One hundred and two vertical electric soundings were conducted in the Hsinying-Matou coastal plain in southwestern Taiwan, for the study of electrostratigraphy and the changes in sedimentary environments. The sounding data were interpreted using the 1-D inversion method. The results indicate that the strata from the surface to 180 meters depth can be divided into three electrostratigraphic units. They are designated, from top to bottom, as the T, S, and R facies. The Tfacies is a combination of thin layers of resistivity ranging from 5 to 45 ohm-m, and is 10 to 60 meters thick. The Sfacies is characterized by thick layers of resistivity lower than 5 ohm-m, and is 80 to more than 130 meters thick in the west but absent in the east. The Rfacies is charac terized by thick layers of resistivity ranging from 5 to 50 ohm-m. These three units are similar in lithology; they are mainly composed of clay, mud, silt, and fine sand. The Sfacies was sedimented in lagoonal, beach, and shallow marine environments. The T and the R facies were sedimented in non-marine environments in the east, and in lagoonal and estuarine envi ronments in the west. The resistivity of stratum is controlled mainly by the salinity of formation water where the water is saline, and by the grain size and the amount of clay contained where the water is fresh. It is inferred that the period from 40 to 8 Ka is transgressive dominant, and the period since 8 Ka is regressive dominant. The .mouth of the Tsengwenchi stream was located about 20 Km east of the present coastline at 9 Ka. The Tsengwenchi stream developed westwardly since 9 Ka till re cent times, and then changed southwestwardly to the present location. (


Land surface models contain physically conceptualized parameters that require calibration for optimal model performance. However, calibration time can be prohibitive. To reduce computational time, we calibrated the VIC land surface model for a subset of the grid cells and then interpolated the parameters to the uncalibrated grid cells. In the continental United States, the "observation" to which we calibrated was the monthly runoff ratio, calculated for 1130 small basins throughout the country and interpolated to those grid cells that did not fall within a small gauged basin. The results demonstrated that this approach is sufficiently accurate and computationally efficient for large‐scale applications. We examined the effect of model spatial and temporal resolutions on calibrated parameter sets to evaluate if one could calibrate at coarser resolutions and apply these parameter sets to finer resolutions, reducing computational time. Results indicated that calibrating at different temporal resolutions causes minimal changes in modeled runoff while transferring parameter sets across spatial resolutions can cause significant changes in model performance.


Abstract: This paper explores the ethical and conceptual implications of the findings from an empirical study (reported elsewhere) of decision-making capacity in anorexia nervosa. In the study, ten female patients aged thirteen to twenty-one years with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, and eight sets of parents, took part in semistructured interviews. The purpose of the interviews was to identify aspects of thinking that might be relevant to the issue of competence to refuse treatment. All the patient-participants were also tested using the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool—Treatment test of competence. This is a formalized, structured, interviewer-administered test of competence, which is a widely accepted clinical tool for determining capacity. The young women also completed five brief, self-administered questionnaires to assess their levels of psychopathology. The issues identified from the interviews are described under two headings: difficulties with thought processing and changes in values. The results suggest that competence to refuse treatment may be compromised in people with anorexia nervosa in ways that are not captured by traditional legal approaches.


The Torreele facility produces infiltration water for indirect potable re-use through artificial recharge of the dune aquifer of St-Andre. The secondary wastewater effluent is treated by ultrafiltration (UF), using the submerged ZeeWeed system, prior to reverse osmosis (RO), using brackish water low energy membranes. The Torreele experience showed that combining UF and RO enables the treatment of wastewater effluent in an effective and reliable way; RO being the major and ultimate barrier against both microbial and chemical contamination. The produced filtrate is of excellent quality and enables sustainable groundwater management in an area with high ecological interest. The biggest challenges for the Torreele facility are the changing conditions, based on the meteorological and seasonal variations, the scaling and fouling problem and the concentrate. Bio-fouling is prevented by monochloramination and scaling by dosing of antiscalant combined with pH adjustment. The Intermunicipal Water Company of the Furnes Region (IWVA) studied alternative treatment, mainly using natural systems, with the objective to mitigate the impact of the concentrate disposal into surface water and to reduce the charges set for this disposal. Concerning groundwater recharge, IWVA is studying alternatives to optimize the infiltration capacity.


Collective violence (including terrorism, gang violence, civil war, separatist ethnic and religious conflicts, and government sponsored wars) is a central concern of the 21st century. This analysis suggests a scientific strategy for reducing such violence by constructing functionally equivalent and highly effective nonviolent collective alternatives. This general approach is the heart of most effective programs of behavior change, but has not yet been used to address terrorism and other forms of collective violence. The paper briefly traces the history of effective nonviolent action, including both strategies to confront and reduce oppression as well as strategies for defending persons, peoples, and social institutions against attack. It then turns to a examination of cultural practices on which successful nonviolent actions have relied, emphasizing a scientific analysis of the behavioral dynamics involved. Both practices directed toward opposition groups and practices that maintain the commitment and action of group members are investigated. The paper concludes with an outline of a program of research for taking these analyses to deeper and more comprehensive levels.


This study applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to assess drivers' a priori acceptance of Conditional (SAE Level 3) and Full (SAE Level 5) automated vehicles (AVs). Queensland drivers' (N = 505) were invited to complete a 20 minute online survey. The findings revealed that the TPB predictors of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control and the TAM predictors of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use explained variance in future intentions to use Conditional and Full AVs.


When you buy a home, should that also mean you have to inform the whole world where you live, how much you paid for it, and whether you financed the purchase with a mortgage loan? In essence, the Netherlands and England & Wales answer this question in the affirmative. The only thing that stands in the way of anyone accessing this information in the land registry is the payment of a small fee. In Germany, on the other hand, access to this personal data is restricted to the person who can show a legitimate interest in the information. This study examines the principle of publicity of property rights and how it has developed in light of technological advances made in information collection, processing, and dissemination. How does this publicity principle and its practical application in land registries hold up against the fundamental rights to privacy and data protection? As such, the study may be of interest to legislators, conveyancing professionals, as well as other researchers.


The Song of Troilus traces the origins of modern authorship in the formal experimentation of medieval writers. Thomas C. Stillinger analyzes a sequence of narrative books that are in some way constructed around lyric poems: Dante's Vita Nuova, Bocaccio's Filostrato, and Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde. The shared aim of these texts, he argues, is to imagine and achieve an unprecedented auctoritas: a "lyric authority" that combines the expressive subjectivity of courtly love poetry with the impersonal authority of Biblical commentary. Each of the three establishes its own formal and intertextual dynamics; in complex and unexpected ways, the hierarchies of Latin learning are charged with erotic force, allowing the creation of a new vernacular Book of Love. The Song of Troilus is a linked series of incisive close readings. Each chapter defines and investigates a range of philological, intertextual, and theoretical problems; in addition to explicating his three principal texts, Stillinger offers important insights into a range of medieval traditions, from Psalm commentary to Trojan historiography to Ricardian political satire. At the same time, The Song of Troilus is a sophisticated narrative of cultural change and a searching meditation on history, desire, and writing. The Song of Troilus is an original and highly readable study of three major medieval texts; it will be of compelling interest to students and scholars of medieval literature, and to all those exploring the history of authorship and the implications of literary form.


The properties of electromagnetic radiation from hot fireballs as created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions are reviewed. We first outline how the medium effects in the electromagnetic spectral function, which governs thermal production rates, relate to the (partial) restoration of chiral symmetry. In particular, we show how chiral and QCD sum rules, together with constraints from lattice QCD, can render these relations quantitative. Turning to dilepton data, we elaborate on updates in the space-time evolution and quark-gluon plasma emission rates from lattice-QCD calculations. With a now available excitation function in dilepton spectra from the RHIC beam-energy scan connecting down to SPS energies, we argue that a consistent interpretation of dilepton data emerges. Combining well-constrained space-time evolutions with state-of-the-art emission rates identifies most of the radiation to emanate from around the pseudo-critical temperature, and thus confirms resonance melting as the prevalent mechanism in this regime, compatible with chiral restoration. Recent measurements of a relatively soft slope and large elliptic flow in direct-photon spectra at RHIC and LHC lend further support to this picture.


The 1988 spring Antarctic ozone depletion was observed by TOMS to be substantially smaller than in recent years. The minimum polar total ozone values declined only 15% during September 1988 compared to nearly 50% during September 1987. At southern midlatitudes, exceptionally high total ozone values were recorded beginning in July 1988. The total integrated southern hemispheric ozone increased rapidly during the Austral spring, approaching 1980 levels during October. The high midlatitude total ozone values were associated with a substantial increase in eddy activity as indicated by the standard deviation in total ozone in the zonal band 30{degree}-60{degree}S. The standard deviation also correlates with the QBO cycling of the tropical winds. Mechanisms through which the increased midlatitude eddy activity could disrupt the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole are briefly discussed.


The US Department of Energy (DOE) has funded several research projects, including this study, to assess the effects of site design on building space conditioning energy use. An important strategy being investigated is the use of vegetation for shading, wind control, and temperature modification. The study described in this report has been conducted concurrently with a closely related research project at the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station of the USDA Forest Service in Pennsylvania. The objective of that project is to measure wind-speed reductions and solar obstructions caused by trees around representative houses within typical neighborhoods and to develop an empirical model for estimating these effects based on the physical characteristics of different neighborhoods (Heisler 1989). The objective of this work is to combine the results of the on-site microclimate measurements from the 1989 Heisler study with work in building energy simulation to calculate the energy impacts of the observed microclimatic changes due to trees.


