The general history of the nominal plural formations in English has been widely known, but there has been little investigation about how the spread of the s -plural during the Early Middle English period proceeded in dialects of England. The way that the spread of - s was late and slow in the southern dialects is particularly interesting in terms of the contrast they make with the northern dialects as well as in terms of the theory of lexical diffusion. Based on a large number of examples collected from texts for quantification, the present paper makes an enquiry into the order and schedule along which the s -plural spread at the expense of other plural formations in the southern dialects. It also attempts to propose a fresh view of lexical diffusion as a bundle of overlapping S-curves.


STUDY QUESTION
Does male alcohol consumption affect fecundability?

SUMMARY ANSWER
In data pooled across Danish and North American preconception cohort studies, we found little evidence of an association between male alcohol consumption and reduced fecundability.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Experimental and clinical studies have shown that alcohol affects male reproductive physiology, mainly by altering male reproductive hormones and spermatogenesis. However, few epidemiologic studies have examined the association between alcohol consumption and male fertility.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Data were collected from two ongoing prospective preconception cohort studies: the Danish 'SnartForaeldre' (SF) study (662 couples) and the North American 'Pregnancy Study Online' (PRESTO) (2017 couples). Participants included in the current analysis were enrolled from August 2011 through June 2019 (SF) and from June 2013 through June 2019 (PRESTO).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Eligible men were aged ≥18 years in SF and ≥21 years in PRESTO, in a stable relationship with a female partner and not using contraception or receiving fertility treatment. In both cohorts, alcohol consumption/serving size was self-reported as number of beers (330 mL/12 oz.), glasses of white or red wine (120 mL/4 oz. each), dessert wine (50 mL/2 oz.) and spirits (20 mL/1.5 oz.). Overall alcohol consumption was categorized as none, 1-5, 6-13 and ≥14 standard servings per week. Total menstrual cycles at risk were calculated using data from female partners' follow-up questionnaires, which were completed every 8 weeks until self-reported pregnancy or 12 menstrual cycles, whichever came first. Analyses were restricted to couples that had been trying to conceive for ≤6 cycles at study entry. Proportional probability regression models were used to compute fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). We adjusted for male and female age, female partner's alcohol consumption, intercourse frequency, previous history of fathering a child, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, smoking and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and caffeine.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
The cumulative proportion of couples who conceived during 12 cycles of follow-up were 1727 (64.5%). The median (interquartile range) of total male alcohol consumption was 4.5 (2.0-7.8) and 4.1 (1.0-8.6) standard servings per week in the SF and PRESTO cohorts, respectively. In pooled analyses, adjusted FRs for male alcohol consumption of 1-5, 6-13 and ≥14 standard servings per week compared with no alcohol consumption were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.90-1.17), 1.10 (95% CI: 0.96-1.27) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.81-1.18), respectively. For SF, adjusted FRs of 1-5, 6-13 and ≥14 standard servings per week compared with no alcohol consumption were 0.97 (95% CI: 0.73-1.28), 0.81 (95% CI: 0.60-1.10) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.51-1.30), respectively. For PRESTO, adjusted FRs of 1-5, 6-13 and ≥14 standard servings per week compared with no alcohol consumption were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.88-1.18), 1.20 (95% CI: 1.03-1.40) and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.84-1.26), respectively.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Male alcohol consumption was ascertained at baseline only, and we did not distinguish between regular and binge drinking. In addition, we had insufficient numbers to study the effects of specific types of alcoholic beverages. As always, residual confounding by unmeasured factors, such as dietary factors and mental health, cannot be ruled out. Comorbidities thought to play a role in the reproductive setting (i.e. cancer, metabolic syndrome) were not considered in this study; however, the prevalence of cancer and diabetes was low in this age group. Findings for the highest categories of alcohol consumption (6-13 and ≥14 servings/week) were not consistent across the two cohorts.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Despite little evidence of an association between male alcohol consumption and reduced fecundability in the pooled analysis, data from the Danish cohort might indicate a weak association between reduced fecundability and consumption of six or more servings per week.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01-HD060680, R01-HD086742, R21-HD050264, R21-HD072326, R03-HD090315), the Novo Nordisk Foundation, Oticon Fonden, Politimester J.P.N. Colind og hustru Asmine Colinds mindelegat and Erna og Peter Houtveds studielegat. PRESTO receives in-kind donations from FertilityFriend.com, Kindara.com, Swiss Precision Diagnostics and Sandstone Diagnostics for the collection of data pertaining to fertility. Dr Wise serves as a consultant on uterine leiomyomata for AbbVie.com. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.


Gary McGraw interviews, Bob Blakley, the VP and research director of Burton Group's Identity and Privacy Strategies. Before joining Burton Group, he was chief scientist for security and privacy at IBM. Blakley is active in the security research community, having served as general chair at Oakland and also for the New Security Paradigms Conferences. He's also participated in the US National Academy of Sciences Study Group on Authentication and Privacy. You can find additional podcasts in this series, including those featuring Matt Blaze, Kay Connelly, Bill Brenner, and Laurie Williams, at www.computer.org/security/podcasts/ or www.cigital.com/silverbullet/.


We study stochastic variants of flow-based global constraints as combinatorial chance constraints. As a specific case study, we focus on the stochastic weighted alldifferent constraint. We first show that determining the consistency of this constraint is NP-hard. We then show how the combinatorial structure of the alldifferent constraint can be used to define chance-based filtering, and to compute a policy. Our propagation algorithm can be extended immediately to related flow-based constraints such as the weighted cardinality constraint. The main benefits of our approach are that our chance-constrained global constraints can be integrated naturally in classical deterministic CP systems, and are more scalable than existing approaches for stochastic constraint programming.


Extramedullary plasmacytoma occurs in 18% of patients with multiple myeloma. Laryngeal involvement in multiple myeloma is rare, and only a few cases have been reported. We present a case of a 44-year-old women with multiple myeloma who presented with stridor due to a mass involving the larynx which was initially proven to be plasmacytoma on biopsy. She had evidence of multiple myeloma of IgA lambda subtype. She was treated with bortezomib containing chemotherapy followed by lenalidomide as maintenance therapy. She attained complete remission and is alive in remission at 3 years of treatment.


Toward the improvement of interactions between teachers and at-risk students, and academic achievement, this correlation study explored teachers' attitudes about cultivating teacher-student relationships and the connection to academic gains. Specifically, the current study investigated the relationship among three constructs: teacher support for student autonomy, teacher sense of responsibility for positive teacher-student relationships, and student academic gains among middle school students in a high minority, low socioeconomic middle school district in Georgia. Based on self-determination theory, teacher valuation of fostering teacher-student interactions was operationalized by the Problems in Schools Questionnaire (PIS) and Teacher Responsibility Scale (TRS). Teacher level growth percentile median data from the 2013-2014 Criterion Referenced Competency Test (CRCT) administration were used to assess student achievement. Information from the PIS and TRS, administered online to 43 middle school teachers, was paired with teacher growth percentile medians. Pearson and Spearman Rho correlations were run in SPSS v24 to determine relationships between teacher sense of responsibility for teacher-student relationships, their support for student autonomy and performance of their students on the 20132014 CRCT. Though no significant association between teachers' beliefs about teacher-student interactions and student achievement was found, this study found that teachers of at-risk students support student autonomy and indicate a sense of responsibility for fostering positive teacherstudent relationships.


Intraocular light scatter is high in certain subject groups eg the elderly, due to increased optical media turbidity, which scatters and attenuates light travelling towards the retina. This causes reduced retinal contrast especially in the presence of glare light. Such subjects have depressed Contrast Sensitivity Functions (CSF). Currently available clinical tests do not effectively reflect this visual disability. Intraocular light scatter may be quantified by measuring the CSF with and without glare light and calculating Light Scatter Factors (LSF). To record the CSF on clinically available equipment (Nicolet CS2000), several psychophysical measurement techniques were investigated, and the 60 sec Method of Increasing Contrast was selected as the most appropriate. It was hypothesised that intraocular light scatter due to particles of different dimensions could be identified by glare sources at wide (30°) and narrow (3.5°) angles. CSFs andLSFs were determined for: (i) Subjects in young, intermediate and old age groups. (ii) Subjects during recovery from large amounts of induced corneal oedema. (iii) A clinical sample of contact lens (CL) wearers with a group of matched controls. The CSF was attenuated at all measured spatial frequencies with the intermediate and old group compared to the young group. High LSF values were found only in the old group (over 60 years). It was concluded that CSF attenuation in the intermediate group was due to reduced pupil size, media absorption and/or neural factors. In the old group, the additional factor was high intraocular light scatter levels of lenticular origin. The rate of reduction of the LSF for the 3.5° glare angle was steeper than that for the 30° angle, following induced corneal oedema. This supported the hypothesis, as it was anticipated that epithelial oedema would recover more rapidly than stromal oedema. CSFs and LSFs were markedly abnormal in the CL wearers. The analytical details and the value of these investigative techniques in contact lens research are discussed.


