This pioneering publication provides a Reference Guide to the significant contributions of decisions of the World Court, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and the world's most senior Court with the broadest material jurisdiction, to the development of the law of the sea as a part of the global system of peace and security. The Guide is dedicated to the Court's former President Stephen M. Schwebel in appreciation of his belief that it is important for the Court to further explore its pre-eminently unique role throughout the Third Millennium. Whereas the format of specific entries covered by this Reference Guide largely corresponds to the Parts and Annexes of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Part XI Agreement, the heading of each entry also contains, as appropriate, references to the 1930 League of Nations Hague Draft, the four 1958 UN Geneva Conventions and the 1995 UN Straddling Stocks Agreement, as well as to the 1972 UN Stockholm, the 1992 Rio UNCED and the 2002 Johannesbourg instruments. This will enable the reader to relate the Court's decisions to the respective UNCLOS provisions as originated from and as implemented by these global framework instruments at various stages of codification and progressive development of the law of the sea. The entries cover principally Judgments and Orders (including the related pleadings) of the PCIJ and the ICJ and those decisions of Arbitral Tribunals and other third party fora as well as national courts which have been relied upon in the Court's jurisprudence. In addition, the recent decisions of the ITLOS and some other fora, such as the Annex VII Southern Bluefin Tuna, Singapore v. Malaysia, Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana/Suriname and the Mox Plant Arbitral Tribunals, as well as references to treaties are also listed under specific entries as appropriate. Tables of Cases and Treaties will importantly facilitate the use of this Reference Guide. It has proven to be an indispensable tool for the Judges and governmental and other practitioners in furthering the coherent development of the law of the sea by international courts and tribunals on the one hand, and for international community of academics in the adequate assessing of this development on the other hand.


A reactor is composed of liver ferritin of Sphyrna zygaena (SZLF) and an oscillating bag. A reactive procedure for trapping various organphosphorus pesticides (OPs) with the SZLF reactor in the flowing water is described in detail, showing the maximal trapping numbers of 28 +/-1.0 dichlorovos/SZLF, 42 +/- 1.0 dimethoate/SZLF, and 55 +/- 1.0 methamido-phos/SZLF determined by a improved spectrophotometric method in 12 h. In addition, it is found that the OP numbers trapped by the reactor increase along with the incubation time and its concentration increment in the flowing water (or seawater), respectively. This trapping capacity is considered to depend on the composition of amino acids on the surface of the ferritin shell interior rather than the available volume within the shell. A novel pathway for trapping various OPs with the ferritin is suggested in reference to unstable characteristics of the protein subunits. We claim that the ferritin reactor will be employed to monitor the contamination level of various OPs in the flowing water continuously.


We present a novel and comprehensive dataset of bilateral gross and net external positions in various financial instruments for the main advanced and emerging economies and regions, designed to improve our understanding of cross-border financial linkages. The data show no strong correspondence between country or region pairs with the largest gross versus net external positions, and the importance of international financial centers, including offshore centers, in intermediating financial flows. We also highlight some important data gaps in completing a network of cross-border holdings, related to the limited available information on the size and geographical pattern of external claims and liabilities of offshore centers, oil exporters, and other mostly emerging markets.


Understanding generalization in deep learning has been one of the major challenges in statistical learning theory over the last decade. While recent work has illustrated that the dataset and the training algorithm must be taken into account in order to obtain meaningful generalization bounds, it is still theoretically not clear which properties of the data and the algorithm determine the generalization performance. In this study, we approach this problem from a dynamical systems theory perspective and represent stochastic optimization algorithms as random iterated function systems (IFS). Well studied in the dynamical systems literature, under mild assumptions, such IFSs can be shown to be ergodic with an invariant measure that is often supported on sets with a fractal structure. As our main contribution, we prove that the generalization error of a stochastic optimization algorithm can be bounded based on the `complexity' of the fractal structure that underlies its invariant measure. Leveraging results from dynamical systems theory, we show that the generalization error can be explicitly linked to the choice of the algorithm (e.g., stochastic gradient descent -- SGD), algorithm hyperparameters (e.g., step-size, batch-size), and the geometry of the problem (e.g., Hessian of the loss). We further specialize our results to specific problems (e.g., linear/logistic regression, one hidden-layered neural networks) and algorithms (e.g., SGD and preconditioned variants), and obtain analytical estimates for our bound.For modern neural networks, we develop an efficient algorithm to compute the developed bound and support our theory with various experiments on neural networks.


Determination of the nature of adsorbed gold cyanide species on activated carbon is difficult with presnetly available surface analysis techniques. Efforts toward the development of new, more specific analytical techniques are described in this paper. It is shown that static secondary ion mass spectrometry can be used for the detection of gold on carbon surfaces and for the identification of cyanide species present. The method described relies on two features: (1) the instrumentation employed utilizes pulsed secondary ion extraction, which mitigates the buildup of surface charge (a major problem in the bombardment of carbon) and permits the acquisition of the anion and cation spectra during the same analysis; (2) the surface of the carbon samples is doped with a crown ether, which results in the facile observation of Au(CN){sub 2}{sup -}, [M + crown]{sup -} (where M is Na{sup +} or K{sup +}), and in some cases Au. It is hypothesized that the crown ether facilitates the formation of gold cyanide ions by forming complexes with Na{sup +} and K{sup +} present on the surface of the charcoal, thereby loosening or freeing the Au(CN){sub 2}{sup -}. 25 refs., 5 figs.


The implications of recent decisions of the Supreme Court which have given new and expanded meanings to the procedural safeguards owing to a criminal defendant have not yet been fully realized. Most immediately, they will undoubtedly affect established practices of law enforcement agencies. An important consequence of these changes, however, may also be the extension of the right to counsel to the grand jury witness.


The paper deals with intercultural marketing, which is a combination of two different phenomena - marketing and culture. The first objective of the paper lies in providing theoretical definitions of the above-mentioned areas. Subsequently, the aim is to analyse marketing communication of the selected automotive companies and determine its efficiency on social media within the context of cultural differences and cultural forms as their manifestations. A considerable amount of literature has been published on intercultural marketing, but only a few studies have concentrated on the connection with modern communication tools – i.e. social media. The data come from a research conducted online focused on Facebook. In total 2606 posts on twenty Facebook profiles of selected automotive companies were analysed. Our findings show that the use of standardization and adaptation is not related to the efficiency of marketing communication of individual Facebook profiles. One of the factors that determine the efficiency is cultural specifics visible by cultural forms which were interpreted for each selected culture. The contribution and the originality of this paper lies in providing theoretical and practical information about cultural differences on social media not only for marketing managers operating in different cultures, but also for researchers interested in intercultural marketing.


Human fecal contamination is a crucial threat that results in difficulties in access to clean water. Enterococcus faecalis is a bacteria which is utilized as an indicator in polluted water. Nevertheless, existing strategies face several challenges, including low affinity and the need for labelling, which limit their access to large scale applications. Herein, a label-free fingerprint of the surface proteins of waterborne bacteria on a sensor was demonstrated for real-time bacteria detection from aqueous and water samples. The kinetic performance of the sensor was evaluated and shown to have a range of detection that spanned five orders of magnitude, having a low detection limit (3.4 × 104 cfu/mL) and a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9957). The sensor also designated a high selectivity while other competitor bacteria were employed. The capability for multiple usage and long shelf-life are superior to other modalities. This is an impressive surface modification method that uses the target itself as a recognition element, ensuring a broad range of variability to replicate others with different structure, size and physical and chemical properties.


ABSTRACT This paper provides new insights on the labour market discrimination faced by indigenous Australians one of the most disadvantaged indigenous populations in developed countries. Combining two large, nationally representative datasets, we decompose the employment gap between indigenous and non-indigenous populations as of 2014–2015, and show that differences in characteristics between the two groups account for only 43% of the employment gap for females, and 23% of the gap for males. We then demonstrate that statistical measures are positively related to discrimination reports of females and negatively related to discrimination reports of males. Our findings underscore the importance of improving transparency in employment processes for addressing the issue of disadvantage of racial minorities.


Example-based color transfer is a critical operation in image editing but easily suffers from some corruptive artifacts in the mapping process. In this paper, we propose a novel unified color transfer framework with corruptive artifacts suppression, which performs iterative probabilistic color mapping with self-learning filtering scheme and multiscale detail manipulation scheme in minimizing the normalized Kullback-Leibler distance. First, an iterative probabilistic color mapping is applied to construct the mapping relationship between the reference and target images. Then, a self-learning filtering scheme is applied into the transfer process to prevent from artifacts and extract details. The transferred output and the extracted multi-levels details are integrated by the measurement minimization to yield the final result. Our framework achieves a sound grain suppression, color fidelity and detail appearance seamlessly. For demonstration, a series of objective and subjective measurements are used to evaluate the quality in color transfer. Finally, a few extended applications are implemented to show the applicability of this framework.


