of those abstract rules that govern relationship among equal persons, or citizens. From the perspective of police, punishment is a problem of household discipline, employed by the superior sovereign against his inferior disobedient subject. As such, it is subject to limitations of prudence and expedience, but not of justice. Jefferson's Bill thus provides a sketch of punishment as a matter of good governance, rather than as a matter of right. It did not lay the foundation for the continuing process of critique in light of principles of justice without which republican punishment cannot be legitimated.


This report focuses on set-analytic approaches that use algorithms and computer software for parts of their analysis, particularly Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). We concentrate on transparency concerning the "analytic moment" that stretches from assigning membership scores of cases in the condition and outcome sets to the presentation and interpretation of the results obtained via the truth table's logical minimization. We do not address transparency issues related to the research processes prior to and after this analytic moment as they are not specific to set-analytic approaches and are covered by other QTD working groups, such as those on research ethics, text-based sources, and non-automated content analysis.


This review presents reports of work-related road transport accidents, near misses, and other effects relating to ill health that give details concerning the causes and effects of the accidents. The main focus of the report is on road transport activities that take place on the public highway; however light deliveries are included, as well as buses and taxis. The overall aim is to present 'lessons' suitable for the non-OSH expert. The emphasis is on accident and injury resulting from occupational risks in the road transport sector that should have been prevented or controlled, not road accidents of a general nature.


A screening of two collaborative video works with Julia Kouneski: "Scaling COPAN", 2009 and "Sensitising", 2009, alongside two performance events: "Breathing Propositions", 2017. with Julia Kouneski, and Goldsmiths students: Clementine Bedos, Jennifer Milner, Victoria Batt and Violeta Paez Armando.

PRESS RELEASE
22 FEBRUARY – 18 MARCH 2017

Annka Kultys Gallery is pleased to present Concrete Jungle, an exhibition featuring video works curated by Alexandra White.

Set within the iconic concrete architecture of the Brazilian Modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer, the works on view explore the physical and psychological boundaries between the human and architectural body within the specific context of Brazil. Concrete Jungle includes work by Copenhagen-based Brazilian video artist Tamar Guimaraes, as well as collaborative videos by the artists Michelle Williams Gamaker and Julia Kouneski.

As its title suggests, the exhibition plays with a series of dichotomies: concrete / jungle, man-made / nature, reality / fantasy. The most obvious juxtaposition, however, lies in contrasting the two buildings that serve as both backdrop and theme within the works. The Copan building, featured in Williams Gamaker and Kouneski's Scaling Copan (2009) and Sensitising (plastic bags) (2009), is a monumental 38-story residential building in Sao Paulo, designed by Niemeyer in 1951, while Casa das Canoas, the setting for Guimaraes' Canoas (2010), was the architect's family home, constructed the following year, 1952, in the arboraceous outskirts of Rio de Janeiro. At the time of the buildings' construction, Brazil aspired to be a Modernist utopia led by Niemeyer's and fellow architect and urban planner, Lucio Costa's, government-backed plans for the development of the new greenfield capital Brasilia, located on a tabula rasa in Brazil's hinterland with its catchy slogan "fifty years in five." Out of this passion for progress came the shiny, undulating addition to Sao Paulo's skyline, the Copan building, a social housing project intended to transcend class barriers and become the height of urban living. Niemeyer, however, despite the urban-centric focus, preferred to build Casa das Canoas as his own home on the periphery of bustling Rio to escape the anxieties of city life, in the more natural setting of Barra da Tijuca, a would-be tropical paradise. Yet this era of accelerated industrialisation and socialist dreams, known as Brazil's "Golden Age," was cut short by the military coup of 1964 which installed a torturous dictatorship lasting two decades.

Influenced by the work of Brazilian artist Lygia Clark, Williams Gamaker and Kouneski have worked collaboratively to produce two performative video pieces. In Scaling Copan the artists — on hands and knees — scale the curvilinear ledge of the 22nd floor of the Copan building. The anxiety-inducing performance lays bare the rawness of sensation; the climax being the point at which the artists dangle their feet over 22 floors. A second work from the series, Sensitising (plastic bags), is a five minute video of the artists on the same ledge breathing into plastic bags. An act reminiscent of hyperventilating, this work draws directly from Clark's therapeutic practice, and her desire to abolish the borders between subject and object. The bag, for Clark, functions as an extended skin or connective tissue.

