The literature review shows that student alternativ e conceptions or misconceptions are important for teaching and learning. Causes of suc h student difficulties may include the counter-intuitive nature of some chemistry concepts or to instruction itself. However, over 30 years research into student conceptual difficulties ha had little impact on teaching and learning chemistry. In this study, a critical analysis and synthesis of published research into student conceptions in acid-base chemistry was carried out in the naturalist nomothetic paradigm using a constructivist framework. Historical models whic h were included were an operational macroscopic model and the theoretical Arrhenius and Brønsted models. Firstly, a comprehensive search strategy with defined inclusio n/exclusion criteria identified 42 suitable reports which were mostly peer-reviewed. The ident ifi d research was not limited to Anglophone countries although Africa and South Amer ica were underrepresented and research among secondary students predominated. Then a crit ique of the research showed it was of variable quality and often poorly reported. An out come was a set of guidelines for research into student conceptions. The variable quality and repo rting of research then also necessitated a four-level framework to reflect the stability of de scriptions of student difficulties. A new method for synthesis of descriptions of student con ceptual difficulties was developed which entailed mapping qualitative data on the difficulti es, which had been extracted from research publications, to propositional knowledge statements derived in this study. This was an iterative process which simultaneously honed descriptions of difficulties and illuminated propositional knowledge implicated in them. The second major outc me was synthesized descriptions of 10 student difficulties with acid-base species, 26 dif ficulties with acid-base properties and 17 difficulties concerning terminology and symbolism p articular to acid-base chemistry. Some conceptions were also found to have been mis-report d as 'misconceptions'. The difficulties could be broadly due to student conceptions concern ing acid-base models, or students not relating empirical observations to theoretical mode ls or their poor understanding of underlying chemical principles. Some difficulties were found to have been over-researched, while further work was needed to clarify the nature some difficul t es with conceptions of bases, acid-base reactions, and symbolism used in acid-base chemistr y. The third major outcome from the synthesis was 218 propositional knowledge statement s which were shown to be suitable for teaching high-school students, avoided hybrid histo rical models and were acceptable to expert chemists. These propositional statements were integ rated as a set of 11 concept maps. The maps showed the hierarchy and interconnectedness of concepts as well as the propositional links which had been implicated in the difficulties. Fur thermore the concept maps indicated critical concepts where teaching in each topic should focus as well as cross-linked concepts that can be used to integrate different aspects of the topic. A cordingly they contribute to PCK in the acidbase topic as they represent the fine-grained yet w ll integrated conceptual knowledge characteristic of a teacher with highly developed P CK.


Routing is one of the most challenging, open problems in disruption-tolerant networks (DTNs) because of the short-lived wireless connectivity environment. To deal with this issue, researchers have investigated routing based on the prediction of future contacts, taking advantage of nodes' mobility history. However, most of the previous work focused on the prediction of whether two nodes would have a contact, without considering the time of the contact. This paper proposes predict and relay (PER), an efficient routing algorithm for DTNs, where nodes determine the probability distribution of future contact times and choose a proper next-hop in order to improve the end-to-end delivery probability. The algorithm is based on two observations: one is that nodes usually move around a set of well-visited landmark points instead of moving randomly; the other is that node mobility behavior is semi-deterministic and could be predicted once there is sufficient mobility history information. Specifically, our approach employs a time-homogeneous semi-Markov process model that describes node mobility as transitions between landmarks. Then, we extend it to handle the scenario where we consider the transition time between two landmarks. A simulation study shows that this approach improves the delivery ratio and also reduces the delivery latency compared to traditional DTN routing schemes.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to: discuss how reporting under a human resource liability paradigm fits into the traditional accounting framework of contingent liabilities; examine the financial effects of such reporting on market valuation and internal planning; and explore measurement of human resource liabilities. Design/methodology/approach – From reviews of financial effects of human resource liability reporting the paper logically extends those results to support the proposed paradigm. Findings – Accountants already recognize some liabilities resulting from future expenses for past labor. A fuller treatment of expected costs from human resource polices would provide external and internal financial analyst with different and useful information. Recognizing these future expenses will depress asset turnover and return on asset calculations, while increasing estimates of risk such as higher debt ratio, lower cash flow coverage and higher degrees of operating leverage. Originality/value – The paper provides support for the feasibility and need to adopt a human resource liability paradigm for valuing, reporting and managing human resources.


Irrigated agriculture has come under close scrutiny in Europe recently because of its high share of total water consumption and its apparent inefficiency. Several water policies have been advocated, in particular the use of economic instruments such as water markets. This paper simulates the impact of a policy based upon water markets on agricultural production in the internal river basins of Catalonia (Spain). This zone presents certain particularities that make it very interesting to study: competition between sectors for the resource (agriculture-urban consumption-recreational uses), recent periods of resource insufficiency and conflicts between irrigators as a result of the measures taken by the hydraulic administration in drought situations. The results show that these markets would guarantee an optimal reassignment of the resource in situations of supply restrictions, and although compared to the situation without markets they would not mean higher economic profits for the irrigators, they could prevent conflicts between them. Nevertheless, doubts exist about their acceptance by irrigators.


Control of infectious diseases poses continuous challenges for human health. Salmonella bacteria are a major cause of gastrointestinal infections and systemic disease like typhoid fever. We used zebrafish-Salmonella infection models to study host immune responses to Salmonella, particularly focusing on the role of the autophagy machinery. Autophagy and a related process known as Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) trap invading microbes in intracellular vesicles and eventually eliminate them through the lysosomal degradation pathway. We show that macrophages and neutrophils trap Salmonella in Lc3-decorated phagosomes by a process dependent on the host factors Rubicon and NADPH oxidase, which generates anti-bacterial reactive oxygen species. This process could be defined as LAP as it requires some but not all components of the autophagy machinery. Genetic inhibition of LAP and ablation of macrophages resulted in hypersusceptibility to infections with both wild type and attenuated strains, revealing that LAP is an essential line of defense against Salmonella during systemic disease, when macrophages are the main carriers of the infection. Our studies also revealed a novel functional link between the autophagy modulator Dram1 and induction of LAP. This work encourages further studies aimed at the identification of autophagy modulating drugs for host-directed therapy of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infections.


