The effects of using low molecular weight alcohols, methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH), for the synthesis of MIL-53(Al) are investigated and the results are directly compared with analogous synthesis in water and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). We have successfully synthesised MIL-53(Al), termed MIL-53(MeOH), using MeOH as the solvent and employing a reaction temperature of 150 °C, lower than that typically used for analogous water or DMF-based reactions. Several unique properties are observed for MIL-53(MeOH). The breathing phenomenon which is known for MIL-53(Al) derivatives, prepared using water or DMF as the reaction solvent, is not observed for samples prepared from MeOH and the framework adopts and remains in the large-pore form. Thus, measurement of N2-isotherms and calculation of internal surface areas have verified that the synthesis of MIL-53(MeOH) leads to a product which is highly porous with only minimal or no activation required. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction measurements and scanning electron microscopy at different humidity levels reveal a reversible loss of crystallinity at high humidity levels for MIL-53(MeOH) which was not observed previously for other MIL-53 derivatives. In contrast, the synthesis of MIL-53(Al) in ethanol leads to a product with low crystallinity.


Image-based medical diagnosis typically relies on the (poorly reproducible) subjective classification of textures in order to differentiate between diseased and healthy pathology. Clinicians claim that significant benefits would arise from quantitative measures to inform clinical decision making. The first step in generating such measures is to extract local image descriptors - from noise corrupted and often spatially and temporally coarse resolution medical signals - that are invariant to illumination, translation, scale and rotation of the features. The Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) provides a wavelet multiresolution analysis (WMRA) tool e.g. in 2D with good properties, but has limited rotational selectivity. Also, it requires computationally-intensive steering due to the inherently 1D operations performed. The monogenic signal, which is defined in n >= 2D with the Riesz transform gives excellent orientation information without the need for steering. Recent work has suggested the Monogenic Riesz-Laplace wavelet transform as a possible tool for integrating these two concepts into a coherent mathematical framework. We have found that the proposed construction suffers from a lack of rotational invariance and is not optimal for retrieving local image descriptors. In this paper we show: 1. Local frequency and local phase from the monogenic signal are not equivalent, especially in the phase congruency model of a "feature", and so they are not interchangeable for medical image applications. 2. The accuracy of local phase computation may be improved by estimating the denoising parameters while maximizing a new measure of "featureness".


Over recent years there has been considerable investment in the use of technology to identify sources of text-based plagiarism in universities. However, students of the visual arts are also required to complete numerous pieces of visual submissions for assessment, and yet very little similar work has been undertaken in the area of non-text based plagiarism detection. The Spot the Difference! project (2011-2012), funded by JISC and led by the University for the Creative Arts, seeks to address this gap by piloting the use of visual search tools developed by the University of Surrey and testing their application to support learning and teaching in the arts and specifically to the identification of visual plagiarism. Given that most commonly used search technologies rely on text, the identification and evidencing of visual plagiarism is often left to the knowledge and experience of academic staff, which can potentially result in inconsistency of detection, approach, policies and practices. This paper outlines the work of the project team, who sought to investigate the nature, scope and extent of visual plagiarism in the arts education sector.


Selected by Choice magazine as an Outstanding Academic Title for 2011 Today, Hamid al-Bayati serves as Iraqi ambassador to the United Nations. But for many years he lived in exile in London, where he worked with other opponents of Saddam Hussein's regime to make a democratic and pluralistic Iraq a reality. As former Western spokesman for the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), and as a member of the executive council of the Iraqi National Congress, two of the main groups opposing Saddam's regime, he led campaigns to alert the world to human rights violations in Iraq and win support from the international community for the removal of Saddam. An important Iraqi diplomat and member of Iraq's majority Shia community, he offers firsthand accounts of the meetings and discussions he and other Iraqi opponents to Saddam held with American and British diplomats from 1991 to 2004. Drawn from al-Bayati's personal archives of meeting minutes and correspondence, From Dictatorship to Democracy takes readers through the history of the opposition. We learn the views and actions of principal figures, such as SCIRI head Sayyid Mohammed Baqir Al-Hakeem and the other leaders of the Iraqi National Congress, Ahmed Chalabi and his Kurdish counterparts, Masound Barzani and Jalal Talabani. Al-Bayati vividly captures their struggle to unify in the face of not only Saddam's harsh and bloody repression but also an unresponsive and unmotivated international community. Al-Bayati's efforts in the months before and after the U.S. invasion also put him in direct contact with key U.S. figures such as Zalmay Khalilzad and L. Paul Bremer and at the center of the debates over returning Iraq to self-government quickly and creating the foundation for a secure and stable state. Al-Bayati was both eyewitness to and actor in the dramatic struggle to remove Saddam from power. In this unique historical document, he provides detailed recollections of his work on behalf of a democratic Iraq that reflect the hopes and frustrations of the Iraqi people.


In the Russian Federation, disease prevention in primary care is a priority area of medical care for the adult population. An automated assessment of the risk of death from cardiovascular disease can be an auxiliary preventive tool if integrated intoa medical information system. P u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y – to substantiate the automation of the process of assessing the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases over the next 10 years using the SCORE scale at the level of a city hospital. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . The study was carried outat the State Budgetary Medical Institution of Arkhangelsk region "Arkhangelsk City Clinical Hospital № 7". The completeness and quality of electronic patient records were assessed. The SCORE calculator was integrated into the examination protocol for primary care physicians. The effects of the innovation on the completeness and quality of electronic patient records were assessed. R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s i o n . Among the served population aged 40 to 79 years, any information on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases was reflected in 28,7% of electronic patient records. Data on all variables used to assess the risk on the SCORE scale (gender, age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, cholesterol level) were present for 20,8% of the patients. The introduction of the SCORE automated calculator into the examination protocol of a general practitioner and a cardiologist made it possibleto increase the completeness of data on cardiovascular disease risk factors used for the risk assessment on the SCORE scale to 97,4%. C o n c l u s i o n s . The introduction of the SCORE automated calculator has significantly increased the completeness of data on the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients' electronic patient records. The innovation makes it possible to reduce labor costs forestimatingthe risks, allowsmore effective identification of persons subject to dispensary observation.


Symmetry breaking for constraint satisfaction
 problems (CSPs) has attracted considerable attention
 in recent years. Various general schemes have been proposed to eliminate symmetries. In general, these schemes may take exponential space or time to eliminate all the symmetries. We identify several classes of CSPs that encompass many practical problems and for which symmetry breaking for various forms of value and variable interchangeability is tractable using dedicated search procedures or symmetry-breaking constraints that allow nogoods and their symmetrically equivalent solutions to be stored and checked efficiently.


Tangible user interfaces (TUIs) have been the focus of much attention in the HCI and learning communities because of their many potential benefits for learning. However, there have recently been debates about whether TUIs can actually increase learning outcomes and if so, under which conditions. In this article, we investigate the effect of object representation (physical vs. virtual) on learning in the domain of spatial skills. We ran a comparative study with 46 participants to measure the effects of the object representation on the ability to establish a link between 2D and 3D representations of an object. The participants were split into two conditions: in the first one, the 3D representation of the object was virtual; in the second one, it was tangible. Findings show that in both conditions the TUI led to a significant improvement of the spatial skills. The learning outcomes were not different between the two conditions, but the performance during the activities was significantly higher when using the tangible representation as opposed to the virtual one, and even more so in for difficult cases.


Annual emission trends of sulfur dioxide, black carbon, and organic carbon are presented for East Asia for the period 1980– 2000. Emissions of sulfur dioxide peaked in about 1996, and emissions of the carbonaceous aerosols peaked in about 1994–1995, due to a variety of economic, environmental, and social forces. These emissions are converted to their contributions to aerosol optical depth (AOD) over East Asia, using regional results from the GOCART global chemical transport model. We calculate that, on average, AOD over China rose from a value of 0.25 in 1980, peaked at a value of about 0.305 in 1995–1996, and then decreased to about 0.29 in 2000. This trend is consistent with surface shortwave irradiance measurements at 52 weather stations in China, as well as with other radiation-related trends. It may also be consistent with a rise in mean surface temperatures in China starting about the middle of the 1990s. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Perceptions of Leadership Effectiveness in the Management of Intergenerational WorkValues Conflict: An Antecedent of Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Perioperative Registered Nurses By Patricia G. Wright M.S.B.A, Texas A & M University – Texarkana, 2000 B.A.A.S., Texas A & M University – Texarkana 1998 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Health Services Specialization Walden University 2008 ABSTRACT Studies reveal a progressive net decrease in the nursing profession across four generations, creating a shortage that poses a critical threat to the health care delivery system and to the health and safety of patients within that system. Research also suggests that generational cohorts reflect social change in attitudes toward work-life balance, organizational commitment, personal-professional relationships, autonomy, focus on career advancement, and actions that represent organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Previous research grounded in theoretical frameworks of organizational behavior, leadership, and social capital indicates that leadership support of workforce diversity and effectiveness in conflict management influence OCB. However, little research explores the links between intergenerational work-values conflict (IWVC), job satisfaction, and OCB. Accordingly, this exploratory correlational study investigated linkages connecting OCB, job satisfaction, and perceptions of leadership effectiveness in the management of IWVC among 89 perioperative registered nurses, who replied to an online adaptation of established survey instruments. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that higher levels of OCB reflected increased job satisfaction and were associated with perceptions of leadership effectiveness in management of IWVC. Findings support study hypothesesStudies reveal a progressive net decrease in the nursing profession across four generations, creating a shortage that poses a critical threat to the health care delivery system and to the health and safety of patients within that system. Research also suggests that generational cohorts reflect social change in attitudes toward work-life balance, organizational commitment, personal-professional relationships, autonomy, focus on career advancement, and actions that represent organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Previous research grounded in theoretical frameworks of organizational behavior, leadership, and social capital indicates that leadership support of workforce diversity and effectiveness in conflict management influence OCB. However, little research explores the links between intergenerational work-values conflict (IWVC), job satisfaction, and OCB. Accordingly, this exploratory correlational study investigated linkages connecting OCB, job satisfaction, and perceptions of leadership effectiveness in the management of IWVC among 89 perioperative registered nurses, who replied to an online adaptation of established survey instruments. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that higher levels of OCB reflected increased job satisfaction and were associated with perceptions of leadership effectiveness in management of IWVC. Findings support study hypotheses that leadership management of IWVC plays an influential role in OCB. This exploratory study extends existing research and presents a model for examining leadership, OCB, and social change in nursing. Increased knowledge and understanding of these relationships may serve as a catalyst for positive social change by improving intergenerational relationships, job satisfaction, nurse retention, and positive patient care outcomes. Perceptions of Leadership Effectiveness in the Management of Intergenerational WorkValues Conflict: An Antecedent of Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Perioperative Registered Nurses By Patricia G. Wright M.S.B.A, Texas A & M University – Texarkana, 2000 B.A.A.S., Texas A & M University – Texarkana 1998 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Health Services Specialization Walden University November, 2008


