We consider the quality of learning a response function by a nonparametric Bayesian approach using a Gaussian process (GP) prior on the response function. We upper bound the quadratic risk of the learning procedure, which in turn is an upper bound on the Kullback-Leibler information between the predictive and true data distribution. The upper bound is expressed in small ball probabilities and concentration measures of the GP prior. We illustrate the computation of the upper bound for the Matern and squared exponential kernels. For these priors the risk, and hence the information criterion, tends to zero for all continuous response functions. However, the rate at which this happens depends on the combination of true response function and Gaussian prior, and is expressible in a certain concentration function. In particular, the results show that for good performance, the regularity of the GP prior should match the regularity of the unknown response function.


This paper examines two cognitively-based models of text comprehension and suggests how these might be combined, and integrated with a functional grammar in order to provide an overall model which takes us from a structured sequence of words to the understanding of the concepts conveyed. The paper first provides illustrated summaries of Kintsch's construction-integration model and Werth's text world model. Discussion of their similarities and differences suggests that they are not incompatible, but that both lack a suitable grammatical component. The paper then examines the properties which such a grammar needs to have, and demonstrates that Role and Reference Grammar is an appropriate choice. The parts of the model are then brought together in relation to a short but complete text taken from a corpus. The paper is rounded off with some concluding remarks.


Participation in Sports and the Development of Resilience in Adolescents Jason Johnson Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, BYU Educational Specialist Adolescents today are faced with an array of risk factors including sexual activity and drug and alcohol use, as well as environmental factors that are beyond their control, such as parental divorce and poverty. The attribute of resilience is an extremely desirable quality that, if developed, has the capacity to reduce the effect of many of these risk factors that many adolescents are exposed to. Sport participation is a potential intervention that a large portion of adolescents can have access to through school and community programs that could potentially foster resilience. The current causal-comparative, non-experimental study sought to add to the limited existing research by examining resilience levels of adolescents who participate in sports compared to resilience levels of their peers who do not participate in sports. The Social Emotional Assets and Resiliency Scale – Parent form was used to calculate resilience levels of the students in the study sample. Participants (n = 276) reported that the overall mean resilience score of those youth who had participated on a sports team within the last year was significantly higher than the overall mean resilience score of those youth who had not. There was no significant difference in resilience ratings of those who played school-sponsored sports versus city/recreational sports. There was also a small, statistically significant, positive correlation between the number of sports played and resilience ratings. Implications and limitations of this study are included. Parents and educators are encouraged to offer a variety of opportunities for youth to participate in activities aligned with student interests. In budgeting and planning curricular and extracurricular activities to enrich students' social experiences, schools and communities must consider the importance of sports activities in strengthening youth resilience.


A Frequency Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese is an invaluable tool for all learners of Mandarin Chinese, providing a list of the 5,000 words and the 2,000 Chinese characters (simplified) most commonly used in the language. Based on a fifty-million-word corpus composed of spoken, fiction, non-fiction and news texts in current use, the dictionary provides the user with a detailed frequency-based list, as well as alphabetical and part-of-speech indexes. All entries in the frequency list feature the English equivalent and a sample sentence with English translation. The Dictionary also contains thirty thematically organized lists of frequently used words on a variety of topics such as food, weather, travel and time expressions. A Frequency Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese enables students of all levels to maximize their study of Mandarin vocabulary in an efficient and engaging way. It is also an excellent resource for teachers of the language. A CD version is available to purchase separately. Designed for use by corpus and computational linguists it provides the full text in a format that researchers can process and turn into suitable lists for their own research work.


In "Militant Women of a Fragile Nation", Malek Abisaab takes a gendered approach to labor conflicts, anticolonial struggles, and citizenship in modern Lebanon. The author traces the conditions and experiences of women workers at the French Tobacco Monopoly. Challenging the prevailing assumptions about culturally inscribed roles for Middle Eastern women, the book highlights traditions of public activism and militancy among rural women that are in turn adapted to the spaces of the factory. Women employed distinct strategies involving kinship, sectarian, gender, and class ties to enhance their work conditions and social benefits. Drawing on extensive ethnographic data, the author convincingly argues that the condition of women can only be explained by exploring the shifting relationship between culture, societal arrangements, and economic settings. Abisaab's richly detailed work illuminates the impact of class and gender in the transformation of modern Lebanon.


In this thesis both analytical and design studies have been conducted on the behaviour of fully and semi-rigidly connected multistorey steel frames. Many topics have been
addressed, current design approaches examined and new design
methods proposed to allow for such effects based upon a
first order linear elastic analysis, which is the most commonly used in normal design. These topics are as follows: 1) The well known
amplified sway method (see BS 5950: 1985: Part 1) which can
be used to incorporate the effect of the presence of axial loads on the behaviour of sway frames was studied. A modification to this method has been proposed and the validity of the proposed method was checked using an existing computer program [1] to verify the proposed method against a second order analysis. 2) The influence of the action of semi-rigid connections on
frame behaviour was examined and the need to conduct a systematic investigation into the problem verified. A
simple hand calculation method to incorporate this influence to any of the conventional design methods
has been proposed. A second computer program [2] was slightly modified to suit the university of Sheffield IBM3083 mainframe machine and this program was later
used in this study. 3) The stiffening effect due to partial sway bracing resulting from the presence of block
or brickwork walls in a practical multistorey
frame accompanied by the weakening effect due to the finite
stiffness of semi-rigid joints on frame serviceability was
investigated and a suitable design method is recommended.
4) The behaviour of columns in sway frames with and without partial sway bracing, resulting from the presence of
infill panels in practical frames, has been examined. Design charts which can be used to predict a reasonably conservative estimation of the inelastic ultimate load of a framed column in a sway structure are given. These
charts are particularly helpful in assisting a designer to make a reasonably good initial selection for the column section sizes in a flexibly connected frame. In
addition an empirical formula has been proposed to incorporate the beneficial effect on the column behaviour resulting from the presence of infill panels
in real steel frames. In order to conduct this study a computer program developed by Rifai [3] has been modified to simulate the behaviour of a flexibly connected sway subassemblages. 5) Finally general conclusions and recommendations for future work are given.


e15010 Background: Mecbotamab vedotin (BA3011) is antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a conditionally active biologic (CAB) anti-AXL humanized (IgG1) monoclonal antibody conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) using a cleavable linker. BA3011 is being developed for the treatment patients with advanced solid tumors including sarcoma with AXL expression. Methods: As of data cutoff date 19 April 2022, BA3011 was administered by intravenous infusion to 67 patients, with doses ranged from 0.3 to 3 mg/kg once every three weeks (Q3W), 1.2 to 1.8 mg/kg once every two weeks (Q2W) and 1.8 mg/kg twice every three weeks (2Q3W). Population pharmacokinetics (popPK) analysis was performed using sequential modeling approach, where a PK model was first developed for BA3011 ADC alone, and then an integrated model was developed for BA3011 ADC and MMAE. The popPK base model for BA3011 ADC and MMAE was used to generate empirical Bayes estimates of PK parameters for patients in Study BA3011-001 and used for the exposure-response (E-R) safety analysis. E-R time-to-event models were developed to characterize the relationship between BA3011 ADC or MMAE exposure and the time to first incidence of adverse events (AEs). Results: A popPK model with two-compartment disposition and parallel linear and nonlinear elimination of BA3011 ADC, formation of MMAE from ADC, and two-compartment disposition and linear elimination of MMAE, adequately described the PK profiles of BA3011 ADC and MMAE in patients based on model evaluation using prediction-corrected visual predictive checks. Key PK parameter estimates are summarized in the table below. In the E-R safety analysis, statistically significant correlations were demonstrated between BA3011 ADC exposure and all safety endpoints explored (TEAE Grade ≥3, neutropenia Grade ≥3, increase in AST or ALT Grade ≥1, anemia Grade ≥2, and peripheral neuropathy Grade ≥1). Correlations were statistically significant between MMAE exposure and TEAE Grade ≥3, neutropenia Grade ≥3, increase in AST or ALT Grade ≥1, but not anemia Grade ≥2 or peripheral neuropathy Grade ≥1. Time-varying Cmax was selected as the most appropriate exposure metric for each model developed, calculated over the past 24 hours, 1 week, or 3 weeks, depending on the model. Conclusions: The popPK relationship between ADC and MMAE were adequately characterized using a sequential modeling approach. BA3011 ADC exposure was correlated with all safety endpoints evaluated whereas MMAE exposure did not demonstrate correlations with anemia or peripheral neuropathy. These models are essential to generate predictions of exposure and safety for dosing regimens to be evaluated in a planned Phase 2 clinical trial. Clinical trial information: NCT03425279 . [Table: see text]


This paper proposes a multi-stage stochastic programming formulation for the reservoir management problem. Our problem specifically consists in minimizing the risk of floods over a fixed time horizon for a multi-dimensional hydro-electrical complex. We consider well-studied linear time series model and enhance the approach to consider heteroscedasticity. Using these stochastic processes under very general distributional assumptions, we efficiently model the support of the joint conditional distribution of the random inflows and update these sets as new data is assimilated. Using robust optimization techniques and affine decision rules, we embed these time series in a tractable convex program. This allows us to obtain good quality solutions rapidly and test our model in a realistic simulation framework using a rolling horizon approach. Finally, we study a real river system in Western Québec and perform various numerical experiments based on different inflow generators.


