Internet is one of the clearest evidence of rapid technological developments in the field of information and telecommunications. The Internet brings a huge influence in the pattern of life of the world community, especially the developed countries, This research was conducted in the southern area of Tangerang. The number of respondents is 30 students SMP and SMU in the area sepatan tangerang south. The instrument used in this study is questionnaire while the variables of concern in this study are independent variables (internet) (X1) and dependent (learning process) (Y). Researchers use validity test, reliability test, T-test, correlation coefficient and regression equation, result of research indicate that internet usage (X) have an effect on student learning process (Y) coefficient of determination value (R2) that is 0,032 which has the mean that influence of internet usage to learning process development is 3.2% and the rest influenced by other variables and also obtained Regression equation Y = 7,953 + 0,131X1, result from regression equation indicate that there is influence of internet usage toprogressof student learning process. Key word: Internet Usage, Student Learning Process


Ecosystems that are depicted as nodes (species groups) and links (trophic transfers) encompass well defined roles in terms of their trophic structure. Some are primary producers and furnish the system with newly bound energy or nutrients, whereas others divide themselves over various trophic levels creating a hierarchy of energy use and reuse. All waste and mortality products of nodes comprise the non-living environment of ecosystems, often supporting a considerable part of the system as detritus. All food sources are in general used, but are so to variable extents. Some links are always among the major links, e.g. flows from detritus or remineralisation from bacteria. Similarly, flows into and from high turnover nodes, which are either small species with high turnover rates, or those with disproportional high standing stock play an important role in shunting energy through the system. Ecosystem indices calculated from weighted ecological networks describing the patterns of energy flow through an ecosystem are often applied to empirical data in order to categorise the system as an efficient or inefficient energy user. We calculated flow diversity (as Shannon's Index) and average mutual information (AMI, as the degree of flow constraint) according to the method of Ulanowicz (1986). Special attention was given to the contribution of each system part to the overall holistic property. A comparison of several, mainly estuarine, ecosystems, shows that it is mostly flows involving the same species groups contributing to the bulk to the index value. These were flows from detritus, bacteria, and primary producers. The relative importance of flows from heterotrophic groups (e.g., species and species groups of macrozoobenthos, meiofauna, zooplankton, fish) compared to that of the "main" groups was comparatively minor.


Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in proving formal theorems using proof assistants such as Lean. However, existing methods are difficult to reproduce or build on, due to private code, data, and large compute requirements. This has created substantial barriers to research on machine learning methods for theorem proving. This paper removes these barriers by introducing LeanDojo: an open-source Lean playground consisting of toolkits, data, models, and benchmarks. LeanDojo extracts data from Lean and enables interaction with the proof environment programmatically. It contains fine-grained annotations of premises in proofs, providing valuable data for premise selection: a key bottleneck in theorem proving. Using this data, we develop ReProver (Retrieval-Augmented Prover): an LLM-based prover augmented with retrieval for selecting premises from a vast math library. It is inexpensive and needs only one GPU week of training. Our retriever leverages LeanDojo's program analysis capability to identify accessible premises and hard negative examples, which makes retrieval much more effective. Furthermore, we construct a new benchmark consisting of 98,734 theorems and proofs extracted from Lean's math library. It features challenging data split requiring the prover to generalize to theorems relying on novel premises that are never used in training. We use this benchmark for training and evaluation, and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of ReProver over non-retrieval baselines and GPT-4. We thus provide the first set of open-source LLM-based theorem provers without any proprietary datasets and release it under a permissive MIT license to facilitate further research.


Satire is a genre of communication that enables people to say the unspeakable, often enabling powerful norms and powerful people to be questioned and challenged. As such, satire is a powerful weapon with which society may strike at and against oppression and other problematic orders. However, satire may also be misused to misrepresent and demean others. Meanwhile, in online encounters where people are not subject to a wide gamut of social controls and moral obligations are weakened by anonymity, people are liable to use satire in ways that are experienced by others as offensive and hurtful. This is arguably pointedly problematic in contexts where historical developments have marginalised and tribally positioned people to be the butt of jokes. This article examines these and related concerns in the light of the animated video Jesus is a Shangaan to argue that it is worthwhile to present a scholarly account of what the African moral philosophy of Ubuntu may say about how people should satirise. The conclusion is that there is a need for scholars to elaborate more systematically and adequately what Ubuntu requires of satirical communication – how African excellence can be understood when communication is satirical.


Understanding the structure-function relationship of proteins offers the key to biological processes, and can offer knowledge for better investigation of matters with widespread impact, such as pathological disease and drug intervention. This relationship is dictated at the simplest level by the primary protein sequence. Since useful structures and functions are conserved within biology, a sequence with known structure-function relationship can be compared to related sequences to aid in novel structure-function prediction. Sequence analysis provides a means for suggesting evolutionary relationships, and inferring structural or functional similarity. It is crucial to consider these parameters while comparing sequences as they influence both the algorithms used and the implications of the results. For example, proteins that are closely related on an evolutionary time scale may have very similar structure, but entirely different functions. In contrast, proteins which have undergone convergent evolution may have dissimilar primary structure, but perform similar functions. This chapter details how the aspects of evolution, structure, and function can be taken into account when performing sequence analysis, and proposes an expansion on traditional approaches resulting in direct improvement of said analysis. This model is applied to a case study in the prestin protein and shows that the proposed approach provides a better understanding of input and output and can improve the performance of sequence analysis by means of motif detection software. Kathryn Dempsey University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA & University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA Benjamin Currall Creighton University, USA Richard Hallworth Creighton University, USA Hesham Ali University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA & University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3604-0.ch079


We discuss how the equilibrium shapes of a confined toroidal fluid membrane vesicle change when an adhesion between membrane and confining sphere is taken into account. The case without adhesion was studied in Ref. [1]. Different types of solution were found and assembled in a phase diagram as a function of area and reduced volume of the membrane. Depending on the degree of confinement the vesicle is either free, in contact along a circle (contact-circle solutions) or on a surface (contact-area solutions). All solutions without adhesion are up-down symmetric. When the container is adhesive, the phase diagram is altered and new kinds of solution without up-down symmetry are found. For increasing values of adhesion the region of contact-circle solutions shrinks until it vanishes completely from the phase diagram.


ABSTRACT Although modern very fine-grained sands and silts are deposited seaward of the delta of the Yukon River, sediment derived from the Yukon today is a more dominant component of bottom sediments in the Chukchi Sea than in the Bering Sea where the river debouches. Between the area of the delta and the Bering Strait entrance to the Chukchi Sea is the Chirikov Basin, which is floored by relict sands and has a pattern of bottom topography leading into the Chuckchi Sea that suggests a former route of the Yukon. Analyses of bottom-sediment texture and mineralogy, however, indicate that the Holocene Yukon sand has not reached the Chirikov Basin. Only after the opening of Shpanberg Strait approximately 11,800 B.P. did Yukon-derived sediment enter the northernmost Bering Sea. From 11,800 to 5,000 B.P. fine-grained sand was carried onto Norton Plain by the recently strengthened coastal current. This sand is now relict. Since 5,000 B.P. the modern Yukon very fine sand and silt have been accumulating near the delta. Future studies may show that the opening of Shpanberg Strait represents a more marked change in the sedimentary history of the adjacent parts of the Bering and Chuckchi seas than does the earlier opening of Bering Strait and the Strait of Anadyr that formed the initial connection of the seas.


This paper addresses the difficulty of investigating language development in a non-codified linguistic system, Cypriot Greek, the local dialect spoken natively by Greek Cypriots whose official language is Standard Modern Greek, which in turn is not natively acquired by the population. The situation is further complicated by a lack of consensus with respect to the status of bi(dia)lectism vs. bilingualism as well as to which are the varieties that underlie these terms. Here the cover term "bi- x " is introduced. Aiming to uncover the dialect design in the case of Cyprus, the Socio-Syntax of Development Hypothesis brings together different factors that may affect the acquisition of direct object clitic placement and relates the grammar of Cypriot Greek with the continuum that informs the process of first language acquisition in a dialectal context. Establishing the connection between biolinguistic implications behind language development and the dialect design, the call behind the present discussion of the acquisition of clitic placement in Cypriot Greek is to approach the point where language-external factors meet – and affect – the way language is put to use through choosing one out of a range of gradient syntactic variants that belong to different varieties existing in a continuum.


Recent progress in the study of the single-scattering properties of nonspherical ice crystals within cirrus clouds and nonspherical dust particles  is reviewed. We have been using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method, the discrete dipole approximation (DDA), and an improved geometric optics  method (IGOM) to compute the single-scattering properties of nonspherical particles. We have incorporated the so-called edge effect associated with the surface wave into the IGOM extinction and absorption efficiencies. The simulation results in the solar and thermal infrared spectral regimes are presented. Furthermore, the impacts of particle nonsphericity on downstream remote sensing implementations and radiative transfer simulations involving ice clouds and dust aerosols are also summarized.


Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated remarkable success in computer vision by supervisedly learning strong visual feature representations. However, training CNNs relies heavily on the availability of exhaustive training data annotations, limiting significantly their deployment and scalability in many application scenarios. In this work, we introduce a generic unsupervised deep learning approach to training deep models without the need for any manual label supervision. Specifically, we progressively discover sample anchored/centred neighbourhoods to reason and learn the underlying class decision boundaries iteratively and accumulatively. Every single neighbourhood is specially formulated so that all the member samples can share the same unseen class labels at high probability for facilitating the extraction of class discriminative feature representations during training. Experiments on image classification show the performance advantages of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art unsupervised learning models on six benchmarks including both coarse-grained and fine-grained object image categorisation.


"Production systems in low-income developing countries are generally poorly diversified, focusing on rainfed staple crop production and raising livestock. These activities are inherently risky and investment and production decisions by farm households are therefore made within environments that are affected by risk. Because of poorly developed or absent credit and insurance markets it is difficult to pass any of these risks to a third party. As a result, it is often found that even when the expected net return is high, households are reluctant to adopt new agricultural technologies when they involve risk. Better understanding risk behavior will be essential for identifying appropriate farm-level strategies for adaptation to climate change by low-income farmers. Despite risk's potentially central role in farm investment decisions, there have been few attempts to estimate the magnitude and nature of risk aversion of farm households in low-income developing countries. To partially close this gap, this paper uses an experimental approach applied to 262 households in the Ethiopian highlands with real payoffs. By incorporating both small and large stakes and gains and losses into the experiment, we test for the presence of low stake risk aversion and loss aversion. We find that more than 50 percent of the households are severely or extremely risk averse. This contrasts with studies in Asia where most household decision-makers exhibit moderate to intermediate risk aversion. We find that households that stand to lose as well as gain something from participation in games are significantly more risk averse than households playing gains-only games. This strongly suggests that agricultural extension efforts involving losses as well as gains may face systematic resistance by farmers in low-income, high-risk environments. Promotion of technologies with downside risks – even if the upside potential is enormous – should therefore be combined with insurance or other support. We also find that even without the possibility of losses households are much more averse to risk when stakes are high. Results indicate that insurance or other support can likely be phased out. After initial successes have convinced farmers that technologies are viable, risk aversion declines. There are also significant differences in risk averting behavior between relatively poorer and wealthier farm households, which is consistent with decreasing absolute risk aversion. This suggests that as wealth is built up households are willing to take on more risk in exchange for higher returns. Both these findings suggest a strong path dependence. Efforts to develop poor rural areas through promotion of risky technologies should take this path dependence into account. Early successes are important, but households should also be allowed to build up wealth before they are challenged or tempted to take on more risky ventures. Furthermore, the finding that even without the possibility of losses households are much more risk averse when stakes are higher, suggests that agricultural extension should start modestly before asking households to take on larger gambles." from Authors' Abstract


We propose a functional principal components method that accounts for stratified random sample weighting and time dependence in the observations to understand the evolution of distributions of monthly micro-level consumer prices for the United Kingdom (UK). We apply the method to publicly available monthly data on individual-good prices collected in retail stores by the UK Office for National Statistics for the construction of the UK Consumer Price Index from March 1996 to September 2015. In addition, we conduct Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology. Our method allows us to visualize the dynamics of the price distribution and uncovers interesting patterns during the sample period. Further, we demonstrate the efficacy of our methodology with an out-of-sample forecasting algorithm that exploits the time dependence of distributions. Our out-of-sample forecast compares favorably with the random walk forecast.


Extracted from text ... October 2005 7
CORONATION Fund Managers
and Prudential beat out the likes of
Allan Gray and Sanlam to come out
top of the August 2005 Alexander
Forbes Large Manager watch survey.
The survey, which is conducted
by Alexander Forbes Asset
Consultants, examines the returns
generated by the 11 largest South
African asset managers over one
month, the year to date, one year
three years and five years.
The Cape-based management
house, with R5.18-bn in funds
under management, produced a
2.22% return in the month of
August - 0.28% better than its closest
rival Prudential - whilst over the
quarter, ..


Today, the depletion of salmon and steelhead fisheries in the Northwest United States is a concern not only to commercial fishers whose livelihoods depend on the resource but also to conservationists who fear the endangerment or extinction of the species. The implementation of a comprehensive approach to fisheries management could have reduced this threat of depletion. The federal courts had the opportunity to promote regulation and conservation of the fisheries in two cases, Sohappy v. Smith and United States v. Washington (Boldt), but failed to adopt an effective management model that would address the environmental concerns of the fisheries as a whole. In these cases, Indian fishers in Oregon and Washington sought to enforce historic treaty fishing rights and invalidate state regulations that infringed upon their rights to resource allocation and habitat protection. Although the courts determined how fishery resources should be allocated among treaty and non-treaty fishers, only one court specifically addressed habitat protection and was later reversed on the issue. That court attempted to implement a conservation program that followed the basic tenets of what is now known as the Ecosystem Management Model.This article gives a brief overview of the history of the decisions and the federal legislation that stemmed from them and discusses the Ecosystem Management Model with respect to fishery protection. Part II provides a historical overview of the decision addressing the rights of Indian fishers, focusing on the Boldt and Sohappy decisions. Additionally, Part II recounts the legislative measures taken in response to these decisions. Part III describes the Ecosystem Management Model and its interplay with fisheries management. Finally, Part IV concludes that the rejection of the ecosystem approach may result in the serious and permanent depletion of fisheries.


ABSTRACT Morphological characteristics and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of 486 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum collected from apple leaves with Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) symptoms and fruit with bitter rot symptoms in the United States and Brazil were studied. From this collection, 155 isolates of G. cingulata (93 from fruit, 61 from leaves, and 1 from buds), 42 isolates of C. gloeosporioides from fruit, and 14 isolates of C. acutatum (10 from fruit and 4 from leaves) were studied using mitochondrial (mt)DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes. A subset of 24 isolates was studied by examining the sequence of a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GDPH) nuclear gene. In addition, 98 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on leaves of cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious in the greenhouse, and 24 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on fruit of cv. Gala in growth chambers. In total, 238 and 225 isolates of G. cingulata were separated into four distinct morphological types and six VCGs, respectively. Five morphological types and six VCGs were identified among 74 and 36 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, respectively. Three morphological types and four VCGs were identified among 74 and 23 isolates of C. acutatum, respectively. Seven different mtDNA RFLP haplotypes were observed within isolates of G. cingulata, two within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and two within isolates of C. acutatum. Phylogenetic trees, inferred based on maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods using the intron sequence, produced similar topologies. Each species was separated into distinct groups. All isolates tested were pathogenic on fruit, though only isolates with specific VCGs and haplotypes were pathogenic to leaves. Vegetative compatibility was a better tool than molecular characters for distinguishing isolates of G. cingulata pathogenic on both leaves and fruit from the ones pathogenic only on fruit. Isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot were included in haplotypes and groups based on the sequence analysis of the 200-bp intron that also included isolates capable of causing bitter rot only. Additionally, isolates of G. cingulata from the United States and Brazil which cause GLS were included in different haplotypes and sequence analysis groups. Therefore, one hypothesis is that isolates of G. cingulata from the United States capable of causing both GLS on foliage and bitter rot on fruit may have arisen independently of Brazilian isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot, and the two groups of isolates may represent distinct populations.


T issue-derived products are a class of biological materials harvested directly from animal or human tissue, in contrast to recombinant DNA materials grown in cell culture bioreactors. Tissue-derived products are often used for structural purposes and are typically regulated as medical devices. However, when used to treat human patients, tissuederived products are subject to many of the same concerns as recombinant DNA biotherapeutics, with viral safety being one of them. To address this, the tissue source material must undergo a risk analysis and testing regimen for the presence of viral contaminants. In addition, viral clearance studies must be performed to evaluate whether the purification process is robust enough to remove and/or inactivate viruses that may be present in the starting material. The goals of viral clearance studies are the same for tissuederived products and biotherapeutics, but the design and performance of these studies can be quite different because of the diverse nature of the materials. In this article, we will present an overview of viral clearance studies for tissue-derived products based on our experience in performing a large number of such studies. Rather than discussing the issues related to viral clearance in general, our focus will be on the unique challenges that tissue-derived products pose.


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Why has eradicating hunger and poverty proved difficult despite its being a declared goal of the international development community for more than half a century? Why has the number of hungry people increased in recent years? Why is poverty particularly persistent in Sub-Saharan Africa? Why do economically successful developing countries in Asia and Latin America have regions lagging in eradicating poverty? Over time, the answers to these questions—the basis of development strategies—have changed. With the emergence of a more comprehensive understanding of the challenge of development, various constraints have been identified: adverse ecological conditions, inadequate technology, lack of capital and education, cultural factors, and institutional failures. In analyzing the challenges of eradicating hunger and poverty, governance has attracted particular attention in the past decade. As Kofi Annan, the then secretary-general of the United Nations, told world leaders in 1998: "Good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development." Governance is the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels. Different definitions of good governance have been proposed by development organizations. The definition offered by the United Nations Development Programme highlights participation, accountability, transparency, consensus, sustainability, the rule of law, and the inclusion of the poorest and most vulnerable people in making decisions about allocating development resources. A widely used set of aggregate data from a broad range of sources compiled by the World Bank Institute measures the following dimensions of good governance: political stability and absence of violence, the rule of law, voice and accountability, regulatory quality, government effectiveness and control of corruption, and environmental governance. As is explained below, each of these dimensions of governance is important for eradicating hunger and poverty. Overall progress in improving governance, as measured by these dimensions, has been slow in the past decade. This is alarming because the poorest and most food-insecure people live in countries with weak governance. However, encouraging trends are evident in some countries—including some African countries—that are making considerable progress in improving governance.