Hippocampal granule cells (GCs) are generated throughout the lifetime and are properly incorporated into the innermost region of the granule cell layer (GCL). Hypotheses for the well-regulated lamination of newly generated GCs suggest that polysialic acid (PSA) is present on the GC surface to modulate GC-to-GC interactions, regulating the process of GC migration; however, direct evidence of this involvement is lacking. We show that PSA facilitates the migration of newly generated GCs and that the activity of N-acetyl-α-neuraminidase 1 (NEU1, sialidase 1) cleaves PSA from immature GCs, terminating their migration in the innermost GCL. Developing a migration assay of immature GCs in vitro, we found that the pharmacological depletion of PSA prevents the migration of GCs, whereas the inhibition of PSA degradation with a neuraminidase inhibitor accelerates this migration. We found that NEU1 is highly expressed in immature GCs. The knockdown of NEU1 in newly generated GCs in vivo increased PSA presence on these cells, and attenuated the proper termination of GC migration in the innermost GCL. In conclusion, this study identifies a novel mechanism that underlies the proper lamination of newly generated GCs through the modulation of PSA presence by neuronal NEU1.


The aftermath of the global financial crisis has reshaped world growth and demand patterns, leading to a two-speed recovery, with slow growth in industrial countries and fast growth in emerging markets. This new global scenario is defining a constellation of global macroeconomic conditions that has very different implications for subsets of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The report conveys three key messages: first, in this new global economic environment, key structural characteristics of Latin American and Caribbean countries are defining two quite different regional clusters in terms of opportunities and challenges ahead. Second, substantial changes in trade and capital flow patterns, as well as in the international financial architecture, are already taking place and will impact the regional clusters in different ways. Third, economic policy design will have to accommodate these differences in order to ensure widespread and stable growth.


In recent years the use of film and video by British artists has come to widespread public attention. Jeremy Deller, Douglas Gordon, Steve McQueen and Gillian Wearing all won the Turner Prize (in 2004, 1996, 1999 and 1997, respectively) for work made on video. This fin-de-siecle explosion of activity represents the culmination of a long history of work by less well-known artists and experimental filmmakers. Ever since the invention of film in the 1890s, artists have been attracted to the possibilities of working with moving images, whether in pursuit of visual poetry, the exploration of the art form's technical challenges, the hope of political impact, or the desire to reinvigorate such time-honored subjects as portraiture and landscape. Their work represents an alternative history to that of commercial cinema in Britain - a tradition that has been only intermittently written about until now.This major new book is the first comprehensive history of artists' film and video in Britain. Structured in two parts ('Institutions' and 'Artists and Movements'), it considers the work of some 300 artists, including Kenneth Macpherson, Basil Wright, Len Lye, Humphrey Jennings, Margaret Tait, Jeff Keen, Carolee Schneemann, Yoko Ono, Malcolm Le Grice, Peter Gidal, William Raban, Chris Welsby, David Hall, Tamara Krikorian, Sally Potter, Guy Sherwin, Lis Rhodes, Derek Jarman, David Larcher, Steve Dwoskin, James Scott, Peter Wollen and Laura Mulvey, Peter Greenaway, Patrick Keiller, John Smith, Andrew Stones, Jaki Irvine, Tracy Emin, Dryden Goodwin, and Stephanie Smith and Ed Stewart.Written by the leading authority in the field, "A History of Artists' Film and Video in Britain, 1897-2004" brings to light the range and diversity of British artists' work in these mediums as well as the artist-run organizations that have supported the art form's development. In so doing it greatly enlarges the scope of any understanding of "British cinema" and demonstrates the crucial importance of the moving image to British art history.


There has recently been a re-emergence of interest in non-reductive historical materialist modes for analysing social movements. A precursor of this is found in the work of mental health activist and Marxist theorist Peter Sedgwick. We contend that Sedgwick's work retains utility for theorising radical mental health movements in the twenty-first century, though we argue his framework needs extension in light of intervening debates regarding the interaction of material (distributive) and post-material (recognition) concerns. Having established this we will turn to an overview of recent neoliberal work, welfare and mental health policy reforms as a basis for consideration of strategic implications and challenges for resistance and coalition building amongst survivor and worker activists. We will propose a contemporary Sedgwickian strategy that identifies transitional organizing goals combining concrete material demands with imaginative, prefigurative means oriented towards ruptural change. In conclusion we argue that tools for promoting this strategy such as the Social Work Action Network's (SWAN) Mental Health Charter may assist in binding together diverse constituencies to strengthen alliances of resistance and deepen a politics of solidarity.


Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and sociodemografic factors associated with halitosis among individuals living in nursing homes in Ankara. Materials and Method: A total of 287 elderly people participated in this study. Sociodemographic data was obtained by using a questionnaire inquiring about age, gender, marital status, education level, medical conditions and medication use. For each person, organoleptic measurements were made and VSC levels were measured with halimeter. Halitosis was diagnosed if the average level of VSC was ≥125 ppb and the organoleptic measurement using 0-5 point scale was ≥2. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney-U, Kruskal-Wallis Variance Analysis, Spearman correlation coefficient tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Halimeter and organoleptic measurements showed the prevalence of halitosis to be 90.5%. There was a significant correlation between the level of VSC and organoleptic measurements (p<0.001, r=0.858). Halitosis was significantly higher among males than females. There was no significant relation between halitosis measurements and age variable. Halitosis was significantly higher in individuals with diabetes mellitus and individuals taking anti-diabetic medications (p<0.01). Conclusion: Significant associations were found between halitosis and history of diabetes mellitus, anti-diabetic medication use, gender, and lower education levels.


Abstract 3976 Background: International guidelines for identifying monoclonal gammopathies now include serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and serum free light chain (FLC) immunoassays with derived kappa/lambda (κ/λ) ratios. Compared with the absolute FLC concentration, the use of the (κ/λ) ratio is a more sensitive marker of monoclonal FLC production because it also includes suppression of the non tumor FLC in its calculation and also has prognostic implications in multiple myeloma (MM). Following this rationale, pilot studies have indicated that novel paired immunoassays, called Hevylite (HLC) assay, enables the measurement of isotype matched immunoglobulin pairs (IgGκ/IgGλ, IgAκ/IgAλ) and offer a sensitive alternative to immunofixation. We examined the performance of HLC assay on stored samples from newly diagnosed MM patients treated on two successive Total Therapy 3 trials (TT3A & TT3B). Methods: The details of the TT3A and TT3B clinical trials have been previously published. The IgA and IgG k/λ HLC reagent kits, provided by The Binding Site, Inc, have been used to run the test on a subset of TT3A patients where the stored serum samples were still available. UAMS Clinical Laboratory tested samples for IgA k/λ and IgG k/λ HLC nephelometrically using BNII. Chi-square and Fisher9s exact tests were used to compare baseline characteristics between protocols patients with and without available serum samples. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression were used to model associations between baseline covariates and HLC assay. Kaplan and Meier method was used to model progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: 101 baseline serum samples were available (TT3A=67, TT3B=34) for patients with IgGκ (n=45), IgGλ (n=22), IgAκ (n=17) and IgAλ (n=17) isotype MM. Patient characteristics between the patients with and without available samples were comparable except a higher proportion of IgA isotype, higher baseline serum CRP and higher baseline serum LDH in patients without available samples (Table 1). There were no differences in PFS or OS amongst the 4 heavy chain isotypes. Whether evaluating by optimal cut-point or by tertiles, there were no differences in PFS/OS for the IgAκ, IgAλ or IgGλ MM. There was an OS benefit observed for IgGκ MM subset (Figure 1) by baseline samples, even when landmarked at 3 years (Figure 2). Comparing post-therapy HLC ratio normalization in 33 paired samples (IgG k/λ =25, IgA k/λ =8), there was a trend for improved OS in patients who had normalized the ratio after autologous stem cell transplantation (Figure 3). Conclusions: These data provide early evidence of pre- and post-therapeutic prognostic utility of the HLC assay. Although our study was conducted on a small subset of TT3 patients, these data support the prospective evaluation of the HLC assay in upfront MM clinical trials. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


This paper discusses the role of culture in development through suggestions, speculations, and case studies from several parts of the world. Most of the cases have been collected through interviews, brain storming, intense discussions, collegial laughs, and open doubts. This paper compliments Thinking outside the Box: Strategies and Examples for in the Preservation and Development of Heritage.


