The ETCBC database of the Hebrew Bible (formerly known as WIVU database), contains the scholarly text of the Hebrew Bible with linguistic markup. A previous version can be found in EASY (see the link below). The present dataset is an improvement in many ways: (A) it contains a new version of the data, called ETCBC4. The content has been heavily updated, with new linguistic annotations and a better organisation of them, and lots of additions and corrections as well. (B) the data format is now Linguistic Annotation Framework (see below). This contrasts with the previous version, which has been archived as a database dump in a specialised format: Emdros (see the link below). (C) a new tool, LAF-Fabric is added to process the ETCBC4 version directly from its LAF representation. The picture on this page shows a few samples what can be done with it. (D) extensive documentation is provided, including a description of all the computing steps involved in getting the data in LAF format. Since 2012 there is an ISO standard for the stand-off markup of language resources, Linguistic Annotation Framework (LAF). As a result of the SHEBANQ project (see link below), funded by CLARIN-NL and carried out by the ETCBC and DANS, we have a created a tool, LAF-Fabric, by which we can convert EMDROS databases of the ETCBC into LAF and then do data analytic work by means of e.g. IPython notebooks. This has been used for the Hebrew Bible, but it can also be applied to the Syriac text in the CALAP (see link below). This dataset contains a folder laf with the laf files, and the necessary declarations are contained in the folder decl. Among these declarations are feature declaration documents, in TEI format (see link below), with hyperlinks to concept definitions in ISOcat (see link below). For completeness, the ISOcat definitions are repeated in the feature declaration documents. These definitions are terse, and they are more fully documented in the folder documentation.


Supporting creative collaboration in the classroom is considered an important objective by current education research, as growing evidence suggests that this practice is linked with the quality of learning and the development of problem solving skills. Drawing on recent advances in group creativity research, social cognition and network science, we propose a theoretical framework for studying creative collaboration that integrates the concepts of group flow and social presence. Our key hypothesis is that in order for a group to enter the creative state of flow, members must be able to develop a "we-intention", in which the actions of the individuals and those of the collective are merged (social presence). According to our model, this is a staged process, beginning with the co-construction of a shared frame within the group and culminating with the creation of a novel artefact or concept. A further assumption is that the emergence of such optimal group state is associated with structural changes in the dynamics of group interaction, which can be effectively investigated using social network analysis techniques.


In this article, we outline our organizational change initiative, our "small experiment," and our attempt to understand how organizational change is actually accomplished. It is our desire to first change our selves and how we perform gender and through this local initiative, to eventually change how our organization as a whole performs gender. In our effort to accomplish this goal, we began by attempting to understand the issue, our experience, and the performance of gender within our organization. Based upon these understandings and because of this understanding, we will identify initiatives that change our organization's performance of gender. Finally, in an attempt to understand the micro- processes of change, of how organizational change is accomplished - "its dynamic, unfolding, emergent qualities (in short its potential) (Tsoukas & Chia, 2002, 568)," we will document and attempt to understand our experience of change from within.


We describe a new integration system, in which information sources are converted into a highly structured collection of small fragments of text. Database-like queries to this structured collection of text fragments are approximated using a novel logic called WHIRL, which combines inference in the style of deductive databases with ranked retrieval methods from information retrieval. WHIRL allows queries that integrate information from information sources, without requiring the extraction and normalization of object identi-ers that can be used as keys; instead, operations that in conventional databases require equality tests on keys are approximated using IR similarity metrics for text. This leads to a reduction in the amount of human engineering required to eld an integration system.


Dynamic, digital maps are increasingly used in many settings. It is an emerging domain of technology extending on previous maps studies and positioning technology. We draw upon ethnographic field studies of collaborative hunting, where hunting dogs are tracked and their location made visible on digital maps. We discuss mobility of two different kinds. First, we refer to mobility as the practice of physical movements of hunters, dogs and prey. Second, we refer to the movement of symbolic objects on a digital map screen, i.e. screen mobility, and the interpretational work that the hunters do to make sense of it. Representations of motion on a screens, are of ongoing practical concern for the hunters. We show how they interpret such mobility in terms of accelerations, distance, trajectories and temporal alignments. The findings are used to revisit mobility theories and populate them with new notions to inspire design in broad domains.


Background: Composting as a waste management technology is becoming more widespread. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and to find the most effective composting process for the ratio of green waste, digested and dewatered sludge from Chonibieh wastewater treatment plant in the west region of Ahvaz.Methods: The composting time was 23 days and the evaluated parameters in this period of the study were organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), moisture content and pH. The C/N ratio was maintained at 30 with weight:weight ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 (digested and dewatered sludge to green waste).Results: It was observed that vessel R3 produced higher quality of compost with final total nitrogen (1.28%), final total phosphorus (0.71%), final total organic carbon (TOC) (25.78%) and C/N (20.65%) within the 23 days of composting. While vessel R1 produced higher final total nitrogen and total phosphorus with lower amount of total coliform indicating suitable quality of composting. Therefore, the results showed that the characteristics of dewatered sludge mixed with green waste proportion of green waste significantly influenced the compost quality and process dynamics. The results also showed that the quality of final products in all the conditions was in agreement with Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. However, the moisture content ratios were lower than the mentioned guidelines. With regards to microbial quality, all three ratios were in agreement with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Iranian guidelines.Conclusion: It is suggested that the final product of composting can be safely used in farmland and green space.


A thin circular disk translates slowly in its own plane transverse to the axis of rotation of parallel plane boundaries filled with viscous incompressible liquid. It is shown that the indeterminateness of the geostrophic flow is removed by constraints imposed by the dynamics of free shear layers (Stewartson layers), which surround a Taylor column whose boundary is not a stream surface. Fluid particles cross the Taylor column at the expense of deflexion through a finite angle. A comparison is made with the flow past a fat body (Jacobs 1964), where the geostrophie flow is determined without appeal to the dynamics of the shear layers. The problem is also considered for a disk in an unbounded fluid, and it is shown that to leading order there is no disturbance.


Urban communities are particularly vulnerable to the future demand for food, energy and water, and this vulnerability is further exacerbated by the onset of climate change at local. Solutions need to be found in urban spaces. This article based around urban design practice sees urban agriculture as a key facilitator of nexus thinking, needing water and energy to be productive. Working directly with Urban Living Labs, the project team will co-design new food futures through the moveable nexus, a participatory design support platform to mobilize natural and social resources by integrating multi-disciplinary knowledge and technology. The moveable nexus is co-developed incrementally through a series of design workshops moving around living labs with the engagement of stakeholders. The methodology and the platform will be shared outside the teams so that the knowledge can be mobilized locally and globally.


Attracting talent is widely believed to be critical to the success of a startup. In this paper, we investigate whether potential employee interest in a startup is affected by venture capital funding. We do so by analyzing a field experiment conducted on AngelList Talent, a large online search platform for startup jobs. In the experiment, whether a startup was funded by top-tier VCs and/or whether it was funded recently is randomly highlighted in search results. We find that the same startup receives significantly more interest from potential employees when the fact that it was funded by a top-tier VC is highlighted. In contrast, highlighting the fact that a startup was funded recently has no effect. High-quality job candidates care the most about the identities startup investors. The results provide direct evidence of the certification role played by VCs and their impact on the labor market.


Background Mobile text messaging and medication monitors (medication monitor boxes) have the potential to improve adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment and reduce the need for directly observed treatment (DOT), but to our knowledge they have not been properly evaluated in TB patients. We assessed the effectiveness of text messaging and medication monitors to improve medication adherence in TB patients. Methods and Findings In a pragmatic cluster-randomised trial, 36 districts/counties (each with at least 300 active pulmonary TB patients registered in 2009) within the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, and Chongqing, China, were randomised using stratification and restriction to one of four case-management approaches in which patients received reminders via text messages, a medication monitor, combined, or neither (control). Patients in the intervention arms received reminders to take their drugs and reminders for monthly follow-up visits, and the managing doctor was recommended to switch patients with adherence problems to more intensive management or DOT. In all arms, patients took medications out of a medication monitor box, which recorded when the box was opened, but the box gave reminders only in the medication monitor and combined arms. Patients were followed up for 6 mo. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patient-months on TB treatment where at least 20% of doses were missed as measured by pill count and failure to open the medication monitor box. Secondary endpoints included additional adherence and standard treatment outcome measures. Interventions were not masked to study staff and patients. From 1 June 2011 to 7 March 2012, 4,292 new pulmonary TB patients were enrolled across the 36 clusters. A total of 119 patients (by arm: 33 control, 33 text messaging, 23 medication monitor, 30 combined) withdrew from the study in the first month because they were reassessed as not having TB by their managing doctor (61 patients) or were switched to a different treatment model because of hospitalisation or travel (58 patients), leaving 4,173 TB patients (by arm: 1,104 control, 1,008 text messaging, 997 medication monitor, 1,064 combined). The cluster geometric mean of the percentage of patient-months on TB treatment where at least 20% of doses were missed was 29.9% in the control arm; in comparison, this percentage was 27.3% in the text messaging arm (adjusted mean ratio [aMR] 0.94, 95% CI 0.71, 1.24), 17.0% in the medication monitor arm (aMR 0.58, 95% CI 0.42, 0.79), and 13.9% in the combined arm (aMR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27, 0.88). Patient loss to follow-up was lower in the text messaging arm than the control arm (aMR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18–0.98). Equipment malfunction or operation error was reported in all study arms. Analyses separating patients with and without medication monitor problems did not change the results. Initiation of intensive management was underutilised. Conclusions This study is the first to our knowledge to utilise a randomised trial design to demonstrate the effectiveness of a medication monitor to improve medication adherence in TB patients. Reminders from medication monitors improved medication adherence in TB patients, but text messaging reminders did not. In a setting such as China where universal use of DOT is not feasible, innovative approaches to support patients in adhering to TB treatment, such as this, are needed. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN46846388