The field of Multi-Agent System (MAS) is an active area of research within Artificial Intelligence, with an increasingly important impact in industrial and other real-world applications. Within a MAS, autonomous agents interact to pursue personal interests and/or to achieve common objectives. Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOPs) have emerged as one of the prominent agent architectures to govern the agents' autonomous behavior, where both algorithms and communication models are driven by the structure of the specific problem. During the last decade, several extensions to the DCOP model have enabled them to support MAS in complex, real-time, and uncertain environments. This survey aims at providing an overview of the DCOP model, giving a classification of its multiple extensions and addressing both resolution methods and applications that find a natural mapping within each class of DCOPs. The proposed classification suggests several future perspectives for DCOP extensions, and identifies challenges in the design of efficient resolution algorithms, possibly through the adaptation of strategies from different areas.


Council housing in Nottingham is an essential part of the city's history and identity. The slums of the nineteenth century laid the foundations for the surge of construction activity in the twentieth. Between the wars, Nottingham was recognised as one of the largest and fastest builders of council housing in the country, with huge garden city estates pushing at the city boundaries. During the 1960s and 1970s attention turned to the inner city, and by 1981 around half of Nottingham's population lived in council tenancies. The Right to Buy discount of the 1980s heralded a new era of decreasing stock, massive sales and modest rebuilding, then the birth of Nottingham City Homes in 2005 opened a new chapter in the story of Nottingham's council housing. Since 2010 Nottingham City Homes and Nottingham City Council have been building council housing again with renewed vigour and confidence.


To remain current, departments and programs offering curricula in natural resource science aim to ensure that students develop the knowledge and skills identified as being crucial by experts in the field. Texas A&M University's Ecosystem Science and Management (ESSM) Department recently completed a large-scale curricular update assisted by academic developers at the Center for Teaching Excellence (CTE) within the university. Using the comprehensive Program (Re)Design (PRD) model created by the CTE academic developers, the ESSM Department began by forming a PRD team identified from the department's faculty. This article details the process that the ESSM department utilized during their curriculum update, and provides a general overview of the PRD model. Examples of lessons learned (issues, solutions, and so forth) are also examined.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to estimate the intra EU trade value of wood products and examine the factors affecting the trade flow. A gravity model is used to estimate the factors affecting the trade flow. The study uses a panel data set, with fixed effects, on trade in two forest products between 28 EU member countries over the period 2005–2014. The forest products are woodchips and particles (HS4401) and industrial roundwood (HS4403). For HS4401, the result suggests that the GDP of both the exporting and importing countries affect the trade flow positively (0.64 and 0.36, respectively). For HS4403, the GDP of the exporting countries affect have a negative effect (−0.69), while the GDP of the importing countries have a positive effect (0.80). In a second step, the estimated parameters are used to forecast the trade up until year 2030. The forecast suggests an increase in the trade by 47 per cent. This suggests an improved efficiency in reaching the EU climate and energy targets. That is, the trade in biofuels is expected to increase due to economic growth, which in turn works towards achieving the renewable and CO2 emission targets in Europe.


Workers' Compensation is often described as a bargain between employers and employees. Employees give up the right to sue their employers in negligence for workplace injuries, and, in return, employers agree to pay predictable, statutorily mandated benefits to injured employees. Over time, this "bargain" became compulsory in every state but one. Texas is the only state in which employers and employees can decide whether or not to enter the workers' compensation bargain. This elective system has some fairly serious problems, and many have advocated its abandonment. This Note analyzes the system's history, compares the system to conventional compulsory systems, analyzes some of its weaknesses, and concludes that with some modifications, the system could be a useful model for other states interested in fostering innovation and cost reduction in their own occupational injury systems. This conclusion is based on the experience of a small but significant number of Texas employers that opt out of the workers' compensation system and yet provide, at a lower cost, substantially the same benefits to injured employees as would be available under workers' compensation. The existence of this parallel occupational injury system directly benefits those employers that are able to construct cost-saving alternative benefit programs. In addition, it has the potential to indirectly benefit even those employers that participate in the workers' compensation system as cost saving techniques innovated in the less regulated occupational injury benefits market trickle into the more highly-regulated workers' compensation market. 324 WILLIAM & MARY BUSINESS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2:323


For over a decade, University of Northampton staff and students have delivered successful STEM outreach activities, master classes and co-working opportunities to learners in schools and FE colleges. In addition, the University works with the local STEMNET contract holder to gain national recognition for staff and students STEM Ambassadors and recognises STEM Ambassadors through awards (staff and student) as part of its annual celebration of volunteer achievement. Both developments derive from a culture of empowering students as partners and enhancing the student journey. The University has developed a co-ordinated programme of training and events to empower students and staff to engage with school and community outreach. A cross-University STEM Steering Group (SSG) which features both management and grass roots-level representation from the across the University (Science and Technology, Health, Education, the Arts and its Centre for Employability and Engagement) manages the activities, including recruiting representation from the student body. As such, SSG is uniquely well-placed to champion STEM activities across the University and to make these available to the wider community. Local schools are able to access inspirational science activities, whilst University students gain employability-related skills in leadership, communication, project-delivery and self-motivation and staff gain valuable CPD. Students also identify more strongly with the University. The total package plays a major role in contributing to University aspirations in widening participation and is hugely popular with participants. This paper will outline the project and will showcase the positive enhancements which it offers to University of Northampton students and school participants.


This paper surveys overall export growth in Chile and focuses on three case studies of the emergence of successful export activities in Chile: wine, pork and blueberries. Each case study discusses how companies, associations, and governments at various levels have addressed market failures and facilitated the provision of public goods necessary for each activity. The case studies additionally profile first movers in each activity and describe the positive externalities they provide to imitators, particularly diffusion of export knowledge. Also included are counterfactual cases of a less successful firm or activity (an unsuccessful wine exporter, other types of berries, and commodity pork production rather than custom cuts, respectively) and a discussion of policy implications.


In this study, the researchers are focus on the factors that influence job performance at Ibu Pejabat P0lis Kontinjen Bukit Beruang. The purpose of the study is to examine whether there is any relationship between predictors and job performance among police officer at Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Bukit Beruang and to identify which factors of MARS Model Theory influence most towards job performance at Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Bukit Beruang. This research emphasize on the purpose of conducting by examining how several factors lead to the job performance among civil servant. In this research it also focuses on the four predictors such as motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors. For this study, the researches use the stratified sampling and from 689 populations the sampling is 250 respondents. In this research the respondent it's from seven departments which is administration, traffic, narcotic, special branch, criminals, logistic and commercial. In this study several methods used like reliability test, normality test, the Pearson Correlation and also multiple regression analysis. The findings shows that higher numbers of respondents answered the questionnaire were males. Based on the research, all the predictors have a positive relationship and can influence the job performance among the police officer. Based on the multiple regressions, it shows that ability is the most factor influenced the job performance among police officer and the lowest factors is situational factors that influence the job performance among police officer at Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Bukit Beruang.


We show in this paper that de Bruijn networks, despite providing efficient search while using constant routing table size, as well as simplicity of the understanding and implementation of such networks, are unsuitable where key distribution will be uneven, a realistic scenario for most practical applications. In presence of arbitrarily skewed data distribution, it has only recently been shown that some traditional P2P overlay networks with non-constant (typically logarithmic) instead of constant routing table size can meet conflicting objectives of storage load balancing as well as search efficiency. So this paper, while showing that de Bruijn networks fail to meet these dual objectives, opens up a more general problem for the research community as to whether P2P systems with constant routing table can at all achieve the conflicting objectives of retaining search efficiency as well as storage load balancing, while preserving key ordering (which leads to uneven key distribution).


Adaptive transmission techniques, such as adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive power control, adaptive transmitter antenna diversity, etc., usually require accurate channel estimation and feedback of channel state information (CSI). For fast vehicle speeds, reliable adaptive transmission also requires long range prediction (LRP) of future CSI since the channel conditions are rapidly time-variant. In this paper, we propose to use past channel observations of one carrier to predict future CSI and perform adaptive modulation without feedback for another correlated carrier. We develop the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) long range channel prediction algorithm that utilizes the time and frequency domain correlation function of the Rayleigh fading channel. An adaptive MMSE prediction method is also proposed. A statistical model of the prediction error that depends on the frequency and time correlation is developed and is used in the design of reliable adaptive modulation methods. We use a standard stationary fading channel model (Jakes model) and a novel physical channel model to test our algorithm. Significant gains relative to non-adaptive techniques are demonstrated for sufficiently correlated channels and realistic prediction range.


Despite well documented proof that both the number and diversity of amicus participation in state high courts has been growing, little progress has been made in determining whether or not amicus briefs influence state court outcomes or the mechanism through which this influence is exerted. By utilizing an original dataset of amicus briefs filed in all products liability cases across the fifty states from 1995-2010, this paper offers the first comprehensive analysis of amicus influence on state supreme court decision making. Capitalizing on cross-state comparisons, this paper explores existing theories of amicus influence on court outcomes while also exploring how this influence is conditioned by institutional design across states – specifically, differing methods of judicial retention. Products liability cases offer a unique opportunity to examine the effects of third-party amicus briefs on the decision-making of state high courts because the two groups that are attributed with igniting the explosion in judicial campaign spending – pro-business groups and plaintiffs' lawyers groups –often participate as amicus curiae. Using this set of cases, this paper finds that amicus brief influence is conditioned by court structure such that judges are more responsive to their ideological allies in courts where judges are free from electoral pressure. However, where courts are exposed to electoral pressures, amici influence encourages courts to render decisions that run counter to constituent ideology in favor of moneyed, corporate interests.