The quest for new smart materials with engineered properties and desired functionalities has driven scientists into the domain of nanotechnology over the past 30 years. Particles with anisotropic properties as a result of their geometry, chemical patterning or surface functionality have been envisioned as building blocks for advanced materials. By tuning the anisotropic interactions engendered by anisotropic particles, one potentially could manipulate the dynamic pathways for assembly. The work described in this thesis considers the response of an ellipsoidal colloid particle to a nearby AC electrode polarized at ~0.1 – 4 kV/m and ~0.1 – 3 kHz. The ellipsoidal particle, which had a surface sulfate functional group, was dispersed in 10M NaCl. The particle experienced typical electric-field induced responses, including electro-rotation and electro-orientation at low frequency 100Hz with an electric field intensity of 2500Vm . For instance, the particle (lying) was observed to frequently try to align its longer axis parallel to the electric field. We quantified the ellipsoid's response by tracking its position and orientation with and without an electric field. The translational diffusion coefficient without and with electric field was calculated to be in the range of (7.625 – 39.2750) × 10 μm/s and (0.725 – 305.525) × 10μm/s respectively. Surprisingly, the ellipsoid was also observed to propel in the direction normal to the electric field, which we believe to be a first for such a system. We proposed that the propulsion is a result of broken symmetry in the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow due to non-symmetric ellipsoid shape of our particle.


A recent obituary for the psychologist Jerome Bruner noted the importance of the concept of storytelling to his work: "He foregrounded narrative and storytelling as fundamental processes through which we engage with culture, providing 'recipes for structuring experience'. They are routes to critical thinking, often juxtaposing unusual ideas, values or outcomes that generate novel insights – and questions" (Haste 2016). The quote highlights the analytical power of stories in engaging with culture, but also their creative potential in generating insight. Both these things are evident in the DTRS11 dataset, with stories and storytelling much to the fore. Indeed one of the key deliverables for the project was to come up with a 'region relevant story'. In this paper we first show how a very particular story emerges and is reinforced during the co-creation process before then going on to consider both the categories of value and implicated actors that shape its development and the consequences that follow from its interpretation. We conclude that the interleaving of stories at many levels is characteristic of a commercial co-creation process, as well as a research process such as DTRS11, and that designers use stories as a way to negotiate what we term 'value tension', in this case balancing social responsibility with commercial success.


Financial and economic crises and natural disasters can have serious and lasting negative effects on income and poverty, and can cause irreversible losses of physical and human capital. The welfare effects of exogenous shocks have prompted multilateral development banks, including the Inter-American Development Bank, to provide crisis lending to their borrowing member countries to avoid retrenchments in development caused by crisis-related fiscal pressures. The Board of Executive Directors has requested that the Office of Evaluation and Oversight conduct an independent assessment of IDB's contingent instruments designed to help countries cope with shocks. OVE's review is meant to inform a forthcoming study by the Office of Strategic Planning and Development Effectiveness aimed at proposing alternatives to better align Bank instruments to country financing and development needs, including countercyclical support.


Thyroid-related pathologies, especially subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism, are commonly described in clinical practice. While illnesses related to aberrant thyroid hormone homeostasis are the most prevalent endocrinological conditions diagnosed, important aspects related to thyroid hormone physiology are often overlooked. Further, the only known physiological purpose of iodine is its requirement for the synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). However, although it can be applied as curative agent in the management of thyrotoxicosis, the halogen is often prescribed and used inappropriately with significant, but preventable clinical consequences. In an attempt to kindle a better understanding of aspects related to aberrant thyroid hormone regulation, iodine metabolism, and the clinical management of thyroid related pathology, the current paper provides a physiological and clinical overview of said constructs from a hypothyroid perspective.


A central argument pursued in this paper seeks to accord primacy to the unresolved land reform programme in Kenya in debunking the genesis of the country's intermittent political crises since independence. It is argued that one cannot come to terms with Kenya's failed democratic process without acknowledging the extent to which patrimonial politics were systematically developed and sustained, and the key to this was land. Land as a resource of political patronage, to reward, and punish, those who were part of, or were perceived as outsiders in an evolving political system that personified the ideals of its leaders gained a particular premium, easily manipulated across the three presidential epochs : Kenyatta (1963-1978), Moi (1978-2002) and Kibaki (2002-2007). The failure of land reform contributed immeasurably to the conflict that followed the December 2007 elections. The spatial character of the electoral violence (eg, Rift Valley and Coastal Province) suggests systemic faults that have marked decades of historic injustices brought about by a land reform policy largely informed not by a constitutional pronouncement but by the interests of the incumbent president. The paper concludes that an end to Kenya's political crises is not fully contingent on resolving the land issue, but rather on transcending the quest for land reform as a contributor to economic growth and political stability. This outcome is achievable through more creative means of economic diversification. The reality of Kenya's demographic and environmental pressures attests to the urgency of a shift in the meaning and symbolism attributed to land within the country's polity and its economic realm.


Information Technologies shape the way users retrieve information. The Internet has become one of the most important information resources where people look for various kind of information. Search engines are seen as a gateway to the online information. This paper describes a survey carried out on graduate students pursing Master or PhD to investigate the impact of search engines on their research process. Information quality, cost and copyright issue were examined to give an insight on how Internet was used as an information source. Overall, quality of information and time spent were the main influences when using search engines. Students are generally aware of copyright issues. However, most of them do not check copyright issue when downloading online materials. Nearly half of the participants also agree that search engines are biased towards English.


ABSTRACT A new Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Upper Pleistocene of North Eastern Brazil. Among the numerous fossils discovered by the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano in the Serra da Capivara National Park region (Piauí, Brazil), we were able to identify two species of Toxodontidae from the Upper Pleistocene of North Eastern Brazil, Toxodon platensis Owen, 1837 et Piauhytherium capivarae n. gen., n. sp. Toxodon platensis is present in eight Northeastern sites, the most important being the Toca da Barra do Antonião, the Toca do Garrincho, (all two in São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí), the Lagoa dos Porcos in São Lourenço do Piauí, and Laje Grande in Pesqueira (PE). Forty remains belong to it. These remains are generally a little smaller than the homologous pieces from the type form of Argentina and Southern Brazil. We found Piauhytherium capivarae n. gen., n. sp. in nine Northeastern sites, essentially the Toca do Garrincho and the Lagoas São Vitor, do Quari, and dos Porcos, all from the Serra da Capivara National Park region. More than one hundred remains belong to it, including a skull and a mandible very well preserved. These are quite different from those of T.platensis, and teeth and post-cranial skeleton are different too. The teeth are clearly distinguishable form those of Trigodonops lopesi (Roxo, 1921) et Mixotoxodon larensis van Frank, 1957. At the Lagoa dos Porcos, the Toca do Garrincho (Piauí) and Fazenda Vista Alegre in Taperoá (PB) P. capivarae n. gen., n. sp. is sympatric with T. platensis. The limb segments ratios show that P. capivarae n. gen., n. sp., like T. platensis, had an periaquatic hippopotamus way of life.


Background: Metabolomics is an emerging 'omics' science that has demonstrated its fast gaining importance as a powerful profiling tool for determining an individual's response to a foreign stimulus such as a drug, toxin, or environmental change; or as an indicator of disease progression. Such small molecule profiles can used as biological markers of disease, and provide an indicator of drug efficacy or toxicity.Several studies have demonstrated that the results of any single 'omics' analysis may not be sufficient to decode extremely complex biological mechanisms. Methods: We have developed a translational research workflow to enable researchers to perform cutting-edge integrative analysis of metabolomics data with transcriptomics (gene expression) data using knowledge-driven networks. This network based view of interconnected functional partners can provide valuable new insight about the underlying biochemical processes and pathways associated with the phenotype of interest. To enhance and simplify metabolomics annotation we built a fully cross-referenced database called MetPlus DB, which integrates data from the three most comprehensive metabolite databases tailored largely towards mammalian metabolomics: HMDB, HUAMNCYC, and LIPID MAPS.Cross-referencing information is provided for linking to several other mainstream cheminformatics/bioinformatics repositories including KEGG, METLIN, ChEBI, FooDB, Pubchem, and Chemspider to provide unambiguous knowledge on clinically and physiologically relevant metabolites. We have made the integrated database available freely to the research community (https://github.com/ICBI/MetPlus-DB). Results: To demonstrate the usefulness and strength of our methodology, we have tested it on a multi-omics profiling dataset from NCI-60 breast cancer cell lines to explore the biological dynamics of breast cancer. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a streamlined approach for the comprehensive annotation of metabolites using MetPlus DB, and the subsequent integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics data to explore potentially relevant biological interactions and candidate biomarkers associated with disease phenotype.