Purpose: Adoptive transfer of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–specific and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) induces objective tumor responses in clinical trials. In vivo expansion and persistence of these cells are crucial to achieve sustained clinical responses. We aimed to develop an off-the-shelf whole-cell vaccine to boost CAR-redirected virus-specific CTLs in vivo after adoptive transfer. As proof of principle, we validated our vaccine approach by boosting CMV-specific CTLs (CMV-CTLs) engineered with a CAR that targets the GD2 antigen. Experimental Design: We generated the whole-cell vaccine by engineering the K562 cell line to express the CMV-pp65 protein and the immune stimulatory molecules CD40L and OX40L. Single-cell–derived clones were used to stimulate CMV-CTLs in vitro and in vivo in a xenograft model. We also assessed whether the in vivo boosting of CAR-redirected CMV-CTLs with the whole-cell vaccine enhances the antitumor responses. Finally, we addressed potential safety concerns by including the inducible safety switch caspase9 (iC9) gene in the whole-cell vaccine. Results: We found that K562-expressing CMV-pp65, CD40L, and OX40L effectively stimulate CMV-specific responses in vitro by promoting antigen cross-presentation to professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Vaccination also enhances antitumor effects of CAR-redirected CMV-CTLs in xenograft tumor models. Activation of the iC9 gene successfully induces growth arrest of engineered K562 implanted in mice. Conclusions: Vaccination with a whole-cell vaccine obtained from K562 engineered to express CMV-pp65, CD40L, OX40L and iC9 can safely enhance the antitumor effects of CAR-redirected CMV-CTLs. Clin Cancer Res; 21(13); 2952–62. ©2015 AACR.


Estimating the cardinality (number of distinct elements) of a large multiset is a classic problem in streaming and sketching, dating back to Flajolet and Martin's classic Probabilistic Counting (PCSA) algorithm from 1983. In this paper we study the intrinsic tradeoff between the space complexity of the sketch and its estimation error in the random oracle model. We define a new measure of efficiency for cardinality estimators called the Fisher-Shannon (Fish) number H/I. It captures the tension between the limiting Shannon entropy (H) of the sketch and its normalized Fisher information (I), which characterizes the variance of a statistically efficient, asymptotically unbiased estimator. Our results are as follows. (i) We prove that all base-q variants of Flajolet and Martin's PCSA sketch have Fish-number H0/I0 ≈ 1.98016 and that every base-q variant of (Hyper)LogLog has Fish-number worse than H0/I0, but that they tend to H0/I0 in the limit as q→ ∞. Here H0,I0 are precisely defined constants. (ii) We describe a sketch called Fishmonger that is based on a smoothed, entropy-compressed variant of PCSA with a different estimator function. It is proved that with high probability, Fishmonger processes a multiset of [U] such that at all times, its space is O(log2logU) + (1+o(1))(H0/I0)b ≈ 1.98b bits and its standard error is 1/√b. (iii) We give circumstantial evidence that H0/I0 is the optimum Fish-number of mergeable sketches for Cardinality Estimation. We define a class of linearizable sketches and prove that no member of this class can beat H0/I0. The popular mergeable sketches are, in fact, also linearizable.


Purpose

This research enlarges the debate on the operations management strategies pursued by manufacturing companies. The purpose of this paper is to focus on issues concerning servitisation and customisation, enterprise resource planning (ERP) and Lean-agile, supply chain orchestration, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and Lean for design management.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire of eight questions which stemmed from a literature review was completed by 152 senior operations managers from 120 large European manufacturing companies. Responses were scaled from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The results were tested for reliability using Cronbach's α test. The questions were tested through a one-sample t-test.

Findings

The 152 respondents consider servitisation and standardisation to be a trade-off. They consider integration of ERP strategies with Lean and agile systems and customised products/processes to be difficult. Furthermore, suppliers' orchestration is considered not that suitable for manufacturing companies and suppliers' CSR performance measurement excessive. By contrast, a CSR internal performance measurement is helpful for increasing sales. The respondents also indicate that there is a lack of Lean tools for design and development processes and Six Sigma is the only strategy for improving quality performance in design and development processes.

Research limitations/implications

The findings are applicable only to the manufacturing sector. The findings of this research indicate many avenues of research for scholars.

Practical implications

The findings can be very useful for manufacturing operations managers deciding their future strategies on operations.

Originality/value

Findings related to servitisation and customisation, ERP and Lean-agile, supply orchestration for manufacturing companies and Lean and agile for product design are original and open a valuable debate.


It is a remarkable fact of American constitutional practice that we cannot agree on a methodology of constitutional interpretation. What can explain our disagreement? Is it the product of a deeper, principled dispute about the meaning of constitutional law? Or is it just a veneer – a velvet curtain obscuring what is really a back-room brawl over political outcomes?This Article suggests that these, in essence, are the only viable possibilities. Either we disagree about interpretation because we disagree (or are confused) about constitutional authority – about why the Constitution binds us in the first place; or we disagree because we disagree politically about the particular results of using one methodology versus another.The Article contends that methods of interpretation must be defended by reference to accounts of constitutional authority. It takes as its case in point the family of interpretive approaches known as originalism, which favors the resolution of constitutional issues according to a meaning fixed at the Framing. Originalism is an apt case study because it currently is ascendant in both academic theory and judicial practice and, not incidentally, because it often is suspected of being a cover for controversial political commitments.The Article illustrates the relationship between interpretation and authority by assessing the "natural rights" defense of an originalist Constitution offered by the influential New Originalist Randy Barnett. Barnett's account fails, the Article contends, because it cannot explain the authority of the Constitution it purports to justify. But its failure underscores the centrality of authority to methods of interpretation.The Article then examines three general accounts of constitutional authority that might be thought to entail originalism. Accounts based on "consent" or "popular sovereignty," while rhetorically appealing, lack any basis in the realities of modern society. Accounts based on what the Article terms "Moral Guidance" – the supposedly superior wisdom of the Framing process – are both descriptively implausible and conceptually problematic. Only accounts based on "Dispute Resolution," such as the well-known "Footnote Four" approach from the Supreme Court's Carolene Products decision, can overcome the fatal flaws of these other accounts. But Dispute Resolution can support only a selective, modest use of originalism.Originalists, then, are left with a choice, the Article concludes. They can moderate their interpretive methodology as the Footnote Four approach suggests. Or they can insist on thoroughgoing originalism – with nothing to back it up but the bare desire for politically controversial results.


In monetary unions, economically integrated countries pegged their exchange rates and abandon their monetary independency by adopting a union wide currency and central bank. In this vein, the theory of monetary union specifies criteria to overcome the loss of monetary policy autonomy. The mostly cited monetary union today is European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). EMU was constituted with Maastricht Treaty. This treaty envisaged the monetary union by 1999. However, EMU is not the first monetary union experience. There have been plenty of other monetary union experiences. We observe some monetary union experiences parallel to forming nation states or as a consequence of economic integration. Some of these unions have prospered, but some come to an end. In these circumstances, the prosperity of EMU has always been discussed. This study is aiming to contribute this debate by analyzing the other monetary union experiences. According to the findings; politic will, fiscal integration and the institutional dependency of the nations in the monetary union is vital for the survival of the monetary union.


Background The treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is well established as a daily injection of weight-adjusted low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Previous qualitative research suggesting LMWH to be acceptable in the palliative care population had several recognised limitations including selection bias and limited time on LMWH treatment. Aims To revaluate acceptability of LMWH as a long-term treatment for patients with advanced cancer and venothromboembolic disease within the context of current clinical practice. Methods A qualitative study of advanced cancer patients who had been receiving daily treatment dose of LMWH for CAT for at least 3 months. Patients were recruited from dedicated CAT clinics. Semi-structured interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis until theoretical saturation was achieved. Results Fourteen patients were interviewed who had been on LMWH for an average of 11 months (range 3–34 months). Major themes included the impact of CAT, acceptability of LMWH and practicalities of injection. Many participants described the symptoms of their CAT as more burdensome than their cancer. Despite some of the challenges described with LMWH therapy it was generally considered an acceptable treatment with the perceived benefit of prolonging life outweighing the discomfort and burden of daily injections. Participants described several practical measures they had implemented to simplify their treatment. Conclusions Long-term LMWH remains an acceptable intervention in patients with advanced cancer and venous thromboembolism. Whilst new oral anticoagulants may offer an alternative to daily injections they are yet to demonstrate non-inferiority to LMWH. LMWH therefore remains the drug of choice in the treatment of CAT in the palliative care setting.


