Recently, large-scale changes in the biogeography of calanoid copepod crustaceans have been detected in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Strong biogeographical shifts in all copepod assemblages were found with a northward extension of more than ° in latitude of warm-water species associated with a decrease in the number of colder-water species. These changes were attributed to regional increase in sea surface temperature. Here, we have extended these studies to examine long-term changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton and salmon in relation to hydro-meteorological forcing in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. We found highly significant relationships between (1) long-term changes in all three trophic levels, (2) sea surface temperature in the northeastern Atlantic, (3) Northern Hemisphere temperature and (4) the North Atlantic Oscillation. The similarities detected between plankton, salmon, temperature and hydro-climatic parameters are also seen in their cyclical variability and in a stepwise shift that started after a pronounced increase in Northern Hemisphere Temperature anomalies at the end of the 1970s. All biological variables show a pronounced change which started after circa 1982 for euphausiids (decline), 1984 for the total abundance of small copepods (increase), 1986 for phytoplankton biomass (increase) and Calanus finmarchicus (decrease) and 1988 for salmon (decrease). This cascade of biological events led to an exceptional period, which is identified after 1986 to present and followed another shift in large-scale hydro-climatic variables and sea surface temperature. This regional temperature increase therefore appears to be an important parameter that is at present governing the dynamic equilibrium of northeast Atlantic pelagic ecosystems with possible consequences for biogeochemical processes and fisheries.


OBJECTIVE
To prospectively analyse the diagnostic value of semi-quantitative breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) in the work-up of suspicious breast lesions compared with that of mammography (MG), breast ultrasound and MRI of the breast.

METHODS
Within a 15-month period, 67 patients with 92 breast lesions rated as Category IV or V according to the breast imaging reporting and data system detected with MG and/or ultrasound were included into the study. After the injection of 740-1110 MBq of Technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) SestaMIBI intravenously, scintigrams were obtained in two projections comparable to MG. The BSGI was analysed visually and semi-quantitatively by calculating a relative uptake factor (X). With the exception of two patients with cardiac pacemakers, all patients underwent 3-T breast MRI. Biopsy results were obtained as the reference standard in all patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative-predictive values, accuracy and area under the curve were calculated for each modality.

RESULTS
Among the 92 lesions, 67 (72.8%) were malignant. 60 of the 67 cancers of any size were detected by BSGI with an overall sensitivity of 90%, only exceeded by ultrasound with a sensitivity of 99%. The sensitivity of BSGI for lesions <1 cm declined significantly to 60%. Overall specificity of ultrasound was only 20%. Specificity, accuracy and positive-predictive value were the highest for BSGI (56%, 80% and 85%, respectively). X was significantly higher for malignant lesions (mean, 4.27) and differed significantly between ductal types (mean, 4.53) and the other histopathological entities (mean, 3.12).

CONCLUSION
Semi-quantitative BSGI with calculation of the relative uptake factor (X) can help to characterize breast lesions. BSGI negativity may obviate the need for biopsy of breast lesions >1 cm with low or intermediate prevalence for malignancy.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
Compared with morphological imaging modalities, specificity, positive-predictive value for malignancy and accuracy were the highest for BSGI in our study. BSGI negativity may support the decision not to biopsy in selected lesions with a low or low-to-moderate pre-test probability for malignancy.


The nursing shortage has stimulated renewed attention to understanding factors that may enhance the recruitment of students into nursing programs and the retention of registered nurses in the workforce. Many activities have been initiated to address the shortage of nurses, including increasing recruitment of students to study nursing. This paper has two major goals: (1) to answer the research question, "To what extent do college students' characteristics explain the differences in their attitudes towards four service occupations (nursing, medicine, physical therapy and high school teaching)?" and (2) to demonstrate statistical methods appropriate for performing multivariate analyses of clustered data and merging independent survey items into a clustered, multivariate analysis for direct comparison of the different items. Results indicate that the more favourable rating of nursing as an occupation relative to physical therapy is due to the sample, including a large number of students majoring in nursing. Students who are not nursing majors do not appear to hold a more favourable attitude towards nurses relative to physical therapists. The lower rating of high school teachers and higher rating of physicians on most items persists even after adjusting for all the control variables, including whether or not students are nursing majors. Additionally, results support the need for a statistical method such as generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for individual and interaction confounders, repeated measures, clustering and correlated data.


Objectives
We applied a new modeling approach to generate estimates of vitamin A total body stores (TBS) for previously-studied subjects (Green et al. J Nutr 2016;146:2129-36) who were consuming moderate amounts of preformed vitamin A. Based on recent work, we hypothesized that inclusion of an estimate of vitamin A dietary intake (DI) during modeling would help compensate for the less-than-optimal study duration (14 d).

Methods
We reanalyzed retinol kinetic data collected after ingestion of [13C10]retinyl acetate by 26 young adults of European ancestry for whom estimates of DI were available. To predict TBS by compartmental analysis, geometric mean (GM) data on fraction of dose in plasma versus time plus estimated intake (2.9 µmol retinol activity equivalents/d) were analyzed using the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software in light of previously-established models. We also used modeling to estimate coefficients ("FaS") used in retinol isotope dilution (RID) equations and calculated TBS for the group and individuals.

Results
TBS predicted by the model without DI data included was 98 µmol; when the GM DI was included in the modeling data stream, predicted TBS was 273 µmol. Including DI data during modeling also resulted in lower predictions of intake [2.9 versus 8.7 µmol/d without DI, compared with the average RDA for adults (2.8 µmol/d)] and longer predicted days of vitamin A stores (125 versus 15 d). Using the FaS at 7 d (0.90) predicted by the model with DI, RID-predicted TBS agreed with the model prediction (GM, 274 µmol, range 106-889 µmol).

Conclusions
Results indicate that including an estimate of DI during modeling provides more realistic predictions of TBS for studies of short duration and improves confidence in model prediction of vitamin A status.

Funding Sources
Original human studies were supported by Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council (grant BB/G004056/1 to GL) and Cancer Research UK; current analyses were supported by College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University.


n Modern military satellite communications terminals have typically been built as multiprocessor systems. Because of increasing pressure for reuse and modularity, current programs have been encouraged to consider the use of component middleware. While Common Object Request Broker Architecture is the most mature middleware standard available, its invocation semantics present considerable challenges for the development of such systems. Through reasoning about quality attributes, we found that a real-time publish-subscribe middleware reduces coupling, improves composability, and reduces the risk of architectural mismatch, deadlock, and integration problems compared to an invocationbased system. In building a communications-on-the-move (COTM) node, we found that this type of middleware, which exemplifies an implicit-invocation architectural style, promotes ease of system evolution and an incremental integration approach.


Ronald Charles (Ron) Newman was one of the most versatile semiconductor physicists of his generation and is distinguished for his work in several different areas, most notably epitaxial growth and the behaviour of impurities and dopants in a range of device-related materials, mainly silicon and gallium arsenide. His most significant contributions came from the application of local vibrational-mode spectroscopy to studies of the segregation and diffusion of oxygen and hydrogen in silicon. The results were of fundamental importance in the fabrication of integrated circuits.


This succinct and lucid study examines the thought of the philosopher Charles Peirce as it applies to literary theory and shows that his concept of the sign can give us a fresh understanding of literary art and criticism. John Sheriff analyzes the treatment of determinate meaning and contends that as long as we cling to a notion of language that begins with Saussure's dyadic definition of signs, meaning cannot be treated as such any more than can essence or presence. Asserting that Peirce's less familiar position offers a way out of this difficulty, Sheriff first discusses the Saussurean-based theory of meaning and then argues for the advantages of the radically different triadic theory developed by Peirce.Part One of the work reviews and critiques the treatment of meaning in works by Jonathan Culler, Tzvetan Todorov, Stanley Fish, Roland Barthes, and Jacques Derrida, among others. The focus of this section is on the treatment of meaning in structural and post-structural theories and their common basis in Saussurean linguistics. Part Two provides a readable introduction to Peirce's general theory of signs and develops comprehensively the implications of his semiotic. The substitution of his theory for Saussure's opens our eyes to new and cogent answers to many questions relevant to the meaning of texts.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


In this paper, some of the factors that affect classification performance of EEG based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) is studied. Study is specified on P300 speller system which is also an EEG based BCI system. P300 is a physiological signal that represents a response of brain to a given stimulus which occurs right 300 ms after the stimulus onset. When this signal occurs, it changes the continuous EEG some micro volts. Since this is not a very distinguished change, some other physiological signals (movement of muscles and heart, blinking or other neural activities) may distort this signal. In order to understand if there is really a P300 component in the signal, consecutive P300 epochs are averaged over trials. In this study, we have been tried two different multi channel data handling methods with two different frequency windows. Resulted data have been classified using Support Vector Machines (SVM). It has been shown that proposed method has a better classification performance.