This Annotated Bibliography is one output from a review of the available research evidence to support improved care in residential care homes as the needs of older people intensify.
Key findings
The review identified extremely little published evidence on residential care homes; the research base is almost exclusively related to provision of care in nursing homes. Much of this research is from the US or other non-UK sources. Although it could be argued that some findings are generalisable to the UK residential care context, a systematic process is required
to identify which. The literature often makes no distinction between nursing and residential homes; use of generic terms such as 'care home' should be avoided.
There is considerable international debate in the quality improvement literature about the relationship between quality of care and quality of life in nursing and residential homes.
Measures of social care, as well as clinical care, are needed. The centrality of the resident's voice in measuring quality of life must be recognised. Ethnic minority residents are almost entirely absent from the quality improvement literature.
Some clinical areas, internationally identified as key in terms of quality e.g. palliative care, are absent in the general nursing and residential home quality improvement literature. Others such as mental health (dementia and depression), diabetes, and nutrition are present but not fully integrated.
Considerable evidence points to a need for better management of medication in nursing homes. Pharmacist medication reviews have shown a positive effect in nursing homes. It is unclear how this evidence might relate to residential care.
There is evidence that medical cover for nursing and residential care home residents is suboptimal.
Care could be restructured to give a greater scope for proactive and preventive interventions. General practitioners' workload in care homes may be considered against quality-of-care measures.
There is US literature on the relationship between nurse staffing and nursing care home quality, with quality measured through clinical-based outcomes for residents and organisational outcomes. Conclusions are difficult to draw however due to inconsistencies in the evidencebase.
Hospital admission and early discharge to nursing homes research may not be generalisable to residential care. The quality of inter-institutional transfers and ensuring patient safety across settings is important. To date research has not considered transfer from residential to nursing home care.
The literature on district nurse and therapist roles in care homes includes very little research on residential care. Partnership working between district nurses and care home staff appears largely to occur by default at present. There is even less research evidence on therapist input
to care homes.
Set against the context outlined above, the international literature provides evidence of a number of approaches to care improvement, primarily in nursing homes. These include little discussion of cost-effectiveness other than in telecare. Research is needed in the UK on care
improvement in residential homes.


Abstract
 Given shortcomings in basic data collection and insufficient resources in preparing official statistics African growth data are unlikely to be very reliable. Estimates of an annual growth rate of 3 per cent may be consistent with a reality between 0 and 6 per cent growth. Although data from international databases are widely used in an expanding literature on African growth there has been no research into how serious these data inaccuracies are. This paper addresses the reliability of the available growth evidence for a selection of countries and offers concrete measures of inaccuracies. It examines the reasons for discrepancies and shows that they can be quite large.


In this highly innovative study, Ian Green examines the complete array of Protestant titles published in England from the 1530s to the 1720s. These range from the large specialist volumes at the top to cheap tracts at the bottom, from radical on one wing to conservative on the other, and from instructive and devotional manuals to edifying-cum-entertaining works such as religious verse and cautionary tales. Wherever possible the author adopts a statistical approach to permit a focus on those works which sold most copies over a number of years, and in an annotated Appendix provides a brief description of over seven hundred best selling or steady selling religious titles of the period. A close study of these texts and the forms in which they were offered to the public suggests a rapid diversification of both the types of work published and of the readerships at which they were targeted. It also demonstrates shrewd publishers' frequent attempts to plug gaps in a rapidly expanding market. Where previous studies of print have tended to focus on the polemical and the sensational, this one highlights the didactic, devotional, and consensual elements found in most steady selling works. It is also suggested that in these works there were at least three Protestantisms on offer an orthodox, clerical version, a moralistic, rational version favoured by the educated laity, and a popular version that was barely Protestant at all and that the impact of these probably varied both within and between different readerships. These conclusions shed much light not only on the means by which English Protestantism was disseminated, but also on the doctrinally and culturally diffused nature of English Protestantism by the end of the Stuart period. Both the text and the appendix should prove invaluable to anyone interested in the history of the Reformation or in printing as a medium of education and communication in early modern England.


Background: Identifying and addressing hotspots is a key element of imaginal exposure in Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP). Research shows that treatment effectiveness is associated with focusing on these hotspots and that hotspot frequency and characteristics may serve as indicators for treatment success. Objective: This study aims to develop a model to automatically recognize hotspots based on text and speech features, which might be an efficient way to track patient progress and predict treatment efficacy. Method: A multimodal supervised classification model was developed based on analog tape recordings and transcripts of imaginal exposure sessions of 10 successful and 10 non-successful treatment completers. Data mining and machine learning techniques were used to extract and select text (e.g. words and word combinations) and speech (e.g. speech rate, pauses between words) features that distinguish between 'hotspot' (N = 37) and 'non-hotspot' (N = 45) phases during exposure sessions. Results: The developed model resulted in a high training performance (mean F1-score of 0.76) but a low testing performance (mean F1-score = 0.52). This shows that the selected text and speech features could clearly distinguish between hotspots and non-hotspots in the current data set, but will probably not recognize hotspots from new input data very well. Conclusions: In order to improve the recognition of new hotspots, the described methodology should be applied to a larger, higher quality (digitally recorded) data set. As such this study should be seen mainly as a proof of concept, demonstrating the possible application and contribution of automatic text and audio analysis to therapy process research in PTSD and mental health research in general.


Departing from an appraisal of the topical relevance of what Canadian based geographer Derek Gregory has perceptively called 'the colonial present', this article presents a number of departures for an investigation of the ways in which the codes of a colonial conditions have infiltrated the metropolitan west (Gregory 2004). This article suggests a number of possible starting points for further discussion and focuses on an analysis of the long term process of transfer of colonial forms from colony to core and on an appraisal of migrations and their governance as one privileged site for the production and reproduction of coloniality.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders with a global burden of approximately 6.1 million patients. Alpha-synuclein has been linked to both the sporadic and familial forms of the disease. Moreover, alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy-bodies, the neuropathological hallmark of PD, and the protein and its aggregation have been widely linked to neurotoxic pathways that ultimately lead to neurodegeneration. Such pathways include autophagy/lysosomal dysregulation, synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial disruption, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress. Alpha-synuclein has not only been shown to alter cellular pathways but also to spread between cells, causing aggregation in host cells. Therapeutic approaches will need to address several, if not all, of these angles of alpha-synuclein toxicity. Here we review the current advances in therapeutic efforts for PD that aim to produce a disease-modifying therapy by targeting the spread, production, aggregation, and degradation of alpha-synuclein. These include: receptor blocking strategies whereby putative alpha-synuclein receptors could be blocked inhibiting alpha-synuclein spread, an alpha-synuclein reduction which will decrease the amount alpha-synuclein available for aggregation and pathway disruption, the use of small molecules in order to target alpha-synuclein aggregation, immunotherapy and the increase of alpha-synuclein degradation by increasing autophagy/lysosomal flux. The research discussed here may lead to a disease-modifying therapy that tackles disease onset and progression in the future.


Community orchards are a type of urban agriculture project bringing fruit- and nut-bearing trees and shrubs to neighborhoods across the U.S. While urban agriculture is receiving substantial attention in food studies literature, community orchards are still largely absent from academic conversations. We conducted a qualitative, inductive survey of community orchard organizations in the U.S. to establish a baseline understanding. This survey was addressed to orchard organizers and focused on two questions. First, what is driving the rise of community orcharding projects in the U.S.? Second, how are the organizations affecting local food systems? Organizations were selected to be recipients of our survey, which garnered a 42.64% response rate, if they had an Internet presence and active e-mail account; identification of survey participants was Internet-based, and as a result, little is known about orchards that do not have an Internet presence. Findings showed that community orchards are primarily established on public land, often facilitated by municipal parks and recreation departments, and range in size from pocket orchards of just a few trees to multiple acres of diverse planting. Primary motivations for beginning community orchards include concern for the environment, education, and a sense of community. A preliminary understanding of this impact lies at the nexus of these final two motivations. Community orchard organizers predominately reported fruit and nuts produced in the orchard would feed residents in the geographic area immediately surrounding the site. This arrangement of public fruit and nut production and volunteer orchard management is leading to a novel form of community development that merits further research.