Resume : L'histoire des etudes cinematographiques considerees en tant que discipline n'a recue que tout recemment l'attention des chercheurs. Dans un effort pour initier l'assemblage des histoires de cette discipline, cette table ronde regroupe des personnes qui furent importantes pour la fondation de programmes d'etudes au Quebec et en Ontario : Kay Armatage, Andre Gaudreault, John Locke, Peter Morris, and Maurice Yacowar. Les premiers developpements discutes incluent la cinephilie, les societes de film et les cinemas de repertoire, l'enseignement du cinema dans les departements comme ceux d'anglais, d'etudes feministes, de communication et de Beaux-Arts, les technologies comme le projecteur analytique et la video, le nationalisme ou l'internationalisme et les publications influentes. Roundtable hosted by Advanced Research Team on the History and Epistemology of Moving Images Studies (ARTHEMIS) and the Film Studies Association of Canada (FSAC), June 4th 2010, at Concordia University Participants: Kay Armatage (University of Toronto) Andre Gaudreault (Universite de Montreal) [Translation: Timothy Barnard] John Locke (Concordia University) Peter Morris (York University) Haidee Wasson (Concordia University) Maurice Yacowar (University of Calgary) Michael Zryd (York University) HAIDEE WASSON and MICHAEL ZRYD What do we know- and not know- about Canadian film studies? We know that, in general, film studies has always been in dialogue with other fields. Yet, mapping interdisciplinary links is complicated. In the context of the Canadian university, we can observe that the study of cinema happens in different departments (Cinema, English, Communications), across different faculties (Arts and Science, Humanities, Fine Arts) and with differing emphases (production, art, aesthetics, cultural studies, public policy) . To be sure, Canadian film studies has been inflected by debates about Canadian nationalism. The late 1960s and early 1970s, when film courses began to be taught and the first Canadian film programs founded, was a time when the Canadian centenary in 1967 was in full bloom and intense opposition to American imperialism was evident across a wide range of cultural and political activities. It's not surprising that Canadian film studies concentrated on, and celebrated, Canadian film. Indeed, at one extreme, Canadian film studies has been defined by the study of specifically Canadian film. This nationalism manifests in a tension palpable at past meetings of the FSAC: Is it a scholarly association for people who study Canadian film or a scholarly association for people who study film in Canada? Parallel tensions manifest at the level of scholarly training and disciplinary formation. Most faculty members working in Canada who received a doctoral degree in film studies, received this degree from somewhere outside of Canada (usually the US or the UK). For those trained in Canada, degrees have been granted by interdisciplinary programs like York's Social and Political Thought program or McGill's Art History and Communication program, to name two prominent examples. That is, we have either been trained internationally or interdisciplinarily - or both. Another observation to be made about Canadian film studies is the gulf between scholarship in English-Canada and Quebec, a linguistic, cultural but also methodological gulf stemming from different scholarly traditions. These tensions have not been prominent in published histories addressing the history of film studies in other national contexts. We do know that studying films at universities from the 1920s through the 1940s was characterized by many, but generally isolated, sites of educational activity. Films were screened for educational purposes in film societies, cine clubs, art museums, and women's organizations but also in University-based departments as diverse as psychology, geography, business, foreign language, and drama throughout the U. …


The duty of states to settle their disputes peacefully and in accordance with international law is emphasized in a number of important provisions enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and state practices. Adjudication is one among a range of existing means of pacific settlement of disputes. This article analyses the role of international adjudication in conflict resolution. With the focus on the DRC conflict, the article critically examines the role of such international judicial bodies as the ICJ, the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals-the ICTFY and ICTR, the International Criminal Court (ICC), and other judicial bodies involved in resolving armed conflicts. The ICJ decision in the Case Concerning Armed Activities in the Territory of the Congo, the ongoing case of Thomas Lubanga before the ICC, and cases from other international judicial tribunals were taken as case studies, to argue that much as the adjudicatory role of international judicial bodies is a crucial method in pacific settlement of international disputes, it is unlikely to suit armed conflicts situations. The article points to the preclusion of the ICJ from adjudicating the other cases brought by the DRC against Rwanda and Burundi as an illustration of jurisdictional limitations of judicial bodies in adjudication of armed conflicts situations. It however, stresses that the very outcome of the 2005 ICJ decision in the Democratic Republic of Congo vs. Uganda case is another clear limb of such shortcomings. Without getting into detailed discussions of theories of compliance with international law, the article further discusses the question of compliance with decisions of international judicial bodies, in the light of previous state practices. Since there are no established enforcement mechanisms in the international system akin to those in national legal systems, the question whether such decisions are complied with, remains at the mercy of condemned states. In the final analyses, the author points to the current weaknesses and limitations of the international legal system as a whole, in the administration of justice generally, and in the adjudication of armed conflicts in particular.


Here is the eagerly awaited new edition of "The Oxford Book of American Poetry", brought completely up-to-date and dramatically expanded by poet David Lehman. It is a rich, capacious volume, featuring the work of more than 200 poets - almost three times as many as the 1976 edition. With a succinct and often witty head note introducing each author, it is certain to become the definitive anthology of American poetry for our time. Lehman has gathered together all the works one would expect to find in a landmark collection of American poetry, from Whitman's "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" to Stevens' "The Idea of Order at Key West", and from Eliot's "The Waste Land" to Ashbery's "Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror". But, equally important, the editor has significantly expanded the range of the anthology. The book includes not only writers born since the previous edition, but also many fine poets overlooked in earlier editions or little known in the past, but highly deserving of attention. The anthology confers legitimacy on the Objectivist poets; the so-called Proletariat poets of the 1930s; famous poets who fell into neglect or were the victims of critical backlash (Edna St. Vincent Millay); poets whose true worth has only become clear with the passing of time (Weldon Kees). Among poets missing from Richard Ellmann's 1976 volume, but published here are: W. H. Auden, Charles Bukowski, Donald Justice, Carolyn Kizer, Kenneth Koch, Stanley Kunitz, Emma Lazarus, Mina Loy, Howard Moss, Lorine Niedecker, George Oppen, James Schuyler, Elinor Wylie, and Louis Zukosky. Many more women are represented: outstanding poets, such as Josephine Jacobsen, Josephine Miles, May Swenson. Numerous African-American poets receive their due, and unexpected figures, such as the musicians Bob Dylan, Patti Smith and Robert Johnson have a place in this important work. This stunning collection redefines the great canon of American poetry from its origins in the 17th century right up to the present. It is a must-have anthology for anyone interested in American literature and a book that is sure to be consulted, debated, and treasured for years to come.


It is shown that the coexistence of toroidally nonlocalized ideal-hydromagnetic ballooning instabilities, with a quasidiscrete spectrum, and toroidally localized ballooning instabilities with a broad continuous spectrum, as predicted by Dewar and Glasser [Phys. Fluids 26, 3038 (1983)] can be realized in a Mercier-unstable equilibrium case modeling the Large Helical Device (LHD) [A. Iiyoshi et al., Fusion Technol. 17, 148 (1990)] with a broad pressure profile. The quasidiscrete, interchange branch corresponds to extended modes that can be understood on the basis of a ripple-averaged ballooning equation, whereas the broad-continuum, ballooning branch corresponds to modes localized along a flux tube. The physical origin of the two branches is discussed.


The second part of this 2-part series on how to interpret qualitative research addresses, "what are the results," and, "how do they help me care for my patients?" Qualitative analysis is a process of summarizing and interpreting data to develop theoretical insights that describe and explain social phenomena such as interactions, experiences, roles, perspectives, symbols, and organizations. Key results are often illustrated with excerpts from interview transcripts, field notes, or documents. The results of a qualitative research report are best understood as an empirically based contribution to ongoing dialogue and exploration. Empirically based theory evolves from a process of exploration, discovery, analysis, and synthesis. Each concept should be defined carefully in a way that is meaningful to the reader. Concepts should be adequately developed and illustrated when theoretical conclusions are drawn. Arguments should be explained and justified. The qualitative research report ideally should address how the findings relate to other theories in the field. The qualitative study can provide a useful road map for understanding and navigating similar social settings interactions, or relationships. JAMA. 2000;284:478-482


Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious diseases in the world. The disease is commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria which are capable of rapidly spreading through droplet transmission. In developing countries, poverty and malnutrition cause immunodeficiency which is considered as the main risk factor for the incidence of TB. Treatment of TB has been proven to be difficult because treatment options are very limited and found to be expensive specifically in developing countries. Moreover, the existence of extensively drug-resistant TB phenomena is frequently happening in these countries because of mishandling treatments used for this disease. In Indonesia, the traditional herbal medicine, namely, jamu, has been utilized since a long time ago to treat diseases including TB. The present study by using computational methods found that there are many active compounds that can bound and influence proteins responsible for TB pathogenesis. Besides, these compounds have the potency to modulate the host immune system. The current chapter discussed the possible interaction of the antioxidant compounds with the chelating potential to form a complex with transitional metal as the central atom. In the perspective of bioinorganic chemistry, this complex has a scavenging activity which is expected to have a role in overcoming energy management of the host cell during infection pathogenesis. It is important to involve bioinorganic chemistry in energy management during infection, correlated with impairing of niacin metabolism of the host cell in which the host cell mitochondria cannot competitively gain free radicals during infection. This phenomenon is the main reason to propose herbal medicine as a source of niacin and provide a proper environment for gastrointestinal commensal microbiota to treat and govern protection from TB infection.