OpenView System Administration Handbook: Network Node Manager, Customer Views, Service Information Portal, OpenView OperationsTammy ZitelloDeborah WilliamsPaul WeberUse OpenView tools to improve network performance, availability, and valuePlanning, installation, customization, security, optimization, scalability, troubleshooting, and more"I would recommend this book to my students." --Emil Velez, Technical Consultant - Education, HPThe comprehensive, authoritative guide to OpenView administrationThis is the first comprehensive, hands-on guide to using OpenView administration tools to maximize network performance, availability, and value. You'll find expert guidance on planning, customization, automation, security, optimization, troubleshooting, and a whole lot more.After a practical review of network management and SNMP, three HP consultants walk you through using Network Node Manager (NNM) to monitor network connectivity -- and adapting NNM to your unique requirements. Next, you'll discover how to use Customer Views (CV) containers to manage your most important resources, from customers to Internet sites. The authors offer realistic guidance on managing networks across the Web using HP's Service Information Portal, and on monitoring computers and software with OpenView Operations (OVO). Coverage includes: Overcoming obstacles to successful network and system management Planning for deployment: a best-practices checklist Running NNM: discovery, symbols, objects, alarms, and queries Customizing NNM: submaps, application integration, custom symbols/fields, and more CV: providing a logical view of devices based on customer ownership SIP: making management information Web-accessible, step-by-step Managing data collection and event configuration Scalability and distribution: remote consoles, filters, and Distributed Internet Monitoring Roles, service levels, installation, configuration, agents, policies, and day-to-day administration Taking full advantage of Smart Plug-Ins (SPI) Improving flexibility by adding Multiple Management Servers Includes OpenView Command Quick Reference GuideIf you're a network/system administrator running OpenView under HP-UX, Unix, or Windows, OpenView System Administration Handbook will make you more productive, more effective, and more valuable.COMPANION WEB SITEContains scripts and files to simplify and automate OpenView administrationPRENTICE HALL Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 http://www.phptr.comISBN: 0-13-035209-8© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.


ABSTRACT The article compares and contrasts the provision of some restorative practices in cases of sexual violence in three European countries: Belgium, Ireland and Norway. It begins by briefly outlining efforts to address the 'justice gap' experienced by victims of sexual violence within conventional justice systems. The article points to calls for the development of alternative or complementary innovative justice responses to sexual violence. It suggests that restorative justice advocates believe they can deliver a participatory, empowering and flexible form of restorative justice, which can run in tandem with conventional criminal justice processes. However, it is noted that the application of restorative approaches to cases of sexual violence has engendered some controversy. The article points to considerable inter-country divergence in the extent to which restorative justice is accessible to victims of sexual crimes and to the emergence of country-specific patterns in the provision of restorative justice in cases of sexual violence.


Dry eye is a common ocular surface inflammatory disease that significantly affects quality of life. Dysfunction of the lacrimal function unit (LFU) alters tear composition and breaks ocular surface homeostasis, facilitating chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Accordingly, the most effective treatments to date are geared towards reducing inflammation and restoring normal tear film. The pathogenic role of CD4+ T cells is well known, and the field is rapidly realizing the complexity of other innate and adaptive immune factors involved in the development and progression of disease. The data support the hypothesis that dry eye is a localized autoimmune disease originating from an imbalance in the protective immunoregulatory and proinflammatory pathways of the ocular surface.


A colony of domestic rabbits in Tennessee, USA, experienced a high-mortality (~90%) outbreak of enterocolitis. The clinical characteristics were one to six days of lethargy, bloating, and diarrhea, followed by death. Heavy intestinal coccidial load was a consistent finding as was mucoid enteropathy with cecal impaction. Preliminary analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles in the stool of one of the affected rabbits. Analysis using the Virochip, a viral detection microarray, suggested the presence of an astrovirus, and follow-up PCR and sequence determination revealed a previously uncharacterized member of that family. Metagenomic sequencing enabled the recovery of the complete viral genome, which contains the characteristic attributes of astrovirus genomes. Attempts to propagate the virus in tissue culture have yet to succeed. Although astroviruses cause gastroenteric disease in other mammals, the pathogenicity of this virus and the relationship to this outbreak remains to be determined. This study therefore defines a viral species and a potential rabbit pathogen.


INTRODUCTION Compensation is a strategic human resource management function (Mani, 2000; Rynes et al., 2002) where it may be defined from organizational, individual, and language perspectives. In terms of language, compensation is also known as salary and wage, remuneration, reward and/or pay system and is often used interchangeably in organizations (Henderson, 2006; Milkovich and Newman, 2008). From an individual's perspective, compensation is seen as non-membership and membership rewards that are necessarily needed by employees to meet their basic needs and improve standards of living in society (Henderson, 2006; Maurer et al., 1995). From an organizational perspective, compensation is often viewed as an employer's designs and administrations of the various types of pay systems (i.e., non-financial and financial payments) in rewarding its employees who perform job or service (Becker and Gerhart, 1996; Heneman, 2002). Traditionally, most employers design pay systems based on internal organizational variables whereby the type, level and/amount of pay are allocated to employees based on job structure. This perspective emphasizes on pays based on tenure, length of service, seniority, and/or membership and service (Anthony et al., 1996; Heneman and LeBlanc, 2003; Sliedgart et al., 2001). These pay systems are perceived as Taylorist's product, suitable for manufacturing-based industries operating in s table and predictable business conditions and focusing on organizational tactical objectives as a direction (Anthony et al., 1996; Henderson, 2006). In an era of globalization, many organizations shift traditional job-based pay to that based on organizational strategy and culture. Under this perspective, pay systems are designed based on external organizational variables whereby the fluctuation of pay types, levels and/amounts are allocated to employees based on merits, knowledge, skills and/or performance (Brown et al., 2003; Lawler, 1995, 2000; Yanadori and Marler, 2006). Although the rules for distributing pays based on performance and job are different, they may be used as complementary to attract, retain and motivate competent employees to support organizational and human resource management's strategies and goals (Anthony et al., 1996; Lawler, 1995, 2000). Pay Level It is a crucial pay design issue where it is often defined as the average of the group of rates which includes a combination of several pay components such as base pay, increases, benefits, allowances and perquisites (Henderson, 2006; Gerhart and Milkovich, 1990; Trevor and Graham, 2000). The average of the array of pay rates received by an employee for his/her job differ according to jobs in the organization, jobs in a specific department, or a combination of any job types in the organization for achieving external competitive equity (Anthony et al., 1996; Henderson, 2006). Pay level is often established for the similar and/or different work groups based on the balancing between external equity variables (e.g., economic pressures, government policies, laws and regulations, stakeholders and cultures, and customs) and internal equity variables (e.g., corporate strategy, management philosophy, type of job, and level of productivity). Survey and job evaluation methods are often used to assess the significance of such variables, and information gathered from such methods will be used to set up pay level policies for the various types of job categories in organizations (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1990; Groshen, 1991; Henderson, 2006; Trevor and Graham, 2000). Most organizations implement three types of pay level, namely the lead, the match, or the lag policies (Bloom and Milkovich, 1998; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2000; Klaas and McClendon, 1996). The lead policy is normally set-up by an employer to provide higher wages for its employee than the average wage paid by competitors. For example, incentives are often provided as a variable pay when an organization increases productivity, quality improvements, cost saving and/or profit (Bloom and Michel, 2002; Maurer et al. …


The close linkages between climate change adaptation and development have led to calls for addressing the two issues in an integrated way. 'Mainstreaming' climate information, policies and measures into ongoing development planning and decision‐making has been proposed as one solution, seen as making more sustainable, effective and efficient use of resources than designing and managing climate policies separately from ongoing development activities. But what does mainstreaming look like in practice? This article explores the process of mainstreaming, drawing on the country case study of Bangladesh, one of the countries that have made significant progress on adaptation planning and mainstreaming. The article begins by making the case for mainstreaming, by exploring the linkages and trade‐offs between adaptation and development and describing the various approaches to mainstreaming from the literature. Second, it considers how to implement mainstreaming in practice, reviewing an existing four‐step framework. Examining this framework against the plethora of mainstreaming experiences in Bangladesh, the article considers how the framework can be used as a tool for assessing the progress of mainstreaming progress in Bangladesh. The article concludes that while the framework is useful for considering some of the preconditions necessary for getting mainstreaming underway, experiences of mainstreaming in Bangladesh reflect a much more complex patchwork of processes and stakeholders that need to be taken into consideration in further research on this topic. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:37–51. doi: 10.1002/wcc.226


The garden is essentially an extensive open space that can include various types of closed spaces within. However, in some cases, there are various types of open space combined in the garden according to defined arrangements. This poses a new form and a variation in the structure of the classical Persian Garden, which is the subject of the present investigation. The general scheme of a Persian Garden is a wide and open space, and in the case of gardens of Birjand, garden space that is integrated with other types of smaller scale open spaces to create new combinations. These gardens are similar in structure, composed in an orderly yet simple layout and integrated with smaller open spaces. These auxiliary spaces range in scale from a small yard to an extensive area like a garden itself. They can even be the size of a bay of a mahtabi in front of the main building which overlooks the whole garden or can be the size of a stone-paved roof that looks out on its surrounding plains. These open spaces attach to the garden space in a number of ways, each with a distinct function. They include the andaruni courtyard, open courtyard, loading area, entrance yard, mahtabi, roof, soffeh, sharemi, meydancheh, jelo-khan, and orchard. The main function of these spaces relates to the residential aspect of a garden, i.e., they either form a private andarun area, or grow larger to house different activities pertaining to residential life in a garden, and important enough to be landscaped. Moreover, other types of these spaces provide special views to the garden, contributing to the recreational aspect of a garden. In addition, there are other spaces that create hierarchy and provide the possibility of extension of the garden space, or define a zone around which buildings can be arranged, all of which relate to the geometric structure of a garden. These spaces denote a special way of life which is investigated and categorized in this paper. Examination of gardens of Birjand is the clue to further research on Persian Gardens, and essential to determining whether other not-yet-studied gardens of Iran pose the same spatial combinations.


Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells have emerged, in the last decade, as a viable technology for power generation and energy conversion. Fuel cell (FC) engines for vehicular applications possess many attributes such as high fuel efficiency, low emission, quiet and low temperature operation, and modularity. An important phenomenon limiting fuel cell performance is the two-phase flow and transport of fuel and oxidant from flow channels to reaction sites. In this paper a mathematical model is presented to study the two-phase flow dynamics, multi-component transport and electrochemical kinetics in the air cathode, the most important component of the hydrogen PEM fuel cell. A major feature of the present model is that it unifies single- and two-phase analyses for low and high current densities, respectively, and it is capable of predicting the threshold current density corresponding to the onset of liquid water formation in the air cathode. A numerical study based on the finite volume method is then undertaken to calculate the detailed distributions of local current density, oxygen concentration, water vapor concentration and liquid water saturation as well as their effects on the cell polarization curve. The simulated polarization curve and predicted threshold current density corresponding to the onset of liquid water formation for a single-channel, 5cm2 fuel cell compare favorably with experimental results. Quantitative comparisons with experiments presently being conducted at our laboratory will be reported in a forthcoming paper.


In the past twenty years, the Arctic Council has become the most important international forum for policy making in the Arctic. Another success ascribed to the intergovernmental forum is the inclusion of emerging issues in its work. With regard to the overall circumpolar agenda, Klaus Dodds and Mark Nuttall observed a representational shift and argued that recently issues related to business are increasingly prioritized. The purpose of this article is two-fold: It first examines in how far the agenda of the Arctic Council has shifted similarly. It further addresses the identification of "emerging issues" more generally to discuss how concerns related to business have been introduced in the Arctic Council in the first place. In this regard, the article focuses on priorities set by member states during their chairmanships as member states are widely perceived as agenda-shapers in the Arctic Council and touches on three central questions: What priorities were set under the different Arctic Council chairmanships in the past? Why were these priorities regarded as important in their respective programs? And how were these priorities reviewed in the Arctic Council? To address these questions, this article looks predominantly at official Chairmanship programs, the contextualization of issues related to business and their discussion in Ministerial meetings. In the conclusion, this article offers an assessment of whether or not the Arctic Council is moving from being a forum enforcing environmental cooperation to becoming a "business forum" and discusses the wider implications of shifting agendas in the Arctic Council.


Logistics firms play an important role in the economy but they have received little attention in strategic management and logistics management literature. This paper intends to fill in this gap by looking a specific strategising process, innovation, at an international third party logistics (TPL) firm. Using strategy as a practice perspective, the paper describes and analyses how innovation emerges and evolves over time. Drawing on an in-depth longitudinal case study of an international TPL firm, this study shows that intra-organisational interactions as well as inter-organisational interactions are essential in the innovation process at logistics firms. The innovation process at logistics firms is complicated and includes both top-down and bottom-up processes. It is vertically decoupled and multidirectional. Innovation at logistics firms emerges as a combination of an ad hoc response to a customer request and a purpose-driven interactive process.


The primary goal of this research is to analyze the customer satisfaction and loyalty of the online customers in Norway. The theoretical framework discusses in brief about the effects of customer loyalty and retention on customer satisfaction. The study on customer satisfaction and loyalty has been done from the perspective of a firm performing online business. To understand the customer satisfaction and loyalty level of online Norwegian shoppers, we pursued with the collection of quantitative data with the help of online survey. For survey purposes, a questionnaire was prepared and made available in www.nisaa.dk/survey. This study has no limits regarding different product categories. From marketing and strategic point of view we will point out those factors that might affect the customers, while purchasing goods online. To measure the customer satisfaction and loyalty of online shoppers in Norway, the survey results are calculated with the help of Simple Random Sampling method and Net Promoter Score (NPS) model. The results of the survey reveal that while a good percentage of Norwegians are satisfied with online shopping only less than half of them stay loyal to their online sellers. However, on the long run, these customers will be loyal and can be retained only when online businesses constantly satisfy them by providing detailed product information on websites, superior customer service, quality and timely delivery of goods and importantly effective website designs. Thesis key words: Online shopping, Customer satisfaction, Loyalty, E-commerce, Norway.


According to many in the bankruptcy field, small business debtors are increasingly turning to state debtor-creditors laws as an alternative to federal bankruptcy relief. One particularly popular state law is the assignment for the benefit of creditors. The conventional wisdom is that these procedures provide a state law alternative to liquidate a business. This article reports the results of an original empirical study that challenges this conventional wisdom. Gathering data from every assignment for the benefit of creditors in a major metropolitan area over a three year period, this study shows that debtors and their secured creditors are using these procedures not just to liquidate a business but also to sell the business as a going concern, free and clear of interests. These going concern sales, particularly when sold to insiders of the debtor, are actually more like corporate reorganization than liquidation. These findings raise important questions about the role of these state law alternatives and the way they interact with the federal bankruptcy laws. These questions, in turn, may help inform debates about reforming the bankruptcy laws, particularly as applied to small business debtors.


Context: Examination of bone is important for identification of sex of an individual. The present study was planned to collect data regarding sagittal length of human dry ossified second cervical vertebrae and to find out possible variations in male and female. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2012 to December 2012. The study materials consist of 156 human dry ossified second cervical vertebrae of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed in male and female sex groups by discriminant function analysis technique. Results: Among 156 vertebrae 55.77% was male and 44.23% was female. The mean (±SD) sagittal length of second cervical vertebrae was greater in male than that of female (P<0.001). Conclusion: Sagittal length of second cervical vertebra was greater in male compared to female. The differences in length can be useful in sex differentiation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v12i1.22610 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2014, Vol. 12 No. 1 pp 07-10


This comparative study examines the theory that there is no difference between the effectiveness of the UK and French construction industries in the achievement of satisfaction with construction performance as perceived by the client. The thesis is divided into three main stages, the first being a qualitative study which defines effectiveness in the context of similarities and differences between comparative cultural, legal and economic frameworks, economic and output performance, procurement systems and project management strategies. The first stage includes a rationale for a crossnational comparative study and its implications for the selected triangulated research approach which combines qualitative and quantitative methods to achieve objectives. A review of earlier research studies in the UK indicates that client sophistication or expertise and participation in the construction project, lead to improvements in the achievement of client satisfaction, establishing these concepts as significant factors affecting construction performance. The selection of criteria to be used for the evaluation of construction industry performance in the second stage quantitative study, together with the associated concepts of expertise and participation, are defined and justified and incorporated as variables into a pilot survey used to test their applicability to both UK and French industries.
The second stage covers the quantitative analysis of client perceptions of construction industry performance based on a main questionnaire sent to public and private client groups in each country. Analysis is based on social science research methodology which incorporates comparative cross-cultural considerations and uses descriptive and inferential statistics, calculated with the SPSS system, to provide graphical and tabulated data.
The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses are examined in a concluding section which discusses and critically evaluates the relationships and inferences produced by the data, in the context of cultural and organisational similarities and differences between the two countries and the implications for the assessment of comparative effectiveness of construction performance, from the client's perspective


Mortality rate caused by bacteria infections is increasing to nearly 20 million
deaths each year, world wide. One of the common causes contributing to the death
is the increasing number of antibiotic resistance pathogens including Methicillin
Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase
(ESBL) organisms, and Multiple Drug Resistant Organism (MDRO). Therefore,
this study was designed to explore an alternative antibacterial product derived from
seaweed extracts, Gracilaria changii and Euchema denticulatum, through several
approaches including bioassays and molecular biology tools especially the study of
DNA and RNA encoding genes of interest in MRSA and non-MRSA.
Bioassay studies revealed that G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts showed
inhibitory activity only on gram positive organisms tested including S. aureus and
Streptococcus pyogenes which were expressed in terms of minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. Thus,gram negative pathogens tested including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae,
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistant phenotypic
pattern to both extracts. Since G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts showed
inhibitory activity against S. aureus, five genes in this pathogen were chosen to
study the effect of both seaweed extracts on the genes through PCR and RT-PCR
analysis. The results indicated genes for DNA repair, adaB; cell wall biogenesis
gene, sav1017; and mecA gene yielding substantial effect by showing changes in
the sequence of the genes. Based on the changes in the selected gene sequences of
treated S. aureus isolates, the inhibitory activity for both seaweeds extracts on the
respective genes is predicted according to the function of each gene. G. changii
and E. denticulatum extracts were predicted to interfere with the function of adaB
gene in producing the methyltransferase enzyme which was involved in the DNA
repair in S. aureus. Both extracts were also predicted to interfere with the activity
of sav1017 gene in producing UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine transferase enzyme
which is involved in the peptidoglycan synthesis in S. aureus since peptidoglycan
is the major component in the cell wall of bacteria. However, the predicted
inhibitory mechanism of both seaweeds extracts on mecA gene cannot be
speculated based on the present research approach.
As a conclusion, G. changii and E. denticulatum extract can be categorized as a
narrow spectrum antibacterial agent against S. aureus and S. pyogenes in vitro. The
effectiveness of both seaweed extracts in affecting cell wall synthesis and DNA
repair gene in S. aureus has significant conotation. The finding of antibacterial
activity by both extracts against MRSA and non-MRSA strains is hoped to have potential in producing alternative antibacterial agents from natural resources,
against resistant S. aureus to reduce the infections and fatality.