The Routledge Handbook of Teaching English to Young Learners celebrates the 'coming of age' for the field of research in primary-level English Language Teaching. With 32 chapters written by international scholars from a wide geographical area including East Africa, Mexico, the South Pacific, Japan, France, the USA and the UK, this volume draws on areas such as second language acquisition, discourse analysis, pedagogy and technology to provide: An overview of the current state of the field, identifying key areas of TEYL. Chapters on a broad range of subjects from methodology to teaching in difficult circumstances and from Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) to gaming. Suggestions of ways forward, with the aim of shaping the future research agenda of TEYL in multiple international contexts. Background research and practical advice for students, teachers and researchers. With extensive guidance on further reading throughout, The Routledge Handbook of Teaching English to Young Learners is essential reading for those studying and researching in this area.


Three models for the generation and propagation of
hydrodynamic noise near the ocean surface are presented, and are
compared for their ability to predict hull noise generated by CFAV
Quest. The simulated fluctuating pressure field on the hull is also
validated against experimental results. The near field flow is
first solved using the NWT CFD package, and the hydrodynamic noise
is calculated using the Lighthill-Curle acoustic analogy. The far
field sound is obtained using three methods: a method of images
solution to the Lighthill-Curle equations, a simple source model of
the transmission loss, or a normal mode model of the transmission
loss. Both the simple source and method of images models improve
the SPL predictions of the Lighthil-Curle equations. Best
performance is obtained from the method of images, improving
predictions by approximately 40 dB. The normal mode model is shown
to give poor results, due to assumed sea-floor boundary
conditions.


Introduction: This study explored the issues and
challenges facing supervisors required to act as
a supervisor to their fellow educators' research
dissertations. This situation often stems from the
need to enhance the research profile of Faculty
staff. For example, the studies of Porter and
Mansour (2003) and Ried and Fuller (2005) identify
the need to enhance research outputs of nurse
educators. However, where there is no critical mass
of experienced researchers as is the case in many
Nursing Faculties nationally and internationally it
becomes a difficult issue to provide the research
support needed.
Methods: In-depth interviews were undertaken
with students (n=7) and their supervisors (n=5)
in order to explore the experiences of Faculty staff
that have successfully completed an in-house
masters' level dissertation when being supervised
by a fellow member of staff.
Results: A wealth of qualitative data was obtained
which was subject to a thematic analysis. Findings
revealed that the majority of student and supervisors had a positive supervisory experience.
However, many student respondents said they felt
uncomfortable with the assessment aspect where
they felt they were under 'public' scrutiny in Faculty
meetings. Conversely the supervisors felt that on
occasions students did not take the established
norms of any supervisory relationship seriously
enough causing tensions in the relationship.
Discussion: Generally the literature gives numerous
accounts of what constitutes good supervisory
practice but less about what the actual experiences of students and research supervisors are.
However, Denicolo (2004) relates that colleague
supervision is special on a number of counts. For
example, colleague supervision gives the potential
for further role conflicts that both parties have to
contend with. This study gives indications of how
Faculty policies and practice may be developed so
as to enhance student and supervisor experiences
of MSc dissertation supervision


The Reentry Roundtable entitled, The Employment Dimensions of Prisoner Reentry: Understanding the Nexus between Prisoner Reentry and Work, was held on May 19-20, 2003 in New York City. The Roundtable focused on several aspects of the employment-reentry link, including the employment profile of the prison population; the work experience in prison; applicable lessons from welfare to work; the employment barriers ex-offenders face; and the potential linkages between correctional systems, intervention programs, and private employers. The meeting aimed to identify policy and research opportunities geared to improving the employment prospects, and thereby the chances of successful reintegration, for hundred of thousands of people leaving prison each year. This paper highlights the issues surrounding work programs in prison for recidivism.


Objectives: Neuropathic pain is a severe and disabling health problem, often difficult to treat and characterized by specific somatosensory signs and symptoms. The goal of this study is to detect the effect of Scrambler therapy (ST) on the reset of Neuropathic Pain Diagnostic Questionnaire (DN4), in a cohort of patients affected by intense drug-resistant neuropathic pain. Methods: Patients with chronic neuropathic pain were consecutively enrolled to receive 45-minute daily ST for an average of 10 consecutive days. Evaluation of pain intensity by Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score and DN4 questionnaire was performed at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. Primary endpoint was to achieve a significant negativization of DN4 (DN4 <4) in the study population after 10 ST sessions. Secondary endpoints were to detect a correlation between DN4 negativization and pain intensity reduction ≥50% (patient responders), finally to analyse the impact of ST on each item of DN4 survey. Results: We prospectively treated 45 patients. Mean baseline DN4 score was 5.67 [±1.43] and fell by 50.3%, with a mean DN4 score of 2.82 [±2.18] at the end of treatment (OR 2.84; 95%CI: 2.07-3.62; p<0.0001). In 28 out of 45 (62.2%) patients we reported a negativisation of DN4 (p<0.0001). Correlation between the percentage of patient responders and patients with negativization of DN4 was statistically significant (p<0.0062). Analysing each DN4 item pre- and post-ST, we reported a significant negativization in 6 out of 10 DN4 items. Discussion: Our prospective exploratory analysis met the primary endpoint and ST seems to resolve relevant somatosensory signs and symptoms related to neuropathic pain. Based on these encouraging results, the next step will be to evaluate these neuropathic pain features with dedicated tools. (www.actabiomedica.it)


This study is situated within a poststructuralist paradigm and uses qualitative methods to examine how teachers map and make sense of intersecting barriers to basic education embedded in their specific schooling contexts and communities, in particular, in a context in which HIV/AIDS prevalence is high. The study examines how teacher constructions of their experiences of teaching in a particular context shape their taken for granted understandings of the intersecting barriers to basic education. In other words, it explored how teachers position themselves within historically constructed discourses about their learners and the community in which they teach, and how these shape their understandings of barriers to basic education. The participants were thirty-six teachers (ten males and twenty six females) from five schools in the Richmond Municipality. Focus group interviews were used to access participants understanding and experiences' of barriers to schooling in the context of HIV and AIDS. Within the focus group sessions, participatory techniques were used as a means of drawing out sensitive information from participants, namely, a ranking exercise and the vulnerability matrix. The findings in the study suggest that the teachers relied on a deficiency framework as a basis for understanding the intersecting barriers to basic education in an HIV and AIDS context. Five key themes relating to this framework emerged: a discourse of detachment; silences; difference as deficit; normalisation discourse; and a discourse of caring.


Over the last two decades the need for a financially literate population has grown in importance. Hence in Australia, it is imperative that individuals possess both the financial knowledge and capability to make sound financial decisions. In contrast, the results of the Australian & New Zealand Bank (ANZ) surveys from 2003 to 2010 have demonstrated that there is a substantial deficiency in the level of financial literacy amongst many of the Australian population. Both the government and the private sector have encouraged the development of financial education programs as an important tool in remedying the detected low levels of financial literacy as reported in the ANZ research. The Australian Security and Investment Commission (ASIC), the government regulator, has strongly promoted the need to develop confident and informed consumers and investors through the provision of quality financial education. ASIC's focus was reiterated in its Report 229, the National Financial Literacy Strategy. This report which was announced in March 2011 set out the strategy for the development and delivery of initiatives to improve financial literacy levels in Australia (ASIC 2011). In particular, the National Strategy has been developed to improve the level of financial literacy among Australian students. The focus is on incorporating financial education through the existing school curriculum, beginning in kindergarten through to year 12 students. The aim of this research paper is to challenge and ask questions relating to the Australian Government's financial literacy strategy directed at schools. This direction would appear to have limited support of success, given the evidence published in the USA, and to a limited extent in the United Kingdom and Europe. This study reviews the current evidence available in both Australia and the USA in relation to financial literacy projects in schools. In respect of the international experience this paper explores the possible reasons for their limited success, and in some cases failure, to deliver the desired outcomes. In Australia there has been no academic research as to the possible effectiveness of teaching financial literacy at a school level. Given the USA research into such initiatives, this paper seeks to question the policy direction of the government in Australia. This paper also challenges the validity of the current Australian approach. The emphasis placed upon school financial literacy programs defies the wealth of evidence overseas which has failed to identify any measurable improvement in financial knowledge, attitudes and behaviour as a result of embedding financial literacy in school education curriculum.


Most known drug targets and metabolizing enzymes are located inside cells. Interactions with these proteins are determined by intracellular unbound drug concentrations. Assessing intracellular drug exposure is technically challenging, but essential for predicting pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, and toxicological profiles of new drugs.This thesis aims at establishing and applying a straightforward methodology to measure intracellular unbound drug concentrations. This was achieved by separately measuring cellular drug binding (fu,cell), and total intracellular drug accumulation (Kp). This allowed the calculation of intracellular drug bioavailability (Fic), which represents the fraction of the concentration added to the cells that is unbound in the cell interior.The methodology was initially developed in HEK293 cells, where the Fic of 189 drug-like compounds was measured. Binding to HEK293 cells was governed by compound lipophilicity and was correlated with binding to more complex systems, such as hepatocytes and brain. Due to negligible expression of drug transporters, Fic in this cell line was consistent with pH-dependent subcellular sequestration of lipophilic cations in low pH compartments.The methodology was then applied to study the effects of drug transporters on Fic. The uptake transporter OATP1B1 increased the Fic of its substrates in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, the Fic of P-gp substrates was decreased when P-gp was present. In human hepatocytes, the methodology allowed the determination of Fic without prior knowledge of transporter mechanisms or metabolic activity.Finally, the methodology was applied to measure the impact of Fic on target binding and cellular drug response. Intracellular concentrations of active metabolites of pro-drugs targeting the intracellular target thymidylate synthase were in agreement with the level of binding to this target. Further, high Fic was generally required for kinase and protease inhibitors to be active in cellular assays.In conclusion, the methodology can be used to predict if new drug candidates reach their intracellular targets in sufficient amounts. Furthermore, the methodology can improve in vitro predictions of drug clearance and drug-drug interactions, by measuring the drug available for intracellular enzymes. Finally, this work can be expanded to other xenobiotics, e.g., to predict their intracellular toxicity.