The culture of animal cells is one of the major aspects of science which serves as a foundation for most of our recent discoveries. The major areas of application include cancer research, vaccine manufacturing, recombinant protein production, drug selection and improvement, gene therapy, stem cell biology, monoclonal antibody production, in vitro fertilization technology, cryopreservation and in vitro production of hormones. Cells can be propagated, expanded and divided into identical replicates, which can be characterized, purified and preserved by freezing. This article reviews the basic aspects of animal cell culture for modern day research.

 Key words: Animal cell culture, cell freezing, cell preservation.


The purpose of this study is to clarify effects of three-dimensional phenomena on performance of the Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) accelerator for the MAPX project at NASA Marshal Space Flight Center. Generally, in a Faraday type of MHD accelerator with segmented electrode, high flow velocity augmentation can be achieved. However, many independent power supplies have to be installed. A diagonal type of MHD accelerator requires only one power supply, and it is hopeful for the practical applications. Hall current neutralized condition was proposed in this study where each electrode pair was linked externally so as to cancel the current caused by the Hall effect. Results showed that the diagonal accelerator with the neutralized condition could achieve an outlet velocity equivalent to that in the Faraday accelerator. The axial velocity augmented from 1235m/s at inlet to 3040m/s at the outlet under the 300Amps of load current. It is found that the neutralized condition was not implemented in a whole of the cross section when there was plasma non-uniformity. The Lorentz force due to the current concentration caused the velocity-overshoot and the secondary flows. This study of the 3-D analysis provided prediction of the plasma behavior in an MHD accelerator channel as prior numerical analysis for the MAPX project carried out at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.


Most discussions of modern war powers under the U.S. Constitution assume that wars are no longer formally "declared." The United States, it is agreed, has declared war only five times in its history, the last being in World War II. But the commentary is deeply divided over how this observation affects the President's power to initiate the use of armed force and the President's powers during wartime. This article argues that these debates are fundamentally misconceived. Far from being a historical anachronism, declarations of war, in the constitutional sense, are commonplace in modern practice. The U.S. has made such a declaration in essentially all of its major modern conflicts. They have been made, however, not by the Congress, but by the President. Perhaps out of a sense of constitutional unease, we avoid actually calling them "declarations of war." But, as the article shows, the essence of a formal declaration of war has long been simply the public announcement of sustained military hostilities and a statement of the conflict's goals and reasons. This conclusion simplifies the modern debate over war power in three ways. First, the central question is whether the President can declare war (not whether the President can fight an "undeclared" war). Second, when Congress authorizes the President to use force, that can be understood constitutionally as delegating Congress' power to declare war to the President. Finally, debate over the President's wartime powers need not be further complicated by the objection that a "war" has not been "declared."


.  1. Aquatic macro-invertebrates have frequently been used as biological indicators in lotic environments but much less commonly so in lentic habitats. Dragonflies and damselflies (Order Odonata) satisfy most selection criteria for lentic bioindicators of grazing impacts.

2. Intensive cattle grazing affects most of the Canadian prairie pothole region but the effects of grazing on wetlands are poorly understood.

3. Here the vegetation structure and invertebrate community composition of 27 prairie potholes in Alberta, Canada were studied and compared. Wetlands were evenly divided into three treatments of different grazing regimes.

4. Removal of emergent vegetation by cattle grazing decreased odonate abundance and reproductive effort. Shorter Scirpus acutus stems resulted in significantly fewer damselflies (Suborder Zygoptera) and lower reproductive efforts.

5. Overall odonate diversity was affected by the height of key plant species, highlighting the importance of the vegetation structure of both emergent vegetation for breeding and adjacent upland vegetation for nocturnal roosts. Wetland vegetation structure was more important than vegetation composition to the life history of odonates.

6. Wetland water quality parameters of nitrogen, phosphorus, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chlorophyll-a concentration did not change due to the presence of grazing cattle at wetlands so water quality influences were rejected as mechanisms of change.

7. Larval odonate diversity and abundance was positively correlated with overall aquatic macro-invertebrate diversity and abundance, hence it was concluded that the larval odonate community can be an accurate bioindicator of intactness and diversity of overall aquatic macro-invertebrate communities in Canadian prairie wetlands.


The introduction of physical layer network coding gives rise to the concept of turning a collision of transmissions on a wireless channel useful. In the idea of physical layer network coding, two synchronized simultaneous packet transmissions are carefully encoded such that the superimposed transmission can be decoded to produce a packet which is identical to the bitwise binary sum of the two transmitted packets. This paper explores the decoding of superimposed transmission resulted by multiple synchronized simultaneous transmissions. We devise a coding scheme that achieves the identification of individual transmission from the synchronized superimposed transmission. A mathematical proof for the existence of such a coding scheme is given.


The Mahdia was an important Islamic millenarian movement of the Nilotic Sudan in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. It contributed substantially to the emergence of the Sudan as a nation-state in the twentieth century. The Mahdi's family and heritage played a major political and cultural role in the Sudan, both before and after independence. This volume begins with introductory material on the Mahdia and a biographical sketch of the author of the "Sra," followed by discussion of composition, acquisition, sources, and literary features of the account. The text itself presents a condensed paraphrase of the account while retaining the spirit of the original document. It pays special attention to preserving historical events. Appendixes include full transcriptions of the main source materials for the biography, two photographic reproductions of the handwriting of the original Arabic manuscripts, and an annotated list of the Mahdist proclamations and letters transcribed in the original Arabic text of the "Sra."


During spring and summer 1993, we monitored settlement of crabs (primarily Cancer spp.) and sea urchins Strongylocentrotus spp. in conjunction with physical variables associated with coastal circulation to investigate how physical conditions influence the spatial distribution of recruitment along the coast. Observations were made along a 100 km stretch of the northern California coast (USA), from the Gulf of the Farallones north to Point Arena. Temperature, salinity and wind stress data indicated fluctuations in upwelling and provided evidence for the alongshore, northward flow of warm, low salinity water during upwelling relaxation events which typically lasted several days. On a weekly time scale, crab settlement was positively correlated with temperature, and negatively correlated with salinity, indicating that settlement occurred during relaxation events. Correlations were higher north of Point Reyes, where high settlement occurred only during relaxation, than south of Point Reyes, where settlement occurred both during relaxation events and to a lesser degree during upwelling. Overall crab settlement was higher south of Point Reyes. On a daily time scale, crab settlement north of Point Reyes was associated with the sharp increase in temperature observed as the relaxation current reached that point on the coast. This association suggested that crabs were transported northward alongshore In the thermal front which propagated northward during each relaxation event. This alongshore transport mechanism may be responsible for the predictable pattern of settlement variability within this system: with continuous, event-modulated settlement south of Point Reyes and episodic, event-dependent settlement to the north. Similar physical/biological interactions may occur at other points along this coast and along the midlatitude boundaries of other oceans.


Presentation made at Latinos in the Heartland (9th : 2011 : Columbia, Mo.) and published in the annual conference proceedings.


Research Summary: Does heightened employer‐friendly trade secrecy protection help or hinder innovation? By examining U.S. state‐level legal adoption of a doctrine allowing employers to curtail inventor mobility if the employee would "inevitably disclose" trade secrets, we investigate the impact of a shifting trade secrecy regime on individual‐level patenting outcomes. Using a difference‐in‐differences design taking unaffected U.S. inventors as the comparison group, we find strengthening employer‐friendly trade secrecy adversely affects innovation. We then investigate why. We do not find empirical support for diminished idea recombination from suppressed inventor mobility as the operative mechanism. While shifting intellectual property protection away from patenting into trade secrecy has some explanatory power, our results are consistent with reduced individual‐level incentives to signaling quality to the external labor market. Managerial Summary: While managers often list trade secrecy protection as their most important appropriation mechanism form and basis of competitive advantage (even more often than formal intellectual property protection), researchers have a hard time studying the effect of such secrets. We use a changing trade secrecy legal environment in some U.S. states (the introduction of the inevitable disclosure doctrine [IDD]) to study its effect on inventor‐level innovation. We find that a strengthened employer‐friendly trade secrecy regime adversely affects inventor‐level innovation. While part of the effect is due to substituting trade secrecy protection for patents, we also find that inventors' diminished external labor market prospects may dampen their innovation output. Consequently, while employers may wish for strengthened trade secrecy protections, the results may paradoxically be against their innovation interests.


Sixty years ago, Congress established a federal pre-approval regime for bank mergers to protect consumers from then-unprecedented consolidation in the banking sector. This process worked well for several decades, but it has since atrophied, producing numerous "too big to fail" banks.

This Article contends that regulators' current approach to evaluating bank merger proposals is poorly suited for modern financial markets. Policymakers and scholars have traditionally focused on a single issue: whether a bank merger would reduce competition. Over the past two decades, however, changes in bank regulation and market structure — including the repeal of interstate banking restrictions and the emergence of nonbank financial service providers — have rendered bank antitrust analysis largely obsolete. As a result, regulators have rubber stamped recent bank mergers, despite evidence that such deals could harm consumers and destabilize financial markets.