The increase in the consumption of animal products is likely to put further pressure on the world's freshwater resources. This paper provides a comprehensive account of the water footprint of animal products, considering different production systems and feed composition per animal type and country. Nearly one-third of the total water footprint of agriculture in the world is related to the production of animal products. The water footprint of any animal product is larger than the water footprint of crop products with equivalent nutritional value. The average water footprint per calorie for beef is 20 times larger than for cereals and starchy roots. The water footprint per gram of protein for milk, eggs and chicken meat is 1.5 times larger than for pulses. The unfavorable feed conversion efficiency for animal products is largely responsible for the relatively large water footprint of animal products compared to the crop products. Animal products from industrial systems generally consume and pollute more ground- and surface-water resources than animal products from grazing or mixed systems. The rising global meat consumption and the intensification of animal production systems will put further pressure on the global freshwater resources in the coming decades. The study shows that from a freshwater perspective, animal products from grazing systems have a smaller blue and grey water footprint than products from industrial systems, and that it is more water-efficient to obtain calories, protein and fat through crop products than animal products.


Exposure to increased temperature can damage cells, and individual cells respond to heat shock by synthesizing protective chaperone proteins that help maintain proper protein folding. Prahlad et al. report experiments in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that show an organism-wide, rather than cell-autonomous, response to heat shock. Synthesis of heat shock proteins was inhibited in animals carrying mutations that disrupt the function of a sensory neuron previously known to respond to increased temperature and influence behavior. The heat shock response was also altered in response to dauer pheromone, which regulates growth and metabolism. Thus, C. elegans appears to possess a regulatory system that coordinates the organismal heat shock response with multiple environmental cues. V. Prahlad, T. Cornelius, R. I. Morimoto, Regulation of the cellular heat shock response in Caenorhabditis elegans by thermosensory neurons. Science 320, 811-814 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The sociologies of cultural participation, fashion and alcohol are not often connected systematically, but conjoining them can indicate wider patterns of socio-cultural change. Cultural participation is not usually modelled through changes in alcohol consumption patterns. Alcohol trends across Europe over the last 30 years involve marked decreases in wine consumption in wine-producing countries, and simultaneous marked consumption increases in non-wine-producing countries. These trends are products and indices of, as well as contributors to, various forms of post-industrial social change. The analysis of which groups drink which alcoholic (or non-alcoholic) drinks over time can reveal a great deal about cultural participation dynamics. This is so in that drinking wine can be understood as participation in cosmopolitan cultures. Moreover, wine may be drunk both at traditional high cultural events enjoyed by older, higher status groups, such as opera, and at trendier events aimed at younger groups possessed of other types of capital. Such issues have not been mapped enough by cultural sociologists, while alcohol researchers tend to focus on alcohol consumption as a social problem among marginalised groups. Opening such a research agenda is the first aim of this paper.

The second aim is to consider the current claim that the trends noted above have involved a "democratization" of wine-drinking in traditionally non-wine-producing countries, such as the Nordics, UK and Ireland, with many more people, especially from lower social backgrounds, participating in wine drinking and in "wine worlds". We show that such claims about "democratization" - also made about sartorial fashion by fashion sociologists in the late 1990s – are problematic. This is because simultaneous trends, themselves difficult to model adequately, towards wine fashions, often work to de-democratize wine and reinstate consumption hierarchies, through erecting novel symbolic boundaries.


This study describes perceptions and experiences of drug use among 32 women residing in three non-urban counties in eastern North Carolina. Participants described drug use in their families and communities as pervasive, citing both individual (e.g., depression) and systemic (e.g., few opportunity structures) causal factors. Participants with personal drug use histories described factors that helped them reduce drug use as well as the challenges of maintaining recovery in small communities. Contributions of this research include rural women's assessment and attribution of drug use problems in both their personal lives and  larger communities. Recommendations for rural drug treatment providers are offered.


This paper addresses two hot topics of the contemporary debate, social capital and economic growth. Our theoretical analysis sheds light on decisive but so far neglected issues: how does social capital accumulate over time? Which is the relationship between social capital, technical progress and economic growth in the long run? The analysis shows that the economy may be attracted by alternative steady states, depending on the initial social capital endowments and cultural exogenous parameters representing the relevance of social interaction and trust in well-being and production. When material consumption and relational goods are substitutable, the choice to devote more and more time to private activities may lead the economy to a "social poverty trap", where the cooling of human relations causes a progressive destruction of the entire stock of social capital. In this case, the relationship of social capital with technical progress is described by an inverted U-shaped curve. However, the possibility exists for the economy to follow a virtuous trajectory where the stock of social capital endogenously and unboundedly grows. Such result may follow from a range of particular conditions, under which the economy behaves as if there was no substitutability between relational activities and material consumption.


Recently, batch-mode active learning has attracted a lot of attention. In this paper, we propose a novel batch-mode active learning approach that selects a batch of queries in each iteration by maximizing a natural mutual information criterion between the labeled and unlabeled instances. By employing a Gaussian process framework, this mutual information based instance selection problem can be formulated as a matrix partition problem. Although matrix partition is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, we show that a good local solution can be obtained by exploiting an effective local optimization technique on a relaxed continuous optimization problem. The proposed active learning approach is independent of employed classification models. Our empirical studies show this approach can achieve comparable or superior performance to discriminative batch-mode active learning methods.


It is now a common practice for e-commerce Web sites to enable their customers to write reviews of products that they have purchased. Such reviews provide valuable sources of information on these products. They are used by potential customers to find opinions of existing users before deciding to purchase a product. They are also used by product manufacturers to identify problems of their products and to find competitive intelligence information about their competitors. Unfortunately, this importance of reviews also gives good incentive for spam, which contains false positive or malicious negative opinions. In this paper, we make an attempt to study review spam and spam detection. To the best of our knowledge, there is still no reported study on this problem.


Cross-blended hypsometric tints locally adjust colors to match the differing natural environments of world regions. This paper presents the results of a survey comparing cross-blended hypsometric tints with conventional hypsometric tints. Over 200 participants in the US and Switzerland/Germany were asked to identify the meaning of color on both types of hypsometric maps. The survey revealed significant differences between map readers in the US and the two European countries, and a general difficulty to correctly interpret hypsometric colors. Most participants perceived hypsometric tints as representing both topography (elevation and land forms) and environmental phenomena.


Gi-Fi is one of the most important wireless technology that enhances our personal environment, either work or private, by means of networking or a variety of personal and wearable devices within the space and with the outside world. In optical fibers, Gi-Fi played an important role for its high speed large files transfers within seconds. It is a scalable wireless platform for constructing alternative and complementary broadband networks and it operates at 60 GHz on the CMOS process. It will also allow the transfer of wireless audio and video files within a range of 10 meters. The installation of cables in optical fiber caused a greater difficulty and thus led to wireless access. Initially wireless technology includes infrared which was a very slow technology further inventions were done to make wireless technology a better for communication and the invention of Bluetooth, WI-MAX moved wireless communication to a new era.


Backgrounds/Objective Schistosomiasis is still a major public health problem in China, despite the fact that the government has implemented a series of strategies to prevent and control the spread of the parasitic disease. Advanced warning and reliable forecasting can help policymakers to adjust and implement strategies more effectively, which will lead to the control and elimination of schistosomiasis. Our aim is to explore the application of a hybrid forecasting model to track the trends of the prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans, which provides a methodological basis for predicting and detecting schistosomiasis infection in endemic areas. Methods A hybrid approach combining the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and the nonlinear autoregressive neural network (NARNN) model to forecast the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the future four years. Forecasting performance was compared between the hybrid ARIMA-NARNN model, and the single ARIMA or the single NARNN model. Results The modelling mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the ARIMA-NARNN model was 0.1869×10−4, 0.0029, 0.0419 with a corresponding testing error of 0.9375×10−4, 0.0081, 0.9064, respectively. These error values generated with the hybrid model were all lower than those obtained from the single ARIMA or NARNN model. The forecasting values were 0.75%, 0.80%, 0.76% and 0.77% in the future four years, which demonstrated a no-downward trend. Conclusion The hybrid model has high quality prediction accuracy in the prevalence of schistosomiasis, which provides a methodological basis for future schistosomiasis monitoring and control strategies in the study area. It is worth attempting to utilize the hybrid detection scheme in other schistosomiasis-endemic areas including other infectious diseases.