Accurate stream discharge measurements are important for many hydrological studies. In remote locations, however, it is often difficult to obtain stream flow information because of the difficulty in making the discharge measurements necessary to define stage‐discharge relationships (rating curves). This study investigates the feasibility of defining rating curves by using a fluid mechanics‐based model constrained with topographic data from an airborne LiDAR scanning. The study was carried out for an 8m‐wide channel in the boreal landscape of northern Sweden. LiDAR data were used to define channel geometry above a low flow water surface along the 90‐m surveyed reach. The channel topography below the water surface was estimated using the simple assumption of a flat streambed. The roughness for the modelled reach was back calculated from a single measurment of discharge. The topographic and roughness information was then used to model a rating curve. To isolate the potential influence of the flat bed assumption, a 'hybrid model' rating curve was developed on the basis of data combined from the LiDAR scan and a detailed ground survey. Whereas this hybrid model rating curve was in agreement with the direct measurements of discharge, the LiDAR model rating curve was equally in agreement with the medium and high flow measurements based on confidence intervals calculated from the direct measurements. The discrepancy between the LiDAR model rating curve and the low flow measurements was likely due to reduced roughness associated with unresolved submerged bed topography. Scanning during periods of low flow can help minimize this deficiency. These results suggest that combined ground surveys and LiDAR scans or multifrequency LiDAR scans that see 'below' the water surface (bathymetric LiDAR) could be useful in generating data needed to run such a fluid mechanics‐based model. This opens a realm of possibility to remotely sense and monitor stream flows in channels in remote locations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Due to the coronavirus public health emergency, the federal government has issued a Declaration that may limit your right to sue if you are injured or harmed while participating in this COVID-19 study. If the Declaration applies, it limits your right to sue researchers, healthcare providers, any study sponsor, manufacturer, distributor or any other official involved with the study. However, the federal government has a program that may provide compensation to you or your family if you experience serious physical injuries or death. To find out more about this ?Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program? please go to https://www.hrsa.gov/cicp/about/index.html or call 1-855-266-2427.


Long fiber reinforced plastics with thermoplastic resin were steadily growing with an
ongoing success over many industries mainly automotive. Even during economically
difficult periods, they increased their output and their market share.
In addition to flow compression molding, semi-finished LFRT in form of granules were
introduced to new processes like injection molding.
This work covers two major topics to enlarge the performance of LFRTs. Firstly, it
shows a material development, which leads to flame retarded LFRT. Secondly, it
presents a new process method to improve especially dynamic mechanical properties
by laminating two compression molded sheets with no additional equipment.
One major restriction for further applications is represented by flammability of thermoplastics.
This thesis gains for a new potential. Encountering future legislative restrictions
a combination of halogen-free flame retardant and LFRT based on polypropylene
has been developed. Test results match the requirements in accordance to
flammability test UL 94 V0 (2.6 mm). Furthermore the mechanical properties
achieved a similar performance as standard-LFRTs. The polymer flow in compression
molding provokes a fiber orientation parallel to the direction of the flow front development.
A x-ray analysis in combination with a fiber orientation analysis show, that
rheology has a strong influence on the flow front development, fiber orientation and
compression work needed.
One advantage of flow compression molding is the free option in placing the polymer
melts in the cavity. The common mold design with male and female mold without slides
allows changing part thickness by different polymer melt volumes charged in the
cavity. This allows to proceed the compression molding process twice without demolding the first part. On a flat panel, the process of laminating two sheets by compression
molding is demonstrated. A first panel gets over molded by a second polymer
melt. This laminate provides a better performance than a singular molded panel
of the same thickness.
The higher substrate's temperature the better is the adhesion of the first to the second
layer. Additionally, the best adhesion is achieved in the area of the second polymer
melt cavity placement. Furthermore an optimum in mechanical properties can be
obtained utilizing the same resin for the first and the second layer. A more advanced
material is shown with the combination of a standard-LFRT layer and a flame retarded
layer.
Calculations show, that the flame retardancy of LFRT on polypropylene can be economically
advantageous in comparison to the utilization of higher flame resistant polymer
for large parts. Nevertheless for each specific geometry as well as for certain
mechanical demands an evaluation on the best material to fit has to be carried out.
This work shows economically reasonable options either to improve the mechanical
performance and to enlarge materials properties by flame retardancy or to combine
both.


This document describes techniques for allowing sites running the
Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) to interoperate with Internet
sites that may be using either IPv4, IPv6, or both but that are not
running LISP. A fundamental property of LISP-speaking sites is that
they use Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs), rather than traditional IP
addresses, in the source and destination fields of all traffic they
emit or receive. While EIDs are syntactically identical to IPv4 or
IPv6 addresses, normally routes to them are not carried in the global
routing system, so an interoperability mechanism is needed for non-
LISP-speaking sites to exchange traffic with LISP-speaking sites. This
document introduces three such mechanisms. The first uses a new
network element, the LISP Proxy Ingress Tunnel Router (Proxy-ITR), to
act as an intermediate LISP Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR) for non-LISP-
speaking hosts. Second, this document adds Network Address Translation
(NAT) functionality to LISP ITRs and LISP Egress Tunnel Routers (ETRs)
to substitute routable IP addresses for non-routable EIDs. Finally,
this document introduces the Proxy Egress Tunnel Router (Proxy-ETR) to
handle cases where a LISP ITR cannot send packets to non-LISP sites
without encapsulation. This document defines an Experimental Protocol
for the Internet community.


Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of compounds that can have a strong impact on indoor air quality.Wood and thermally modified wood emit VOCs, which are referred to as wood VOCs, and can elicit various negative or positive effects in different organisms, including humans. Wood is a complex multicomponent biopolymer with inherent variability, which is also reflected in the emissions of VOCs. Variability in wood VOC emissions has been attributed to endogenous and exogenous factors, such as wood species, type of wood sample, wood treatment, etc. Nevertheless, studies have reported reasonably consistent results regarding VOC emissions from individual (thermally modified) wood species. Softwoods emit the highest concentrations of wood VOCs composed primarily of volatile terpene emissions (70-90%) and lower concentrations of hexanal and acetic acid (10-25%). VOC emissions from hardwoods are considerably lower (approximately 50 times) and include hexanal and pentanal, acetic acid, as well as other VOCs formed during wood degradation processes, but not volatile terpenes. Total VOC emissions from softwoods are reduced following thermal treatment, whereas emissions are increased from hardwoods after thermal treatment. In thermally treated softwoods, emissions of volatile terpenes and hexanal are drastically decreased, whereas those of acetic acid and furfural increase. Similarly, in thermally treated hardwoods, the emissions of hexanal and pentanal are reduced, whereas acetic acid and furfural, as well as other compounds increase. In addition, formaldehyde emissions are ubiquitous, albeit at low concentrations, but increase following heat treatment. Furthermore, the number of VOCs emitted from thermally treated wood increases with heat treatment temperature. This review article will help guide future research, particularly the evaluation of the impact of different wood species on indoor air quality and the development ofmodification techniques that target extraction or suppression of VOCemissions.


Politicians, economists, and the media have put forth no shortage of explanations for the mounting problem of wealth inequality - a loss of working class jobs, a rise in finance-driven speculative capitalism, and a surge of tax policy decisions that benefit the ultra-rich, among others. While these arguments focus on the macro problems that contribute to growing inequality, they overlook one innocuous but substantial contributor to the widening divide: the explosion of fees accompanying virtually every transaction that people make. As Devin Fergus shows in Land of the Fee, these perfectly legal fees are buried deep within the verbose agreements between vendors and consumers - agreements that few people fully read or comprehend. The end effect, Fergus argues, is a massive transfer of wealth from the many to the few: large banking corporations, airlines, corporate hotel chains, and other entities of vast wealth. Fergus traces the fee system from its origins in the deregulatory wave of the late 1970s to the present, placing the development within the larger context of escalating income inequality. He organizes the book around four of the basics of existence: housing, work, transportation, and schooling. In each category, industry lobbyists successfully influenced legislatures into transforming the law until surreptitious fees became the norm. The average consumer is now subject to a dizzying array of charges in areas like mortgage contracts, banking transactions, auto insurance rates, college payments, and payday loans. The fees that accompany these transactions are not subject to usury laws and have effectively redistributed wealth from the lower and middle classes to ultra-wealthy corporations and the individuals at their pinnacles. By exposing this predatory and nearly invisible system of fees, Land of the Fee will reshape our understanding of wealth inequality in America.


abstract:Frustrated with the "white imperialism" of the League of Nations and the "red imperialism" of the Third Communist International, a number of Chinese intellectuals began discussing possibilities for a third option during the interwar years. Turning away from liberalism and Marxism, they examined Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People and began working to promote his Principle of Nationalism as a concept that focused on the ruoxiao (weak and small nations) and could liberate people around the world that were suffering under imperialism. This discourse often centered on the possibility of creating a new form of "International," the International of Nations, which would unite the oppressed nations of the world in opposition to the imperialist nations, rather than divide nations along class lines, as Chinese critics perceived the Comintern to do. This article examines Chinese intellectual discussions of a China-centered "International" by a variety of writers, including Dai Jitao and Hu Hanmin, from 1925 to 1937. The author shows that, although this discourse on a China-centered "International of Nations" influenced intellectuals' perceptions of China's position and responsibility in the world, it was consumed and invalidated by Japanese imperialism, as the Japanese Empire employed a similar discourse of pan-Asianism to justify militarism in the 1930s and 1940s.


