The primary goal of the third joint Soviet-American Gases and Aerosols (SAGA 3) experiment was to study trace gases and aerosols in the remote marine boundary layer. SAGA 3/leg 1 took place from February 13 to March 13, 1990, aboard the former Soviet R/V Akademik Korolev and consisted of five equatorial transects (designated transects 1 through 5) between 15°N and 10°S on a cruise track from Hilo, Hawaii, to Pago-Pago, American Samoa. Specific objectives were to study (1) the oceanic distribution and air-sea exchange of biogenic trace gases; (2) photochemical cycles of C-, S-, and N-containing gases in the marine boundary layer; (3) the distribution of aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer and their physical and chemical properties; (4) interhemispheric gradients and latitudinal mixing of trace gases and aerosols; and (5) stratospheric aerosol layers. SAGA 3/leg 2 continued from March 17 to April 7, 1990, with one more equatorial transect between American Samoa and the northern coast of the Philippines (transect 6) followed by a final transect to Singapore (transect 7). During leg 2, most former Soviet measurements continued, but with the exception of measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) and selected halocarbons in the air and surface waters all American measurements ceased. This paper briefly summarizes the chemical measurements made by SAGA 3 investigators and presents in some detail the meteorological and hydrological characteristics encountered during SAGA 3. The meteorological analysis is based on atmospheric soundings of temperature, humidity, winds, sea surface temperature, postcruise back trajectories of winds, and satellite imagery. In general, the meteorology during SAGA 3 was typical of the location and time of year. Exceptions to this include an incipient El Nino that never developed fully, a poorly defined ITCZ on 4 of 6 equator crossings, wind speeds that were 20% greater than the decadal mean, a convective event that brought midtropospheric air to the surface (on Julian day 59), and transport of northern hemispheric air to 18°S during a synoptic scale tropical disturbance.


David Tudor's sound work Rainforest was created in four distinct versions between 1968 and 1973. The work's central concept is the use of various resonant objects as loudspeakers, or "acoustic filters", to modify sounds from numerous sources which are played through the objects. The author traces Tudor's exploration of the "loudspeaker-object" idea, which Tudor dates back to 1965, and considers the significance of the community of artists, engineers, composers and choreographers surrounding Tudor, for the development of each version of Rainforest. In particular this thesis is concerned with Composers Inside Electronics (CIE), the "family" of younger composer-performers which developed Rainforest 4 with Tudor in 1973, and regularly presented it with him until 1982 as a large-scale "performed installation". During that time CIE also functioned as a collaborative ensemble performing other works by Tudor and the group's members, employing new technologies with an emphasis on "hand-built" electronic devices. A number of CIE works can be shown to be related to the Rainforest series. Following a hiatus between 1982 and Tudor's death in 1996, CIE has again performed Rainforest 4 in several major installations, and has made efforts to bring a new'generation of performers into the group. The author considers the dynamics of this process in the continuation of Rainforest 4 up to 2006, and examines the group's discussions concerning possible future directions for Rainforest.


Beyond the literal content conveyed by language, the way someone speaks provides social meaning. In this talk I provide evidence that the tendency to see language as uniting, dividing, and marking human social groups begins remarkably early in life. Children's attention to a speaker's language and accent influences their social preferences, essentialist reasoning, and learning from others. In several cases, children's attention to language trumps attention to race. Yet, while linguistic diversity may cause social divisions, it can also facilitate social understanding: children exposed to diverse linguistic environments exhibit effective social communication skills in understanding the perspective of others.


Many owners of companion animals with cancer are overwhelmed by having to choose the "right course of action." With the aim of reducing the burden on owners who are forced to act as surrogates for their animals, this work discusses principles that apply to ethical treatment decision-making for animal patients with cancer. Four principles frequently used for ethical decision-making in human medicine will be considered for their potential applicability in veterinary medicine. As a result of these considerations, preliminary guidelines are presented, along which a decision-making discussion can be held. The deliberate integration of the non-maleficence and beneficence principles into the purely empirical facts of what is medically possible helps to maintain a moral perspective in specialized veterinary medicine. At the same time, such guidelines may contribute to individual decision-making in a way that animal patients neither have to endure unnecessarily severe side effects, nor that they are euthanized prematurely.


Abstract This paper compiles alternative estimates of underground economies in twenty five transition countries during the transition decade and finds a disturbing lack of convergence between them, calling into question the reliability of GDP figures (which in varying degrees now include non-transparent imputations for the "non-observed economy") as well as the macro model estimates of the unrecorded economy. A corollary of this finding is that substantive results from many studies examining the consequences of the radical transition from planned to market economies must be viewed with considerable skepticism. Underground (unobserved, non-observed, unrecorded) economic activities play a major role in transition economies. Evaluations of the success and failure of the transition experience should be based on estimates of total economic activity (TEA) namely, recorded plus unrecorded economic activity. We examine the conceptual and empirical relationships between new National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) methods for obtaining "exhaustive" measures of total economic activity and the two most popular macro-model approaches (electric consumption and currency ratio models) for estimating the size and growth of the unrecorded sector. Our updated empirical results detailing the size and trajectory of unrecorded activities obtained from different estimation methods reveal a disturbing lack of convergence. Until these important differences are resolved, investigations of the relationship between economic reforms and economic outcomes during the transition decade must be viewed with considerable caution. Given the shortcomings of conventional macro model estimates of the underground economy and the lack of transparency and consistency of NOE estimates, it is high time that the profession acknowledges how little we really know about underground economies and their causes and consequences.


The Arab Spring's ripple effects on Libya led to the overthrow of Muammar AlQaddafi's government of over four decades. The regime change in Libya was not a smooth adventure. It led to a civil war, which impacted negatively on Libyan children. The seeds of discord that this war sowed in the once considered stable state shall be the focus of this discussion through the employment of descriptive and analytical methods. The contention of this study is that every actor in the civil war disregarded various international treaties that protect children and indigenous peoples during the war. This paper argues that the issue of children should be addressed through domestic legislation and international treaties the country is a signatory to. Also important is the resolution of problems of disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and reinsertion (DDRR) 1 for a stable society in a divided post Al-Qaddafi government where different militias are in control of the state.


We present an analysis of the intrinsic UV absorption in the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 279 based on simultaneous long observations with the ''Hubble Space Telescope'' (41 ks) and the ''Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer'' (91 ks). To extract the line-of-sight covering factors and ionic column densities, we separately fit two groups of absorption lines: the Lyman series and the CNO lithium-like doublets. For the CNO doublets we assume that all three ions share the same covering factors. The fitting method applied here overcomes some limitations of the traditional method using individual doublet pairs; it allows for the treatment of more complex, physically realistic scenarios for the absorption-emission geometry and eliminates systematic errors that we show are introduced by spectral noise. We derive velocity-dependent solutions based on two models of geometrical covering--a single covering factor for all background emission sources, and separate covering factors for the continuum and emission lines. Although both models give good statistical fits to the observed absorption, we favor the model with two covering factors because: (a) the best-fit covering factors for both emission sources are similar for the independent Lyman series and CNO doublet fits; (b) the fits are consistent with full coverage of the continuummore » source and partial coverage of the emission lines by the absorbers, as expected from the relative sizes of the nuclear emission components; and (c) it provides a natural explanation for variability in the Lya absorption detected in an earlier epoch. We also explore physical and geometrical constraints on the outflow from these results.« less


Problem statement: This paper tries to answer the question: Is cement production still a sustainable industry in the 21 st century? Approach: It starts off by considering the current status quo and potential alternatives for the production process, right from the raw meal composition stage through to the final application of cement in concrete. Results: In the process alternative raw meal components and energy sources are reviewed in detail. The changes that could and should be made to cement plants and equipment to produce cement more sustainably, as well as different types of other binders that can be used for construction, are discussed. The suitability of the cement production process to destroy wastes and utilize byproducts from other industrial processes, are highlighted and analysed. Alternative methods and equipment to manufacture cement, are summarized and ways to get rid off or convert the released carbon dioxide from the cement manufacturing, are discussed. Conclusions: In the final instance the conclusion is reached that the cement industry, despite proven new technology, equipment and concepts, can do more to respond fast enough and to a sufficient extent to improve the sustainability of their operations substantially and to an acceptable level for the 21 st century.


A k-edge-weighting of a graph G is a function w:E(G)→{1,…,k}. An edge-weighting naturally induces a vertex coloring c, where for every vertex v∈V(G), c(v)=∑e∼vw(e). If the induced coloring c is a proper vertex coloring, then w is called a vertex-coloring k-edge-weighting (VC k-EW). Karonski et al. (J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 91 (2004) 151 13;157) conjectured that every graph admits a VC 3-EW. This conjecture is known as the 1-2-3-conjecture. In this paper, first, we study the vertex-coloring edge-weighting of the Cartesian product of graphs. We prove that if the 1-2-3-conjecture holds for two graphs G and H, then it also holds for G□H. Also we prove that the Cartesian product of connected bipartite graphs admits a VC 2-EW. Moreover, we present several sufficient conditions for a graph to admit a VC 2-EW. Finally, we explore some bipartite graphs which do not admit a VC 2-EW.