Abstract The taxation of non - resident economic entities supposes the establishment of an administrative framework as fair, efficient, effective and comprehensible as possible, fact due to the multifaceted nature of the concept of profits generated by an enterprise and which depend on some items as: the foundation of incomes sources, the methods of valuation and collecting taxes, as well as different rules of establishment of some tax thresholds in different situations. Taking into account the legal doctrine, as well as jurisprudence, respectively the national and international tax practices, we can notice the fact that the profits of enterprises are founded, stricto sensu, on tax declarations made by companies. Therefore, we consider very important, in this way, the technical capability of tax administrations regarding the establishment, implementation and coordination of some good practice procedures. In this article, we have tackled the treatment regarding the taxation of non - resident economic entities in Romania. The first part of the paper represents a truth caveat in which is presented and analysed the international and European theoretical framework of legal and tax treatment of non - resident economic entities. The second part of the paper represents a quid pro quo of taxing of non - resident economic entities in Romania, in which are analyzed the taxing stipulations established on national level. The final part of the article is enriched with the presentation and analysis of a particular case regarding the taxation of non - resident economic entities in Romania. The conclusion resulted from this article highlights the fact that Romania had made important steps regarding ―the adjustment‖ of national tax legislation, as well as the permanent improving of tax administration framework in the field of non - resident economic entities taxation in Romania.


In this study, it is aimed at examining the effect of work-family/ family-work conflict on organizational commitment and the mediator effect of perceived supervisor support on this relationship. The data were collected with a survey from 342 participants working in public institutions and the data were analyzed via statistical programs. As a result of the structural equation modeling, the relationship between work-family conflict and organizational commitment was found to be statistically insignificant. On the other hand, family-work conflict was found to predict organizational commitment. In this context, it was found that there was a negative and significant relationship between family-work conflict and organizational commitment. Furthermore, the findings showed that perceived supervisor support had no role in the relationship between work-family conflict and organizational commitment. On the other hand, perceived supervisor support had partial mediation role in this relationship. Consequently, results indicated that work-family conflict decreased organizational commitment and by decreasing work-family conflict, perceived supervisor support increased organizational commitment with an indirect effect. In the study, results of the findings were discussed theoretically and various implications were presented for future studies.


AIM
Although intravenous antibiotic therapy is recommended for neurologic Lyme disease, safety concerns have been raised about treatment beyond 30 days in patients with persistent neurologic symptoms. The goal of our study was to evaluate the safety of extended intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease.

METHODS
We enrolled 200 consecutive patients with significant neurologic symptoms and positive testing for Borrelia burgdorferi. Patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics using various intravascular devices (IVDs). Standard IVD care was administered to all patients, and monitoring for medication reactions and IVD complications was performed on a weekly basis.

RESULTS
The mean length of intravenous antibiotic treatment was 118 days (range, 7-750 days) representing 23,654 IVD-days. Seven patients (3.5%) experienced allergic reactions to the antibiotic medication, and two patients (1.0%) had gallbladder toxicity. IVD complications occurred in 15 patients (7.5%) representing an incidence of 0.63 per 1,000 IVD-days. The IVD problems occurred an average of 81 days after initiation of treatment (range, 7-240 days). There were six suspected line infections for an incidence of 0.25 per 1,000 IVD-days. Only one of the IVD infections was confirmed, and no resistant organisms were cultured from any patient. None of the IVD complications were fatal.

CONCLUSION
Prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy is associated with low morbidity and no IVD-related mortality in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. With proper IVD care, the risk of extended antibiotic therapy in these patients appears to be low.


Cough represents one of the most common reasons for pediatrician consultations. There are many available treatments for symptomatic relief, including honey. Despite its wide availability, there is little knowledge about its benefits. Searching in Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening 30 databases, we identified three systematic reviews including three randomized trials. We combined the evidence using meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table following the GRADE approach. We concluded the use of honey probably decreases the severity and frequency of cough, improves the quality of parent's and patient's sleep, and does not have side effects.


The paper considers some of the problems emerging from discrete wavelet analysis of popular bivariate spectral quantities like the coherence and phase spectra and the frequency-dependent time delay. The approach taken here, introduced by Whitcher and Craigmile (2004), is based on the maximal overlap discrete Hilbert wavelet transform (MODHWT). Firstly, we point at a deficiency in the implementation of the MODHWT and suggest using a modified implementation scheme resembling the one applied in the context of the dual-tree complex wavelet transform of Kingsbury (see Selesnick et al., 2005). Secondly, via a broad set of simulation experiments we examine small and large sample properties of two wavelet estimators of the scale-dependent time delay. The estimators are: the wavelet cross-correlator and the wavelet phase angle-based estimator. Our results provide some practical guidelines for empirical examination of short- and medium-term lead-lag relations for octave frequency bands. Besides, we show how the MODHWT-based wavelet quantities can serve to approximate the Fourier bivariate spectra and discuss certain issues connected with building confidence intervals for them. The discrete wavelet analysis of coherence and phase angle is illustrated with a scale-dependent examination of business cycle synchronization between 11 euro zone member countries. The study is supplemented with wavelet analysis of variance and covariance of the euro zone business cycles. The empirical examination underlines good localization properties and high computational efficiency of the wavelet transformations applied, and provides new arguments in favour of the endogeneity hypothesis of the optimum currency area criteria as well as a wavelet evidence on dating the Great Moderation in the euro zone.


Materials at the nanoscale have revolutionized the world around us by enabling the discovery of novel size dependent properties and experimental verification of untested theoretical concepts. However, most nanomaterials today are phases of matter that are well known and have been studied extensively at the bulk scale. For example, II-VI semiconductors, which are widely studied today at the nanoscale, were employed in photovoltaic applications at the microscale for nearly half a century. The question that arises is whether material processing at the nanoscale can allow us to go beyond the limitations of conventional synthesis techniques? We believe that the next pathbreaking step in nanotechnology is to synthesize novel phases of materials which are metastable by thermodynamic considerations and hence challenging to achieve through established one-step synthesis processes. At the core of such an approach is the desire to gain in-depth scientific understanding of the chemical and morphological transformation mechanisms that enable the engineering of novel nanomaterials with exotic physical properties. Our research revolved around synthesizing novel nanomaterials from preexisting nanostructures via chemical and morphological transformation in a chemical vapor deposition system while preserving the morphology and atomic arrangement of the parent material through, what we like to call, "atomic templating". We explored chemical transformation in II-VI semiconducting nanostructures via anion exchange to synthesize metastable phases of materials such as zincblende CdS and CdSe while retaining the crystal structure and twin boundaries of the parent zincblende CdTe. We later extended the concept of atomic templating to explore chemical substitution in II-VI semiconductors with elements from dissimilar groups of the periodic table such as IV A and V A that possess different bonding characteristics with chalcogenides as compared to elements of group II B. We also studied chemical substitution in a covalently bonded compound, GeTe. Finally, morphological transformation of CdS nanobelts into periodically branched nanostructures was studied through environmental TEM. The resulting nanostructures were thoroughly characterized via electron microscopy, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy. Through first principles calculations via density functional theory, experimental observations were explained and novel physical properties targeted at specific applications were predicted. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Materials Science & Engineering First Advisor Ritesh Agarwal This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1575


The archetypal silica- and aluminosilicate-based zeolite-type materials are renowned for wide-ranging applications in heterogeneous catalysis, gas-separation and ion-exchange. Their compositional space can be expanded to include nanoporous metal chalcogenides, exemplified by germanium and tin sulfides and selenides. By comparison with the properties of bulk metal dichalcogenides and their 2D derivatives, these open-framework analogues may be viewed as three-dimensional semiconductors filled with nanometer voids. Applications exist in a range of molecule size and shape discriminating devices. However, what is the electronic structure of nanoporous metal chalcogenides? Herein, materials modeling is used to describe the properties of a homologous series of nanoporous metal chalcogenides denoted np-MX2, where M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, and X = O, S, Se, Te, with Sodalite, LTA and aluminum chromium phosphate-1 structure types. Depending on the choice of metal and anion their properties can be tuned from insulators to semiconductors to metals with additional modification achieved through doping, solid solutions, and inclusion (with fullerene, quantum dots, and hole transport materials). These systems form the basis of a new branch of semiconductor nanochemistry in three dimensions.


Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Trichothiodystrophy (TTD), and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) are rare (incidence ~1 to 1 million) recessively inherited genetic diseases arising from genetic defects in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) which is responsible for the removal of UV-induced DNA lesions. Increased UV sensitivity is a common symptom, whereas only XP patients exhibit freckling within sun-exposed skin and a more than 1000-fold increased skin cancer susceptibility. Beyond that, a high phenotypic heterogeneity results in at least seven overlapping phenotypes: XP, XP plus neurological abnormalities, TTD, CS, XP/TTD complex, XP/CS complex, and COFSS (Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome). Additionally, different mutations affecting the same gene may result in different phenotypes depending on their localization.
In this by far largest analysis of 23 NER defective patients in Germany 12 XP-C, eight XP-D, and three XP-G patients were assessed by molecular-genetic characterization of their corresponding fibroblast cells and correlation with their clinical course of disease. Neurological symptoms were absent in all but one of the XP-C patients. Of the XP-D patients, generally phenotypically more variable, five patients exhibited the XP phenotype, two patients the TTD, and one patient the XP/CS complex phenotype. Two of the three XP-G patients exhibited a XP/CS complex phenotype. All patients' fibroblasts showed an increased UV sensitivity and a decreased NER capacity compared to wild type fibroblasts. Co-transfection of plasmids expressing XPC, XPD, or XPG cDNA increased relative NER capacity in XP-C, -D, and –G cells, respectively, thereby confirming patients' complementation groups. The mRNA expression of the mutated genes was determined compared to the mean expression level of nine wild type fibroblast cell cultures set to 100 %. XPC mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased (range 9.5 % – 25.7 %; p< 0.001, Student's T-test) in all but one XP-C patients' fibroblasts (274.1 %), whereas XPD and XPG mRNA expression in the corresponding patients' cells ranged nearly within the SEM of wild type cells. Mutational analysis revealed all XP-C patients being homozygous and identified four novel XPC mutations: p.A116YfsX4 (1/12), p.R475EfsX18 (1/12), p.G723SfsX44 (1/12), and p.I812del (1/12) which is a unique novel mutation resulting in an unusually elevated XPC mRNA expression. The novel XPD mutation, p.D681H (2/8), was identified in patients carrying the TTD-causing mutation p.R112H on the other allele. One patient exhibited TTD- and the other one CS-like symptoms indicating that dominance of the alleles is probably differently influenced by other factors such as epigenetic effects or SNPs. Five novel XPG mutations were identified. Four mutations, p.Q150X with p.L778P and p.E727X with p.W814S, were found in a compound heterozygous and one,
p.G805R, in a homozygous state. Correlation of missense mutations with a XP/CS phenotype was rather unexpected. Usually missense mutations impairing NER result in XP, whereas truncating mutations impairing NER and transcription result in XP/CS. Allele-specific complementation analysis of these five novel mutations identified only p.L778P and p.W814S retaining some residual repair activity. In line with the XP/CS phenotypes, even the missense mutations failed to interact with the transcription factor IIH subunits XPD and cdk7 in co-immunoprecipitation assays probably resulting in destabilized TFIIH. Immunofluorescence techniques revealed a mutation-specific effect on early XP protein recruitment to localized photodamage and a delayed redistribution in vivo.
In summary, in very rare diseases, novel XPC, XPD, and XPG mutations were identified. Comprehensive analysis of five novel XPG mutations identified the first single amino acids crucial for interaction with TFIIH.


The focus of this article is on access to sexual and reproductive health care, an essential aspect of reproductive justice. Although the scope of the problem is unknown, there are reasons to question whether Canadian women are able to access reproductive and sexual health services such as contraception and abortion. The author discusses these issues, and the significance of additional barriers that Canada's First Nations, Metis, and Inuit women face in obtaining access to reproductive health care services. The author argues that providing meaningful access to sexual and reproductive health care is essential to ensuring women's reproductive autonomy, and must be part of any political endeavour aimed at ensuring equal status for women.


This paper compares public sector employment and pay in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It highlights the methodological challenges of gathering and making valid comparisons on the basis of such data. Within these limitations, therefore, the paper compares the countries of the region in respect to the size of the public sector, the magnitude of public sector wages, and trends in public employment and pay, and it examines some hypotheses regarding the determinants of public employment and pay and of effective, clean government.


The Vatican Nile, a monumental marble sculpture once displayed in Rome's Iseum Campense with a companion Tiber, has had a rich post-Antique afterlife. Long in the collections of the Vatican, both sculptures were taken as spolia to Paris in 1797. Only the Nile returned to Rome. Though long understood as pendants, their physical divorce created a scholarly tradition that treats the Vatican Nile primarily in isolation, as the classic example of a broader sculptural type. The present article shifts the line of inquiry to an exploration of the multiple meanings of the artwork in its immediate and topographical surroundings, within the Iseum and Serapeum and the Campus Martius. It offers a reading of the pair of Nile and Tiber that takes into account the decoration of their bases, sculpted on all four sides, arguing that the works were intended to be seen in the round. The bases below and personifications above juxtaposed different visual conventions for depicting landscapes and their denizens, deliberately bringing together traditions about the founding of Rome and the place of Egypt in the empire.


This work presents a study of the direct numerical simulation (DNS) model in a Taylor-Vortex reactor (TVR) to estimate viscous energy dissipation rate (VEDR) after validating with an experimental 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) study conducted with a 16 M pixel camera. The VEDR was separated into its mean flow kinetic energy (MFKE) and turbulent kinetic energy components (TKE). The structure of the mean and fluctuating radial and tangential velocity components was mostly well predicted and the VEDR of mean flow kinetic energy was estimated well by the DNS model in comparison with the PIV estimations.The three second-order radial gradients accounted for more than 70 % of the VEDR through-out the reactor, clearly indicating the necessity of highly refined radial mesh.


The purpose of this study was to compare the subgingival and interproximal plaque removal of a manual toothbrush to that of an oscillating counter-rotational electric toothbrush. Ninety teeth were divided into control, manual, and electric groups and test teeth received a total of 20 seconds of brushing. The teeth were then anesthetized, extracted, stained, dried, and examined with a computer-assisted video analysis system. The control group had 13.88% plaque-free interproximal surfaces, compared to 30.57% for the manual group and 53.23% for the electric group. The mean subgingival plaque-free measurement was 0.05 mm for the control group, 0.64 mm for the manual group, and 1.36 mm for the electric group. The differences between the means were statistically significant for both measurements.


Molecular mechanisms, which cause changes of the ends of chromosomes, the telomeres, play an important role in the generation of genomic instability. In normal somatic cells, the length of the telomeres are shortened during cell division due to the inability of the cells to replicate their chromosome ends completely. Telomeres below a critical length are dysfunctional and undergo apoptosis or permanent growth arrest referred to as replicative senescence. One possibility to bypass telomere dysfunction and maintenance of stable telomere length is the activation of a telomere maintenance mechanism. The currently known telomere maintenance mechanisms in humans are telomerase activity (TA-activity) and the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT-Mechanism). The preliminary goal of the thesis was to assess the frequency distribution of the activation of telomerase and of the ALT-mechanism in the major soft tissue sarcomas subtypes, which had been genetically well characterized in preceding studies. A first step of the thesis was the establishment of a method to assess the ALT-mechanism. One hallmark of ALT positive tumors/cells is the presence of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies (APBs). APBs are characterized by promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies, which colocalize with telomeric DNA or telomere-specic binding proteins. A further marker of ALT is their highly heterogeneous telomere length with some exceptionally long telomeres. In order to assess ALT in human soft tissue sarcoma subtypes by combined telomere uorescence in situ hybridization and PML immunouorescence, confocal laser scanning microscope was used. 3D images were acquired, which visualize telomere spots in the rst channel, PML bodies in the second channel and DAPI stained nuclei in the third channel. The central task of image analysis was to automatically detect and classify APBs within the cell nucleus as well as to detect and quantify very large telomeres. Telomerase activity was evaluated by the TRAP assay (telomeric repeat amplication protocol). Afterwards, these data were correlated with the number of chromosomal imbalances detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). This study contributed to the understanding of the frequency distribution of telomere maintenance mechanisms in soft tissue sarcoma subgroups and whether these mechanisms are associated with specic chromosomal imbalances. The most important results based on this thesis are: 1. The study demonstrates that the occurrence of the telomere maintenance mechanism is characteristic for the subtype of soft tissue sarcoma. The presence of telomerase activity ranges from 100% in synovial sarcoma to 46% in pleomorphic liposarcomas. The frequency of the marker for the ALT mechanism depends on the subtype of soft tissue sarcoma. While the telomeres detected in synovial sarcomas were equal in length, 92% of all cases of pleomorphic liposarcomas showed exceptionally long telomere signals. Furthermore, the correlation of both telomere maintenance mechanisms has shown that in tumors with high telomerase activity, the markers for the ALT-mechanism are significantly reduced. 2. In order to investigated an abundant number of healthy tissue with regard to markers for the ALT mechanism automatic quantication were performed. Healthy tissue, as well as our investigated tumor samples, show the appearance of ALT-associated PML bodies, whereas no telomeres with heterogeneous size and exceptionally long telomeres could be detected in healthy tissue. Therefore an important questions remains: how tightly are APBs linked to the ALT mechanism? 3. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) allows for a genome-wide screen for chromosomal imbalances in tumor samples. The correlation of the CGH data and the telomere maintenance mechanisms revealed that tumors with telomerase activity show a dierent cytogenetic prole compared to those tumors with markers for ALT. In respect to the frequency of chromosomal imbalances, such as gains and losses, there were no dierences between both telomere maintenance mechanisms. 4. A new approach for an automated quantication of telomere and PML spots as well as colocalization in multi-channel 3D microscopy images to assess the ALT mechanism were developed. To discriminate between spots inside and outside the cell nucleus, DAPI staining was used for the nuclear segmentation. With our program more than 500 confocal images were successfully analyzed. The characterization of tumors is highly relevant for tumor diagnostics and treatment planning. Due to the appearances of APBs in healthy tissue, one important question remains. How tightly are these structures linked to the ALT-mechanism? Further investigation is needed to clarify if in healthy tissue APBs are induced by the ALT mechanism or other nuclear processes besides ALT. Therefore, the characterization and understanding of telomere maintenance mechanism in tumorigenesis could have important implications in the development new treatments for these malignancies.