Abstract The cover of Festuca gracillima (coirón fueguino), a native tussock grass that dominates grass steppes of Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, has diminished under continuous sheep grazing. This loss is a concern, because it also reduces forage availability in winter, biodiversity, and soil stability. In the present study, the hypothesis that tussock grass birth and mortality rates are balanced only under moderate-grazing or exclusion regimes was tested with two 5-year records of demographic data obtained from 3 sheep grazing regimes: exclosure (no grazing), low (0.0348 AU·ha−1·y−1, where AU represents animal units equivalent to the consumption of a 450-kg cow), and high (0.1043 AU·ha−1·y−1). Tussocks were outlined in photographs and marked in the field at two 5-year intervals. The initial total number of plants for the 3 grazing regimes (n = 358) increased to 384 plants at the end of the 10-year period. No recruitment from seed was observed; plant number changed as a balance of yearly rates of tussock mortality (1.48%), amalgamation (0.75%), and subdivision (2.04%). Intensely grazed populations showed greater (2.13%) mortality rates than ungrazed (1.20%) or moderately grazed (0.78%) populations. Tussocks in intensely grazed populations were smaller (167 cm2·plant−1) than those in moderately grazed (197 cm2·plant−1) or ungrazed (300 cm2·plant−1) populations. Transition matrices showed eigenvalues of 0.701 (high grazing), 0.794 (exclosure), and 0.876 (low grazing). All growth rates of demographic models were negative; the largest rate of population decrease was found under high-intensity grazing, for which projections show that half the tussocks would be lost in 37 years. Under low-intensity grazing and exclosure, a similar tussock loss would take place in 87 and 74 years, respectively. Results show 1) the importance of vegetative processes for tussock demography, 2) the extremely slow dynamics of population changes, and 3) that tussocks may suffer increased mortality as a consequence of subdivision or fragmentation, a process that can be viewed as a small-scale example of the generalized effect of patch subdivision under grazing.


Ternary complexes of copper(II) and zinc(II) metal ions with the ligands maltol; 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyrone (MA) and glycylglycine (GG) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, UV-Visible, mass spectra and TGA techniques. The complexes have been screened for antibacterial activity and the results are compared with the activity of free ligands. Increased activity of ternary complexes than corresponding free ligands is evident from these studies suggests more lipophilicity of metal complexes to act on bacterial cell.


Although alternative mating tactics are found in males of many species, little is known about tactic-specific adaptations to sperm competition and the mechanism by which fertilization success is obtained. We now report on the sperm investment patterns of males that use alternative mating tactics in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegill males are characterized by three alternative mating tactics: parentals, sneakers, and satellites. Parentals delay maturation and adopt a courting and guarding tactic, whereas sneakers and satellites mature precociously and, respectively, use sneaking and female mimicry to steal fertilizations from parentals. We found differences among the tactics in testes weight, sperm longevity, and ejaculate sperm density and competitiveness. Parentals had the largest testes, but the smallest relative to their body weight. Satellites had intermediate-sized testes, and sneakers had the smallest testes, but the largest relative to their body weight. Within each tactic, there was a positive relationship between testes weight and body weight, but the exact relationship differed among the tactics and could not be attributed solely to allometry. Parentals had longer-lived sperm compared with that of both sneakers and satellites. Ejaculate sperm density was greatest in sneakers, satellites were intermediate, and parentals had the lowest. Competition experiments involving equal volumes of ejaculate showed that fertilization success increased linearly with sperm number, consistent with a rafflelike process. However, independent of sperm number, parental sperm were superior at fertilizing eggs. We interpret these sperm investment patterns in relation to differences in sperm competition risk, number of mating opportunities, and alternative investment options. Copyright 2003.


Subtropical reefs are predicted to be dynamic areas of change under increased warming of global sea-surface temperature. A critical knowledge gap exists for deeper, mesophotic corals in these higher-latitude settings, where little is known about their spatial and depth distributions. At the latitudinal limits of coral-reef growth in the Pacific Ocean, abundant mesophotic corals were revealed on the shelf surrounding the subtropical, mid-ocean island of Balls Pyramid, which is a World Heritage-listed and marine park-protected area. Our study extended these findings to the nearby Lord Howe Island shelf to assess mesophotic coral cover and explore spatial patterns in mesophotic benthic communities. Underwater towed-video data collected around Lord Howe Island (24 sites) were combined with existing benthic data from the Balls Pyramid shelf. Results showed that similar habitats occur across both shelves, with communities varying among inner-, mid- and outer-shelf zones. Corals were most prevalent on the Balls Pyramid mid-shelf, with selected locations around the Lord Howe Island mid-shelf reporting similar cover (maximum site-average cover of 24%). The benthic data presented in this study provide important baseline information for monitoring coral cover and detecting potential shifts in community composition under ongoing climate change.


According to a famous study [10] of the 1990 census data, 87% of the US population can be uniquely identified by gender, ZIP code and full date of birth. This short paper revisits the uniqueness of simple demographics in the US population based on the most recent census data (the 2000 census). We offer a detailed, comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the threat to privacy posed by the disclosure of simple demographic information. Our results generally agree with the findings of [10], although we find that disclosing one's gender, ZIP code and full date of birth allows for unique identification of fewer individuals (63% of the US population) than reported in [10]. We hope that our study will be a useful reference for privacy researchers who need simple estimates of the comparative threat of disclosing various demographic data.


Antibiotic therapy is a recognised standard of care in open fractures. The purpose of this study was to look into the consistency of pattern of antibiotic prescribing practice in the management of open fractures .Eighty children presenting with open tibial fractures between 1989 and 2009 were taken into this retrospective audit. The relevant information was collected from the case records. Patients were grouped into two groups, those who were treated before and those after the guidelines. Seventy-eight patients with complete records were included in this audit. 37 patients had Gustilo and Anderson Grade I, 24 had grade II and 17 had Grade III open fractures. First dose intravenous antibiotic was given in A&E department in 55 patients. Sixty four patients had cephalosporins and 24 patients had pencillins. In 7 patients additional metronidazole was given. Only intravenous therapy was given in 29 patients and intravenous therapy followed by oral antibiotics in 49 patients. Average duration of intravenous therapy for patients treated before 1997, was 2.9 days. Whereas those treated after 1997, had average intravenous therapy for 2.8 days. There is lack of consistency in use of prophylactic antibiotics in open fractures. This audit has prompted us a reevaluation of antibiotic therapy in open fractures to find a consistent regimen


Complex network approaches have been recently developed as an alternative framework to study the statistical features of time-series data. We perform a visibility-graph analysis on both the daily and monthly sunspot series. Based on the data, we propose two ways to construct the network: one is from the original observable measurements and the other is from a negative-inverse-transformed series. The degree distribution of the derived networks for the strong maxima has clear non-Gaussian properties, while the degree distribution for minima is bimodal. The long-term variation of the cycles is reflected by hubs in the network that span relatively large time intervals. Based on standard network structural measures, we propose to characterize the long-term correlations by waiting times between two subsequent events. The persistence range of the solar cycles has been identified over 15–1000 days by a power-law regime with scaling exponent γ = 2.04 of the occurrence time of two subsequent strong minima. In contrast, a persistent trend is not present in the maximal numbers, although maxima do have significant deviations from an exponential form. Our results suggest some new insights for evaluating existing models.


The temporal and spatial distribution of strain associated with the Sevier orogeny in western North America is significantly different in the southern end of the belt, at the latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada, than farther to the north at the latitude of Salt Lake City, Utah. Reasons for these differences have been speculative as a lack of temporal constraints on thrusting in the intervening region hindered along-strike correlation across the belt. We determined a crystallization age of 100.18 ± 0.04 Ma for zircons extracted from a recently recognized dacite lapilli ash-fall tuff near the base of the synorogenic Iron Springs Formation. We propose the name "Three Peaks Tuff Member" for this unit, and identify a type stratigraphic section on the western flank of the "Three Peaks," a topographic landmark in Iron County, Utah. Field relationships and this age constrain movement on the Iron Springs thrust and the end of the sub-Cretaceous unconformity in the critical intervening area to latest Albian/earliest Cenomanian. Movement on the Iron Springs thrust was synchronous with movement on multiple Sevier thrusts at ~100 Ma, indicating that the mid-Cretaceous was a period of extensive thrust-fault movement. This mid-Cretaceous thrusting event coincided with a period of global plate reorganization and increased convergence, and hence an increased subduction rate for the Farallon Plate beneath North America. The accelerated subduction contributed to a Cordilleran arc flare-up event and steepening of the orogenic wedge, which triggered widespread thrusting across the retroarc Sevier deformation belts. Additionally, based on temporal constraints and the strong spatial connection of mid-Cretaceous thrusts to lineaments interpreted as pre-orogenic transform faults, we suggest that temporal and spatial variations along the strike of the orogenic belt reflect tectonic inheritance of basement structures associated with the edge of the rifted Precambrian craton.