This thesis examines product innovation processes in small established enterprises. The research questions are: (1) what motivates small established enterprises to innovate, (2) how do small established enterprises perform product innovation, and (3) how do small established enterprises manage resource scarcity in their product innovation processes? To answer the research questions, a multiple case study approach was chosen with three small established enterprises as cases and different product innovation processes as embedded units of study. The data collection method used was observation during a period of five months, complemented by interviews and secondary data. Product innovation in small established enterprises seems to be motivated by solving existing customers' problems and the need for a sustained steady cash flow. A steady cash flow is also found to be a prerequisite during the product innovation processes. Product innovation seems to occur when there is a risk of decreased cash flow and/or when existing customers can be satisfied with new products that increase their loyalty so as to secure future sales, cash flow, and the enterprise's survival in the long run. Promising innovation ideas alone do not result in product innovation. An innovation idea must also have supportive existing customers for product innovation to occur.Product innovation processes in the studied small established enterprises are found highly context dependent, intertwined in operational processes and made possible by a small organic organization and closeness to existing customers. The product innovation processes are further found to follow a flexible and informal overall scheme optimized for decreasing market and technology uncertainty and risk, dealing with resource scarcity, and facilitating fast and easy commercialization to avoid or moderate dips in cash flow. The design processes within the innovation processes can be linearly structured or cyclical and experimental, depending on the experienced novelty.To manage resource scarcity during the product innovation processes, the studied small enterprises used many different bootstrapping methods in combination. These methods can be divided into three categories according to their overall functions: for using existing resources more efficiently, for increasing resources and to secure a fast payback on resources invested in NPD. The studied small enterprises were due to their resource scarcity further found to favor an innovation strategy, only involving new products done with known technology and targeting existing markets. This way to innovate, which creates new products in a resource-efficient way that are accepted by the enterprises' existing markets, seems to prevent unsuccessful product innovation, while at the same time excluding technologically radical innovation and innovation targeting new markets.


Abstract The 13 presently known genera of Late Devonian tetrapods are situated in the recently completed miospore zonation of Western Gondwana and Euramerica, in relation to the standard conodont zonation. Some of them are still unprecisely dated. The stratigraphic sequences of East Greenland, North China and East Australia are briefly reviewed to discuss the age of the tetrapods collected there and to analyse consequences in relation to the Frasnian–Famennian and Devonian–Carboniferous boundaries. Two episodes of biodiversification seem to have occurred: the first in the Frasnian and the second in the late and latest Famennian. Due to the currently known fossil evidence, the consensus scenario advocates a late Middle Devonian to early Late Devonian origin of tetrapods on the Old Red Sandstone Continent (Euramerica) at a time of warm climate and recovering atmospheric oxygen level during the building of a pre-Pangaean configuration of landmasses.


An extensive survey was undertaken to determine the diversity and abundance of endemic nematodes in the potato fields of 15 villages in Thoubal district of Manipur. The most obvious host response was shown by the root-knot nematode i,e Meloidogyne incognita in the Awang Takyenjam Leikai associated with 3 other plant parasitic nemotodes. It was followed by the Potato cyst nematode Globodera spp. in Dolaithabi and Helicotylenchus spp. in Langmeidong area.


*Correspondinauthor:Seyed Ali Ziai Email: email@example.com Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) accompanies with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra compacta and other regions of brainstem. Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal death in PD. Superoxide formation is one of the main etiologies of this disease, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are able to suppress superoxide formation. Petroselinum hortense Hoffm is an ACE inhibitor and in previous work improved behavioral and pathological signs in a rat model of PD. In this research the effect of Petroselinum hortense Hoffm aqueous extract was studies on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Methods: Male rats (n=36) were divided in 6 groups: sham, neurotoxin (injection of -6hydroxydopamine into left hemisphere SNc) Petroselinum hortense Hoffm aqueous extract (20 ,100 and 5 mg/kg), and captopril. Petroselinum and captopril groups were injected i.p. seven days before and 1 day after of -6hydroxydopamine injection. Brain protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation as well as brain ACE activity were assayed in 6 groups. Results: Results showed significant inhibition of brain ACE activity in captopril and parsley groups concentrationdependently (p<0.001). Protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation were reduced in study groups, but these reduction were non-significant. Discussion and conclusion: Prevention of cellular oxidation is not the main mechanism of aqueous extract of parsley in preventing Parkinson's disease, despite having ACE inhibitory activity.


In contrary to multi-layer circuits traditionally manufactured in standard PCB (Printed Circuit Board) technology, this article specifically describes a technology which combines the benefits of Thin Film Technology processes with methods from the PCB technology. Noble metals for the formation of conductor lines combined with laminated LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymer) polymers as substrate and insulator materials allow the formation of multi-layer circuits with only a very limited number of different participating materials. Such types of circuits can be made completely out of biocompatible materials and thus, are excellently suitable for applications inside the human body. This article will describe the general aspects of this technology and discuss the process flow for the manufacturing of thin film based LCP multi-layer circuits. Characterization results from stability examinations of these circuits in buffered saline solution are shown and discussed to prove the performance of the manufactured circuit structures.


We characterize the capabilities and limitations of the Living Image Software 3D Analysis package (Xenogen, Alameda, California) in the reconstruction of calibrated light sources. Sources shallower than the mean free path of light propagation suffered reconstruction inaccuracy. For sources deeper than the mean free path, the average error in depth and intensity reconstruction was less than 4% and 12%, respectively, for homogeneous tissue. The reconstruction of luminescent beads implanted within an optically heterogeneous mouse abdomen proved less accurate. The ability to distinguish multiple sources decreased with increasing source depth. A number of factors influence the accuracy of light source reconstruction.


An in vitro experiment was designed to investigate the effects of incubating two forages with a different energy/nitrogen (N) ratio [perennial ryegrass (GR) vs red clover (RC)] on the efficiency of N utilisation by rumen microbes. Second-cut forages were incubated in artificial rumen fermenters (n = 8). Ryegrass represented a supply of quickly available N and energy for the rumen microorganism which led to a rapid fermentation and bacterial growth 2–4 h after feeding. Ryegrass also promoted greater numbers of anaerobic fungi, methanogens and cellulolytic bacteria, which tended to increase neutral detergent fibre disappearance, gas production, volatile fatty acid and methane production than observed using RC diets. On the contrary, RC provided slowly degradable N and energy, which led to a relatively slow bacterial growth (4–8 h after feeding). In terms of diet utilisation, RC diets promoted a higher N outflow (mainly as undegraded-N) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis per organic matter disappeared. Even so, microbial protein yield was similar on both diets indicating a better N capture by microorganisms fed GR than in those fed RC diets. The use of 15N-labelled forages demonstrated that this high ammonia incorporation by bacteria-fed GR occurred mainly during the early fermentation coinciding with the highest bacterial growth. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrated that the use of isotopic labelling combined with molecular techniques provided an insight into forage utilisation by the rumen microbes; GR diets led to a better efficiency of N utilisation compared with RC; moreover the lower N outflow on GR diets may be partially compensated for a higher proportion of microbial protein leaving the system and the greater volatile fatty acid production. These findings seem to indicate that RC grazing may increase the N pollution compared with GR without substantial improvements on the rumen function, however this must be confirmed in vivo.


This paper summarizes Forest Products Laboratory research on stress-laminated timber bridge decks subjected to below-freezing temperatures. The effect of temperature change was investigated in test decks in the laboratory and bridges in the field. The results indicate that the magnitude of the temperature effect depends on the moisture content of the wood laminations. In addition, changes in interlaminar compression resulting from belowfreezing temperatures are fully recoverable when the temperature rises above freezing.