This Article asserts that contemporary bank merger analysis should instead emphasize statutory factors that regulators have long neglected: whether a proposed merger would increase systemic risks, enhance the public welfare, and strengthen the relevant institutions. This Article urges regulators to modernize their approach, and it proposes a novel framework to ensure that bank merger oversight safeguards the financial system. The proposals contained herein have far-reaching implications not only for bank regulation but also for the ongoing debate over merger policy in technology, agriculture, and other industries.


Diverse ribonucleoprotein complexes control messenger RNA processing, translation, and decay. Transcripts in these complexes localize to specific regions of the cell and can condense into non-membrane-bound structures such as stress granules. It has proven challenging to map the RNA composition of these large and dynamic structures, however. We therefore developed an RNA proximity labeling technique, APEX-Seq, which uses the ascorbate peroxidase APEX2 to probe the spatial organization of the transcriptome. We show that APEX-Seq can resolve the localization of RNAs within the cell and determine their enrichment or depletion near key RNA-binding proteins. Matching the spatial transcriptome, as revealed by APEX-Seq, with the spatial proteome determined by APEX-mass spectrometry (APEX-MS) provides new insights into the organization of translation initiation complexes on active mRNAs, as well as exposing unanticipated complexity in stress granule composition, and provides a powerful and general approach to explore the spatial environment of macromolecules.


A central goal in microbiome research is to learn what distinguishes a healthy from a dysbiotic microbial community. Shifts in diversity and taxonomic composition are important indicators of dysbiosis, but a full understanding also requires knowledge of absolute microbial biomass. Simultaneous information on both microbiome composition and the quantity of its components can provide insight into microbiome function and disease state. Here we use shotgun metagenomics to simultaneously assess microbiome composition and microbial load in the phyllosphere of wild populations of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We find that wild plants vary substantially in the load of colonizing microbes, and that high loads are typically associated with the proliferation of single taxa, with only a few putatively pathogenic taxa achieving high abundances in the field. Our results suggest (i) that the inside of a plant leaf is on average sparsely colonized with an estimated two bacterial genomes per plant genome and an order of magnitude fewer eukaryotic microbial genomes, and (ii) that higher levels of microbial biomass often indicate successful colonization by pathogens. Lastly, our results show that load is a significant explanatory variable for loss of estimated Shannon diversity in phyllosphere microbiomes, implying that reduced diversity may be a significant predictor of microbial dysbiosis in a plant leaf.


Detailed chemical examination of the alkaloid content of an ascidian (Clavelina cylindrica) and two bryozoans (Bugula dentata and Hincksinoflustra denticulata) have been undertaken. A total of 21 alkaloids were obtained of which 18 were novel.
Two new classes of pyrroloquinoline (cylindricines A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K) and pyridoquinoline alkaloids (cylindricines B, J) have been isolated from the ascidian Clavelina cylindrica. This is the first time that the pyridoquinoline ring system has been obtained as a natural product or a synthetic compound, while this is the first occasion that the pyrroloquinoline ring system has been discovered in nature. All together a total of 12 alkaloids were isolated from this ascidian, 11 of them (cylindricines A-K) are novel alkaloids and one (wakayin chloride) had been described previously from another ascidian. Cylindricines A and B, are readily interconvertible via a ring opening closing reaction and a mechanism has been proposed to account for this. Cylindricines F, G, and H are thiocyanates, and cylindricines I and J are isothiocyanates, the first known from an ascidian. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence for the structures of the 12 alkaloids are presented. X-ray crystallographic studies confirmed the structures of two of them (cylindricines A and B), and established the relative stereochemistry, chemical transformations and computer modelling were also used to confirm some of the structures...
Six alkaloids belonging to the tambjamine class (tambjamines C, E, G, H, I, J) were obtained from the bryozoan Bugula dentata. Four of them (tambjamines G, H, I, J) are novel alkaloids while two of them .had been described previously from an ascidian and a bryozoan (tambjamines C, E). Spectroscopic and chemical evidence for the structures of the 6 alkaloids are presented...
From the bryozoan Hincksinoflustra denticulata three new alkaloids have been isolated. Hinckorfordines A and B both possess the same 1H-azepino[4,5- o]quinindoline new ring system. The structure of hinckorfordine A was determined by spectroscopy and confirmed by an x-ray crystallographic study. The structures of hinckorfordine B and hinckdentine B were elucidated by comparison of the spectral data with those of hinckorfordine A and hinckdentine A.


As a contribution to valuing the outputs of multifunctional agriculture, we report three new meta analyses estimating value functions for agricultural conservation program impacts on water quality, wetlands, and upland habitat and open space. As is often the case in valuation, where methods have yet to be standardized, the data sets are relatively small and noisy. With a clear objective of benefits transfer, we seek robust parameter estimates for key RHS variables, even at the cost of some loss of goodness of fit. We present our estimated full equations, and benefits transfer values calculated from equations estimated after backward elimination of insignificant variables, and offer a rationale for this approach to benefits transfer.


Despite contemporary perspectives in resource-oriented music therapy, community music therapy, and anti-oppressive practice, there seems still to be a tendency to describe disabled children and their families in a pathologizing, problem-focused way. Disability is often located within the child and not in the societal structures that sustain and support the concept of disability as tragedy and burden for the families. Queer theories challenge the concepts of normality and fixed identities, reject pathologization, and politicize access. In this paper, I attempt to explore how queer theories offer a critical perspective on normativity, identity, and power. I will do this by exploring the concepts of normality and normativity and discourse, current representations of disabled children in the music therapy literature and by reflecting upon an ongoing participatory action research project where I aim to co-create knowledge on musicking, its accessibility, and meaning together with disabled children and their families. I argue that we need to change the way we talk and write about our practice as well as to challenge the concepts and attitudes toward diversity in order to contribute to inclusive environments that appreciate and celebrate diversity.


This chapter proposes that proportionality as a mode of legal reasoning is implicated in no fewer than three phases of the decision of 'hard cases' of judicial review of statutes. First, at the level of legal 'substance,' the jurist faces the situation of contemporary legal thought characterized by the rise of proportionality, institutional competence arguments, and the 'hermeneutic of suspicion' that ideology corrupts legal judgment. Second, it is arguably appropriate for the judge to decide whether or not to uphold a statute, in spite of his good faith opinion against it, on the basis of a proportional weighing of the counter-majoritarian difficulty against the bad consequences of deference. Third, the judge may have to decide proportionally whether to present his reasons for striking a statute in their true proportional form or rather to violate his duty of candor by presenting himself as a legal formalist. The judge, inescapably a political actor, is subject to the decisionist ethical calculus of Max Weber's Politics as a Vocation.


Mass balances conducted on soils adjacent to highways indicated low mobility of metals deposited on well-vegetated surfaces. Grass drainage channels were shown to effectively capture and retain metals (e.g., a 60 m channel removed 80 percent of the original Pb concentration). Mud or paved channels, however, demonstrated little or no ability to remove metals from runoff. Metal release studies suggested that acid precipitation could release metals bound in the soil, especially where low buttering capacity exists.


Since its emergence in the United States and United Kingdom in the late 1960s, heavy metal music has spread to all corners of the globe. From Brazil (Sepultura) to Bali (Eternal Madness) to Bahrain (Dhul-Qarnayn), this hard-edged musical style has firmly established itself in practically every country in the world. One region that adopted heavy metal particularly early on was Scandinavia. Not only have these countries and regions contributed numerous metal artists, but also several genres and sub-genres. This discography highlights some of the more famous (and infamous) bands to have come from the frozen north. BACKGROUND Heavy metal as a genre had its origins in the hard rock bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s. They distinguished themselves from mainstream rock and roll through the extensive use of amplified feedback and distortion coupled with guitar power chords (normally comprised of open fifths), and aggressive bass guitar and percussion lines. While bands such as Iron Butterfly, Steppenwolf, Blue Cheer, and the MC5 have been regarded by some as originators of the genre, three bands are widely considered to be the godfathers of heavy metal: Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, and Led Zeppelin. Black Sabbath set the mood through its use of an unusually raw guitar tone, dark and sometimes mystical lyrics, and even darker album-art imagery. The opening track on the band's self-titled debut album begins with the soft sound of falling rain and tolling bells before bursting forth with an eerie tritone passage from Tony Iommi's down-tuned guitar. Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin, on the other hand, both exerted a tremendous sonic influence on the nascent metal scene with a soaring, almost operatic vocal style combined with dauntingly technical instrumental parts. In the song "Highway Star," Deep Purple guitarist Richie Blackmore and organist Jon Lord produced solos reminiscent of passages from baroque concertos. After Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, and Led Zeppelin, the first wave of specifically identifiable heavy metal bands began to emerge during the early 1970s. England's Judas Priest and Germany's Scorpions introduced the "twin guitar attack." Whereas more traditional rock bands featured both a rhythm guitar (tasked primarily with playing chords and simple accompaniment lines, and often played by the lead singer), and a lead guitar (responsible for improvised solos and more complex accompaniment), the "twin guitar" approach allowed guitarists to alternate lead and rhythm roles back and forth during a song. Australia's AC/DC gained notoriety for a particularly aggressive combination of high-voltage guitar riffs, driving percussion, and a screaming vocal style on the part of lead singer Bon Scott and, following the latter's death, Brian Johnson. Alice Cooper and KISS became known for their outlandish use of makeup, costumes, and elaborate stage productions that would later exert a tremendous influence on particular heavy metal subgenres. During the mid- to late-1970s, punk rock arose as a reaction to the slickly-produced and often self-indulgent music being put out by both the mainstream rock and heavy metal communities. Groups like the Misfits, the Ramones, and the Stooges coupled the raw guitar sounds of early Black Sabbath with faster tempos, simpler song structures, and lower production values. At about the same time, the English group Motorhead and its enigmatic front man, Lemmy Kilmister, began incorporating punk influences into its high-energy rock music. Motorhead's influence would later pave the way for the extreme metal genres of "black" and "death" metal. The late 1970s also saw the rise of the American band Van Halen, featuring Eddie Van Halen's phenomenal guitar work which took metal to whole new heights of virtuosity, as well as helping the genre break into the commercial mainstream. As the 1980s arrived, a new generation of heavy metal bands appeared on the scene. Often dubbed the "New Wave of British Heavy Metal" (NWOBHM), groups like Def Leppard, Iron Maiden, Saxon, and Venom revitalized the aging metal brand and brought it back into the commercial spotlight. …