This thesis concerns the analysis of the Exlpodator model for a Belousov-Zhabotinskn type oscillating chemical reaction. The chemical kinetics of the reaction is discussed in detail and a system of kinetic equations, the Explodator, modelling the system is derived. The equations are reduced to the system of non-dimensionahsed equations.

X i — 2fi2+Xi(l—3^3)—£1^2—3u1x21
£2=i?4—+3aX3—x1x2, x3=u3-2az3 + X\X+/i-[x\

The existence for all time and boundedness of solutions of the Explodator are proved. It is also proved that any trajectory solution which starts in the positive octant subsequently remains m it and that the model has a unique equilibrium point in the positive octant for a wide range of parameter values.

The theory of Hopf bifurcation is introduced Stability is defined and the Hopf bifurcation theorem is explained. The stability properties of the equilibrium solutions are examined. A result is then proved that gives simple necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the kinetic parameters, for an equilibrium point of the system to a be Hopf bifurcation point, and thus for there to be a family of limit cycle solutions AUTO, a software package for continuation and bifurcation problems in ordinary differential equations, is used to solve the system and to determine the stabihty of the periodic solutions. The numerical solutions of the model agree very well with the chemical kinetics of the reaction and mathematical theory.

Centre Manifold theory is used to reduce the model to a two-dimensional system with the same stabihty properties as the full system AUTO is then used to verify that the linear stability of the stationary solutions of the reduced system agree with that of the solutions of the full model.


In this paper, we investigate how state and non-state provides of return counselling try to influence aspirations for return among (rejected) asylum seekers. Existing literature has highlighted both the importance and malleability of migration aspirations in a wide range of migratory trajectories. Yet, it paid little attention to the situation of people who at some stage of their asylum procedure are confronted with the prospect of eventually having to return to their country of citizenship. This confrontation is institutionalised in the form of state or NGOled 'return counselling', which helps the returning state to uphold the fine line between forced and allegedly 'voluntary' returns. Building on Carling's aspirations/ability model and using qualitative data from Austria and the Netherlands, we identify three ways in which return counsellors try to obtain the departure of (rejected) asylum seekers. Firstly, by identifying existing aspirations among potential returnees who for personal reasons decided to return but lack the ability to do so. Secondly, by merely obtaining informed consent to return 'voluntarily' in the absence of aspirations to return. And thirdly, by actively inducing the wish to return with the aim of aligning migrants' own aspirations with the requirements of restrictive migration law. We argue that this distinction is important to better understand the critical role and everyday workings of 'migration aspirations management' (Carling and Collins 2018) within contemporary migration governance in Europe.


Grapegrowing areas worldwide are experiencing earlier and compressed phenology because of higher temperatures, which has led to excessive sugar accumulation in grapes. This is associated with negative effects on grape and wine quality and higher alcohol in wines. Recent research has shown that early, climate-related ripening can be ameliorated by late leaf removal above the cluster zone. This practice was found to delay sugar accumulation in the berries by up to two weeks without affecting other berry chemistry parameters. Therefore, in this study, postveraison leaf removal was investigated as a canopy management technique to delay ripening in Semillon and Shiraz in a hot climate in Australia. Yield and yield components, canopy size, berry and wine chemistry, and sensory attributes were measured over four seasons for Semillon and two seasons for Shiraz. The results showed no effect of the proposed technique on delaying ripening in the first year of application for both varieties. However, on the second year of application, a delay in ripening of 10 days in Semillon and 20 days in Shiraz was observed. In Semillon, postveraison leaf removal did not delay ripening on the fourth year of application. No differences were observed in berry chemistry and sensory attributes in Semillon. In Shiraz, wines obtained from defoliated vines in the second season were different from control wines, and were characterized by attributes consistent with overripe berries such as dry fruit and jammy aromas and flavors. The results from this study showed that this technique was not effective in consistently delaying ripening in Semillon and Shiraz in a hot Australian climate.


This study is analyzed academics' job satisfaction and mobbing levels in terms of gender, type of university and title variable and to identify whether there is a relation between mobbing and job satisfaction levels or not. The participants are 250 female % 47.25 and 279 male %52.74 academics in Turkey. Negative Acts Questionnaire, developed by Einarsen (1996) and the scale of job satisfaction, developed by Hackman and Oldham, (1980) were used in the study. Results, it was found that mobbing and job satisfaction did not show a significant difference in terms of gender. However, it was determined that the academics in state universities were exposed to mobbing more than at private universities. Other results are that job satisfaction of the academics in foundation universities was higher than that of those in state universities. The research assistants were exposed to mobbing more than other academics. It was also found that while the professor doctors have more job satisfaction levels than the others. Besides, it was determined that mobbing and job satisfaction levels of academics are negatively correlated.


The paper studies the efficiency of the Indian equity and futures markets by applying statistical techniques to returns and volatility during trading and nontrading hours. Returns have been decomposed into trading and non-trading period returns by taking close to open, open to close and close to close prices. We find the presence of a weekend effect during the non-trading period in the spot index market, while, there is no day of the week effect in the index futures market. Also, the volatility in both the markets is higher during the trading period than during the non-trading period. Most of the studies on day of the week effects in the futures markets have focused on developed markets. India, even though is an emerging market, is one of the largest derivatives markets in the world. The study throws light on the efficiency of the futures market in the country and also presents a comparison with the spot market. It is also one of the first papers in the Indian context to look at trading and non-trading period returns separately.


Many Canadians believe that immigrants steal jobs away from qualified Canadians, abuse the healthcare system and refuse to participate in Canadian culture. In About Canada: Immigration, Gogia and Slade challenge these myths with a thorough investigation of the realities of immigrating to Canada. Examining historical immigration policies, the authors note that these policies were always fundamentally racist, favouring whites, unless hard labourers were needed. Although current policies are no longer explicitly racist, they do continue to favour certain kinds of applicants. Many recent immigrants to Canada are highly trained and educated professionals, and yet few of them, contrary to the myth, find work in their area of expertise. Despite the fact that these experts could contribute significantly to Canadian society, deeply ingrained racism, suspicion and fear keep immigrants out of these jobs. On the other hand, Canada also requires construction workers, nannies and agricultural workers — but few immigrants who do this work qualify for citizenship. About Canada: Immigration argues that we need to move beyond the myths and build an immigration policy that meets the needs of Canadian society.


A physical mechanism is presented which can generate coherent and tunable terahertz (THz) radiation. Due to the dramatical lifting of SPPs energy, the dispersion can cross the light line, thus, the SPPs excited by an moving electron beam can be transformed into THz radiation. The radiation power density is enhanced nearly three orders, up to 105 W/cm2. The radiation frequency can be widely tuned by adjusting the beam energy and chemical potential. This mechanism could provide a promising way for developing room temperature, tunable, coherent and intense THz radiation sources to cover the whole THz band.


The postsynaptic density (PSD) is an electron dense structure just beneath the postsynaptic membrane. Several functions have been proposed for the PSD including regulating receptor number and clustering, anchoring signal transduction molecules at the synapse and mediating adhesion between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. However, little was known about the proteins that make up the PSD until the biochemical purification of a PSD fraction from brain was established in 1974. Since then, several interesting proteins have been localized to the PSD fraction. The most abundant PSD protein is the [alpha] subunit of the type II calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase ([alpha]CaMKII). This protein is likely to play a role in the calcium-mediated signal transduction at the synapse that mediates certain forms of synaptic plasticity. Another major PSD protein is PSD-95, a member of the guanylate kinase family (GUK) of proteins.

Here, I describe the purification and identification of three additional PSD proteins that comigrate at a molecular weight of 180 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. First, PSDgp180 is identified as the 2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NR2B). NR2B is a major component of the PSD fraction and binds to PSD-95 in vitro. This interaction may anchor NMDA receptors at the synapse.

Next, I report the cloning and characterization of densin-180, a 180 kDa PSD protein with a novel adhesion molecule-like sequence. Densin-180 is a brain-specific sialomucin that is enriched in the PSD fraction and localized to the synapse by immunocytochemistry.

In order to study the assembly of PSD proteins at the synapse, I use antibodies against [alpha]CaMKII, PSD-95 and densin-180 for double labeling cultured hippocampal neurons. In these cultures, densin-180 protein is the first marker to be expressed and this early densin-180 expression is in a diffuse membrane pattern along dendrites. When synapse formation begins at about 5 days after plating, the densin-180 protein is clustered at synapses and PSD-95 expression is induced. PSD-95 colocalizes with densin-180 clusters. The [alpha]CaMKII protein is expressed later in synapse formation (7 to 9 days in vitro) and may be a marker of mature excitatory neurons.

In the brain, densin-180 is localized to the neuropil regions in a punctate pattern likely to represent synaptic staining. In addition, anti-densin-180 is localized to a specific set of cells and that may represent undifferentiated neurons and small processes that may represent dendritic filopodia.

The third 180 kDa PSD protein is citron, a recently identified Rho/Rac binding protein. The citron sequence contains numerous motifs found in signal transduction proteins and a myosin-like coiled coil domain. Citron may be a target for Rho/Racdependent signal transduction at the synapse and may mediate physical stabilization of the postsynaptic density.