The study investigatedf armers' ecologicalk nowledgea nd managemenrte lating to cocoa aggroforestins the Atwima district of Ghana,w ith the view to selecting and developing
the potential of native forest tree species for use as shade in multi-strata cocoa agroforestry systems. More specifically, the study investigate farmers' knowledge about
the ecology and managemenot f multi-stratac ocoas ystems,w ith the view to identifying native forest tree species preferred by farmers as shade for cocoa. Based on this
preliminary survey of fanner knowledge and preferences, eight indigenous forest tree speciesw ere selectedf or field screening.F ield studies involved: (i) assessmenot f their natural distribution in different landuse systems, to determine natural regeneration potential; (ii) evaluation of their phenological patterns and light regimes under their
canopies, with the view to determining their suitability for shade provision; (iii) evaluation of growth performance, when planted as shade on cocoa farms; (iv)
determination of potential below-ground complementarity in resource use (particularly water) between planted shade and the cocoa, through evaluation of root competitivity
indices for the planted species, as well as determination of water use by means of sap
flow measurementT. he study also evaluatedm ethodso f seedp re-treatmentt o enhance germinationo f T. letraptera seedsw, hich usually take a long time to germinate.
Farmers' knowledge on site selection for cocoa cultivation was based on soil types and biological indicators. Their description of soil types was based on soil texture and colour.
Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species are used as indicators of soil fertility status.
Farmers identified over 50 forest tree species and their role in the cocoa farming system. In Eight of these were selected for screening on-farm and on-station. These included:
Albizia adianthifolia, Entandrophragma angolense, Entandrophragma utile, Newbouldia
laevis, Pericopsis elata, Terminalia ivorensis and Tetrapleura tetraptera. The natural
distribution of these species in mature cocoa farms, fallow lands and natural forest was evaluated and their regeneration potential discussed. Results of phenolog&icIa l patterns and crown characteristicso f the shadet ree speciesa re presenteda nd discussedw ith regards
to their temporal complementarity in light (PAR and Red/Far Red light) capture. Seed pre-treatment and vegetative propagation techniques for T. tetraptera were investigated,
with results indicating a good potential for the use of locally grown Citrusjambhiri Lush.
(rough lemon) juice for seed pre-treatment. Auxin (IBA) application on leafy stem cuttings, at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.6% produced good rooting
responses, compared to a control (0%), with 0.4% producing the highest response.
Growth performance of all the planted species was evaluated over a two-year period, while root structure of, and rates of water uptake by, E. angolense, T. ivorensis and T
tetraptera, which appeared to be the most promising species in terms of initial growth performance on the field, were also investigated. The results showed that T ivorensis,
which appeared to be more shallow rooting than the others at this age Q years), was drawing more water from the soil than the other two species while T. tetraptera, with its
roots oriented more vertically, was using less water than the others. Above-ground biomass, carbon and nutrient content, as well as litterfall, decomposition and nutrient
release patterns of a multi-strata cocoa-Gliricidia agroforest are also reported and discussed.


This tutorial reviews image alignment and image stitching algorithms. Image alignment algorithms can discover the correspondence relationships among images with varying degrees of overlap. They are ideally suited for applications such as video stabilization, summarization, and the creation of panoramic mosaics. Image stitching algorithms take the alignment estimates produced by such registration algorithms and blend the images in a seamless manner, taking care to deal with potential problems such as blurring or ghosting caused by parallax and scene movement as well as varying image exposures. This tutorial reviews the basic motion models underlying alignment and stitching algorithms, describes effective direct (pixel-based) and feature-based alignment algorithms, and describes blending algorithms used to produce seamless mosaics. It closes with a discussion of open research problems in the area.


Sports have always played an important role in children's lives. American Youth Soccer Organization provides youth athletes the opportunity to participate in a soccer league that focuses on teaching good sportsmanship and player development. The purpose of this study was to assess fan behavior at middle school age female and male AYSO soccer games in San Luis Obispo. The subjects of this study were spectators (i.e. coaches and parents) of AYSO. The researcher and the research assistant attended six games during October 2010. At each game, notes were recorded on comments and behaviors, both positive and negative. After the data were recorded, it was found that a majority of spectators were positive, however there was an occasional negative remark or gesture. There were also instructional comments classified as neutral. Recommendations for future research include using a larger age range of subjects and attending additional games.


The purpose of this study was to (a) identify educational counseling interventions and accommodations that learning disabled (LD) postsecondary students received that contributed to their academic success and (b) identify barriers and issues that LD students experienced in accessing services. Ten postsecondary students were identified and classified as LD that had attended a community college in Northern Virginia and volunteered to participate in this study. Out of the ten, two students were selected for this research study. These students were interviewed using a two-part questionnaire (Appendix C). The questionnaire included significant factors and variables frequently associated with postsecondary success. Questions in part I of the Questionnaire pertained to the LD student's profile (e.g., medical and social history, employment, volunteer work, hobbies, education including special education experiences, language therapy, and assessments). Questions in part II consisted of the recommended support services identified in the literature (e.g., disability awareness, accommodations, self-advocacy skills, academic remediation, parent and counselor advocacy, computer technology, career counseling, transition services, and rehabilitation counseling) often delivered to LD students. Psychological and educational assessments were also obtained, reviewed, and coded. The interviews were tape recorded in order to assure concise descriptive information from the student's own 'personal' past and current educational experiences. Each student reported that they had received a great deal of assistance by another individual who had been most instrumental in helping them over come their postsecondary academic barriers. These individuals were also interviewed. The interviews were transcribed, and the data collected were coded. Two in-depth comprehensive case studies were developed by reviewing and recording data from the interviews, psychological assessments, and educational records. All narrative material was subsequently analyzed by coding procedures used in grounded theory. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my sons, Robert and Brendon Bradshaw. You were my inspiration. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend a sincere appreciation to several individuals whose encouragement, expertise, and assistance enabled me to complete this dissertation. I am most thankful to Dr. Marvin Cline, my Dissertation Co-Chairman, who was always willing to find the time to meet with me and help me select a topic, which would meet all the research requirements, and at the same time be in keeping with my personal interests. I am extremely thankful to have had the opportunity to have received guidance from an expert in the field of qualitative research. As the themes evolved, he continued to serve as a guide …


In recent decades, blacks have experienced substantially less upward mobility and substantially more downward mobility from one generation to the next than whites. These results are shown to be highly robust to a variety of measurement issues. The author examines rates of intergenerational mobility by race and asks whether such racial differences in the U.S. are likely to be eliminated and, if so, how long it might take.


In this paper, the compression of multispectral images is addressed. Such 3-D data are characterized by a high correlation across the spectral components. The efficiency of the state-of-the-art wavelet-based coder 3-D SPIHT is considered. Although the 3-D SPIHT algorithm provides the obvious way to process a multispectral image as a volumetric block and, consequently, maintain the attractive properties exhibited in 2-D (excellent performance, low complexity, and embeddedness of the bit-stream), its 3-D trees structure is shown to be not adequately suited for 3-D wavelet transformed (DWT) multispectral images. The fact that each parent has eight children in the 3-D structure considerably increases the list of insignificant sets (LIS) and the list of insignificant pixels (LIP) since the partitioning of any set produces eight subsets which will be processed similarly during the sorting pass. Thus, a significant portion from the overall bit-budget is wastedly spent to sort insignificant information. Through an investigation based on results analysis, we demonstrate that a straightforward 2-D SPIHT technique, when suitably adjusted to maintain the rate scalability and carried out in the 3-D DWT domain, overcomes this weakness. In addition, a new SPIHT-based scalable multispectral image compression algorithm is used in the initial iterations to exploit the redundancies within each group of two consecutive spectral bands. Numerical experiments on a number of multispectral images have shown that the proposed scheme provides significant improvements over related works.


The 'Friends of Antiquities" were members of a unique body of volunteers, which was active in Israel for forty years, since its creation in 1948. They were nominated by the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM), serving as its "eyes and ears" - reporting damage, safekeeping sites, assisting in excavations and maintaining the connection between IDAM and the general public. The present article is the first ever written on this body. It offers a detailed review and analysis of  the creation, development and decline of the "Friends", as well as notes about their status in relation to other amateur and professional bodies in the field of archaeology.


Blended learning is a promis- ing model for supporting teacher professional development that combines the advantages of tradi- tional face-to-face interaction with the flexibility of online learning. In this study, we examine the impact of two one-year blended learning programs on teachers' attitudes, knowledge, and classroom practices. These professional development programs were designed to enhance middle school teachers' subject matter knowledge and pedagogical skills in mathematics and science/ technology. Our results indicate that the programs positively affected teacher attitudes and content knowledge in these curricular areas and motivated many teachers to transform their classroom practices. Increased teacher collaboration and involvement at the school level sug- gest that the experiences contrib- uted to the emergence of fledgling communities of practice. At the same time, the lack of cohesion in online groups and the drop off in participation suggest the need to rethink some aspects of the design of blended learning environments.


The study suggests an approach to reduce India's sensitive list under SAFTA. The concept of Revealed Comparative Advantage has been used to pair the RCAs for products on India's sensitive list with the corresponding RCAs of the SAARC countries. Four categories of items are generated based on whether India or the SAARC country is competitive in each of the items. This process helps in identifying items in which India is competitive and those where the exporting SAARC country is not competitive. Such items are recommended for removal from India's sensitive list. Items that are vulnerable to competition include those items where the exporting country is competitive but India is not. Such items can remain on the sensitive list and can be removed gradually in a phased manner.


The production of foods with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has risen rapidly over the past three decades to comprise nearly 90% of crops grown in the United States today. Currently, there are no mandates for labeling foods containing GMOs. GMO agricultural crops contain the insertion of genes encoding for pesticides, pesticide resistance, growth factors, or other substances not normally present. In addition to the foreign genes that are inserted, hundreds to thousands of mutations disrupt normal genes in GMO plants. Recently, animal studies have demonstrated toxicity of GMO foods causing organ failure, infertility, carcinomas and death. The FDA requirement of ingredients added to foods be labeled on the product is not applied to GMO foods, precluding the consumer's right to know. GMOs provide an economic incentive to companies because the seeds can be patented, driving up costs and creating the potential for monopolies. Herbicide-resistance conferred by GMOs has resulted in higher pesticide applications, which correlate with higher human cancer rates, and the emergence of pesticide-resistant weeds and insects. GMO toxins are spreading into to non-target insects, waterways and aquatic organisms, with toxicity to non-target organisms and resultant contamination of disparate ecosystems in the food chain. The appropriateness of mandatory GMO labeling of foods in the United States is discussed.