In Guimaraes' 16-mm film Canoas, Niemeyer's home is the setting for a party as it unravels from beginning to end. With its large glass windows and distinctive Niemeyer curves, Casa das Canoas is on full display. The film shifts between discussions amongst invited guests — friends of the artist, academics and politicians — that range from Modernist architecture to the military dictatorship via the quality of Brazilian champagne. In one conversation, for example, guests lament the tendency for Brazilian Modernism to build luxury homes (such as Casa das Canoas) for the wealthy — on the backs of an underpaid labour force – rather than implementing the utopian vision of supplying social housing for the masses. While the guests discuss issues of race and class in Brazil, in between spurts of dancing and hanging out by the pool, black waiters serve champagne and cocktails. Through highlighting the contradictions of the intellectual elite, Canoas challenges the notion of Brazil as an exotic paradise, as mythologised in the writings of the anthropologist Gilberto Freyre, in which desire transcends class and racial divides.

Concrete Jungle is presented at a time when, notwithstanding the international focus brought by the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics, the utopian possibilities of Brazil have once again become a distant memory. Today, Niemeyer's structures are permanent reminders of the promise of Modernism but also of Brazil's continued reliance on a political system where social hierarchies have exacerbated the distance between the Haves and the Have-Nots.


A single, stationary topic model such as latent Dirichlet allocation is inappropriate for modeling corpora that span long time periods, as the popularity of topics is likely to change over time. A number of models that incorporate time have been proposed, but in general they either exhibit limited forms of temporal variation, or require computationally expensive inference methods. In this paper we propose nonparametric Topics over Time (npTOT), a model for time-varying topics that allows an unbounded number of topics and flexible distribution over the temporal variations in those topics' popularity. We develop a collapsed Gibbs sampler for the proposed model and compare against existing models on synthetic and real document sets.


Organizational scholars are increasingly focusing on the phenomenon of conflicting institutional demands and their impact on organizations. Drawing on an inductive comparative case study of eight social integration enterprises in France, I explore the extent to which intraorganizational dynamics influence organizational responses to conflicting institutional demands. In line with the hypotheses developed by Pache and Santos (2010b), I confirm the relationship between the degree of internal representation by organizational leaders of the conflicting institutional demands and the corresponding strategic responses mobilized. I then extend the model by highlighting the positive consequences (in terms of resource mobilization), as well as the negative consequences (in terms of internal conflict) of the responses mobilized by organizations. In particular, I highlight the value and limitations of co-optation as a response strategy for dealing with competing institutional demands.


The present study investigates the effects of women on companies' boards on the quality of non-financial information, and the influence that a mandatory ap-proach has on this relationship. Previous studies have dealt with analysing the ef-fects of female presence on CSR or ESG information, but few pieces of research have taken into account other strands of non-financial information and have re-sorted to an index to measure its quality. Therefore, this study aims to contribute by extending the analysis to any type of non-financial information communicated by a company. Moreover, the present research contributes to the strand of litera-ture investigating the role of women on companies' boards. In fact, the results of the OLS regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of women with an ex-ecutive role positively influences the quality of disclosure in Italy, and this rela-tionship is not influenced by the advanced stage of application of the regulation on gender quotas. Moreover, disclosure quality is significantly higher for firms that disclose a non-financial statement. Nevertheless, the study suffers from some limi-tations with respect to the sample size and the analysis of the trend in reporting af-ter the introduction of Directive 2014/95/EU.


Rich countries' agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO's troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. Our findings reject this claim. The analysis conducted here uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the USA, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy, farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from fifteen developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries' agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protects US large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis conducted here indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization.


OBJECTIVE
Non-healing venous leg ulcers (VLUs) have a significant effect on patients' quality of life and substantially increase expenditures in health-care systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Calendula officinalis extract, Plenusdermax, in the treatment of VLUs.

METHOD
Patients treated with Calendula officinalis extract (n=38) and control patients (n=19) were evaluated every two weeks for 30 weeks or until their ulcers healed. Assessments included determination of the wound area by planimetry, infection control, and evaluation of the clinical aspects of the wounds. The percentage of healing velocity per week (%HVw), taking the initial area at baseline into account, was also determined.