Numerically modeling the interaction of light with materials is an essential step in generating realistic synthetic images. While there have been many studies of how people perceive physical materials, very little work has been done that facilitates efficient numerical modeling. Perceptual experiments and guidelines are needed for material measurement, specification and rendering. For measurement, many devices and methods have been developed for capturing spectral, directional and spatial variations of light/material interactions, but no guidelines exist for the accuracy required. For specification, only very preliminary work has been done to find meaningful parameters for users to search for and to select materials in software systems. For rendering, insight is needed on the perceptual impact of material models when combined with global illumination methods.


Researchers spend a great deal of time reading research papers. Keshav (2012) provides a three-pass method to researchers to improve their reading skills. This article extends Keshav's method for reading a research compendium. Research compendia are an increasingly used form of publication, which packages not only the research paper's text and figures, but also all data and software for better reproducibility. We introduce the existing conventions for research compendia and suggest how to utilise their shared properties in a structured reading process. Unlike the original, this article is not build upon a long history but intends to provide guidance at the outset of an emerging practice.


A common observation in recent reports on the need for reform in legal education is that after the intense first year of law school, law students become increasingly disengaged. According to a recent Law School Survey of Student Engagement (LSSSE) report, while 40 percent of 1Ls said that they never came to class unprepared, only 23 percent of 2Ls and 16 percent of 3Ls reported that they never came to class unprepared (and surely some of them are fudging their answers -- probably closer to zero percent of 3Ls never come to class unprepared). The amount of time students spend reading and studying drops way off as the years go by -- from 30 hours a week for a typical 1L to 20 hours a week for a typical 3L.As health law professors, we teach the upper-level students, the ones who by all accounts are becoming less and less engaged in law school. How do we keep them engaged and motivated to learn? How do we encourage them to think more - more often and more deeply - about the issues in health law than they might have come to class prepared to think about? How can we foster a life-long habit of engaged thinking and learning for themselves that could last long after our classes are over? The following are some thoughts, drawn in part from the experiences of some of our most thoughtful colleagues who spoke at the 2007 Health Law Professors' conference in Boston, as well as from the recent calls for reform in legal education.


Abstract Objective: Pesticides are mainly released into Lakes, ponds and rivers due to the runofffrom agricultural fields. Pesticides are generally toxic to manynon-target organisms such as fish. Fish, generally accumulate contaminants from aquaticenvironments and have been largely used in studies of food safety. So, present investigation aims to determine the effects of chlorantraniliprole on biochemical characteristics (total protein, soluble and structural, free amino acidsand lipid levels in muscle, kidney and liver) of the snake head fish Channapunctatus. Methods: The water used for acclimatization and conducting experiments was clear unchlorinated ground water. The soluble, structural and the total proteins in the organs were estimated using the folin-phenol reagent method. Results : Theresult showsdeclined levels of biochemical parameters during all the exposure periods when compared with control. Conclusion: The results of the current study obviously show the toxic nature of the toxicant on thebiochemical parameters of the fish, Channapunctuatus . The changes in total soluble, solubleproteins, free amino acids and lipid in the chlorantraniliprole treated fish. Key words : accumulate,food safety,Channa punctatus,declined, exposure


In architecture use of generative computation suggests a possibility of rethinking the form finding process. In order to generate form, one method could be predefining first the production technique and constraining the form by the rules of it. In this study crochet-knitting technique is chosen as a production technique. To explore various forms developed through this technique; a computational model, which the behavior of crochet-knitted surface is embedded into, is developed. This paper explains the process of decoding the behavior of a crochet-knitted surface for a computational model in order to extract the crochet-knitting patterns of complex geometrical surfaces.


A large theoretical literature emphasizes the importance of financial networks, but empirical studies remain scarce. Due to overlapping bank portfolios, the syndicated loan market provides a natural setting to study financial networks. We exploit the tiered structure of syndicated loans to construct such a network and characterize quantitatively its evolution over time. A spatial autoregressive model provides an ideal methodological framework to estimate spillovers from this financial network to lending rates and quantities. We find that these spillovers are economically large, time-varying and can switch sign after major economic shocks. Moreover, we find that network complexity and uncertainty rise after a large negative shock. Counterfactual experiments confirm the quantitative importance of spillovers and network structure on lending rates and quantities and can be used to disentangle the effects arising from spillovers versus changes in network structure.


Industrial employment growth has been one of the most dynamic areas of expansion in Asia; however, current trends in industrialised working environments have resulted in greater employee stress. Despite research showing that cultural values affect the way people cope with stress, there is a dearth of psychometrically established tools for use in non-Western countries to measure these constructs. Studies of the "Way of Coping Checklist-Revised" (WCCL-R) in the West suggest that the WCCL-R has good psychometric properties, but its applicability in the East is still understudied. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to validate the WCCL-R constructs in an Asian population. This study used 1,314 participants from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Singapore, and Thailand. An initial exploratory factor analysis revealed that original structures were not confirmed; however, a subsequent EFA and CFA showed that a 38-item, five-factor structure model was confirmed. The revised WCCL-R in the Asian sample was also found to have good reliability and sound construct and concurrent validity. The 38-item structure of the WCCL-R has considerable potential in future occupational stress-related research in Asian countries.


This article discusses eight theoretical aspects of usage-based models on language and language change from the perspectives of Cognitive Linguistics and a sociological model of communication: the relationship between usage events and grammatical structure, the model of communication, the primacy of meaning, the status of the linguistic sign, procedural anchoring and the role of frequency, the modelling of dynamic-stable processes, innovation, and diffusion. Its aim is to assess the theoretical validity of a model of language use that is based on communication in contrast to the established cognitive focus. It also identifies and discusses the explanatory potential of such a concept, namely a co-ordinated relationship between cognitive and communicative processing of language structure.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Pocket Shanghai is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Experience the iconic skyscraper backdrop at the Bund, witness Shanghai Museum's marvellous tribute to the path of beauty, or relax in the Yuyuan Gardens; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of the best of Shanghai and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Pocket Shanghai: *Full-colour maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries show you the simplest way to tailor your trip to your own personal needs and interests *Insider tips save you time and money and help you get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots *Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, and prices *Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, and hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Free, convenient pull-out Shanghai map (included in print version), plus over 20 colour neighbourhood maps *User-friendly layout with helpful icons, and organised by neighbourhoods to help you determine the best spots to spend your time *Useful features - including Worth a Trip, For Kids, and For Free *Coverage of the Bund, People's Square, Pudong, Old Town, French Concession East, French Concession West, Jing' an, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Pocket Shanghai is a handy guide that literally fits in your pocket, providing on-the-go assistance to travellers who seek only the can't-miss experiences. Colourful and easy-to-use, this neighbourhood-focused guide includes unique local recommendations to maximise your quick trip experience. * Looking for a comprehensive guide that recommends a wide range of experiences, both popular and offbeat, and extensively covers all of Shanghai's neighbourhoods? Check out Lonely Planet's Shanghai guide. * Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's China guide for a comprehensive look at all the country has to offer, or Lonely Planet's Discover China, a photo-rich guide to the country's most popular attractions. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet and Christopher Pitts. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travellers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)


Newsletter of Preservation Dallas describing the group's activities, news, and events, as well as other preservation information of interest to members.


For nearly 30 years , the library of the University Foundation Liberators had the responsibility of guarding , manage and administer different information resources is responsible , according to meet the interests of the academic community in general. Similarly , supports literary and documentary , the development of scientific, cultural and research at the University , with its main objective to satisfy the information needs of students , alumni, faculty and staff , researchers and external users are regulated through agreements .
The library supports different academic programs present in the types of technology , University ( undergraduate and graduate ) , with the methodology in person, online and distance . The collection development policy of the library of the Fundacion Universitaria Los Libertadores is aligned with the Institutional Educational Project Liberator and Institutional Development Plan 2006 -2010 , and its objective to deliver the guidelines development process collections of bibliographic material ( in all formats ) that are desirable for the library , in order to deliver appropriate and effective responses to the information needs of the academic community of the university.


In today's industrialized societies, the majority of parents work full time while caring for and raising their children and managing household upkeep, trying to keep a precarious balance of fulfilling multiple roles as parent, worker, friend, & child. Increasingly demands of the workplace such as early or late hours, travel, commute, relocation, etc. conflict with the needs of being a parent. At the same time, it is through work that people increasingly define their identity and self-worth, and which provides the opportunity for personal growth, interaction with friends and colleagues, and which provides the income and benefits on which the family subsists. The interface between work and family is an area of increasing research, in terms of understanding stress, job burn out, self-esteem, gender roles, parenting behaviors, and how each facet affects the others.

 The research in this area has been widely scattered in journals in psychology, family studies, business, sociology, health, and economics, and presented in diverse conferences (e.g., APA, SIOP, Academy of Management). It is difficult for experts in the field to keep up with everything they need to know, with the information dispersed. This Handbook will fill this gap by synthesizing theory, research, policy, and workplace practice/organizational policy issues in one place.

 The book will be useful as a reference for researchers in the area, as a guide to practitioners and policy makers, and as a resource for teaching in both undergraduate and graduate courses.