Weighted A* search (wA*) is a popular tool for robot motionplanning. Its efficiency however depends on the quality of heuristic function used. In fact, it has been shown that the correlation between the heuristic function and the true costto-goal significantly affects the efficiency of the search, when used with a large weight on the heuristics. Motivated by this observation, we investigate the problem of computing heuristics that explicitly aim to minimize the amount of search efforts in finding a feasible plan. The key observation we exploit is that while heuristics tries to guide the search along what looks like an optimal path towards the goal, there are other paths that are clearly sub-optimal yet are much easier to compute. For example, in motion planning domains like footstep-planning for humanoids, a heuristic that guides the search along a path away from obstacles is less likely to encounter local minima compared with the heuristics that guides the search along an optimal but close-to-obstacles path. We utilize this observation to define the concept of conservative heuristics and propose a simple algorithm for computing such a heuristic function. Experimental analysis on (1) humanoid footstep planning (simulation), (2) path planning for a UAV (simulation), and a real-world experiment in footstep-planning for a NAO robot shows the utility of the approach.


In the natural sciences it is customary for theories and concepts to be tested and retested, falsifiability being one of the touchstones of academic rigour. In the social sciences, by contrast, it is common for ideas to simplify and ossify, with acceptance and repetition degrading them into cliches. So it is with a term like "sovereignty", which is so loaded with significance that a precise and agreed definition in politics or law has long been dismissed as unlikely. In the absence of such a definition, its use in at least some fields of international relations has been reductionist — exemplified by the "billiard ball" model of states that are thought to interact with one another as billiard balls do on a table. Shiny and smooth, the surface of these billiard balls is all that matters to international society, ignorant of and irrelevant to what happens inside. Sovereignty in this conception is antithetical to the idea of responsibility to anyone but the sovereign. "L'etat," as Louis XIV may or may not have said, "c'est moi."Wielding not a cue but a hammer, Luke Glanville successfully demolishes this caricature in an impressive historical survey of sovereignty, building on a doctoral thesis supervised by Alex Bellamy and Richard Devetak. His argument, which extends back to the emergence of sovereignty in early modern Europe, is that sovereignty has always entailed aspects of responsibility as well as authority.


Scaling and Abstract: The dominant computational cost in modeling turbulent combustion phenomena numerically with high fidelity chemical mechanisms is the time required to solve the ordinary differential equations associated with chemical kinetics. One approach to reducing that computational cost is to develop an inexpensive surrogate model that accurately represents evolution of chemical kinetics. One such approach, PRISM, develops a polynomial representation of the chemistry evolution in a local region of chemical composition space. This representation is then stored for later use. As the computation proceeds, the chemistry evolution for other points within the same region are computed by evaluating these polynomials instead of calling an ordinary differential equation solver. If initial data for advancing the chemistry is encountered that is not in any region for which a polynomial is defined, the methodology dynamically samples that region and constructs a new representation for that region. The utility of this approach is determined by the size of the regions over which the representation provides a good approximation to the kinetics and the number of these regions that are necessary to model the subset of composition space that is active during a simulation. In this paper, we assess the PRISM methodology in the context of a turbulent premixed flame in two dimensions. We consider a range of turbulent intensities ranging from weak turbulence that has little effect on the flame to strong turbulence that tears pockets of burning fluid from the main flame. For each case, we explore a range of sizes for the local regions and determine the scaling behavior as a function of region size and turbulent intensity. Abstract The dominant computational cost in modeling turbulent combustion phenomena numerically with high fidelity chemical mechanisms is the time required to solve the ordinary differential equations associated with chemical kinetics. One approach to reducing that computational cost is to develop an inexpensive s~rrogate model that accurately represents evolution of chemical kinetics. One such approach, PRISM, develops a polynomial representation of the chemistry evolution in a local region of chemical composition space. This representation is then stored for later use. As the computation proceeds, the chemistry evolution for other points within the same region are computed by evaluating these polynomials instead of calling an ordinary differential equation solver. If initial data for advancing the chemistry is encountered that is not in any region for which a polynomial is defined, the methodology dynamically samples that region and constructs a new representation for that region. The utility of this approach is determined by the size of the regions over which the representation provides a good approximation to the kinetics and the number of these regions that are necessary to model the subset of composition space that is active during a simulation. In this paper, we assess the PRISM methodology in the context of a turbulent premixed flame in two dimensions. We consider a range of turbulent intensities ranging from weak turbulence that has little effect on the flame to strong turbulence that tears pockets of burning fluid from the main flame. For each case, we explore a range of sizes for the local regions and determine the scaling behavior as a function of region size and turbulent intensity.


"A bridge is for an engineer what a dome is for an architect".
The construction of a bridge is a central event in a professional life of an engineer. The symbolic value of
such a structure, at the same time functional and iconic, is one reason. Moreover, bridge represent the
perfect construction to test technological innovations, this can be seen by the fact that many pioneering
engineers linked their names to ground-breaking bridges: Maillart, Hennebique and in recent times,
Calatrava.
Pier Luigi Nervi, one of the most acknowledged engineer of the twentieth century, famously built many
domes but only one bridge, in Verona in 1965, he was 74. However, his interest for bridges was a constant
in his professional life. Furthermore, other Nervi's structures, like the elevated motorway in Rome, La Via
Olimpica (1960) or even the suspended roof of the Burgo paper mill (1961) can be considered structurally
similar to bridges. This paper presents some of Nervi projects of bridges, from the early designs to the what
is generally considered his last effort, the Messina bridge. Particularly interesting are the discovery of two
projects for such structures recently discovered in the Archivio Nervi in Rome. Two images of these projects
are presented in this paper for the first time. They are just another evidence of the continuous investigation
on suspended structures of the Italian engineer.


In Dacca, Bangladesh, potent enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from many hospital cases of acute cholera-like diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic (tox+) and non-enterotoxigenic (tox−) isolates of E. coli were used to investigate possible means of differentiating tox+E. coli from those (tox−) of the normal flora. The majority (81%) of the tox+E. coli studied were found to be negative for sucrose fermentation, 85% exhibited retarded growth in a peptone medium at pH 8.5, and 92% released large amounts of ammonium sulfate precipitable materials into culture supernatant fluids; 66.6% exhibited all three of these properties. For the tox− group the respective values were found to be 50%, 31%, and 34%; only 9.3% exhibited all three properties. These results indicate that it may be possible to use phenotypic characteristics other than antigenic composition and enterotoxin production for the identification of enterotoxigenic E. coli.


A 58-year-old lady who had waxing and waning nonspecific symptoms including fatigue and unsteadiness for 15 months became acutely confused 12 h prior to presentation. Her travel history prior to presentation consisted of visits to Argentina, Chile and the Outer Hebrides. On admission to a district hospital she was pyrexial and unresponsive. CT was normal, she had a lymphocytic pleocytosis of 500, protein of 1 g, a low glucose ratio and type 2 oligoclonal bands, CSF cytology and HSV were negative. Baseline blood tests, tumour markers, autoimmune screening including paraneoplastic antibodies and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies were also negative. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple abnormal areas of high signal on T2 FLAIR sequencing within the cerebellum, temporal lobes, and periventricular areas. Western blotting of serum and CSF for Borrelia burgdoferi were both positive. She was treated with cefuroxime and acyclovir and within 24 h she was alert and responsive. She received 4 weeks of cefuroxime in total and made a good recovery. Lyme disease should be considered in patients with acute meningoencephalitis preceded by nonspecific waxing and waning symptoms even if a tick bite or erythema is not recalled.


Since the beginning of recorded history societies have punished offenders while at the same time trying to justify the practice on moral and rational grounds and to clarify the relationship between punishment and justice. Traditionally, deontological justifications, utilitarian justifications, or a mix of the two have been advanced to justify the imposition of punishment upon wrongdoers. In this article, I advance a new conceptual spin on the mixed theorist approach to criminal punishment – one that can hopefully resonate not just among legal philosophers, but also among ordinary citizens,i.e. the people who are most affected by the criminal law. Distancing myself from previous scholarship, which has used utilitarian arguments to point out the shortcomings of retributivism and vice-versa, on the one hand I attack the philosophical foundations of retributivism (currently the predominant rationale for punishment) on deontological grounds; on the other hand I attack the consequentialist rationales on consequentialist grounds. Concluding that neither approach – as they all fail under their own standards – is sufficient per se to justify criminal punishment in a liberal democracy, I argue that a mixed theory approach, which is usually presented as a matter of preference, is instead a matter of necessity if we want a criminal justice system that, while still not perfect, can be defended on both rational and moral grounds. In this sense, retributive considerations are meant to serve as the normative check on a system that aims at rationality and efficiency, and it is thus strongly utilitarian in character. I conclude by arguing that something more than punishment is required if we want to implement a system that really pursues justice, and I suggest that a path worth exploring in that regard is the one laid down by restorative justice. If nothing else, hopefully my blistering attack on retributivism will serve the purpose of rekindling a debate that seems to have accepted the dominance of retributivist positions.