RESULTS
The proportion of the treatment patients achieving complete epithelialisation was 72 % and 32 % in the treatment and control groups, respectively. The average healing time was approximately 12 weeks in the treatment group and 25 % in control patients. Patients with ulcers treated with Calendula officinalis extract had a significant 4-fold increase in percentage healing velocity per week, 7.4 %, compared with 1.7 % in the control group. No adverse events were observed during the Calendula officinalis extract treatment.

CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that Calendula officinalis extract is an effective treatment for VLUs.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflict of interest.


Directive 2005/29 on unfair commercial practices constitutes an ambitious attempt at building a general regulatory framework for firm actions towards consumer in the marketplace. The declared objectives of the Directive, namely consumer protection and eliminating barriers for the internal market, do not seem to provide enough support for such an overreaching legal intervention. The paper explores whether other rationales can justify the new rules and critically examines the scope and the tools to determine unfairness in commercial practices. From an efficiency perspective, Directive 2005/29, although not devoid of merit and interesting solutions, is lacking both in terms of over-optimism in regulating practices that differ widely across markets for a whole range of goods and services, and disregarding several factors that greatly affect the necessary cost-benefit analysis for the major regulatory options.


INTRODUCTION
The growth of the immigrant population in Portugal has been consistent over the past decades. Nevertheless, information on the health of immigrant populations is scarce. This research uses data collected from the population from the Indian subcontinent living in the district of Lisbon to produce recommendations for the provision of culturally adapted health services.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study with the immigrant community of the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan) living in Lisbon, selected based on a snowball sampling technique and using privileged access interviewers. The questionnaire focused on health, health care access, lifestyle and attitudes towards death. The data were subject to a descriptive analysis and an age-standardized comparison between the three nationalities was made.

RESULTS
Surveys were administered to 1011 individuals with a participation rate of 97%. Most participants were adult males. Indian immigrants most frequently reported barriers to use of health services and had a higher frequency of chronic diseases. Pakistani immigrants had worse lifestyle indicators.

DISCUSSION
The immigrant population from the Indian subcontinent tends to report more language difficulties in health care access when compared with other immigrant populations. Based on recommendations of the World Health Organization, it was possible to adapt this knowledge to produce recommendations adapted to the Portuguese context.

CONCLUSION
There are several aspects in the management of health services in Portugal that can be better adapted to the immigrant population from the Indian subcontinent.


The corrosion inhibition efficiency of octane sulphonic acid as its sodium salt C8H17SO3Na (SOS) in combination with a bivalent cation like Zinc ion(Zn 2+ ) in controlling corrosion of carbon steel immersed in dam water have been evaluated by weight loss method. A significant decrease in the corrosion rate was observed in presence of the investigated inhibitor system. The formulation consisting of 1.16×10 -3 mol/l of (SOS) and 1.04×10 -4 mol/l of Zn 2+ offers the maximum inhibition efficiency ( IE=88 % ) to carbon steel. A synergistic effect exists between SOS and Zn 2+ . As the immersion period increases IE decreases. AC impedance spectra reveal that a protective film is formed on the metal surface. These observations have been supported by surface morphology studies using atomic force microscopy (AFM) carried out on the carbon steel samples in the absence and presence of inhibitor.


Written during a critical period of his life, Some of the Dharma is a key volume for understanding Kerouac and the spiritual underpinnings of his work.While his future masterpiece, On the Road, languished on the desks of unresponsive editors, Kerouac turned to Buddhist practice, and in 1953 began compiling reading notes on the subject intended for his friend Allen Ginsberg. As Kerouac's Buddhist meditation practice intensified, what had begun as notes evolved into a vast and all-encompassing work of nonfiction into which he poured his life, incorporating poems, haiku, prayers, journal entries, meditations, fragments of letters, ideas about writing, overheard conversations, sketches, blues, and more. The final manuscript, completed in 1956, was as visually complex as the writing: each page was unique, typed in patterns and interlocking shapes. The elaborate form that Kerouac so painstakingly gave the book on his manual typewriter is re-created in this typeset facsimile. Passionate and playful, filled with humor, insight, sorrow, and struggle, Some of the Dharma is one of Kerouac's most profound and original works.


Creative inspiration and practical motivation as an artist

Time and again people ask "what is art?" and answers vary depending on the sympathies of the respondent. I am more interested in the question of artistic inspiration: "How can artists continue to make art in a world that questions what art is?"