OF DISSERTATION ADVANCED MULTILEVEL MODELS FOR COMPARING GROUP CHARACTERISTICS: THE CASE OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN READING ACHIEVEMENT To help improve and advance research methodology when comparing the group characteristics, two advanced multilevel models were developed and introduced, which would allow a deeper and more refined look at the issue of sex differences in reading achievement. The first model is a restricted multilevel model for the examination of institutional effects on multiple groups of individuals. The goal of this multivariate multilevel model with individuals nested within institutions was to estimate the institutional effects on multiple groups of individuals. With the employment of 2009 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data, an application was illustrated to examine whether school reading environment had the same effect on reading achievement between boys and girls. In this two-level model, the level 1 was a multivariate model highlighting students' average reading achievement for each sex group (two dichotomous variables) and level 2 was two linear regression equations, one for boys and one for girls. The effects of five school reading environment variables (diversity of reading, enjoyment of reading, stimulators of reading, daily reading hours, and online reading hours) were constrained respectively to be the same for both boys and girls. A significance test was performed to examine whether this restriction held true. It was found that the effects of enjoyment of reading and online reading hours were statistically different on reading achievement between boys and girls based on PISA 2009 dataset. The model is an effective omnibus statistical technique to examine the institutional effects on multiple groups of individuals, which unmasked the specific group dynamics concerning institutional effects with a broad applicability as well as convenient execution. The second model was a multilevel model with heterogeneous sigma squared function to compare distributional properties of multiple groups. A good understanding of the distributional properties across groups is an essential part of making group comparisons. The combination of central tendency and variability is the preferred way to describe (and compare) distributions across groups. An advanced multilevel model with an embedded analytic function referred to as heterogeneous sigma squared was developed to perform statistical tests of significance to compare means and variances across multiple groups at the same time, which made it convenient to examine the distributional properties comprehensively and simultaneously. With the employment of 2009 OECD PISA data, an application was illustrated to examine the distributional properties concerning reading achievement for boys and girls. In the two-level model, the level one had sex as the categorical independent variable (dummy coded as boys = 0 and girls = 1) and level two had the random intercept modeled by school background variables. It was found that girls performed significantly better than boys in reading achievement, but boys and girls share similar variance in reading achievement. A violin plot revealed that girls had higher mean and occupied the very top distribution of reading achievement, while boys had a lower mean and occupied the very bottom of reading achievement. The distribution for girls was near normal, but there were two peaks for boys indicating that the distribution for boys was not normal. The full model explained a total of nearly a third of the variance in reading achievement. The above advanced multilevel models can be easily extended to examine other equity issues in education. It is the hope of the author that these advanced multilevel models would inspire statistical efforts in developing other advanced models. The results of similar models may promote more credible educational reforms through a revisit to educational policies and practices concerning equity issues in education (based on more robust and precise empirical evidence).


Seventeen patients with acute, persistent postvagotomy atony after vagotomy with antrectomy or pyrloroplasty for peptic ulcer underwent a doubleblind study of the relief of postvagotomy atony by metoclopramide. All patients had complete, functional gastric obstruction for at least three weeks postoperatively, precluding oral alimentation. Contrast studies and gastroscopy ruled out mechanical obstruction in each patient. Gastric outlet obstruction was confirmed by radioisotope assessment of gastric emptying of a special solid meal labeled with Technetium 99m DTPA. A gamma camera over the epigastrium precisely quantitated the emptying rate of the labeled meals. After baseline scanning an intravenous placebo was given to each patient and all 17 showed gastric retention of the meal after 90 minutes. Gastric emptying rates were restudied 24 hours later after intravenous metoclopramide and all 17 patients then immediately emptied the labeled meals. These patients then received standard postgastrectomy diets. Eight patients received metoclopramide tablets (10 mg 30 minutes a.c., q.i.d.) and nine received placebo tablets. Each of the eight patients receiving metoclopramide ate normally immediately after treatment with no further evidence of gastric atony. The nine patients receiving the placebo were unable to retain any oral feedings and were then given oral metoclopramide which promptly relieved gastric atony. All 17 patients received metoclopramide for one month without side effects after which the drug was discontinued with no recurrence of gastric symptoms during follow-up periods ranging from three to 27 months. Metoclopramide safely and effectively relieves acute, nonmechanical gastric atony when this occurs after surgical treatment of peptic ulcer.


Objectives Our surgical team has devised a bowel management program (BMP) as a basic approach for primary healthcare providers with the least use of resources. Background Soiling in children is a major problem that has a serious impact on the child's social and psychological life. Causes vary from idiopathic constipation to postoperative or neuropathic causes as meningomyelocele. Participants and methods Seventy five children suffering from fecal incontinence were assessed and divided into true incontinence and pseudoincontinence groups. The BMP was applied to both categories in the form of proper diet control, enemas, drugs, and bowel habit alteration. The program was fashioned according to the age, type, severity, and response of each case. A fecal incontinence scoring system was used to assess the results. Results All cases with pseudoincontinence attained 50% or more improvement in incontinence score whereas the true incontinence cases attained excellent results except in post high anorectal malformation repairs and neurologic groups. Conclusion Most of the cases suffering from constipation with pseudoincontinence can be treated properly by BMPs, whereas the minority suffering from true incontinence need multidisciplinary work to achieve acceptable results.


The Western Sahara conflict has proven to be one of the most protracted and intractable struggles facing the international community. Pitting local nationalist determination against Moroccan territorial ambitions, the dispute is further complicated by regional tensions with Algeria and the geo-strategic concerns of major global players, including the United States, France, and the territory s former colonial ruler, Spain. For over twenty years, the UN Security Council has failed to find a formula that will delicately balance these interests against Western Sahara s long-denied right to a self-determination referendum as one of the last UN-recognized colonies. In the first book-length treatment of the issue in over two decades, Zunes and Mundy examine the origins, evolution, and resilience of the Western Sahara conflict, deploying a diverse array of sources and firsthand knowledge of the region gained from multiple research visits. Shifting geographical frames local, regional, and international provide for a robust analysis of the stakes involved.


Abstract Commentators have sometimes remarked on similarities between contemporaneous piano sonatas and quartets by Beethoven, as if the composer were developing ideas at the keyboard before transferring them to other genres. A particularly close connection can be seen, however, between two works in B♭♭ major that are separated by a greater distance in time: the Piano Sonata in B♭♭, op. 106 ( Hammerklavier ) and the String Quartet in B♭♭, op. 130. Correspondences between the respective first movements are particularly strong, and they suggest that the sonata may have served as something of model for the quartet. Yet the same elements that contribute to a highly integrated structure in the sonata seem to serve quite different purposes in a quartet characterized by a pointed disintegration of normative procedures. A comparison of the two works shows not only how Beethoven9s style underwent significant change in the intervening time, but also how the quartet may serve as a critique of the sonata in an act of deliberate stylistic distancing. This brings into question the well established concept of a unified ""late"" or ""third-period"" style.


This article considered matters of taste, acquisition and display in relation to the art collection of the civil servant, literary editor and influential patron Sir Edward Marsh. It drew on a range of analyses of the impulse to collect, examining transformations in Marsh's activities in relation to his social and cultural milieu in the years prior to the First World War. Recent research on the period has centred on themes associated with modernity in contexts of national, racial, gendered and sexual identities. This article extended some of those debates in relation to art collecting and collections. The article was included in the themed issue (edited and Introduction by Holt) of the journal deriving from the conference 'Visual Culture and Taste in the Late Victorian and Edwardian Period'. This journal issue brought together scholars from Britain, Germany and the US concerned to bring new perspectives to the study of this period. The conference was the culmination of Holt and McConkey's Leverhulme Trust project 'Impressionism in Britain' and received additional funding from the British Academy. Holt has extended her research interests in art collecting and dealerships in new studies to feature in her monograph. She has already explored the relationships between art collecting in England and the US in a conference paper delivered in New York in 2003 on the influential painter John Quinn, again in a New York College Arts Association paper in 2006 on the activities of the Chelsea Chenil Gallery and is currently researching relations between English artists and the New York Knoedler Gallery in the early twentieth century for a paper to be delivered at the 2008 Annual Association of Art Historians conference.. Holt's Ph.D student Kim Pearson's thesis 'Patterns of Collecting in British Art, 1890-1914' relates to this research.


Apprendi v. New Jersey and subsequent Supreme Court cases have extended the Sixth Amendment right of jury trial to some, but not all, factual disputes at sentencing. These court decisions require juries to resolve any non-recidivist sentencing fact that increases the ceiling on a defendant's punishment, but do not extend this requirement to facts that decrease a defendant's punishment or that establish mandatory minimums without raising the maximum allowable sentence. This fails to provide a coherent or sensible constitutional rule for distributing factfinding powers between judge and jury. The reason is that the Supreme Court has inexplicably decided that all facts subject to the Sixth Amendment jury requirement must also be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, as if they were elements of substantive criminal offenses. This tie-in arrangement between the jury right and the reasonable-doubt rule is mistaken, and has caused two serious problems with the Court's Apprendi jurisprudence. First, it has produced a formalistic jury right that is easily evaded by legislatures and that hinges on an untenable distinction between aggravating and mitigating sentencing facts. The criminal jury's role was traditionally understood as extending to all questions of fact, as opposed to questions of law, but the Supreme Court cannot adopt this approach because it is unwilling to countenance a corresponding expansion in the proof-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt requirement and the concept of elements. Second, Apprendi's all-too-limited efforts to expand the jury right have propagated an overbroad concept of elements that lacks historical support and brings needless doctrinal complications to judicial efforts to broaden the right of jury trial. This article urges a different approach that uncouples the Court's link between these two constitutional protections. Juries should decide all disputed questions of fact that aggravate or mitigate a defendant's guilt or punishment. But courts should not require these facts to be charged by prosecutors or proved beyond a reasonable doubt whenever they increase a defendant's maximum allowable punishment. This will give meaningful content to the right of jury trial while avoiding the historical and pragmatic problems caused by an expansive theory of elements.