Contents Dedication Preface Acknowledgements Notation A general classification notation and diagram Glossary Chapter 1 An introduction to multilevel models 1.1 Hierarchically structured data 1.2 School effectiveness 1.3 Sample survey methods 1.4 Repeated measures data 1.5 Event history and survival models 1.6 Discrete response data 1.7 Multivariate models 1.8 Nonlinear models 1.9 Measurement errors 1.10 Cross classifications and multiple membership structures. 1.11 Factor analysis and structural equation models 1.12 Levels of aggregation and ecological fallacies 1.13 Causality 1.14 The latent normal transformation and missing data 1.15 Other texts 1.16 A caveat Chapter 2 The 2-level model 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The 2-level model 2.3 Parameter estimation 2.4 Maximum likelihood estimation using Iterative Generalised Least Squares (IGLS) 2.5 Marginal models and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) 2.6 Residuals 2.7 The adequacy of Ordinary Least Squares estimates. 2.8 A 2-level example using longitudinal educational achievement data 2.9 General model diagnostics 2.10 Higher level explanatory variables and compositional effects 2.11 Transforming to normality 2.12 Hypothesis testing and confidence intervals 2.13 Bayesian estimation using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 2.14 Data augmentation Appendix 2.1 The general structure and maximum likelihood estimation for a multilevel model Appendix 2.2 Multilevel residuals estimation Appendix 2.3 Estimation using profile and extended likelihood Appendix 2.4 The EM algorithm Appendix 2.5 MCMC sampling Chapter 3. Three level models and more complex hierarchical structures. 3.1 Complex variance structures 3.2 A 3-level complex variation model example. 3.3 Parameter Constraints 3.4 Weighting units 3.5 Robust (Sandwich) Estimators and Jacknifing 3.6 The bootstrap 3.7 Aggregate level analyses 3.8 Meta analysis 3.9 Design issues Chapter 4. Multilevel Models for discrete response data 4.1 Generalised linear models 4.2 Proportions as responses 4.3 Examples 4.4 Models for multiple response categories 4.5 Models for counts 4.6 Mixed discrete - continuous response models 4.7 A latent normal model for binary responses 4.8 Partitioning variation in discrete response models Appendix 4.1. Generalised linear model estimation Appendix 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation for generalised linear models Appendix 4.3 MCMC estimation for generalised linear models Appendix 4.4. Bootstrap estimation for generalised linear models Chapter 5. Models for repeated measures data 5.1 Repeated measures data 5.2 A 2-level repeated measures model 5.3 A polynomial model example for adolescent growth and the prediction of adult height 5.4 Modelling an autocorrelation structure at level 1. 5.5 A growth model with autocorrelated residuals 5.6 Multivariate repeated measures models 5.7 Scaling across time 5.8 Cross-over designs 5.9 Missing data 5.10 Longitudinal discrete response data Chapter 6. Multivariate multilevel data 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The basic 2-level multivariate model 6.3 Rotation Designs 6.4 A rotation design example using Science test scores 6.5 Informative response selection: subject choice in examinations 6.6 Multivariate structures at higher levels and future predictions 6.7 Multivariate responses at several levels 6.8 Principal Components analysis Appendix 6.1 MCMC algorithm for a multivariate normal response model with constraints Chapter 7. Latent normal models for multivariate data 7.1 The normal multilevel multivariate model 7.2 Sampling binary responses 7.3 Sampling ordered categorical responses 7.4 Sampling unordered categorical responses 7.5 Sampling count data 7.6 Sampling continuous non-normal data 7.7 Sampling the level 1 and level 2 covariance matrices 7.8 Model fit 7.9 Partially ordered data 7.10 Hybrid normal/ordered variables 7.11 Discussion Chapter 8. Multilevel factor analysis, structural equation and mixture models 8.1 A 2-stage 2-level factor model 8.2 A general multilevel factor model 8.3 MCMC estimation for the factor model 8.4 Structural equation models 8.5 Discrete response multilevel structural equation models 8.6 More complex hierarchical latent variable models 8.7 Multilevel mixture models Chapter 9. Nonlinear multilevel models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nonlinear functions of linear components 9.3 Estimating population means 9.4 Nonlinear functions for variances and covariances 9.5 Examples of nonlinear growth and nonlinear level 1 variance Appendix 9.1 Nonlinear model estimation Chapter 10. Multilevel modelling in sample surveys 10.1 Sample survey structures 10.2 Population structures 10.3 Small area estimation Chapter 11 Multilevel event history and survival models 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Censoring 11.3 Hazard and survival funtions 11.4 Parametric proportional hazard models 11.5 The semiparametric Cox model 11.6 Tied observations 11.7 Repeated events proportional hazard models 11.8 Example using birth interval data 11.9 Log duration models 11.10 Examples with birth interval data and children s activity episodes 11.11 The grouped discrete time hazards model 11.12 Discrete time latent normal event history models Chapter 12. Cross classified data structures 12.1 Random cross classifications 12.2 A basic cross classified model 12.3 Examination results for a cross classification of schools 12.4 Interactions in cross classifications 12.5 Cross classifications with one unit per cell 12.6 Multivariate cross classified models 12.7 A general notation for cross classifications 12.8 MCMC estimation in cross classified models Appendix 12.1 IGLS Estimation for cross classified data. Chapter 13 Multiple membership models 13.1 Multiple membership structures 13.2 Notation and classifications for multiple membership structures 13.3 An example of salmonella infection 13.4 A repeated measures multiple membership model 13.5 Individuals as higher level units 13.5.1 Example of research grant awards 13.6 Spatial models 13.7 Missing identification models Appendix 13.1 MCMC estimation for multiple membership models. Chapter 14 Measurement errors in multilevel models 14.1 A basic measurement error model 14.2 Moment based estimators 14.3 A 2-level example with measurement error at both levels. 14.4 Multivariate responses 14.5 Nonlinear models 14.6 Measurement errors for discrete explanatory variables 14.7 MCMC estimation for measurement error models Appendix 14.1 Measurement error estimation 14.2 MCMC estimation for measurement error models Chapter 15. Smoothing models for multilevel data. 15.1 Introduction 15.2. Smoothing estimators 15.3 Smoothing splines 15.4 Semi parametric smoothing models 15.5 Multilevel smoothing models 15.6 General multilevel semi-parametric smoothing models 15.7 Generalised linear models 15.8 An example Fixed Random 15.9 Conclusions Chapter 16. Missing data, partially observed data and multiple imputation 16.1 Creating a completed data set 16.2 Joint modelling for missing data 16.3 A two level model with responses of different types at both levels. 16.4 Multiple imputation 16.5 A simulation example of multiple imputation for missing data 16.6 Longitudinal data with attrition 16.7 Partially known data values 16.8 Conclusions Chapter 17 Multilevel models with correlated random effects 17.1 Non-independence of level 2 residuals 17.2 MCMC estimation for non-independent level 2 residuals 17.3 Adaptive proposal distributions in MCMC estimation 17.4 MCMC estimation for non-independent level 1 residuals 17.5 Modelling the level 1 variance as a function of explanatory variables with random effects 17.6 Discrete responses with correlated random effects 17.7 Calculating the DIC statistic 17.8 A growth data set 17.9 Conclusions Chapter 18. Software for multilevel modelling References Author index Subject index


There has been a trend toward incorporating elements of ICT and e-learning from primary school to higher education (Huang et al., 2009). It has been successfully used in many different contexts, subjects and with different purposes. The aim of this paper is to highlight the use of these pedagogical tools as a support in teaching/learning Physical Education (PE) through English in the CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) approach. It has been demonstrated that the use of technology has a high positive impact on the teaching and learning processes (Gimeno Sanz, 2009; Qi & Zou, 2016). In fact, it has been claimed that educational approaches based on e-learning and ICT represent an excellent vehicle for success (Bodea, 2016). First, this paper will review the literature on the use of e-learning, multimedia technology, exergames, virtual learning and multimedia in Physical Education courses. This will be followed by a discussion of integrating ICT and CLIL methodology in PE. Next the paper will propose ways to blend these three elements (ICT – Physical Education - CLIL) and show the advantages of integrating them in a given educational scenario. Finally, options and examples of using ICT in PE through CLIL at different educational levels will be discussed (Marsh D., Mehisto P., Wolff D., Frigols Martín M.J., European Framework for CLIL Teacher Education). As a conclusion, ICT and e-learning may be successful tools to overcome difficulties and improve the teaching and learning practices of Physical Education using English medium instruction with the CLIL approach.


A benthic habitat polygon coverage has been created of the coral reef ecosystem within and adjacent to Kaloko-Honokohau (KAHO) National Historical Park on the Kona Coast of Hawai'i. Polygons were hand-digitized from visual interpretation of aerial photography and SHOALS bathymetry data. We also utilized in situ knowledge from towed instruments, underwater photography and videography, and diver and snorkeler observations. The polygons have attributes for Main Structure/Substrate, Dominant Structure/Substrate, Major Biological Cover, Percent of Major Biological Cover, Reef Zone, Unique ID, and measurements of Area (m2) of each polygon.


Abstract. Carbon–climate feedbacks have the potential to significantly
impact the future climate by altering atmospheric CO 2 concentrations
 ( Zaehle et al. ,  2010 ) . By modifying the future atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, the
carbon–climate feedbacks will also influence the future ocean acidification
trajectory. Here, we use the CO 2 emissions scenarios from four
representative concentration pathways (RCPs) with an Earth system model to
project the future trajectories of ocean acidification with the inclusion of
carbon–climate feedbacks. We show that simulated carbon–climate feedbacks can significantly impact the
onset of undersaturated aragonite conditions in the Southern and Arctic
oceans, the suitable habitat for tropical coral and the deepwater saturation
states. Under the high-emissions scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP6), the
carbon–climate feedbacks advance the onset of surface water under saturation
and the decline in suitable coral reef habitat by a decade or more. The
impacts of the carbon–climate feedbacks are most significant for the medium-
(RCP4.5) and low-emissions (RCP2.6) scenarios. For the RCP4.5 scenario, by
2100 the carbon–climate feedbacks nearly double the area of surface water
undersaturated with respect to aragonite and reduce by 50 % the surface
water suitable for coral reefs. For the RCP2.6 scenario, by 2100 the
carbon–climate feedbacks reduce the area suitable for coral reefs by 40 %
and increase the area of undersaturated surface water by 20 %. The
sensitivity of ocean acidification to the carbon–climate feedbacks in the low
to medium emission scenarios is important because recent CO 2 emission
reduction commitments are trying to transition emissions to such a scenario.
Our study highlights the need to better characterise the carbon–climate
feedbacks and ensure we do not underestimate the projected ocean
acidification.


There is a need to search for solutions of minimizing aggression so as to minimize violence. The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of different levels of egg albumin supplementation to the aggressive behavior of male white mice ( ). Mus musculus Specifically, this study aimed to describe aggressive tendencies by isolation-induced fighting of male white mice when fed different levels of egg albumin; determine aggressive behavior in terms of the number of attacks and body scars when fed different levels of egg albumin; and measure dominant-subordinate status when fed different levels of egg albumin. White mice were chosen as test animals since they have homologous genes coding with humans. Furthermore, aggression tends to be more common among male mice than female mice. T-test results showed that there is a significant difference in the aggressive behavior between the treated and untreated mice in all treatments except for Treatment D (negative control) in terms of number of attacks and body scars and a significant difference in all treatments in terms of the dominant-subordinate status. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference in the number of attacks and the dominantsubordinate status. Overall, results showed that egg albumin supplementation reduced aggression in male white mice regardless of the level of egg albumin. It was concretely shown that treatments fed with varied levels of egg albumin significantly alleviated aggressive behavior compared with treatments without egg albumin supplementation.


In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson sharply escalated the U.S. military effort in Vietnam and prepared for further escalation in 1966. He and his aides, notably Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, did their best to forestall a public debate about the potential costs of the war. They concealed their plans for increased military expenditures and expanded commitments of American troops. Not until the United States was deeply embroiled in Vietnam did a full-fledged public debate finally emerge, along with protests and demonstrations at American universities. If the administration had been more candid about its plans from the outset, U.S. policy might have gone in a different direction, and the domestic and international costs of the war might not have been as onerous.


Five strata-bound massive sulphide deposits are situated at three different stratigraphic levels in the volcanogenic Fundsjø group in the Folldal area. The deposits are bosted in metabasalts, metarhyodacites and volcaniclastic rocks and betong to the Cu-Zn class of volcanic-associated massive sulphide deposits. The metal con tent of the deposits indicates that the sources of metals are underlying strata, possibly with a contribution from intrusives. Wall rock alteration varies according to differences in host rocks, and is probably a result of chemical variations of the host rocks, temperature differences and proximity to the hydrothermal vent. The clustering of deposits in the Folldal area is considered to be due to the occurrence of a large subvolcanic trondhjemitic intrusion which acted as the major heat engine for convection. The small size of the deposits might be related to the shallow leve! of the intrusion.