Evan Maloney is an Australian-born writer who lived in Europe for fourteen years between 1997 and 2010. His first novel, Tofu Landing, was published in the UK in early 2010 and looks at the relationship between media, celebrity and contemporary art. He has worked as an art critic/commentator and has been a script consultant for several European production companies for the past five years. Since July 2010 he has been the Development Manager at Screen Tasmania.


A 27-week gestation infant is approaching 2 months of age in a resource-poor hospital with no continuous monitoring or facilities for intubation. WHO guidance advocates vaccinating at 2 months, but you wonder about the possible risks of apnoea and bradycardia.

In hospitalised premature infants (population) what is the incidence of apnoea, bradycardia and need for respiratory support (outcome) following routine vaccination (intervention).

A PubMED search for (('Infant, Premature' [Mesh] OR prematur* OR preterm) AND ('Immunization' [Mesh] OR 'Vaccination' [Mesh] OR Immunisation OR Immunization OR vaccination)) AND ('Apnea' [Mesh] OR apnoea OR apnea OR 'Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions' [Mesh] OR adverse) found 312 articles (13 January 2016). A similar search of EMBASE found 428 articles.

Thirty-four articles provided primary evidence related to adverse events following vaccination in preterm infants, with two obtained through hand-searching references of included studies. Four considered non-routine vaccinations or components, 13 were retrospective and two case series. Of the …


Which states are the most paternalistic, in terms of telling you what you can and can't do? Which states tax individual choices like gambling, smoking, or using plastic bags most heavily? This chapter ranks the states according to how much their tax codes distort individual choices in private markets. The ranking shows which states try to control your choices by taxation, and which ones leave the choices up to you. Key takeaways: (1) Paternalistic policies may have positive effects that are easy to see, but they also have hidden unintended consequences. (2) Wyoming has the most freedom from paternalism, while New York is the most paternalistic state. (3) The indexes in this chapter can help policymakers understand the level and potential harm of paternalism in their state.


Self-contained inertial navigation system (INS) has generated enough attention inside indoor positioning and navigation sector in recent years. However stand-alone low-cost INS suffers severe position drift after using for a short period of time due to the noises in both gyroscope and accelerometer. This paper presents the theoretical analysis of INS's position root mean squared error (RMSE) caused by white Gaussian noise within body frame sensors. Standard deviations of Gaussian noise in tri-axial accelerometer and tri-axial gyroscope are acquired through Allan Variance analysis. Up to second order of Taylor expansion is considered when approximating transformation matrix formed by gyroscope values from beginning, which is used to project acceleration collected from body frame onto local navigation frame. No particular IMU mounting position is assumed for the derivation. In addition, Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for INS perturbed by the same white Gaussian noise is derived for comparison with RMS error on the same route to test our proposed methodology. Monte Carlo simulation is performed to compare with derived RMS error and CRLB. The plot of RMS error is shown to be close to CRLB especially at the early stage of the route. Our proposed RMS error analysis proves to be efficient by staying close to CRLB along the route where CRLB serves as a lower benchmark of position error growth. It can also provide insight of performance for any other INS if the mean and variances of sensors noises are known. In conclusion, the main contribution of this paper is that our proposed position RMS error methodology can serve as an efficient alternative to CRLB.


Time to completion of the baccalaureate degree has increased markedly in the United States over the past three decades. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972 and the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988, we show that the increase in time to degree is localized among those who begin their postsecondary education at public colleges outside the most selective universities. We consider several potential explanations for these trends. First, we show that changes in the college preparedness and the demographic composition of degree recipients cannot account for the observed increases. Instead, our results identify declines in collegiate resources in the less selective public sector and increases in student employment as potential explanations for the observed increases in time to degree.