Hammerhead RNA [HHR] sequence originally found in viroids is also detected in many species. HHR are often found in introns of different genes ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. HHR can form specific tertiary structure that make specific region susceptible to cleavage. However, the role of the HHR is not clear in other life forms. This study aims to investigate the role of HHR in the intron 6 of (RECK) gene. Our study shows that when blocking the HHR sequence in the intron 6, the production of RECK protein declines which may be due to the effect of HHR in splicing and RNA stability which was seen by a decrease in the RNA levels of exons near to intron 6. Previous experiments designed to identify the significance of HHR sequence were addressing the self-cleavage of hammerhead RNA in vitro and comprised of partially constituted DNA construct expressed in cell culture. However, hammerhead RNA is a robust molecule and self-cleavage can take place even in biologically irrelevant context and therefore the current studies do not address its biological significance directly. The aim of this study is to address the biological role of this sequence ex vivo. The study aims at blocking the endogenous mRNA with intronic hammerhead sequence in ex vivo. This study in principle should elucidate the biogenesis of mRNA whose HHR sequence is blocked. The biogenesis of mRNA will be assessed with RT-PCR. We will utilize bridge antisense (BNAs) RNA to block the HHR sequence in the mRNA. Furthermore, this study will investigate DNA pattern around the loci harboring HHR sequence. In this instance, efficient code will be written to search through the human genome data to identify locations that harbor patterns of the HHR sequence. Next, several thousands of bases upstream and downstream of this sequence will be extracted and analyzed to locate interesting patterns that may include gene, promoter regions and intronic regions.


ABSTRACT While many health-care issues and technological solutions are viewed locally, developing new technological solutions might benefit from lessons learned globally. The aim of this study was to develop a shared international research agenda of health-care ICT, applied to rehabilitation and daily living support. This study was focused on sensor technology and social robots used for supporting older persons in the Netherlands (Amsterdam) and Japan (Tokyo). Three researchers from Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences visited Japan and four researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University visited the Netherlands and conducted field-visits and mutual presentations. Using a nominal group technique (NGT) facilitated the expert panel deliberations. Research priorities were identified qualitatively through in-action critical reflection on emerging ideas, and quantitatively by ranking of identified knowledge gaps (using the Mentimeter© app). The resulting joint research agenda identified topics around the utility of sensor monitoring and processes of acceptance of health-care ICT among older persons and occupational therapists. The agenda was complemented by formulating underlying assumptions prescribing such research to be embedded in real-life situations with the participation of stakeholders.


Abstract Introduction The importance of Indigenous data sovereignty and Indigenous-led research processes is increasingly being recognized in Canada and internationally. For First Nations in Ontario, Canada, access to routinely-collected demographic and health systems data is critical to planning and measuring health status and outcomes in their populations. Linkage of this data with the Indian Register (IR), under First Nations data governance, has unlocked data for use by First Nations organizations and communities. Objectives To describe the linkage of the IR database to the Ontario Registered Persons Database (RPDB) within the context of Indigenous data sovereignty principles. Methods Deterministic and probabilistic record linkage methods were used to link the IR to the RPDB. There is no established population of First Nations people living in Ontario with which we could establish a linkage rate. Accordingly, several approaches were taken to determine a denominator that would represent the total population of First Nations we would hope to link to the RPDB. Results Overall, 201,678 individuals in the national IR database matched to Ontario health records by way of the RPDB, of which 98,562 were female and 103,116 were male. Of those First Nations individuals linked to the RPDB, 90.2% (n=181,915) lived in Ontario when they first registered with IR, or were affiliated with an Ontario First Nation Community. The proportion of registered First Nations people linking to the RPDB improved across time, from 62.8% in the 1960s to 94.5% in 2012. Conclusion This linkage of the IR and RPDB has resulted in the creation of the largest First Nations health research study cohort in Canada. The linked data are being used by First Nations communities to answer questions that ultimately promote wellbeing, effective policy, and healing


OBJECTIVES
The societal contribution of emergency care in the United States has been described. The role and impact of academic emergency departments (EDs) has been less clear. Our report summarizes the results of a benchmarking effort specifically focused on academic emergency medicine (EM) practices.

METHODS
From October through December 2016, the Academy of Academic Administrators of Emergency Medicine (AAAEM) and the Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine (AACEM) jointly administered a benchmarking survey to allopathic, academic departments and divisions of emergency medicine. Participation was voluntary and nonanonymous. The survey queried various aspects of the three components of the tripartite academic mission: clinical care, education and research, and faculty effort and compensation. Responses reflected a calendar year from July 1, 2015, to June 30, 2016.

RESULTS
Of 107 eligible U.S. allopathic, academic departments and divisions of emergency medicine, 79 (74%) responded to the survey overall, although individual questions were not always answered by all responding programs. The 79 responding programs reported 6,876,189 patient visits at 97 primary and affiliated academic clinical sites. A number of clinical operations metrics related to the care of these patients at these sites are reported in this study. All responding programs had active educational programs for EM residents, with a median of 37 residents per program. Nearly half of the overall respondents reported responsibility for teaching medical students in mandatory EM clerkships. Fifty-two programs reported research and publication activity, with a total of $129,494,676 of grant funding and 3,059 publications. Median faculty effort distribution was clinical effort, 66.9%; education effort, 12.7%; administrative effort, 12.0%; and research effort, 6.9%. Median faculty salary was $277,045.

CONCLUSIONS
Academic EM programs are characterized by significant productivity in clinical operations, education, and research. The survey results reported in this investigation provide appropriate benchmarking for academic EM programs because they allow for comparison of academic programs to each other, rather than nonacademic programs that do not necessarily share the additional missions of research and education and may have dissimilar working environments.


Introduction: When both parents are obesity, thus the children are 80% potentially become overweight or obesity. If one of the parent is overweight or obesity, thus the children are 40% potentially to become overweight or obesity. The purpose of the study is to analyze is there any significant relationship between parents' body shape with overweight among students at Singkawang Adventist School.
Method: The method of the study is descriptive with quantitative method and the cross sectional design. Sampling technique is total sampling among the overweight students. Number of respondens are 35 persons which have been measure body height, body weight and determined Body Mass Index (BMI). Data processing using SPSS Program.
Result: The results of the study show that the status of overweight students is obesity and parents' body shape are overweight (there is no significant relationship between obesity in adolescents with the body shape of the father with a significance of (0.086) with a ρ value> 0.05 as well as no significant relationship between obesity in adolescents with the body shape of their mothers, with a significance of  (0.411) with ρ value> 0.005). There is no significant relationship between overweight students with parents' body shape. There is not enough evidence to refuse null hypothesis.
Disscussion: Recommendation are given to Singkawang Adventist School Students in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle and give effort to reduce body weight. To the next researcher to do research with bigger sample size.

Keywords : overweight, obesity, Body Mass Index(BMI), body shape


The range of Treptichnus pedum, the index trace fossil for the Treptichnus pedum Zone, extends some 4 m below the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point for the base of the Cambrian Period at Fortune Head on the Burin Peninsula in southeastern Newfoundland. The identification of zigzag traces of Treptichnus isp., even further below the GSSP than T. pedum in the Fortune Head section, and in other terminal Proterozoic successions around the globe, supports the concept of a gradational onset of three-dimensional burrowing across the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary. Although T. pedum remains a reasonable indicator for the base of the Cambrian Period, greater precision in the stratotype section can be achieved by a detailed re-evaluation of the stratigraphic ranges and the morphological variation of ichnotaxa included in the T. pedum Zone.


Interview with Gilbert C. Garcia, businessman. The interview includes his experiences as a leader in the American GI Forum, the Political Association of Spanish-speaking Organizations (PASO), and other Mexican-American social action groups. It also includes his opinions on the Delgado Case, the poll tax drives, the Texas gubernatorial campaign of 1962, and the Crystal City elections, 1963.