Objective To determine if smokers unmotivated to quit reduce usual cigarette consumption when cigarettes priced according to nicotine content are made available. Methods Randomised, parallel-group, trial (ACTRN12612000914864) undertaken in Wakatipu/Central Otago, New Zealand. Dependent adult daily smokers unmotivated to quit were randomly allocated to an intervention group provided with 12 weeks supply of free very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, or to a control group, who were free to purchase their usual cigarette brand over the same period. The primary outcome was change from baseline in the daily mean number of usual cigarettes smoked over the previous week, measured at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes at 6 and 12 weeks included cigarettes smoked per week (also measured at weeks 1–6 and 9), salivary cotinine, tobacco dependence, smoking satisfaction/craving, behavioural addiction to smoking, autonomy over smoking, motivation to stop, price at which participants would purchase VLNC cigarettes, quitting and adverse events. Results Thirty-three smokers were randomised (17 intervention, 16 control). A NZ$15 price differential (per pack of 20) based on nicotine content led to a halving in the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day over the previous week, a reduction in tobacco dependence and an increase in quitting. Intervention participants smoked a similar total number of cigarettes (usual plus VLNC) as those in the control group, exposing them to a similar level of toxicants. Conclusions Smokers unmotivated to quit reduce their usual cigarette consumption (and thus nicotine exposure) when VLNC cigarettes are made available at a significantly reduced price.


Introduction: Fluoride counts an essential element for human health. Therefore, both low and excessive concentrations of that element in drinking water may cause health problems for the consumers. The present study aims to optimize fluoride base in drinking water using Alum response surface methodology. Methods: The present study is an analytical research which uses surface response method based on Bax Banken model for the optimizing of variable effects in elimination of drinking water fluoride where Spectrophotometer (UNICO-(UV/VIS), model 2150 according to the method of SPADNS presented in standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater has been employed. Three variables of initial concentration of fluoride, PH, and Alum were studied in three levels (+1, 0,-1). The required numbers of samples were 17 according to the model. Experimental results were analyzed using Design Expert 7 software. The experiments were carried out randomly in order to the elimination of systematic error. The research data were analyzed using multiple regression and coefficients as well as ANOVA where (P≤0.05) determined as significant level. Results: The results showed that initial concentration of fluoride, PH, and Alum are effective in determining the optimal sitaation. Each of these factors increases the efficiency of fluoride elimination to a certain level and after that which the efficiency decreases. In this process optimal conditions included initial concentration of fluoride3.25 mg/L, PH 6.55, and Alum concentration of 166 mg/L where in an efficient condition. Fluoride elimination equal to 76.83% with a desirability of 97.2%. Conclusion: The results showed good agreement wbetween experimental and model predictions. It can be concluded that response surface methodology is a useful method for optimization of operating factors for the process of coagulation.


The morphological development of the towns and cities in Malaysia was influenced by the river, where it functioned as the main transportation system. Many of these rivers flow right through the town centres and are influential in giving character to the townscapes of the cities through the quality of views. Nevertheless, many of these rivers are in a poor state of health in terms of the water quality and have not been fully exploited in terms of their recreational potential as well as their heritage value. Of the thirteen state capital cities studied, there are three cities that have already embarked on a regeneration program to revitalize their riverfronts. However, some of the recent developments on the riverfront are considered unsustainable and insensitive to the river as a valuable asset of the city, such as the covering of the river with an open plaza and changing the natural embankment of the river to concrete banks, hence turning its image into that of a large open culvert running across the city. Many of the buildings along the river are still backing the waterfront where access both visually and physically is rather limited. This paper is going to discuss the issue of rivers as one of the significant elements that contribute to the sense of place of the city and the plight of the rivers as the city progresses into the future. The discussion is based on an urban design study of all the state capital cities in Malaysia as well as a doctoral research that looks at the issue of waterfront regeneration in the Federal Capital City of Kuala Lumpur. The paper concludes by highlighting the impact of these rivers to the sense of place of Malaysian cities and their roles in creating sustainable cities in the future.


This book is concerned primarily with the evidence for the validity of a genetic unit, Amerind, embracing the vast majority of New World languages. The only languages excluded are those belonging to the Na-Dene and Eskimo- Aleut families. It examines the now widely held view that Haida, the most distant language genetically, is not to be included in Na-Dene. It confined itself to Sapir's data, although the evidence could have been buttressed considerably by the use of more recent materials. What survives is a body of evidence superior to that which could be adduced under similar restrictions for the affinity of Albanian, Celtic, and Armenian, all three universally recognized as valid members of the Indo-European family of languages. A considerable number of historical hypotheses emerge from the present and the forthcoming volumes. Of these, the most fundamental bears on the question of the peopling of the Americas. If the results presented in this volume and in the companion volume on Eurasiatic are valid, the classification of the world's languages based on genetic criteria undergoes considerable simplification.


Our understanding of the dynamics of growing crystals is remarkably primitive, and it is generally not possible to explain why even ordinary crystals develop their characteristic shapes. A case in point is the snow crystal (a.k.a. snowflake), which grows into a puzzling variety of unusual morphologies under different conditions. Although snow crystals result from a simple phase transition, some basic aspects of their growth have remained unexplained - even at a qualitative level - for over 75 years. Come to this talk and see snowflakes like you've never seen them before, find out how to grow electric ice needles in the lab, and learn what this all means for the fundamental physics of crystal growth and pattern formation. (For a preview, see SnowCrystals.com.)


The wide use of light anti-tank weapons, such as rocket propelled grenades and the scattering of sub-munitions lead toa greatnumber of explosive remnants of war (ERW) containing shaped charge warheadsin different conflict areas. A serious problem is that, the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel lack adequate means for the design of protective measures against the jetfrom clearance of shaped charge ammunition. In this paper, based on a master thesis in military technology,a previously suggested calculation model1, is developed further. The objectiveis to create a tool that can be applied to EOD operationsand meet military requirements by consideration of the limited information availability, the short time frames, the working methods and the technology level that are characteristic for such operations.Full-scale experiments have been conducted to clarify the effects of conditions that are typical for EOD operations: protective measures built from sandbags with a long standoff distance to the ordnance. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic penetration theory is not suitable for these conditions,and,furthermore, thata sandbag construction provides significantly better protection against the jet than a homogeneous gravel construction.By disturbance analysis, the sensitivity of the individual parameters in the model is studied for typical errors. Subsequently, Monte Carlo simulation has been used to analyse the cumulative effect these errors can cause. The simulation results have then been the used to determine the model s margin of safety.To achieve the desired military utility it should be possible to use the model under field conditions, with limited time frames and without access to advanced calculating means. This has resulted in a simple diagram included in a completedesign tool.It is proposed to implement the toolin regulations and curricula for EOD operations in order to remedy today's lack of decision support


Altogether, the dissertation contributed to the ongoing debate over U.S. nuclear strategy by providing a working definition of Cold War nuclear thinking. Despite the Obama administration's pledge to shift away from the legacies of the Cold War, this concept still seems to be relevant to describe many aspects of the current U.S. nuclear weapons policy (although in some cases this might not be a bad thing, and in other cases the rational to maintain these elements might not be the same as before). Identifying the specific requirements of this concept in the declaratory policy, in the force structure, and on the operational level served to provide an analytical framework for the examination of the Obama administration.
In the framework of this comparative analysis, the author found that the Obama administration shifted away from Cold War nuclear thinking in its declaratory policy but it still retains key elements of the Cold War on the operational level. On both levels, there are continuities, and there have been significant changes as well, but the major difference is the level of these changes and the underlying reasons for continuities. In the declaratory policy, only a few elements remained from the Cold War, and most of these policies have been adjusted to limit the role and mission of nuclear weapons. The main reasons for not implementing more dramatic changes have been the political commitment to credibly reassure allies, and the desire to build a bipartisan support behind the nuclear posture. In the meanwhile, retaining conservative elements on the operational level has been explained primarily by bureaucratic resistance and greater strategic considerations. Despite some dramatic changes since the end of the Cold War, key elements of Cold War nuclear planning still guide strategic planners, which puts a tremendous pressure on force level requirements. In this regard, the dissertation proved that as long as some (or all) of these operational policies are changed, the chances of dramatic force reductions are extremely remote, regardless of how favorable the political circumstances might be.


Social capital theory is frequently cited by more and more studies in many social science fields. The primary objectives of this study are to better realize with the effect of social capital on the cooperative performance of regional innovation systems, and to explore an important moderating effect of the contract design, which can reinforce trust level between partners. This study focused on the SMEs in the central Taiwan, which covers a wide range of economic activities and comprises several industrial clusters, and surveyed by questionnaire. Using regression analysis, the empirical results indicated that: (1) there is a positive relationship between social capital and the cooperative performance of regional innovation systems; (2) the contracts facilitate corporate and trust among partners, then enhance the relationship between social capital and the performance of regional is enhanced as well. This research contributes to regional innovation field by disentangling the moderating role of contracts, which is also a good help to facilitate the flow of resources, knowledge transfer and organizational learning between members, thereby strengthen the competitiveness of the region.