Varying concentrations of Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride (CPZ) were exposed to a 266 nm laser beam for varying periods of time ranging from 4 to 24 hrs and the products of irradiation were evaluated for activity against a panel of bacteria that consisted of representatives of Gram-positives and Gram-negatives that expressed different degrees of efflux pump activity, and compared to the parental unexposed compound with prolonged irradiation, whereas the antibacterial activity of the product against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains was many folds greater, no activity against their efflux pumps was noted. The activity of the products of irradiation against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was slight. However, the products of prolonged irradiation of CPZ produced increasingly significant concentration dependent inhibition of efflux by the Salmonella strains.


What scientific evidence can music educators share with their community stakeholders concerning how and why music moves us so powerfully? Five key points derived from recent psychological and neuroscientific findings are (1) Network Science is a new technique that allows researchers to examine the brain's interconnectivity as people listen to music; (2) the Default Mode Network is a set of interconnecting brain networks that are involved in conscious awareness, self-reflection, and autobiographical memories and emotions; (3) when people listen to preferred music, there is dynamic interconnectivity in the Default Mode Network, linking music to self-awareness, along with associated personal histories, core emotional memories, and empathy; (4) musical training leads to numerous changes in the brain that have implications for music learning; and (5) scientific evidence supports the powerful role that music plays in enhancing quality of life.


The aim of this review is to summarize the results of recently published studies on physical activity prevalence among children and adolescents. Literature search was conducted through Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, ERIC, Health Source, Hrcak, PubMed/MEDLINE, SocINDEX, and Web of Science. A total of 32 articles (published 2001-2011) were reviewed. The prevalence rates of insufficient physical activity among girls ranged from 2.4% to 39.3% in the accelerometer-based studies, and from 19.5% to 95% in the questionnaire-based studies. The prevalence rates among boys in the accelerometer-based studies and questionnaire-based studies ranged from 2.6% to 18.1% and from 18.2% to 89%, respectively. Insufficient physical activity was more prevalent among high school students compared with primary school students. Prevalence rates of insufficient physical activity were by 5%-30% higher among girls than among boys. Lower prevalence rates of insufficient physical activity were determined in the accelerometer-based studies than in the questionnaire-based studies. The high prevalence of insufficient physical activity in children and adolescents addresses the need for systematic physical activity promotion. Taking into consideration that insufficient physical activity is most prevalent among girls and high school students, physical activity interventions should mainly target these groups.


Over the past decade there has been an increasingly receptive audience for participatory and qualitative research methods by policy makers, development practitioners and academics working in applied research. At the same time there is an increasing awareness that the value of research can be enhanced through a more systematic combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. While this recent interest has begun to provide useful pointers as to how development research might be improved, it has also given rise to certain problems. This book will draw together lessons about emerging best practice with regard to combining qualitative and quantitative methods and approaches to generate numbers from qualitative/participatory methods and to monitor and evaluate development processes. It will build and expand upon innovation and reflection from practice in developing and developed societies, from within development agencies and academia, government departments and civil society organizations. By drawing on current research in many sectors and countries, the book will situate current development research issues squarely within debates about development policy and social research and it will help begin the process of defining best practice in the use of participatory/ qualitative and quantitative methods, and issues of methodological triangulation which are of considerable interest to academics, practitioners and policy makers. A genuine how to manual which com Access the full text: NOT AVAILABLE


Abstract A basic hypothesis in extinction theory predicts that more abundant taxa have an evolutionary advantage over less abundant taxa, which should manifest as increased survivorship during major extinction events and longer fossil-record durations. Despite this, various paleontologic studies have found conflicting patterns, indicating a more complex relationship between abundance and extinction in the geologic past. This study tests the relationship between abundance and extinction among brachiopod genera within seven third-order depositional sequences spanning the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian (Katian–Aeronian) of the Cincinnati Arch. Contrary to predictions, abundance is not positively correlated with duration in this study. Abundance and duration range from strongly negatively correlated to uncorrelated depending on the spatial scale of analysis and the geologic intervals included, but correlations never indicate that abundance is an evolutionary advantage. In contrast, abundance was an advantageous trait prior to the Ordovician/Silurian extinction, and brachiopods with higher abundances were more likely to survive the event than less abundant brachiopods. While this result is in keeping with common models of extinction, it has not been observed previously at a mass extinction boundary. This may be further evidence that the Ordovician/Silurian extinction was not accompanied by a shift in the macroevolutionary selectivity regime.


Does it pay to work? Given the number and complexity of federal and state tax and transfer systems, this is a tough question to answer. The problem is greatly compounded by the fact that what one earns in one year alters not just current taxes and transfer payments in that year, but in future years as well. Thus, understanding the net effective tax on work and the changes in this taxation associated with policy reforms requires an intertemporal model capable of carefully determining tax and transfer payments at each stage of the life cycle. This study uses ESPlanner, a financial planning software program, to study the net work tax levied on workers with different earnings capacities. ESPlanner smooths households' living standards subject to their capacities to borrow. In so doing, it makes highly detiled, year-by-year federal and state income tax and Social Security benefit calculations. To produce a comprehensive net work tax measure, we added to ESPlanner all other major transfer programs. We focus on lifetime average and marginal net work-tax rates, which are measured by comparing the present values of lifetime spending from working through retirement both in the presence and in the absence of all tax-transfer programs. We form these tax rates for young stylized married workers. We report seven findings. First, our fiscal system is highly progressive. Households earning the minimum wage receive 18 cents in benefits net of taxes for every dollar they earn. In contrast, households with million dollar salaries pay 54 cents in taxes net of benefits pe r dollar earned. Second, progressively is primarily restriced to the bottom end of the income distribution. Average net work tax rates of middle class households are relatively high compared with those of the rich. Third, while the poor face negative average taxes, they face significant positive marginal net taxes on working. Indeed, a minimum wage household that chooses to work is forced to surrender 34 cents of every dollar earned in net taxes. Those with earnings that exceed 1.5 times the minimum wage face marginal net taxes on full-time work above 50 percent. Fourth, low-wage workers face confiscatory tax rates on switching from part-time to full-time work. Fifth, the same is true of secondary earnings spouses in low- wage households with low incomes. Six, the marginal net tax on working is particularly high for young households with low incomes. Seventh, average and marginal net work tax rates are relatively insensitive to the assumed rate of real wage growth and the discount rate. And eighth, major tax reforms, such as switching from income to consumption taxation, can have an significant affect on the fiscal system's overall progressivity.


BACKGROUND
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is one of the most controversial diagnoses in clinical medicine. Despite many reports of operative and non-operative interventions, rigorous scientific investigation of this syndrome leading to evidence-based management is lacking. This is the first update of a review first published in 2010.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the beneficial and adverse effects of the available operative and non-operative interventions for the treatment of TOS a minimum of six months after the intervention.

SEARCH METHODS
On 23 June 2014 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Trials Specialized Register, CENTRAL, The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus and AMED. We also searched reference lists of the identified trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We selected randomized or quasi-randomized studies involving participants with the diagnosis of TOS of any type (neurogenic, vascular, and 'disputed'), without limitations as to language of publication.We accepted studies that examined any intervention aimed at treating TOS.The primary outcome measure was change in pain rating, measured on a validated visual analog or similar scale at least six months after the intervention.The secondary outcomes were change in muscle strength, disability, experiences of paresthesias (numbness and tingling sensations), and adverse effects of the interventions.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Three authors independently selected the trials to be included and extracted data. Authors rated included studies for risk of bias, according to the methods recommended in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.

MAIN RESULTS
This review was complicated by a lack of generally accepted criteria for the diagnosis of TOS and had to rely exclusively on the diagnosis of TOS by the investigators in the reviewed studies. We identified one study comparing natural progression with an active intervention. We found three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but only two of them had a follow-up of six months or more, which was the minimum required follow-up for inclusion in the review. The first trial that met our requirements involved 55 participants with the 'disputed type' of TOS and compared transaxillary first rib resection (TFRR) with supraclavicular neuroplasty of the brachial plexus (SNBP). The trial had a high risk of bias. TFRR decreased pain more than SNBP. There were no adverse effects in either group. The second trial that met these requirements analyzed 37 people with TOS of any type, comparing treatment with a botulinum toxin (BTX) injection into the scalene muscles with a saline placebo injection. This trial had a low risk of bias. There was no significant effect of treatment with the BTX injection over placebo in terms of pain relief or improvements in disability, but it did significantly improve paresthesias at six months' follow-up. There were no adverse events of the BTX treatment above saline injection.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This review was complicated by a lack of generally accepted diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of TOS. There was very low quality evidence that transaxillary first rib resection decreased pain more than supraclavicular neuroplasty, but no randomized evidence that either is better than no treatment. There is moderate evidence to suggest that treatment with BTX injections yielded no great improvements over placebo injections of saline. There is no evidence from RCTs for the use of other currently used treatments. There is a need for an agreed definition for the diagnosis of TOS, especially the disputed form, agreed outcome measures, and high quality randomized trials that compare the outcome of interventions with no treatment and with each other.