It has been previously reported that p110γ-deficient mice have defective T lymphocytic and neutrophil function. Now, Sasaki et al. demonstrate that p110γ, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) isoform activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), may have a role in inhibiting the progression of colon cancer. p110γ-deficient mice developed colorectal tumors and had adenomatous proliferation that correlated with increased levels of Bcl-2, cyclin D1, cdk2, and cdk4. The expression of p110γ protein was not detected in colon cancer cell lines and was reduced in most samples of human colon adenocarcinomas. Overexpression of wild-type and catalytically inactive p110γ led to reduced colony growth in vitro and to reduced tumor growth in vivo, indicating that the kinase activity of p110γ may not be important in regulating epithelial colon cell proliferation. The authors speculate that because Gα i2-deficient mice also develop colon carcinomas, this suggests that p110γ and Gαi2 interact with a GPCR that regulates colon cell proliferation and tumor growth. Sasaki, T., Irie-Sasaki, J., Horie, Y., Bachmaier, K., Fata, J.E., Li, M., Suzuki, A., Bouchard, D., Ho, A., Redston, M., Gallinger, S., Khokha, R., Mak, T.W., Hawkins, P.T., Stephens, L., Scherer, S.W., Tsao, M., and Penninger, J.M. (2000) Colorectal carcinomas in mice lacking the catalytic subunit of PI(3)Kγ. Nature 406: 897-902. [Online Journal]


An innovative institutional arrangement that incorporates the risk preferences of water users is being refined in Australia. It is especially relevant for river and reservoir management in highly variable climatic environments. Its worldwide applicability is likely to increase markedly if the forecast increases in water supply and demand variability come about because of enhanced greenhouse effects. Uncertainty about water supplies and demands caused by unpredictable climatic events is the focus here, rather than other risks such as failure of engineering structures. Four categories of uncertainty about water supply and demand in the current and immediately following seasons can be identified. These depend on the location and design of the system. For three of these, a water user's lack of control over the allocation of the current reservoir contents between use in the current season and carryover for future seasons is a major source of uncertainty and conflict under traditional, centralized reservoir management. Higher carryover means higher supply reliability as well as changed timing of supply, but it also means higher reservoir spillage and lower mean supply. Even if reservoir carryover decisions are made democratically, the outcome for individual water users is likely to become increasingly unsatisfactory as preferences become more diverse and water scarcity intensifies in the future. In contrast, the new institutional arrangement allows water users to determine their own supply reliabilities by managing their own shares of reservoir space, reservoir inflows, and downstream tributary flows. The arrangement is applicable to uses as diverse as flood control, riverflow maintenance, urban and industrial supply, wetland maintenance, pollution dilution, and irrigation. Known as `capacity sharing,' it encompasses two basic forms - percentage sharing of streamflows and priority sharing of streamflows. It allows individual users, or groups of similar users, to manage their water supplies as if each user had his own small reservoir on his own small stream. Each can manage his water supply according to his risk preferences. As well, each is encouraged to use water efficiently since any water saved in one period is his own to use later. Users can determine their water supply probabilities much more objectively, which aids long-term planning. The plan provides a superior property right for water marketing, which further promotes economic efficiency of water use and incorporation of risk preferences. Diagrams are used to explain these features.


High and rising food prices no longer come as a surprise, but rapid price changes and the cumulative effects of five years' worth of price rises are still squeezing those on low incomes. People are working harder over longer hours and their wages are not keeping pace with inflation, so they are having to adapt wherever, and however, possible. The first year results of a four-year study on how food price volatility affects everyday life find important changes in people's well-being and development. But in areas of life neglected by policy, domestic care work and informal social safety nets in particular, Squeezed provides reasons to prepare for the next food price spike and provides recommendations for how best to do so, including widening social assistance for the most vulnerable; being ready with temporary spike-proofing measures; monitoring the real impacts on people's lives and well-being; rethinking social protection policy to 'crowd-in' care and informal social assistance; and enabling people to participate in policies to tackle food price volatility.


Dataset for
Woolley et al., Receptor activity-modifying protein dependent and independent activation mechanisms in the coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors to Gs. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2017

Article abstract: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or adrenomedullin (AM) receptors are heteromers of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), a class B G protein-coupled receptor, and one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). How CGRP and AM activate CLR and how this process is modulated by RAMPs is unclear. We have defined how CGRP and AM induce Gs-coupling in CLR-RAMP heteromers by measuring the effect of targeted mutagenesis in the CLR transmembrane domain on cAMP production, modeling the active state conformations of CGRP and AM receptors in complex with the Gs C-terminus and conducting molecular dynamics simulations in an explicitly hydrated lipidic bilayer. The largest effects on receptor signaling were seen with H295A5.40b, I298A5.43b, L302A5.47b, N305A5.50b, L345A6.49b and E348A6.52b, F349A6.53b and H374A7.47b (class B numbering in superscript). Many of these residues are likely to form part of a group in close proximity to the peptide binding site and link to a network of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues, which undergo rearrangements to facilitate Gs binding. Residues closer to the extracellular loops displayed more pronounced RAMP or ligand-dependent effects. Mutation of H374A to alanine increased AM potency 100-fold in the CGRP receptor. The molecular dynamics simulation showed that TM5 and TM6 pivoted around TM3. The data suggest that hydrophobic interactions are more important for CLR activation than other class B GPCRs, providing new insights into the mechanisms of activation of this class of receptor. Furthermore the data may aid in the understanding of how RAMPs modulate the signaling of other class B GPCRs.


From yellow fever to smallpox to polio to AIDS to COVID-19, epidemics have prompted Americans to make choices and answer questions about their basic values and their laws In five concise chapters, historian John Fabian Witt traces the legal history of epidemics, showing how infectious disease has both shaped, and been shaped by, the law Arguing that throughout American history legal approaches to public health have been liberal for some communities and authoritarian for others, Witt shows us how history's answers to the major questions brought up by previous epidemics help shape our answers today: What is the relationship between individual liberty and the common good? What is the role of the federal government, and what is the role of the states? Will long-standing traditions of government and law give way to the social imperatives of an epidemic? Will we let the inequities of our mixed tradition continue? © 2020 by John Fabian Witt All rights reserved


Acetabular dysplasia is well recognized as a potential predisposing factor to the development of hip osteoarthritis (OA). In the orthopedic literature, other dysmorphic and orientation abnormalities of the femoral head, femoral head-neck junction, and the acetabulum have been reported, with increasing frequency in recent years, under the term femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI). The studies have shown a clear association of these structural anomalies with patients' symptoms and signs, radiographic and pathologic abnormalities, and the development of degenerative hip arthritis. FAI is now believed to be a very important predisposing factor for the development of degenerative hip arthritis, particularly in younger adults. Although the results of longterm studies are awaited, the hope is that early surgical intervention in patients with FAI will change the course or prevent the development of hip OA. It is well documented that early recognition of potential FAI surgical candidates, before OA is advanced, determines the postsurgical outcome. FAI has not been reported in the rheumatology literature, but since patients with FAI likely often initially present to rheumatology clinics for assessment of hip pain, it is important for rheumatologists to be aware of this condition and refer to orthopedics when appropriate. The objective of this review is to provide an outline of the basic concepts of FAI, including clinical presentation and radiographic findings, so that rheumatologists become more familiar with this important emerging entity.


Abstract Background: Repeated arterial puncture is painful. A mathematical method exists for transforming peripheral venous pH, PCO2 and PO2 to arterial eliminating the need for arterial sampling. This study evaluates this method to monitor acid-base and oxygenation during admission for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Simultaneous arterial and peripheral venous blood was analysed. Venous values were used to calculate arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2, with these compared to measured values using Bland-Altman analysis and scatter plots. Calculated values of PO2 were assessed with previously defined rules. Differences between maximal changes of calculated and measured values were compared using a t-test, with trends analysed by inspection of plots. Results: Fifty-four patients, median age 67 years (range 62–75), were studied on average 3 days. Mean values of pH, PCO2 and PO2 were 7.432±0.047, 6.8±1.7 kPa and 9.2±1.5 kPa, respectively. Calculated and measured arterial pH and PCO2 agreed well, differences having small bias and SD (0.000±0.022 pH, –0.06±0.50 kPa PCO2), significantly better than venous blood alone. Calculated PO2 obeyed the clinical rules. Calculated values could track patients, with no significant differences in maximal changes in measured and calculated values (pH p=0.96, PCO2 p=0.62, PO2 p=0.33), and time-course plots matching quantity and pattern of change in measurements. Conclusions: This study shows that arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2 can be calculated from peripheral venous values so as to characterise changes seen during exacerbation. Application of the method has potential to reduce arterial sampling, decrease discomfort and enable venous sampling as routine practice.


In this paper, we explore the more practical aspects of building and rendering concentric mosaics. First, we use images captured with only approximately circular camera trajectories. The image sequence capture can be achieved by holding a camcorder in position and rotating the body all around. In addition, we investigate the use of variable input sampling and fidelity of scene geometry based on the level of interest (and hence quality of view synthesized) on the objects in the scene. We achieve the tolerance for minor perturbations about the exact circular camera path and variable input sampling by using and analyzing a variant of the Hough space of all captured rays. Examples using real scenes are shown to validate our approach.