Continued study and extensive reading in the area of school administration indicated that a definite description of the responsibilities of the high school principal did not exist. It also became apparent that a specific graduate program of studies for principals did not exist. Existing graduate programs of studies were designed for school administrators and made no distinction in the preparation provided for principals and for superintendents. The procedure whereby a good teacher was encouraged to take a few courses in school administration and to take a position as a principal appeared illogical. Extensive training in specific areas of administration was needed. Since it was logical that a graduate program of studies should include instruction in areas which corresponded to responsibilities, a study was undertaken to determine the responsibilities of the high school principal. The study was divided into two parts, a review of literature in the field of school administration and analysis of responses to a questionnaire sent to administrators and college professors in Kansas. The questionnaire was divided into four parts, instruction, co-curricular activities, non-certified personnel, and a section asking for specific information about each school. The individual completing the questionnaire was asked to indicate the position in his school which had primary responsibility for each item given. They were asked to indicate more than one position if the item was a shared responsibility. The individual had a choice of six positions, superintendent, principal, assistant principal, counselor, teachers, and secretary, with administrative supervision. He could also indicate if some position not given was responsible. The questionnaire was completed and returned by ninety-one principals representing schools with enrollment of 150 to over 2500. The questionnaire was completed and returned by thirty-three superintendents representing schools with enrollment of 150 to over 1500. The questionnaire was completed and returned by five college professors teaching school administration in state colleges. The responses of these groups were compared to determine if the position of the individual completing the questionnaire made a difference in the responsibilities of the principal. The responses were also compared to determine if school size made a difference in the responsibilities of the principal. The results of this study revealed that the principal was responsible for fifteen duties in the area of instruction. These were: (1) set up master class schedule, (2) plan faculty meetings, (3) conduct faculty meetings, (4) observe classroom teaching, (5) conduct individual administrator-teacher conferences, (6) interview prospective teachers, (7) evaluate teachers, (8) evaluate curriculum offerings, (9) plan in-service training programs, (10) publish handbooks and information bulletins, (11 ) handle complaints from parents, (12) serve as a resource person for the faculty, (13) meet with other educators, (14 ) work with chronic problem students, and (15) meet with salesmen. In the area of co-curricular activities, the result s of the study showed that the principal was responsible for all aspects of the activities program in schools with enrollment of 150 to 399. In the area of non-certified personnel, the principal was responsible for supervision of general building clean-up and routine maintenance. This duty was shared in many schools with a head custodian. The study revealed that sixty-two principals received their latest degree from a Kansas college. The study also showed that the office of the superintendent was located outside the school building in fifty-eight of the ninety-one schools represented. Recommendations were made that would provide specific instruction in areas that correspond to the duties normally performed by the principal. This instruction, if added to the present program of studies, should provide a broader and more balanced training program for prospective principals.


This paper mainly analyzes principles and standards of some international and North European corporate governance frameworks which are issued during or after the global crisis.First, it looks at the United Nation Good corporate governance practices and analyzes its strengths and impacts on corporate governance model of a company.Second, it compared the UN standards to generally accepted governance standards of Sovereign Wealth Funds. The paper finds out that during the global crisis time 207-2008, despite taking care of risk management, there still lacks of certain governance standards in these 2 Codes. Then, it analyzes some relative good corporate governance standards in a few North European countries including: Norway and Finland.Third, this paper provides with a short summary of evaluation of these above 2 corporate governance principles in 2 groups which can enable corporations tocompare to their current codes.Last but not least, it aims to realize a limited general set of standards of corporate governance and give proper recommendations to relevant governments and organizations. Additionally, it includes a section for recommending corporate governance for developing countries including Viet Nam.


The urgency to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak has driven an unprecedented surge in preprints that aim to speed up knowledge dissemination as they are available much sooner than peer-reviewed publications In this study we consider abstracts of research articles and preprints as main entry points that draw attention to the most important information of the document and that try to entice us to read the whole article In this paper, we try to capture and examine shifts in scientific abstract writing produced at the very beginning of the pandemic We made a comparative study of abstracts in terms of their informativeness associated with preprints issued in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and those produced in 2019, the closest pre-pandemic period Our results clearly differ from one preprint server to another and show that there are community-centered habits as regards writing and reporting results The preprints issued from the arXiv, ChemRxiv and Research Square servers tend to have more informative (generous) abstracts than the ones submitted to the other servers In four servers, the ratio of structured abstracts decreases with the pandemic © 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors


We discuss the potential of law enforcement officers to function as mediators in everyday disputes encountered in the field. Examples are drawn from mediation and peacemaking occurring in a variety of contexts, focusing on a description of the Navajo peacemaking program currently in operation, using interviews with Navajo law enforcement professionals who discuss the benefits of officers serving as mediators/peacemakers in the field. Peacemaking is a community‐oriented policing tool with the potential to reduce crime and simultaneously improve public perceptions of the police. By enabling citizens and victims to solve their own problems, the police can earn the respect of the communities they serve. Programs such as those discussed here represent a way for police to transform themselves from officials primarily concerned with keeping the peace to those making it.