Increasing demand for a comfortable cabin environment makes it necessary, as early as the construction phase, to estimate what effect different factors will have on the driver and passenger. Full-scale measurements and numerical simulations have been carried out in order to investigate how well computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and thermal manikins are able to predict the perceived thermal climate. The heat loss from real or virtual manikins interacts with the environment around the body, as well as thermal interaction with windows; ventilation and seat are influencing the manikins. When manikin heat loss is linked to human thermal sensations in new comfort zone diagrams, the local as well as total thermal situation can be clearly presented. Simulations of this type will enable engineers to make better decisions and early predictions in the design and construction process, improving the thermal comfort in the vehicle environment.


This article contains the first empirical study on opt-in class actions, which are referred to as representative actions, filed under r 4.24 of the High Court Rules 2016 in the New Zealand High Court and the New Zealand Employment Court. The findings of this study reveal that opt-in class actions are now part of the New Zealand legal landscape in substance, if not in name. In particular, the data reflects the rise of consumer class actions in New Zealand, which, in part, have been assisted by litigation funders entering into the market. However, despite an increase in opt-in class actions, New Zealand's civil procedure mechanism for managing class action litigation is inefficient, uneconomic and creates significant uncertainty for all class action stakeholders. This article examines the empirical data, the trends in the data, and the reasons for those trends. It concludes by discussing why reform is required against the backdrop of this study and New Zealand's procedural process values as contained in the High Court Rules.


Information aggregation, a key concern for uniform-price, common-value auctions with many bidders, has been characterized in models where bidders know exactly how many rivals they face. A model allowing for uncertainty over the number of bidders is essential for capturing a critical condition for information to aggregate: as the numbers of winning and losing bidders grow large, information aggregates if and only if uncertainty about the fraction of winning bidders vanishes. It may be possible for the seller to impart this information by precommitting to a specified fraction of winning bidders, via a proportional selling policy. Intuitively, this could make the proportion of winners known, and thus provide all the information that bidders need to make winner's curse corrections.


During the last two decades, the discrete-choice modelling of labour supply decisions has become increasingly popular, starting with Aaberge et al. (1995) and van Soest (1995). Within the literature adopting this approach there are however two potentially important issues that are worthwhile analyzing in their implications and that up to know have not been given the attention that they might deserve. A first issue concerns the procedure by which the discrete alternative are chosen. For example Van Soest (1995) chooses (non probabilistically) a set of fixed points identical for every individual. This is by far the most widely adopted method. By contrast, Aaberge et al. (1995) adopt a sampling procedure and also assume that the choice set may differ across the households. A second issue concerns the availability of the alternatives. Most authors assume all the values of hours-of-work within some range [0, H] are equally available. At the other extreme, some authors assume only two or three alternatives (e.g. non-participation, part-time and full-time) are available for everyone. Aaberge et al. (1995) assume instead that not all the hour opportunities are equally available to everyone; they specify a probability density function of opportunities for each individual and the discrete choice set used in the estimation is built by sampling from that individual-specific density function. In this paper we explore by simulation the implications of - the procedure used to build the choice set (fixed alternatives vs sampled alternatives) - accounting vs not accounting for a different availability of alternatives. The way the choice set is represented seems to have little impact on the fitting of observed values, but a more significant and important impact on the prediction of policy effects.


Bulk and drop size fractionated cloud water was collected at a Caribbean tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) in northeastern Puerto Rico in the summer months of 2010-2012 and winter months of 2011 as part of the Puerto Rico African Dust and Cloud Study (PRADACS). We studied how cloud water chemistry in a Caribbean TMCF was affected by long-range transported African dust (LRTAD). Using HYSPLIT trajectories and enrichment factor analysis, the air masses influencing clouds at Pico del Este were identified as dust, marine, and dust with anthropogenic influence. Samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, water-soluble ions, and metals. Na+ and Cl- comprised the main water-soluble ions (60- 80%) suggesting a strong marine influence. A 0.1-10% contribution of anthropogenic (nss-SO_4 ^(2-)) and 0.2-13% contribution of mineral dust (nss-Ca^(2+)) sources to the cloud chemical composition was observed. Primary aerosols (i.e., mineral dust and sea-salt) were enriched in large cloud water droplets (LCWD) and secondary aerosols (i.e., anthropogenic particles) were enriched in small cloud water droplets (SCWD). As a result, pH was found to be higher in LCWD due to the neutralizing capacity of nss-Ca^(2+)) and lower in SCWD due to the presence of acidifying species (nss-SO_4 ^(2-), NO_3 ^-, and organic acids). Fe and Al, indicators for mineral dust were similarly distributed across the cloud droplet size spectrum. Our results show that LRTAD events modulate bulk and size-fractionated cloud water chemistry, potentially influencing cloud microphysical properties and processes.


If dark matter has a non-zero self-interaction cross-section, then dark matter haloes of individual galaxies in cluster cores should experience a drag force from the ambient dark matter of the cluster, which will not affect the stellar components of galaxies, and thus will lead to a separation between the stellar and dark matter. If the cross-section is only a few decades below its current astrophysically determined upper limit, then kpc-scale separations should result. However, such separations will be observable only under very favourable conditions. Abell 3827 is a nearby late stage cluster merger with four massive central ellipticals within 20 kpc of each other. The 10 strong lensing images tightly surrounding the ellipticals provide an excellent set of constraints for a free-form lens reconstruction. Our free-form mass maps show a massive dark extended clump, about 6 kpc from one of the ellipticals. The robustness of this result has been tested with many reconstructions, and confirmed with experiments using synthetic lens mass distributions. Interpreted in terms of dark matter collisionality, our result yields σ/m ≳ 4.5 10 ―7 (t/10 10 yr) ―2 cm 2 g ―1 , where t is the merger's age.


Pre-parliamentary negotiations between the corporatist actors are of central importance in Swiss social policy making, since it is generally in this arena that the main elements of the reform are decided. However, corporatist negotiations have become increasingly difficult during the last decade, because of Welfare retrenchment pressure, ideological polarisation, increasing media coverage and declining legitimacy of peak associations. We expect, thus, that it has become harder to reach compromises in the pre-parliamentary phase. Nevertheless, the threat of the failure of policy reforms in an optional referendum at the end of the decision-making process still fosters a pressure for compromise-seeking. Compromises between the social partners might therefore be replaced by inter-party agreements negotiated in the parliamentary phase.
In our paper, we test the hypothesis that the role of the parliamentary phase in social policy making has increased in the 1990s compared to the 1970s by comparing unemployment insurance and pension policy reforms in both periods. We find, indeed, that corporatist compromise-seeking has become more difficult and that a shift from pre-parliamentary bargaining to inter-party negotiation in Parliament has taken place. However, the logic of compromise-finding was quite different in the two cases. Whereas in the case of the unemployment insurance reform, the social partners were recalled by the MPs for a new round of negotiation which finally led to the consensual adoption of an innovative solution, in the pension reform, the final solution was elaborated by the representatives of the parties alone and consisted rather in a strategically tied up package of extensive and restrictive elements than to a consensual agreement.


With human mobility on the rise, multicultural marriages have become noticeably more common in the past decades. The marriage market has thus expanded over time, going from being exclusively local and national to becoming increasingly global. Marriage, in turn, has become a significant factor that influences migration. This edited book looks at marriage migration and multicultural marriages from a wide range of viewpoints and takes into account the spectrum of dynamism.This edited book aims to deliver more information and a greater understanding of how dynamic multicultural marriages are in different societies around the world. The book includes chapters that look at the phenomenon globally but also provide views at the national and local levels.


This thesis presents an investigation of the nature of the earliest extant records of the supposed communication with angels and spirits of John Dee (1527-1608) with the assistance of his two mediums or 'scryers', Barnabas Saul and Edward Kelly. The form chosen is a transcription of the records in Dee's hand contained in Sloane MS 3188, together with an introduction and commentary to the text, which has been transcribed only once before, by Elias Ashmole in 1672. In the Introduction the physical state of the manuscript is described and a hypothesis advanced as to how it arrived in the Sloane collection. Biographical details of Dee and his scryers are provided and a further chapter presents some background to Renaissance occult philosophy and the practice of scrying. Arguments that the manuscript represents a conscious fraud or a cryptographical exercise are examined and disproved and the magical system and instruments evolved during the communications or 'Actions' are described. The last chapter of the Introduction examines Dee's motives for believing so strongly in the truth of the Actions and suggests that a principal motive was the conviction, not held by Dee alone, that a new age was about to dawn upon earth. The Commentary aims primarily at explaining the many obscurities of the text.