The article is devoted to the Moscow market for professional photography, including wedding, portrait, and so called love story pictures. The photographs, which are popular in the market, provide us with an understanding what kind of values can be found in contemporary society and what development trends can be revealed. The author considers photography through the lens of the social senses of photographers and their clients as market actors. The main idea of the paper is to demonstrate how consumer demand for professional photography is socially constructed and what photographers do in order to attract new clients. For that purpose, first the author pays attention to key functions of photography discussed in the existing theoretical literature. Then, she considers the recent studies on self-presentation and image construction within online social networks (also with the help of pictures). Finally, the paper proposes an economic sociological approach to the market for professional photography. This allows the author to deal with the peculiarities of the studied market. In order to find answers through research tasks, the author conducted semi-structured interviews with main market participants, including photographers and their clients (13 interviews). To illustrate consumer preferences, related to image creation, the author presents the results of content analysis of 200 professional pictures posted by users of online social network services. Research findings explain why the preferences and consumers are different and demonstrate a lack of creation and art in the studied market.


Abstract
We replicate and extend the social history treatment of the Berg, Dickhaut, and McCabe (1995) investment game, to further document how the reporting of financial history influences how laboratory societies organize themselves over time. We replicate Berg et al. (1995) by conducting a No History and a Financial History session to determine whether a report summarizing the financial transactions of a previous experimental session will significantly reduce entropy in the amounts sent by Investors and returned by Stewards in the investment game, as Berg et al. (1995) found. We extend Berg et al. (1995) in two ways. First, we conduct a total of five sessions (one No History and four Financial History sessions). Second, we introduce Shannon's (1948) measure of entropy from information theory to assess whether the introduction of financial transaction history reduces the amount of dispersion in the amounts invested and returned across generations of players. Results across sessions indicate that entropy declined in both the amounts sent by Investors and the percentage returned by Stewards, but these patterns are weaker and mixed compared to those in the Berg et al. (1995) study. Additional research is needed to test how initial conditions, path dependencies, actors' strategic reasoning about others' behavior, multiple sessions, and communication may mediate the impact of financial history. The study's multiple successive Financial History sessions and entropy measure are new to the investment game literature.


This report is the second published by the AIC arising from its national video courts research program (the AVL Project) and documents the development and implementation of AVL (audiovisual link) technologies in the criminal courts in Australia, before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019. An accompanying report assesses the practical and legal considerations that need to be taken into account when adopting AVL technologies in the criminal courts (Smith, Savage & Emami 2021). In 2017, 196 criminal cases in the largest states were observed by AIC researchers in person for the purposes of documenting the operation of systems in practice. Although there is some variability in the maturity of AVL systems in different jurisdictions, it is clear that they now occupy a central role in the administration of criminal justice throughout Australia—particularly since the onset of the pandemic. This report identifies a number of advantages and limitations of the technologies used and offers some practical solutions that could help to make systems more efficient and fairer for all involved.


The aim of this article is to help demonstrate that libraries are vital institutions for improving human resources. These human resources are the wealth of nation, and adult education, which helps in the development of these resources, provide foundations for adult learners. Public libraries play a crucial role in lifelong learning and increasing information literacy for adult learners.


Community participation, defined as engaging users of schemes in the decision-making processes for the planning and implementation of irrigation projects, is critical for the sustainability of irrigation schemes. This study was carried out in three regional states of Ethiopia to investigate the contribution of water user associations (WUAs) to sustaining participation in irrigation projects. The paper demonstrates that the poor understanding of community participation and institutional development by project staff in donor-supported irrigation projects results in the poor performance of WUAs in enhancing participation in irrigation systems. The interventions of external bodies in setting up the WUA by-laws and in determining the responsibilities of users and WUA committees contributed to the low level of participation. The transfer of schemes to WUAs without building WUA committees' abilities in operation and maintenance constrained their ability to sustainably manage irrigation schemes. The WUA committees are male-dominated and the views of women are hardly represented in the decision making. Therefore, establishing WUA committees that reflect the interests and inputs of scheme users is crucial to achieve fair decision making. Local authorities and non-governmental organizations could do more to change perceptions and behaviour to reflect the importance of gender equity in sustaining the positive outcomes of irrigation at household and community levels.


The notion that an ideological competition between Iran and Turkey would determine the internal evolution and external orientation of post-Soviet Muslim republics was simplistic and deeply flawed. ********** By mid 1990, it became increasingly clear that the Soviet Union as then structured would not endure and that most of its constituent republics, including those in Central Asia and the Caucasus, would sooner or later become independent. Two questions preoccupied the minds of analysts and governments, especially those in the West: first, what philosophical framework would replace communism as the organizing principle of post-Soviet societies and guide their external orientation? Second, in the case of the largely Muslim southern republics, which one of their close or distant neighbors with ethnic and cultural links would gain the greatest influence in the region and potentially act as a model for their social and political organization? THE CONTEST FOR IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Most Western writings of the late 1980s and early 1990s cast the competition for influence in the region between Iran and Turkey. An important aspect of this contest was ideological. Iran, on the one hand, represented the dreaded Islamic model. The fear was that Iran, seeking to export its vision of an Islam-based government and polity to the post-Soviet Muslim republics, could win favor in a region experiencing an Islamic revival after 70 years of active repression. Turkey, on the other hand, represented the prototype of a modern, secular and democratic Muslim state. While Turkey was a Western ally, Iran was still perceived as a threat to Western interests. The West thus promoted Turkey as a model to be emulated and supported the spread of Turkish influence in the Muslim-inhabited regions of the former Soviet Union (FSU), while attempting to thwart ties between Iran and the newly independent Muslim republics. The United States in particular was bent on preventing Iran from establishing any significant presence in Central Asia and the Caucasus. U.S. Secretary of State James Baker made this pointedly clear during a visit to Central Asia in January 1992. In later years, it became part of the broader U.S. strategy of containing and isolating Iran in the context of the Clinton administration's policy of "Dual Containment." (1) The notion that an ideological competition between Iran and Turkey would determine the internal evolution and external orientation of post-Soviet Muslim republics was simplistic and deeply flawed. Analysts at the time pointed out the weaknesses of this perspective. Iran and Turkey did not have the resources to effectively permeate the region; the influence of key international actors--most notably the United States, but also Russia and Europe--carried greater weight. The Central Asian states were not passive recipients of ideas and models of development, but active participants in the complex and dynamic process of nation-building. (2) Furthermore, Iran underwent fundamental changes in its domestic priorities and foreign policy. Perceiving Iran as an Islamic threat ignored the vast changes the nation experienced in the aftermath of both its eight-year war with Iraq and the Persian Gulf War of 1991. THE CHANGING FACE OF IRAN'S DOMESTIC CHALLENGES At the end of the Iran-Iraq War in August 1988, Iran shifted its priorities from the exportation of revolutionary Islam to internal political consolidation and economic reconstruction. After eight years of war and suffering, it was in desperate need of economic improvement, without which its political stability would have been jeopardized. (3) With the death of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini on 5 June 1989, the Iranian leadership faced its greatest challenge yet, bringing its internal dilemmas to a head. How could it effect a smooth transition to a post-Khomeini era and improve its economic situation while maintaining the basic structures of the Islamic regime that Khomeini built? …