In this paper, we present HeiNER, the multilingual Heidelberg Named Entity Resource. HeiNER contains 1,547,586 disambiguated English Named Entities together with translations and transliterations to 15 languages. Our work builds on the approach described in (Bunescu and Pasca, 2006), yet extends it to a multilingual dimension. Translating Named Entities into the various target languages is carried out by exploiting crosslingual information contained in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. In addition, HeiNER provides linguistic contexts for every NE in all target languages which makes it a valuable resource for multilingual Named Entity Recognition, Disambiguation and Classification. The results of our evaluation against the assessments of human annotators yield a high precision of 0.95 for the NEs we extract from the English Wikipedia. These source language NEs are thus very reliable seeds for our multilingual NE translation method.


Conservation of bears is a challenge globally. In Japan, Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) are considered a nuisance because of agricultural and property damage and personal human danger due to occasional human casualties. Reduction of human–bear conflicts in Japan would improve long-term conservation of bears and reduce risks to human health and safety. To understand Japanese perceptions of and experience with bears, we analyzed results of 5 public surveys and reviewed 29 articles from the research and gray literature in Japan. We compared recommendations for interventions to reduce human–bear conflicts with results from 45 North American articles that discuss public opinion about bear management. Most (91%) Japanese respondents thought bears were frightening; there was a strong association between the number of people who experienced damage by black bears and those who disliked black bears (R2 = 0.81). Many researchers stressed the importance of public education to reduce human–bear conflicts. Yet, results of outreach programs were mixed or in need of evaluation. More effective programs are needed for Japanese residents to acquire accurate information about bears and skills to prevent conflicts with them to make informed decisions for sustainable management of bears.


Heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Hg2+, As3+ and Pb2+) are an important contributor to the contamination of groundwater and other water bodies in and around industrial areas. Herein, we demonstrate the rapid and efficient capacity of a layered metal sulfide material, K2xSn4−xS8−x (x = 0.65–1, KTS-3) for heavy metal ion removal from water. The effect of concentration, pH, kinetics, and competitive ions such as Na+/Ca2+ on the heavy metal ion removal capacity of KTS-3 was systematically investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analyses, and powder X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the heavy metal ion-exchange of KTS-3 is complete (quantitative replacement of all potassium ions) and topotactic. The heavy metal ion-exchange by using KTS-3 follows the Langmuir–Freundlich model with high exchange capacities, qm 205(17) mg g−1 for Cd2+, 372(21) mg g−1 for Hg2+ and 391(89) mg g−1 for Pb2+. KTS-3 retains excellent heavy metal ion-exchange capacity even in very high concentration (1 M) of competing ions (Na+/Ca2+) and also over a broad pH range (2–12). KTS-3 also exhibits very good ion-exchange capacity for precious Ag+ and toxic As3+ ions. The kinetics of heavy metal ion adsorption by KTS-3 are rapid (absorbs all ions within a few minutes). These properties and the environmentally friendly character of KTS-3 make it a promising candidate for sequestration of heavy metal ions from water.


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Summary 1. The drying of stream channels resulting from flow interruption is expected to increase as a consequence of climate change. Implications for aquatic organisms and processes are profound. We assessed whether riparian diversity can partially buffer against consequences of drying on fungal decomposers and leaf litter decomposition, an important ecosystem process. 2. Our central hypothesis was that during dry periods recalcitrant leaf litter with high waterholding capacity would extend the window of opportunity for microbial activity in less recalcitrant litter when both litter types are mixed, and that this would lead to a positive litter diversity effect on decomposition. To test for such interactive effects, we conducted a diversity experiment in a Mediterranean stream, in which alder and oak litter, and a mixture of both, was subjected to various drying regimes differing in intensity and timing. 3. Drying regime affected both fungal decomposers and the decomposition rate of alder litter. Effects were observed both immediately and 3 weeks after stream flow resumed. Small differences in the timing of the dry period influenced both decomposition rate and measures of fungal performance (i.e. biomass and sporulation activity). Litter mixing, in contrast, had no effect on either decomposition or fungal decomposers, although mixing increased moisture retention in alder litter as required for the mechanism hypothesized to lead to a diversity effect. 4. Given the contrasting traits of the litter types used in the experiment, our results imply that riparian tree diversity is unlikely to buffer against increased frequencies of stream flow disruption expected in the face of climate change. It appears, however, that the precise timing of dry periods and high-flow events will strongly influence the extent to which stream food webs can exploit the resources supplied by riparian vegetation in the form of leaf litter.


This article presents the aims and the structure of P.I.P.P.I. Programme, a very relevant social innovation, promoted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Policies with the Laboratory of Research and Intervention in Family Education (LabRIEF) of the University of Padua. Launched in 2011, it is today the most important experimentation ever made in Italy in the field of social policies. The aim is to harmonize practices and models of intervention addressed to neglecting families through training, documentation and systematic evaluation, shared throughout the entire Country. It is based on the recognition of parental neglecting as a space of special opportunity to put forward prevention interventions, in particular compliance with Laws 285/1997, 328/2000 and 149/2001. It falls within the lines developed by the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development about innovation and social experimentation, as a mean to overcome social inequalities by experimenting actions capable of developing positive parenting (REC 2006/19/EU), widespread in the living environment of children who live in vulnerable conditions, so as to «break the cycle of social disadvantage» (REC 2013/112/UE).


This white paper advocates for the creation of a community-wide program to maintain precise mid-transit times of exoplanets that would likely be targeted by future platforms. Given the sheer number of targets that will require careful monitoring between now and the launch of the next generation of exoplanet characterization missions, this network will initially be devised as a citizen science project -- focused on the numerous amateur astronomers, small universities and community colleges and high schools that have access to modest sized telescopes and off-the-shelf CCDs.


Abstract Fast ignition using pulsed-power drivers combines the efficient production of X-rays to drive fusion fuel assembly with precise ultraintense laser pulses for fuel ignition. Z-pinches convert electrical energy into thermal X-ray energy with high efficiency, which makes them attractive drivers for indirect-drive fuel assembly. Currently, experiments use the Z-pinch vacuum hohlraum, in which the Z-pinch heats a hohlraum that reemits thermal X-rays to drive the capsule. Surface-guided hemispherical capsule implosion experiments in Z-pinch vacuum hohlraums are in progress to study energetics, symmetry control, and pulse shaping. Simulations including radiation asymmetry and glide-plane physics have been performed to optimize the imploded fuel. Higher density capsule implosions at a given driver energy may be possible using the Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum, in which the Z-pinch plasma itself creates the hohlraum. Capsule and hohlraum designs for both vacuum and dynamic hohlraum sources are in progress, including liquid cryogenic fuel capsules. Analytic models for D-T fuel heating and burn have been developed for scoping purposes and breakeven scaling. Implicit particle-in-cell modeling of the interaction of laser-produced energetic particles with calculated fuel configurations demonstrates that details of the entire fuel/glide material density profile significantly affect the calculated energy deposition and thus the ignition requirements.


The Distinguished Service Citation is awarded to a present or former member of the Society in recognition of outstanding service to the Society.


BACKGROUND
 Social media has emerged as the epicenter for exchanging health-related information, resources, and emotional support. However, despite recognized benefits of social media for advancing health-promoting support exchange, researchers have struggled to differentiate between the different ways social support occurs and is expressed through social media.

 OBJECTIVE
 The objective of this study was to develop a fuller understanding of social support exchange by examining the ways in which breast cancer patients discuss their health needs and reach out for support on Facebook and to develop a coding schema that can be useful to other social media researchers.

 METHODS
 We conducted a retrospective qualitative assessment of text-based social support exchanges through Facebook among 30 breast cancer survivors. Facebook wall data were systematically scraped, organized, coded, and characterized by whether and which types of support were exchanged. Research questions focused on how often participants posted related to cancer, how often cancer patients reached out for support, and the relative frequency of informational, instrumental, or socioemotional support requests broadcast by patients on the site.