The most important written work in English before the Norman Conquest, newly translated. Made up of annals written in the monasteries of Winchester, Canterbury, Peterborough, Abingdon, and Worcester, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle marks the beginning of the unmannered simplicity of English prose. Immediately striking are the accounts of the Danish invasions and the unhappiness of Stephen's reign, together with the lyrical poem on the Battle of Brunanburh. Ranging from the start of the Christian era to 1154, the uniqueness of the chronicle as an historical and literary document makes it of compelling interest throughout. The historical, linguistic and literary importance of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is without parallel.


Abstract. Measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes were performed over a temperate intertidal mudflat in southwestern France using the micrometeorological Eddy Covariance (EC) technique. EC measurements were carried out in two contrasting sites of the Arcachon flat during four periods and in three different seasons (autumn 2007, summer 2008, autumn 2008 and spring 2009). In addition, satellite images of the tidal flat at low tide were used to link the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) with the occupation of the mudflat by primary producers, particularly by Zostera noltii meadows. CO2 fluxes during the four deployments showed important spatial and temporal variations, with the flat rapidly shifting from sink to source with the tide. Absolute CO2 fluxes showed generally small negative (influx) and positive (efflux) values, with larger values up to −13 μmol m−2 s−1 for influxes and 19 μmol m−2 s−1 for effluxes. Low tide during the day was mostly associated with a net uptake of atmospheric CO2. In contrast, during immersion and during low tide at night, CO2 fluxes where positive, negative or close to zero, depending on the season and the site. During the autumn of 2007, at the innermost station with a patchy Zostera noltii bed (cover of 22 ± 14% in the wind direction of measurements), CO2 influx was −1.7 ± 1.7 μmol m−2 s−1 at low tide during the day, and the efflux was 2.7 ± 3.7 μmol m−2 s−1 at low tide during the night. A gross primary production (GPP) of 4.4 ± 4.1 μmol m−2 s−1 during emersion could be attributed to microphytobenthic communities. During the summer and autumn of 2008, at the central station with a dense eelgrass bed (92 ± 10%), CO2 uptakes at low tide during the day were −1.5 ± 1.2 and −0.9 ± 1.7 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. Night time effluxes of CO2 were 1.0 ± 0.9 and 0.2 ± 1.1 μmol m−2 s−1 in summer and autumn, respectively, resulting in a GPP during emersion of 2.5 ± 1.5 and 1.1 ± 2.0 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively, attributed primarily to the seagrass community. At the same station in April 2009, before Zostera noltii started to grow, the CO2 uptake at low tide during the day was the highest (−2.7 ± 2.0 μmol m−2 s−1). Influxes of CO2 were also observed during immersion at the central station in spring and early autumn and were apparently related to phytoplankton blooms occurring at the mouth of the flat, followed by the advection of CO2-depleted water with the flooding tide. Although winter data as well as water carbon measurements would be necessary to determine a precise CO2 budget for the flat, our results suggest that tidal flat ecosystems are a modest contributor to the CO2 budget of the coastal ocean.


Abstract Neutron imaging diagnostics are needed for understanding the principles of fusion ignition. Current experiments on the University of Rochester OMEGA laser facility and future experiments at the NIF require a new level of complexity in neutron diagnostics that has not yet been achieved. Previous shots have fielded a one dimensional pinhole array to gather an image of a sphere's neutron emission during the implosion. This one dimensional pinhole array that consisted of two pinholes on a plane was a challenging manufacturing task and was a substantial accomplishment for its time. Future neutron imaging diagnostics will require a two dimensional pinhole array to gather a more comprehensive set of data. This two dimensional pinhole array, consisting of 3 pinholes one three planes to form a 3x3 array of pinholes, added a new level of complexity to the manufacturability. A method for fabricating this pinhole array was developed and the finished instrument was fielded in July and October 2006. This paper describes the fabrication process to producing this pinhole array and shows some of the early data taken with it at the Omega facility.


An economic analysis was conducted involving wheat and grain sorghum production systems that affect carbon dioxide emissions and sequester soil carbon. Parameters examined were expected net returns, changes in net carbon sequestered and the value of carbon credits necessary to equate net returns from systems that sequester more carbon to those that sequester less with and without adjustments for CO2 emissions from production inputs. Evaluations were based on experiment station cropping practices, yield, and soil carbon data for continuously cropped and rotated wheat and grain sorghum produced with conventional and no-tillage. No-till had lower net returns because of lower yields and higher overall costs. Both crops produced under no-till had higher annual soil C gains than under conventional tillage. However, no-till systems had higher total atmospheric emissions of C from production inputs. The differences were relatively small. The C values estimated in this study that would equate net returns of notillage to conventional tillage range from $7.82 to $58 .69/ton/yr when C emissions from production inputs were subtracted from soil carbon sequestered and $7.79 to $54.99/tonlyr when atmospheric emissions were not considered.


New field mapping and structural data, combined with published geochemical data, from the Kohistan arc in the NW Himalaya, enable a re-evaluation of the arc stratigraphy. Key lithological units and their relationships are more clearly defined, permitting the construction of a revised magmatic-tectonic history for the arc. The oldest units are transitional oceanic-type basalts, which form the basement to the subduction related sequence. Arc-type gabbroic sheets and plutons intrude the oceanic basalts: together these form the Kamila Amphibolite Belt. Metasediments and basaltic lavas were deposited, within an extensional basin, onto the Kamila Amphibolite Belt basement. This sequence, exposed across the arc, forms a distinct stratigraphic unit which is formally defined here as the Jaglot Group. Sediment-charged turbidity currents transported material into the basin, whilst submarine eruptions contributed the basaltic component. This period of extension culminated in the eruption of high-Mg boninites of the Chalt Volcanic Group which overlie the rocks of the Jaglot Group. The earliest granitoids of the Kohistan Batholith predate suturing and intrude the Jaglot and Chalt sequences. At c. 100 Ma Kohistan sutured to Asia. suturing being accompanied by thickening of the arc with the development of major intra-arc shear zones and a penetrative, regionally developed steep cleavage. At c. 85 Ma intra-arc rifting permitted the emplacement into the arc of the voluminous gabbronorites of the Chilas Complex which clearly intrudes the Kamila Amphibolite Belt to the south and the Jaglot Group to the north. The Chilas Complex has been regarded as part of the pre-suturing, juvenile arc sequence. Field evidence summarized here show this to be not so. Heat advection associated with emplacement of the Complex caused amphibolite facies regional metamorphism, melting of the lower arc and plutonism. Some of the resultant granitoid plutons were unroofed and eroded during a compressional phase at between 80 and 55 Ma, before emplacement of further plutons and extrusion of basaltic through to rhyolitic volcanic rocks at between 55 and 40 Ma. At least three phases of extension and rifting, each separated by short lived phases of compression, characterized arc evolution. Much of the magmatism is controlled by extensional tectonics within the overriding plate of the kind commonly associated with a retreating subduction zone.


Th e Swiss experience with Europeanisation is still often ignored, though it could be helpful in conceptualising this quite new fi eld of study. A more open defi nition permitting scrutiny of the antecedents of the EU and a functional approach leaving aside questions of formal membership will contribute to a better understanding of diff erentiated integration, a trend that will continue. Th e Swiss example supports the case for the inclusion of historical aspects in Europeanisation analysis since it reminds us that Europeanisation is not merely a contemporary, Brussels-based phenomenon and that we should not neglect non-member states or the pre-membership history of current member states. Given the uncertain future of further EU-enlargement there may be more states Europeanised on a functional level without participating in the institutions – as is already the case in Switzerland.


The in vitro anticandidal and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds detected in flower extracts of Pyrostergia venusta were investigated. One flavonoid (quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside) and two phenylpropanoid glycosides (verbascoside and isoverbascoside) were purified by using the HPLC technique. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against five Candida strains (C. albicans, C. krusei ATCC 6258, and clinical isolates strains of Candida sp: C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. guilhermondii). The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were confirmed in extracts. Semi-purified fraction and verbascoside showed similar activity to amphotericin B. Acknowledgements: Ouro Fino – Agribusiness


A disagreement over two questions contributes to further disagreement about the war on terrorism. First, what is terrorism? If terrorism is a term to intensify negative connotations of any activity, then all unjust acts are terrorism potentially. I argue that terrorism is a specific act; it is the use, or threat of use, of premeditated violence against noncombatants, intended to coerce a group into some course of action. Second, is the war on terrorism just? Because terrorism is not a pejorative, we must evaluate terrorism to determine if response to terrorism is response to an unjust aggressor. Using Michael Walzer's Just War Theory, I show that victims of terrorism and the international community have just cause to respond to terrorism because all terrorists intentionally harm innocents to advance their cause. Even if terrorists have just cause, their terrorist acts are unjust because they maximize civilian risk. When nothing else will stop a terrorist attack, war is just. Just war minimizes civilian risk and only targets people responsible for unjust aggression. The Bush administration's war on terrorism uses a preventative strategy to eliminate future terrorist attacks. Using war to prevent future terrorism is just only when there is a legitimate threat of terrorism and no alternative short of war will stop the attack. The United States had just cause for the war in Afghanistan because war was necessary to stop al Qa'ida, a legitimate threat, from attacking again; however, the United States did not have just cause for the war in Iraq because although Saddam Hussein was a legitimate threat, means short of war were available to restrain him from supporting terrorists. By defining terrorism properly and using the resources of Just War Theory, we can continue to evaluate engagements in the war on terrorism.