Recently several refrigerants have been lined up as candidate alternatives to R410A in order to prevent further global warming and to promote saving energy. We have selected R32 from among these candidates; however it is important to continue comparing it to other refrigerants in search for an even better choice. Therefore we carried out evaluation of the new R32/R1234ze(50/50) refrigerant by comparing its COP and compressor discharge temperature etc. to those of R410A, and the results of R32. We also conducted analysis regarding the drop of COP during Cooling operation in case of high outside temperature. As a result, we found that the COP of R32 is superior to the other refrigerants due especially to its small amount of pressure loss. As the discharge temperature for both the R32/R1234ze(50/50) refrigerant and R32 was roughly the same, we re-confirmed that there is no problem using R32. Additionally, for non-azeotropic refrigerants such as R32/R1234ze(50/50), a Temperature Glide occurs during phase change. During the current evaluation, we came across a number of performance degradation phenomena thought to be caused by this glide. From the above, we confirmed that R32 is indeed the best candidate at present. We will continue to carry out evaluation in search for a better candidate.


The intermetallic compounds such as a nickel-tin (Ni-Sn) layer are formed at the interface between a solder and a backside electrode composed of a titanium/nickel/gold (Ti/Ni/Au) multilayer for power devices. In this study, a Pb-free solder was compared with a Pb-based solder and investigated the adhesion properties and the interfacial microstructures between the solders and the Ti/Ni/Au multilayers for the power device reliability. In the case of the Pb-based solder, the Ni-Sn layer existed at the Ti layer interface after a reflow soldering process. However, the Ni-Sn layer was separated from the Ti layer after a thermal shock test, and the device was peeled off between the solder and the Ti layer by a pull method. There was no diffusion layer at the interface between the Ti layer and the solder. In the case of the Pb-free solder, the Ni-Sn layer separated from the Ti layer after a Pb-free reflow soldering process. Contrary to our expectation, the device was not peeled off at any interfaces but cracked in the silicon (Si) die even after the thermal shock test. By transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, the existence of a Ti-Sn layer was confirmed at the interface between the Ti layer and the Pb-free solder. As a result, the Ti-Sn layer was closely related to adhesion properties.


IN TWO STUDIES, THE ROLE OF MUSIC TRAINING in a tonic identification task was investigated. First,listeners had to indicate the tonic of twenty excerpts from music recordings. Very low associations between proportion correct and music training were found. Based on this proportion correct, listeners were classified into four groups that did not differ in music training. Second,listeners had to produce the tonic for different variants ofthe major, minor, diminished triads, and the dominant 7th chord. The choice of a tonic—and the proportion correct—was dependent on the chord type and the order of the pitches. Especially for listeners that had low scores on the excerpts, the effect of order was larger for chords containing a tritone. In addition, the results indicated that the level of music training was not a suitable predictor of the aptitude of tonic identification.


In the 21st Century, software is the enabling innovation pillar for all of civilization's needs – including: food supply, living space (water, waste, power, and climate) management, services (health, financial, transportation, communication) and human relations (social networking). While the professionalism inherent in implement-ing, deploying, and configuring software systems may not appear as advanced as that found in other more regulated professions such as medicine, aviation, and engineering – is it "good enough"? This panel will discuss whether we are learning effectively from our experiences with failure and human hazards. Panelists will also discuss how software professionalism can be accelerated and debate the effectiveness of proficiency certifications in fostering increased professionalism.


In the past, it was not uncommon for a major league baseball manager to also be one of the players of the team. Today, these positions are so specialized that this practice no longer occurs. However, modern organizations are increasingly moving in the direction of the old baseball team model, having senior leaders also "playing" in operational roles. I refer to this phenomenon as the "John McGraw duality," in honor of a player/manager, who for eight seasons, managed a team to a World Series championship and also played at a level where he led the league in on-base-percentage three times. John McGraw (1873-1934) had a skill set that allowed him to be a very successful leader. His team depended on him for his individual expertise on the field and at the plate. As we plunge further into the twenty-first century, the role of senior leader continues to change and evolve.


Zika virus is an Arbovirus identified first time in 1947 in Uganda. Zika epidemic is a threat far greater than the Ebola outbreak. The World Health Organization has urged Asian countries to be vigilant about the risk of spreading Zika virus and preventive measures to control it. In Iran, 64 species of mosquitoes from Culicidea family have been reported three of which belong to the Aedes genus, and one of which is Aedes albopictus. Iran also has suitable climate for endemic transmission of Zika virus. Immigrants from neighboring countries for economic reasons, could increase the risk of disease transmission in Iran. The destination countries of Iranian passengers, especially in East Asia, are at risk or have been reported to have cases of Zika. So, traveling to areas where active Zika virus exists and its transmission is common, could potentially increase the risk of transmission of Zika. Close supervision alongside the borders is necessary when foreign people arrive in the country.


Loosely-coupled Grid environments, based only on Globus services, allow a straightforward resource sharing, as the resources are accessed by using de facto standard protocols and interfaces, while providing non trivial levels of quality of service. This paper describes the execution of a Bioinformatics application over a highly distributed and heterogeneous testbed. This testbed is composed of resources devoted to EGEE and IRISGrid projects and has been integrated by taking advantage of the modular, decentralized and end-to-end architecture of the Grid W ay framework. Results obtained from the experiments have been analyzed using a performance model for high throughput computing applications.


This thesis defined historic apiary typologies and technologies including: bee houses and honey houses, bee shelters, stands, and hives. Because of a strong beekeeping tradition in Philadelphia and its influential role in the advancement of apiculture, this paper researched apiary typologies beginning in Philadelphia and its region. The Rev. L.L. Langstroth, a Philadelphian, experimented with beekeeping methods and technologies, inventing the moveable-frame hive in 1851, which would later make the bee house and other forms of protection unnecessary. Bee manual authors provided various structural forms to protect the hives, produce valuable honey, and aid the beekeeping process. These vernacular structures were either decorative and playful as an architectural folly in the landscape, or simply utilitarian and unadorned. A bee house and honey house remain intact in Madison, Indiana and stand as rare tangible evidence of the type. Other regions developed their own typologies, but common themes emerged. The typological defining features are; protecting the beehive from weather and temperature fluctuations, providing ample forage, utilizing trees as wind breaks, and locating the apiary near a frequented dwelling. This thesis reveals a once common but now obscure outbuilding type that has largely disappeared from the American cultural landscape and rescued the bee house form from near total obscurity.


Many current high-end avionics installations utilize redundant Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) with very high quality Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) in order to maintain high accuracy heading with integrity. Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRSs) that provide less accurate heading are frequently used on smaller business and regional aircraft. With the advent of modernized GNSS, featuring multiple, compatible, interoperable constellations, GNSS-based dual-antenna heading can be computed with high accuracy and availability using real-time Integer Ambiguity Resolution (IAR) algorithms. For aircraft applications where the antenna spacing is fixed and known, the antenna baseline length constraint can be used to increase the robustness of the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) baseline solution from which heading may be computed via projection to the local level navigation frame. A GNSS-based heading measurement, in a properly architected system using AHRS, can be used to either augment or replace INSs yielding a substantial reduction in overall avionics cost. Other operational benefits of GNSS-based heading include being able to replace magnetic flux detectors with a more accurate system that also works well in high latitude operations.
In this paper the potential benefits and technical challenges of using GNSS-based dual-antenna heading to enable low-cost AHRS solutions for various aviation applications will be studied. Detailed simulations of the GNSS-based dual-antenna performance are conducted and presented. An Integer Least Squares IAR with integrated baseline constraint algorithm was implemented for simulation and data post-processing analyses. Tradeoffs in terms of antenna spacing, GNSS measurement noise and GNSS constellation configurations are explored. Rockwell Collins has developed and is certifying a next-generation GNSS Engine receiver that has the dual-antenna functionality to enable heading estimation. Initial flight test results for GPS L1-only performance are provided. System architecture considerations in terms of insuring overall heading integrity when utilizing GNSS-based heading to augment independent INS units will be presented in detail. Applicability to low-cost Heads-Up Display (HUD) systems and air transport applications will be described.


It is shown that the qualities sought in a frequency standard are present to a high degree in properly mounted plates or rods of quartz, or steel rods excited by quartz plates, making use of the piezo-electric reactions of the quartz upon a resonant high-frequency circuit. The transverse effect (vibrations perpendicular to the impressed electric field) is chiefly utilized in the construction of piezo-electric resonators. Any given resonator may be excited to resonant vibration at its fundamental frequency or at any one of several overtone frequencies. The logarithmic decrement is very small, of the order of 0.001 or less. Hence a tube generator circuit of variable frequency may be tuned to a natural frequency of the resonator with very great precision.The reactions of the resonator upon the circuit may be expressed in terms of characteristic changes in capacity and resistance. Curves illustrating this are shown, and it is seen that at resonance the resonator functions as a pure resistance.In the construction of resonators, a quartz plate cut in the form of a comparatively narrow rod is placed loosely between two brass side-plates on an insulating base. Effects of changing temperature and of spacing of side-plates are discussed. For frequencies below 50 kilocycles per second steel rods are employed, excited to longitudinal vibration by having small quartz plates cemented to them at the center. By this construction frequencies as low as 3000 cycles have been reached. The upper limit in frequency, using very short quartz rods, is about three million cycles. Over this range the frequency of a vacuum tube generator may be synchronized with the resonator with a precision of one hundredth percent or better. Some of the various electric circuits that can be employed are briefly described.The application of the resonator as a frequency stabilizer, and also as a device for generating electric oscillations, is explained. For these purposes either the transverse effect or the longitudinal effect (vibrations parallel to the electric field) may be used.