We have observed 44 planetary nebulae (PNe) in the direction of the Galactic bulge, and merged our data with published ones. We have distinguished, in the merged sample of 164 PNe, those PNe most likely to prtain physically to the Galactic bulge and those most likely to belong to the Galactic disk. We have determined the chemical composition of all the 164 objects in a coherent way. We looked for stellar emission features and discovered 14 new (WR) stars and 15 new weak emission line central stars. The analyzed data led us to the following conclusions: (1) the spectral type distribution of (WR) stars is very different in the bulge and in the disk of the Galaxy. However, the observed distributions are strongly dependent on selection effects. (2) The proportion of (WR) PNe is significantly larger in the bulge than in the disk. (3) The oxygen abundances in (WR) stars do no appear to be significantly affected by nucleosynthesis and mixing in the progenitors. (4) The O/H gradient of the Galactic disk PNe population flattens in the most internal parts of the Galaxy. (5) The median oxygen abundance in the bulge PN population is larger by 0.2 dex than in the disk population seen in the direction of the bulge. (6) Bulge PNe with smaller O/ Ht end to have smaller radial velocities. (7) The oxygen abundance distribution of bulge PNe is similar in shape to that of the metallicity distribution of bulge giants, but significantly narrower. (8) The location of SB 32 (PN G 349.7-09.1) in the (Vlsr, lII )d iagram and its low oxygen abundance argues that it probably belongs to the halo population.


ABSTRACT This article deals with the relevance of self psychology to the risk assessment and treatment of individuals with exhibitionistic disorder. First, psychoanalytic explanations of this disorder are reviewed alongside explanations of other psychological approaches. Next, based on Heinz Kohut's formulations, we present a developmental explanation of exhibitionistic disorder and a model which describes its dynamics. We explain how Kohut's conceptualization of empathy as vicarious introspection can provide a better understanding of the subject's inner world during both risk assessment and the psychotherapy of exhibitionists. Finally, we discuss the interface between self psychology and the Good Lives Model, a holistic rehabilitative approach to the offender's lifestyle. This model may meet many of these patient's unfulfilled mental needs and enable them to acquire the skills essential for interpersonal and social integration.


Asymptotic expressions for both the Green's function and the wave propagator of scalar diffraction theory are derived in terms of the point characteristic of geometrical optics. These expressions are valid when the refractive index varies slowly on the scale of a wavelength. They are derived directly from the wave equation by using coincidence limits to select unique forms. The relationship between the Green's function and the propagator is discussed along with a careful treatment of their interpretation and validity.


Abstract:This article suggests that by analyzing vernacular narratives of a community through a qualitative rhetoric approach, we can attempt to understand the social construction of community in unique ways. Vernacular narratives often operate independent of, and even in opposition to, formal definitions put forward in official rhetorics about a particular community. I analyze a collection of vernacular narratives about a Rocky Mountain resort community to explore how a particular group of "locals" make sense of their highly transient community. By discussing how narratives of personal experience can translate into both collective conceptions of community and individual processes of identification, I seek to reveal how both vernacular and formal narratives of community formation can expose and reveal the taken-for-granted ways in which a particular "community" may (in)advertently be open (or closed) to changing as its members change.


In an effort to expand the small amount of criticism devoted to Hubert Selby Jr.'s work, this paper examines the character, Sara Goldfarb, in the novel, Requiem for a Dream. By focusing on the construction and destruction of Sara's identity, as well as her physical body, I primarily will look at how Selby's novel comments on culture as a "self" mediator, especially when acquired through the medium of television. I open with a brief discussion of Selby's life, particularly his relationship with the illness that made up a major part of it, and then turn to Selby's experimental style in an effort to understand how his mixing of first and third-person narrative perspectives helps the reader to see that Sara's interiority is comprised of the ideologies communicated to her through the cultural medium of television. Drawing from Ulric Neisser's "Five Kinds of Self-Knowledge," the second part of this paper examines the five selves (ecological, interpersonal, extended, private, and conceptual) that comprise Sara's subjectivity, while primarily focusing on her conceptual self and her inability to accept her current roles as a widow and "sonless" mother. In addition, I also will concentrate on television's role as a cultural mediator for Sara's identity, including discussions about the televisual utopia of entertainment and the three-orders of signification as expounded upon by John Fiske and John Hartley. After examining the construction of Sara's character, this paper will conclude with a discussion of how the same cultural factors, as well as her sense of agency, both play role in the destruction of Sara's interior and exterior selves. Thus, the primary goal of this project is to provide further insight into Requiem for a Dream, since little has been written on it, and to understand how Selby's novel comments on culture's role in the formation of an individual's "self," while simultaneously destroying it.


In this work, we consider the multiple antenna systems in which a large number of antennas occupy a given physical volume, and investigate the behavior of the capacity when increasing the number of antennas. In this regime the assumptions of the standard multiple antenna models become questionable. We introduce several new channel models that better fit this scenario and show that for such "spatially dense" multiple antenna systems, one should expect the behavior of the capacity to be qualitatively different than what the standard of multiple antenna models predict.


Although management education aims to equip students with relevant knowledge, skills and competencies, making explicit and developing the cognitive thought processes necessary for
management students to deal effectively with the current and future demands of the world of work, have been neglected. This article argues for the development of "complicated understanding"
(Bartunek, Gordon & Weathersby 1983) in management students, through cultivating academic literacy. Using mediation, reflective inquiry and reflective writing interactively, it is illustrated
how academic literacy could be promoted at the post-graduate level.


We study the role played by the standard of living during childhood on nest leaving. Using data from SHARE, we show empirically that individuals who grew up in a golden nest leave the parental home later and that education only partially mediates this effect. This relationship holds across different cultures, for both males and females, urban and rural residents. We then use a 3-period lifecycle model to show that this behaviour is consistent with standard assumptions on preferences and resources if earnings increase with age, and that habit-forming preferences reinforce the delaying effect of a golden nest on nest leaving.


Imaging systems based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy offer a range of unique modalities due to the broad bandwidth, sub-picosecond duration, and phase-sensitive detection of the terahertz pulses. Furthermore, an exciting possibility exists to combine spectroscopic characterization and/or identification with imaging because the radiation is broadband in nature. In order to achieve this, novel methods for real-time analysis of terahertz waveforms are required. Unfortunately, both the absorption and the phase delay of a transmitted terahertz pulse vary exponentially with the sample's thickness. We describe a robust algorithm for extracting both the thickness and the complex index of refraction of an unknown sample. In contrast, most spectroscopic transmission measurements require accurate knowledge of the sample's thickness to determine the optical parameters. We also investigate the limits of our method.


Hungarian leisure sports. Through a large sample quantitative on-line survey we explored university students' leisure activities, and the role personal networks could play in increasing their sporting activity. This was supplemented by the secondary analysis of over thirty interviews with key stakeholders in leisure sport. We learned that the strongest drivers for increased leisure sport activity are inner determination and the recommendation of friends and family. While team sports lose popularity, the role of networks as potential facilitators of active pastime was identified. Even individual sports bring more excitement when done in good company. In addition, we outlined a fundamental typology of leisure sport networks in Hungary. Key actors were identified and categorised across two dimensions describing the nature of the networks: the strength and the symmetry of relationships within the networks. Our current empirically based categorisation highlighted room for improvement related to some of the key actors, like leisure sports associations and unions. Overall, the economic and social rationale for networks in leisure sports was demonstrated through our analysis. The key outcomes of efficient networks could be better access to information, more professional operations and, perhaps most importantly, providing the much needed community for doing sports. The implications of our study are related to policy making trying to stimulate more leisure sport activity in modern society, as well as business ventures willing to address valid consumer needs in a developing market. Furthermore, through the application of network theory in the complex field of leisure sports may provide a framework for future analytical studies of particular topics including motivation mechanisms, organisational processes or social impact.


Based on Flege's (1995) claim that inaccurate perceptual targets may be responsible for misproductions of L2 sounds, this study investigates the relationship between perception and production of vowel paragoge by Brazilian EFL learners. Production data was obtained through the reading of sentences containingmonosyllabic target words of the form CVC followed by monosyllabic context words or silence. Perception data was obtained through an oddity discrimination test. The study involved twenty undergraduate students at the beginning level of English. Support for the perception-production relationship was provided by statistically significant correlation results. This study is innovative in that previous investigations focusing on the issue have dealt with distinctions between phonemes, whereas this deals with syllable structure and the addition of an extra phone.


Abstract In the last three decades, the Turkish economy has become much more open and market-oriented. This paper provides an account of the changes in the underlying economic institutions that have accompanied this transformation. In particular, it assesses whether or not new economic institutions have emerged that constrain the discretionary powers of the executive in the area of economic policy and whether institutional change has resulted in a more rule-based and transparent policy framework. The story that broadly emerges is that the first two decades of the neoliberal era were predominantly a period of increased discretion at the expense of rules. By contrast, after the crisis of 2000-2001 one witnesses a substantial delegation of decision-making power to relatively independent agencies, and the establishment of rules that constrain the discretion of the executive. But this transformation is not uniform across sectors, and there are divergences between the de jure rules and their de facto implementation. Moreover, there are also examples that do not fit the general trend, especially in the case of the construction industry. Finally, recent signs suggest that the government may be having second thoughts about the "excessive" independence of regulatory and policy making bodies.