 RESULTS
 A novel ground-up coding schema applied to unwieldy Facebook data successfully identified social support exchange in two critical transitions in cancer treatment: diagnosis and transition off cancer therapy. Explanatory coding, design, and analysis processes led to a novel coding schema informed by 100,000 lines of data, an a priori literature review, and observed online social support exchanges. A final coding schema permits a compelling analysis of support exchange as a type of peer community, where members act proactively to buffer stress effects associated with negative health experiences. The coding schema framed operational definitions of what support meant and the forms each type of support could take in social media spaces.

 CONCLUSIONS
 Given the importance of social media in social interaction, support exchange, and health promotion, our findings provide insight and clarity for researchers into the different forms informational, resource, and emotional support may take in Web-based social environments. Findings support broader continuity for evaluating computer-mediated support exchange.


Background
Although evidence suggests that larger body size in early life confers lifelong protection from developing breast cancer, few studies have investigated the relationship between body size and breast cancer risk among BRCA mutation carriers. Therefore, we conducted a prospective evaluation of body size and the risk of breast cancer among BRCA mutation carriers.

Methods
Current height and body mass index (BMI) at age 18 were determined from baseline questionnaires. Current BMI and weight change since age 18 were calculated from updated biennial follow-up questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results
Among 3734 BRCA mutation carriers, there were 338 incident breast cancers over a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. There was no association between height, current BMI or weight change and breast cancer risk. Women with BMI at age 18 ≥22.1 kg/m2 had a decreased risk of developing post-menopausal breast cancer compared with women with a BMI at age 18 between 18.8 and 20.3 kg/m2 (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.30-0.82; P = 0.006). BMI at age 18 was not associated with risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer.

Conclusions
There was no observed association between height, current BMI and weight change and risk of breast cancer. The inverse relationship between greater BMI at age 18 and post-menopausal breast cancer further supports a role of early rather than current or adulthood exposures for BRCA-associated breast cancer development. Future studies with longer follow-up and additional measures of adiposity are necessary to confirm these findings.


Between the 1920s and the 1970s, American economic culture began to emphasize the value of consumption over production. At the same time, the rise of new mass media such as radio and television facilitated the advertising and sales of consumer goods on an unprecedented scale. In Style and Status: Selling Beauty to African American Women, 1920-1975, Susannah Walker analyzes an often-overlooked facet of twentieth-century consumer society as she explores the political, social, and racial implications of the business devoted to producing and marketing beauty products for African American women. Walker examines African American beauty culture as a significant component of twentieth-century consumerism, and she links both subjects to the complex racial politics of the era. The efforts of black entrepreneurs to participate in the American economy and to achieve self-determination of black beauty standards often caused conflict within the African American community. Additionally, a prevalence of white-owned firms in the African American beauty industry sparked widespread resentment, even among advocates of full integration in other areas of the American economy and culture. Concerned African Americans argued that whites had too much influence over black beauty culture and were invading the market, complicating matters of physical appearance with questions of race and power. Based on a wide variety of documentary and archival evidence, Walker concludes that African American beauty standards were shaped within black society as much as they were formed in reaction to, let alone imposed by, the majority culture. Style and Status challenges the notion that the civil rights and black power movements of the 1950s through the 1970s represents the first period in which African Americans wielded considerable influence over standards of appearance and beauty. Walker explores how beauty culture affected black women's racial and feminine identities, the role of black-owned businesses in African American communities, differences between black-owned and white-owned manufacturers of beauty products, and the concept of racial progress in the post-World War II era. Through the story of the development of black beauty culture, Walker examines the interplay of race, class, and gender in twentieth-century America.


Purpose of review The opportunity to use gonadotropins to stimulate the growth of antral follicles coming from different follicular waves available in different moment of the menstrual cycle allowed the implementation of innovative protocols in assisted reproductive technologies. The purpose of this review is to explore the possible advantages related to these new controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) strategies. Recent findings Women exhibit major and minor wave patterns of ovarian follicular development during the menstrual cycle, as it is in animal species. These observations led to the introduction of two new strategies for COS: the random start and the double ovarian stimulation within a single menstrual cycle. Summary The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist COS protocols, started randomly at any day of the menstrual cycle, is today a standard procedure in those cases where obtaining oocytes is an urgent task, such as in case of fertility preservation for malignant diseases or other medical indications. On the other hand, in poor prognosis patients, double ovarian stimulation has been suggested with the aim of maximizing the number of oocytes retrieved within a single menstrual cycle and, in turn increasing the chance to obtain a reproductively competent embryo. Randomized control trials are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.


Objective: Adequate reporting is needed to judge methodologic quality and assess the risk of bias of surveys. The objective of this study is to describe the methodology and quality of reporting of surveys published in five critical care journals. Data Sources: All issues (1996–2009) of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care, Critical Care Medicine, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. Study Selection: Two reviewers hand-searched all issues in duplicate. We included publications of self-administered questionnaires of health professionals and excluded surveys that were part of a multi-method study or measured the effect of an intervention. Data Extraction: Data were abstracted in duplicate. Data Synthesis: We included 151 surveys. The frequency of survey publication increased at an average rate of 0.38 surveys per 1000 citations per year from 1996–2009 (p for trend = 0.001). The median number of respondents and reported response rates were 217 (interquartile range 90 to 402) and 63.3% (interquartile range 45.0% to 81.0%), respectively. Surveys originated predominantly from North America (United States [40.4%] and Canada [18.5%]). Surveys most frequently examined stated practice (78.8%), attitudes or opinions (60.3%), and less frequently knowledge (9.9%). The frequency of reporting on the survey design and methods were: 1) instrument development: domains (59.1%), item generation (33.1%), item reduction (12.6%); 2) instrument testing: pretesting or pilot testing (36.2%) and assessments of clarity (25.2%) or clinical sensibility (15.7%); and 3) clinimetric properties: qualitative or quantitative description of at least one of face, content, construct validity, intra- or inter-rater reliability, or consistency (28.5%). The reporting of five key elements of survey design and conduct did not significantly change over time. Conclusions: Surveys, primarily conducted in North America and focused on self-reported practice, are increasingly published in highly cited critical care journals. More uniform and comprehensive reporting will facilitate assessment of methodologic quality.


Genetic encoding of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) through sense codon reassignment is an efficient tool for expanding the chemical functionality of proteins. Incorporation of multiple ncAAs, however, is particularly challenging. This work describes the first attempts to reassign the sense methionine (Met) codon AUG to two different ncAAs in bacterial protein translation. Escherichia coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) charges two tRNAs with Met: tRNAfMet initiates protein synthesis (starting AUG codon), whereas elongator tRNAMet participates in protein elongation (internal AUG codon(s)). Preliminary in vitro experiments show that these tRNAs can be charged with the Met analogues azidohomoalanine (Aha) and ethionine (Eth) by exploiting the different substrate specificities of EcMetRS and the heterologous MetRS / tRNAMet pair from the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, respectively. Here, we explored whether this configuration would allow a differential decoding during in vivo protein initiation and elongation. First, we eliminated the elongator tRNAMet from a methionine auxotrophic E. coli strain, which was then equipped with a rescue plasmid harboring the heterologous pair. Although the imported pair was not fully orthogonal, it was possible to incorporate preferentially Eth at internal AUG codons in a model protein, suggesting that in vivo AUG codon reassignment is possible. To achieve full orthogonality during elongation, we imported the known orthogonal pair of Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) / tRNAPyl and devised a genetic selection system based on the suppression of an amber stop codon in an important glycolytic gene, pfkA, which restores enzyme functionality and normal cellular growth. Using an evolved PylRS able to accept Met analogues, it should be possible to reassign the AUG codon to two different ncAAs by using directed evolution.


The automotive industry has made a significant contribution to everyday life by fulfilling society's mobility needs. Traditionally, electric vehicles (EV) were introduced as an alternative to the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) to reduce the emission, which improves air quality. The regenerative braking system (RBS) technology is increasing rapidly as an alternative energy-saving solution instead of using the conventional fossil fuel process. In addition, conventional braking creates energy loss because it produces unnecessary heat during braking. Therefore, (RBS) was deliberately designed to solve these drawbacks. Several researchers have found an efficient way to recover regenerative energy, but do not pay enough attention to state-of-the-art (SOC), motor performance and overall performance. This paper designs a new braking force distribution that introduces integrated braking by combining the default ADVISOR and the new parallel braking distribution to improve the SOC battery for three driving cycles. The design of the braking part was based on the braking force distribution of vehicle speed, consisting mainly of friction and regenerative braking ratio allocation in parallel form. The suggested delivery method is evaluated by simulation and shows that the overall performance and battery life are increased. The proposed method was experimentally evaluated using ADVISOR Matlab for the efficiency and final state of the battery.


The economic impact of COVID-19 has been much harder on those at the bottom of the caste ladder in India, reflecting the persistence of a system of social stigmatization that many Indians believe is a thing of the past. Untouchability has been outlawed since 1947, and an affirmative action program has lowered some barriers for stigmatized caste groups. But during the pandemic, members of lower castes suffered heavier job losses due to their higher representation in precarious daily wage jobs and their lower levels of education. Lower caste families are less able to help their children with remote learning, which threatens to worsen labor market inequality in India. But Dalits, at the bottom of the caste ladder, have recently.