An increasing number of companies are expanding their environmental impact reduction targets and strategies to include their supply chains or whole product life cycles. In this paper, we demonstrate and evaluate an approach, where we used a hybrid Environmental Input-Output (EIO) database as a basis for corporate and product environmental footprint accounts, including the entire supply chain. We present three cases, where this approach was applied. Case study 1 describes the creation of total corporate carbon footprint accounts for three Danish regional healthcare organisations. In case study 2, the approach was used as basis for an Environmental Profit and Loss account for the healthcare company, Novo Nordisk A/S. Case study 3 used the approach for life cycle assessment of a tanker ship. We conclude that EIO-based analyses offer a holistic view of environmental performance, provide a foundation for decision-making within reasonable time and cost, and for companies with a large upstream environmental footprint, the analysis supports advancing their sustainability agenda to include supply chain impacts. However, there are implications when going from screening to implementing the results, including how to measure and monitor the effect of the different actions. Thus, future research should include more detailed models to support decision-making.


The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) and Weber State University (WSU) have developed an on-line analysis system for copper electrolytic solutions in a laboratory-scale decopperization electrolytic cell using a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) unit. The portable XRF unit utilizes Fe-55 and Cm-244 radioactive isotope sources for sample analysis. Copper, sulfur, and arsenic were successfully analyzed directly in electrolytic purification solutions without any dilution or sample alteration. Interelement deconvolution was conducted to compensate for interferences resulting from matrix absorption of copper fluorescence by sulfur. The ubiquitous presence of sulfur in copper refining operations necessitates sulfur correction in the analysis of copper by XRF. A unique flow-through sampling cell was engineered and constructed for the portable XRF unit which allowed real-time analysis of a continuously pumped sample stream from the electrolytic cell.


The use of tartar emetic (antimony and potassium tartrate) in preference to Fuadin has been emphasized properly, in combatting schistosomal infections. Of the clinical forms mentioned, S. japonicum infections are most resistant to therapy, and also are not infrequently overlooked in differential diagnosis. Four deaths have occurred fairly recently in San Francisco in personnel returned from overseas (personal communication from Dr. H. G. Johnstone).
Not all physicians using tartar emetic are aware, I believe, of the need for beginning with very small doses and after some tolerance to antimony has developed, build up the dose to much higher levels than originally possible. This technic is based on sound pharmacologic evidence in animals.
Dr. C. Pak (now Surgeon General of the Korean Navy), when working in Shanghai (before the Japanese-American conflict) at the Henry Lester Institute for Medical Research, found that rats or mice, given a dose equivalent to ⅓ of the lethal amount of an antimonial, within 5 to 48 hours can be given a surely fatal dose of the same antimonial without harm.


A critical edition of two sharply satirical works This volume of The Snobs of England and Punch's Prize Novelists is an addition to The Thackeray Edition collection, the first full-scale scholarly edition of William Makepeace Thackeray's works to appear in over seventy years, and the only one ever to be based on an examination of manuscripts and relevant printed texts. It is also a concrete attempt to put into practice a theory of scholarly editing that gives new insight into Thackeray's own compositional process. In The Snobs of England, a series of amusing satirical sketches, Thackeray provides a panoramic awareness of the many varieties of human folly, identifying snobbery not as a social attitude but as the unworthy admiration of foolish things. Punch's Prize Novelists presents a series of illustrated burlesque parodies of Thackeray's contemporary writers, including Edward Bulwer, Benjamin Disraeli, Mrs. Catherine Gore, G.P.R. James, Charles Lever, and James Fenimore Cooper. The works are edited here from a comparative study of all relevant documents: from the first published appearances to the last editions touched by the author.


Objective Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) play key roles in tumour progression. Recent evidence suggests that TAMs critically modulate the efficacy of anticancer therapies, raising the prospect of their targeting in human cancer. Design In a large retrospective cohort study involving 110 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we assessed the density of CD68-TAM immune reactive area (%IRA) at the tumour–stroma interface and addressed their prognostic relevance in relation to postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy (CTX). In vitro, we dissected the synergism of CTX and TAMs. Results In human PDAC, TAMs predominantly exhibited an immunoregulatory profile, characterised by expression of scavenger receptors (CD206, CD163) and production of interleukin 10 (IL-10). Surprisingly, while the density of TAMs associated to worse prognosis and distant metastasis, CTX restrained their protumour prognostic significance. High density of TAMs at the tumour–stroma interface positively dictated prognostic responsiveness to CTX independently of T-cell density. Accordingly, in vitro, gemcitabine-treated macrophages became tumoricidal, activating a cytotoxic gene expression programme, inhibiting their protumoural effect and switching to an antitumour phenotype. In patients with human PDAC, neoadjuvant CTX was associated to a decreased density of CD206+ and IL-10+ TAMs at the tumour–stroma interface. Conclusions Overall, our data highlight TAMs as critical determinants of prognostic responsiveness to CTX and provide clinical and in vitro evidence that CTX overall directly re-educates TAMs to restrain tumour progression. These results suggest that the quantification of TAMs could be exploited to select patients more likely to respond to CTX and provide the basis for novel strategies aimed at re-educating macrophages in the context of CTX.


ABSTRACT:This forum brings together six short essays that, in different ways, engage with the methodological and theoretical challenges and opportunities that are unique to the study of comics in periodical media. Focusing examples from different eras, genres, and types of publication, the contributions assembled here consider key concepts for the study of periodical comics, discuss the experimental aesthetics of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century graphic narratives, uncover forgotten subcultural histories of the art form, scrutinize the challenges connected to the archiving and museological exhibition of comics and cartoons, and address the interplay between the seriality of twenty-first-century webcomics and processes of community building. In doing so, the contributions to this forum shed new light on the specific aesthetics, affordances, and cultural and social impact of comics in periodical media.


This paper discusses results from real-life tests with intelligent road marking units (RMU), placed on the surface of a highway in northern Sweden, to monitor passing vehicles and road properties, as well as making the information available through a wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks are starting to gain interest in the area of cooperative safety and efficiency in transport as they can contribute to the reduction of accidents and emissions as well as enhanced driver experiences. Intelligent road markings are another key element for the creation of intelligent transport systems, complementing road side units, devices placed near a road equipped with high-performance computational platforms and long range communication capabilities. This paper shows that RMUs are feasible from the perspectives of low-power consumption, durability, and sensing performance.


UNLABELLED
Many chemical concepts hinge on the notion of an orbital called the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, or LUMO. This hypothetical orbital and the much more concrete highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) constitute the two "frontier orbitals", which rationalize a great deal of chemistry. A viable LUMO candidate should have a sensible energy value, a realistic shape with amplitude on those atoms where electron attachment or reduction or excitation processes occur, and often an antibonding correspondence to one of the highest occupied MOs. Unfortunately, today's quantum chemistry calculations do not yield useful empty orbitals. Instead, the empty canonical orbitals form a large sea of orbitals, where the interesting valence antibonds are scrambled with the basis set's polarization and diffuse augmentations. The LUMO is thus lost within a continuum associated with a detached electron, as well as many Rydberg excited states. A suitable alternative to the canonical orbitals is proposed, namely, the valence virtual orbitals. VVOs are found by a simple algorithm based on singular value decomposition, which allows for the extraction of all valence-like orbitals from the large empty canonical orbital space. VVOs are found to be nearly independent of the working basis set. The utility of VVOs is demonstrated for construction of qualitative MO diagrams, for prediction of valence excited states, and as starting orbitals for more sophisticated calculations. This suggests that VVOs are a suitable realization of the LUMO, LUMO + 1, ...

CONCEPT
VVO generation requires no expert knowledge, as the number of VVOs sought is found by counting s-block atoms as having only a valence s orbital, transition metals as having valence s and d, and main group atoms as being valence s and p elements. Closed shell, open shell, or multireference wave functions and elements up to xenon may be used in the present program.


The formation of a di-tert-alkyl nitroxide has been observed by Electron Spin Resonance during the exposure of coenzyme CoQ(10), in both the oxidized and reduced forms, to nitrogen dioxide (˙NO(2)) or to nitric oxide (˙NO) in the presence of oxygen. The same kind of nitroxide has been observed also with CoQ(1), CoQ(3) or with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-2-butene, chosen as model compounds. In all cases, the formation of the nitroxide may be justified only by admitting the involvement of the isoprenic chain of the coenzymes and in particular the addition of ˙NO(2) to the double bond. A mechanism which accounts for the formation of the nitroxide as well as the other compounds observed in the reactions is proposed and confirmed by a spectroscopic investigation (FT-IR, (1)H NMR, X-ray analysis) and by ESI-MS.