One hundred and six Omani children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) aged between 10 months and 16 years were studied by reviewing their medical notes and following their clinical course. All the cases were diagnosed on clinical presentation. Eighty-five percent were diagnosed below the age of 3 years. The clinical presentations and complications were compared with studies from Saudi Arabia and some other tropical countries. The frequency of hospitalization due to the complications of the disease is higher than that reported in other parts of Arabian Peninsula. The incidence of serious complications such as vasoocclusive, aplastic, hemolytic and sequestration crisis were high (91%, 1.9%, 59%, 6.7% respectively). Infection is more frequent. However, pneumococci were not the commonest isolated organism. G6PD deficiency was reported in 32% of cases which might explain the higher incidence of hemolytic crisis. Our study shows that SCA has a severe clinical course in Omanis. Because of the intermarriage of Omanis with Africans and Arabs, the nature of the SCA gene needs to be identified in this population. Bahrain Med Bull 1995;17:


Abstract. In the summer of 2017, measurements of ozone (O3) and its precursors were
carried out at an urban site in Jinan, a central city in the North China
Plain (NCP). A continuous O3 pollution event was captured during
4–11 August, with the maximum hourly O3 mixing ratio reaching 154.1 ppbv.
Model simulation indicated that local photochemical formation and regional
transport contributed 14.0±2.3 and 18.7±4.0 ppbv h−1, respectively, to the
increase in O3 during 09:00–15:00 LT (local time) in this event.
For local O3 formation, the calculated OH
reactivities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO)
were comparable between O3 episodes and non-episodes (p>0.05), so
was the OH reactivity of nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, the
ratio of OH reactivity of VOCs and CO to that of NOx
increased from 2.0±0.4 s−1 s1 during non-episodes to
3.7±0.7 s−1 s1 during O3 episodes, which resulted in the change in
the O3 formation mechanism from the VOC-limited regime before the
O3 pollution event to the transitional regime during the event.
Correspondingly, the simulated local O3 production rate during the
event (maximum: 21.3 ppbv h−1) was markedly higher than that before
the event (p<0.05) (maximum: 16.9 ppbv h−1). Given that gasoline and
diesel exhaust made large contributions to the abundance of O3
precursors and the O3 production rate, constraint on vehicular
emissions is the most effective strategy to control O3 pollution in
Jinan. The NCP has been confirmed as a source region of tropospheric
O3, where the shift in regimes controlling O3 formation
like the case presented in this study can be expected across the entire
region, due to the substantial reductions of NOx emissions
in recent years.


The goal of the Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16472 has been to discuss and outline the strategic evolution of Quality of Experience as a key topic for future Internet research. The resulting manifesto, which is presented here, reviews the state of the art in the Quality of Experience (QoE) domain, along with a SWOT analysis. Based on those, it discusses how the QoE research area might develop in the future, and how QoE research will lead to innovative and improved products and services. It closes by providing a set of recommendations for the scientific community and industry, as well as for future funding of QoE-related activities. Perspectives Workshop November 20–25, 2016 – http://www.dagstuhl.de/16472 2012 ACM Subject Classification Quality assurance, user models, user studies, heuristic evaluations, user centered design


Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) via activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ArcN), and this action requires simultaneous withdrawal of tonic neuropeptide Y (NPY) sympathoinhibition. However, the sites and neurocircuitry by which NPY decreases SNA are unclear. Here, using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to selectively activate or inhibit ArcN NPY neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) in mice, we have demonstrated that this neuronal population tonically suppresses splanchnic SNA (SSNA), arterial pressure, and heart rate via projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). First, we found that ArcN NPY/AgRP fibers closely appose PVN and DMH presympathetic neurons. Second, nanoinjections of NPY or an NPY receptor Y1 (NPY1R) antagonist into PVN or DMH decreased or increased SSNA, respectively. Third, blockade of DMH NPY1R reversed the sympathoinhibition elicited by selective, DREADD-mediated activation of ArcN NPY/AgRP neurons. Finally, stimulation of ArcN NPY/AgRP terminal fields in the PVN and DMH decreased SSNA. Considering that chronic obesity decreases ArcN NPY content, we propose that the ArcN NPY neuropathway to the PVN and DMH is pivotal in obesity-induced elevations in SNA.


BACKGROUND
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a distinctive clinical syndrome associated with the consumption of contaminated marine fish. It is endemic in many popular travel destinations, including the Caribbean and Pacific Islands, where travelers are at risk.

METHODS
Clinical review of 23 patients (60% were travelers) with ciguatera fish poisoning in whom consultation was provided between 1987 and 1990.

RESULTS
Seven patients acquired ciguatera fish poisoning during international travel to the following destinations: Bahamas (n = 4), Dominican Republic (n = 1), British Virgin Islands (n = 1), and United States (n = 1). Suspected fish included grouper, red snapper, and amberjack. Two patients required emergency care, and four patients developed chronic symptoms. Severity was associated with chronicity, duration of peak symptoms, and worsening of symptoms with sexual activity. Chronicity was associated with severity, long latency period, and duration of peak symptoms. The three patients with complete resolution were scuba divers. Amitriptyline was the drug most often providing benefit for chronic symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a health risk to travelers to endemic regions, and their risk likely equals that of indigenous population groups. Barracuda should never be eaten, and travelers should exercise caution when considering other fish dishes, notably, grouper and red snapper.


The African Peer Review Mechanism's (APRM) Country Review Reports (CRRs) provide a unique overview of central themes in Africa's political economy, and the insights they provide into corporate governance are particularly useful. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are a significant element in Africa's economies, and as such their participation in the corporate governance regime is important if they are to come into their own. Common problems, such as unformed regulatory systems, politicised board appointments and unclear mandates, demonstrate that considerable work still needs to be done to achieve a durable SOE corporate governance regime. Ultimately, this will be achieved through stressing the professionalisation of the continent's SOEs: recognising that they are companies and should be treated as such; depoliticising boards; and establishing clear regulations and mandates. SOEs should, in common with emerging thinking on the subject, structure their systems on the basis of good corporate governance principles.


The Minarets caldera is a volcano–plutonic complex in the Sierra Nevada, California, that exemplifies complex interactions between volcanism and tectonic deformation in continental-margin arcs. Caldera evolution commenced with emplacement of pre-collapse rhyolitic ash-flow tuff, followed by collapse and deposition of volcanic breccia and rhyodacitic ash-flow tuff. Subsequently, the volcanic rocks were deformed along the regional Bench Canyon shear zone. The caldera centre was then intruded by the resurgent c. 100 Ma steep-sided Shellenbarger granite pluton, which steepened the shear zone foliation. The pluton was overprinted by syn- to post-magmatic ∼NNE–SSW horizontal shortening; the same shortening was documented in several other Late Cretaceous syntectonic plutons in the Sierra Nevada and interpreted to record dextral transpression during convergence of the Farallon and North American plates. To explain the unusual tectonic fabric in the shallow-level Shellenbarger pluton, we develop a general model for strain partitioning in syntectonic magma bodies emplaced at various crustal levels. We propose that shallow intrusions, isolated within stiff crust, may tend to accommodate minor pure shear strain whereas simple shear dominates along weak faults and shear zones. By contrast, a rheological reversal is crossed deeper in the crust and magma bodies become the weakest, simple shear-dominated parts of the system. Supplementary material: Analytical methods and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and U–Th–Pb isotopic data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3582749


This article discusses how T. S. Eliot's long poem, Four Quartets, employs the thematics of time, self, and history in an autobiographical work of literature. The article approaches autobiography primarily as an intellectual concern, rather than as a factual account of the author's life, in examining a work that is difficult to subsume under available interpretive paradigms. The first part of the article emphasizes how Augustine's Confessions, when considered as a meditation on time and religious experience, illuminates the hermeneutics of Four Quartets. The second and central part of the article provides close readings of key passages in this poem, which inscribes Greek cosmology and medieval epic in a narrative of literary development and spiritual change. The third and concluding part of the article explores how the author's later poetry and criticism highlight major tendencies in twentieth-century literature and anticipate the postmodern interpretation of history. ********** T. S. Eliot's contribution to a poetics of self is often difficult to appraise due to his daunting reputation as a modernist poet as well as his initiatory role in the founding of New Criticism. As the representative poet-critic of his age, Eliot emphasized impersonality and aesthetic formalism at the expense of subjectivity and life-experience. His canonization as a literary icon has prevented his readers from considering his poetry as a record of personal change. In Four Quartets, however, Eliot explores his poetic development as an autobiographical concern that challenges the way that his work has been persistently read in modern criticism. In this short essay, I indicate how Eliot addresses the question of the self in religious terms, just as he allows us to resituate his life in a new conception of the self in time. In conclusion, I contend that Eliot's Four Quartets could be called "postmodern" in suggesting new approaches to his poetry and criticism that engage the reader in the spiritual adventure itself. I Eliot's theological interests, as they emerge in Four Quartets from beginning to end, often frustrate the attentive reader from considering literature apart from the matter of personal belief. But the poetry itself, rather than the poet's own life as an independent source of value, can be read as a sign of increasing commitment and/or as a narrative that places those same commitments in temporal perspective. Criticism, properly considered, can suggest how the poet's own words emerge in time, not necessarily as an obscure beginning that was later articulated theologically, but as a clear response to a contemporary situation. The mediation between language and the world that occurs in Fours Quartets is a matter of discourse, which might be read as the verbal effort to provide communal significance to the self's journey through time. The self that emerges as the theme of a discursive elaboration enables the poet to return to the past as both personal and historical. R. A. York suggests that Eliot may be "the greatest master of discursiveness in modern poetry," but also that "he practices discursiveness to show its limits; to hint at what is private, immediate, incommensurate with speech" (144). In Eliot's case, discourse opens up rifts in the being of language, showing us that the poem as such is neither a timeless artifact nor simply the result of impersonal reflection. Hence, if considered in terms of the difference between a complete theology and a phenomenology of experience, Four Quartets calls attention to rifts in time which animate the speaker's account of his own journey from doubt to religious certainty. Furthermore, this journey, which involves the reader in an experience of disillusionment that prevents the poem from becoming merely a retrospective survey, cannot be assessed unless the movement from past to present can be appreciated as a temporal process. …


An interactive heuristic approach can offer a practical solution to the problem of linear integer programming (LIP) by combining an optimization technique with the Decision Maker's (DM) judgment and technical supervision. This is made possible using the concept of bicriterion linear programming (BLP) problem in an integer environment. This model proposes two bicriterion linear programs for identifying a feasible solution point when an initial infeasible solution point is provided by the decision maker or when the searching process leaves the region of feasibility seeking for a better pattern to improve the objective function. Instructions regarding the structure of such BLP problems are broadly discussed. This added property offers a great degree of flexibility to the decision making problem solving process. The heuristic engine is comprised of four algorithms: Improve, Feasible, Leave, and Backtrack. In each iteration, when a selected algorithm has been terminated, the DM is presented with the results and asked to reevaluate the solution process by choosing an appropriate algorithm to follow. It is shown that the method converges to the optimal solution for most of the time. A solution technique for solving such a problem is introduced with sufficient details.