Music plays an integral role in the experience of film, television, video games, and other media—yet for many directors, producers, and media creators, working with music can be a baffling and intimidating process. The Film and Media Creators' Guide to Music bridges the gap between musical professionals and the creators of film and other media projects, establishing a shared language while demystifying this collaborative journey. Organized with a modular chapter structure, the book covers fundamental topics including: Why (and when) to use music in a project; how to talk about music; licensing existing music; commissioning original music; working with a composer.
Geared toward emerging and established creators alike, this book takes a practical approach to the process of finding the best music for all forms of moving image. The Film and Media Creators' Guide to Music offers hands-on advice for media creators, providing readers with the confidence to approach the planning, commissioning, creation, and placement of music in their projects with the awareness, understanding, and vocabulary that will enable them to be better collaborators and empowered storytellers. For students and professionals working across film and media, this book is the essential guide to using music creatively and effectively.


Band origins of tritiated water, HTO, DTO, T2O, many of which have not been observed, are calculated with variational vibrational methods using an experimental potential function. The results are quite accurate and should aid in developing laser isotope separation procedures to remove tritium from water. The effect of dimer formation on these band origins is also investigated using the Wilson FG method with a theoretical harmonic force field and found to be important.


Black Lives: Essays in African American Biography, edited by James L. Conyers, Jr. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1999. 222 pp. $19.95, paper. Reviewed by Irene E. McHenry, Fielding Graduate Institute and Friends Council on Education. Black Lives is a vivid, varied and remarkable collection of 15 scholars' work, which individually and collectively makes a significant contribution to studies in African American history, culture, and literature. This collection strengthens the legacy of African American biography by providing fresh perspectives on the global impact of the Black experience and significantly adds to the literature on the contributions from the Black community in America. Edited by James Conyers, Jr. and devoted to the study of African American biography and culture from an Afrocentric perspective, this richly diverse collection evidences Conyers' scholarly background as an educator, researcher, and author of considerable works in African American history and sociology. The manuscripts in Black Lives are arranged in three broad categories: intellectual studies; literary studies, grouped as cultural biography; and, oral history narratives and the use of biography as a teaching tool. This three-part organization provides the reader with common themes for the otherwise diverse methods, theories, cultures of inquiry, and writing styles used by the 15 authors in conducting and writing biographical studies. Individually, each essay is a unique discourse, which examines and amplifies the critical and substantial contributions of African American lived experience within the context of world history and culture. Collectively, the essays provide a view of the diversity and complexity of the African diaspora examined by African American scholars. Conyers authors the lead essay in the collection, introducing the section on intellectual biography with a focus on the life and work of Maulana Karenga (1941- ), one of the leading Afrocentric thinkers in the 20" century. Conyers examines the genre of Black biography and addresses the issue of the hegemony of the Eurocentric perspective in writing biography while inviting the reader into a contextual analysis of Karenga's philosophical contributions from a social ecological perspective. The additional essays on intellectual biography are stimulating, informative and thought provoking, particularly with regard to delineating the limitations and biases of race, class, and gender that have been overcome by the men and women whose biographies appear in this collection. Calvin McClinton's inspirational essay examines the career of talented, hard-working Black theater director Vinnette Carrol (1922- ). While spotlighting Carrol as the creator of "the gospel song-play," McClinton paints a deep portrait of African American life in the creative arts of music, theater, and dance in 20th' century America. Earnest Bracey's affable narrative on the legacy of the charismatic Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr. (1920-1978), the first African American four-star general in the United States Air Force, opens a broader discussion of Blacks in the military during World War II, the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Using journalistic evidence, Bracey deftly illustrates General James' legendary charisma, oratorical skills, controversial activism, and tremendous contributions against racial segregation in the military. The final essay in this section is Mitchell Katchun's provocative composition on the construction of historical memory and commemorative tradition as they relate to the shaping of the public biography of Richard Allen (1760-1831), the first bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. In a section on cultural biographies, five scholars review literary works of African American authors and provide new insights into their lives, careers, and writings. Gloria Randle poses an analysis of Toni Morrison's works centering on women characters in her novels who are outlaws in their collective Black communities. …


Currently IS practice abounds with application innovations, e.g. online auctions, blogs, wikis, chat, user spaces, multi-player games and reputation ratings, while over the same time few new IS academic theories have taken hold. To the practitioners who innovate, journals often seem out of date, over-rigorous and increasingly irrelevant. As IS practice innovates, IS theory seems to be if anything becoming more risk averse. If IS journals assume research rigor is research excellence, they will fall behind the cutting edge of IS progress. This would be unfortunate, as advances need to be driven by theory as well as practice. The key is recognition that good research involves two dimensions not one, namely rigor and relevance. These correspond to avoiding errors of commission (lack of rigor), and avoiding errors of omission (lack of relevance). These two dimensions suggest a selective but open IS electronic archive could increase both relevance (by electronically publishing all submissions) and rigor (by electronically supporting expert and Wiki style reviews). Since the IS community designs and creates online systems, we should be able to improve the highly successful Los Alamos physics preprint archive, and lead the way in electronic knowledge exchange systems.


Over the past several decades, expanding eastern red cedar (Juniperus viginiana) populations have altered prairie and grassland ecosystems in the Great Plains, causing a reduction in livestock grazing capacity. This study examined the effects of eastern red cedar removal on cattle forage coverage located on private property in northeastern Nebraska. An analysis of collected field data obtained using a line intercept method in a control and an experimental plot was performed on Elymus canadensis (Canada wild rye), Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass), and Bromus inermis (smooth brome), three common grassland species that serve as forage for cattle. Results show Canada wild rye responded negatively to the eastern red cedar removal, with a coverage declining from 58 cm in 2012 to 0 cm in 2014. Kentucky bluegrass initially responded negatively, declining from 1161 cm in 2012 to 217 cm in 2013, but responded positively in 2014, increasing to 414 cm. Smooth brome also experienced a similar response to cedar removal, declining from 736 cm in 2012 to 42 cm in 2013, but increasing to 234 cm in 2014. Statistical variances were not analyzed, which would help determine the magnitude of the effects the removal had on forage species, if any. Further data collection and analysis are needed to more accurately determine whether or not forage coverage will continue to increase and exceed the initial coverage recordings in 2012 with the Eastern red cedar present and provide an economic return for the ranchers. Table of


Evidence from around the globe shows that family firms are enduring, resilient forms of profit-seeking and not an archaic, transient form that will inevitably disappear. Social science research has tended to characterize the family values of these firms as producing "efficiency distortions" that adversely affect their financial performance. The author suggests an alternative heuristic approach of treating family firms as kinship enterprises that endure beyond the life of the firm. This approach enables us to understand how the timing of decisions about capital accumulation, expansion and diversification, as well as managerial organization, are shaped by kinship sentiments and intergenerational commitments without setting up an opposition between economic and kinship goals.


Abstract Variscan massifs of NE Iberia occur along the Pyrenees, Catalan Coastal Ranges, Iberian Range and Minorca. Despite the effects of the Alpine cycle, which involve localized reworking, tilting, translation of basement units and blocks drifting, the Variscan evolution can be reconstructed. Geological features evidence significant differences across the zones in the north, with high-grade metamorphic rocks, structural domes and syntectonic plutons more internal than the zones in the south, where unmetamorphosed and low-grade rocks are present along with undeformed late- to post-tectonic plutons. This setting contradicts existing schemas where this part of the Variscan belt is located in an external foreland. Variscan structures evidence bulk transpression gradually evolving from a NNW–SSE-directed crustal shortening to NW–SE wrench-dominated tectonics. The low-pressure–high-temperature (LP/HT) metamorphic peak and magmatism coincide with the latest stages of the NNW–SSE event. There is no field evidence based on penetrative structures for a widespread late orogenic extensional collapse.