The Ganges River, which flows out of China through Nepal and India and finally into Bangladesh, has been subjected to continuous scrutiny as conflicts regarding the diversion of water have intensified, mainly between India and Bangladesh. There has been a continual reduction of low flows, an alteration in the supply of sediment, and an incisement of the low-flow channel during the past several decades within Bangladesh as a consequence of upstream development related to expanding agriculture and associated irrigation activities, extraction of water for municipal and industrial use, and the construction and operation of the Farakka Barrage which is located approximately 11 miles upstream from the Bangladesh border. It has been concluded by both technical analysis and political action that a grave crisis has arisen for Bangladesh on account of the unilateral action taken in diverting the water of the Ganges River at Farakka. This extremely complex political and technical background establishes the need to consider geomorphic impacts that have been and will be imposed on the Ganges River within Bangladesh. Major geomorphic responses to imposed low flows recognize that there will be changes in channel regime, as well as changes in bed form. The normally experienced bar formations may adopt a totally different pattern. With the changes in bar location, the low flow channel will adopt an alignment different than the historic alignment that will cause numerous problems. The impacts on low-flow navigation will be severe. The creation of a new, ever-changing, low flow alignment will reduce the ability to divert water for irrigation. Also, with changes in low flow channel alignment and incisement of the flow into the bed of the channel, existing bank revetment, pump stations, etc., may be endangered. These changes will also significantly affect wildlife habitat, will reduce and, in some cases, eliminate wetlands, and will allow a greater degree of salt water intrusion. All of these factors are expected to have a significant impact upon fisheries and wildlife in the Ganges River area. In addition, the changing environment could result in the development of environmental conditions that would be very adverse to public health. Geomorphic changes in the channel system will continue in response to further reduction in minimum flows. As Bangladesh looks forward to present and future food requirements, it is essential to establish a magnitude of reliable base flow conditions. More importantly, Bangladesh must recognize the serious problems developing as a consequence of population expansion that makes it increasingly difficult to accommodate public health needs and food requirements regardless of water availability.


A large ‐scale field experiment was used to test whether exposure to a suite of potential environmental factors (flow speed, temperature, salinity, and low dissolved oxygen) influences the level of parasitic infection of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. The parasite was the protozoan Perkinsus marinus, which has decimated populations of oysters in estuaries of North America. The environmental factors were considered stressors because they influence the physiological condition of either the host or parasite. Between December 1994 and July 1995, flow speed, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), Perkinsus infection, and mortality of oysters were monitored across 24 experimental oyster reefs in the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina. Eight reef treatments were created consisting of an orthogonal combination of three factors: water depth (3 m vs. 6 m deep), reef height (2 m vs. 1 m tall), and position on reef (base vs. crest). Principal component analysis revealed that there was clear separation of environmental factors among reefs and that a majority of the variation (96.2%) among treatments could be explained by two principal component axes (PCs): one (24.3% of variation explained) was formed by flow and the other (71.9% of variation explained) by temperature, salinity, and DO. Oysters with the highest proportion of individuals infected (prevalence), highest intensity of infection, and highest mortality were located at the base of reefs, where flow speeds and food quality were lowest and sedimentation rates highest. However, there was no significant effect of hydrographic conditions on Perkinsus infection or mortality of oysters, despite large differences in mean salinity, DO, and exposure to hypoxia ‐anoxia. Temperature did not vary among treatments. Correlation of disease responses (infection prevalence and intensity, and mortality) with the first two PCs showed that these response variables were significantly (and negatively) correlated with flow only. Oysters in low flow were hypothesized to have the greatest susceptibility to Perkinsus infection because of their poor physiological condition. The restoration of oyster reefs increases reef height and thus flow speeds (by elevating oysters higher above the boundary and by actively influencing flow), thereby reducing the negative effects of disease by restoring reef morphology to its natural size.


Abstract. Simple climate models play an integral role in the policy and scientific communities. They are used for climate mitigation scenarios within integrated assessment models, complex climate model emulation, and uncertainty analyses. Here we describe Hector v1.0, an open source, object-oriented, simple global climate carbon-cycle model. This model runs essentially instantaneously while still representing the most critical global-scale earth system processes. Hector has a three-part main carbon cycle: a one-pool atmosphere, land, and ocean. The model's terrestrial carbon cycle includes primary production and respiration fluxes, accommodating arbitrary geographic divisions into, e.g., ecological biomes or political units. Hector actively solves the inorganic carbon system in the surface ocean, directly calculating air–sea fluxes of carbon and ocean pH. Hector reproduces the global historical trends of atmospheric [CO2], radiative forcing, and surface temperatures. The model simulates all four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) with equivalent rates of change of key variables over time compared to current observations, MAGICC (a well-known simple climate model), and models from the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Hector's flexibility, open-source nature, and modular design will facilitate a broad range of research in various areas.


Background: Superconductivity is the complete loss of electric resistance in some elements and compounds cooled below a transition temperature (Tc). Since its discovery more than 100 years ago, this phenomenon has enriched basic science in ways that nobody could have foreseen. Moreover, superconductors have been used in various applications like power transmission, high magnetic field generation, levitated high-speed trains (MAGLEV), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a county, like Qatar, seeking to find alternative renewable energy sources, superconductors can be greatly useful in connecting the electric power generated from the renewable energy sources (solar and wind power) with superconducting devices (especially cables) to fulfill the energy saving and sustainability objectives. Objectives and methods: The effective use of superconductors in applications requires a better understanding of the basic phenomena of high-Tc superconductivity. For this purpose, several techniques are used especially photoemission spectroscopy which is considered as the most powerful tool to directly investigate the electronic structure of solids including superconductors. This technique is based on the photoelectric effect where various light sources like synchrotron radiation, lasers and others may be used. We have been using photoemission spectroscopy to investigate the electronic structure of newly discovered superconductors known as iron pnictides since their discovery in Japan in 2008. We have used several facilities like the Institute for Solid State Physics at the University of Tokyo in Japan, Photon Factory in Japan, Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center at Hiroshima University in Japan, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at Stanford University in USA. Our work was published in refereed scientific journals and presented at many international conferences worldwide and has had important implications on this field from the very early stage. Results and conclusions: In this paper, I will present an introduction about superconductivity and highlight on its various possible applications especially in Qatar. Also I will present an overview of our research on newly discovered iron pnictide superconductors using photoemission spectroscopy and how our results led to a better understanding of high-Tc superconductivity in these compounds.


Background: Melasma is an acquired chronic hypermelanosis of sun-exposed areas which significantly impacts quality of life. There are few epidemiological studies in medical literature concerning the disease, even less in the Nepalese population. Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of melasma in Nepalese patients and to focus on the clinical manifestations and factors that precipitate this condition. Materials and Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to melasma patients treated at a dermatology clinic between 2015 and 2016. Melasma was classified on Wood's light examination, and the patients were thoroughly examined. Various precipitating and etiological factors for melasma were also documented. Results: We assessed 138 patients, of whom 25 (18.1%) were males and 113 (81.9%) were females. Most of the patients 63 (45.7%) reported their melasma of less than 1-year duration. The most commonly reported trigger factors were prolonged, intense sun exposure 113 (83.3%), stress 48 (34.8%), pregnancy 42 (30.4%), contraceptive pills 8 (5.8%) and over the counter steroids use in 6 (4.3%) patients. Housewives and the unemployed constituted 63 (45.7%) of patients followed by service holders and business associated in 22 (15.9%) of patients. Family history was seen in 47 (34.1%), and a history of previous treatment sought was seen in 62 (44.9%) patients. The maximum number of respondents 91 (65.9%) had Fitzpatrick type III followed by type IV in 42 (30.4%) patients, and 5 (3.6%) had type V skin photo type. Preferred facial topographies were malar 125 (90.6%), central facial 46 (33.3%), forehead 40 (29.0%), and mandibular 19 (13.8%). The pigmentation on woods lamp showed epidermal in 90 (65.2%) followed by dermal in 29 (21.0%) and mixed in 19 (13.8%) patients. Conclusions: Melasma is more common in females with a strong history of intense sunlight exposure, pregnancy, and stress being the most common provoking factors. A multifactorial etiology has to be sought for in depth for all patients presenting with melasma.


Background: The anorectal
location of melanomas is extremely rare (1% - 3%
of all melanomas), and the prognosis remains poor because of the aggressiveness
and the high metastatic potential of those tumors. The discovery that the KIT
oncogene may be aberrantly activated in a subset of patients with anorectal
melanoma creates a realm of possibility for the development of targeted
molecular therapy. Aim: to show the epidemiologic, clinico-radiological,
histological features and treatment management especially in patients with
over-expression of C-KIT treated by Imatinib. Methods: It is a retrospective
study conducted in the department of medical oncology at Hassan II University
Hospital between January 2007 and January 2012, including all patients with
histologically proven melanoma of the anorectal area. Results: 11 cases were
collected, with slight female predominance. Nine patients were metastatic at
the moment of diagnosis, and only two with local stage, but evolution was
marked by local and distant recurrence less than 12 months after abdo-minoperineal
resection. First line of chemotherapy was based mainly on paclitaxel,
carboplatine and dacarbazine. Response was modest with only 3 partial
responses, 4 patients with disease stability, and 4 patients with disease
progression. Two patients, with over expression of C-KIT, received Imatinib as
second line of treatment with significant improvement of symptoms and radiological
response reaching 50%. Seven patients died with a median survival of 11 months
from diagnosis to the date of death. Conclusion: Primary anorectal melanomas
are very rare, with high aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Treatment
management is still a big challenge given to the modest efficacy of
conventional chemotherapy. Better understanding of carcinogenesis and signaling
pathways will allow development of new targeted therapies.