ABSTRACT Sinter plant off-gas is usually de-dusted by electrostatic precipitators. Compliance with the dust emission limits is often difficult because of the high specific resistivity of the emitted dust. Mechanical properties of the dust are also relevant for the electrostatic precipitator design. Dust samples from the four consecutive electrostatic precipitator fields were characterized in this study. Most measured parameters showed a considerable variation in the various dust samples. The particle size of the dust as well as its bulk density continuously decreased from the first field to the fourth field. The flowability of the dusts was generally bad and decreased from the first to the last field. In contrast, the wall friction angles with structural steel were quite constant at approximately 30°. The Fe content was lower in the dust from the last two fields while the concentration of K, Na, Cl− and was significantly higher. At the same time the particle density was lower. The maximum specific dust resistivity for the first field and second field dust was approximately 3 × 1011 Ω cm and no signs for the occurrence of back corona were detected. For the dusts from the last two fields the maximum value was approximately 2 × 1012 Ω cm. Back corona was observed in the temperature range from 120°C to 210°C. In this area the dust resistivity values were higher than 4 × 1011 Ω cm.


Psychological factors associated with consumer behavior in completing debt management plans (DMPs) in credit counseling were identified. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, the study used a unique data set combining the survey data along with plan completion status data from a sample of clients of a national credit counseling agency. Findings suggest that consumers are more likely to report their intentions toward completing a DMP when they view completion favorably and anticipate completing the plan with ease, compared to those who view completion negatively and anticipate difficulty in completing a plan. In turn, the study shows that consumers' behavioral intentions directly affect their behavior—in this case, DMP completion. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that satisfaction with plan services increases consumers' intentions to complete a plan, and also that their perceived control directly and positively affects plan completion behavior. Study findings can be used by credit counselors and educators to develop strategies to help clients successfully complete their DMPs.


This article explains the origin puzzle of the 2013 Moral Monday protests in North Carolina. Social media were marginal to the emergence of this civil disobedience movement, yet a common view is that digital technology's weak ties are an integral part of large-scale collective action in the digital era. Instead, strong offline ties with structured organizations were critical to its emergence. Qualitative data show that a network of structured organizations, grassroots organizing, traditional media, and an ideological response to an economic and political crisis worked together to propel this large-scale movement. In effect, both structural and cultural factors shaped the activism in this case, not individual or digital explanations. Consequently, this article also traces the historic phases of social movement theory, situating a digital emphasis as part of an evolving focus on social movement origin mechanisms. Emergence scholarship on digital activism would benefit from expanding the entry point of protest earlier and broader than a hashtag's debut, as digital explanations may not be as distinct of a theoretical construct as previous research suggests.


Imperial ceremony was a vital form of self-expression for late antique society. Sabine MacCormack examines the ceremonies of imperial arrivals, funerals, and coronations from the late third to the late sixth centuries A.D., as manifest in the official literature and art of the time. Her study offers us new insights into the exercise of power and into the social, political, and cultural significance of religious change during the Christianization of the Roman world.


BACKGROUND: Coeliac women may suffer from gynaecological and obstetric complications. It is possible that these complications are the first symptom of coeliac disease. AIMS: To investigate the occurrence of subclinical coeliac disease in patients with infertility or recurrent miscarriages. SUBJECTS: Women of reproductive age who were attending the hospital because of either primary or secondary infertility, or two or more miscarriages. Women undergoing sterilisation served as control subjects. METHODS: The diagnostic investigation for infertility included the endocrine status, diagnostic laparoscopy, investigation of tubal patency, postcoital test, and semen analysis of the partner. Circulating antibodies against IgA class reticulin and gliadin were used in screening for coeliac disease. In positive cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by small bowel biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Four (2.7%) of 150 women in the infertility group, and none of the 150 control subjects were found to have coeliac disease (p = 0.06). All four women with coeliac disease suffered from infertility of unexplained origin. Altogether 98 women had no discoverable reason for infertility. Thus, in this subgroup the frequency of coeliac disease was 4.1% (four of 98), the difference from the control group being statistically significant (p = 0.02). None of the coeliac women had extensive malabsorption, but two had iron deficiency anaemia. One women with coeliac disease has had a normal delivery. None of the 50 women with miscarriage had coeliac disease. CONCLUSION: Patients having fertility problems may have subclinical coeliac disease, which can be detected by serological screening tests. Silent coeliac disease should be considered in the case of women with unexplained infertility.


Foreign direct investment plays an important part in developing countries' economic development. Improving the international economic transactions has become more critical than trade. Non-debt generating capital inflow from foreign investors encourages enhanced efficiency, technology development, and infrastructure strengthening and job creation opportunities. Therefore every economy seeks to attract FDI by establishing a favorable environment for foreign investment and providing the foreign investors with facilities and inducements. Increasing socio-economic determinants in an economy affect FDI. In this paper an attempt has made to study the impact of FDI on Gross domestic product, gross domestic saving, per capita income and Foreign exchange rate by using bivariate log-log regression.


We investigate the feasibility of explosive particle production via parametric resonance or tachyonic preheating in multi-field inflationary models by means of lattice simulations. We observe a strong suppression of resonances in the presence of four-leg interactions between the inflaton fields and a scalar matter field, leading to insufficient preheating when more than two inflatons couple to the same matter field. This suppression is caused by a dephasing of the inflatons that increases the effective mass of the matter field. Including three-leg interactions leads to tachyonic preheating, which is not suppressed by an increase in the number of fields. If four-leg interactions are sub-dominant, we observe a slight enhancement of tachyonic preheating. Thus, in order for preheating after multi-field inflation to be efficient, one needs to ensure that three-leg interactions are present. If no tachyonic contributions exist, we expect the old theory of reheating to be applicable. PACS numbers: 98.80.Cq Electronic address: diana.battefeld(AT)helsinki.fi Electronic address: tbattefe(AT)princeton.edu Electronic address: jgiblin(AT)bates.edu


Circum-Pacific marine and terrestrial records indicate a series of temperature-inferred oscillations during the late glacial. While many previous studies have probed the role of the North Atlantic in these oscillations, we test the sensitivity of the northern hemisphere air temperatures to North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) oscillation in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. The effect of a colder North Pacific is to cool air temperatures over North America, as well as parts of Europe and Asia. The colder SSTs result in a large hemispheric response due to the loss of water vapor as a greenhouse gas. The large sensitivity of the northern hemisphere to a North Pacific SST change has implications for the ice age climate as well as the late glacial interval. The results of this experiment provide a rapid mechanism for widespread cooling which has not been previously addressed.


According to the World Heritage Convention, rural landscapes are evolving cultural landscapes and their heritage and management is a major international concern. The proposal of 'UNESCO World Heritage Sustainable Tourism (WH+ST)' has enlightened different arguments about protection and utilisation of the value of rural landscape heritage. The Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of rural landscapes results from the interaction of nature and humankind. Local community residents are critical for the sustainable tourism development of rural landscape heritage. Landscapes would lose their authenticity and integrity without participation of community residents. At the same time tourism is promoting the economic development of communities, tourism will affect its natural environment and social culture in varying extents. Because of such impacts, rural landscapes are subject to the risk of becoming overly commercialised. In this sense, the discussion will focus on how to achieve balance among the various forces stemming from protection of the OUV of rural heritage, economic development and sustainable community-based tourism. This paper is based on field research at the World Heritage Hani Rice Terraces at Azheke Village (Yunnan Province, China). At this site, the agricultural landscape, architectural design, rural culture, and social traditions have confronted challenges because of the rapid development of the tourism industry soon after designation as a World Heritage Site in 2013. The planning was carried out in respect of three key problems: (1) How to motivate community residents' sense of recognition and honour of the heritage value? (2) How to create the manner and approach for the community residents to participate in rural sustainable tourism? and (3) How to improve the social residents' interests in the course of developing rural heritage tourism? Specific planning measures and suggestions have also been proposed in hopes that community residents take the initiative to protect, utilise and undertake the OUV of the Hani Rice Terraces.


Abstract Biological proxies from the Sokli Eemian (Marine Isotope Stage 5e) paleolake sequence from northeast Finland have previously shown that, unlike many postglacial records from boreal sites, the lake becomes increasingly eutrophic over time. Here, principal components (PC) were extracted from a high resolution multi-element XRF core scanning dataset to describe minerogenic input from the wider catchment (PC1), the input of S, Fe, Mn, and Ca-rich detrital material from the surrounding Sokli Carbonatite Massif (PC2), and chemical weathering (PC3). Minerogenic inputs to the lake were elevated early in the record and during two abrupt cooling events when soils and vegetation in the catchment were poor. Chemical weathering in the catchment generally increased over time, coinciding with higher air temperatures, catchment productivity, and the presence of acidic conifer species. Abiotic edaphic processes play a key role in lake ontogeny at this site stemming from the base cation- and nutrient-rich bedrock, which supports lake alkalinity and productivity. The climate history at this site, and its integrated effects on the lake system, appear to override development processes and alters its long-term trajectory.


Current coffee prices are at record lows and below the cost of production for many producers in Central America. Moreover, the coffee crisis is structural, and changes in supply and demand do not indicate a quick recovery of prices. So, coffee producers in Central America are facing new challenges-as are coffee laborers, coffee exporters, and others linked to the coffee sector. Coffee plays a major economic role in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The coffee crisis is actually part of a broader rural crisis caused by weather shocks (such as Hurricane Mitch and droughts), low international agricultural commodity prices, and the global recession. These challenges call for new strategies for Central American countries aimed at broad-based sustainable development of their rural economies. The authors deal with the impact of the coffee crisis and strategies to deal with it. They include an analysis of the international coffee situation and country-specific analyses. The authors explore options and constraints for increased competitiveness and diversification, and discuss social, environmental, and institutional dimensions of the crisis. The authors conclude that there are specific solutions that can be pursued for the coffee sector. Some are already being applied, but more can be done in a more systematic way. Also, there is a need for safety nets to deal with the short-term impact of the crisis. Longer-term solutions are to be found in increased competitiveness and diversification in the context of broad-based sustainable rural economic development.