Just over 100 years ago, Henry Moseley carried out a systematic series of experiments which showed that the frequencies of the X-rays emitted from an elemental target under bombardment by cathode rays were characteristic of that element and could be used to identify the charge on its atomic nucleus. This led to a reorganization of the periodic table, with chemical elements now arranged on the basis of atomic number Z rather than atomic weight A, as had been the case in previous tables, including those developed by Mendeleev. Moseley also showed that there were four 'missing elements' before gold. With further measurements up to uranium Z = 92, the Swedish physicist Manne Siegbahn identified two more missing elements. This paper provides an introduction to Moseley and his experiments and then traces attempts to 'discover' missing elements by X-ray spectroscopy. There were two successes with hafnium (Z = 72) and rhenium (Z = 75), but many blind alleys and episodes of self-deception when dealing with elements 43, 61, 85 and 87. These all turned out to be radioactive, with extremely small natural abundances: all required synthesis by a nuclear reaction, with radiological characterization in the first instance. Finally, the paper moves on to consider the role of X-ray spectroscopy in exploring the periodic table beyond uranium. Although the discovery of artificial radioactive elements with Z > 92 again depended on nucleosynthesis and radiological characterization, measurement of the frequencies or energies of characteristic X-rays remains the ultimate goal in proving the existence of an element. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mendeleev and the periodic table'.


The aim of the present work is to investigate the kinetic properties of Co-B nanoparticles which are deposited on graphene sheets by simultaneous chemical reduction of Co+2 and graphite oxides using NaBH4 as the reducing agent. The reduced Co−B/graphene nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and the effects of the concentration of NaBH4, NaOH, and hydrolytic temperature were discussed in detail. The results show that the concentration of NaBH4 and NaOH indeed exerted a significant impact on the hydrogen generation rate of Co-B/graphene catalysts. Reaction rate of hydrolysis first rises up and then decreases subsequently with the rising of NaOH and NaBH4 concentration. The results show that the Co-B/graphene catalyst has the high catalytic activity with activation energy of 52.45 kJ·mol−1, and showed high resistance against deterioration and stability as a function of time. The present method is promising for the synthesis of effective supported catalysts for hydrolysis of NaBH4.


We present a concept and tool for studying language use in everyday mobile text communication (e.g. chats). Our approach for the first time enables researchers to collect comprehensive data on language use during unconstrained natural typing (i.e. no study tasks) without logging readable messages to preserve privacy. We achieve this with a combination of three customisable text abstraction methods that run directly on participants' phones. We report on our implementation as an Android keyboard app and two evaluations: First, we simulate text reconstruction attempts on a large text corpus to inform conditions for minimising privacy risks. Second, we assess people's experiences in a two-week field deployment (N=20). We release our app as an open source project to the community to facilitate research on open questions in HCI, Linguistics and Psychology. We conclude with concrete ideas for future studies in these areas.


Background: The context of the research presented in this article is the new MBChB curriculum at the University of Cape Town (UCT) that has been in operation since 2002. This new curriculum is primary health care (PHC) driven and puts emphasis on the integration of biological and psychosocial elements. The context of curriculum reform at UCT can be placed within the broader South African context, in which the South African Department of Health has made a commitment to the PHC approach. The aim of this research was to provide an understanding of medical students' attitudes towards the PHC approach. The findings presented in this article form part of a broader set of findings for a PhD research study aimed at qualitatively exploring medical students' attitudes towards and perceptions of PHC.
Methods: A qualitative approach was used and focus groups and interviews were conducted with second-, third- and fourth-year medical students at UCT. A total of 82 students were purposively selected to participate in the research. A content analytic approach was used to analyse the focus group and interview data.
Results: The students generally had a positive attitude towards the PHC approach and were positive about UCT's decision to promote this approach. Some, however, were concerned about the international relevance and status of their degree, and concerns were also raised about the contrast between the theory and reality of the approach, with many labelling PHC as idealistic. The students' responses indicated that their attitudes towards the PHC approach were open to change during the course of their academic career and were influenced by a range of factors. Some of these factors are related to the medical school environment, such as the PHC approach itself, how PHC is taught, and the views of other students and staff at UCT. Other factors that were not related to the university included personality, the students' background and exposure to health facilities, and clinical exposure outside UCT.
Conclusion: These findings raise the question of whether students are able to think and feel positively about the PHC approach, but not actually internalise the philosophy of the approach. The students' struggle with the incongruence between what is perceived as the idealistic theory of PHC and the reality of health care in South Africa is also an issue that needs to be acknowledged. These issues have international relevance, and are particularly significant in South Africa, where a commitment has been made by the South African Department of Health to the PHC approach and where doctors are set to play a vital role in its implementation and success.


A number of leaders in industry and government have asserted that many workers in this country lack the basic skills to perform adequately on the job; they claim that a wave of workplace illiteracy is sweeping this nation as never before. Whether the cause of this problem is perceived to be a deficit in the educational delivery system or a lag in skills due to the sudden technological explosion, it seems that there are many adults who need training in basic workplace skills in order to obtain and keep employment. The Reading Teacher a,s a Workplace Literacy Consultant


The intention of this heuristic study was to explore and discover the essence of the positive influence of the natural environment on the human spirit. The study quest was identified as a central concern that evolved from my personal experience of spiritual awakening in the natural environment and an interest in the concept of connectedness in nursing care and practice. The study also focused on the self of the nurse and the qualities of holistic nursing care. Guided by heuristic methodology developed by Moustakas (1990) the thesis traces a journey of discovery. Using conversational interviews, six nurses were asked to describe their experiences of their spirit being positively influenced in the natural environment. These nurses were also asked if these beneficial experiences had any flow-on effect to their nursing practice. From these interviews various commonalities of experience were identified as well as some experiences unique to the individual participants. The participant knowing was articulated using Reed's (1992) dimensions of relatedness in spirituality as a framework. Reed describes these dimensions as being able to be experienced intrapersonally, interpersonally and transpersonally. A substantive body of nursing and non-nursing literature was explored to support the participant knowing and provide strength to the discussion. The study discovered that the human spirit is positively influenced in the natural environment. The three actions of personal healing and wellbeing in the natural environment, knowing self – knowing others and sustaining self in nursing practice were valued by the participants as contributing to the quality of their nursing care. In bringing together spirituality, the natural environment and nursing, holism was discovered to be the significant and connecting constituent. The study has some implications for the discipline of nursing that are also discussed.


Practicum based learning is required to provide opportunities for students in finding and applying concepts by observation. Student worksheet with discovery learning model and equipped with AR video are needed as learning tool, so students will be able to have good work in laboratory and implementation of practicum is effective. This study aims to produce LKPD and AR media that is videos related to the topic of practicum. The method used in this study is a research and development method with the Dick and Carey model approach. The feasibility test was carried out on the product using a Likert scale instrument. Feasibility test on material experts obtained a score of 96.93%, on media experts at 89.95%, on learning experts at 81% and obtained an average score of 89.29% with a very proper interpretation. Next, a user trial was conducted on the product with respondents, which are at SMAN 54 Jakarta. Trials on teachers obtained a score of 97.61%, and trials on students obtained a score of 88.47%. The limited trials is done by doing pre-test and post-test on students. Limited trial results obtained an average n-gain score of 0.47. Based on the results of the feasibility test, user trials, and limited trials, it can be concluded that the developed student worksheet is very suitable to be used as a learning tool in physics practicum activities in senior high school at 10th grade.


Intellectual property (IP) has taken a central place as a source of competitive advantage in firms' strategies. However, our knowledge on how IP is used by these firms in the digital age is still limited. The increasing prevalence of digital technologies further emphasizes the importance of intangible assets such as IP, while raising an open question with regard to how these assets should be selected and used to support business models and strategies. This thesis aims to address this question in the context of digital technology-based startups, which are in many ways at the forefront of advancing new digital technologies, business models and industries. By conducting a multiple case study of seven startups over the course of two years, the development of these startups' IP strategies was mapped and analyzed resulting in two empirical papers on top of a literature review. This thesis notes the impact of the characteristics of digital technologies on the process and dynamics of IP strategy formation. Digital technology is systemic and can be developed on a more or less ongoing basis. As a result, IP decisions need to be flexible to enable and adapt to changes in technologies, business models and strategies. Moreover, the development of IP strategy through successive decision-making is based on available means to allow for goals to emerge rather than to be set in advance. The design of IP strategy therefore ends up fitting the design of digital technology in terms of its systemic structure and its development in which all outcomes cannot be envisioned in advance but are prepared for through incompleteness and flexibility in the design of decision-making.


The EU's 2009 Slaughter Regulation that requires all animals to be stunned before slaughter gives a "religious exception" for halal and kosher meat. As debates about the rights and place of minorities are increasing in post-Brexit Britain, anti-halal sentiment is also growing with issues of religious slaughter often conflated with wider concerns about immigration and integration. Here John Lever argues that increased transparency in the meat supply chain will help improve public understanding of the underlying debates of religious animal slaughter as well as help the UK to make the most of emerging trade opportunities.