Foreword Rear Admiral (Ret.) Terence McKnight Part I: The Historical and Contemporary Market in Maritime Private Security Services 1. Introduction: The Post-Cold War Growth of Maritime Private Security Claude Berube and Patrick Cullen 2. The United States and Maritime Private Security from the War of Independence to the 21st Century James Carafano 3. Surveying the Market in Maritime Private Security Services Patrick Cullen 4. Private Gunboats on the Horizon? Private Security and Contemporary Naval Presence Christopher Spearin Part II: The Emergence of Privatized Anti-Piracy Escorts in the Commercial Sector 5. Commercial Anti-Piracy Escorts in the Malacca Straits Area Caroline Liss 6. Private Security at Sea: A Customer's Perspective Gordan van Hook 7. Anti-Piracy Escorts in the Gulf of Aden: Problems and Prospects Claude Berube 8. Legal Considerations for Private Naval Company Armed Anti-Piracy Escorts Mark Tempest Part III: The Privatization of Coast Guard Services 9. Privatizing the Coast Guard in War-Torn Sierra Leone Patrick Cullen 10. Private Security, Maritime Protection and Surveillance in Somaliland Stig Hansen 11. Private Security Fighting Pirates and Illegal Fishing in Puntland Christopher Kinsey 12. Securing the Off-Shore Oil Industry in the Gulf of Guinea Roger Hawkes Part IV: Private Security Responses to Maritime Terrorism 13. Maritime Terrorism: Scope, Potential Threat of Contingencies and the Role of Private Security Compnaies Peter Chalk 14. Commercial Risk Consulting and Management in the Maritime Sector Elke Krahmann 15. Integrating Private Security into Port Security in a Post-9/11 Environment Bill DeWitt 16. Maritime Eco-Extremism Reconsidered: Understanding Fourth Generation Eco-Warriors in the Modern Media Age Brendon J. Mills and Howard R. Ernst Conclusion: The Future of Private Security at Sea Claude Berube and Patrick Cullen


Time, unfortunately, though it makes animals and vegetables bloom and fade with amazing punctuality, has no such simple effect upon the mind of man. The mind of man, moreover, works with equal strangeness upon the body of time. An hour, once it lodges in the queer element of the human spirit, may be stretched to fifty or a hundred times its clock length; on the other hand, an hour may be accurately represented on the timepiece of the mind by one second. This extraordinary discrepancy between time on the clock and time in the mind is less known than it should be and deserves full investigation.1


Sea surface temperature (SST) is observed by a constellation of sensors, and SST retrievals are commonly combined into gridded SST analyses and climate data records (CDRs). Differential biases between SSTs from different sensors cause errors in such products, including feature artefacts. We introduce a new method for reducing differential biases across the SST constellation, by reconciling the brightness temperature (BT) calibration and SST retrieval parameters between sensors. We use the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) as reference sensors, and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the MetOp-A mission to bridge the gap between these references. Observations across a range of AVHRR zenith angles are matched with dual-view three-channel skin SST retrievals from the AATSR and SLSTR. These skin SSTs act as the harmonization reference for AVHRR retrievals by optimal estimation (OE). Parameters for the harmonized AVHRR OE are iteratively determined, including BT bias corrections and observation error covariance matrices as functions of water-vapor path. The OE SSTs obtained from AVHRR are shown to be closely consistent with the reference sensor SSTs. Independent validation against drifting buoy SSTs shows that the AVHRR OE retrieval is stable across the reference-sensor gap. We discuss that this method is suitable to improve consistency across the whole constellation of SST sensors. The approach will help stabilize and reduce errors in future SST CDRs, as well as having application to other domains of remote sensing.


Stacia Nordin I appreciate Zlotkin and colleagues' years of work on the Sprinkle product, and it sounds like the product is much improved from the pill form of micronutrient treatments [1]. I'm not at all opposed to Sprinkle-type products or other nutrient pills for treatment (or in other special situations), but as ten years of international work experience on food and nutrition security issues has shown me, few programmes are supporting local solutions to problems. Once again, a message is being sent that nutrition comes from a pill or packet, made by a foreigner, and requires money. In the case of Sprinkles, the product could support local solutions by including a message on each sachet about the importance of eating a wide variety of local foods—or a picture of local fruits, vegetables, and legumes. Instead of just sprinkling a packet onto a bulky carbohydrate food, use the Sprinkles as treatment along with instruction about planting and eating less of that bulky carbohydrate in the fi rst place. Even better would be to take all that research, time, energy, and money to teach people (or local manufacturers) how to make their own Sprinkles from local nuts, fruits, greens, oilseeds, insects, fi sh, and the like. The results could be just as immediate and dramatic, but with an impact that could last for generations to come. The organisations that support this type of permanent intervention could be mentioned during every teaching session along with big banners and fl yers that announce them as the inventors and/or supporters. Just imagine a nice sprinkle powder that everyone can have on hand to improve their own nutrition without relying on a packet from an outside source that is manufactured with machines and jetted in with thousands of litres of petrol (or trucked across the country, if it is made in country). I'm sure that pre-packaged, imported products have their place in wars, tsunamis, a few cities, and other disasters, but for the majority of the 750 million children in the developing world, their own indigenous foods would have just as much effect, with a longer-term impact on the society's nutritional health. I saw Zlotkin's presentation on Sprinkles at the International Congress of Dietetics conference in Chicago, Illinois, in 2004, and he did include a sentence about diversifying diets as part of the whole project, but it was strongly overshadowed by discussion of bringing in external resources and experts. When I asked him about using the same resources that went into developing, manufacturing, and transporting Sprinkles to create a local sprinkle product with an emphasis on local diversifi ed diets, he immediately responded that it wouldn't work. How do we know, if no one really puts the effort into it at the level that products like Sprinkles get? I've posted this message to several food and nutrition listservs and magazines, and I am now beginning to learn of some small projects working towards local sprinkle products. Zlotkin and team could assist these projects to research the work and scale it up to other countries with other local foods. Stacia Nordin


In this document, we offer a review of recent literature on the future of work. This review was commissioned by The Alan Turing Institute for the purpose of informing the Institute's research strategy aiming to further data science and artificial intelligence research to address real-world problems. Using a critical review method, the report synthesises key findings about the future of work focusing on three main areas: broad research findings, emerging research directions and innovative data science research directions. The first part of the review summarises and discusses changes in the nature and creation of jobs, assignments and tasks; changing organisation of work and production; varying impacts of the changing nature of work on society; and the governance of these changes through politics, policy and institutions. The second section addresses potential drivers of the changing nature of work; disparate impacts of technology on different tasks; challenges for young people to boost employability; impacts of the changing nature of work on the disenfranchised; and proposals for policies and governance models to manage the transitions related to the future of work. The third section discusses research approaches and findings around the susceptibility of tasks and assignments to computerisation; industrial diversification and data-driven policy tools; and development of online labour markets.


Two dome ovens from the archaeological complex of Pliska Palace, North-Eastern Bulgaria, were sampled and studied using archaeomagnetic method. These two ovens are well dated archaeologically, and their archaeomagnetic results will elucidate better the sought geomagnetic field variations for the given time period. On the other hand, we have the possibility to demonstrate the applicability of the archaeomagnetic method for dating purposes. Detailed rock-magnetic analyses were performed in order to establish the magnetic properties of the collected materials (stability of carried remanence, type of dominant magnetic minerals, domain state of magnetic particles and degrees of mineralogical transformations during heating). In general, the investigated materials are suitable for archaeomagnetic determination. The applied experiments show that they have not been heated to temperatures over 460 o C as the temperature of heating in oven No2 was probably slightly higher in comparison to that in oven No1. Taking into account the determined mean values for the geomagnetic field elements, it is obvious that both ovens have been used in the past within two different time periods. The mean declination of oven No1 is more than 20 degrees lower than the declination of oven No2. Differences between the two other geomagnetic field parameters, inclination and intensity, are less pronounced: 5 degrees for incli nation and 3 µT for intensity. An archaeomagnetic dating was done on the basis of Bulgarian reference curves from 2013. There is a very good agreement between the determined archaeomagnetic dating intervals (894–993) AD (for oven No1) and (1001–1075) AD (for oven No2), and the archaeological assumptions. These results confirm the importance of the archaeomagnetic method in archaeology as a reliable dating tool.


Over a long period in Latin American history, education for the –mostly marginalized – indigenous population aimed at its integration into and thereby its assimilation to the "European", "white" or "mestizo" nations. Only at the end of the 20 century, due to the struggles of the indigenous peoples themselves and the emergence of a concept of "multicultural" nations, the educational strategies started to change. Now, they aim at the preservation of the indigenous cultures and languages and proclaim their acceptance or recognition. As did many other Latin American states, Chile, which usually is not seen as an "indigenous country", in the 1990s also adopted a new policy of "Intercultural Bilingual Education" with these aims. However, despite a quite ambitious discourse and a wide range of implemented measures, Chilean intercultural bilingual education above all exists in theory than in practice.