McIver, Kevin G. MSME, Purdue University, May 2019. Engineering Better Protective Headgear for Sport and Military Applications. Major Professor: Eric A. Nauman, School of Mechanical Engineering. Recent applications of medical imaging, advanced polymers, and composites have led to the development of new equipment for athletes and soldiers. A desire to understand the performance of headgear that resists impacts ongoing since the 1970's has found more traction in recent years with the usage experimental models that have a greater degree of bio-fidelity. In order to determine which features of helmets from different sports (Soccer, Lacrosse, Football, and Hockey) were tested on a Hybrid III 50th Percentile Male headform with an accelerometer rig at the center of mass. Testing was performed by administering impacts to the headform with an impulse hammer that provides transient force data in order to quantify inputs and outputs of the system to develop a non-dimensional transfer function. Helmet performance is compared by sport worn in order to determine desirable manufacturing features and develop prototype helmets that outperforms current athletic equipment.


Klein's model of projective and introjective processes and Bion's model of the relationship between container and contained have become increasingly significant in clinical work. In a highly imaginative development of these models of thought, the distinguished clinician Gianna Williams, one of the leading figures in the field, elucidates the psychodynamics of these processes in the context of impairment of dependent relationships and of eating disorders in both men and women. This is a timely and brilliant account of an area of psychopathology that is rapidly growing in significance. The author provides a subtle understanding of some of the obstacles, which stand in the way of patients seeking and receiving therapeutic helpInternal Landscapes and Foreign Bodies explores the problems which arise in forming and sustaining intimate relationships. This book is based on Gianna Williams' work over many years in the Tavistock Clinic, including work in the Eating Disorders Workshop of the Adolescent Department. It examines how dependency is defended against in a variety of ways, which involve refusing to take in good experiences, by keeping some relationships at bay and controlling others. These defences can take the form of eating disorders but also have an important significance in a variety of other pathologies.


Precipitation shifts can have large impacts on hu- man society and ecosystems. Many aspects of how inho- mogeneous radiative forcings influence precipitation remain unclear, however. Here we investigate regional precipitation responses to various forcings imposed in different latitude bands in a climate model. We find that several regions show strong, significant responses to most forcings, but that the magnitude and even the sign depends upon the forcing loca- tion and type. Aerosol and ozone forcings typically induce larger responses than equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2) forc- ing, and the influence of remote forcings often outweighs that of local forcings. Consistent with this, ozone and especially aerosols contribute greatly to precipitation changes over the Sahel and South and East Asia in historical simulations, and inclusion of aerosols greatly increases the agreement with observed trends in these areas, which cannot be attributed to either greenhouse gases or natural forcings. Estimates of pre- cipitation responses derived from multiplying our Regional Precipitation Potentials (RPP; the response per unit forcing relationships) by historical forcings typically capture the ac- tual response in full transient climate simulations fairly well, suggesting that these relationships may provide useful met- rics. The strong sensitivity to aerosol and ozone forcing sug- gests that although some air quality improvements may un- mask greenhouse gas-induced warming, they have large ben- efits for reducing regional disruption of the hydrologic cycle.


This paper summarizes a survey study of the use of social media by school, public, and academic libraries in Alaska. Librarians at 243 Alaskan libraries were contacted and asked to participate in the study; 83 librarians responded by taking the survey. Results show that public libraries are heavily engaged in social media; academic libraries regularly use social media; and some school libraries use social media but many face school district restrictions on usage. The top reasons Alaskan libraries use social media is to promote library news and events; promote specific resources; and promote specific services. Reasons for not using social media include: not having enough time; social media isn't deemed as important; and poor Internet connectivity in rural communities. Social media platforms are selected based on librarian preference and comfort level, as opposed to audience characteristics. Libraries that aren't under prohibitive restrictions, such as policies against using social media or poor internet/bandwidth issues, should frequently reassess their use of social media platforms to best engage with patrons and the community.


He already defended the merits of his controversial H5N1 avian influenza study at meetings in Geneva, Washington, and London. Now, Dutch virologist Ron Fouchier will do the same at home. One of the meetings, to be held behind closed doors, will likely help decide the fate of Fouchier's paper on how he made the H5N1 virus transmissible in mammals. The Dutch government must decide whether it will invoke export-control laws in a bid to prevent Fouchier from submitting a revised version of his paper to Science .


BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests an association of breastfeeding with a maternal feeding style (MFS) that is less controlling than formula feeding, which, in turn, may improve a child's self-regulation of eating. This study examines associations of bottle-feeding practices during infancy with MFS and children's eating behavior (CEB) at 6 years old. METHODS: We linked data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II to the Year 6 Follow-Up, which include 8 MFS and CEB measures adapted from previous validated instruments. Bottle-feeding practices during the first 6 months estimated by using the Infant Feeding Practices Study II were bottle-feeding intensity (BFI), mother's encouragement of infant to finish milk in the bottle, and infant finishing all milk in the bottle. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for associations of bottle-feeding practices with MFS and CEB at 6 years old were calculated by using multivariable logistic regressions controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and other feeding practices (N = 1117). RESULTS: Frequent bottle emptying encouraged by mothers during infancy increased odds of mothers encouraging their child to eat all the food on their plate (aOR: 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65–3.41] and making sure their child eats enough (aOR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.14–2.31) and of children eating all the food on their plate at 6 years old (aOR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.05–3.83). High BFI during early infancy also increased the odds of mothers being especially careful to ensure their 6-year-old eats enough. CONCLUSIONS: Bottle-feeding practices during infancy may have long-term effects on MFS and CEB. Frequent bottle emptying encouraged by mothers and/or high BFI during early infancy increased the likelihood of mothers pressuring their 6-year-old child to eat and children's low satiety responsiveness.


Face recognition in adults recruits specialised mechanisms that are selectively driven by horizontal information. This range indeed conveys the most optimal and stable cues to identity. Whether the horizontal tuning of adult face recognition reflects horizontal bias already active at infancy and/or whether it also results from the extensive experience acquired with faces over the lifespan is elusive. Answering these questions is crucial to determine the information constraining the developmental specialisation of core visual functions such as face perception. Participants aged between 6 and 74 years matched unfamiliar faces that were filtered to retain information in narrow ranges centred on horizontal (H), vertical (V), or both orientation ranges (HV). H and V ranges respectively maximize and minimize the recruitment of face-specific mechanisms (Goffaux and Dakin, 2010). Stimuli were presented at upright and inverted planar orientations and the face inversion effect (FIE; i.e., better performance for upright than inverted faces) was taken as a marker of face-specific processing. In H and HV conditions, FIE size increased linearly from childhood to adulthood, manifesting the progressive specialization of face perception. FIE emerged earlier when processing HV than H faces (FIE onset: 6 and 12 years, respectively) indicating that until 12 years horizontal information is necessary but not sufficient to trigger face-specialised processing. Partial correlations further showed that FIE development in HV condition was not fully explained by FIE development in H condition. Besides a progressive maturation of horizontal processing, the specialization of the face processing system thus also depends on the improved integration of horizontal range with other orientations. In contrast, FIE size was small and stable when processing V information. These results show that the face processing system matures over the life span based on the refined encoding of horizontally-oriented (upright) face cues. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


The special phonology of prefixes has often been used to provide arguments for rule ordering or special devices in Optimality Theory. I examine three cases of special behavior in varieties of Spanish: aspiration of /s/ to [h] in Carribean (Harris 1993); velarization of /n/ to [ŋ] in Granadan (Hualde 1992); and the non-fortition of /j/ to [S] in Argentinian, where otherwise expected (Harris and Kaisse 1999). In all three, prefix-final output segments match word-final outputs in those dialects. Therefore, I analyze prefixed words as containing an internal word boundary, as [pre[fix]PW]PW (Peperkamp 1997), and propose a constraint (family) which prefers weaker forms of consonants at prosodic boundaries, Weak|PW. "Weak" consonants may undergo debuccalization (Lavoie 2000) or resist fortition (Baker and Wiltshire 2003). The account provides for syllabification and segmental alternations at prefix and word edges in a non-derivational OT.


The war on terror is a peculiar type of conflict: at times it involves military operations, subject to international humanitarian law, but for the most part it consists of law-enforcement action, bound to observe international human rights law.