This thesis examines the methods that have been used by actuaries to describe and model the economic variables required for actuarial calculations. Traditionally actuaries have only used average future values to describe these variables and they have tended to use relatively informal methods for determining these averages. These informal methods are potentially subject to numerous biases. The likelihood of these biases occurring could be reduced by using the more formal methods of financial economics and stochastic modelling. Stochastic models also provide additional information that is essential for some applications. The main UK stochastic asset models that are considered include: Wilkie's (1995b) model, Dyson and Exley's (1995) expectations model, and Smith's (1996) jumpequilibrium model. Wilkie's model was developed primarily from data considerations, whilst the other two models were developed from theoretical considerations. Wilkie's model is shown to be inconsistent with the rational expectations hypothesis, the efficient market hypothesis, and aspects of portfolio theory. Dyson and Exley's model is shown to be inconsistent with portfolio theory. The jump-equilibrium model is consistent with most financial theories, but it is shown to produce returns with moments that are inconsistent with historical data. The importance of these limitations is then examined from a methodological perspective. This review emphasises the importance and difficulty of empirical testing. It also suggests that economic predictive success is always likely to be limited. As a result, it is argued that a model's pragmatic qualities are relatively more important than they would otherwise be, that a theoretical framework is invaluable for motivating economic models and for directing research activities, and that actuaries should aim to develop models with shorter time horizons. The empirical adequacy of financial economic theories is then examined and many persistent problems are reported. Despite these problems it is suggested that financial economics provides a useful theoretical framework. Lastly, the empirical adequacy of Wilkie's model is considered using the criteria of Hendry's (1995) general-to-specific approach. This review identifies some apparent weaknesses. In particular, the out-of-sample residuals from Wilkie's (1986a) model do not seem to be independent.


In this discussion paper, we introduce and outline in detail an analytical scheme - SCAPE - that has been developed over several years, that has been tested and iteratively refined through application to dozens of case studies, and which is currently in use for a case survey of several hundred case studies of public environmental decision-making. The 'scheme for the comparative analysis of public environmental decision-making' (SCAPE) facilitates the systematic comparison of cases of public decision-making and serves to identify causal relationships between the characteristics of a decision-making process and its outcomes. The framework is meant to be applicable to a wide range of public decision-making processes, focused on but not limited to environmental governance processes SCAPE is particularly suited to the analysis of processes in the realm of environmental governance that entail different forms of citizen and interest group involvement or environmental mediation. It develops a clear notion of the 'decision-making process' as its core unit of analysis, and provides a coherently structured set of more than 300 items covering: contextual conditions (section B) such as the societal and political environment, the pre-history of a decision-making process, elements of the issue at stake, characteristics of the relevant stakeholder field, and the level of pre-existing conflict; process characteristics (section C) such as who is involved in terms of governmental and non-governmental actors, the configuration of power relations, the role of scientific expertise, communication and information flows between actors, aspects of process facilitation, and process resources; process outputs and outcomes (section D) in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects (with an emphasis on the latter), social learning, trust-building, public acceptance, and conflict resolution, to name but a few.


In recent years carborne gamma spectrometry has expanded from its role as a geological survey platform to serving as a useful asset in the field of emergency response to radiological and nuclear situations. Its two main applications are searching for orphan sources and for surveying in the aftermath of an accident involving the release of radioactive materials. Despite this expansion, the oppor-tunities for gaining practical experience in the field are limited by cost considera-tions and practicability. These limitations are exacerbated by the fact that data generated and displayed in the field differ significantly from gamma spectral data generated in a laboratory environment. As a means of exercising existing emer-gency measuring/surveying capability and introducing carborne measurements to a larger group, a virtual exercise was devised. The exercise ORPEX (Orphan Sources and Fresh Fallout Virtual Exercise in Mobile Measurement) featured two typical emergency scenarios in which carborne measuring systems might be de-ployed: firstly a search for multiple orphan sources and secondly surveying to delineate patchy fallout from a local release point. In the first scenario, synthetic spectral data were generated for imaginary point sources and inserted into genu-ine carborne measurements from in the Trondheim area of Norway. Participants were presented with a typical software tool and data in a range of typical formats and asked to report the source locations and isotopes within a time limit. In the second scenario, synthetic spectral data representing fallout from a local fire in-volving radioactive material were added to real carborne data from the Trondheim area. Participants were asked to produce maps that identify and characterise the regions of contamination within the same time limit. Fourteen individual organi-sations from seven different countries supplied results. Results from participants indicate that for strong sources of isotopes with simple spectra featuring high energy peaks, location and identification is not a problem. Problems arise for isotopes with low energy signals or that present a weak signal even when visible for extended periods. Experienced analysts tended to perform better in identifica-tion of sources even if they were inexperienced in mobile measurements whereas those with experience in such measurements were more confident in providing more precise estimates of location. The results indicated the need for the


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a long-distance backpacking trip and a high protein diet on body composition, strength, power, and aerobic performance. A single participant (male, aged 29 years) hiked 34 days on the Colorado Trail. Dependent variables were assessed pre-hike and posthike and included body mass, body fat percentage, bone mineral density, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), resting metabolic rate (RMR), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL). Cardiovascular dependent variables included resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Other performance outcomes included strength in squat, bench press, and deadlift, and vertical leap. Resting heart rate and a journal documenting a breakdown of calories expended and calories consumed were recorded daily while on the hike. The average daily duration of a hike was 8:43 ± 1:45 hours. The participant's mass decreased by 2.5 kg (4% of body weight), body fat decreased by 1.2%, RMR decreased by 5 kcal/day, and VO2max increased by 8.7 mL/kg/min (17%). Among metabolic variables, total cholesterol increased by 18 mg/dL (10%); triglyceride concentration decreased by 23 mg/dL (29%); HDL decreased by 1 mg/dL (2%), and; LDL increased by 24 mg/dL (23%). With regard to cardiovascular variables, resting heart rate decreased from 85 bpm to 67 bpm (21%), SBP decreased by 39 mmHg (27%), and DBP decreased by 2 mmHg (3%). Among performance variables, maximal squat performance decreased by 29.5 kg (19%), maximal bench press performance decreased by 18.2 kg (16%), maximal deadlift decreased 31.7 kg (17%), and vertical jump distance decreased 13 cm (14%). The average daily dietary variables were as follows: average calories consumed = 4000 ± 463 kcal/day; average calories expended from hiking and metabolic rate combined = 5188 ±1197 kcal/day; average daily caloric deficit = -1165 ± 1070 kcal/day; average carbohydrate intake = 501 ± 78 g/day; average protein intake = 143 ± 19 g/day; average fat intake = 154 ± 25g/day. The magnitude and duration of an extended backpacking trip can lead to a reduction in strength and power. A diet high in protein did not prevent the loss of lean body mass.


This study uses 48 in-depth interviews with managers, editors, and reporters at local and regional newspapers and their parent companies in four countries (Finland, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom) to examine how they discuss changes to their business models and the ways their news organizations are adapting to emerging audience-consumption trends in the digital environment. The results show that interviewees continue to prioritize the economic importance of their print products, despite declines in advertising and subscriptions. They also believe that for local news to continue, journalists must better understand the business strategies of their news organizations. Finally, they acknowledge the value of experimenting with new approaches to monetization, including implementing paywalls and using analytics to personalize content. In balancing the merits of their print products with their desire to develop new digital offerings, local newspapers seek to operate as 'ambidextrous organizations' that exploit the products of the past while exploring innovations that may help sustain them in the future.


We present a spectroscopic study of 287 Planetary Nebulas (PNs) in a total area of ~0.4 deg^2 around the BCG M87 in Virgo A. With these data we can distinguish the stellar halo from the co-spatial intracluster light (ICL). PNs were identified from their narrow and symmetric redshifted lambda 5007\4959 Angstrom [OIII] emission lines, and the absence of significant continuum. We implement a robust technique to measure the halo velocity dispersion from the projected phase-space to identify PNs associated with the M87 halo and ICL. The velocity distribution of the spectroscopically confirmed PNs is bimodal, containing a narrow component centred on the systemic velocity of the BCG and an off-centred broader component, that we identify as halo and ICL, respectively. Halo and ICPN have different spatial distributions: the halo PNs follow the galaxy's light, whereas the ICPNs are characterised by a shallower power-law profile. The composite PN number density profile shows the superposition of different PN populations associated with the M87 halo and the ICL, characterised by different PN alpha-parameters, the ICL contributing ~3 times more PNs per unit light. Down to m_5007=28.8, the M87 halo PN luminosity function (PNLF) has a steeper slope towards faint magnitudes than the IC PNLF, and both are steeper than the standard PNLF for the M31 bulge. Moreover, the IC PNLF has a dip at ~1-1.5 mag fainter than the bright cutoff, reminiscent of the PNLFs of systems with extended star formation history. The M87 halo and the Virgo ICL are dynamically distinct components with different density profiles and velocity distribution. The different alpha values and PNLF shapes of the halo and ICL indicate distinct parent stellar populations, consistent with the existence of a gradient towards bluer colours at large radii. These results reflect the hierarchical build-up of the Virgo cluster.


The aim of this paper is to evaluate the safety performances of unsignalised Seagull T-junction configuration on high speed rural roads in NSW. The findings were that two types of crashes, Right Near and Right Through, were predominant among all the crashes, and those that result in casualties. Driver impairment, speeding behaviour and road environment conditions were a factor in a small percentage of these crashes. Of the deemed to be at-fault male drivers, almost two-thirds were at and above the age of 67. However, for each of the other age groups below this, there was a higher incidence of female drivers than male drivers involved in Right Near crashes. The former is consistent with other studies on older male drivers. Consistent with the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) Safe System approach, key solutions include substantially reduced speeds for through traffic and removal of critical side impact crash types. This may require further investigation prior to implementation. Keywords Seagull intersection / junction, T-junction, Road safety, Driver behaviour, Driver age, Driver gender, Crash profiles


My dissertation argues which of the two reducing agents, urea or pure ammonia, is better suited for reducing NOx emissions in Marine SCR applications. While the question might seem straight forward, there are several upsides and downsides to them both. What proves a challenge with marine diesel engines are the low exhaust gas temperatures, making it a brain twister to reduce NOx across varying engine loads by any respectable amount. Still, theoretically, pure ammonia should be able to do this, or? To put this claim to the test, a micro scale SCR system is designed and built by a team of competent individuals, including myself. A series of NOx reduction tests are then carried out under conditions similar to a diesel SCR process, using gaseous ammonia as reducing agent. While results are varying it is confirmed that pure ammonia does indeed perform well at low temperatures. NOx reduction rates are impressive considering the system is not optimized with regard to dimensioning. Results are presentative but with potential for improvement.


Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of vision care teaching on vision care knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among the 3rd and 4th graders of elementary school. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study included a pre-post test design with both an experimental group and a control group. Study subjects were the 3rd and 4th graders of an elementary school in Nantou County. The experimental group consisted of 47 students undertaking three month intervention named "a beautiful and new field of vision"(including teaching courses and activities, worksheets for family contact book, and checklists). Grade 1-9 Curriculum was applied for 47 students in the control group. The effectiveness was assessed using a vision care questionnaire developed according to "The Study of Health Promoting Activities in Schools" conducted by "Taiwan Health Promoting School". Results: Homogeneity of experimental group and control group was observed in pretest. The experimental group had a posttest score of 5.47 of eye care knowledge, which was significantly higher than a score of 4.31 observed in the control group (t = 7.24, p<.001). The posttest score of vision care attitudes in experimental group was significantly higher than control group (22.57 versus 21.16, t = 2.61, p<.05). The experimental group also had a significantly higher score in vision care behaviors in posttest as compared with control group (9.38 versus 5.96, t = 4.59, p<.001). Furthermore, among the 12 students with poor eyesight have been checked by Snellen's E chart screening in school, the vision ability of 3 students (25%) was improved to 0.9~1.0 after the intervention from less than 0.7~0.8 before the intervention. Qualitative data indicated that these students were able to implement the course content to daily life, and to pay attention to the light sources and vision distance. The animation for eye health care was cute and drew a high participation for students. However, some parents responded that the content of checklists were a bit too much. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the intervention of vision health education had an immediate effectiveness on promoting vision care knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among school children. For the promotion of vision care education, it is recommended that the government and relevant education authorities should simultaneously implement parent education in the community. Namely, it is expected that parent can support simplified checklists mainly including behavior of computer use, reading conduct at home and lifestyle of family. The application of worksheets of family contact book and further simplified checklists are suggested to achieve the learning outcomes.


Recurrent gene fusions involving E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors ERG, ETV1, ETV4, or ETV5 have been identified in 40% to 70% of prostate cancers. Here, we used a comprehensive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) split probe strategy interrogating all 27 ETS family members and their five known 5' fusion partners in a cohort of 110 clinically localized prostate cancer patients. Gene rearrangements were only identified in ETS genes that were previously implicated in prostate cancer gene fusions including ERG, ETV1, and ETV4 (43%, 5%, and 5%, respectively), suggesting that a substantial fraction of prostate cancers (estimated at 30-60%) cannot be attributed to an ETS gene fusion. Among the known 5' gene fusion partners, TMPRSS2 was rearranged in 47% of cases followed by SLC45A3, HNRPA2B1, and C15ORF21 in 2%, 1%, and 1% of cases, respectively. Based on this comprehensive FISH screen, we have made four noteworthy observations. First, by screening the entire ETS transcription factor family for rearrangements, we found that a large fraction of prostate cancers (44%) cannot be ascribed to an ETS gene fusion, an observation which will stimulate research into identifying recurrent non-ETS aberrations in prostate cancers. Second, we identified SLC45A3 as a novel 5' fusion partner of ERG; previously, TMPRSS2 was the only described 5' partner of ERG. Third, we identified two prostate-specific, androgen-induced genes, FLJ35294 and CANT1, as 5' partners to ETV1 and ETV4. Fourth, we identified a ubiquitously expressed, androgen-insensitive gene, DDX5, fused in frame with ETV4, leading to the expression of a DDX5-ETV4 fusion protein.


This research examined the characteristics of non-pensioner households on the margins of renting or owning their home, and determined those which influence the choice of tenure that is sustainable.

In addition, it provides estimates of the number of current and prospective local authority or housing association tenants that might move to owner occupation or shared ownership. Similarly, it provides estimates of the possible numbers of owner occupiers that might have to switch to renting because owner occupation is unsustainable in the medium term. Finally, it explores how assistance of various kinds, or counselling or advice, might maximise the numbers that could sustain home ownership.


Background & Aim: Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is known as an adipokine that involves   in the regulation of insulin function and glucose metabolism. Increasing of RBP4 serum levels can lead to dysfunction in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Exercise training improves insulin resistance. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise training on RBP4 serum levels and insulin resistance in women with type II diabetes. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study conducted on 23 women with type II diabetes. Participants were randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (endurance training n=8,   strength training n= 8) and a control group (n=7). The exercise training schedule was performed as follows: Endurance training with intensity (50% to 70%) maximal heart rate and strength training with intensity (60-70% of 1RM) three days a week for 10 weeks. To evaluate the RBP4 serum levels and blood insulin, blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. Results: Mean and standard deviation of age in subjects were 50±3. After intervention, RBP4 serum levels significantly reduced in strength group (P=0.03) compared to endurance group (P=0.57). Also glucose serum levels significantly decreased in both experimental groups (P >0.05). Conclusion: Reduced RBP4 serum levels are associated with reduced body fat percentage.  Strength training reduces body fat percentage and consequently leads to a decrease in RBP4 serum and glucose levels and, on the other hand, an improvement in insulin sensitivity.


Maoris and Pacific Islanders in New Zealand have a higher asthma mortality and hospital admission rates than Europeans. To determine whether difference in asthma prevalence is the major factor underlying these differences in mortality, 2053 Auckland children aged 7-10 years (European 1084, Maori 509, Pacific Islander 460) were randomly sampled from school classes in the Auckland Urban Area, and studied by questionnaire (completed by parents) and histamine inhalation challenge to assess the provocative dose of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20). Maoris had the highest prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms, and Europeans had rates similar to Pacific Islanders. For "any current wheeze" for example, the prevalence in Maoris was 22.2% compared with 16.1% and 16.3% in the Europeans and Pacific Islanders. The prevalence of diagnosed asthma was similar in the three groups. When bronchial hyperresponsiveness (defined as a PD20 less than or equal to 7.8 mumol histamine) was considered, Europeans had the highest rates (20%), followed by Maoris (13%), and then Pacific Islanders (8.7%). These differences were not accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status, rates of smoking in the home, age, gender, or height. It is concluded that differences in asthma prevalence do not satisfactorily explain the mortality and admission rate differences, although the higher symptom prevalence in the Maoris could be relevant to the higher mortality rate. Maori and Pacific Island children with symptoms of asthma were less likely to be taking prophylactic medication than European children. It is proposed that differences in management are important factors relevant to the increased mortality and morbidity from asthma in Polynesians.


This handbook is the second deliverable of SaPPART COST Action, dedicated to performance issues, when positioning performance is essential to the fulfilment of the requirements of the whole ITS system. It starts by illustrating the non-straightforward nature of the role of positioning information in some emblematic applications and introduces a simulation method sensitivity analysis, as a tool to make the right choice of positioning terminal for a given application. Then, the Handbook discusses the error sources at the terminal level and introduces a model of the horizontal position error in an urban environment. In the final part, this error model and the sensitivity analysis are applied to two examples of ITS systems, namely Road User Charging and eCall, in order to illustrate how sensitive these systems are to the positioning performance.


Objective: Missing data are ubiquitous in clinical trials, yet recent research suggests many statisticians
and investigators appear uncertain how to handle them. The objective is to set out a principled
approach for handling missing data in clinical trials, and provide examples and code to facilitate
its adoption.
Data sources: An asthma trial from GlaxoSmithKline, a asthma trial from AstraZeneca, and a
dental pain trial from GlaxoSmithKline.
Methods: Part I gives a non-technical review how missing data are typically handled in clinical
trials, and the issues raised by missing data. When faced with missing data, we show no analysis
can avoid making additional untestable assumptions. This leads to a proposal for a systematic,
principled approach for handling missing data in clinical trials, which in turn informs a critique of
current Committee of Proprietary Medicinal Products guidelines for missing data, together with
many of the ad-hoc statistical methods currently employed.
Part II shows how primary analyses in a range of settings can be carried out under the so-called
missing at random assumption. This key assumption has a central role in underpinning the most
important classes of primary analysis, such as those based on likelihood. However its validity cannot
be assessed from the data under analysis, so in Part III, two main approaches are developed and
illustrated for the assessment of the sensitivity of the primary analyses to this assumption.
Results: The literature review revealed missing data are often ignored, or poorly handled in the
analysis. Current guidelines, and frequently used ad-hoc statistical methods are shown to be flawed.
A principled, yet practical, alternative approach is developed, which examples show leads inferences
with greater validity. SAS code is given to facilitate its direct application.
Conclusions: From the design stage onwards, a principled approach to handling missing data should
be adopted. Such an approach follows well-defined and accepted statistical arguments, using models
and assumptions that are transparent, and hence open to criticism and debate. This monograph
outlines how this principled approach can be practically, and directly, applied to the majority of
trials with longitudinal follow-up.