The HIV epidemic has resulted in the death of many people in their reproductive years, leaving behind orphans who are sometimes cared for by their elderly relatives despite the feebleness of their aging bodies. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the health challenges of elderly people caring for children orphaned by AIDS. This research was conducted as a qualitative phenomenological exploratory, descriptive, and contextual study, conducted in the Mafikeng Municipality of North-West province in South Africa. Data were collected from December 2011 to February 2012 through individual face-to-face interviews and field notes. Elderly people's health challenges in caring for children orphaned by AIDS centred on physical, psycho-emotional, economic and, psychosocial constraints, linked to re-parenting at an old age or because of losing their own children and relatives to AIDS. They experienced physical exhaustion as a challenge of caring for the children orphaned by AIDS as the capacity of their bodies was now reduced and they also had to meet the physical, emotion and spiritual needs of the orphans as well as providing them with food, clothing and shelter. Lack of sleep, dizziness, elevated blood pressure, low glucose levels and asthmatic attacks were also aggravated by contemplating how to fend for these children or owing to the fact that the orphans were very stubborn and took the elderly for granted. This study afforded an understanding of the health challenges elderly people experience in caring for children orphaned by AIDS. The study also recommended some of the interventions that can assist elderly people in this role they play of caring. Based on the findings, it can be deduced that on top of health challenges they face, they are obliged to deal with the added burden of caring for orphaned children by AIDS.


Purpose: In post-industrial urban economies the importance of the role of creative industries in influencing the direction of urban development has been clearly identified (Scott, 2008). Within these industries cultural leaders act as key catalysts for urban renewal and redevelopment. Understanding who these leaders are and exactly which ecosystems they create and inhabit may be of vital importance to the success of urban regeneration projects and the wider urban ecosystem(s). However research in this area is highly debated and multi-disciplinary conceptual development remains frustratingly elusive to both scholars and practitioners alike (Dinah, Lord, Gardner, Meuser, Liden and Hu, 2014). Design/methodology/approach: In order to explore this phenomenon in detail a service ecosystem approach (Vargo et al., 2010) was used in a four stage multidisciplinary primary research project to map the actor-to-actor value co-creation systems of a number of emerging and established creative industries within a city. In the first three stages of the project the cultural leadership ecosystems of individual creative industry sectors, identified as key drivers to urban regeneration in that particular city, were mapped separately using multiple research methods from a variety of disciplines. The final stage of the project will be a multi stakeholder conference, to be held in September 2015, at which the key members of the creative industries will be brought together to discuss the leadership styles and mapped ecosystems for their particular industry. A collaborative ecosystem encompassing each of the various industry sector ecosystems will be developed and key elements of cultural leadership, synergy and difference identified. Findings: In this paper the mapped ecosystems from the first stage of the project will be presented in detail. The results will be analysed and an urban management model presented that has been derived from using a service-ecosystem perspective to provide structure to complex and potentially fragmented micro and meta level analysis of cultural leadership. Research limitations/implications: Practical implications: Originality/value: Keywords: service-ecosystems, cultural leadership, urban regeneration Paper Type: Research paper


Atherosclerosis is the most common cardiovascular disease in Europe and North America. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family is implicated in atherogenesis. Ricci et al. addressed the function of JNK in atherogenesis, using atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice simultaneously lacking either JNK1 or JNK2. JNK2 deletion strikingly reduced plaque formation in ApoE-deficient mice. However, deletion of JNK1 revealed only a slight effect on atheroma formation. Pharmacological inhibition of overall JNK activity substantially suppressed atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Specific inhibition of JNK2 activity may thus represent a therapeutic approach to ameliorate atherosclerosis. R. Ricci, G. Sumara, I. Sumara, I. Rozenberg, M. Kurrer, A. Akhmedov, M. Hersberger, U. Eriksson, F. R. Eberli, B. Becher, J. Borén, M. Chen, M. I. Cybulsky, K. J. Moore, M. W. Freeman, E. F. Wagner, C. M. Matter, T. F. Lüscher, Requirement of JNK2 for scavenger receptor A-mediated foam cell formation in atherogenesis. Science 306, 1558-1561 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text]


A Research Project Submitted to the School of Humanities and
Social Sciences in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for
the Award of the Degree of Master of Public Policy and
Administration of Kenyatta University, May, 2019