• In times of war or other public emergencies, States can lawfully derogate from some of their human rights obligations. In times of peace, some measure of interference with certain rights may also be permitted to accommodate security concerns. The proportionality of such restrictions should, however, always be respected.

• The war on terror has entailed arbitrary deprivations of life and liberty, the use of torture and degrading treatment against suspected terrorists, the supression of due process guarantees, unwarranted interference with the right to private life, freedom of expression and association, as well as restrictions on the rights of aliens.

• The human rights cost of the global war on terror regards both the excesses of national policies and multilateral (especially UN) action.


A case is described in which the rubber cap of a vial containing Brucella abortus vaccine came off accidentally and some of the contents splashed in the eyes of a veterinarian. A uni-ocular keratoconjunctivitis developed. The other eye was similarly affected 1 week later. Brucella tests were negative. Two months later the Br. abortus titre was 1/640 and the Br. melitensis titre 1/320. Systemic treatment with tetracyclines, co-trimoxazole and streptomycin and local treatment with chloramphenicol and atropine had no effect. Two attacks of acute keratoconjunctivitis subsequently occurred within two hours of handling Brucella vaccine. In the right eye a corneal abscess developed, as well as uveitis and cataract. Extracapsular lens extraction was performed. Panophthalmitis followed and the eye was enucleated. The literature is reviewed and the possibility of a Brucella keratoconjunctivitis indistinguishable from viral keratoconjunctivitis is discussed.


This paper considers some of the spatial challenges of doing arts projects with older people in care homes, including those living with dementia. It reflects on the author's own experience of running a performance project with residents with at a care home in North London. Drawing on Lefebvre's concept of socially produced space, it argues that repetitive and task-oriented nature of caregiving can create particular challenges for artists who are bringing new activities in. However, rather than seeing the routine practices of a care home as a hindrance to creative activity, this paper suggests that an aesthetic engagement with the space itself can support artists and residents to re-imagine care homes as creative spaces in their own right. This argument is illustrated through an analysis of a sound project that took place in a care home dining room. In describing how the author worked with residents to explore the acoustic properties of the space, it suggests some ways in which artists may find inspiration from the care home environment. In particular, it considers the significance of atmosphere when doing arts practice in care homes as something which can create a shared sense of place. The paper concludes by considering the particular contribution of the artist to the culture of care in light of emerging concepts of relationship-centred care. It suggests that an aesthetic engagement with care homes can draw attention to the relational nature of caregiving, and the wider network of spaces that make up a care home environment.


Conventional polymer network composites cannot be recycled for high-value applications because of the presence of permanent covalent cross-links. We have developed reprocessable polyhydroxyurethane network nanocomposites using silica nanoparticles with different surface functionalities as reinforcing fillers. The property recovery after reprocessing is a function of the interaction between the filler surface and the network matrix during the network rearrangement process. When nonreactive silica nanoparticles lacking significant levels of surface functional groups are used at 4 wt % (2 vol %) loading, the resulting network composite exhibits substantial enhancement in mechanical properties relative to the neat network and based on values of rubbery plateau modulus is able to fully recover its cross-link density after a reprocessing step. When nanoparticles have surface functional groups that can participate in dynamic chemistries with the reprocessable network matrix, reprocessing leads to losses in mechanical properties associated with cross-link density at potential use temperatures, along with faster rates and lower apparent activation energies of stress relaxation at elevated temperature. This work reveals the importance of appropriate filler selection when polymer network composites are designed with dynamic covalent bonds to achieve both mechanical reinforcement and excellent reprocessability, which are needed for the development of recyclable polymer network composites for advanced applications.


The excavation system performance and ground movement behavior for the cut-and-cover excavation for the Downtown Line 2 Cashew Station in Singapore is presented. The information presented includes ground settlement profiles, wall deflection profiles, strut loads, and ground water monitoring behavior. Construction activities and remedial measures that were undertaken are also presented. Comparisons of the measured wall deflections and the ground surface settlements are also performed against the empirical methods/charts from the literature. It is hoped that this case study will provide useful reference and insights for future projects involving excavation in the Bukit Timah Granite residual soils.


E-learning in higher education faces challenges related to variation and personalization, after a decade of attention to learning objects and computer-supported collaboration. The main objective of the thesis is to investigate how to assure the quality of the development process of e-learning applications by the implementation of pedagogical principles into the software design process. Specifically this includes the pedagogical principles of individualization, variation, meta-learning and best practice. This thesis contributes to the field of e-learning by four main contributions (C1-C4): C1: Design pattern-based wizards to implement best practice The first main contribution of the thesis is the idea of using pedagogical design patterns as a basis for the development of wizards in e-learning applications. Design patterns are archetypes on well-used solutions and enable the implementation of best practice and the expertise of experienced online teachers into the application. In the process of a pedagogical and technological configuration of an application, the design pattern-based wizard provides an interface presenting pedagogical opportunities, hints and comments to novice online teachers.C2: The E-learning Circle The E-learning Circle is a software design tool, assuring the quality of the design process of e-learning applications, focusing on variation, individualization and meta-learning. It consists of a number of concentric circles, which are divided into three sectors; student, teacher and learning objectives. The inner circles cover pedagogical considerations, while the outer circles specify how the pedagogical theories may be implemented with technology. The strengths of the E-learning Circle are the compact presentation combined with the overview it provides. It is also useful in dealing with complexity, providing a common language and embedding best practice. The E-learning Circle is not a prescriptive method, but is useful in several design models and processes. It represents a holistic approach to the design of e-learning applications and prevents the overexposure of e.g. learning objects or assessment in an e-learning system.C3: The E-learning ontology The E-learning ontology is a contribution to the need of a formal representation of a set of concepts and the relationships between those concepts within the e-learning field. This is necessary when planning to use topic maps as a HCI-solution within e-learning. The E-learning ontology suggests a representation of topics useful for developing topic maps and illustrates an approach how to develop personalized e-learning applications.C4: The PLExus prototype The PLExus prototype is a working prototype of a personal learning environment based on the semantic technology of topic maps. PLExus provides a student interface allowing customized views of learning objects and learning activities. The customized views are mainly based on pedagogical methods, learning objective types and proficiency stages. PLExus provides a wizard for the teacher in the process of adding and structuring learning objects into the topic map. The research method of this thesis is Grounded Theory. This inductive, theory discovering approach allows the grounding of theory in empirical data and is appropriate for the exploratory nature of this thesis. The empirical data of the thesis were collected through 21 interviews, three focus groups, and three expert groups.


How do we know whether judges of different backgrounds are biased? We review the substantial political science literature on judicial decision making, paying close attention to how judges' demographics and ideology can influence or structure their decision making. As the research demonstrates, characteristics such as race, ethnicity, and gender can sometimes predict judicial decision making in limited kinds of cases; however, the literature also suggests that these characteristics are far less important in shaping or predicting outcomes than is ideology (or partisanship), which in turn correlates closely with gender, race, and ethnicity. This leads us to conclude that assuming judges of different backgrounds are biased because they rule differently is questionable. Given that the application of the law rarely provides one objectively correct answer, it is no surprise that judges' decisions vary according to their personal backgrounds and, more importantly, according to their ideology.


Geosynthetics, or manmade materials used in soils engineering, have successfully been used as base reinforcement of pavements for over 40 years. Use of geosynthetics can result in cost savings by allowing the aggregate base layer to be reduced in thickness and/or the service life of the pavement to be extended. Design methods for this type of reinforcement have typically been developed by individual manufacturers for specific products. These methods are not widely used by state transportation agencies because 1) they are proprietary, 2) they are empirically based, and 3) they lack compatibility with the current national trend towards mechanistic-empirical pavement design procedures. This project was initiated to develop testing methods to determine one of the critical material properties needed for mechanistic-empirical base-reinforced pavement design, namely, the resilient interface shear stiffness. This property describes the interaction, in particular the shear stiffness, between the geosynthetic and the surrounding aggregate. This new test protocol closely mimics vehicular load patterns, resulting in design parameters pertinent to the use of the geosynthetics to reinforce the base course. A study was conducted to evaluate the repeatability of these tests and to develop a standardized test method. Specific parameters under investigation include load pulse and rest period duration, embedment length of the geosynthetic, and differences in results using different soils and types of geosynthetics. Some parameters seemed to have little effect on values of resilient interface shear stiffness, while others vastly impacted the results. Load pulse and rest period durations did not affect output results significantly. Maintaining a constant confinement or shear stress during the test duration produced higher repeatability and correlated well to the adapted resilient modulus equation. Three-aperture length tests on polyester geogrid also correlated well with this equation, however repeatability was moderately low. Polypropylene geogrid and a woven geotextile confined in Ottawa sand displayed low correlation to this equation. During testing, very small displacements occur, and therefore, every effort should be made to ensure that these measurements are accurate and not skewed by electrical noise and interference.