The development of arteriosclerosis is a continuum, a healthy vessel being affected by 'traditional' and other risk factors as well as genetic and environmental determinants, with an intermediate stage of atherosclerosis before the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. This intermediate stage of subclinical atherosclerosis can be characterized by study of the heart, kidney and arteries using markers of subclinical organ damage1,2. This is essential, since such damage is an important determinant of global cardiovascular risk1,3 and thus helps in deciding whether medical therapy is indicated for primary prevention. Non-invasive techniques for structural and functional assessment of blood vessels include carotid artery angiodynography (Doppler ultrasound) to assess intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque characteristics4, and the ankle-brachial index to detect asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease5. Over the years, increasing interest in systolic blood pressure (BP) and pulse pressure as predictors of cardiovascular events6 has prompted the development of techniques to assess arterial distensibility/ stiffness7,8. The focus on BP has been broadened to vascular stiffness and aging and then to endothelial dysfunction, which gave rise to the concept of vascular protection. One technique to assess arterial stiffness, the most important determinant of isolated systolic hypertension related to wave reflection and pulse pressure, is measurement of arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV). This is the distance traveled by blood flow divided by the time it takes to travel that distance (in meters/second). It is measured non-invasively and is the gold standard for assessment of aortic stiffness. The lower the PWV the better, as this means the arteries have maintained their elasticity and are distensible. However, the important question is whether this simple measure of arterial stiffness is of value in risk stratifi cation, compared to risk estimated by traditional risk factors; in other words, is it an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and as such useful in clinical practice? The usefulness of PWV as a possible marker of vascular processes depends on how much more information it can provide on the risk or presence of disease over and above that provided by other markers, and on the extent to which such information infl uences clinical decisions. The fi rst consensus on methodological issues and clinical applications of arterial stiffness was arrived at in 2006, and recommended PWV measurement as a simple but valid method for use as a diagnostic procedure in clinical practice that in itself may have prognostic signifi cance9,10. Subsequently, other studies strengthened the evidence and increased interest in assessment of arterial stiffness. Data from the Framingham study suggested correlations between markers of neurohumoral activation and vascular stiffness, independently of other risk factors11. In the Copenhagen County population study, with a 13-year follow-up, greater PWV (>12 m/s) was associated with a 50% higher risk of


This paper proposes a novel method for transductive classification on heterogeneous information networks composed of multiple types of vertices. Such networks naturally represent many real-world Web data such as DBLP data (author, paper, and conference). Given a network where some vertices are labeled, the classifier aims to predict labels for the remaining vertices by propagating the labels to the entire network. In the label propagation process, many studies reduce the importance of edges connecting to a high-degree vertex. The assumption is unsatisfactory when reliability of a label of a vertex cannot be implied from its degree. On the basis of our intuition that edges bridging across communities are less trustworthy, we adapt edge betweenness to imply the importance of edges. Since directly applying the conventional edge betweenness is inefficient on heterogeneous networks, we propose two additional refinements. First, the centrality utilizes the fact that networks contain multiple types of vertices. Second, the centrality ignores flows originating from endpoints of considering edges. The experimental results on real-world datasets show our proposed method is more effective than a state-of-the-art method, GNetMine. On average, our method yields 92.79 ± 1.25% accuracy on a DBLP network even if only 1.92% of vertices are labeled. Our simple weighting scheme results in more than 5 percentage points increase in accuracy compared with GNetMine.


In recent decades, it is gaining more and more dominance in both academic and business life that the company exists for and has responsibilities toward a wider group of stakeholders and it must have some objectives other than profitability. To achieve sustainable development and growth, the companies must assume more duties, which is called the term "corporate social responsibility (CSR)." In the literature, it is questioned whether CSR activities benefit the company or not; whether there is any relationship exists between CSR activities and the company's financial performance and the direction of the relationship. We aimed to explore that whether there is any effect corporate social performance (CSP) on financial performance and position and vice versa. We performed content analysis through annual reports and derived a social score composed of the items included in disclosure guidelines and some criteria used in CSR ratings. We also used several financial position and financial performance indicators. In order to explore the relationship between CSP and financial indicators, we run panel data regressions. We found significant results for some of the indicators, where some of the indicators gave insignificant results. The reporting of CSR activities is in very low levels. The conscious toward CSR and sustainability must be promoted and the companies must assume more active roles. The reporting of those activities is also important.


The Joint integrated Avionics Working Group (JIAWG) Reuse Subcommittee has initiatives in several areas to demonstrate that reuse can effectively support the JIAWG programs, and the creation of reusable assets is an essential element of reuse. Domain analysis is the process that identifies what is reusable, how it can be structured, and how it can be used. This report describes a method for domain analysis that is based on Coad and Yourdon's Object Oriented Analysis. This method, the JIAWG Object-Oriented Domain Analysis (JODA), includes several enhancements to the method of Coad and Yourdon and produces a domain model to support asset creation and reuse.


Pragmatics includes a broad area of language. One of the topics discussed
in the pragmatics is deixis. The reason why the writer chose deixis was because it
is a new thing for the writer. In addition, the writer did not find many studies
concerning deixis in Indonesia.
Deixis usually refers to linguistic components of a discourse that gain
their specific meaning from the discourse situation. The word deixis comes from
the Greek word deiktikos which means "to indicate". Deixis can be defined as
reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the
linguistic or extra linguistic context of the utterance, such as who is speaking, to
whom, what status the interaction participants have, what relation they have, the
time or place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker, or the current location in the
discourse.
Since deixis is closely related to utterances made by a speaker, the writer
chose conversation as her data. To get the English conversation, the writer
recorded a conversation spoken by two native English speakers with students at
the Self-Access Conversation Club at Widya Mandala University on September
20th
, 2003. The purpose of their visit was to give students opportunity to practice
English with the native speakers. Therefore, there are three research questions that
the writer wanted to analyze in this study. First, what deixis are used by English
native speakers and students at the Self-Access Conversation Club. Second,
whether those deixis are used correctly or not. And the third, why such deixis are
used by English native speakers and students the way they are.
To support this study, the writer uses deictic theory. This study is content
analysis. The research instrument was the writer herself. She recorded the
conversation by using a handy cam and a tape recorder.
The writer found that English native speakers and students used the three
kinds of deixis: person deixis, place deixis, and time deixis. Most of the three
deixis were used correctly although there were still some deixis that were not used
correctly either by the native speakers or the non-native speakers. And since
deixis is a reference that refers to the surrounding situation, the writer concluded
that those deixis were used as reference.


Synapse loss and synaptic dysfunction are pathological processes already involved in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Synapses consist principally of neuronal membranes, and the neuronal and synaptic losses observed in AD have been linked to the degeneration and altered composition and structure of these membranes. Consequently, synapse loss and membrane-related pathology provide viable targets for intervention in AD. The specific nutrient combination Fortasyn Connect (FC) is designed to ameliorate synapse loss and synaptic dysfunction in AD by addressing distinct nutritional needs believed to be present in these patients. This nutrient combination comprises uridine, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, choline, phospholipids, folic acid, vitamins B12, B6, C, and E, and selenium, and is present in Souvenaid, a medical food intended for use in early AD. It has been hypothesized that FC counteracts synaptic loss and reduces membrane-related pathology in AD by providing nutritional precursors and cofactors that act together to support neuronal membrane formation and function. Preclinical studies formed the basis of this hypothesis which is being validated in a broad clinical study program investigating the potential of this nutrient combination in AD. Memory dysfunction is one key early manifestation in AD and is associated with synapse loss. The clinical studies to date show that the FC-containing medical food improves memory function and preserves functional brain network organization in mild AD compared with controls, supporting the hypothesis that this intervention counteracts synaptic dysfunction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of basic scientific studies that led to the creation of FC and of its effects in various preclinical models.


There has been little research examining urban Inuit health, despite significant health disparities and indications that Inuit perspectives on health differ from mainstream perspectives. This collection of studies examined family health and parenting in an urban Inuit community and employed a participatory action research approach in partnership with the Tungasuvvingat Inuit Family Resource Centre. The first study examined health information processes through key informant interviews and focus groups. Five themes emerged: importance of visual learning, community Elders, and cultural interpreters; community cohesion; and an Inuit and non-Inuit distinction. The core sources of health information were family members and sources from within the Inuit community. The principal dissemination strategy for health information was one-on-one communication. Overall, results showed a community-specific perspective on health information. The second study developed and evaluated a health promotion tool tailored to the community's preferences articulated in Study 1. A CD-Rom presented an Inuk Elder delivering two messages on supporting mothers during pregnancy. Quantitative and qualitative measures were used to assess participants' expectations and reactions to elements of the CD-Rom. Quantitative analyses found increases in evaluation, medium, and content ratings. Qualitative findings included: (i) interest, uncertainty, and conditional interest prior to viewing; and (ii) positive evaluations of the CD-Rom (in particular of the Elder) and an interest in additional similar tools on parenting topics from a family-centered perspective. Taken together, results suggested that the tool is appropriate for this community and that Inuit health is family-based. The third study further examined urban Inuit parenting by using the autonomy-relatedness perspective from cultural psychology, in order to increase understanding of how parents support the well-being of their children. Major parenting themes obtained from interviews included: child characteristics, parenting behaviours and beliefs, affection and love, stressors, and responsive and respectful parenting. The majority of parenting themes linked to relatedness, although there was evidence of autonomy in both parenting behaviours and child characteristics. Overall, research findings emphasized the family perspective on health held by this Inuit community, and pointed to differences in health information structures and parenting as a result of living in an urban context. Implications for health research and health promotion are discussed.


ABSTRACT One in every two hundred children undergo alternative care in a children's home in Sri Lanka, denied of basic human rights by being deprived of parental care and by being labelled orphaned, abandoned or destitute. These figures are problematic in a multi-religious and diversely cultured state where moral rhetoric abounds, but concerns need to be translated into practice. The need for institutional children's care must be investigated, as does the ability of these organizations to provide a quality upbringing and life preparation for children. In this paper I address these contemporary issues through a critical review of the policy environment and the governance practices of these institutions with reference to specific case studies. My field study was carried out across all nine provinces in Sri Lanka, involving policy makers and service providers of institutionalized children. All nine commissioners of the provincial departments of probation and child care services were interviewed to collect information on policy implications and their role in the policy making process. All 298 probation officers, 287 child rights promotion officers, and matrons and wardens of all 416 children's homes were included in a questionnaire census approach. Of these, approximately half responded. Thirty managers from different children's homes were interviewed to ascertain information with regards to their service provision. My critical systemic approach in the field has identified many issues of policy implication and service provision across institutions charged with care of children and young people. This paper presents the initial findings regarding the quality of life and the enhancement of life chances of children in alternative care in Sri Lanka. Further, it will also give direction to policy makers and service providers on the provision of high quality child support. This takes into account their natural birth environments, their institutionalization period and subsequent reintegration. These guidelines can maximize the potential of these institutionalized children and is well suited to this year's conference theme, "Curating the conditions for a thrivable planet" as the well-being of children and the planet are inextricably linked. A critical approach to maximizing the potential of institutionalized children will, in turn, enable them to positively contribute to the emerging "global eco-civilization".