The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) has been a major pest of corn and other crops in North America since its accidental introduction nearly a hundred years ago. Wide adoption of transgenic corn hybrids that express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, referred to as Bt corn, has suppressed corn borer populations and reduced the pest status of this insect in parts of the Corn Belt. Continued suppression of this pest, however, will depend on managing potential resistance to Bt corn, currently through the high-dose refuge (HDR) strategy. In this review, we describe what has been learned with regard to O. nubilalis resistance to Bt toxins either through laboratory selection experiments or isolation of resistance from field populations. We also describe the essential components of the HDR strategy as they relate to O. nubilalis biology and ecology. Additionally, recent developments in insect resistance management (IRM) specific to O. nubilalis that may affect the continued sustainability of this technology are considered.


In this paper we analyse methods which allow us to estimate and identify the sources of censoring in dynamic models. We explicitly take into account the existence of corner solutions by considering a discrete-time-discrete-choice dynamic structural model. The availability of microeconomic datasets allows us to focus on decisions at the individual level and directly exploit the information contained in the corner solutions. We show how a discrete decision process (DDP) represents a natural framework within which to analyse agents' behaviour when optimal inaction generates censoring in observed decisions. A discrete decision process is characterised by a control variable which only takes a finite number of values. Some problems are naturally discrete, such as the optimal engine replacement or job the search problem in which the individual decides whether or not to accept a job offer. Other problems may be described very efficiently by a discrete decision problem. This is clear in the case of fixed costs of adjusting inputs which imply the discrete decision of whether or not to vary the production factor.


Photograph of a group of senior women during the Danish Ladies Aid 50th year anniversary. They are posing for the camera outside in a long line, although it appears that two pictures were taken at the same time because they are all tentatively staring to the right. Two women at center-left hold up a sign that denotes the day's event. It appears to be written in Danish. They are dressed conservatively; the majority wear long coats and dresses, as well as glasses and pinned-back hairstyles. A young girl is in the very front looking directly at the camera.


OBJECTIVE--To determine the effects on blood pressure of modifying dietary caffeine intake in patients with mild and borderline hypertension by monitoring ambulatory and clinic blood pressure. DESIGN--Four way, randomised, crossover trial of four consecutive two week dietary regimens: normal diet, caffeine free diet alone, caffeine free diet with decaffeinated instant coffee, caffeine free diet with caffeinated instant coffee (instant coffee phases conducted double blind). SETTING--Hospital hypertension clinic, Scotland. PATIENTS--52 patients (23 men; aged 26-67 years) with untreated borderline or mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 90-105 mm Hg) who normally drank a minimum of three cups of coffee daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mean ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours; mean morning, daytime, and night time ambulatory blood pressure; sitting clinic blood pressure at 1700; plasma caffeine concentration at 1700 on the last day of each regimen. RESULTS--Mean 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure was not different between regimens. There was no difference in blood pressure variability between regimens. During the caffeine free diet alone morning ambulatory diastolic blood pressure was higher (2.8 mm Hg) than during the caffeine free diet with caffeinated coffee. Mean sitting clinic systolic blood pressure was higher at 1700 (4.7 mm Hg) with a caffeine free diet than with the caffeine free diet with caffeinated coffee (p less than 0.05). Dietary compliance as assessed by plasma caffeine concentration was excellent. There was no significant correlation between plasma caffeine concentration and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS--Drinking caffeinated instant coffee over a two week period does not adversely influence blood pressure in patients with borderline or mild hypertension; abstinence is of no benefit.


Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is an uncommon but devastating problem. Rapid diagnosis and immediate intervention are essential because any delay in diagnosis could increase mortality and morbidity.

 Our case was a 56 years old man presented by pain in interscapular area and neck that rapidly progressed to lower extremity weakness and urinary retention. The patient had history of prosthetic heart valve replacement and warfarin consumption. MRI of thoracic region revealed epidural mass in posterior surface of thoracic cord between T1 to T7 levels. Laboratory findings disclosed INR (International normalized Ratio) of 5. Thoracic decompressive laminectomy was performed and epidural hematoma evacuated and no other pathology was found. 4 months after surgery patient was able to walk with cane. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a rare disease among most other conditions causing cord compression. It needs rapid diagnosis and surgical intervention to lessen complications. Neurologic outcome of patients depends on severity of neurologic deficit, time interval between onset of symptoms and surgery, size of hematoma and spinal cord edema.


optical wave mixing in nonlinear media such as photorefractive crystals, semiconductors and liquid crystals have been vigorously studied in the past few years (1-4). Such researches are motived either by potential applications like amplification and phase conjugation, or by investigation on the physics of such effects. Here we report on the generation of conjugate wavefronts by degenerate forward and backward four wave mixing in some GaAs samples. We perform our experiment with a Nd-YAG laser emitting pulses of eight nanosecond duration. The semi-insulating GaAs sample used exhibits a large concentration of EL2 defects which present a good photoionisation cross section at 1.06 micron. The nonlinearity we observed is due to a hole and electron grating photogenerated from the EL2 defects. This is quite different from direct band to band absorption. Indeed, the hole and electron distributions are coupled through the concentration of ionized EL2+ and neutral EL2° defect. Nevertheless, as we will show,at high energy the densities of free electrons and holes tend to be equal due to an evolution of the respective concentration of EL2+ and EL20. This plasma of holes and electrons modifies the plasma frequency. The modulation of the index is then derived from the DrUde Lorentz model. We first present our experimental results .We show that most of them can be explained by the kinetics of the carriers photogenerated from deep levels. Analytical and numerical results are presented. From the numerical simulation, with these numerical results and semi analytical solutions of the wave propagation equations, one then predicts the reflectivity of our multiwave mixing experiment.


Performance in different athletic activities has continued to improve over time, with some athletes from diverse parts of the world registering new world records from time to time. With stiff competition from athletes from different parts of the world, constant upgrading of sports science based approaches to training and competition are employed to achieve more success. However, some approaches used to improve sports performance may pose ethical concerns and may challenge sports as a concept of celebrating natural human abilities. This book chapter interrogates the factors associated with efforts towards improvement of performance in endurance sports events, with a specific focus on marathon races, and the future implications for training, competition, and the nature of sports. While the interplay between nature and nurture determines the unique psychophysiological responses to training and competition, technological exploits leading to advanced sports products coupled with favourable natural and/or manipulated internal (body) and external environmental conditions will ensure continued improvement in performance. However, there is a need to censor commercial interest as well as safeguard safety and the nature of sports as a medium to celebrate natural human abilities.


Abstract This article focuses on the influence of increased wind and solar power production on the transmission networks in Central Europe. The German Energiewende policy together with insufficient transmission capacity between northern and southern Germany as well as the existence of the German-Austrian bidding zone heavily contribute to congestion in the Central European transmission system. To assess the exact impact on the transmission grid, the direct current load flow model ELMOD is employed. Two development scenarios for the year 2025 are evaluated on the basis of four representative weeks. The first scenario focuses on the effect of Energiewende on the transmission networks, the second one drops out nuclear phase-out and thus assesses isolated effect of increased feed-in. The results indicate that higher feed-in of solar and wind power increases the exchange balance and total transport of electricity between transmission system operator areas as well as the average load of lines and volatility of flows. Solar power is identified as a key contributor to the volatility increase, wind power is identified as a key loop-flow contributor. Eventually, it is concluded that German nuclear phase-out does not significantly exacerbate mentioned problems.


In recent years, crowdfunding has become a popular method of funding new technology or entertainment products, or artistic projects. The idea is that people or projects ask for many small donations from individuals who support the proposed work, rather than a large amount from a single source. Crowdfunding is usually done via an online portal or platform which handles the financial transactions involved. The Universe Awareness (UNAWE) programme decided to undertake a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign centring on the resource Universe in a Box2. In this article we present the lessons learned and best practices from that campaign.