ABSTRACT The TetR-like transcriptional repressor LfrR controls the expression of the gene encoding the Mycobacterium smegmatis efflux pump LfrA, which actively extrudes fluoroquinolones, cationic dyes, and anthracyclines from the cell and promotes intrinsic antibiotic resistance. The crystal structure of the apoprotein form of the repressor reveals a structurally asymmetric homodimer exhibiting local unfolding and a blocked drug-binding site, emphasizing the significant conformational plasticity of the protein necessary for DNA and multidrug recognition. Crystallographic and calorimetric studies of LfrR-drug complexes further confirm the intrinsic flexibility of the homodimer, which provides a dynamic mechanism to broaden multidrug binding specificity and may be a general property of transcriptional repressors regulating microbial efflux pump expression.


It has been acknowledged for several decades that programs interact with context. The nature of this interactivity, and how it defines a program, has not been adequately addressed. We view this lacuna as a function of the dominant theoretical perspectives guiding knowledge of program operations. We propose the actor-network theory (ANT) and its conceptual apparatus, the sociotechnical network, as suitable for guiding the acquisition of general knowledge on program operations. We tested this proposition with an instrumental case study of health professional practices during the implementation of a nutrition program into an elementary school setting. Data collection and analysis were guided by the ANT. Data were derived from semistructured interviews completed with six health professionals (nutritionists). Analysis procedures focused on the nutritionists' collective representation of the microprocesses by which they aimed to build a sociotechnical network of alliances with educational stakeholders. Findings identified nutritionists as preoccupied with three overarching goals during the implementation of the nutrition program, whereby goals were found to take form interactively with the interests of the program participants (primarily students) and stakeholders (primarily teachers). Nutritionists strategically translated program components as a means of negotiating with participants and stakeholders. The findings of this study support the theoretical proposition that program implementation is a process of expanding a sociotechnical network. Beyond simply reaffirming that programs do indeed adapt to context, we interpret this adaptation through the lens of a social theory that suggests why and how adaptation is an inevitable component of program implementation.


The 2018 controversy surrounding the decision of the mayor and council of the City of Victoria, BC, to remove a statue of John A. Macdonald from the entrance to city hall raises questions about how lived histories of colonialism and racisms are marked in landscape of collective remembering within the city and more broadly within Canada. Building of the work of James Wertsch on collective remembering, Eileen Moreton Robinson on private property and Patrick Wolfe on settler colonialism, this paper explores how the cultural markings of the City of Victoria have been produced by processes of colonization and racist exclusion. In particular, it discusses how such things as the dominance of English, the nature of place names, the marginalization Indigenous and Chinese people within the territory have come to be and how this making is erased from technologies of remembering. The paper contrasts the historical John A. Macdonald and his colonizing and racist practices his celebration by nationalists today. In so doing it show how the positions of the Macdonald apologists enact the same exclusions as those of the colonizing landscape.  It conclude sby considering the implications of this structure of colonized remembering for transformative projects of decolonization and antiracism.


So getting the [wind] plants built, getting the generation built is a very big step, but it's not the ultimate step. The ultimate step is getting that renewable power to the customer. . . . Barriers to entry for the wind energy have been and continue to be significant. . . . Because it's all about nondiscrimination. . . . It's giving a new technology which has a popular appeal, which has good environmental attributes, giving that technology a fair seat at the table with coal, nuclear, hydro, and gas. . . . I think the biggest barrier today that's preventing wide access to wind resources reaching customers is [the lack of] a robust transmission grid.1 I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The wind energy industry is experiencing a phenomenal period of growth. It has become the fastest growing fuel-type for electrical generation installed in the U.S., with an average annual growth rate of over 27% from 2000-2004.2 Its growth has been spurred by public sentiment, state and federal policies, economics, technological improvements, increasing utility acceptance, and evidence from other countries that integrating large amounts of wind-generated electricity into the system does not degrade system operations. In particular, this growth is motivated by a growing public concern about pollution from conventional fossil-fuel energy sources, about enhancing national energy security by decreasing dependence on imported fuel, and the possible adverse climate effects from accumulating carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. The growing commercial interest in wind energy, and other forms of renewables, has also been driven by dramatic increases in the prices of fossil fuels-crude oil, gasoline, natural gas, and coal-and thus electricity. These price increases, with little hope for future reductions, have made various renewable energy technologies economically competitive. Once built, however, wind generation faces stiff obstacles in reaching customers. Optimal wind resources are often located far from load, which may require additional transmission investment and construction. Wind developers and other generators might better utilize existing transmission paths by means of new transmission services that use transmission capacity during all but peak periods of transmission usage. Rules for financing and allocating costs of transmission facilities need to be re-examined in connection with developing wind resource areas. In response to these issues, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC or Commission) has undertaken a series of steps to reexamine many of its rules to ensure they are not discriminatory against wind and other emerging renewable energy technologies. First, the Commission conducted a rulemaking proceeding to establish special standards and procedures for interconnecting wind generation resources to the transmission system, because of their different characteristics compared to other conventional generation resources. After initiating the rulemaking proceeding, the Commission issued a Staff Briefing paper assessing the state of wind energy in the wholesale electricity markets, and conducted a public hearing on this topic. The Commission then convened a two-day public workshop to consider proposals for establishing new conditional firm and priority non-firm transmission services as a means of serving new wind developments because of insufficient additional firm transmission capacity. The Commission initiated a second rulemaking to establish non-punitive imbalance penalties for wind generators. Finally, the Commission acted on a filing to determine the mechanisms for recovery of the costs of transmission facilities needed to provide access to the grid for potential wind developments in the Tehachapi wind resource area of California. A. History of Recent Commission Actions Affecting Wind Energy Beginning in 2004, the FERC initiated a series of proceedings to address the problems faced by the wind industry, and particularly the problem of gaining access to the transmission system on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms. …


This paper presents a single-patch broadband microstrip antenna: the E-shaped patch antenna on a single-layer foam substrate is investigated.. The broadband mechanism is explored by investigating the behavior of the currents on the patch. Bandwidth enhancement of the antenna is achieved by inserting two parallel slots into its radiating patch. The effects of the following design parameters: the slot length, width, and position are optimized to achieve a broad bandwidth. Finally, a 32% E-shaped patch antenna, resonating at wireless communication frequencies of 1.5 and 2.9 GHz, is designed. The antenna was designed using IE3D software.


The paper proposes a new interdisciplinary approach to helping low attaining learners in basic mathematics. It reports on the research-informed design and user testing of an adaptive digital game based on constructionist tasks with intrinsic feedback. The approach uses findings from the neuroscience of dyscalculia, cognitive science research on conceptual understanding in mathematics, and mathematical education research to inform the detailed pedagogic design. It is interdisciplinary in the sense that it synthesises the results from multiple disciplines in the design principles. It then exploits the new capabilities of digital technologies to develop the design for testing with learners, and capturing appropriate data. The initial pilot has shown that the game supports learners age 5-7 years for independent learning of the kind that low attaining learners will need in order to keep pace with mainstream learners. The experimental work will evaluate this and similar games for learners of all ages who have low numeracy. In general, the approach is to (i) focus on a problem at the intersection of robust evidence in both education and neursocience; and (ii) use this data to design and test a digital intervention that fully exploits the adaptive and interactive features of learning technology.


Population change in plant pathogens is driven by environmental factors, especially wetness and temperature, and by intrinsic and induced host resistance. For pathogens except those of woody tissue, turnover of host tissue, and decline in pathogen population during periods when the host is absent or conditions unsuitable for infection produce intrinsic fluctuations in populations. Movement of propagules to new hosts is much more efficient in denser host stands, introducing density dependence at a larger scale. The reduction of host populations by a successful pathogen both allows space for other plants to grow, and introduces selective forces increasing resistance in the host. This gives rise to a coevolutionary race between host and pathogen, resulting in both diversity and turnover of genetic elements involved in defence signalling. Rare movement of pathogens between subpopulations of a metapopulation introduces a further birth–death process causing fluctuations in disease and selection pressures on relevant genetic elements.

Key Concepts:

Population densities of plant pathogens are set by the balance between pathogen infection and host turnover.

Populations of plant pathogens are rarely stable, but cycle from high to low across seasons.

Environmental factors modulate or limit but do not regulate pathogen abundance.

Asexual reproduction is often associated with shorter distance dispersal mechanisms and sexual reproduction with longer distance mechanisms.

Density-dependence acts at the level of the individual host, the host population and within metapopulations.

Pathogens increase biodiversity by disadvantaging common hosts.

Coevolution between host and pathogen leads to continuing change and diversity in pathogenesis related parts of the genome.

When a pathogen encounters a susceptible host not coevolved with it – for example, through trade – a dramatic drop in host density may occur.