The paper provides information and analysis in support of the Bank's subnational development strategy (GN-2026). The strategy will guide future Bank operations in support of decentralization to address the complex issues countries are facing in their efforts to promote the socioeconomic development in subnational territories. The document is divided in three sections: the first section provides an overview of the decentralization process in Latin America and the Caribbean and sets the stage for an analysis of the key isuues that need to be addresses by the Bank when supporting the decentralization process in the region; the next chapter discusses the challenges confronted by subnational governments. The development of subnational governments is key to improving well-being. The next section focuses on the structure of intergovernmental relations and concludes that a well-designed structure provides subnational governments with incentives to efficiently allocate resources to the most socially profitable uses. The next chapter discusses the governance issues involved in decentralization, while the next section concentrates on the institucional aspects of the institucional aspects of decentralization and concludes that the Bank should emphasize the need for subnational governments to have sufficient institutional capacity at socially acceptable levels of performance. Finally, the last chapter discusses the variety of issues related to financing subnational governments and recommends that the Bank stress the paramount importance of sufficient sources of financing for ensuing good subnational government performance.


INTRODUCTION
Evaluation and monitoring of primary health care requires the establishment and maintenance of an appropriate data system. This study reviews the application and effectiveness of the Communicare data management system in the delivery of health services to the Fitzroy Valley in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

METHODS
Key demographic fields (sex, date of birth and Aboriginal status) were examined for completeness (whether the date fields were all completed and correct when compared with the paper file) while the 'conditions' field was examined for accuracy. Three chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease) in adults and age-specific incidence for four acute diseases (otitis media, gastroenteritis, lower respiratory tract infection and skin infection) in children were included.

RESULTS
Completeness of chosen demographic fields was 100% for date of birth and sex and 98% for Aboriginal status. Chronic conditions matched the paper files 100%, while the recording of acute conditions was incomplete. Among older adults (≥55 years) the prevalences of diabetes, chronic kidney disease and hypertension were 43%, 42% and 39% respectively. Age-specific incidence of acute conditions was highest in the 0-4 years age group where 25% had had at least one episode of otitis media and 20% at least one episode of skin infection.

CONCLUSIONS
The recording of demographic and chronic disease data was complete, but lower for acute conditions. Routinely collected data have a number of limitations, but nonetheless are a feasible way to establish population health indices, particularly for chronic diseases for this remote health service with minimal expenditure and effort. These rates provide useful baselines for monitoring and evaluating the impact of service delivery on health outcomes. This audit provides an indication of the accuracy of routinely collected data in the electronic system compared to the paper medical records, which have traditionally been considered the gold standard. Data collected on chronic disease information were accurate and clinically useful for health service planning, monitoring and evaluation. Acute disease data were not accurate enough to be clinically useful.


Characterizing the separation power of graph neural networks (GNNs) provides an understanding of their limitations for graph learning tasks. Results regarding separation power are, however, usually geared at specific GNN architectures, and tools for understanding arbitrary GNN architectures are generally lacking. We provide an elegant way to easily obtain bounds on the separation power of GNNs in terms of the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) tests, which have become the yardstick to measure the separation power of GNNs. The crux is to view GNNs as expressions in a procedural tensor language describing the computations in the layers of the GNNs. Then, by a simple analysis of the obtained expressions, in terms of the number of indexes and the nesting depth of summations, bounds on the separation power in terms of the WL-tests readily follow. We use tensor language to define Higher-Order Message-Passing Neural Networks (or k-MPNNs), a natural extension of MPNNs. Furthermore, the tensor language point of view allows for the derivation of universality results for classes of GNNs in a natural way. Our approach provides a toolbox with which GNN architecture designers can analyze the separation power of their GNNs, without needing to know the intricacies of the WL-tests. We also provide insights in what is needed to boost the separation power of GNNs.


Background: Hospitalization in intensive care units (ICUs) results tactile deprivation, which may
cause physiologic imbalance.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of hand tactile stimulation on the vital signs of
traumatic head injury patients in Qazvin ICUs.
Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on sixty patients with severe brain trauma
admitted to ICUs in Qazvin, in 2016. The subjects were selected by the convenience sampling
method and assigned in two groups of intervention and control. Hands, wrists and palms of patients
were touched for 5 minutes twice a day (morning and evening) and vital signs were recorded
immediately from the 1st to 5th day of admission. Data were analyzed by the paired and
independent t tests.
Findings: According to the results, hand tactile stimulation significantly decreased systolic blood
pressure level (P=0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (P<0.05) and respiration rate (P<0.05) in the
intervention group. However, tactile stimulation had no significant effect on the body temperature
of the patients (P>0.05).
Conclusion: As the positive effect of hand tactile stimulation on decrease of heartbeat rate and
blood pressure in patients with brain trauma, it is recommended to use tactile stimulation methods
on ICUs patients.
Keywords: Touch, Vital signs, Traumatic brain injuries, Sensory deprivation, Intensive care units


Background: There is a considerable variety of management practices for nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (ntSAH) across high-volume centers in the United States. We sought to design a survey which would highlight areas of controversy in the modern management of ntSAH and identify specific areas of interest fo further study. Methods: A questionnaire on management practices in ntSAH was formulated using a popular web-based survey tool (SurveyMonkey™, Palo Alto, CA) and sent to endovascular neurointerventionists and cerebrovascular surgeons who manage a high volume of these patients annually. Two-hundred questionnaires were delivered electronically, and after a period of 2 months, the questionnaire was resent to nonresponders. Results: Seventy-three physicians responded, representing a cross-section of academic and other high-volume centers of excellence from around the country. On average, the responding interventionists in this survey each manage approximately 100 patients with ntSAH annually. Over 57% reported using steroids to treat this patient population. Approximately 18% of the respondents use intrathecal thrombolytics in ntSAH. Over 90% of responding physicians administer nimodipine to all patients with ntSAH. Over 40% selectively administer antiepileptic drugs to patients with ntSAH. Several additional questions were posed regarding the methods of detecting and treating vasospasm, as well as the indications for CSF diversion in patients with ntSAH further demonstrating the great diversity in management. Conclusion: This survey illustrates the astonishing variety of treatment practices for patients with ntSAH and underscores the need for further study.


Summary 1. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study a 4 week treatment with ketanserin was shown to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure markedly and significantly in 10 patients with essential hypertension. Heart rate remained virtually unchanged during the whole observation period. Systolic time intervals, reflecting cardiac output, did not change during the ketanserin phase, whereas these values deteriorated during the placebo period. 2. Ketanserin, a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HTJ-receptor antagonist with a high selectivity for blood vessels and thrombocytes, most probably acts by decreasing the venous capacitance bed constriction, and by counteraction of the amplifying effects of serotonin on noradrenaline and other vasoactive amines.


There have not been many Court cases, be it criminal or civil, concerning accidents, or even compensation for damages, following bird strikes. Generally, those involved prefer to reach an agreement out of Court. The first Court sentence in Italy on this subject was pronounced by the Civil Court of Genoa in 2001. The carrier had sued a number of entities (Ministry of Transport, Airport Operator, Air Traffic Control Agency) for damages resulting from a multiple impact between a BAE 146 and a flock of gulls that occurred on the 7 June 1989 at Genoa Airport. On that occasion the aircraft managed to return to the parking stand, severely damaged and with three engines out of order. This presentation describes the positions of the parties concerned and the judges' conclusions – conclusions that might obviously be modified following an appeal. An interesting topic to discuss.


ABSTRACT As organizers often remind us, we need to work across movements if we are to make substantive social change. Such talk is central to how we understand what social movements are and how we can work together. But how is that talk structured, and how might we theorize structural change over time as movements emerge and subside? This paper outlines several key considerations in the social construction of cross-movement relations between 2003 and 2013 on a daily independent broadcast news magazine program in the United States. Drawing on relational sociology and network studies, I offer a framework for understanding the changing structure of cross-movement talk as an interplay of a) the narrative clustering of movement labels, and b) the bridging of cross-cluster narrative divisions. Using positional network analysis, I first chart the movement canon – those movement labels that were used year after year for structuring the cross-movement field – and trace how key labels were used as bridging leaders during two periods of mass-mobilization. I then compare the narrative environment over time as it moved between more segmented and pluralistic structural characteristics, culminated in periods of narrative convergence in 2008 and 2011 around the Obama presidential election and the Occupy movement. By examining the overall structure of cross-movement talk in broadcast news programming, I illustrate how movement labels themselves are used by hosts and guests to facilitate the social construction of emergent movement clusters, and point to strategies for future application and analysis in cross-movement organizing.


Wood products are extensively used to make furniture items and construction materials; however, the majority contain formaldehyde-based adhesives that raise serious health concerns. Here, we report a formaldehyde-free adhesive formulation comprised of two high-volume biorefinery biproducts, namely Kraft lignin (pulp and paper) and glycerol (biodiesel), and its adhesion properties as determined by ultimate shear stress as well as wood failure rates. We show that this lignin-based resin displays the same desirable characteristics as formaldehyde-based resins including water-tolerance, fast curing, and comparable adhesion performance. Chemical analysis indicates that resin curing occurs uncatalyzed via formation of ether bonds between lignin hydroxyl groups and the glycerol-derived crosslinker epoxide. We also show that different lignin and crosslinker feedstocks can be used in the formulation, in some cases with water as a cosolvent, to generate a set of lignin-derived resins with similar properties and mechanical strength. In contrast to the majority of formaldehyde-free adhesives, this lignin-epoxy formulation does not require the use of caustic base and known carcinogens. Furthermore, we demonstrate through mechanical testing and attention to processing conditions that this lignin-based resin has the potential to be a viable alternative to widely used formaldehyde resins.