The aim of this work was to gain a better understanding of the physiochemical factors which affect the formulation of suspension inhalation aerosols. This has been attempted by applying the principles of colloid science to aerosol formulation. Both a drug system and a model colloid system have been used. The adsorption of six nonionic and cationic surfactants onto Spherisorb has been investigated. The results were analysed by calculating the area occupied by one adsorbed molecule at the surface and by comparing these values for each surfactant. The amount of each surfactant adsorbed was correlated with the number of sites on that surfactant molecule which could interact with the surface. The stability of suspensions, produced by both the model colloid Spherisorb, and by the drug isoprenaline sulphate, after adsorption of the surfactants, has been assessed by measuring settling times and rising times. The most stable suspensions were found to be those which had the greatest amounts of long chain fatty acid surfactant adsorbed on their surface. A comparison was made between the effective stabilising properties of Span 85 and oleic acid on various drug suspensions. It was found that Span 85 gave the most stable suspensions. Inhalation aerosol suspensions of isoprenaline sulphate were manufactured using the same surfactants used in the adsorption and suspension stability studies and were analysed by measuring the particle size distributions of the suspension and the emitted doses. The results were found to correlate with the adsorption and suspension stability studies and it was concluded that a deflocculated suspension was preferable to a flocculated suspension in inhalation aerosols provided that the drug density was less than the propellant density. The application of this work to preformulation studies was also discussed.


Stress transfer from the great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake is modeled on the Denali fault, including the Denali-Totschunda fault segments that ruptured in 2002, and on other regional fault systems where M 7.5 and larger earth- quakes have occurred since 1900. The results indicate that analysis of Coulomb stress transfer from the dominant earthquake in a region is a potentially powerful tool in assessing time-varying earthquake hazard. Modeled Coulomb stress increases on the northern Denali and Totschunda faults from the great 1964 earthquake coincide with zones that ruptured in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, although stress on the Susitna Glacier thrust plane, where the 2002 event initiated, was decreased. A southeasterly- trending Coulomb stress transect along the right-lateral Totschunda-Fairweather- Queen Charlotte trend shows stress transfer from the 1964 event advancing slip on the Totschunda, Fairweather, and Queen Charlotte segments, including the southern Fairweather segment that ruptured in 1972. Stress transfer retarding right-lateral strike slip was observed from the southern part of the Totschunda fault to the northern end of the Fairweather fault (1958 rupture). This region encompasses a gap with shallow thrust faulting but with little evidence of strike-slip faulting connecting the segments to the northwest and southeast. Stress transfer toward failure was computed on the north-south trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in the Gulf of Alaska that ruptured in 1987 and 1988, with inhibitory stress changes at the northern end of the northernmost (1987) rupture. The northern Denali and Totschunda faults, including the zones that ruptured in the 2002 earthquakes, follow very closely (within 3%), for about 90, an arc of a circle of radius 375 km. The center of this circle is within a few kilometers of the intersection at depth of the Patton Bay fault with the Alaskan megathrust. This inferred asperity edge may be the pole of counterclockwise rotation of the block south of the Denali fault. These observations suggest that the asperity and its recurrent rupture in great earthquakes as in 1964 may have influenced the tectonics of the region during the later stages of evolution of the Denali strike-slip fault system.


Due to the heightened intercultural communication brought about by globalisation and advanced communication technologies, the ability to respond in culturally sensitive ways when interacting with other cultures is becoming increasingly important. A cultural variation that can easily lead to miscommunication is the practice of expressing opinion. Cultural variations in expressing opinion could be particularly pronounced between the East and the West. While expressing one's opinion is considered an equal right in the West, it is not held in the same light in most Asian societies. One possible reason for this is that Asian societies had different traditions of opinion formation and expression in the past. In most Asian cultures, opinion-formation was considered mainly the responsibility of those who were influential or in a position of authority. Also, the value attached to group harmony discouraged people from expressing opinion, particularly when it is critical of others. It is likely that this reluctance to express opinion which is common in day-to-day oral interactions is also manifest in writing. The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which culture-specific modes of opinion expression are used in Asian writing and how they are different from the way opinion is expressed in English.


In the absence of federal action in the United States, several states have taken the lead with innovative carbon regulatory schemes. Ten Eastern states have combined into the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) to regulate CO2 from their power plants, California has initiated a comprehensive regulation of all greenhouse gases (GHGs) from all sources, and other Western and Midwestern states are undertaking global warming mitigation programs. However, a series of three legal challenges in California, Massachusetts, and New York, have created basic questions about the legality and constitutionality of state regulation of carbon and schemes promoting renewable energy. To date, these 3 very influential states are "batting" 0-3 in these contests.Significant constitutional questions accompany some of the legal designs of the carbon-reduction schemes initiated by these leading states. First, there are Commerce Clause issues: Because states do not want the carbon costs that they impose on their in-state power generators to encourage higher-carbon power imports from out-of-state, they are moving to secure their borders, or at least imposing surcharges to dissuade intruding power flows. States are trying to restrict leakage past their borders of less-costly power with carbon that isn't regulated or affected, which easily leaps state boundaries. Because the states may employ point-of-origin regulation to create carbon-regulated islands into which externally-produced wholesale power can't enter without penalty, they will have to navigate limitations on this under the dormant Commerce Clause of the Constitution. Second, there are Constitutional Supremacy Clause issues. In the first carbon regulation, which began in January in the Northeast, RGGI states implemented the first auction of rights to emit pollutants in the history of environmental regulation. In all former environmental regulation, emission rights were allocated to currently emitting sources without charge. States officially have expressed that the purpose of this auction is to increase the price for certain high-emitting carbon power plant operations (coal in particular), as a way to change the dispatch order by the regional independent system operator (ISO), which controls plant operating schedules in order of lowest cost of operation. When states deliberately, even if indirectly, change wholesale electric power dispatch order by use of regulations inflating the otherwise federally jurisdictional wholesale power price at which power plants are approved to operate, those regulations can be questioned constitutionally as not within state power pursuant to the Supremacy Clause.


The marginal cost of plant capacity, measured by the price of equity is significantly procyclical. Yet, the price of a major intermediate input into expanding plant capacity, investment goods, is coutercyclical. The ratio of these prices is Tobin's q. We interpret the fact that Tobin's q differs from unity at all reflects that there are diminishing returns to expanding plant capacity by installing investment goods (`adjustment costs'). Also, its numerator and denominator have such different cyclical properties. We find the sign switch in their covariation with output reflects interaction of our adjustment cost specification with the operation of two shocks: one which affects the demand for equity and another which shifts the technology for producing investment goods. The adjustment costs cause the two prices to respond differently to these two shocks which is why it is possible to choose the shock variances to reproduce the sign switch. These model features are incorporated into a modified version of a model analyzed in Boldrin, Christiano and Fisher (1995) which contains assumptions designed to account for the observed mean return on risk free and risky assets. We find various modifications not only account for the sign switch but also continue to account for the salient features of mean asset returns. We turn to business cycle implications of our model. The model does as well as standard models with respect to conventional business cycle measures of volatility and comovement with output, and on one dimension the model significantly dominates standard models. The factors that help it account for prices and rates of return on assets also help it account for the fact that employment across a broad range of sectors moves together over the cycle.


Ahstract-Typical models for AMB actuators consist of a static linearized mapping from displacement and current to (orce (f ~ -K",x + Kd) and are augmented with actuator dynamics (bandwidth and gain) which act to correlate a command signal Vc to resulting current: 1(8) = Ga(s)Vc(s). In the present work, we show that this model misses a number of potentially important features, most notably the effect of amplifier bandwidth limitations on the term mapping displacement to force (K",) and the related influence of journal motion induced back-EMF. In addition, we show how actuator eddy currents intnact with the amplifier dynamics and how to model the resulting composite system.


I. "Death is also the thief of beauty," he says, as a slow disquietude replaces morning's calm. The pink light fades from ashen clouds, and an icy luminosity begins to wax above the highlands of eternity. The willow, weeping all evening over rocks beside the pond, darkens to an arch hunched above a wafer of sacramental light, a fallen moon too faint to give much sight. There were minds which might have ripened into suns had not the body failed, the nursing vine sallowed and withered before the fruit was ripe. We are flowers of light in a field of darkness, brief in our pulse of generations. We open and close, wax and wane, open and close.


Do the chemical elements, Mendeleev or the Periodic Table play any role in the world of music? Here are a few preliminary notes for an answer to that question, maybe just the tip of an iceberg. Some suggestions are offered on music that is worth listening to, although some of the works commented on may require more of a good sense of humour than musical sensibility from the reader.


People who sign petitions must accept disclosure of their political views. This conclusion rests on the seemingly uncontroversial (if circular) premise that petition signing is a public activity. Courts have thus far shown little sympathy for individuals who take a public stand on an issue by signing a petition and then assert privacy claims after the fact. Democracy, after all, takes courage, as Justice Scalia wrote in the petitioning disclosure case Doe v. Reed. But signing a petition today brings consequences beyond public criticism. The real threat of disclosure for modern petition signers is not tangible harassment, but the loss of "political obscurity" in a modern data architecture that exposes citizens to indelible Internet scrutiny and rampant political preference cataloguing. This Article argues that political obscurity is an important, unarticulated interest in the current discourse about privacy and petitioning. Courts and state administrators must take steps to protect it or risk drastically diminished participation in petition signing. Finally, this Article suggests that political obscurity has important implications in other areas of political participation. For example, those who contribute small amounts to political campaigns and petition signers may share a similar privacy interest. "Drop-in-the-bucket" political gestures ought not extinguish political obscurity.