Keywords:

coevolution;
red queen;
density dependence;
epidemiology;
metapopulation;
dispersal


Purpose: based on the knowledge that the reliability of an instrument is essential for a correct interpretation of the results of research, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of one of the menopausal indexes more often used in clinical practice and research, the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI). Methods: the population consisted of 60 climacteric patients attended at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital of the Federal University of Paraiba in Joao Pessoa city. The reliability coefficient was analyzed by the test-retest method, whose application was done on two different occasions with an interval of four weeks, without administration of medicines. Results: the variation of the score observed with the application of BKMI at the first measurement was 2 to 41, with a median of 18 and mean of 18.8 (± 10.76), while at the second measurement, the menopausal index was 20.2 (± 10.51), median 19, and values ranging from 2 to 39. Despite these results, a Speaman (rs) coefficient of 0.68 (p = 0.001), which is a coefficient of only moderate intensity, was observed. Conclusions: the test-retest reliability in the application of the BKMI shows that, although this instrument presented a statistically moderate reliability, the intensity observed does not represent a reliable measurement. Considering that a correlational study is only a type of screening of the quality of a measurement method, we concluded that other studies must be performed with the purpose of evaluating the reliability and the validity of the BKMI. It is possible that the attribuition of different values to the items of BKMI and the inclusion of symptoms directly related to the estrogenic defficiency, like symptoms of vaginal atrophy, would make the instrument more reliable.


As the LHC luminosity is ramped up to 3 × 1034 cm2 s1 and beyond, the high rates, multiplicities, and energies of particles seen by the detectors will pose a unique challenge. Only a tiny fraction of the produced collisions can be stored offline and immense real-time data reduction is needed. An effective trigger system must maintain high trigger efficiencies for the physics we are most interested in while suppressing the enormous QCD backgrounds. This requires massive computing power to minimize the online execution time of complex algorithms. A multi-level trigger is an effective solution to meet this challenge. The Fast Tracker (FTK) is an upgrade to the current ATLAS trigger system that will operate at full Level-1 output rates and provide high-quality tracks reconstructed over the entire inner detector by the start of processing in the Level-2 Trigger. FTK solves the combinatorial challenge inherent to tracking by exploiting the massive parallelism of associative memories that can compare inner detector hits to millions of pre-calculated patterns simultaneously. The tracking problem within matched patterns is further simplified by using pre-computed linearized fitting constants and relying on fast DSPs in modern commercial FPGAs. Overall, FTK is able to compute the helix parameters for all tracks in an event and apply quality cuts in less than 100 μs. The system design is defined and the performance presented with respect to high transverse momentum (high-pT) Level-2 objects: b jets, tau jets, and isolated leptons. We test FTK algorithms using the full ATLAS simulation with WH events up to 3 × 1034 cm2s1 luminosity and compare the FTK results with the offline tracking capability. We present the architecture and the reconstruction performance for the mentioned high-pT Level-2 objects.


Many pathogenic bacteria harbor a type III secretion system to translocate effector proteins from the bacterium into the host cell cytosol. This one-step translocation requires a nanomachinery which was termed injectisome. It consists of a basal body, spanning the two bacterial membranes, and a needle-like structure, bridging the distance between the bacterium and the target cell. Control of the length of the type III secretion injectisome needle is crucial for a correct function. In Yersinia, the YscP protein is involved in needle length control: the number of YscP residues directly correlates with needle length. In this thesis, this correlation was shown to be dependent on the secondary structure of YscP. By substitution of individual residues, needle length could be altered without changing the number of residues in YscP. The molecular ruler model was proposed for length control of the Yersinia injectisome needle. There are, however, two possibilities for the molecular ruler model regarding the amount of YscP needed for regulation of the needle length of one injectisome. In the static model, only one molecule of YscP and in a more dynamic model, several proteins are required for length control of one needle. Here, it was demonstrated that partially diploid bacteria, expressing a short and a long YscP simultaneously assemble distinct sets of short and long needles. These results suggest that only one YscP molecule is required for length control of one needle. In Yersinia, the YscU protein (a member of the export machinery) was suggested to be involved in the substrate specificity switch. Here, YscU was demonstrated to play a role in substrate recognition but not in substrate switching. Taken together, a refined model for length control of the Yersinia injectisome needle is proposed in this thesis, confirming the role of YscP as a molecular ruler.


We revisit Parker's conjecture of current singularity formation in 3D line-tied plasmas using a recently developed numerical method, variational integration for ideal magnetohydrodynamics in Lagrangian labeling. With the frozen-in equation built-in, the method is free of artificial reconnection, and hence it is arguably an optimal tool for studying current singularity formation. Using this method, the formation of current singularity has previously been confirmed in the Hahm–Kulsrud–Taylor problem in 2D. In this paper, we extend this problem to 3D line-tied geometry. The linear solution, which is singular in 2D, is found to be smooth for arbitrary system length. However, with finite amplitude, the linear solution can become pathological when the system is sufficiently long. The nonlinear solutions turn out to be smooth for short systems. Nonetheless, the scaling of peak current density versus system length suggests that the nonlinear solution may become singular at finite length. With the results in hand, we can neither confirm nor rule out this possibility conclusively, since we cannot obtain solutions with system length near the extrapolated critical value.


South Africa has two major rail operators that constitute the rail transport industry. These are Transnet Freight Rail (TFR), which operates freight and the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Although the Railway Safety Regulator (2011:29) reported the year on year declining trend of collisions, the main concern is that the costs incurred for each year's incidents is escalating. This article is concerned with the declining safety standards of these operators as evidenced by 742 collisions recorded during the 2011/2012 financial year for both operators. The focus is mainly on collisions during the movement of rolling stock within the PRASA environment. The analysis of the occurrences is narrowed down, with the emphasis on the province of Gauteng. In the analysis of the causes of these collisions, the problems that led to the root causes of these collisions is reported. Of critical importance is that every transport operator is faced with the challenges of how to effectively respond to the basic transport needs and requirements of the travelling public. The transport users' need is to travel between the two geographical points. During the journey between these geographical points, the operator has safety and security requirements and must provide a reliable, accessible and affordable transport system. As the travelling public becomes more affluent, the transport needs become open ended and require much more rational public choices. The rail transport system remains a vital or indispensable business sector of the economy. By investing in new technology, rolling stock and infrastructure, we woud see an increase in innovation, competitiveness, and an elevated standard of living.


Technological advances such as the creation of bandwidth, modular applications and cloud computing have enabled the creation of a distributed collaborative sourcing model named Software as a Service (SaaS). SaaS presents the embodiment of a new service delivery model in which a service provider is delivering its electronic services over the web to many users on a pay per use or period basis. SaaS is still unexplored in the public sector context and its use has been limited. Based on interviews and a group session the main challenges for adopting SaaS are explored from the government perspective. It was found that SaaS could provide many benefits which are related to the outsourcing of the local control, installation and development of software which could result in potential cost-savings and better cost control. Disadvantages and risks are related to the more difficult control of the IT function. Several items were mentioned as both a benefit and disadvantage, as this will be dependent on the organizational arrangements. There are also many challenges that need to be addressed including ensuring the quality, privacy, security and business continuity which require the implementation of organizational changes and governance mechanisms for public sector organizations that are considering SaaS.


Twelve cattle were kept for three days in a circular area of 16 m radius on short pasture and fed with freshly-cut pasture. Ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions from the urine and dung excreted by the cattle were measured with a micrometeorological mass-balance method, during the cattle presence and for 10 subsequent days. Daily-integrated emission rates peaked on Day 3 of the experiment (last day of cattle presence) and declined steadily for five days thereafter. Urine patches were the dominant sources for these emissions. On Day 9, a secondary emissions peak occurred, with dung pats likely to be the main sources. This interpretation is based on simultaneous observations of the pH evolution in urine patches and dung pats created next to the circular plot. Feed and dung samples were analysed to estimate the amounts of nitrogen (N) ingested and excreted. Total N volatilised as NH 3 was 19.8 (± 0.9)% of N intake and 22.4 (± 1.3)% of N excreted. The bimodal shape of the emissions time series allowed to infer separate estimates for volatilisation from urine and dung, respectively, with the result that urine accounted for 88.6 (± 2.6)% of the total NH 3 emissions. The emissions from urine represented 25.5 (± 2.0)% of the excreted urine-N, while the emissions from dung amounted to 11.6 (± 2.7)% of the deposited dung-N. Emissions from dung may have continued after Day 13 but were not resolved by the measurement technique. A simple resistance model shows that the magnitude of the emissions from dung is controlled by the resistance of the dung crust.


Grounded in the naturalistic paradigm, the present exploratory study employed
survey ( n = 65) and interview (n = 16) methods to examine patterns of family
recreation in families including children with developmental disabilities. Statistical
analyses were conducted on the quantitative data, while a key theme and
constant comparative method was used to analyze the qualitative data. Three
patterns (all family, sub-unit, and equal combination) were identified as characteristic
of the family recreation of the families included in this study. The
sub-unit pattern predominated and typically involved mothers in activities with
their children with a developmental disability or all of their children. Furthermore,
family recreation was family-initiated, informal, and occurred with equal
frequency in home and community settings. Variations in patterns of family
recreation associated with child (e.g., age, birth order) and family (e.g., income,
employment status) specific characteristics were also presented.