This paper discusses internally-motivated change as a largely ignored factor in understanding diachrony in creole languages: that is, externally-motivated models — and the most popular of these is certainly decreolization and the related concept of the creole continuum — have been nearly exclusively relied upon by creolists to explain phenomena associated with language variation and change in creole-speaking communities, particularly among the Atlantic English-derived creoles. This paper presents one alternative to viewing variation data derived from creole speakers as solely a function of decreolization. It raises issues associated with (and explores alternatives to) that singular view of diachrony.


247 If claims about which character traits are environmental virtues are to be more than rhetoric, there must be some basis or standard for evaluation. This naturalistic, teleological, pluralistic, and inclusive account of what makes a character trait an environmental virtue can be such a standard. It is naturalistic because it is consistent with and motivated by scientific naturalism. It is teleological because character traits are evaluated according to how well they promote certain ends. It is pluralistic because those ends are both agent-relative and agent-independent. It is inclusive because it counts environmentally justified, environmentally responsive and environmentally productive virtues as environmental virtues. This theory of environmental virtue provides the basis for the development of a typology of environmental virtue that includes virtues of sustainability, virtues of communion with nature, virtues of respect for nature, virtues of environmental activism, and virtues of environmental stewardship. A Theory of Environmental Virtue


Child welfare, one of the most important arenas of social work, has benefited from advances in information technology in the past two decades (Weaver, Moses, Furman, & Lindsey, 2003). This whole discipline of social work can be captured best through the term "child welfare informatics." Although the term "informatics" may be new to the field of child welfare, it has served the health care field well for many years. The first federal funding of health informatics began in the late 1960s through the precursor of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Fitzmaurice, Adams, & Eisenberg, 2002). There has been an extensive examination of the different fields of health informatics, medical informatics, public health informatics, and nursing informatics (Staggers & Thompson, 2002). In fact, the basis of many social work practices that have combined information technology, social work research, and best practices through areas such as evidence-based practice have their origins in the health sciences fields (Gilgun, 2005). What is informatics? Staggers and Thompson (2002) provided the following definition, which is specific to nursing informatics but can be generalized to any of the health informatics fields: Nursing informatics is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, and knowledge in nursing practice. Nursing informatics facilitates the integration of data, information, and knowledge to support patients, nurses, and other providers in their decision-making in all roles and settings. (p. 260) The field of informatics developed because of the recognition of two significant factors (Rosenbaum Burke, Benevelli, Borzi, & Repasch, 2005): First, a report by the Institute of Medicine noted that thousands of patient deaths a year could have been avoided through more advanced and detailed use of health information (Rosenbaum et al.). Second, there is strong evidence to suggest significant socioeconomic disparities in the outcomes of health care, thereby making information on aspects such as race, ethnicity, language, and other socioeconomic factors a critical dimension of health care itself (Rosenbaum et al.). More recently, the different fields of health informatics have aggressively moved away from analyzing information after the fact (for example, collecting longitudinal data to conduct epidemiologic studies) to computer-aided decision making to support physician decisions in direct patient health care (Fitzmaurice et al., 2002). This has been done by developing the availability of real-time computer-based medical records across different departments within a health agency, across different health agencies, and even across jurisdictions. Kaiser Permanente has spent $3.3 billion in the past decade to integrate medical records with registration, billing, and other information to enhance patient care and service ("Making Healthy Connections," 2006). This integration allows health care practitioners to access, through locally available technologies, databases that along with decision-support tools minimize potential adverse health outcomes while maximizing patient care. The most recent push for a nationwide health information network was a concept paper that recommended an integrated system to provide a secure exchange of health information across health care agencies in different jurisdictions through multiple centralized databases (National Committee on Vital and Health Care Statistics, 2006). The authors argued that there would be a number of uses that could provide real-time data as well as reducing potential adverse health effects. For example, if a person is on vacation in a different state and has a medical emergency, the emergency room staff would be able to link into a national centralized database and, on the basis of the information found there, able to avoid certain medications that would cause life-threatening allergic reactions. …


Krishna Sinha, a fund manager with around 10 years of investment experience, was looking at the returns of indexed stocks. He was currently investing big funds in index equity Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) with a growth objective. A couple of days ago, he read an article in one of the leading newspapers that sector indices were performing better than the BSE Sensex traded funds. A detailed observation of sector indices gave an insight that they were yielding higher returns than index equity ETF. Further, the examination of index volatility as measured by value at risk was higher for some of the individual stocks in the BSE Sensex than the sectoral stocks. Mr. Sinha now wanted to have a portfolio that promised more returns with less volatility.


Financing is a critical entrepreneurial activity (Shane et al. 2003) and within the study of entrepreneurship, behaviour has been identified as an area requiring further exploration (Bird et al. 2012). Since 2008 supply side conditions for SMEs have been severe and increasingly entrepreneurs have to bundle or 'orchestrate' funding from a variety of sources in order to successfully finance the firm (Wright and Stigliani 2013: p.15). This longitudinal study uses psychometric testing to measure the behavioural competences of a panel of sixty entrepreneurs in the Creative Industries sector. Interviews were conducted over a 3 year period to identify finance finding behaviour. The research takes a pragmatic realism perspective to examine process and the different behavioural competences of entrepreneurs. The predictive qualities of this behaviour are explored in a funding context. The research confirmed a strong behavioural characteristic as validated through interviews and psychometric testing, was an orientation towards engagement and working with other organisations. In a funding context, this manifested itself in entrepreneurs using networks, seeking advice and sharing equity to fund growth. These co-operative, collaborative characteristics are different to the classic image of the entrepreneur as a risk-taker or extrovert. Leadership and achievement orientation were amongst the lowest scores. Three distinctive groups were identified and also shown by subsequent analysis to be a positive contribution to how entrepreneurial behavioural competences can be considered. Belonging to one of these three clusters is a strong predictive indicator of entrepreneurial behaviour – in this context, how entrepreneurs access finance. These Clusters were also proven to have different characteristics in relation to funding outcomes. The study seeks to make a contribution through the development of a methodology for entrepreneurs, policy makers and financial institutions to identify competencies in finding finance and overcome problems in information asymmetry.


Aims: To study the knowledge regarding dengue and the preventive measures practiced by the community. To suggest recommendations based on their awareness and practice of preventive measures. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was undertaken in Seshambabudem village of Tippathy mandal, Nalgonda district during February to May 2011. The study area constitutes 315 households with population of 1469. All the households were included by census method. From each household an individual aged 19-60 years were interviewed by using pre designed, pre tested semi structured questionnaire. Likewise 292 individuals from 315 households were enrolled in the study. Data was compiled and analyzed and results were shown in percentages. Results: Majority of the respondents (43.2%) were in the age group of 15-30 years. As per their literacy status, 45.2% were illiterate. As per modified B G Prasad's classification of socio-economic status, those belonging to high class and lower middle class of socio-economic status were 25.3% and 18.5% respectively. The most common cause of dengue cited was mosquito bite (60.61%). Around 57.53% of them were aware of fever as the presenting symptom. However more than a quarter (34.9%) of the respondents were not aware of any of the symptoms. Half of the respondents (51.36%) were aware of preventive measures such as mosquito repellents like matt, liquid repellents/coils. Common preventive practices that were prevalent in the community were use of mosquito repellents (46.57%), prevent water stagnation (13.01%), cleaning the house (34.93%). Very few of them practiced weekly emptying of containers (9.58%) and use of mosquito nets (11.64%). Important sources of information about dengue were from TV/ Radio (39.04%). Conclusion: Our findings highlight the need for further information, education and communication programs to identify barriers to action and to seek ways to translate population knowledge about dengue into positive preventive practices.