We examine the determinants of RiskMetrics/ISS Ratings of the quality of UK companies' corporate governance practice and investigate whether corporate governance mechanisms and firm specific characteristics affect these ratings. We also investigate the association between firms' financial distress and these ratings. Using data for nonfinancial Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 250 firms over the 2003 to 2009 period, we find that board independence, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, firm size, and profitability are associated with firms' corporate governance ratings. In addition, we find that more independent directors on the board, more institutional ownership, and larger size lead to a high level of board-related ratings. Finally, we find no association between corporate governance ratings and financial distress.


The discussion of John Rawls's work over the last twenty years has made contractarianism a familiar term in political theory.' But although Rawls's work was rooted in the familiar social contract theories of Locke, Rousseau and Kant and although other theorists have made some use of the approach, the general discussion of the concept of contractarian argument in the modem literature has remained focused on Rawls's particular conception of it.' Criticisms of Rawls's theory have been assumed to be criticisms of contractarianism in general, and the limitations in Rawls's use of the "social contract" idea have been assumed to be limitations that any contractarian would encounter. In part, this is because Rawls himself has contributed so much in his more recent writings to the critical discussion of the methods used in A Theory of Justice.3 We think it is time, however, for the discussion of contractarianism to be detached from the analysis of that particular work, so that it can be considered on its merits as a general approach to political and legal evaluation. Our aim in this article is to present contractarianism in an attractive light. But we do not assume that there is just one contractarian method. There are many, and a consideration of contractarianism as a general theoretical approach involves a consideration of the differences among these various methods and the choices that must be made in their design. In this article, we consider some of those choices-between negative and positive contractarianism; hypothetical, tacit and actual consent; holistic and particular evaluations; rational choice and Rousseauian assumptions about the motivation of the contracting parties, and so on. These choices


The objectives were to analyze the Internal Jugular vein entrapment caused by muscles compression and the possible role and correlation in Mèniére disease. We describe the eco-color Doppler evaluation of a sternocleidomastoid and omohyoid muscles compression of internal jugular vein in a Mèniére patient, responsible of an anomalous venous cerebral and ear outflow. The proposed treatment was a three months muscolar decontractration physiotherapy program. The physiotherapy session allowed a complete muscles relaxation with an improvement of Internal Jugular vein caliber associated to a normalized cerebral and inner ear venous outflow and a progressive attenuation of Mèniére symptoms during the treatment and its disappearance at the end of the physiotherapy program. The comfort of the patient was confirmed during one-year follow-up. Muscles entrapment of Internal Jugular veins may be correlated with an anomalous cerebral and inner ear venous outflow, promoting the Mèniére disease symptoms. Physiotherapy treatment may represent an intriguing option alternatively of muscle surgical. The present case seems to indicate a possible first line treatment by physiotherapy, reserving surgical resection to not responders. Further studies with a wider sample of patients are warranted.


"Red marble" (Liassic-Dogger nodular limestone, ammonitico rosso ) which was mined as a decorative stone, played an important role in the art of Central Europe and especially in Hungary in the past centuries. Quarries are known from the Gerecse-Mts. (Hungary), Adnet, (Austria), Menyhaza (Romania) and Verona (Italy). Determination of the provenance of the "red marble" monuments is not feasible on the basis of petrographical methods only, because the two most typical and important Central European "red marble" occurrences (the Gerecse-Mountains, Hungary and Adnet, Austria) have the same geological age and had formed in similar environments. It is possible, on the basis of stable isotope analysis, to separate the raw material from the Hungarian and Austrian quarries; it enabled us to conduct provenance studies of archaeological objects from Hungary, Upper Hungary (present Slovakia) and Transylvania (present Romania). The results are in accordance with several historical theories, but also provide additional information on the distribution of this important artistic material.


The Indonesian Health Demography Survey (SDKI) 2007 shows that the MMR in Indonesia is recorded at 228 deaths per 100,000 live births, while in 2012 it increased to 359 deaths per 100,000 birth rates. This number is still far from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), target, which is 102 deaths per 100,000 live births. In nearing the end of the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Indonesia still holds a poor record in fulfilling the targets of the fifth point of MDGs, which is reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR).

In the effort to fulfill that target, since 1 January 2014 the government has implemented the insurance of maternal healthcare services for mothers who are expecting, giving birth, and are in their puerperium through the National Health Insurance (JKN) which should have been prepared since the ratification of Law No. 24/2011 on the National Social Security Agency (BPJS). In the context of reducing maternal mortality rate, midwives become health workers who are at the forefront of national healthcare. Midwives are not only expected to be capable in the face of challenges in the implementation of JKN, but also given the responsibility to reduce maternal mortality rate and reach a universal access towards reproductive healthcare.

The research on JKN, particularly regarding Midwifery Services in Jakarta and Bandung, carried out by Women Research Institute (WRI) reveals a number of findings on the challenges faced by midwives and female JKN participants in accessing midwifery services.


Geomechanical processes involved in mineralisation of several Australian deposits were tested using both continuous and discontinuous modelling techniques. Numerical modelling using both the finite difference method and discrete element method, were carried out by firstly devising conceptual models. This also allowed rigorous sensitivity testing of many input parameters throughout the modelling procedure. Fully coupled deformation and fluid flow modelling was applied to investigate and establish the influence of topography, structure and extension on porous media fluid flow. Iron ore genesis in the Hamersley Province, W.A., has been a contentious genetic issue for many years, with several ore genesis models proposed. Modelling results from this study confirm the mechanical feasibility of focusing both surface and basinal derived fluids towards sites of iron ore genesis during Proterozoic orogenic collapse, providing upward and downward migration of (reduced and oxidised)fluids during deformation, and allowing infiltration of banded iron formations and consequent silica loss during permeability increase, resulting in favourable conditions for ore genesis.

Extension and contractional models of potential scenarios of ore emplacement at the Century Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in northwest Queensland were tested by a combination of 3-D structural modelling and fully coupled fluid flow models.
Three conceptual models were devised, and two of these were fully tested by numerical simulations (diagenetic and epigenetic), the other (syngenetic) by Geological Computer Aided Design (GoCad). Reconstruction of the 3-D structural model displayed thickness and grade relationships to NE trending growth faults, providing evidence that supports a syngenetic model of emplacement. Numerical models provide clear evidence that stratiform Zn-Pb mineralisation is difficult to achieve in subsurface conditions, due to the low permeability of shale units. During contractional deformation, modelling results suggest that it would most probably result in fault or vein style mineralisation at
the Century deposit, due to the proximal nature of fluid focussing relative to the faults.

The Eastern Succession of the Mt Isa Inlier is a mineral rich region, with many large deposits such as Cannington Pb-Zn-Ag, Osborne Cu-Au, and Slewyn Cu-Au. This area has been the focus of mineral exploration for some years, and
evaluating the prospectivity of this region is one of the current goals of the pmd*CRC. Stress partitioning in this region, during the Isan Orogeny, may have played a vital role in determining the locations of mineral deposits as a result of failure and fluid flow. Discrete element modelling of the Eastern Succession provides strong correlations with known ore deposits and prospects, particularly in the Selwyn region, and also provides several testable targets. Comparisons of these results correspond well with other current prospectivity analysis of the region. The results indicate that mineralising fluids were preferentially focussed into zones of anomalous stress in and around fault zone bends and intersections, and intrusive metasediment contacts. Furthermore the optimum
far-field stress that provides the best correlation with known deposit distribution was orientated E/SE rather that E/W, suggesting a component of regional transpression late in the 1600 – 1500 Ma Isan Orogeny.

Extension related mineralisation is commonly linked to near surface fluids penetrating into deeper parts of the crust and possible fluid mixing occurring. The general mechanics of extensional faulting are fairly well understood at a range of scales, and many models have been proposed. Hydrodynamic models, however, are considerably fewer. This study applied fully coupled deformation and fluid flow numerical models to test the role of extensional deformation and its effects on fluid flow, particularly at basement-cover interfaces. Large contrasts in the permeability of the basement and cover restrict fluid exchange between these two units, unless permeable faults or
shear zones are present. Downward migration of fluids is a natural consequence of the extension of dilatant materials where strain rates are high. Rapid decreases in pore pressure, as a result of dilation and failure, may provide mechanisms for mass transfer across basement cover interfaces.


How much diversification is required in an investment-grade credit portfolio to achieve a desired level of risk relative to a broad credit benchmark? Two approaches to optimal portfolio structuring address this fundamental question from different viewpoints. The first seeks to minimize the risk of underperforming a benchmark because of idiosyncratic credit events; the second explores the diversification levels that maximize the information ratio (risk-adjusted outperformance of the benchmark). This study focuses on the impact of rating downgrades on security returns relative to peer groups. Data on the Lehman Brothers Credit Index as well as transition probabilities published by the rating agencies underlie a methodology for estimating portfolio downgrade risk and the optimal diversification levels. Simple models of the value of credit research help the reader analyze the trade-off between increased diversification and diminished performance.


System administration has become an increasingly important function, with the fundamental task being the inspection of computer log-files. It is not, however, easy to perform such tasks for two reasons. One is the high recognition load of log contents due to the massive amount of textual data. It is a tedious, time-consuming and often error-prone task to read through them. The other problem is the difficulty in extracting unusual messages from the log. If an administrator does not have the knowledge or experience, he or she cannot readily recognize unusual log messages. To help address these issues, we have developed a highly interactive visual log browser called "MieLog." MieLog uses two techniques for manual log inspection tasks: information visualization and statistical analysis. Information visualization is helpful in reducing the recognition load because it provides an alternative method of interpreting textual information without reading. Statistical analysis enables the extraction of unusual log messages without domain specific knowledge. We will give three examples that illustrate the ability of the MieLog system to isolate unusual messages more easily than before.