The doctrinal intricacies related to the teaching of other-power and the absence of precepts in Shin Buddhism have not traditionally prevented the development of a distinctive ethic and forms of social interaction. The data from a survey conducted by the author among a sample of Shin Buddhist practitioners show that high expectations of good social behavior are still present within the religious community, and that there is a meaningful correspondence between morals and religious consciousness. Practitioners seem to be oriented toward core Shin Buddhist values such as compassion, responding in gratitude to the Buddha's benevolence, and peace of mind; traditional Japanese values which are generally related to human relationships, and, in the case of lay followers, also ancestor veneration; and other core Shin Buddhist values such as equality and nonviolence, which may be also characterized as modern values. There are indications that the inclination toward a rich interior religious life does not preclude interesting levels of social engagement, an anti-discriminatory attitude, and support for peace and nonviolence, which also appear to be positively correlated to high standards of religious consciousness. However, the latter is also shown to affect the inclination to religious exclusivism, and to be intertwined with patriotism and ethno-cultural defense. KEYWORDS: Shin Buddhism-social ethics-religious consciousness-Shin Buddhist values-traditional Japanese values-modern values (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) One of the major characteristics of Shin Buddhism (Jodo Shinshu ..., literally "True Pure Land school"), the tradition of Japanese Buddhism which traces back to the work and activities of Shinran ... (1173?1262), lies in its guarded attitude toward normative ethics. This is a direct consequence of the emphasis placed on the "other-power" of Amida Nyorai as the source of religious liberation, that is, birth in the Pure Land. This does not mean, however, that in Shin Buddhism no room is left for moral action guided by religious principles. This approach to an internalized version of Mahayana ethics, namely, morality without precepts, may be already seen at work in Shinran's thought, and continues to characterize much of the doctrinal debate on social ethics, as well as forms of social activism within Shin Buddhism. At the individual level there are signs that the moral expectations of the practitioners might be quite high, but so far there has been scant attention in the field of religious studies to the character of Shin Buddhist ethics and its interplay with the level of religious consciousness. The analysis of these two issues will be pursued in this article through the data of a survey carried out by the author in Japan among a sample of Shin Buddhist practitioners. Shin Buddhist Social Ethics The core of the Shin Buddhist approach to ethics lies in Shinran's claim that all sorts of "calculations" (hakarai ...), including the good acts aimed at accumulating merit, are nothing but an obstacle to the fundamental religious experience of shinjin ... and the achievement of Buddhist liberation.1 Following the path opened by his master Honen ... (1133-1212), Shinran believed that the meritorious acts of "self-power" (jiriki ...) should be superceded by the exclusive practice of the nenbutsu (senju nenbutsu ...), which, on the basis of the universality of Amida's Vow, can also direct the less fortunate and capable to birth in the Pure Land (ojo ...). In this connection, Shinran was also eager to clarify that the nenbutsu in itself was not a means but rather an act of gratitude to Amida's compassion and "other-power" (tariki ..). This attitude also provided the pattern to the main traditional Shin Buddhist approach to morality, characterized as a "response in gratitude to the Buddha's benevolence" (button ...) (cws i, 564; and ssz ii, 702). In this way, the newly established tradition was at the same time drawing from, and contributing to, the traditional idea of ho-on . …


MAY 2018 Environmental Bottlenecks on Children's Genetic Potential for Adult Socioeconomic Attainments: Evidence from a Health Shock1 This paper explores gene-environmental interactions between family environments and children's genetic scores in determining educational attainment. The central question is whether poor childhood family environments reduce the ability for children to leverage their genetic gifts to achieve high levels of educational attainments. The multigenerational information and genetic data contained in the Health and Retirement Study is used to separate two mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status – genetic endowments and family environments. Using parental in utero exposure to the 1918/1919 influenza pandemic as a source of quasi-experimental variation to family environments (but not affecting children's genetic endowments), this paper estimates interactions between parental investments and children's genetic potential. The main finding suggests that girls with high genetic potential whose fathers were exposed to influenza face reduced educational attainments – a gene-environment interaction – but there is no similar effect for boys. JEL Classification: J62, J1, J24


A flow-through enzymatic microreactor for the rapid conversion of triacylglycerols (TAG) into fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatives was developed. The microreactor was a porous silica monolith fabricated within a 320 μm ID fused silica capillary with lipase from Candida antarctica immobilized onto the large surface area of the monolith. The microreactor was used for the room temperature ethanolysis of TAG from edible oils including canola, sesame, soybean and refined-bleached-deodorized palm oil. GC/MS-NCI and GC/FID were used to prove the identification of the FAEE and FAME products. The microreactor completely transformed the starting oils into FAEEs or FAMEs, without the use of any reagents other than alcohol, in quantities suitable for GC analysis. The prototype microreactors were reusable >5 times with ethanol and 2 times with methanol. The FAEE products obtained using the microreactor were similar to those produced using commercial Novozyme 435 enzyme beads as well as by catalysis with ethanolic H2SO4.


Since earthquakes such as Northbridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) gave the impetuous for the development of performance-based design methods, engineers have been strenuously working to the improvement of the seismic behaviour of structures; in fact, high ductility frames, as well as damping and isolation systems, are nowadays common practice in seismic prone areas. Heritage buildings constitute an odd case: many historic centres are still considerably affected by seismic events (L'Aquila, 2009) due to the lack of a methodical retrofit and this, where applied, is still largely based on the increase of stiffness and capacity, without the due care for precious finishings. In order to address the lack of specific passive systems for heritage buildings, the authors have developed two typologies of dissipative devices that can be integrated in traditional steel anchors and installed within the masonry at the joints of perpendicular walls, where out-of-plane mechanisms are likely to form due to poor quality connections. Both prototypes, one based on the plasticity of steel, the other relying on friction, were tested as isolated elements in pseudo-static regime for proofing and fine tuning, and in a dynamic range typical of the seismic frequency content to validate the stability of dissipative loops. The paper focuses on pull-out tests aimed to analyse the behaviour of the hysteretic prototype in respect to traditional steel anchors in masonry panels with low shear capacity. Finite Element (FE) models were also developed and calibrated applying the data from tests. Experimental and computational results are discussed in the following; the need for further theoretical work concludes the paper.


Recent years have seen very significant developments in the 'youth sector' at European level.
There are two major institutional contexts for these (and other) European developments,
and not surprisingly people sometimes get the two mixed up. The first is the European
Union (EU) which grew out of the European Economic Community (EEC, or 'Common
Market') established in 1957 when six member states signed the Treaty of Rome. The
membership has grown over the years to its current figure of 27 (Ireland joined in 1973)
and a succession of further treaties have amended and expanded the competences of the
'community' or 'union'; these include the Treaties of Maastricht (1993), Amsterdam (1999),
Nice (2003) and, most recently, Lisbon (2009). While the term 'economic' is no longer
included in the EU's name, economic matters remain absolutely central to its purpose.
The Council of Europe (CoE) is a different organisation. It was established in 1949,
in the aftermath of the Second World War, by ten founding members (including
Ireland) with the purpose of promoting democracy, the rule of law, human rights and
cultural cooperation across the continent. Its most important and best known
instrument is the European Convention on Human Rights which established (and is
enforced by) the European Court of Human Rights. For several decades the CoE's
membership was confined to the countries of western Europe but in the years following
the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 (and the associated political transformations) it
grew into a genuinely pan-European organisation. It currently has 47 member states.
Both the European Union and the Council of Europe have relevance for youth,
youth work and youth policy. The CoE has played a pioneering role in these matters,
and has had a significant influence on the approach adopted by the EU. In fact the two
work closely together and in more recent years have formalised their collaboration
through the EU-CoE Youth Partnership. Keeping up to date with recent and current
developments in youth policy at European level means knowing what each
organisation is doing separately and also what they are doing jointly through the Youth
Partnership. Below is an outline of developments under each of these three headings.


We propose a rate-distortion (RD) approach to the optimization of image coding for transmission over time-varying channels. The information available about the channel error rate, is used to adapt the joint source-channel coding (JSCC) scheme. We focus on structured JSCC schemes to obtain realizations with feasible complexity. The image is hierarchically quantized, followed by unequal channel error protection matched to the importance of the bits. We allow the use of variable length codes in the source coder which provides adaptation to image statistics and higher compression performance. At the same time, we maintain error resilience by sending the synchronization information error free (through heavy protection). We show that efficient rate-distortion performance can be achieved by optimizing the overall system for the target rate and channel conditions. We present simulation results obtained on coding images for time-varying channels, which show that RD optimized JSCC schemes substantially outperforms conventional fixed length JSCC and can gain more than 6 dB in PSNR of the reconstructed frames.


Objectives: At a minimum, unilateral hearing loss (UHL) impairs sound localization ability and understanding speech in noisy environments, particularly if the loss is severe to profound. Accompanying the numerous negative consequences of UHL is considerable unexplained individual variability in the magnitude of its effects. Identification of covariables that affect outcome and contribute to variability in UHLs could augment counseling, treatment options, and rehabilitation. Cochlear implantation as a treatment for UHL is on the rise yet little is known about factors that could impact performance or whether there is a group at risk for poor cochlear implant outcomes when hearing is near-normal in one ear. The overall goal of our research is to investigate the range and source of variability in speech recognition in noise and localization among individuals with severe to profound UHL and thereby help determine factors relevant to decisions regarding cochlear implantation in this population. Design: The present study evaluated adults with severe to profound UHL and adults with bilateral normal hearing. Measures included adaptive sentence understanding in diffuse restaurant noise, localization, roving-source speech recognition (words from 1 of 15 speakers in a 140° arc), and an adaptive speech-reception threshold psychoacoustic task with varied noise types and noise-source locations. There were three age–sex-matched groups: UHL (severe to profound hearing loss in one ear and normal hearing in the contralateral ear), normal hearing listening bilaterally, and normal hearing listening unilaterally. Results: Although the normal-hearing-bilateral group scored significantly better and had less performance variability than UHLs on all measures, some UHL participants scored within the range of the normal-hearing-bilateral group on all measures. The normal-hearing participants listening unilaterally had better monosyllabic word understanding than UHLs for words presented on the blocked/deaf side but not the open/hearing side. In contrast, UHLs localized better than the normal-hearing unilateral listeners for stimuli on the open/hearing side but not the blocked/deaf side. This suggests that UHLs had learned strategies for improved localization on the side of the intact ear. The UHL and unilateral normal-hearing participant groups were not significantly different for speech in noise measures. UHL participants with childhood rather than recent hearing loss onset localized significantly better; however, these two groups did not differ for speech recognition in noise. Age at onset in UHL adults appears to affect localization ability differently than understanding speech in noise. Hearing thresholds were significantly correlated with speech recognition for UHL participants but not the other two groups. Conclusions: Auditory abilities of UHLs varied widely and could be explained only in part by hearing threshold levels. Age at onset and length of hearing loss influenced performance on some, but not all measures. Results support the need for a revised and diverse set of clinical measures, including sound localization, understanding speech in varied environments, and careful consideration of functional abilities as individuals with severe to profound UHL are being considered potential cochlear implant candidates.