We test under what circumstances boards discipline managers and whether such interventions improve performance. We exploit exogenous variation due to the staggered adoption of corporate governance laws in formerly communist countries coupled with detailed "hard" information about the board's performance expectations and "soft" information about board and CEO actions and the board's beliefs about CEO competence in 473 mostly private sector companies backed by private equity funds between 1993 and 2008. We find that CEOs are fired when the company underperforms relative to the board's expectations, suggesting that boards use performance to update their beliefs. CEOs are especially likely to be fired when evidence has mounted that they are incompetent and when board power has increased following corporate governance reforms. In contrast, CEOs are not fired when performance deteriorates due to factors deemed explicitly to be beyond their control, nor are they fired for making "honest mistakes". Following forced CEO turnover, companies see performance improvements and their investors are considerably more likely to eventually sell them at a profit.


To determine the role that foreign immigrants held in Egyptian society, the author looks in this study at what it meant to be Egyptian and how foreign immigrants differed. Her analysis covers a discussion on ethnicity, nationalism and citizenship, particularly in relation to Asiatics, Syrians, Libyans, Nubians, Minoans, and Indians. Selected catalogues of finds and other material illustrate to these 7 groups of 'foreigners'.


The raio of the xanthophylll pigments diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin to chlorophyll a [(DD+DT}:Chl a] was used as a photoadaptive index during the development of a large Antarctic diatom bloom. This index was found to track fluctuations in the incident solar irradiance and the in situ light field over a 3 order magnitude change in the water column biomass. Depth profiles of the (DD+DT}:Chl a ratio showed that the upper mixed layer, assessed by physical data, was in fact stable over the course of the month. Diel experiments conducted over the same period showed a delayed (5–8 h) response of the DD+DT pool to the instantaneous Qpar (400–700 nm) irradiance. These time series results illustrate the potential use of xanthophyll pigmnents in assessing phytoplankton light histories and the degree of water column stability.


It is estimated that 1% of the Zimbabwean population is blind with half of these cases being attributed to causes other than cataracts and that 80% of these causes are avoidable. A cross sectional survey was carried out in Chiota, Zimbabwe aiming to investigate the factors leading to an increase in the prevalence of eye diseases in the 14-40 years age group. A total of 53 males and 47 females took part in the study. The mean age was 28 years (SD 6.24). 85% of the participants earned a monthly income less than USD 100. 71% of the participants reported having a history of eye disease. There was an association between occupation and belief of being at risk of eye diseases (p=0.0008). Losing one's job (83.3%) and the belief that healthy eyes were the basis for survival (82.9%) were the major reasons why eye diseases were viewed as severe. A significant association between reporting to the hospital and sex was observed (p=0.003). Both males and females resorted to self treatment. There was an association between employment status and having had an eye disease (p=0.014) with farmers (69%) and artisans (14.1%) being the most affected. An association existed between workplace and having had an eye disease in the past four months (p=0.05). There is need for a multisectoral approach in the fight to curb eye diseases in Chiota communal lands guided by the three main components of the Ottawa charter of 1986.


The aim of this investigation was to clarify the processes that
maintain self-mutilation in a sample of participants from the general
community (n = 46). Specifically, 3 comparisons were conducted for
each study.
Firstly, results obtained for male and female self-mutilation
participants were compared. The self-mutilative behaviour of males
and females traditionally has been considered to substantially differ,
although this notion has not been empirically verified. The present
investigation aimed to clarify this issue. Secondly, results from individuals who were currently
engaging in the behaviour were compared with a recovered selfmutilation
group. Self-mutilation has been considered to be a
behaviour that is extremely difficult to treat. It was anticipated that
identification of factors associated with the cessation of selfmutilation
would determine appropriate targets for treatment.
Thirdly, aspects of self-mutilation for participants who had
frequently engaged in the behaviour were compared with those who
had infrequently self-mutilated. Although it has been accepted to be
a habitual behaviour, research regarding the factors that contribute to
the development of repetitive self-mutilation has been limited. The
present investigation aimed to clarify the factors associated with the
development of a repetitive pattern of self-mutilation. Where appropriate, comparisons between self-mutilation and
non-self-mutilation groups were made. Five studies were conducted. Initially, details regarding this sample's self-mutilative
behaviour were determined via structured interview. The nature
and extent of self-mutilation described by the present sample was
consistent with previous reports indicating the generalisability of
subsequent results. The self-mutilative behaviour of male and
female and current and recovered participants was comparable.
Secondly, a range of psychometric measures were used to
investigate the symptomatology associated with self-mutilation.
Self-mutilation participants evidenced greater symptomatology than
control participants. Limited sex differences were demonstrated. As
expected, symptom severity and psychological distress were
associated with repetitive self-mutilation. No significant differences
between current and recovered self-mutilation participants were
demonstrated for type or degree of symptoms presently experienced.
However, the recovered group were significantly less distressed
regarding the presence of symptoms. Results indicated that selfmutilation
is not mediated by symptom severity alone. Investigation
of behavioural motivation and the specific processes associated with
the self-mutilative act were required in order to clarify the factors
that maintain self-mutilation. Using a self-report measure, the third study investigated
motivations for self-mutilation. Tension reduction was the primary
motive reported for engaging in the behaviour. In particular,
motivations for infrequent self-mutilation were not well defined. Results indicated that tension reduction associated with selfmutilation
was maintaining the behaviour.
The fourth study investigated the specific tension reduction
aspects of self-mutilation. Psychophysiological and psychological
responses to self-mutilation were assessed using guided imagery
depicting the self-mutilative act presented in stages (Haines,
Williams, Brain & Wilson, 1995). Results demonstrated that selfmutilation
is an effective tension reducing mechanism. For those
who were currently engaging in the behaviour, imagery depicting the
act triggered an immediate reduction in psychophysiological arousal
and unpleasant feelings. However, the recovered group interpreted
self-mutilation as psychologically distressing even though a
significant psychophysiological arousal reduction was evident with
commission of the act. No significant differences in the strength of
psychophysiological arousal reduction associated with selfmutilation
were evident between frequent and infrequent selfmutilation
groups, however the psychological benefits of the act for
the infrequent group were limited. These results indicated that
factors other than tension reduction maintain the behaviour.
Using a self-report measure developed by the author, the final
study investigated whether cognitive rehearsal of self-mutilation
contributed to the performance of the behaviour. Results indicated
that individuals do engage in cognitive rehearsal of self-mutilation
and that this rehearsal contributes to the maintenance of selfmutilative
behaviour. In summary, results of this investigation have contributed to
the understanding of the complex nature of the precipitants of selfmutilation.
These results also have indicated that the purpose of the
behaviour itself is quite straightforward. Implications of results for
the management of self-mutilation are discussed and directions for
future research are suggested.


The focus of this dissertation lies in the theoretical description of electrical field- and mechanical stress-induced phase transitions and their influence on the material behavior of ferroelectric single crystals, polycrystals and composite materials. Phase transitions are interesting phenomena that lead to improved properties of the ferroelectric material.
The motivation for this work is presented in the first Chapter. Chapter 2 gives a short introduction on the basic formalism of electrostatics and continuum mechanics, which are the foundations of material models of ferroelectrics. In addition, some fundamentals of crystallography will be discussed to understand the atomistic reason of the ferroelectric effect. In the first part of Chapter 3, a two dimensional Landau type model is presented, which is used to study electrical field-induced tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transitions in arbitrary ferroelectric single crystal materials. The Landau energy landscape was varied to examine the influence of the switching energies and the polarization rotation path on the predicted phase transition field. In the second part, the model is expanded to three dimensions. Landau parameters from literature were used to predict the tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition behavior of BaTiO3. Large signal measurements on single crystalline BaTiO3 were performed to verify the model and to compare the predictive capabilities of the various Landau potentials. In Chapter 4, the Landau model is further expanded to describe polycrystalline ferroelectrics like Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 under uniaxial compressive strain and electric field. In contrast to micro-mechanical models, the Landau energy model intrinsically considers tetragonal to rhombohedral phase transitions. These induced transitions provide a good explanation for the exceptional switching strain of rhombohedral Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 compositions close to the MPB.
Chapter 5 and 6 elucidate a different type of field-induced phase transition. Novel lead free materials, such as BNT-6BT-2KNN, show exceptional unipolar usable strain values that are larger than Pb(Zr,Ti)O3. Without any applied field these materials show nearly no remanent polarization and strain. Internal mechanisms prohibit the development of long-range interactions between the unit cells, so that the system decays in a disordered nano-domain state. Unfortunately, the fields that are required to induce a phase transition to a polar phase are too high for most applications. A composite structure with a chemical compatible ferroelectric material is used to decrease the required electric field. Two models are proposed to predict the dielectric behavior of a composite from the behavior of both components. In Chapter 5 the composite is replaced by a series configuration of two nonlinear hysteretic capacitors. The model is verified by comparing the results to experimental data from composite samples, and used to identify optimal material parameter combination for future materials. In the second model that is presented in Chapter 6, a two dimensional phase field implementation is expanded by a material model for the high strain material. In contrast to the previous case, this model allows one to study the influence of the microstructure on the composite effect. The model is then applied to test cases to demonstrate its capabilities.