Efficiently process unbounded streams of data in real time Overview Learn the key concepts of processing data in real time with Storm Concepts ranging from Log stream processing to mastering data management with Storm Written in a Cookbook style, with plenty of practical recipes with well-explained code examples and relevant screenshots and diagrams In Detail Storm is a free and open source distributed real-time computation system. Storm makes it easy to reliably process unbounded streams of data, doing for real-time processing what Hadoop did for batch processing. Storm is simple, can be used with any programming language, and is a lot of fun to use! Storm Real Time Processing Cookbook will have basic to advanced recipes on Storm for real-time computation. The book begins with setting up the development environment and then teaches log stream processing. This will be followed by real-time payments workflow, distributed RPC, integrating it with other software such as Hadoop and Apache Camel, and more. What you will learn from this book Create a log spout Consume messages from a JMS queue Implement unidirectional synchronization based on a data stream Execute disaster recovery on a separate AWS region Approach A Cookbook with plenty of practical recipes for different uses of Storm. Who this book is written for If you are a Java developer with basic knowledge of real-time processing and would like to learn Storm to process unbounded streams of data in real time, then this book is for you.


Discussion and Summary
A brief study of the effect of X-ray treatment in vitro upon the culturability, reproduction and infectivity of Endamoeba histolytica was carried out. It was observed that single irradiations up to 120,000 roentgen units failed to kill or inactivate the organisms in Shaffer-Frye and Balamuth media. Exposure of the "streptobacillus" up to 120,000 r failed to produce any change in its ability to permit growth of amebae in S-F medium. Exposure of amebae in Balamuth culture up to 30,000 r did not seem to affect visibly the normal cycle of population growth. On the other hand, exposures to 60,000 and 120,000 r seemed to inhibit somewhat amebic population growth. Whether this was due to the fact that these doses were lethal for most of the amebae or whether they just prevented or slowed down reproduction is impossible to state on the basis of the evidence presented here. It is unlikely, however, that inhibition of growth was due to the action of X-ray on the accompanying bacterial flora, in view of the fact that amebic growth in the tubes that had been preconditioned with unexposed bacteria was also inhibited. No difference in population growth was observed in the groups that had been treated with neutral red and their controls. Viable amebae were observed for 16 transfers after irradiation with 120,000 roentgens. Injection of the progeny of the X-rayed amebae (120,000 r) into normal guinea pigs produced severe intestinal lesions like their unexposed controls.


A fundamental goal of research in molecular biology is to understand protein structure. Protein crystallography is currently the most successful method for determining the three-dimensional (3D) conformation of a protein, yet it remains labor intensive and relies on an expert's ability to derive and evaluate a protein scene model. In this paper, the problem of protein structure determination is formulated as an exercise in scene analysis. A computational methodology is presented in which a 3D image of a protein is segmented into a graph of critical points. Bayesian and certainty factor approaches are described and used to analyze critical point graphs and identify meaningful substructures, such as α-helices and β-sheets. Results of applying the methodologies to protein images at low and medium resolution are reported. The research is related to approaches to representation, segmentation and classification in vision, as well as to top-down approaches to protein structure prediction.


This book is the biography of a taste in poetry and its consequences. During the 1950s and 1960s, a generation of poets appeared who would eschew the restrained manner of Movement poets such as Philip Larkin, a generation who would, in the words of the introduction to A. Alvarez's classic anthology The New Poetry, take poetry 'Beyond the Gentility Principle'. This was the generation of Thom Gunn, Geoffrey Hill, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, and Peter Porter. This book explores what these five poets shared in common, their connections, critical reception, rivalries, and differences, and locates what was new and valuable in their work. The book presents an important re-evaluation of a time when contemporary poetry and its criticism had a cultural weight it has now lost and when a 'new seriousness' was to become closely linked to questions of violence, psychic unbalance and, most controversially of all, suicide.


This paper examines a cross-disciplinary approach to a high-rise facade design proposal for Hong Kong where the initial architectural design concept provides a negotiable boundary for an architectural engineering design process. A crucial aspect ofthisprocessistheconsiderationofhighwindloadsonthefacade,as they frequently occurinHongKongduetoregularlyoccurringtyphoons.Designforwindperformance is typically outside of the expertise of architectural designers and thus requires close collaboration between architects and structural engineers. Conventionally trained structural engineers may however not be accustomed to work with unusual building form or to consider architectural design ideas as part of engineering proposals. In the context of this paper, building information modeling (BIM) is used to facilitate cross-disciplinary dialogue as well as interdisciplinary workflows during the early design stages.


Regression equations have many useful roles in psychological assessment. Moreover, there is a large reservoir of published data that could be used to build regression equations; these equations could then be employed to test a wide variety of hypotheses concerning the functioning of individual cases. This resource is currently underused because (a) not all psychologists are aware that regression equations can be built not only from raw data but also using only basic summary data for a sample, and (b) the computations involved are tedious and prone to error. In an attempt to overcome these barriers, Crawford and Garthwaite (2007) provided methods to build and apply simple linear regression models using summary statistics as data. In the present study, we extend this work to set out the steps required to build multiple regression models from sample summary statistics and the further steps required to compute the associated statistics for drawing inferences concerning an individual case. We also develop, describe, and make available a computer program that implements these methods. Although there are caveats associated with the use of the methods, these need to be balanced against pragmatic considerations and against the alternative of either entirely ignoring a pertinent data set or using it informally to provide a clinical "guesstimate." Upgraded versions of earlier programs for regression in the single case are also provided; these add the point and interval estimates of effect size developed in the present article.


The breeding in captivity of different species of turtles and tortoises in many cases does not correlate with the needs of feeding and microclimate, frequently leading to the development of a disease that has never been recorded in wild specimens. The most frequently produced are severe metabolic changes that can evolve or may favor other pathologies. Most cases, consecutive to poor feeding, are diagnosed with hypovitaminosis, severe metabolic syndromes, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism and haemorrhagic septicemia. As secondary pathologies caused by primary metabolic disorders are generalized infection or sepsis and ulcerative or necrotic stomatitis. In many cases the primary diagnosis is difficult because of the chronic evolution, in most situations presenting late to the doctor, when symptoms are evident to the owner. The therapeutic conduct is hampered by a number of derived pathologies which amplifies the primary symptoms and pathology changes, especially the general metabolism, complicating the treatment regimens.


The energy sector worldwide faces growing challenges related to rising demand, efficiency, changing supply and demand patterns, and a lack of analytics needed for optimal management. These challenges are more acute in emerging market nations. Efficiency issues are particularly problematic, as the prevalence of informal connections to the power grid means a large amount of power is neither measured nor billed, resulting in losses as well as greater CO2 emissions, as consumers have little incentive to rationally use energy they don't pay for. The power sector in developed nations has already begun to use artificial intelligence and related technologies that allow for communication between smart grids, smart meters, and Internet of Things devices. These technologies can help improve power management, efficiency, and transparency, and increase the use of renewable energy sources.


The present paper describes an important leak-proofness of pipe-lines transporting gas, oil and other chemical liquids. It is revealed that one of the more perspective methods of detection of leakage coordinates of gas-lines is the acoustic correlation method. The employment of whistling acoustic noise propagating in the gas media filling the pipeline is proposed for the detection of leakage coordinates of gas pipelines. In accordance with the length of the pipe section under control and the desired precision of the determination of the leakage coordinates in the pipes, a method of choicing an optimal bandwidth of the filter and a sampling rate of received signals was developed. The results of experimental investigations are submitted. The method can be effectively used in checking the state of the pipe network as well as for solving the problems of management of the power economy objects and environmental protection.


We aim to characterize the rupture dynamics along the subduction zones. We investigated the shear/normal stress coupling when geometrical discontinuities and/or realistic velocity fields induce normal traction perturbations.
The Spectral Element Method (SEM) is shown to be a powerful numerical tool to perform dynamic simulations for subduction earthquakes due to its geometrical flexibility and to the easy implementation of classical seismological boundary conditions.
Sharp variations of normal stress are induced when a rupture propagates between dissimilar materials. Performing dynamic simulations along bimaterial interfaces, we show how the Coulomb friction law leads to unstable solutions due to the missing time/length scale of shear/normal coupling. We also show how the shear stress response has to be properly delayed to provide stable physical reliable solutions and how this delay can allow to define a length, comparable with the dissipation zone, which can be interpreted as the length of coupling.
Free surface interaction is shown to generate a break of symmetry in the shallow part of dipping faults. In particular larger ground motion on the hanging wall and thus larger coseismic slip is evidenced. Due to the fault/free surface interaction this slip is shown to be generally associated with low-frequency radiation.
Finally, exploiting these results some dynamic models of Tohoku earthquake are presented. The main source features of that event can be addressed in terms of influence of geometry and structure and thus of shear/normal coupling. Along dip we find a bilateral rupture faster trenchward where the largest coseismic slip is measured. Strong rupture accelerations due to geometrical and velocity discontinuities imply high-frequency sub-sources in the deep part of the subduction.
We finally show how taking into account these dynamic features the tsunami scenarios for the Tohoku earthquake lead to higher estimates for tsunami hazard.