It is shown that, because of the effects of the turbulent atmosphere, the probability density function of the intensity for a monochromatic, fully developed speckle pattern changes from an exponential distribution at low turbulence levels to a K distribution as the turbulence level increases. A physical model that leads to the K distribution is proposed, and the parameters of the K distribution are derived in terms of the strength of turbulence, path length, wavelength, and beam size. The work is then extended to polychromatic and partially developed speckle patterns and to speckle with a coherent background. Good agreement is obtained between the theoretical predictions and experimental measurements.


Topic models have been widely used to identify topics in text corpora. It is also known that purely unsupervised models often result in topics that are not comprehensible in applications. In recent years, a number of knowledge-based models have been proposed, which allow the user to input prior knowledge of the domain to produce more coherent and meaningful topics. In this paper, we go one step further to study how the prior knowledge from other domains can be exploited to help topic modeling in the new domain. This problem setting is important from both the application and the learning perspectives because knowledge is inherently accumulative. We human beings gain knowledge gradually and use the old knowledge to help solve new problems. To achieve this objective, existing models have some major difficulties. In this paper, we propose a novel knowledge-based model, called MDK-LDA, which is capable of using prior knowledge from multiple domains. Our evaluation results will demonstrate its effectiveness.


There are different requirements on cybersecurity of industrial control systems and information technology systems. This fact exacerbates the global issue of hiring cybersecurity employees with relevant skills. In this paper, we present KYPO4INDUSTRY training facility and a course syllabus for beginner and intermediate computer science students to learn cybersecurity in a simulated industrial environment. The training facility is built using open-source hardware and software and provides reconfigurable modules of industrial control systems. The course uses a flipped classroom format with hands-on projects: the students create educational games that replicate real cyber attacks. Throughout the semester, they learn to understand the risks and gain capabilities to respond to cyber attacks that target industrial control systems. Our described experience from the design of the testbed and its usage can help any educator interested in teaching cybersecurity of cyber-physical systems.


Computer simulation and field studies were conducted to investigate the implementation of natural cooling strategies in existing apartment buildings in Athens; the most typical urban domestic building type of Greece. Thermal performance analysis and airflow modelling in a specific apartment were conducted for the summer period using dynamic building energy simulation tools. The indoor thermal comfort was evaluated with reference to the adaptive thermal comfort theory. Changes to the fenestration and the utilisation of a light shaft, assist the natural cooling of the building and improve the previous single-sided ventilation strategy. Results indicate indoor air quality in the spaces being significantly enhanced, whilst the percentage comfort hours were increased, suggesting a significant reduction of the buildings' cooling demand.


Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is widely grown in the Arabian countries and is one of the important crops in the Sultanate of Oman. The present investigation focused on characterizing genetic diversity within 20 Omani fenugreek accessions collected from different districts in Oman and to investigate their relationship with four accessions from Iraq and Pakistan. AFLP analysis of 24 accessions produced 1852 polymorphic loci. The level of genetic diversity (H) was found to be 0.2146, 0.0844 and 0.1620 for the Omani, Pakistani and Iraqi populations, respectively. The moderate level of genetic diversity of fenugreek in Oman indicates that it has been cultivated in the country for long time. A very low level of genetic differentiation was observed among populations of fenugreek from different regions in Oman (Fst = 0.05) following AMOVA analysis. Cluster analysis supported these findings and indicated high genetic similarity among Omani populations of fenugreek (mean = 93%) compared to a lower level of genetic similarity with the population from Pakistan (83%) and Iraq (80%). These results suggest frequent exchange of fenugreek genetic material among regions in Oman. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers


In current times, the production of critical legal knowledge has become constrained by a neoliberal education mindset that emphasizes economic performance and measured outcomes over critical thought. In this essay, I argue that academic freedom, in the sense of being free to speak, write, and teach critical knowledge, both in the intellectual sense and in the law practice sense, is being eroded. And, I urge my critically minded colleagues that are traditional law scholars (tenure-track or tenured) to consider the circumstances of law teachers who currently do not have the protections of tenure but who generate valuable knowledge, particularly in the realm of teaching critical common-law analysis and lawyering skills. Together, we should oppose further encroachments of neoliberal rationality into legal education. This is a matter of reform, but it is also a matter of protecting our voice.


In this article, the authors report on an ongoing data life cycle management national project realized in Switzerland, with a major focus on long-term preservation. Based on an extensive document analysis as well as semi-structured interviews, the project aims at providing national services to respond to the most relevant researchers' data life cycle management needs, which include: guidelines for establishing a data management plan, active data management solutions, long-term preservation storage options, training, and a single point of access and contact to get support. In addition to presenting the different working axes of the project, the authors describe a strategic management and lean startup template for developing new business models, which is key for building viable services.


In this paper, we review the literature on philanthropy in education to provide a larger context for the role that technology company foundations, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, are playing with respect to the development and implementation of personalized learning. We then analyze the ways that education magazines and tech company foundation outreach discuss personalized learning, paying special attention to issues of privacy. Our findings suggest that competing discourses on personalized learning revolve around contested meanings about the type of expertise needed for twenty-first century learning, what self-directed learning should look like, whether education is about process or content, and the type of evidence that is required to establish whether or not personalized learning leads to better student outcomes. Throughout, privacy issues remain a hot spot of conflict between the desire for more efficient outcomes and a whole child approach that is reminiscent of John Dewey's insight that public education plays a special role in creating citizens.


Pylkkänen (2002, 2008) and Bruening (2010a) present several arguments against the ''small clause'' approach to the double object construction in English, building on the predictions that that proposal makes with respect to the transfer-of-possession entailment, Goal-oriented depictives, nominalizations, subextraction, quantifier scope, and idioms. We argue that the small clause analysis proposed by Harley (1995, 2002) in fact makes correct predictions in all these cases. In addition, we point out the existence of previously overlooked parallels between double object structures and have-sentences with respect to depictives, eventive DP complements, and quantifier scope. This motivates an analysis that links these different behaviors to the properties of a single PHAVE element common to both.


Submitted 18 Dec 2014; Accepted 17 Jan 2015; Published 20 Feb 2015 Few studies have been conducted on the causative factors associated with the development of cancer. Infection by high risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been implicated as causative agents in a variety of cancers. HPV is capable of evading immune system and establishing persistent infections. Prolonged infection and lesion maintenance are associated with higher risk of neoplastic progression. Hence, curtailing the ability of the virus to escape host immunosurveillance should reduce this risk by accelerating resolution of infection and lesion progression. One of the potential effectors of HPV escape from host immunosurveillance is the E5 oncoprotein, which we have shown to down-regulate surface major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I), without apparent effect on non-classical MHC. These effects would interfere with both cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing of the virally infected cells, and with the natural killer (NK) cell illumination of infected cells. In this review we address mechanisms of immunomodulation by papillomavirus and discuss our current findings on the association of HPV and cancers.