Objectives To synthesize the published literature on the effect of interventions designed to improve health care providers' adherence to asthma guidelines on: (1) health care process outcomes (Key Question 1); (2) clinical outcomes (Key Question 2); (3) health care processes that subsequently impact clinical outcomes (Key Question 3). Data sources Reports of studies from MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), Educational Resources Information Center (ERICsm), PsycINFO®, and Research and Development Resource Base in Continuing Medical Education (RDRB/CME), up to July 2012. Review methods Paired investigators independently reviewed each title, abstract, and full-text article to assess eligibility. Only comparative studies were eligible. Investigators abstracted data sequentially and independently graded the evidence. Results A total of 73 studies were eligible for review. A slight majority of studies were conducted in the U.S. (n=38). We classified studies as assessing eight types of interventions: decision support, organizational change, feedback and audit, clinical pharmacy support, education only, quality improvement (QI)/pay-for-performance, multicomponent, and information only. Half of the studies were randomized trials (n=34), 29 were pre-post, and the remaining 10 were a variety of nonrandomized study designs. The studies took place exclusively in primary care settings. The most frequently cited health care process outcome was prescription of asthma controller medication (n=41), followed by provision of an asthma action plan (n=18), prescription of a peak flow meter (n=17), and self-management education (n=12). Common clinical outcomes included emergency department (ED) visits (n=30) and hospitalizations (n=27), followed by use of short-acting β2 agonists (n=9), missed school days (n=8), lung function tests (n=6), symptom days (n=6), quality of life (n=5), and urgent doctor visits (n=5). We identified 4 critical outcomes for which 68 studies provided information. There was moderate evidence for increased prescriptions of asthma controller medications using decision support, feedback and audit, and clinical pharmacy support interventions and low grade evidence for organizational change, multicomponent interventions. Moderate evidence supports the use of decision support and clinical pharmacy interventions to increase provision of patient self-education/asthma action plans; for the same outcome, low grade evidence supports the use of organizational change, feedback and audit, education only, quality improvement, and multicomponent interventions. Moderate grade evidence supports use of decision support tools to reduce ED visits/hospitalizations while low grade evidence suggests there is no benefit associated with organizational change, education only, and QI/pay-for-performance. Organizational change interventions provided no benefit for lost days of work/school. The evidence for the remainder of interventions was insufficient or low in strength. Conclusions There is low to moderate evidence to support the use of decision support tools, feedback and audit, and clinical pharmacy support to improve the adherence of health care providers to asthma guidelines, as measured through health care process outcomes, and to improve clinical outcomes. There is a need to further evaluate health care provider-targeted interventions with a focus on standardized measures of outcomes and more rigorous study designs.


Abstract A coupled parametric-transverse nonlinearly broadband energy harvester utilizing mechanical stoppers has been designed, fabricated, experimentally tested, and in some cases theoretically verified. An energy harvester with coupled parametric and transverse cantilever beams with additional tip-masses was excited using an electrodynamic shaker. A piezoelectric bimorph has been attached to each cantilever beam; when the excitation frequency was in the vicinity of the parametric or transverse resonances, the mechanical strain developed in the piezo-bimorphs was converted into electrical energy across a purely resistive ac load. For the cases involving no stoppers, a weak softening-type nonlinear frequency-voltage behavior was observed for the parametrically excited cantilever beam; however, with the addition of mechanical stoppers, both the transverse and parametrically excited cantilever beams displayed a strong hardening-type nonlinear frequency-voltage behavior. The stoppers substantially increased the operating bandwidth for both the parametric and transversely excited cantilever beams compared to the case without stoppers. For the theoretical investigations, a good agreement for both the fundamental frequencies and frequency-response curves was obtained. It is shown that by coupling transverse and parametric cantilevers with mechanical stoppers, the nonlinear energy harvested by the system takes place over a much broader frequency-bandwidth when compared to the singular transverse cantilever mechanism (by about 163.5%). Abstract — In this work, a coupled parametric ‐ transverse nonlinearly broadband energy harvester utilising mechanical stoppers has been designed, fabricated, experimentally tested and in some cases theoretically verified. An energy harvester with coupled parametric and transverse cantilever beams with additional tip ‐ masses was excited using an electrodynamic shaker; a piezoelectric bimorph has been attached to each cantilever beam—when the excitation frequency was in the vicinity of the parametric or transverse resonances, the mechanical strain developed in the piezo ‐ bimorphs was converted into electrical energy across a purely resistive AC load. For the cases involving no stoppers, a weak softening ‐ type nonlinear frequency ‐ voltage behaviour was observed for the parametrically excited cantilever beam; however, with the addition of mechanical stoppers, both the transverse and parametrically excited cantilever beams displayed a strong hardening ‐ type nonlinear frequency ‐ voltage behaviour— furthermore, the stoppers substantially increased the T. G. and W. Li are with the operating bandwidth for both the parametric and transversely excited cantilever beams compared to the case without stoppers. For the theoretical investigations, a good agreement for both the fundamental frequencies and frequency ‐ response curves was obtained. It is shown that by coupling transverse and parametric cantilevers with mechanical stoppers, the nonlinear energy harvested by the system takes place over a way broader frequency ‐ bandwidth compared to the case with just a transverse cantilever (by about 163.5%).


We study the modulation of programmable birefringent devices when they are illuminated by elliptically polarized light. We apply the theory to liquid-crystal display panels (LCDs). We consider the setups at the input and the output sides of the LCD as polarization-state generators (PSGs) or detectors (PSDs). We demonstrate that once the programmable birefringent device is described by a physical model, the amplitude and phase modulation depend only on the polarization state at the input of the device and on the output state detected behind it. This permits optimization of the modulation response only in terms of the input and the output states and the physical model of the device. The procedure to find the PSG and PSD configurations is detailed by using a geometrical interpretation of the states and the plates on the Poincaré sphere.


Abstract Over the past decade, our knowledge of the geochemical and mineralogical diversity of Martian rocks has greatly increased. Rocks on the surface of Mars are older than most Martian meteorites and have a wider range in bulk chemistry (higher SiO 2 , higher total alkalis, and lower MgO contents). Recent Martian meteorite discoveries (NWA 7034, NWA 7635, and NWA 8159) are also significantly older than the shergottites and NWA 7034 contains clasts which have a similar range in chemistry of the surface basalts. In this invited review, I summarize what is known about the bulk chemistry (major elements) of Martian igneous rocks and use the chemistry to constrain the formation conditions in the interior, and how these conditions have changed through time. The basalts at Gale Crater are consistent with forming from a metasomatized mantle source which affected not only the chemistry of the basalts, but also the formation conditions. Basalts at Gusev Crater, Bounce Rock at Meridiani Planum, and those basalts not affected by metasomatism like those at Gale Crater have a mantle potential temperature of ~ 1450 °C for the Noachian. Conversely, Martian shergottites have a much higher mantle potential temperature (~ 1745 °C), which has always been problematic to explain for such young rocks. New formation conditions calculations are consistent with previous models of formation by a hot mantle plume, but solve the pressure of formation paradox from the previous model. Combining the calculations for mantle potential temperature with previous estimates for GRS measurements of surface volcanics from the Hesperian and Amazonian, I calculate a baseline cooling curve and mantle melting conditions for the Martian interior through time.


The American public's attention was first exposed to the practice of surrogacy in 1988 with the drama and verdict of the Baby M case. Over the last twenty-five years the practice of surrogacy has slowly but surely become increasingly socially accepted and even welcomed. This evolution serves to emphasize the bizarre judicial and legislative silence regarding surrogacy that exists today in the vast majority of U.S. jurisdictions. In this article I describe and trace the dramatic revolution that took place during the recent decades as the surrogacy practice has totally changed from one viewed as problematic and rejected to a socially widespread and accepted practice. As set forth below, this recent shift demands increasing legal recognition of the legality of surrogacy contracts and moderate regulation of their enforcement. In doing so, this article explores the various intrinsic contractual problems of surrogacy contracts - the problem of unequal power of the contracting parties, the problem of change of heart and the problem of changed circumstances. As presented the preliminary normative claim regarding those contractual problems was not properly addressed by classical contract law, however, with the development of modern contract law we are now supplied with a well-equipped framework and doctrines appropriate for dealing with such problems. In order to demonstrate my innovation I will represent one main solution that the modern contract law gives us for each given contractual problem. The article then concludes with an appeal to the legislature and judiciary for a legal framework and a suggested outline of the practical administrative-legal mechanisms for accomplishing the complete legal and social recognition of surrogacy contracts.


Over the past decade the contours of political party competition in Latin America have been dramatically altered by an upsurge of support for leftist–populist parties and the related weakening of established parties on the center and right end of the political spectrum. Drawing on both aggregate and individual-level evidence, this article explores the roots of this swing of the political pendulum. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, which attributes the rising "pink tide" to citizen dissatisfaction with market-oriented policies, economic performance, and/or social inequality, the analysis focuses on the role played by improving external economic conditions during the early 2000s, which relaxed the preexisting constraints on policy choice, enhanced the credibility of anti–status quo political actors, and created new opportunities for the pursuit of statist, nationalist, and redistributive political projects and associated challenges to U.S. hegemony. Consistent with this line of theoretical argument, the macro-level evidence indicates that the odds of electing a leftist–populist president in the region rose with improvements in the terms of trade. At the micro level, survey data also show that support for leftist–populist presidents in the region has been positively associated with citizen satisfaction with democracy and the state of the economy as well as with anti-Americanism. The results underline the potential significance of economic fluctuations for understanding electoral dynamics and party system change, particularly under conditions in which government policy choice is constrained by the operation of international markets.


Due to the outstanding properties of CdZnTe materials, CdZnTe detectors have been the research focus for X- and gamma ray applications for many years. For CdZnTe detector fabrication heat treatments are often desirable. In order to provide detailed information of the CdZnTe crystal temperature tolerance during the detector fabrication procedure, and determine if performance degradations are from elevated temperatures or other processing steps, we tested the leakage current variation of raw CdZnTe crystals with temperature and during the crystal processing. The studies were conducted on (111)-oriented CdZnTe crystals provided by Yinnel Tech. Due to the 111 orientation, the CdZnTe crystals show a Cd rich side (A side) and a Te rich side (B side). These two sides revealed entirely different character variation. Preliminary experimental results are provided here