In collaboration with Philips a postgraduate research team at the Centre for Design Research investigated how context can influence the emotion and meaning of a set of product motions, such as opening or closing, turning and waving. The aim was to determine whether there was significant consistency in observer response to these motion scenarios, to inform the design process of key semantic considerations. This project stemmed from the Philips project iCat that was designed to enable researchers to study behaviour, determine whether human interaction patterns can be mimicked and whether or not people recognise or even want such characteristics in robots. The aim was to facilitate a more intuitive interface between humans and appliances, providing richer interaction and a more sensorial experience. The term e-motive was adopted as a working title to explain a new process of researching, which would highlight any inadequacies of the conventional design process to deal with the additional channel of movement. Derived from the two words emotion and movement, e-motive was descriptive of our preliminary objective of expressing emotions through movement. Our main aim was to develop greater understanding around the process of designing movements into objects that could act as physical mediators of information and emotional content. In-order to consciously design movements, new methods and process were required if we were to develop additional 'channels of expression' into conventional industrial design practice. Intrinsic to the e-motive testing method, was the influence that 'contextual' factors had on the perceptions of both movement and emotions. To be able to fully specify and explicitly design a movement with an intended emotional message, it was found to be essential to separate the movement from any contextual interference. This was considered crucial to creating intentional emotional loading in objects, which could be derived irrespective of contextual influences. The fundamental problem was how to obtain a 'contextually devoid' response from a person to a movement. It was found that while in some cases common perceptions of a motion differed from expectation, reliability of communicating emotion by motion was dependent upon observers having some shared formal semantics to comprehend context. As a consequence of this it was considered essential that intended context should be easily derived through the fundamental language of the form.


This article is an attempt to understand the heterogeneous nature of home-based cashew workers in Kerala. The article uses narrative approach to illustrate the lived experiences of the home-based workers. The evidence from the field study in Kollam district reveals that the majority of the workers engaged in the home-based processing, voluntarily or involuntarily, are women. The home-based processing is considered as an additional option to earn income by these workers. As a result, despite the ban on cottage processing of cashew, it is operating in a clandestine manner. The study shows that the enhancement of individual and collective capabilities of the women in the informal sector requires an understanding of their multiple identities, as well as an acknowledgement of the existing gender relations and social structure.


Information visualizations utilizing multip le coordinated views allow users to rapidly explore complex data spaces and discover complex relationships. Most multiple-view visualizations are static with regard to the views that they provide and the coordinations that they support. Despite significant progress in the field of Information Visualization and development of novel interaction techniques, user interfaces for exploring data have lacked flexibility. As a result, the vast quantities of information rapidly being collected in databases are underutilized and opportunities for advancement of knowledge are lost. This research proposes the central concept of visualization schemas based on the Snap-Together Visualization (Snap) model, analogous to the successful database concept of data schemas, which will enable dynamic specification of information visualizations for any given database without programming. Relational databases provide significant flexibility to organize, store, and manipulate an infinite variety of complex data collections. This flexibility is enabled by the concept of relational data schemas, which allow data owners to easily design custom databases according to their unique needs. We bring the same level of flexibility to visualization development through visualization schemas. Visualization Schemas is a conceptual model, user interface, and software architecture while Fusion is the implemented system that enable users to rapidly and dynamically construct personalized multi-view visualization workspaces by coordinating visualizations in ways unforeseen by the original developers.


Earthquakes frequently destroy the homes and livelihoods of thousands. One of the most important concerns after an earthquake is to find a safe shelter for the affected people. Because of large numbers of potential locations, the multitude of constraints (e.g. access to infrastructures; security); and the uncertainty prevailing (e.g., number of places required) the identification of optimal shelter locations is a complex problem. Nevertheless, rapidly locating shelters and transferring the affected people to the nearest shelters are high priority in crisis situations. In this paper, we develop a framework based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to support decisions-makers in the response phase. Using the same framework, we also derive recommendations for urban planning in the preparedness phase. We demonstrate our method with a case focusing on the city of Kerman, in Iran.


OBJECTIVES AND MOTIVATION: This paper considers the impact of interactions between fiscal policy and monetary institutions in the presence of unionized labour markets on economic outcomes and welfare in the long run. Two main classes of questions are investigated. First, what is the impact of exogenously given labour taxes and unemployment benefits on the choice of monetary policy by the central bank, on the choice of nominal wages by unions, on the choice of prices by monopolistically competitive firms and through them on unemployment, inflation and welfare? Second, how are labour taxes and redistribution chosen by a (Stackelberg leader) fiscal authority whose objectives are a weighted average of social welfare and of catering to the interests of political supporters, and how does the general equilibrium induced by this choice affect welfare? The framework of the paper is motivated by the European scene in which the fraction of the labour force covered by collective agreements dominates wage setting in the labour market. "PLAYERS" AND PAYOFFS: The model economy features labour unions that maximize the expected real income of union members over states of employment and of unemployment, a central bank that strives to minimize the combined costs of inflation and of unemployment, and a continuum of monopolistically competitive firms, each of which maximizes its profits. The last part of the paper also features a fiscal authority that sets taxes and redistribution so as to maximize a combination of social welfare and of benefits to particular constituencies. Utility from consumption is characterized by means of a CES, Dixit-Stiglitz, utility function and (as in Sidrauski type models) money appears in the utility function. METHODOLOGY AND "PLAYERS" STRATEGIES: The first question is investigated within a three stage game in which labour unions move first and commit to nominal wages and the central bank moves second and chooses the money supply. In the third and last stage each of a large number of monopolistically competitive firms picks its price. To deal with the second class of questions the game is expanded to feature a preliminary stage in which government chooses labour taxes and redistribution anticipating the subsequent responses of the other players. General equilibrium is characterized and used to find the impact of various economic and institutional parameters.


The Apollo Moon landings have been called the last optimistic act of the twentieth century. Twelve astronauts made this greatest of all journeys, and all were indelibly marked by it. In Moondust, journalist Andrew Smith reveals the stories of the nine still living men caught between the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Earth's collective dreaming: Here, we relive the flashbulbs, the first shocking glimpse of Earth from space, the sense of euphoria and awe. This was the first global media event, after all, and the astronauts were its superstars.They had been schooled by NASA for every eventuality in deep space but were completely unprepared for fame. On their return, they struggled to balance notoriety with a spaceman's frugal paycheck. These perfect specimens of mind and body were, ultimately, only human beings thrust into an impossibly intense spotlight. Possibilities bloomed, and marriages crumbled under the strain.And it wasn't just the astronauts who'd changed; the world was changing, too. As the Apollo program wound down, the wild and happy experimentations of the sixties gave way to the cynicism and self-doubt of the seventies, and the Moonwalkers faced what was, in some ways, their greatest challenge: how to find meaning in life when the biggest adventure you could possibly have was a memory. Some traded on past glories; others tried to move on. Some found God; some sought oblivion; some reinvented themselves and discovered a measure of happiness in a completely unexpected place. Andrew Smith sees them through the eyes of the boy who flung down his bike on a summer evening to hear Neil Armstrong utter his fateful words -- and through the eyes of a grown man balancing myth against reality and finding the truth infinitely richer and more moving.A thrilling blend of history, reportage, and memoir, Moondust rekindles the hopeful excitement of an incandescent hour in American history and captures the bittersweet heroism of those who risked everything to hurl themselves out of the known world -- and who were never again quite able to accept its familiar bounds.


This case study is one of ten international case studies developed by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in association with the Korean Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), for the cities of Anyang, Medellin, Namyangju, Orlando, Pangyo, Rio de Janeiro, Santander, Singapore, Songdo, and Tel Aviv. At the IDB, the Competitiveness and Innovation Division (CTI), the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division (FMM), and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) coordinated the study. This project was part of technical cooperation ME-T1254, financed by the Knowledge Partnership Korean Fund for Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Korea. At KRIHS, the National Infrastructure Research Division coordinated the project and the Global Development Partnership Center (GDPC) provided the funding. In recent years, Tel Aviv has developed a unique bottom-up approach toward its Smart City project, focusing its efforts on direct resident-oriented services rather than expensive, large-scale infrastructure. This case study explains Tel Aviv's strategy, demonstrating how a high level of smart urban services was achieved using decentralized, low-cost methods. The report provides details on the approach, such as its reliance on the local startup ecosystem, its creation of services using open municipal databanks and public-private partnerships, and its emphasis on lightweight services that interact directly with residents. The case study analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of Tel Aviv's approach, discussing the technologies, processes, and strategies that can be used to implement a cost-effective smart city initiative.


BACKGROUND
Post event processing (PEP) in social anxiety disorder involves rumination about social events after the fact, and is thought to be a crucial feature of the maintenance of the disorder.

AIMS
The current experiment aimed to manipulate the use of PEP in individuals with social anxiety disorder.

METHOD
Forty-one individuals with social anxiety disorder completed a videotaped speech. Anxiety ratings and degree of PEP were measured after the task as well as the day following the experiment.

RESULTS
Individuals in the distract group reported a greater decrease in anxiety from baseline to post-experimental task than those asked to focus. Individuals in the distract group also reported higher PEP about the task than those instructed to complete a focus task, which appeared to be partially accounted for by baseline differences in symptom severity and state anxiety. Degree of PEP was positively correlated with anxiety ratings, both after the experimental task as well as 24 hours later.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that naturalistic PEP is problematic for individuals with social anxiety disorder, especially for those with more severe symptoms. A distraction task, even with breakthrough PEP, appears to have useful short-term effects on anxiety reduction as compared to focus instructions.