Systems on Chip (SoCs) and Systems in Package (SiPs) are key parts of a continuously broadening range of products, from chip cards and mobile phones to cars. Besides an increasing amount of digital hardware and software for data processing and storage, they integrate more and more analogue/RF circuits, sensors, and actuators to interact with their (analogue) environment. This trend towards more complex and heterogeneous systems with more intertwined functionalities is made possible by the continuous advances in the manufacturing technologies and pushed by market demand for new products and product variants. Therefore, the reuse and retargeting of existing component designs becomes more and more important. However, all these factors make the design process increasingly complex and multidisciplinary. Nowadays, the design of the individual components is usually well understood and optimised through the usage of a diversity of CAD/EDA tools, design languages, and data formats. These are based on applying specific modelling/abstraction concepts, description formalisms (also called Models of Computation (MoCs)) and analysis/simulation methods. The designer has to bridge the gaps between tools and methodologies using manual conversion of models and proprietary tool couplings/integrations, which is error-prone and time-consuming. A common design methodology and platform to manage, exchange, and collaboratively develop models of different formats and of different levels of abstraction is missing. The verification of the overall system is a big problem, as it requires the availability of compatible models for each component at the right level of abstraction to achieve satisfying results with respect to the system functionality and test coverage, but at the same time acceptable simulation performance in terms of accuracy and speed. Thus, the big challenge is the parallel integration of these very different part design processes. Therefore, the designers need a common design and simulation platform to create and refine an executable specification of the overall system (a virtual prototype) on a high level of abstraction, which supports different MoCs. This makes possible the exploration of different architecture options, estimation of the performance, validation of re-used parts, verification of the interfaces between heterogeneous components and interoperability with other systems as well as the assessment of the impacts of the future working environment and the manufacturing technologies used to realise the system. For embedded Analogue and Mixed-Signal (AMS) systems, the C++-based SystemC with its AMS extensions, to which recent standardisation the author contributed, is currently establishing itself as such a platform. This thesis describes the author's contribution to solve the modelling and simulation challenges mentioned above in three thematic phases. In the first phase, the prototype of a web-based platform to collect models from different domains and levels of abstraction together with their associated structural and semantical meta information has been developed and is called ModelLib. This work included the implementation of a hierarchical access control mechanism, which is able to protect the Intellectual Property (IP) constituted by the model at different levels of detail. The use cases developed for this tool show how it can support the AMS SoC design process by fostering the reuse and collaborative development of models for tasks like architecture exploration, system validation, and creation of more and more elaborated models of the system. The experiences from the ModelLib development delivered insight into which aspects need to be especially addressed throughout the development of models to make them reusable: mainly flexibility, documentation, and validation. This was the starting point for the development of an efficient modelling methodology for the top-down design and bottom-up verification of RF Systems based on the systematic usage of behavioural models in the second phase. One outcome is the developed library of well documented, parameterisable, and pin-accurate VHDL-AMS models of typical analogue/digital/RF components of a transceiver. The models offer the designer two sets of parameters: one based on the performance specifications and one based on the device parameters back-annotated from the transistor-level implementation. The abstraction level used for the description of the respective analogue/digital/RF component behaviour has been chosen to achieve a good trade-off between accuracy, fidelity, and simulation performance. The pin-accurate model interfaces facilitate the integration of transistor-level models for the validation of the behavioural models or the verification of a component implementation in the system context. These properties make the models suitable for different design tasks such as architecture exploration or overall system validation. This is demonstrated on a model of a binary Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) transmitter parameterised to meet very different target specifications. This project showed also the limits in terms of abstraction and simulation performance of the "classical" AMS Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). Therefore, the third and last phase was dedicated to further raise the abstraction level for the description of complex and heterogeneous AMS SoCs and thus enable their efficient simulation using different synchronised MoCs. This work uses the C++-based simulation framework SystemC with its AMS extensions. New modelling capabilities going beyond the standardised SystemC AMS extensions have been introduced to describe energy conserving multi-domain systems in a formal and consistent way at a high level of abstraction. To this end, all constants, variables, and parameters of the system model, which represent a physical quantity, can now declare their dimension and associated system of units as an intrinsic part of their data type. Assignments to them need to contain besides the value also the correct measurement unit. This allows a much more precise but still compact definition of the models' interfaces and equations. Thus, the C++ compiler can check the correct assembly of the components and the coherency of the equations by means of dimensional analysis. The implementation is based on the Boost.Units library, which employs template metaprogramming techniques. A dedicated filter for the measurement units data types has been implemented to simplify the compiler messages and thus facilitate the localisation of unit errors. To ensure the reusability of models despite precisely defined interfaces, their interfaces and behaviours need to be parametrisable in a well-defined manner. The enabling implementation techniques for this have been demonstrated with the developed library of generic block diagram component models for the Timed Data Flow (TDF) MoC of the SystemC AMS extensions. These techniques are also the key to integrate a new MoC based on the bond graph formalism into the SystemC AMS extensions. Bond graphs facilitate the unified description of the energy conserving parts of heterogeneous systems with the help of a small set of modelling primitives parametrisable to the physical domain. The resulting models have a simulation performance comparable to an equivalent signal flow model.


Abstract Five key therapeutic functions of metaphors are often discussed by psychotherapists. They (i) help clients express emotions and experiences, (ii) help therapists and clients explain difficult concepts, (iii) introduce new frames of reference, (iv) help work through client resistance, and (v) build a collaborative relationship between therapists and clients. Research on how these functions are enacted in psychotherapy talk tends to assume that they are indeed perceived as such by clients, and that metaphorical language is preferred to comparable literal language in performing them. This paper reports a survey study (N = 84) to critically interrogate these assumptions. Participants read two constructed therapy dialogues, controlled and counterbalanced for presentation sequence, where therapist and client discuss an issue using metaphorical and literal language respectively. Each dialogue is followed by a 15-item questionnaire to rate how well the presumed functions were performed (e.g. the therapist and client can work effectively together, the therapist is able to explain difficult concepts). A combined Confirmatory (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) suggests that, instead of the five distinct functions proposed in the literature, participants discerned three functions which reflect a more holistic view of what metaphors can do. A second EFA conducted on literal responses yielded only two factors. This contrast in factor structure further suggests that (i) literal language is less functionally nuanced, and (ii) metaphors are not simply perceived as an 'add-on' to literal language, but are evaluated across an extended narrative in fundamentally different ways. Within-subjects metaphor vs. literal ratings of the items under the emergent three-factor structure were then compared. Metaphor ratings were significantly higher in all factors (p < 0.01), suggesting that metaphorical language is indeed perceived as more effective than literal language when discussing clients' issues. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.


We demonstrate experimentally that spatial solitons in AlGaAs slab waveguides can be deflected by an electronically induced prism. We also show that a weak signal beam can be guided and steered by the solitons, thus demonstrating the feasibility of a dynamically reconfigurable optical interconnect.


Motivated by the recent refutation of information loss paradox in black hole by Hawking, we investigate the new concept of {\it non unitary random walks}. In a non unitary random walk, we consider that the state 0, called the {\it black hole}, has a probability weight that decays exponentially in $e^{-\lambda t}$ for some $\lambda>0$. This decaying probabilities affect the probability weight of the other states, so that the the apparent transition probabilities are affected by a repulsion factor that depends on the factors $\lambda$ and black hole lifetime $t$. If $\lambda$ is large enough, then the resulting transition probabilities correspond to a neutral random walk. We generalize to {\it non unitary gravitational walks} where the transition probabilities are function of the distance to the black hole. We show the surprising result that the black hole remains attractive below a certain distance and becomes repulsive with an exactly reversed random walk beyond this distance. This effect has interesting analogy with so-called dark energy effect in astrophysics.


The biological activities of oleuropein (Ole) and its metabolites have been extensively documented and show a spectrum of highly interesting bioactivities, which demonstrates the potential of oleuropein for inclusion in food and beverages. In the present work, acetylated oleuropein (OleAc), a safe, biologically active semi-synthetic stable derivative of oleuropein, has been proposed as a facile alternative to make oleuropein more bioavailable and suitable for addition to fatty foods. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has been proposed as a model of perishable food to evaluate the potential application of OleAc for the preparation of functional food and the impact of its formulation factors on the fragile nutritive components of EVOO. Both classical and ultrasound (US)-assisted enrichment procedures have been tested, and the evaluation of their effects on oil stability across time has been presented. Moreover, LC-MS analyses of hydrophilic extracts of target oils have been used to verify the stability of the acetylation of oleuropein over time after enrichment. Finally, a preliminary sensorial analysis has been performed in order to understand if this enrichment can result in oil taste modification. The present results are intended to provide preliminary support to meet the requirements of Novel Food status for OleAc.


Given a labeled graph containing fraudulent and legitimate nodes, which nodes group together? How can we use the riskiness of node groups to infer a future label for new members of a group? This paper focuses on social security fraud where companies are linked to the resources they use and share. The primary goal in social security fraud is to detect companies that intentionally fail to pay their contributions to the government. We aim to detect fraudulent companies by (1) propagating a time-dependent exposure score for each node based on its relationships to known fraud in the network, (2) deriving cliques of companies and resources, and labeling these cliques in terms of their fraud and bankruptcy involvement, and (3) characterizing each company using a combination of intrinsic and relational features and its membership in suspicious cliques. We show that clique-based features boost the performance of traditional relational models.


We present a study of large-scale bars in the local universe, based on a large sample of 3692 galaxies, with 18.5 <= M-g < -22.0 mag and redshift 0.01 <= z < 0.03, drawn from the Sloan Digitized Sky Survey. Our sample includes many galaxies that are disk-dominated and of late Hubble types. Both color cuts and Se e rsic cuts yield a similar sample of similar to 2000 disk galaxies. We characterize bars and disks by ellipse-fitting r-band images and applying quantitative criteria. After excluding highly inclined (60 degrees) systems, we find the following results. (1) The optical r-band fraction (f(opt-r)) of barred galaxies, when averaged over the whole sample, is similar to 48%-52%. (2) When galaxies are separated according to half light radius (r(e)), or normalized r(e)/R-24, which is a measure of the bulge-to-disk (B/D) ratio, a remarkable result is seen: f(opt-r) rises sharply, from similar to 40% in galaxies that have small r(e)/R-24 and visually appear to host prominent bulges, to similar to 70% for galaxies that have large r(e)/R-24 and appear disk-dominated. (3) For galaxies with bluer colors, f(opt-r) rises significantly (by similar to 30%). A weaker rise (by similar to 15%-20%) is seen for lower luminosities or lower masses. (4) While hierarchical Lambda CDM models of galaxy evolution models fail to produce galaxies without classical bulges, our study finds that similar to 20% of disk galaxies appear to be "quasi-bulgeless.'' (5) We outline how the effect of a decreasing resolution and a rising obscuration of bars by gas and dust over z = 0.2-1.0 can cause a significant artificial loss of bars, and an artificial reduction in the optical bar fraction over z = 0.2-1.0.