The authors examine the conditions under which democratic events, including elections, cabinet formations, and government dissolutions, affect asset markets. Where these events have less predictable outcomes, market returns are depressed and volatility increases. In contrast, where market actors can forecast the result, returns do not exhibit any unusual behavior. Further, political expectations condition how markets respond to the political process. When news causes market actors to update their political beliefs, market actors reallocate their portfolios, and overall market behavior changes. To measure political information, Professors Bernhard and Leblang employ sophisticated models of the political process. They draw on a variety of models of market behavior, including the efficient markets hypothesis, capital asset pricing model, and arbitrage pricing theory, to trace the impact of political events on currency, stock, and bond markets. The analysis will appeal to academics, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates across political science, economics, and finance.


The language for describing inconsistency is underdeveloped. If a knowledgebase (a set of formulae) is inconsistent, we need more illuminating ways to say how inconsistent it is, or to say whether one knowledgebase is "more inconsistent" than another. To address this, we provide a general characterization of inconsistency, based on quasi-classical logic (a form of paraconsistent logic with a more expressive semantics than Belnap's four-valued logic, and unlike other paraconsistent logics, allows the connectives to appear to behave as classical connectives). We analyse inconsistent knowledge by considering the conflicts arising in the minimal quasi-classical models for that knowledge. This is used for a measure of coherence for each knowledgebase, and for a preference ordering, called the compromise relation, over knowledgebases. In this paper, we formalize this framework, and consider applications in managing heterogeneous sources of knowledge.


Abstract The Radon technique is applied in order to recover a quadrature rule based on Appel polynomials and the so called Appel numbers. The relevant formula generalizes both the Euler-MacLaurin quadrature rule and a similar rule using Euler (instead of Bernoulli) numbers and even (instead of odd) derivatives of the given function at the endpoints of the considered interval. In the general case, the remainder term is expressed in terms of Appel numbers, and all derivatives appear. A numerical example is also included.


Maritime surveillance systems analyze vast amounts of heterogeneous sensor data from a large number of objects. In order to support the operator while monitoring such systems, the identification of anomalous vessels or situations that might need further investigation may reduce the operator's cognitive load. While it is worth acknowledging that many existing mining applications support identification of anomalous behavior, autonomous anomaly detection systems are rarely used in the real world, since the detection of anomalous behavior is normally not a well-defined problem and therefore, human expert knowledge is needed. This calls for the development of interaction components that can support the user in the detection process. In order to support the comprehension of the knowledge embedded in the system, we propose an interactive way of visualizing expert rules and normal behavioral models built from the data. The overall goal is to facilitate the validation and update of these models and signatures, supporting the insertion of human expert knowledge while improving confidence and trust in the system.


The vertical treadmill is a novel exercise mode designed for the physical conditioning of athletes. It requires a running action in a recumbent posture on a vertically hung, non-motorised treadmill whilst the limbs are supported with overhanging resistance cables. To the author's knowledge, there has been no research on the vertical treadmill. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to identify whether the vertical treadmill is an appropriate tool for physical conditioning. To achieve this aim there were four objectives: 1) identify the lower limb kinematics; 2) identify the neuromuscular recruitment patterns during vertical treadmill exercise in different postures and intensities; 3) identify the acute physiological responses to vertical treadmill exercise at varying intensities and 4) identify the adaptations to a training intervention on the vertical treadmill in a physically active population. The kinematic and neuromuscular recruitment patterns during vertical treadmill exercise revealed that irrespective of posture and intensity, the hamstrings and gastrocnemius muscles were active to draw the leg downwards against the resistance cables and the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior were active in the upward phase. The vastii muscles were not active. The 40° and 70° postures were similar and both differed from the supine posture. The physiological responses to submaximal and maximal vertical treadmill exercise in the 40° posture revealed a lower maximum heart rate and VO2peak when compared with conventional treadmill running. The onset of blood lactate (2 mmol.L[-1]) during very light vertical treadmill exercise and a high maximal lactate identified the vertical treadmill as a predominantly anaerobic exercise. In light of this, the effect of a 6-week sprint interval training (SIT) (4-6, 30 s all-out efforts with 4.5 min recovery, 3 times per week) on VO2max, maximum anaerobic running power and responses to submaximal running on a conventional treadmill were compared with SIT performed over ground (20 m shuttle sprints) and control group. The key findings of this study were that over ground and vertical treadmill SIT increased the anaerobic running power by 4% each and that VO2max, increased by 4% and 6%, respectively. No differences were found in submaximal running responses. This evidence indicates that vertical treadmill can be used as a low-impact conditioning tool without detriment to running performance. The physiological underpinnings for the improvement in running performance should be the focus of future research.


Purpose - The aim of the study is to investigate the relative significance of the determinants of disaggregated capital flows (foreign direct investment and portfolio flows) to five developing countries, across different time horizons. Design/methodology/approach - An empirically tractable structural VAR model of the determinants of capital flows is developed, and variance decomposition and impulse response analyses are used to investigate the temporal dynamic effects of shocks to push and pull factors on foreign direct investment and portfolio flows. Findings - Estimation of the model using quarterly data for the period 1976-2001 provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that shocks to real variables of economic activity such as foreign output and domestic productivity are the most important forces explaining the variations in capital flows to developing countries. Research limitations/implications - These findings highlight the concomitant need for policy makers in developing countries to design domestic policy that accounts for both external and internal shocks to real variables of economic activity. Originality/value - Previous empirical studies on the determinants of capital flows to developing countries have mostly examined the capital flow variable in aggregate, and have largely overlooked the possibility that the relative significance of estimated coefficients of such determinants may vary across time horizons.


The osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse possesses an inactivating mutation in the CSF-1 gene that is associated with a lack of certain mononuclear phagocyte populations. To examine the effects of these deficiencies on T-cell-dependent immune functions, the responses of op/op and normal mice to a T-cell-dependent antigen, ovalbumin, and to a foreign histocompatibility antigen were compared. The ability of op/op mice (1) to induce antigen-specific proliferation of naive T-cells, (2) to generate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, (3) to supply spleen cells to serve as stimulators in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, and (4) to produce IgM and IgG antibodies was indistinguishable from normal mice. These data are consistent with the involvement of specific macrophages, or other cells whose development is independent of CSF-1, in these immune responses.


Since 1990, oil palm cultivation, because nibbling large zones in dense forest areas of Cameroon, becomes the main driver of deforestation. It leads to the loss of plant and animal biodiversity as well as engaging soils and water pollution, which raises questions about its sustainability. Nowadays, palm plantations occupy almost 400 000 ha shared between agro-industries, elites and small farmers while annual palm oil production increased from 150, 000 tons in 2000 to 413,000 tons in 2018 against a demand that peaked at 1.179 million tons in 2018. This would assess the impacts of the oil palm exploitation in Cameroon. The objective of this article is to analyze the four dimensions of impacts closely linked to sustainability dimensions (ecological, sociocultural, economical and institutional) dimensions of sustainability of the oil palm sector in Cameroon. The approach is based on field surveys carried out in various production basins, particularly in the South-West, Littoral and Central regions. They also take into account the resolutions of various workshops bringing together stakeholders on the matter of sustainability in the oil palm sector in Cameroon. Satellite images were also used to map the spatial evolution of oil palm in the production basins. The result is a boom and a considerable expansion of the oil palm to which we can note a lack of adequate policy due to the constraints and hesitations of the Cameroonian administrations. Such a situation requires a better articulation of the tensions between development and environmental issues in Cameroon.


The improper and uncontrolled uses of antibiotics againts pathogenic bacteria have resulted in the occurrence of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) strains. There is now an urgency to find alternative antibiotics to combat the MDR strains especially Escherichia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus. Soft coral associated microorganisms are among the most interesting and promising marine natural product sources which produce polyketide and non ribosomal peptide products with various biological activities. In this study, marine bacteria were isolated from soft coral Lobophytum sp. collected from North Java Sea, and were screened for antibacterial activity against MDR strains. One out of 13 bacterial isolates were succesfully screened and were found to be active against both MDR strains, in which isolate LBTGA2 was active against resistant strains E. coli and against resistant S. aureus, respectively. The active isolate also amplified PKS (Polyketide Synthases) gene fragments necessary for the biosynthesis of polyketides. The molecular identification based on partial 16S DNA nukleotide sequences indicates that the active isolate was closely related to Paenibacillus campinasensis.


The main contributions of this research work remain in object recognition by computer vision, by one side, and in robot localisation and mapping by the other.

The first contribution area of the research address object recognition in mobile robots. In this area, door handle recognition is of great importance, as it help the robot to identify doors in places where the camera is not able to view the whole door. In this research, a new two step algorithm is presented based on feature extraction that aimed at improving the extracted features to reduce the superfluous keypoints to be compared at the same time that it increased its efficiency by improving accuracy and reducing the computational time. Opposite to segmentation based paradigms, the feature extraction based two-step method can easily be generalized to other types of handles or even more, to other type of objects such as road signals. Experiments have shown very good accuracy when tested in real environments with different kind of door handles.