Introduction: The MOCA is a screening device used to assess attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuo-spatial abilities, abstract thinking, calculation, and orientation domains. The main aim of this study is to carry out a cultural adaptation study and to evaluate the predictive validity of the MOCA in Turkish Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients. Materials and Method: The study group consisted of 20 participants (10 women, 10 men) with AD, 20 participants with MCI, and 165 healthy volunteer subjects. Effects of the three variables, the group, age and education level was analyzed with 3 (AD, MCI, control) x 4 (50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80+) x 2 (5-8 year, 9+ year) factorial ANOVA respectively. Results: According to the ANOVA results, the main effect of the group on the MOCA scores and the interaction effect of group and age on the MOCA scores were statistically significant. Conclusion: The MOCA differentiated AD group from MCI and control groups. AD groups failed the tests while MCI and control groups followed them. Our results demonstrate that the MOCA total score significantly correlates with the SMMT score.


Suppose Q is a family of discrete memoryless channels. An unknown member of Q will be available, with perfect, causal output feedback for communication. Is there a coding scheme (possibly with variable transmission time) that can achieve the Burnashev error exponent uniformly over Q ? For two families of channels we show that the answer is yes. Furthermore, for each of these two classes, in addition to achieve the maximum error exponent, it is possible to uniformly attain any given fraction of the channel capacity. Therefore, in terms of achievable rates and delay, there are situations in which the knowledge of the channel becomes irrelevant. In the second part of the thesis, we show that for arbitrary sets of channels the Burnashev error exponent cannot in general be uniformly achieved. In particular we give a sufficient condition for a pair of channels so that no coding strategy reaches Burnashev's exponent simultaneously on both channels. As a third part we study a scenario where communication is carried by first testing the channel by means of a training sequence, then coding according to the channel estimate. We provide an upper bound on the maximum achievable error exponent of such coding schemes. This bound is typically much lower than the maximum achievable error exponent over a channel with feedback. For example in the case of binary symmetric channels this bound has a slope that vanishes at capacity. This result suggests that in terms of error exponent, a good universal feedback scheme combines channel estimation with information delivery, rather than separating them. In the final chapter, we address the question of communicating quickly and reliably. We consider a simple situation of two message communication over a known channel with feedback. We propose a simple decoding rule, and show that it minimizes a weighted combination of the probability of error and decoding delay for a certain range of crossover probabilities and combination weights.


Problem The history of conflict at the Lighthouse Seventh-day Adventist Church can be traced to the different attitudes and approaches toward the corporate worship experience held by the membership. One view of worship is more akin to traditional liturgy and style. One segment of the congregation, composed mainly of older members, prefers the use of hymns, emphasizes reverence in the sanctuary, and is skeptical of drums. Their posture could be considered reflective rather than overtly expressive. The other view of worship is more akin to contemporary elements and style. They prefer more contemporary genres of music, a more contemporary liturgy, and seek greater inclusivity of instruments. Their posture could be considered more expressive than reflective. These competing views created tension within the congregation, which grew into relational strain, unChristlike attitudes, and disengagement from some of the youth. The presence of unresolved conflict, along with the strain caused to relationships, continue to jeopardize the mission and integrity of the church. Method To address the issues of relational conflict a qualitative methods approach using focus groups sought to implement a new communion service that addressed the relational conflict within the church. This qualitative method will be used to assess the congregation's attitudes and interactions during one of the most sacred services of the Christian church, namely the communion service. This has been chosen due to its unique ability to bring people together in commemoration of God's salvation for mankind through Jesus Christ. With new features added to this service it is hoped that healing and reconciliation can take place, and originating issues of conflict can be addressed. It will seek to move the congregation toward relational health as outlined throughout Scripture. Results Over 90% of the members of the second focus group believed that the newly implemented elements of the communion service moved the congregation toward greater relational health. It also produced the following results: (a) the creation of a blended worship experience that incorporated cultural diversity and liturgical preferences. (b) Greater appreciation of cultural differences and reflecting these cultural differences in the communion service, (c) greater membership engagement in solution based dialogue, (d) increased attendance during our preparatory services before the communion service. (e) Improved attitudes toward servant leadership. Conclusions The communion service may provide the following: (a) A theological platform for healing conflicted churches in a similar context. (b) Encourages church leaders be proactive and intentional in leading a congregation toward biblically based solutions for conflict. (c) Contributes to the emerging field of Black pastoral theology and Black practical theology within a Seventh-day Adventist Caribbean context


In labor markets, some individuals have, or believe to have, less data on the determinants of success than others, e.g., due to differential access to technology or role models. We provide experimental evidence on when and how informational differences translate into performance differences. In a laboratory tournament setting, we varied the degree to which individuals were informed about the effort-reward relationship, and whether their competitor received the same or a different amount of information. We find performance is adversely affected only by worse relative, but not absolute, informedness. This suggests that inequity aversion applies not only to outcomes but also to information that helps achieve them, and stresses the importance of inequality in initial information conditions for performance-dependent outcomes.


The Lunar University Network for Astrophysics Research (LUNAR) is a team of researchers and students at leading universities, NASA centers, and federal research laboratories undertaking investigations aimed at using the Moon as a platform for space science. LUNAR research includes Lunar Interior Physics & Gravitation using Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), Low Frequency Cosmology and Astrophysics (LFCA), Planetary Science and the Lunar Ionosphere, Radio Heliophysics, and Exploration Science. The LUNAR team is exploring technologies that are likely to have a dual purpose, serving both exploration and science. There is a certain degree of commonality in much of LUNAR's research. Specifically, the technology development for a lunar radio telescope involves elements from LFCA, Heliophysics, Exploration Science, and Planetary Science; similarly the drilling technology developed for LLR applies broadly to both Exploration and Lunar Science.


RITA TRI PUSPITASARI. Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) at Coastal Forest Ujung Genteng, Sukabumi-West Java. Supervised by Nampiah Sukarno, Kartini Kramadibrata, dan Dede Setiadi. Indonesia is one of the countries that has a megadiversity of microorganisms and has a large area of coastal forests. However, research on microbial diversity particularly AMF as one of the dominant microbes in a coastal forest ecosystems has not been done extensively. The main objective of this research was to study the diversity and distribution of AMF in coastal forest and to analyse effects of salinity on the fungal and plant community at Coastal Forest Ujung Genteng Cape, Sukabumi West Java. This research was carried out in two parts: field, green house and laboratorium experimental activities. Field experimental activities were conducted for vegetation analysis, collecting of plant root system, rhizosphere soils from tree and pole phase,. seedling of understorey plants for fungal colonization analysis, isolation and identification of AMF and soil characteristics, include salinity. Green house and laboratorium activities were carried out for isolation, identification and colonization analysis of AMF. Field research location was divided into three zones, first zone was 0 – 70 m distance from coastal area (P), second zone was 71 – 140 m distance from coastal area (T), and third zone was 141 m distance from coastal until forest up to area in the center (H). Twenty three AMF species from 45 plant rizosphere were identified. The fungi belong to 5 species of Acaulospora, 2 species of Gigaspora, 13 species of Glomus, 1 species of Paraglomus and 2 species of Scutellospora. Glomus geosporum was the most dominant AMF in the ecosystem with the value of frequency was 16.49% 23.67%. Glomus etunicatum, Acaulospora foveata, A. longula, A. scrobiculata, A. tuberculata, and Scutellospora auriglobosa were the AMF that had frequency higher than other species but less than G. geosporum in the field. Results from vegetation analysis indicated that Ujung Genteng Coastal Forest had 68 plant species belonging to 40 families. Dysoxylum parasiticum and Piper cf. baccatum were dominant plants in the ecosystem. The plant community measured at the three zones experimental sites were differed. The similarity index value of the plant community (Is) between coastal P) and center (T) area was 35.42%, between center (T) and forest center (H) was 32.53%, and between coastal edge (P) and forest center (H) was 27.04%. There was no correlation between diversity of plant and diversity of AMF onserved. Diversity of AMF were influenced with all interaction environment factors especially salinity. Two species of AMF had a narrow distribution and found only in a rhizosphere of one plant species . Glomus sp 5. found only in Guettarda speciosa rhizosphere and Glomus sp6. in Salacia sp. rhizosphere. Nineteen species were identified from P zone, 17 species from T zone and 14 species from H zone, with the index diversity values of AMF were 0.73 – 6.64, 0.85 – 4.93 and 1.26 – 4.84, respectively. The salinity at Ujung Genteng Cape was falled in moderate degree with the value of 420 – 1735 μs/cm. The salinity influenced the diversity of AMF and plant community structures. Nineteen species were identified from P zone, 17 species from T zone and 14 species from H zone, with the index diversity values of AMF (D) were 0.73 – 6.64, 0.73 – 6.50 and 1.26 – 4.84, respectively. KEANEKARAGAMAN CENDAWAN MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (CMA) DI HUTAN PANTAI UJUNG GENTENG, SUKABUMI-JAWA BARAT RITA TRI PUSPITASARI Tesis Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Magister Sains pada Depertemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR BOGOR 2005 Judul Tesis : Keanekaragaman Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula (CMA) di Hutan Pantai Ujung Genteng, Sukabumi-Jawa Barat Nama : Rita Tri Puspitasari NIM : G425010141 Disetujui Komisi Pembimbing Dr. Ir. Nampiah Sukarno Ketua Dr. Kartini Kramadibrata Dr. Ir. H. Dede Setiadi, MS. Anggota Anggota