The quantum spin systems ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{BO}}_{5}$ $({M}^{\ensuremath{'}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Al},\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Ga})$ with the ludwigite crystal structure consist of a structurally ordered ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ sublattice in the form of three-leg ladders, interpenetrated by a structurally disordered sublattice with a statistically random site occupation by magnetic ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ and nonmagnetic ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{3+}$ or ${\mathrm{Al}}^{3+}$ ions. A microscopic analysis based on density-functional-theory calculations for ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{GaBO}}_{5}$ reveals a frustrated quasi-two-dimensional spin model featuring five inequivalent antiferromagnetic exchanges. A broad low-temperature ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}$ nuclear magnetic resonance points to a considerable spin disorder in the system. In zero magnetic field, antiferromagnetic order sets in below ${T}_{\text{N}}\ensuremath{\approx}4.1$ K and $\ensuremath{\sim}2.4$ K for the Ga and Al compounds, respectively. From neutron diffraction, we find that the magnetic propagation vector in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{GaBO}}_{5}$ is commensurate and lies on the Brillouin-zone boundary in the $(H0L)$ plane, ${\mathbf{q}}_{\text{m}}=(0.45,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}0,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}0.7)$, corresponding to a complex noncollinear long-range ordered structure with a large magnetic unit cell. Muon spin relaxation is monotonic, consisting of a fast static component typical for complex noncollinear spin systems and a slow dynamic component originating from the relaxation on low-energy spin fluctuations. Gapless spin dynamics in the form of a diffuse quasielastic peak is also evidenced by inelastic neutron scattering. Most remarkably, application of a magnetic field above 1 T destroys the static long-range order, which is manifested in the gradual broadening of the magnetic Bragg peaks. We argue that such a crossover from a magnetically long-range ordered state to a spin-glass regime may result from orphan spins on the structurally disordered magnetic sublattice, which are polarized in magnetic field and thus act as a tuning knob for field-controlled magnetic disorder.


A fundamental demand of construction design is human safety from structural failure. As a consequence, buildings generally tend to be structurally optimized with cost as the main target parameter. However, a cost-suboptimized structural design often leads to poor constructability decisions with subsequent waste. This paper presents initial research in the development of a design structural matrix (DSM) method able to identify constructability obstacles between structural design and assembly and thus eliminate waste. Empirical data based on a case study of long-span timber structures is used in the development and analysis of the method. The DSM was found to be a holistic tool for systematic consideration of structural design and constructability requirements by providing a standardized system view, a detailed element view, and physical and functional interactions among elements and modules. The DSM was also shown to aid in detailed design and production management through the use of simple matrix tools.


Groundwater is a valuable natural resource and as such should be protected from chemical pollution. Because of the long travel times of pollutants through groundwater bodies, early detection of groundwater quality deterioration is necessary to efficiently protect groundwater bodies. The aim of this work was to develop and improve tools to detect trends in groundwater quality considering the reactive transport of pollutants from the ground surface to the monitoring screen. The study area of the research presented in this thesis was the province of Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands. Noord-Brabant is one of the areas in Europe which is most affected by agricultural pollution. Time-series from selected wells of the groundwater quality monitoring network were used in this thesis, in conjunction with groundwater ages determined with 3H/3He. Trend reversal of groundwater quality was demonstrated by relating concentrations of pollutants in groundwater to the time of recharge determined with 3H/3He. The quality of recharging groundwater deteriorated before 1980 but has been improving since 1990. Three types of solute specific trends were distinguished by a combination of reactive transport modeling and the analysis of concentrations related to groundwater age. These are the result of: (1) the anthropogenic trends in historical concentrations in recharging groundwater unaltered during conservative transport through the groundwater body (e.g. chloride), (2) anthropogenic trends in recharge concentrations altered by reactions during transport (e.g. retardation of potassium), and (3) geochemical reactions in the subsurface that are triggered by anthropogenic changes in the recharge concentrations of other solutes (e.g. release of sulfate, iron, and arsenic by nitrate-induced pyrite oxidation). Comparison of trend detection methods showed that there is no single optimal method to detect trends in groundwater quality across widely differing catchments. The selection of the method should firstly be made on the basis of the specific goals of the study, and secondly on the system under study, and the available resources. For trend detection in groundwater quality, the most important difference between groundwater bodies is whether the characteristics of the subsurface or the monitoring system causes mixing of groundwater with different travel times. Noble gas concentrations measured in groundwater samples, required for 3H/3He dating, showed that the production of nitrogen gas in groundwater by nitrate reduction and pyrite oxidation, leads to re-partitioning of noble gases between water and gas phase, thereby distorting groundwater dating with 3H/3He. Groundwater travel times can be estimated from degassed samples, if the total dissolved gas pressure (TDG) is used to estimate the depth and timing of degassing. The uncertainty of degassed 3H/3He ages, assessed by two-phase flow and transport simulations, had a standard deviation of 6 years with a bias of 2 years. As CFCs appear to be subject to significant degradation in anoxic groundwater and SF6 is highly susceptible to degassing, 3H/3He appears to be the most reliable method to date degassed groundwater in the anoxic parts of an aquifer. The main conclusion of this thesis is that an accurate estimate of groundwater age is of utmost importance in the detection of trends in groundwater quality.


Social Networking Portal like Facebook attracts more and more illegal activities. Social Networking Portal such as Facebook is developed and limitations of Facebook are removed by keeping watch on all types of activities performed on this Portal. Classification of user posts into different categories such as Politics, Education, Entertainment, Sports etc. is made based on analysis of post messages in this Social Network Portal. Interest of any friend can be seen by user of this network from categories graph data. Adult images are blocked into Social Network using adult detection based on Image Processing. User posts, comments are analyzed to classify into Crime, Riots, Worst or Vulgar categories. Sentiment analysis is done on user posts and comments using NLP (Natural Language Processing) algorithm to detect user sentiments. If any user exceeds limit of bad posts or adult images, then he/she is automatically banned from this social networking Portal and this portal is more secure and reliable than Facebook Portal.


A significant fraction of cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are characterised by a fast rise and exponential decay (FRED) temporal structure. This is not a distinctive feature of this class, since it is observed in many Galactic transients and is likely descriptive of a sudden release of energy followed by a diffusion process. Possible evidence has recently been reported by Tello et al. (2012) for a Galactic contamination in the sample of FRED GRBs discovered with Swift. We searched for possible Galactic intruders disguised as FRED GRBs in the Swift catalogue up to September 2014. We selected 181 FRED GRBs (2/3 with unknown redshift) and considered different subsamples. We tested the degree of isotropy through the dipole and the quadrupole moment distributions, both with reference to the Galaxy and in a coordinate-system-independent way, as well as with the two-point angular autocovariance function. In addition, we searched for possible indicators of a Galactic origin among the spectral and temporal properties of individual GRBs. We found marginal (~3 sigma) evidence for an excess of FREDs with unknown redshift towards the Galactic plane compared with what is expected for an isotropic distribution corrected for the non-uniform sky exposure. However, when we account for the observational bias against optical follow-up observations of low-Galactic latitude GRBs, the evidence for anisotropy decreases to ~2 sigma. In addition, we found no statistical evidence for different spectral or temporal properties from the bulk of cosmological GRBs. We found marginal evidence for the presence of a disguised Galactic population among Swift GRBs with unknown redshift. The estimated fraction is f=(19 +- 11)%, with an upper limit of 34% (90% confidence).


Abstract. A simple formulation of aggregation for two-moment bulk microphysical models is derived. The solution involves the evaluation of a double integral of the collection kernel weighted with the crystal size (or mass) distribution. This quantity is to be inserted into the differential equation for the crystal number concentration which has classical Smoluchowski form. The double integrals are evaluated numerically for log-normal size distributions over a large range of geometric mean masses. A polynomial fit of the results is given that yields good accuracy. Various tests of the new parameterisation are described: aggregation as stand-alone process, in a box-model, and in 2-D simulations of a cirrostratus cloud. These tests suggest that aggregation can become important for warm cirrus, leading even to higher and longer-lasting in-cloud supersaturation. Cold cirrus clouds are hardly affected by aggregation. The collection efficiency is taken from a parameterisation that assumes a dependence on temperature, a situation that might be improved when reliable measurements from cloud chambers suggests the necessary constraints for the choice of this parameter.