Conventional accounts of a drastic shift to migration restriction after World War I following a golden era of free movement obscure crucial processes of state formation around matters of administering migration. How and with what consequences did state control over migration become acceptable and possible after the Great War? Existing studies have centered on core countries of immigration and thus underestimate the degree to which legitimate state capacities have developed in a political field spanning sending and receiving countries with similar designs on the same international migrants. Relying on archival research, and an examination of the migratory field constituted by two quintessential emigration countries (Italy and Spain), and a traditional immigration country (Argentina) since the mid-nineteenth century, this article argues that widespread acceptance of migration control as an administrative domain rightfully under states' purview, and the development of attendant capacities have derived from legal, organizational, and administrative mechanisms crafted by state actors in response to the challenges posed by mass migration. Concretely, these countries codified migration and nationality laws, built, took over, and revamped migration-related organizations, and administratively encaged mobile people through official paperwork. The nature of efforts to evade official checks on mobility implicitly signaled the acceptance of migration control as a bona fide administrative domain. In more routine migration management, states legitimate capacity has had unforeseen intermediate- and long-term consequences such as the subjection of migrants (and, because of ius sanguinis nationality laws, sometimes their descendants) to other states' administrative influence and the generation of conditions for dual citizenship. Study findings challenge scholarship that implicitly views states as constant factors conditioning migration flows, rather than as developing institutions with historically variable regulatory abilities and legitimacy. It extends current work by specifying mechanism used by state actors to establish migration as an accepted administrative domain. *****


In Hollywood Remembered, a wide array of Tinseltown veterans share their stories of life in the city of dreams from the days of silent pictures to the present. The 35 voices, many of whom have come to know Hollywood inside-out, range from film producers and movie stars to restaurateurs and preservationists. Actress Evelyn Keyes recalls how, fresh from Georgia, she met Cecil B. DeMille and was soon acting in Gone With the Wind; Blacklisted writer Walter Bernstein tells how he transformed his McCarthy era-experiences into drama with The Front; Steve Allen speaks out on how Hollywood has changed since he first came there in the 1920s; and Jonathan Winters relates how he left a mental institution to come work with Stanley Kramer in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.


The precise expression of genes is one of the foundations of biotechnology. Here we present GeneEE, a straightforward method for generating artificial gene expression systems. We demonstrate that GeneEE segments, containing a 200 nucleotide DNA with random nucleotide composition, can facilitate constitutive and inducible gene expression. To highlight the universal character of our method, we demonstrate GeneEE-mediated gene and protein expression in six bacterial species and Baker's yeast.


Objective: To test the reactivity hypothesis using blood pressure data collected 12 years after baseline. This study examined whether blood pressure reactions to acute mental stress predicted future blood pressure resting levels, as well as the temporal drift in resting blood pressure, and whether the prediction was affected by sex, age, and socioeconomic status. Methods: Resting blood pressure was recorded at an initial baseline and in response to a mental stress task. Twelve years later, resting blood pressure was again assessed. Data were available for 1196 participants (645 women, 551 men), comprising, at the time of stress testing, 439 who were aged 24 years; 503, aged 44; and 254, aged 63. The participants included 531 who were from manual occupational households and 661 from nonmanual occupational households. Results: In multivariate linear regression models, adjusting for a number of potential confounders, systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity positively predicted future resting SBP, as well as the upward drift in SBP over the 12 years (&bgr; = 0.10, p < .001 in both cases). The effect sizes were smaller than those reported from an earlier 5-year follow-up. The analogous associations for diastolic blood pressure reactivity were not statistically significant. In multivariate logistic regression, high SBP reactivity was associated with an increased risk of being hypertensive 12 years later (odds ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.04, p < .001). Conclusions: The present findings that greater reactivity is associated with higher future resting blood pressure, more upward drift in resting blood pressure, and future hypertension provide support for the reactivity hypothesis.DBP = diastolic blood pressure; PASAT = Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; SBP = systolic blood pressure


This research entitle "Analysis Satisfaction Of Customer Product of Pond'S Face Whitening in Malang". Research type the used is survey. Target of this research to know eight variable in dimension satisfaction of consumer which consist of Form (form), Features (additional marking), Quality Performance (elementary characteristic and quality), Durability (operation age size measure), Reliability (product mainstay), Style or of design (product fascination) and Assessment to competitor product which of a kind can give satisfaction to product consumer of Pond'S and to know among to eight above mentioned variable of which variable is which most dominant gratify product consumer of Pond'S. Usefulness of research which wish to be reached specially to company that is Result of this research is expected can be made as consideration base to be more pay attention satisfaction of consumer to product of Pond'S whitening of face. By using analysis of Importance Performance hence can be concluded that from eight variable and also product indicators of Pond'S whitening of face have satisfaction storey;level which different each other. And from overall of satisfaction dimension variable can be concluded that assessment variable to competitor product which of a kind at indicator Comparison of elementary function (whitening product) of Pond'S more is reliable compared to other merk product have biggest satisfaction level of other variable. Some suggestion able to be raised in this research that is expected by PT Unilever tbk shall be more improve what have been [done/conducted] especially in the case of elementary function of product that is whitening so that company can maintain its excellence and also according to promise with customer with a purpose to give satisfaction to customer of consumer of product of Pond'S pemutih of face. Keyword : Kepuasan Pelanggan


ABSTRACT To date, very few studies have explored practical strategies for exercising effective financial management of local government contracts through two main stakeholders' perspectives of the contracting system at the same time. Employing a series of semi-structured interviews with public officials and private contractors in New Jersey, this study attempts to fill this gap in the scholarship. The finding of this study suggests that government agencies should pay greater attention to competitive bids without favoritism, contract specificity, a statewide performance database, sufficient staffing with well-trained personnel, strong leadership, team-based structures, two-way communication, and evaluation based on both qualitative and quantitative values.


In response to the COVID-19 crisis, school districts worked quickly to roll out distance learning plans in the spring. Sometimes these plans impinged upon or were directly in conflict with provisions found in collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) negotiated between teachers' unions and district administration. In this brief, we unpack how urban school systems changed CBAs to make way for learning under COVID-19 conditions. We review COVID-19–related contract changes in 101 urban school districts around the country. We find that twenty-five urban school districts returned to the bargaining table with teachers' unions to negotiate short-term fixes to CBAs that allowed for more flexibility to implement distance learning. These contract changes focused on several areas of the CBA, including compensation, workload, non-teaching duties, evaluation, leave, and technology. We argue that the lessons learned in spring contract negotiations have implications for the design and implementation of fall schooling plans, and that how fall schooling plays out will shape teacher morale and labor relations beyond the 2020–21 school year.


Popular imagination holds that the turf of a state's foreign embassy is a little patch of its homeland. Enter the American Embassy in Beijing and you are in the United States. Indeed, in many contexts – such as resistance to search and seizure by a host country's authorities – there is an inviolability to diplomatic outposts. These arrangements have been central to diplomacy for decades so that diplomats can perform their work without fear of harassment and coercion. Complementing a state's oasis on foreign territory is the ability to get there and back unharried. Diplomats are routinely granted immunity from detention as they travel, and la valise diplomatique – the diplomatic pouch – is a packet that cannot be seized, or in most cases even inspected, as it moves about. Each pouch is a link between a country and its outposts dispersed in alien territory around the world. Citizens and their digital packets deserve much the same treatment as they traverse the global Internet. Just as states expect to conduct their official business on foreign soil without interference, so citizens should be able to lead digitally mediated – and increasingly distributed – lives without fear that their links to their online selves can be arbitrarily abridged or surveilled by their Internet Service Providers or any other party. Just as the sanctity of the embassy and la valise diplomatique is vital to the practice of international diplomacy, the ability of our personal bits to travel about the net unhindered is central to the lives we increasingly live online. This frame differs from the usual criteria for debating the merits of net neutrality. It does not focus on what makes for more efficient provision of broad-band services to end users. It is unaffected by what sorts of bundling of services by a local ISP might intrigue the ISP's subscribers. It does not examine the costs and benefits of faraway content providers being asked to bargain for access to that local ISP's customers. Instead, it recognizes that Internet users establish outposts far and wide, and that a new status quo of distributed selfhood is quickly taking hold.


Entity disambiguation is a fundamental task in natural language processing and computational linguistics. Given a query consisting of a mention (name string) and a background document, entity disambiguation aims at linking the mention to an entity from a reference knowledge base such as Wikipedia. A main challenge of this task is how to effectively represent the meaning of the mention and the entity, based on which the semantic relatedness between the mention and the entity could be conveniently measured. Towards this goal, we introduce computational models to effectively represent the mention and the entity in some vector space. We decompose the problem into subproblems and develop various neural network architectures, all of which are purely data‐driven and capable of learning continuous representations of the mention and the entity from data. To effectively train the neural network models, we explore a simple yet effective way that enables us to collect millions of training examples from Wikipedia without using any manual annotation. Empirical results on two benchmark datasets show that our approaches based on convolutional neural network and long short‐term memory consistently outperform top‐performed systems on both datasets. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2017, 7:e1215. doi: 10.1002/widm.1215