Abstract Stable isotope analysis of mammalian tooth enamel is a valuable method for examining resource partitioning in modern and ancient environments where there is a mixture of C3 and C4 plants. However, before 7 Ma North American ecosystems were composed predominantly of C3 plants, complicating isotopic assessment of resource partitioning. Study of modern African and North American ecosystems has shown that niche partitioning among mammals may be discerned in communities dominated by C3 plants, suggesting that a similar approach may work for ancient C3 ecosystems. Here, such analyses are applied to explore resource use and niche partitioning in two ancient C3-dominated communities, one from California and one from Florida. Each locality, Black Hawk Ranch (California) and the Love Bone Bed (Florida), occurs in Miocene deposits that accumulated prior to the rapid increase in C4 ecosystems 7 Myr ago. δ13C and δ18O values were obtained from the tooth enamel of eight species from Black Hawk Ranch, and 15 species from the Love Bone Bed. Results from the 197 bulk isotope samples showed significant differences in δ13C among taxa at the Love Bone Bed, but no significant differences were observed among taxa at Black Hawk Ranch. At both localities, equids generally have more positive δ13C values than co-occurring taxa, suggesting that equids occupied more open habitats, whereas antilocaprids, camelids, and proboscideans have more negative values, implying utilization of more closed communities. One result of note is the positive δ13C values of Pediomeryx (Yumaceras) hamiltoni from the Love Bone Bed, which suggests that P. (Y.) hamiltoni incorporated abundant fiber, possibly grass, in the diet similar to the horses from this locality. The lack of significant differences among taxa at Black Hawk Ranch may indicate a relatively homogeneous flora, or presence of abundant resources permitting niche overlap, whereas the opposite is implied by the presence of significantly different isotope values among taxa at the Love Bone Bed. The results from this study highlight the utility of isotopic techniques allowing discernment of resource partitioning in C3-dominated landscapes such as those that persisted for the millions of years before the rapid increase in C4 ecosystems that occurred during the late Miocene.


Direct foreign investments are an important factor influencing economic development of a given area. They are also particularly important to the rural areas of Poland characterised by under investment and the major problem of unemployment. To obtain detailed information, which is not available in mass statistics, research has been carried out by means of direct interview with entrepreneurs. The study aims at providing an answer to the questions about FDI: what are the scale and locations in the region of Warmia and Mazury, particularly in rural areas, what is the type of activities (potential influence on the local system), what are the linkages among the enterprises with individual markets and whether they influence the intensification of such linkages, what are the main motives of foreign investors in this region. The companies with participation of foreign capital in the province of Warmia and Mazury are most frequently located in large cities while their share in the rural areas in the province does not exceed 2% (except for Olsztyn and Mrŕgowo counties). The studied companies (50%) mostly are involved in production. The majority of the companies carry out international (30%) and national-international activities. The respondents name contribution of capital (27.3% of responses), possibility of expanding the territorial coverage (20.5% of responses) and contribution of new technologies (18.4% of responses) as the major benefits resulting from the contribution of foreign capital to the enterprises. Normal 0 19 false false false LT X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:10.0pt;
 font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}


This contribution examines the issue of non-canonical usages of lexical items in French, which, as a result of their use in a construction typical of another word class than the one they are usually associated with, exhibit mixed word class properties. Starting from two case-studies: (i) a. le simple et le beau "the simple and the beautiful" (ii) a. voila comment on fait du tres beau avec du simple "that is how you can make beautiful things with simple things" b. des costumes tres 'theâtre' "very theater-like costumes"it will be shown that both alleged cases of respectively (i) 'nominalization' and (ii) 'adjectivization' display categorial deficiency with respect to the target category, which should lead to reject all accounts based on null elements or 'full' recategorization (morphological conversion, lexical relisting, etc.). Instead, I propose a syntactic (constructional) account based on constructional overrides and coercion that captures both restrictions and meaning effects.


PURPOSE
To evaluate visibility, artifacts and distortions of various commercial markers in MRI, CT, and ultrasound imaging used for radiotherapy planning and treatment guidance.

METHODS
We compare 2 solid gold markers, 4 gold coils, and 1 polymer marker from 3 vendors. Imaging modalities used were 3T and 1.5T GE MRIs, Siemens Sequoia 512 Ultrasound, Phillips Big Bore CT, Varian Trilogy LINAC (CBCT, OBI-kV, EPID-MV) and Medtronic O-ARM CBCT. Markers were imaged in a 30×30×10cm3 custom bolus phantom. In one experiment, Surgilube™ was used around the markers to reduce air gaps. Images were saved in DICOM format and analyzed using in-house software. Profiles across the markers were used for objective comparison of the markers signals. The visibility and artifacts/distortions produced by each marker were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively.

RESULTS
All markers are visible in CT, CBCT, OBI-kV, and ultrasound. Gold markers below 0.75mm diameter are not visible in EPID-MV images. The larger the markers the more CT and CBCT image artifacts, yet degree of artifact depends on scan parameters. Visibility of gold coils of 0.75mm diameter or larger is comparable across all imaging modalities studied. The polymer marker causes minimal artifacts in CT and CBCT, and has poor visibility in EPID-MV. 0.5mm gold coils exhibit poor visibility in MR and EPID-MV due to their small size. Gold markers are more visible in 3T T1-GRE than in 1.5T T1-SE dependent on the scan sequence. All markers in this study are clearly visible on ultrasound.

CONCLUSION
When MR and EPID-MV imagers are used, the selection of fiducial markers is not straightforward. For hybrid kV/MV IGRT imaging, larger diameter markers are suggested. If using kV imaging alone, smaller size markers may be used in smaller size of patients in order to reduce artifacts. Only larger diameter gold markers were useful across all imaging modalities.


The legal environment for local government in Florida is beginning to change when it comes to sea-level rise (sometimes referred to as SLR). Innovations in institutional structure and governance strategies are underway in the State as well. This paper reviews three recent developments, which relate primarily to comprehensive planning in the State, and explores their implications for Florida's local governments, among others. It begins with the State's decision, in 2011 legislation, to give local governments a new, optional tool – referred to as "Adaptation Action Areas" (AAAs) – to address sea-level rise and related issues in local comprehensive plans. The paper then turns to a second piece of Florida legislation, this one enacted in 2015, which also identifies sea-level rise as a concern but this time mandates that local governments begin to address it and other causes of flood-related risks through their comprehensive planning process. Finally, the paper discusses a third initiative, launched in 2009 by four Southeast Florida counties – Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, and Monroe – to foster local government and regional coordination on sea-level rise and other climate change issues. This review of these three developments provides a relatively in-depth starting point for understanding key features of the emerging legal and institutional landscape in Florida for addressing sea-level rise, especially with respect to comprehensive planning. It thereby contributes to filling an enormous knowledge deficit concerning adaptation initiatives. More broadly, efforts such as this to review and analyze ongoing developments in legal regimes and institutional structure contribute to a still-nascent but rapidly expanding legal literature that explores the implications of climate change for environmental and other legal regimes. Several scholars have recently asserted that current legal regimes and institutional arrangements will require significant reform because of the stresses associated with climate change. This article highlights the importance of close attention to key features of effective governance, especially the legal regimes, institutional structures, and governance strategies that provide the backdrop for action. These features provide important frames for contextualizing the challenges we face and options for meeting them.


Traditional apprenticeships based on private arrangements are widespread in developing countries. Public interventions have attempted to address failures in the apprenticeship markets to expand access or improve training quality. Subsidized dual apprenticeships have the potential to address financial constraints for youths and firms' inability to commit to provide general skill training. This paper analyzes the impact of subsidized dual apprenticeships combining on-the-job and theoretical training in Cote d'Ivoire. We set up an experiment that simultaneously randomized whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship, and whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled with formal apprentices. We document direct effects for youths and indirect effects for firms, such as whether they substitute between traditional and subsidized apprentices. In the short run, youths increase their human capital investments and we observe a net entry of apprentices into firms. Substitution effects are limited: the intervention creates 0.74 to 0.77 new position per subsidized apprentice. The subsidy offsets forgone labor earnings. Four years after the start of the experiment, treated youths perform more complex tasks and their earnings are higher by 15 percent. We conclude that subsidized dual apprenticeships expand access to training, upgrade skills and improve earnings for youths without crowding out traditional apprentices.


Transnational illegal logging, especially logging of protected species within protected areas, causes many irreparable harms, including decreasing biodiversity, increasing carbon emissions, deforestation, and economic and social harms to the communities where the illegal logging occurs. The United States is one of the world's largest consumers of wood products and thus drives the illegal logging industry far beyond our borders. Illegal logging is facilitated by corruption and bribery within many contexts, including bribes from those engaged in illegal logging to police, officials, regulators, and customs and export officials who are entrusted with the task of preventing illegal logging. No existing methods have succeeded in combating the flow of illegally harvested timber into the United States timber market. This Note suggests that the recently amended Lacey Act, which is intended to be used in illegal logging prosecutions, is not suited for this purpose, as its terms have been interpreted and defined through years of litigation in the wildlife trafficking context. This Note argues that the Department of Justice should begin using the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act's ("FCPA") anti-bribery provisions as an alternative method to prosecute those engaged in illegal logging. The expansively drafted FCPA is the perfect tool, as it can be applied to a wide range of actors and conduct that facilitates illegal logging.