Since the beginning, quantum mechanics has raised major foundational and interpretative problems. Foundational research has been an important factor in the development of quantum cryptography, quantum information theory and, perhaps one day, practical quantum computers. Many believe that, in turn, quantum information theory has bearing on foundational research. This is largely related to the so-called epistemic view of quantum states, which maintains that the state vector represents information on a system and has led to the suggestion that quantum theory needs no interpretation. I will argue that this and related approaches fail to take into consideration two different explanatory functions of quantum mechanics, namely that of accounting for classically unexplainable correlations between classical phenomena and that of explaining the microscopic structure of classical objects. If interpreting quantum mechanics means answering the question, "How can the world be for quantum mechanics to be true?", there seems to be no way around it.


The article reveals the qualitative study results which reflect a restructuring of the third phase of the evaluation of health care access, quality changes. Analyzed inpatient services, health care financing and health care institutions network optimization changes. In this paper, evidence is considered best practice for ensuring the success of the changes. To analyze the obtained results of the reform, use of 10 semi-structured interviews with a third restructuring program organizers, implementers and practitioners. The analysis of the research results showed that the main advantage of the third stage of restructuring is the expansion of ambulatory services. These interview participants who work in regional hospitals identified the most negative consequences of the restructuring: worsening of accessibility to health services, lack of financial support, fear of the future reconstructions. However, the process of closing stationery and obstetrics units is evaluated constructively even in the regional hospitals as increasing safety of the services is emphasized. These results demonstrate the potential for future transformational trends and issues that are still unresolved.


A broad class of unsupervised deep learning methods such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) involve training of overparameterized models where the number of parameters of the model exceeds a certain threshold. A large body of work in supervised learning have shown the importance of model overparameterization in the convergence of the gradient descent (GD) to globally optimal solutions. In contrast, the unsupervised setting and GANs in particular involve non-convex concave mini-max optimization problems that are often trained using Gradient Descent/Ascent (GDA). The role and benefits of model overparameterization in the convergence of GDA to a global saddle point in non-convex concave problems is far less understood. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of the importance of model overparameterization in GANs both theoretically and empirically. We theoretically show that in an overparameterized GAN model with a $1$-layer neural network generator and a linear discriminator, GDA converges to a global saddle point of the underlying non-convex concave min-max problem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result for global convergence of GDA in such settings. Our theory is based on a more general result that holds for a broader class of nonlinear generators and discriminators that obey certain assumptions (including deeper generators and random feature discriminators). We also empirically study the role of model overparameterization in GANs using several large-scale experiments on CIFAR-10 and Celeb-A datasets. Our experiments show that overparameterization improves the quality of generated samples across various model architectures and datasets. Remarkably, we observe that overparameterization leads to faster and more stable convergence behavior of GDA across the board.


We study the combinatorial pure exploration (CPE) problem in the stochastic multi-armed bandit setting, where a learner explores a set of arms with the objective of identifying the optimal member of a decision class, which is a collection of subsets of arms with certain combinatorial structures such as size-K subsets, matchings, spanning trees or paths, etc. The CPE problem represents a rich class of pure exploration tasks which covers not only many existing models but also novel cases where the object of interest has a non-trivial combinatorial structure. In this paper, we provide a series of results for the general CPE problem. We present general learning algorithms which work for all decision classes that admit offline maximization oracles in both fixed confidence and fixed budget settings. We prove problem-dependent upper bounds of our algorithms. Our analysis exploits the combinatorial structures of the decision classes and introduces a new analytic tool. We also establish a general problem-dependent lower bound for the CPE problem. Our results show that the proposed algorithms achieve the optimal sample complexity (within logarithmic factors) for many decision classes. In addition, applying our results back to the problems of top-K arms identification and multiple bandit best arms identification, we recover the best available upper bounds up to constant factors and partially resolve a conjecture on the lower bounds.


In the Distributed Software Development (DSD) is fundamental the use of methodologies, techniques and tools to support the communication and help teams physically distributed in the activities accomplishment. The adequate communication in the cooperative work aids in the activities management, allows the identification of flaws and deviations in the planning accomplishment, it facilitates the conflicts solution, offers support to the decision making process and also contributes to maintain the cohesion of the team. This paper presents a tool that provides synchronous, explicit and formal communication, for a Distributed Software Development Environment. This tool, named VIMEE (Virtual Distributed Meeting), allows relate to CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) and DSD areas; it defines a common workspace to manage the virtual meeting, it supports the project management and the decision making in group.


This work proposed a signal processing method known as the parallel lifting-based Canonical Signed Digit (CSD) 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) infrastructure to realize a multiplierless architecture with lesser hardware complexity, smaller area and power consumption. The flipping structure of the lifting scheme can be recognized to reduce the longest critical path. CSD based structure is demonstrated with only adders and free of multipliers. A stripe based scanning method is adopted in order to achieve an efficient memory. JPEG 2000 lossy 9/7 filter is structured and the same scanning method with CSD is used to design 6/10 filter to contribute the evidence for the proposed methodology. In the existing method, memory efficiency is achieved with less speed. The new architecture is proposed using CSD multiplier with more speed. The filter coefficients are multiplied by 256 and are converted to integer form and then CSD representation is considered. The suggested architecture provides multiplierless infrastructure for DWT utilizing CSD. This infrastructure is appropriate for high speed online applications with less area and power consumption. For an N× (N+1) image, the suggested CSD based lifting infrastructure utilizes solely 3N temporal memory, 2S transposition memory as well as Tm+Ta critical path. The proposed technique can be effectively adapted for improving contrast in mammograms which is crucial in Telemedicine applications where bandwidth and hardware constraints exist. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.


In neural machine translation (NMT), generation of a target word depends on both source and target contexts. We find that source contexts have a direct impact on the adequacy of a translation while target contexts affect the fluency. Intuitively, generation of a content word should rely more on the source context and generation of a functional word should rely more on the target context. Due to the lack of effective control over the influence from source and target contexts, conventional NMT tends to yield fluent but inadequate translations. To address this problem, we propose context gates which dynamically control the ratios at which source and target contexts contribute to the generation of target words. In this way, we can enhance both the adequacy and fluency of NMT with more careful control of the information flow from contexts. Experiments show that our approach significantly improves upon a standard attention-based NMT system by +2.3 BLEU points.


This essay concisely summarizes several new discoveries about the Dred Scott case. It argues that only by examining three broader contexts does the case make sense and can its significance be seen. Contextual examination is necessary because the stipulated facts taken at face value make little sense. For example, how could aged slave bring a lawsuit in the first place and sustain it for eleven years against a master who lived in far-away New York? This seeming irrationality has led to speculation about motives which is, in fact, wrong. The case can only be explained by resort to three contexts in which the case is embedded. They are: 1) the national geography of westward migration, 2) local Missouri law, and 3) the parties' intimate relationships to persons, who were not named in the case. Theoretically, this essay argues that these contexts are useful, if not essential, to understanding most high-profile, high-significance lawsuits, like Dred Scott v. Sanford. The first context highlights the larger role that slaves played in the nation's expansion. There was a steady stream of slave petitioners who satisfied the criteria for freedom by having lived on free soil (freedom-by-residence) before arriving at the St. Louis courts in a slave state. The second context, local law, demonstrates certain aspects of the Missouri statute authorizing freedom suits. In many circumstances, Missouri law provided petitioning slaves with lawyers and a series of successful suits under that law created local expectations that slaves could sue for freedom and win. These two contexts demonstrate that the Scotts should have won the case easily, under Missouri law in the Missouri courts, until the Missouri Supreme Court changed course. The third context highlights other people who had a stake in the outcome. On the plaintiffs' side, changing the incentives, were Mrs. Dred Scott (Harriet) and the Scotts' daughters. Harriet Scott's status as a mother rendered her more legally relevant to the family's stability because the daughters' legal status hinged on the determination of their mother's status. So recognizing Mrs. Scott and the children's stake in the case helps explain the litigants' tenacity. Behind the defendant, John F. A. Sanford was his extended family, the slave-holding Chouteaus, who favored litigating to the end. Recognizing these hidden persons changes the incentives. These persons could exercise influence on whether the case settled.


Under communism, the Russian religious landscape consisted mainly of two competitors—a severely repressed Russian Orthodox Church and a heavily promoted atheist alternative to religion called "scientific atheism." Under these circumstances, one might expect the rapid spread of religious disbelief, but the intensity of the atheist campaign originated from official mandate and not popular appeal. In turn, scientific atheism never inspired the Russian population and grew increasingly uninspired as Soviet officials created a monopoly "church" of scientific atheism in hopes of replacing persistent religious beliefs and practices. This article is dedicated to explaining why Communists could not successfully convert the masses to atheism. The findings provide evidence that systems of belief require more than simply the power of promotion and coercion to become accepted.


Research on persuasive evidence types has been limited to Western cultures. Because Western systems of thought are claimed to be fundamentally different from Eastern systems of thought, the persuasiveness of evidence types was explored in one Eastern culture. Indians (N = 183) judged claims supported by different evidence types. Statistical, expert, and causal evidence were found to be equally persuasive as support for claims. Indians also appeared sensitive to evidence quality that was manipulated according to Western norms for reasonable argumentation: normatively strong evidence was more persuasive than normatively weak evidence. Findings are compared to results from studies conducted in Western cultures.