The increase in bus transit ridership along with the proliferation of personal electronic control and communication gadgets is causing more distractions for the drivers. For transit vehicles, some distractions are caused by factors beyond the driver's control such as operating additional equipment, attending to passengers, and communicating with the operations center. Several driver distraction studies have been conducted for personal vehicles and commercial vehicles. But bus transit driver distraction has received limited attention in the literature even though bus transit accidents may cause more injuries due to larger number of passengers. Hence, their distraction is not clearly understood; furthermore, no established methodology is available to conduct a detailed study at a transit agency because of inadequate research in the field. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed modular research framework for studying bus transit driver distractions. The framework provides a transit agency with a set of standardized methodologies for studying distraction over a wide range of cost and time intervals. An agency may choose one or more modules to suit their study requirements. The modules for data collection, analysis, validation, and interpretation and usage of results are designed on the basis of in-depth studies and tests at transit agencies in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The paper provides a detailed process and a set of guidelines to study bus transit driver distraction which will make it easier for any transit agency to conduct such a study. The results of the bus transit driver distraction studies could be used for training bus drivers to mitigate distraction and assist state and city governments to formulate effective regulations to control distracted driving.


The accelerating marks of climate change on coral-reef ecosystems, combined with the recognition that traditional management measures are not efficient enough to cope with climate change tempo and human footprints, have raised a need for new approaches to reef restoration. The most widely used approach is the "coral gardening" tenet; an active reef restoration tactic based on principles, concepts, and theories used in silviculture. During the relatively short period since its inception, the gardening approach has been tested globally in a wide range of reef sites, and on about 100 coral species, utilizing hundreds of thousands of nursery-raised coral colonies. While still lacking credibility for simulating restoration scenarios under forecasted climate change impacts, and with a limited adaptation toolkit used in the gardening approach, it is still deficient. Therefore, novel restoration avenues have recently been suggested and devised, and some have already been tested, primarily in the laboratory. Here, I describe seven classes of such novel avenues and tools, which include the improved gardening methodologies, ecological engineering approaches, assisted migration/colonization, assisted genetics/evolution, assisted microbiome, coral epigenetics, and coral chimerism. These are further classified into three operation levels, each dependent on the success of the former level. Altogether, the seven approaches and the three operation levels represent a unified active reef restoration toolbox, under the umbrella of the gardening tenet, focusing on the enhancement of coral resilience and adaptation in a changing world.


Background: Third- and fourth-degree tears are associated with significant pain, discomfort and impact on quality of life and intimate relationships. Australian women experience comparatively higher rates of third- and fourth-degree tears relative to countries of similar economic development. All Aims: We aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature, published over the past 5 years, to identify the best ways to prevent and manage third- and fourth-degree perineal tears in Australian maternity centres. Materials and Methods: We searched the literature using the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Maternity and Infant Care Database and Google Scholar for articles published since 2013 using key search terms. A review of reviews was undertaken given the extensive amount of literature on this topic. Results: Twenty-six systematic reviews were identified. The most common risk factors reported in the literature for third- and fourth-degree tears, included primiparity, mother's ethnicity, large for gestational age infants and certain interventions used in labour and birth, such as, instrumental deliveries. Preventative practices with varying degrees of effectiveness and often dependant on parity included: antenatal perineal massage, different maternal birthing positions, water births, warm compresses, protection of the perineum and episiotomy for instrumental births. Conclusions: Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears are associated with immediate and long term implications for women and health systems. Evidence-based approaches can reduce the number of women who sustain a severe perineal tear and alleviate the associated disease burden for those who do.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Despite its low incidence, aspiration of pulmonary gastric contents may have devastating consequences. Esophageal sphincter function and protective airway reflexes decrease caused by conscience depression, predisposes patients to this severe complication. This article is a review of physiological aspects associated to gastroesophageal reflux, as well as of the methods to prevent it.

CONTENTS
Comments are made about the mechanisms involved in gastric contents aspiration, its consequences and preventive methods, including recent preoperative fasting guidelines developed after review of the literature, the reasonable use of drugs acting on gastric pH and volume, and finally the effects of different airway control methods on pulmonary aspiration prevention.

CONCLUSIONS
Aspiration of pulmonary gastric contents, despite its low frequency, demands special preventive care. Recently developed preoperative fasting guidelines suggest shorter fasting periods especially for liquids, allowing more comfort to patients and less risk of hypoglycemia and dehydration, without increasing the incidence of perioperative pulmonary aspiration. The routine use of drugs decreasing gastric acidity and volume seems to be indicated only for poor risk patients. The best method to protect airways against aspiration is still tracheal intubation. Other airway control methods have been adopted, but their efficacy in preventing aspiration is lower, although representing major alternatives in cases of intubation failure.


In this paper the ionization associated with afterglowing nitrogen is examined more thoroughly than has yet been done. It is found that this ionization is completely cut off if the testing vessel is separated from the afterglow by a silica wall. The ionization cannot therefore be directly produced by light, at any rate within the range from A 1850 to the visible. No increased current is observed when the surface action of the active gas is so vigorous as to make the testing cathode (of gold) red hot. The ionization is in general nearly the same when the cathode of the testing vessel is one of the common metals or a surface coated with metaphosphoric acid. Copper, however, is an exception. While the copper is clean it gives an effect several times larger, though this soon goes off, as it becomes dull by the action of the gas. It appears therefore that though there is some surface emission of electrons, it is in most cases small compared with the volume ionization in the gas space. Comparisons are made of the number of ion pairs generated, and the number of photons emitted, per cubic centimetre at various stages as the glow dies down. At first the number of photons is m any times greater, but as the glow gets down the numbers become equal, and at intensities too low for convenient observation it is likely that the number of ion pairs may become greater than the number of photons. It is certain that the light emission and the ionization do not go down at the same rate. The latter goes down much more slowly, and gains relatively. The interpretation of this is discussed. It is found that the admission of inert nitrogen which is known to increase the (instantaneous) emission of photons, also increases the (instantaneous) ionization. It is pointed out that the ionization of nitrogen requires 15*51 V, and the presence of this ionization seems to throw much doubt on the attempts to calculate the energy of active nitrogen from the band spectrum emitted, which suggests an energy of 9*6 V.


In this paper, we propose a distributed power control algorithm for multihop ad hoc CDMA networks. The algorithm attempts to maximize the QoS of each user as well as a global network utility, given a set of routes and link schedules. By defining the local objective of each node as a summation of its own utility and that of the "bottleneck" nodes in its vicinity, users are considered partially cooperative. Since the overall QoS of a single flow is determined by the minimum received QoS among all of its subflows, the global network utility is defined only based on these bottleneck QoS's for each user.


Judge Vaughn Walker made eighty separate factual findings in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, many of them facts about gay people drawn from the testimony of plaintiffs' experts – and many are contradictory. The plaintiffs called experts who testified that gay people are virtually indistinguishable from straight people, arguing that "like things should be treated alike." The plaintiffs also called witnesses, however, who depicted gay people as a discrete class, defined by a coherent and consistent set of distinguishing traits. Plaintiffs used expert testimony to demonstrate that gay people have a higher prevalence of depression, substance abuse and suicidality due to the stress of anti-gay discrimination. Plaintiffs also called experts, however, to substantiate the psychological fitness of gay people to maintain stable and satisfying relationships and raise well-adjusted children. The Paper shows how pro-gay litigators and a sympathetic judge relied on contradictory images of gay people and imports a key insight from queer theory to illuminate the peril of such an unstable representation: none of these "facts" is logically tethered to the pro-gay cause. The Paper also argues that expertise has a history of performing a depoliticizing function in law, one that can help to legitimate counter-majoritarian action. Rights perform a similar function. Both are to be distinguished sharply from politics, which is ordinarily reserved for legislative arenas. To justify a judicial intrusion into a state marriage law requires a discourse of neutrality, which both scientific expertise and constitutional rights argumentation provide. The two discourses converge in Perry to a powerful legitimating effect, but they leave us with a highly unstable, internally riven gay subject. The importation of queer insights into legal analysis, especially insights regarding the chronic instability of the gay subject, can help us to understand the likely recurrent consequences of a law reform strategy focused on "equal rights," especially in judicial settings, which elicit discourses such as expertise and rights precisely because they aspire to neutral legal correctness.


Imazapyr is a herbicide widely used for weed control in imidazolinone‐tolerant sunflower. Imazapyr has a high potential for leaching into groundwater because it is highly water‐soluble, persistent in soil, and only weakly sorbed by soils. There is a lack of information available in Argentina concerning groundwater leaching of imazapyr. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the persistence and sorption of imazapyr in 3 Argentinean soils (Tandil, Anguil, and Cerro Azul sites). The presence and concentration of imazapyr were determined and quantified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The persistence in soils followed the order: Cerro Azul > Tandil > Anguil, with half‐life values of 121 d, 75 d, and 37 d, respectively. The half‐life of imazapyr was negatively associated with soil pH and iron and aluminum content, and was positively related to clay content. Imazapyr sorption was found to be well described by the Freundlich isotherm. Soil pH and clay, iron, and aluminum contents were the main factors affecting the sorption of imazapyr. The sorption had a limiting effect on the degradation rate. Under certain conditions, the weak sorption and high persistence may increase the movement of imazapyr in the soil profile and the risk of groundwater pollution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:29–34. © 2013 SETAC