"Restore the commons!" we are beginning to hear more loudly. The 'commons' can again be a means of having urban food production, as well as quality public open space offering a variety of activities and creating a sense of community. The 'commons' in the modern city will be known as the 'green corridor', 'community garden' or 'city farm'. It will be integrated into the restructured, low density, automobile city as part of urban renewal towards sustainability and it can be done by means of permaculture ethics and principles.

Food production will not tend to be helpful in the city, is if it is seen as a way of giving large numbers of people a big block of land on the urban fringe to grow their own food and rear their own animals, ie. if it is seen as being a totally privatised pursuit, needing comparatively large areas of private land for each household. This will tend to spread the city, creating similar problems to traditional low density suburban sprawl, with everyone needing to own two or more cars, drive long distances to major destinations around the city without any viable public transport system, while generating a big demand for petrol and high production of automotive emissions.

Where food production can be constructive in our cities is where it can be integrated into a philosophy of more compact urban design and housing and efficient use of land, such that it will provide more greenery and a closer, more practical and useful relationship with nature right in the city. Urban food production can be more effectively practiced in community gardens or city farms within a communal framework, with individuals sharing and pooling their skills, rather than on a privatised basis. For example, Vancouver in British Columbia has many high density housing developments built as housing cooperatives and surrounded by extensive gardens and other horticultural activities. The houses are designed on passive and active solar design principles and are located in good proximity to other urban activities, accessible by foot, bicycle and public transport. These qualities are what many people are seeking on a suburban or peri-urban block of land, but in too many cases it is not what is achieved - cars are the only viable form of transport, there is little contact with nature, the land is wasted and it needs large quantities of water and other resources to maintain it.

This paper will provide a background to the creation of Community Gardens and will then discuss a number of examples in Perth, Western Australia. The focus will be on the suburban sites City Farm in East Perth and Florence Park in South Fremantle.


This article addresses the use of African American Perspectives as a means of promoting a more inclusive understanding of human communication theory. It describes contributions by African American scholars as they relate to providing a framework for inclusion of other under-represented cultures in U.S. society (i.e. Asian American, Latin American, etc.). This objective is becoming more and more relevant because of the increased percentage of U.S. citizens who are of non-European origin. Common sense supports the position that an inclusive curriculum, representative of the many cultural groups that compose the U.S., will appeal to the diverse audience educated in the U.S. today and tomorrow.


This Article examines the role of the global financial markets in promoting sustainability and the governance challenges arising from this phenomenon. A growing range of financial instruments and strategies catalyze the desire of investors and corporations to support environmentally and socially sustainable commercial activity. This Article focuses on green bonds, a form of debt financing whose proceeds are specifically dedicated to environmentally-friendly "green" projects, assets, and business activities. Having emerged in the past three years, green bonds are expected to play an integral role in responding to the existential threat and enormous costs posed by climate change. Largely missing from the still-nascent green bond market are government regulators. Instead, its governance is decentralized and primarily shaped by private governance regimes (such as investment standards, certification schemes, ratings, and third-party assessment), which compete or collaborate with each other for market adoption. In comparison to public regulation, private governance is often faster to implement and more responsive to the needs of market participants but may suffer from a lack of legitimacy, accountability, and consistency and be susceptible to greenwashing. To address these deficits, this Article identifies and analyzes governance gaps in the green bond market and outlines a public-private hybrid regulatory framework to optimize the interests of investors and stakeholders.


The analysis of die-cast 380 aluminum-boron carbide particulate metal matrix composites (MMC) was performed in order to see if the samples had the required tensile strength of 300 MPa. 10 wt% B4C die-cast samples were produced and tested. Half were heat treated to the T6 condition and the others were left as cast. Using ASTM standard B 557M it was found that the average tensile strength for the as-cast samples was 130 MPa and the heat treated samples had a tensile strength of 93 MPa. These values were both lower than expected. The heat treated samples were not expected to have a lower tensile strength than the as-cast samples. Since hardness is related to tensile strength, microhardness values were obtained to see if there could be an explanation for the unpredicted tensile data. The non-heat treated samples had an average hardness of 114 HV while the heat treated samples had an average hardness of 123 HV. A two sample t-test failed to prove a significant difference in the microhardness values of the two separate treatments. With no conclusions being able to be drawn from the hardness data, metallographic samples of each treatment were produced to examine the microstructure of the material. Both samples showed that the B4C particles were not homogeneously distributed; there were highly concentrated regions of B4C particulates. In addition, both were highly porous. From this information, it was inferred that the weakness was due to fracture initiation at these regions. In order to gain the strength desired it will be necessary to have a more evenly dispersed reinforcement as well as reducing the porosity.


Objective To determine if "early rupture of membranes" (early ROM) during induction of labor is associated with an increased risk of cesarean section in term nulliparas. Study Design The rate of cesarean section and the timing of ROM during the course of labor were examined in term singleton nulliparas whose labor was induced. Cases were divided into 2 groups according the timing of ROM: 1)"early ROM", defined as ROM at a cervical dilatation<4 cm during labor; and 2) "late ROM", ROM at a cervical dilatation≥4 cm during labor. Nonparametric techniques were used for statistical analysis. Results 1) In a total of 500 cases of study population, "early ROM" occurred in 43% and the overall cesarean section rate was 15.8%; 2) patients with "early ROM" had a higher rate of cesarean section and cesarean section due to failure to progress than did those with "late ROM" (overall cesarean section rate: 24%[51/215] vs. 10%[28/285], p<0.01; cesarean section rate due to failure to progress: 18%[38/215] vs. 8%[22/285], p<0.01 for each) and this difference remained significant after adjusting for confounding variables. Conclusion "Early ROM" during the course of induced labor is a risk factor for cesarean section in term singleton nulliparas.


The alpine grasshopper Kosciuscola tristis shows a physiological colour change under the control of temperature. Males are a bright greenish blue above about 25°C and a dull near-black below about 15°C. Intermediate shades are developed at intermediate temperatures. A similar, but less marked, change occurs in the female. The colour change in the male was studied with the aid of a special colour chart, which enabled quantitative ratings of colour to be made. The histology of the integument is described. In the pale phase a dense layer of highly refractive, very small granules occupies the distal portion of the cells of the epidermis; these are underlain by a layer of larger dark brown granules. In the dark phase the position of these layers is reversed and the nuclei are raised above the basement membrane, on which they rest in the pale phase. At intermediate colour shades the granules show transitional distributions. It is concluded that the colour change is brought about by the migration of the two types of granule in opposite directions within the epidermal cells. The ecology of K. tristis in its natural habitat is discussed. On clear days the insects become pale 2-3 hr after sunrise and begin to turn dark again during the late afternoon; the night is spent in the dark phase. The colour follows closely the temperature given by blackened thermometers, but at any given temperature it differs from the equilibrium colour developed when that temperature is maintained constant, because of the lag in accommodation to the continuously changing temperature in the field. It is suggested that the colour change may have a thermoregulatory function. Two undescribed species of Kosciuscola show similar colour changes, but these are confined to the face and ventral surface. The same two types of granule are present in the epidermal cells, including those of the dorsal surface, where they are distributed as in the pale phase of K. tristis at all temperatures.


This paper adds to the empirical evidence that criminal records are a barrier to employment. Using data from 2,655 online applications sent on behalf of fictitious male applicants, we show that employers are 60 percent more likely to call applicants that do not have a felony conviction. We further investigate whether this effect varies based on applicant race (black versus white), crime type (drug versus property crime), industry (restaurants versus retail), jurisdiction (New Jersey versus New York City), local crime rate, and local racial composition. Although magnitudes vary somewhat, in every subsample the conviction effect is large, significant, and negative.


Worldwide, gold production has hardly budged in the past decade. It9s not for lack of demand. Gold may not fuel economies the way oil does, but gold for jewelry—its primary use—has been much in demand, and that demand will likely increase. Investors9 interest could be intense for years longer. But to judge by the mining industry9s modest success of late in finding new deposits of gold, production will not be much higher in the next decade. Miners and analysts agree that most of the easy-to-find, easy-to-develop gold has been found. To discover still-hidden deposits and at least maintain production, let alone increase it, miners will need continued high or even higher gold prices, revolutionary new technology, and the cooperation of often reluctant host countries.


The study aimed to generate electricity from cassava (Manihot esculenta) extract using an improvised microbial fuel cell (MFC). In the development of the MFC, screening experiment using 8-run Plackett-Burman (PB) technique and optimization procedure following response surface methodology (RSM) were employed. More cassava extract concentration significantly increased the generated voltage and the significance exhibited by salt ratio was inversely proportional to the voltage generated. One of the treatments in the 3x3 factorial experiment reached the maximum voltage of 546 mV. Response surface regression analysis of all the response studied revealed that linear, quadratic, and cross product regression of cassava extract concentration and salt ratio in the salt bridge significantly affected the voltage which further developed a regression model represented as E=106+1318x-4829y-850x2-787xy+18032y2. The canonical analysis of the voltage showed minimum response at the stationary point inside the factor level space equal to 211 mV. Salt ratio level lower than 15% and cassava extract concentration not less than 60% generated a higher voltage value. Ttest showed no significant difference of voltage between days, and between the predicted mean and the observed mean, which had % accuracy of 92.54, and 93.28%.