With respect to the second contribution, a new technique to construct a topological map during the exploration phase a robot would perform on an unseen office-like environment is presented. Firstly a preliminary approach proposed to merge the Markovian localisation in a distributed system, which requires low storage and computational resources and is adequate to be applied in dynamic environments. In the same area, a second contribution to terrain inspection level behaviour based navigation concerned to the development of an automatic mapping method for acquiring the procedural topological map. The new approach is based on a typicality test called INCA to perform the so called loop-closing action. The method was integrated in a behaviour-based control architecture and tested in both, simulated and real robot/environment system. The developed system proved to be useful also for localisation purpose.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the geographic variation in diabetes prevalence and detection in China. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Self-report and biomedical data were collected from 98,058 adults aged ≥18 years (90.5% response) from 162 areas spanning mainland China. Diabetes status was assessed using American Diabetes Association criteria. Among those with diabetes, detection was defined by prior diagnosis. Choropleth maps were used to visually assess geographical variation in each outcome at the provincial level. The odds of each outcome were assessed using multilevel logistic regression, with adjustment for person- and area-level characteristics. RESULTS Geographic visualization at the provincial level indicated widespread variation in diabetes prevalence and detection across China. Regional prevalence adjusted for age, sex, and urban/rural socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) ranged from 8.3% (95% CI 7.2%, 9.7%) in the northeast to 12.7% (11.1%, 14.6%) in the north. A clear negative gradient in diabetes prevalence was observed from 13.1% (12.0%, 14.4%) in the urban high-SEC to 8.7% (7.8%, 9.6%) in rural low-SEC counties/districts. Adjusting for health literacy and other person-level characteristics only partially attenuated these geographic variations. Only one-third of participants living with diabetes had been previously diagnosed, but this also varied substantively by geography. Regional detection adjusted for age, sex, and urban/rural SEC, for example, spanned from 40.4% (34.9%, 46.3%) in the north to 15.6% (11.7%, 20.5%) in the southwest. Compared with detection of 40.8% (37.3%, 44.4%) in urban high-SEC counties, detection was poorest among rural low-SEC counties at just 20.5% (17.7%, 23.7%). Person-level characteristics did not fully account for these geographic variations in diabetes detection. CONCLUSIONS Strategies for addressing diabetes risk and improving detection require geographical targeting.


Recommender systems aim to personalize the shopping experience of a user by suggesting related products, or products that are found to be in the general interests of the user. The information available for users and products is heterogenous, and many systems use one or some of the information. The information available include the user's interactions history with the products and categories, textual information of the products, a hierarchical classification of the products into a taxonomy, user interests based on a questionnaire, the demographics of a user, inferred interests based on product reviews given by a user, interests based on the physical location of a user and so on. Taxonomy discovery for personalized recommendation is work published in 2014 which uses the first three information sources { the user's interaction history, textual information of the products and optionally, an existing taxonomy of the products. In this paper, we describe a parallel implementation of this approach on Apache Spark and discuss the modifications to the algorithm in order to scale it to several hundreds of thousands of users with a large inventory of products at Target corporation. We run experiments on a sample of users and provide results including some sample recommendations generated by our parallel algorithm.


Web analytics is the process of measuring your web site, analyzing the data, and making changes based on the analysis. Many businesses are just starting to learn how they can increase the performance of their web site by using web analytics. For many people, their first exposure to web analytics is Google Analytics, a free tool available to everyone. Although analysis is vital to web analytics, you can't do analysis without good data. Configuring Google Analytics correctly is the key to collecting good data. This Short Cut provides a thorough description of how the Google Analytics system works, information about many different types of implementations, and ways to avoid common pitfalls. It also shares some best practices to get your setup correct the first time.


Voltage instability has emerged as one of the most important areas of concern to modern power utilities. Once associated with weak power systems and long transmission lines, voltage instability problems are now acutely felt in highly developed networks. This is because many utilities are loading their bulk transmission networks to their maximum capacity to avoid the enormous capital costs of building new lines, In recent years, voltage instability has been responsible for several system collapses in Europe, Asia and North America. -- Voltage instability is concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain acceptable voltage at all buses in the system under normal loading conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance. A system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase in load demand, or change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage. The main reason causing voltage instability is the inability of the power system to meet the demand for reactive power. The other factors contributing to voltage instability are generator reactive power/voltage control limits, load characteristics, characteristics of static var compensators, and action of on load transformer tap changers. -- The study of voltage instability has become an important area of research in the field of power system engineering. The main thrust of research has been to arrive at an accurate and reliable indicator of the proximity of a system to voltage collapse. Such an indicator would be useful to utilities in operating their systems with maximum economy and security. However, for such voltage stability indices to be truly useful to utilities from an operations point of view, they should be implemented on-line in the Energy Management System (EMS). The Energy Management System has become a very important tool in modern power system control and operation and has versatile capabilities for power system control, analysis and monitoring. The major hurdle in the on-line implementation of voltage stability indices in an EMS would be the heavy computational costs involved in terms of time, memory and hardware costs. This is because most methods for voltage stability analysis need repeated solutions of power flows and associated calculations. Thus, for on-line applications, there is a need for tools which can quickly identify potentially dangerous conditions and provide the operator with guidance to steer the system from voltage collapse. Also, in view of the large size of modem power networks, it is important that the memory requirements of the computational tools be as low as possible. -- In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to power system problems. Artificial Neural Networks have the ability to identify and classify complex relationships, which are nonlinear and result from large mathematical models. The main feature of an ANN is the ability to achieve complicated input-output mappings through a learning process, without explicit programming. Once an ANN has been trained, it can classify new data much faster than would be possible by solving the model analytically. ANNs have the potential to play an important role in Energy Management Systems by providing system operators with a fast and reliable indication of the voltage stability of a power system. -- This thesis presents the application of ANNs for evaluation of power system voltage instability. Two popular voltage stability indices are studied and simulations are carried out on the IEEE 24 Bus system and the 39 Bus New England system. The effect of contingencies on the voltage stability of the above two systems was investigated. ANN models were designed to evaluate the voltage stability indices using the system parameters available from the EMS as inputs. For the energy margin based voltage stability index, separate ANN models were used for each contingency. However, for the load margin index, a single ANN model which takes into account the network topology, was used to evaluate the voltage stability. This single ANN model is able to evaluate the voltage stability of a system under normal operating condition (i.e., all lines in service) and also in the event of a line outage. Simulation results are presented on the application of the above indices to both power systems. The performance of the ANN models are presented, which compares the predicted accuracy to the expected value. The thesis also proposes a scheme for integrating the ANN based system into the EMS environment.


Many studies have been concerned with sequence organisation, adjacency pairs and preference organisation in English conversations. However, there is a need to investigate how these structures apply to other languages, and this paper undertakes such a task in analysing a French telephone conversation. In the conversation analysed, the two base parts of an invitation sequence, the invitation and its acceptance, are separated by 113 turns of talk. The methodology uses the Jeffersonian transcription system and Conversation Analysis techniques. What is remarkable about the data analysed in this study is its striking similarities to an English conversation examined by Schegloff (1990). The parallels with Schegloff's single case analysis constitute evidence of a phenomenon equally occurring in French, with a massive delay between the first pair part (FPP) and the second pair part (SPP) and the complex local organisation and expansion sequences that result from it.


Software designers rely on informal patterns, or idioms, to describe the architectures of their software systems—the configurations of components that make up the systems. My purpose here is to reflect on the role these patterns play in software design. I am particularly interested in the ways that informal patterns shape the configurations. These patterns, or idioms, determine how separate parts are combined, or "woven together". The resulting organization is often called the architecture of the system. Current programming languages do not support these patterns; indeed, the patterns address problems that lie outside the scope of conventional programming languages. This paper describes the character of these architectural patterns and the status of work on models and tools to support them.


Dense core granules of exocrine cells are a potential source of calcium, and results to date have been controversial regarding whether the calcium in these organelles is involved in controlling the cytosolic calcium concentration. Mitchell et al. developed a fusion protein between the dense core transmembrane protein VAMP and the calcium-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin in order to visualize calcium in the dense core granules of a pancreatic β cell line. Vesicular free [Ca2+] was approximately 50 μM, significantly lower than endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi free [Ca2+]. Vesicular [Ca2+] increased when calcium was reintroduced to the cells following calcium depletion. Uptake required adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and was inhibited by high concentrations of orthovanadate, but not by the ER Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin or by agents that altered intravesicular pH or elevations in Na+ concentration, suggesting that the uptake does not occur through a Ca2+/H+ exchanger or through a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Activation of inositol trisphosphate receptors did not produce a decrease in vesicular [Ca2+], but did decrease ER [Ca2+]. Activation of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) did stimulate a decrease in both ER and vesicular [Ca2+]. Under conditions in which the ER calcium pool was depleted, stimulation of the RyRs produced an increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] presumably from the vesicular calcium pool. Treatment of the cells with glucose or nutrients that stimulate secretion in these cells by activation of voltage-gated calcium channels also increased ER and vesicular [Ca2+]. Thus, the dense core vesicles do represent a dynamic pool of calcium that is affected by cytosolic [Ca2+] and that can be mobilized by activation of RyRs. K. J. Mitchell, P. Pinton, A. Varadi, C. Tacchetti, E. K. Ainscow, T. Pozzan, R. Rizzuto, G. A. Rutter, Dense core secretory vesicles revealed as a dynamic Ca2+ store in neuroendocrine cells with a vesicle-associated membrane protein aequorin chimaera. J. Cell Biol. 155, 41-51 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]